Publications

Briggs, C, Cooper, R & Ellem, B 2005, 'What about Collective Bargaining' in Shiel, C (ed), The State of the States, Evatt Foundation, Sydney.

Briggs, C 2005, 'Lockout Law in Comparative Perspective: Corporatism, Pluralism and Neo-Liberalism', The International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 481-502.

Briggs, C 2005, 'Strikes and Lockouts in the Antipodes: Neo-Liberal Convergence in Australia and New Zealand', New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 1-15.

Briggs, C 2005, 'Why Lockouts Matter: a Response to Perry', Australian Bulletin of Labour, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 40-41.

Briggs, C & Buchanan, J 2005, 'Work, Commerce and the Law: A New Australian Model?', The Australian Economic Review, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 182-191.
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Buchanan, J & Briggs, C 2005, 'Unions and the Restructuring of Work: Contrasting Experiences in the Old and New Heartlands', Labour and Industry, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 5-22.
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Fane, AG & Fane, SA 2005, 'The role of membrane technology in sustainable decentralized wastewater systems', Water Science and Technology, vol. 51, no. 10, pp. 317-325.
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Decentralized wastewater treatment has the potential to provide sanitation that meets criteria for sustainable urban water management in a manner that is less resource intensive and more cost effective than centralized approaches. It can facilitate water reuse and nutrient recovery and can potentially reduce the ecological risks of wastewater system failure and the community health risk in a wastewater reuse scheme. This paper examines the potential role of membrane technology in sustainable decentralized sanitation. It is argued that the combination of membrane technology within decentralized systems can satisfy many of the criteria for sustainable urban water management. In particular, the role of membranes as a dependable barrier in the wastewater treatment process can increase system reliability as well as lowering the latent risks due to wastewater reuse. The modular nature of membranes will allow plant size to range from single dwellings, through clusters to suburb size. It is concluded that realization of the potential for membrane-based technologies in decentralized wastewater treatment will require some progress both technically and institutionally. The areas where advances are necessary are outlined.

Fane, SA, Willetts, JR, Abeysuriya, K, Mitchell, CA, Etnier, C & Johnstone, S 2005, 'Decentralised wastewater systems: an asset management approach', Water Asset Management International, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 5-9.

Holt, PK, Barton, GW & Mitchell, CA 2005, 'The future for electrocoagulation as a localised water treatment technology', CHEMOSPHERE, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 355-367.
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Electrocoagulation is an electrochemical method of treating polluted water whereby sacrificial anodes corrode to release active coagulant precursors (usually aluminium or iron cations) into solution. Accompanying electrolytic reactions evolve gas (usually as hydrogen bubbles) at the cathode. Electrocoagulation has a long history as a water treatment technology having been employed to remove a wide range of pollutants. However electrocoagulation has never become accepted as a 'mainstream' water treatment technology. The lack of a systematic approach to electrocoagulation reactor design/operation and the issue of electrode reliability (particularly passivation of the electrodes over time) have limited its implementation. However recent technical improvements combined with a growing need for small-scale decentralised water treatment facilities have led to a re-evaluation of electrocoagulation. Starting with a review of electrocoagulation reactor design/operation, this article examines and identifies a conceptual framework for electrocoagulation that focuses on the interactions between electrochemistry, coagulation and flotation. In addition detailed experimental data are provided from a batch reactor system removing suspended solids together with a mathematical analysis based on the 'white water' model for the dissolved air flotation process. Current density is identified as the key operational parameter influencing which pollutant removal mechanism dominates. The conclusion is drawn that electrocoagulation has a future as a decentralised water treatment technology. A conceptual framework is presented for future research directed towards a more mechanistic understanding of the process. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Maclurcan, D 2005, 'Experiencing the United Nations in Different Forms', World Citizens Association (Australia) Bulletin, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 3-5.

Mitchell, CA, Turner, AJ & White, S 2005, 'Sustainable water use: efficient then effective', Built Environment Design Professionals Environment Design Guide, vol. 2, no. DES 27.

Mukheibir, P 2005, 'Municipal water resource management', Tiempo, vol. 57, no. October, pp. 26-26.

Nkomo, JC, Winkler, H, Mwakasonda, S, Mukheibir, P & Sparks, D 2005, 'Climate change mitigation: A training manual', Journal of Energy in Southern Africa, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 139-142.
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A training manual on climate change mitigation courses with the overall objective of meeting the challenges of climate change in the future and providing a support and skills is developed by the Energy Research Center (ERC).The objectives of the training include, improve participation in the UNESCO, provide a timely implementation of UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol, and transfer skills and know-how to trainees. Groups targeted for the training include, negotiators policy analysts, country teams, and other relevant stakeholders. Intellectual and management skills associated with the design, development, preparation and delivery of skills training in negotiation, policy analysis and co-ordination are expected to be the outcome of the training.

Turner, A, White, S & Bickford, G 2005, 'The Canberra least cost planning case study', Water Supply, vol. 5, no. 3-4, pp. 257-263.
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This paper provides details of a preliminary least cost planning (LCP) assessment carried out for Canberra, the capital city of Australia, as part of the development of a 50 year Water Resources Strategy. In the assessment a suite of options consisting of demand management, source substitution, reuse and supply were developed to determine how to satisfy water demand requirements for the projected population over the 50 year planning horizon whilst also achieving the identified demand reduction targets. The options developed were then compared on an equal basis using the principles of LCP to identify the suite of lowest cost options to be considered for further analysis and implementation. The suite of demand management options developed was found to have the lowest whole of society levelised cost. Since the preliminary analysis and release of the Water Resources Strategy in April 2004, a water efficiency team has been set up to develop an implementation plan, implement options, develop an end use model, conduct pilot studies and undertake program evaluations.

Turner, A, White, S, Beatty, K & Gregory, A 2005, 'Results of the largest residential demand management program in Australia', Water Supply, vol. 5, no. 3-4, pp. 249-256.
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This paper provides details and the results of an evaluation study carried out on the largest residential demand management program in Australia, the Sydney Water Corporation (SWC) ‘Every Drop Counts’ (EDC) residential retrofit program. The evaluation measured the water savings of program participants and compared them to a control group. Savings of 20.9 ± 2.5 kilolitres per household per annum (kL/hh/a) were found from statistical analysis of water meter readings of the sample of single residential households analysed. These individual savings effectively provide SWC with a potential total saving of 3,344 ± 400 megalitres per annum (ML/a) for the single residential houses retrofitted alone, i.e. 80% of the 200,000 households retrofitted to date. The evaluation identified that no ‘decay’ in average savings were found over the maximum four year period assessed. Other factors evaluated during the study included: analysis of individual water efficiency measures; comparison of savings with other evaluations; and savings related to occupancy ratio, geographical grouping, income category and defined socioeconomic categories.

Turner, AJ 2005, 'IWA's International Demand Management Framework', Water Demand Management Bulletin, vol. 73.

Winkler, H, Nkomo, JC, Mwakasonda, S, Mukheibir, P & Sparks, D 2005, 'Climate change mitigation: A training manual', Journal of Energy In South Africa, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 55-58.

Zhang, B, Jacobs, BC, O'Donnell, M & Guo, J 2005, 'Comparative studies on salt tolerance of seedlings for one cultivar of puccinellia (Puccinellia ciliata) and two cultivars of tall wheatgrass (Thinopyrum ponticum)', Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 391-391.
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Salt tolerances of 3 cultivars, Menemen puccinellia (Puccinellia ciliata Bor), Tyrrell and Dundas [tall wheatgrass, Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp.) Z. W. Liu and R. R. C. Wang], were compared with respect to their seed germination, adaptive responses to salt and waterlogging, seedling emergence, plant growth, shoot osmolality and mineral contents in a series of salt-stress experiments. An inverse normal distribution provided good fits for the time to seed germination. Under NaCl stress, 50% of the control (distilled water) seed germination rates of Menemen, Tyrrell and Dundas were achieved in 178.8, 300.9 and 296.8 mmol/L NaCl, respectively. Fifty percent of the control seedling emergence rates of these 3 cultivars were in 92.7, 107.2 and 113.5 mmol/L NaCl, respectively. The seed germination rates of these 3 cultivars under both salt and waterlogging stress were far lower than those germinated only under salt stress at the same salt level. Seed pretreatment by soaking seed in NaCl solutions greatly increased the seed germination rate under salt stress for Menemen and under both salt stress and waterlogging for Dundas. Tyrrell and Dundas were very similar in their tolerance to salt stress, and were significantly (P<0.05) more salt tolerant than Menemen in terms of seed germination and seedling emergence rate. Both shoot height and dry matter of these 3 cultivars were not statistically different among all salt stress levels during the seedling elongation period, indicating that the established plants of these 3 cultivars were very salt tolerant. The salt tolerance mechanisms of these 3 cultivars are possibly related to their abilities to maintain high osmolality in shoots by regulating high sodium and potassium contents, and reducing calcium deficiency under salt stress.

Abeysuriya, K, Mitchell, CA & Willetts, JR 1970, 'Cost recovery for urban sanitation in Asian countries: insurmountable barrier or opportunity for sustainability?', Australia New Zealand Society for Ecological Economics Conference Proceedings, Ecological Economics in Action, Australia New Zealand Society for Ecological Economics, Palmerston North, NZ, pp. 17-29.
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Urban sanitation and waste management services are in crisis in many Asian countries, attributed to a number of factors. In this paper we argue that the crisis is exacerbated by the application of inappropriate economic and technological models for urban sanitation. We examine why the dominant models, including full-cost pricing driven by neoclassical economics, are inappropriate in the context of Asian countries. On the basis of Ecological Economics and Buddhist Economics, we identify a set of principles for arriving at more sustainable solutions. Sanitation’s role as a service for waste removal and disposal is expanded to a synergistic group of economically feasible services provided through cooperation between service providers, community and government. The STEEP framework is shown to be a useful way to tailor the sanitation options on the basis of contextual factors.

Carrard, NR 1970, 'Mainstream or marginal? Transboundary tributaries and the Mekong Agreement', 8th International RiverSymposium - Water and Food Security - Rivers in the Global Context, Brisbane.

Chong, J 1970, 'Beyond the household survey: participatory approaches for wetland resource valuation', Multilateral Environmental Agreements - Economic Valuation Workshop, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.

Dartnall, J & Johnston, S 1970, 'Morphological Analysis (MA) leading to innovative mechanical design', Proceedings ICED 05, the 15th International Conference on Engineering Design, International Conference on Engineering Design (ICED), The Design Society, Engineers Australia, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 514-515.

Dartnall, WJ 1970, 'A General Approach For Introducing Materials Handling Topics In a Mechanical Engineering Degree Course', Proceedings of IMECE2005, ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Orlando, USA, p. DVD.

Dartnall, WJ & ASME 1970, 'A general approach for introducing materials handling topics in a mechanical engineering degree course', Manufacturing Engineering and Materials Handling, 2005 Pts A and B, ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS, Orlando, FL, pp. 1455-1463.

Dartnall, WJ & Johnston, S 1970, 'Life Cycle Product Design (at “Factor 10” Level): A Case Study Involving Innovative Mechanical Design of a Remote Area Ground Water Pumping System', Energy Conversion and Resources, ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, ASMEDC, Orlando, Florida, USA, pp. 451-461.
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For humanity to be able to meet its needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own, we must create a sustainable and customised service economy. For all the people of the world to be able to share in this goal, including both marginal operators in economically developed countries and most farmers in currently less economically developed countries, we need to increase resource productivity by a factor of 10. This paper describes a conceptual design process in which the designer is looking to achieve this factor 10 improvement at a system design level. Order of magnitude upgrading, on the performance of existing products, calls for an innovative approach to the design process. We outline a methodology, “Trend-Morph-PDS”, and show in a case study how it has been applied to the development of a ground-water pumping system. This type of system is in demand in geographically remote areas, where low well yield rates are typical, and rather complicated wind or solar pumps are commonly used for these “low-yield-well pumps”. The large number of products on the market demonstrates a wide and often conflicting range of trends in terms of design/development: long life/short life; high efficiency/low efficiency; problematic maintenance; absence of product range rationalisation. There is, however, a general trend towards replacement of mechanical with electrical-electronic systems. We argue that it would be possible to replace the currently dominant types of electrically driven submersible pump with a well designed mechanical system that has approximately twice the efficiency of its competitors and five times the design life. We recognise the commercial importance of the initial system cost, and we see no reason why our system should cost more than those of our existing competitors. Our case study indicates that factor 10 improvement in resource productivity is achievable in this application.

Dartnall, WJ & Reizes, J 1970, 'A Novel Approach to the Teaching of Thermodynamic Cycles and the Laws of Thermodynamics', Innovations in Engineering Education: Mechanical Engineering Education, Mechanical Engineering/Mechanical Engineering Technology Department Heads, ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, ASMEDC, Orlando, Florida, USA, pp. 31-39.
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This paper outlines a simple particle mechanics model in which a single particle represents the thermodynamic fluid (gas) in a heat engine (exemplified by a piston engine). By mechanics based reasoning the model demonstrates the connection between the Carnot efficiency limitation of heat engines and the Kelvin-Planck statement of Second Law requiring only the truth of the Clausius statement.

Dartnall, WJ, Johnston, S & ASME 1970, 'Life cycle product design (at 'factor 10' level): A case study involving innovative mechanical design of a remote area ground water pumping system', Energy Conversion and Resources - 2005, ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS, Orlando, FL, pp. 451-461.

Dartnall, WJ, Reizes, J & ASME 1970, 'A novel approach to the teaching of thermodynamic cycles and the laws of thermodynamics', Innovations in Engineering Education - 2005: Mechanical Engineering Education; Mechanical Engineering Technology Department Heads, ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS, Orlando, FL, pp. 31-39.

Giurco, D, Stewart, M & Petrie, J 1970, 'Understanding industrial ecology across scales: developing a reference schema', 11th Annual Sustainable Development Research Conference, 11th Annual Sustainable Development Research Conference, Inderscience Publishers, Helsinki.

Halbwirth, S 1970, 'Leveraging Knowledge: Sport and Success', The Value of Sports Information: Toward Beijing 2008 Proceedings of the 12th IASI World Congress, 12th IASI World Congress, IASI (International Association for Sport Information), pp. 278-285.

Halbwirth, S 1970, 'Sporting Event Website: Information friend or foe?', The Value of Sports Information: Toward Beijing 2008 Proceedings of the 12th IASI World Congress, 12th IASI World Congress, International Association for Sport Information (IASI), Beijing, China, pp. 54-62.

Halbwirth, S & Toohey, KM 1970, 'Sport Event Management and Knowledge Management: A Useful Partnership', Proceedings of the Third International Event Management Research Conference, International Event Management Research Conference, Australian Centre for Event Management, UTS, Sydney, Australia, pp. 302-314.

Jazbec, M & Haynes, BS 1970, 'Kinetic study of methanol oxidation and the effect of NOx at low oxygen concentrations', 5th Asia Pacific Conference on Combustion Aspacc 2005 Celebrating Prof Bob Bilger S 70th Birthday, pp. 245-248.
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A detailed kinetic mechanism for methanol oxidation in not only important to model methanol as a fuel but also it is a key sub-mechanism in hydrocarbon combustion mechanisms. The current study focuses on the reaction of methanol (400 ppm CH3OH/N2) in the temperature range of 573-1023 K (with residence times of 2.3-4.2 s) and at atmospheric pressure. The reaction was performed in a laminar flow reactor with the addition of small concentrations of O2 (0-1500 ppm), thus providing a range of mostly fuel rich conditions, and was perturbed by the addition of NOX (0-200 ppm). The main products of the reaction are formaldehyde (CH2O), hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2), and, in the presence of NOX, nitrogen oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Methanol reacts with O2 at temperatures above 923 K, but when NOX is added, the reaction temperature is lowered to 773 K. This paper presents experimental results in a range of oxygen conditions not studied before. The experimental data are also modelled with the kinetic mechanisms currently available in the literature.

Ladson, AR & Chong, J 1970, 'Unseasonal flooding of the Barmah-Millewa Forest', Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, Conference on the Barmah Forest, Melbourne, pp. 127-137.
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The Barmah-Millewa Forest is recognised in Australia and internationally as an ecologically significant site. However, river regulation has altered the frequency and pattern of forest flooding, and continues to have adverse environmental effects on the Forest. Compared to natural conditions, flooding is now less frequent in winter and spring and more frequent, unseasonally, in summer and autumn. In particular, small unseasonal floods that cover less than 10% of the forest are eight times more frequent now than before regulation. Unseasonal floods occur when rain leads to reductions in demand for water. Irrigators can cancel orders at short notice and water, which has already been released from upstream storages, continues downriver. Flooding occurs when these flows exceed the capacity of the reach of the river which flows through the forest. We explore the multiple factors that contribute to unseasonal flooding. These factors are related to the way the river regulation system - the infrastructure, rules and institutions - has been established and is operated to maintain the reliability of irrigation water supply. Options to reduce the incidence of unseasonal floods include: changes to the operating rules at Hume Reservoir and increasing airspace at Lake Mulwala.

Mitchell, CA 1970, 'Synergy in the city? the new engineering playground', Global Colloquium on Engineering Education, jointly hosted by American Society for Engineering Education and the Australasian Association for Engineering Education, Sydney.

Mitchell, CA 1970, 'Synergy in the city? The new engineering playground', Global Colloquium on Engineering Education, jointly hosted by American Society for Engineering Education and the Australasian Association for Engineering Education, Sydney.

Mitchell, CA & Berry, T 1970, 'Distributed infrastructure in urban centers - opportunities and barriers to development', Australian Sustainable Built Environment Conference, Sydney.

Mitchell, CA & Berry, T 1970, 'Distributed infrastructure in urban centres: opportunities and barriers to development', Australian Sustainable Built Environment Conference, Sydney Hilton.

Mitchell, CA & Berry, T 1970, 'Distributed infrastructure: drivers, potentials, management tools and frameworks', Water 05 - Implementing the National Water Initiative, Mebourne.

Mitchell, CA & Berry, T 1970, 'Distributed infrastructure: drivers, potentials, management tools and frameworks', Water 05 Implementing the National Water Initiative, Melbourne.

Nelson, C, Willetts, JR & Bryce, P 1970, 'Transdisciplinarity and development research: new ways of thinking about development', AEGIS Conference, SOAS, London, UK.
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This was a paper prepared for the AEGIS conference.

Nelson, C, Willetts, JR & Bryce, P 1970, 'Transdisciplinary research and Mozambique: finding a new pathway to old problems', AFSAAP Conference, University of New England, Armidale, Australia.

Riedy, C 1970, 'Energy and greenhouse impacts of water options for Sydney', Presentation to expert forum on Recycling: The Sustainable Alternative to Desalination, Parliament House, Sydney, Australia.

Turner, AJ, White, S, Smith, G, Al Ghafri, A, Aziz, A & Al Suleimania, Z 1970, 'Water efficiency - a sustainable way forward for Oman', Stockholm Water Symposium, Workshop 5, Stockholm Water Symposium, Stockholm, Sweden.

White, S 1970, 'The coast, the dam and in-between: issues for Manly's future', Manly Futures Forum, Manly Council.

White, S & Fane, SA 1970, 'Planning for environmental flows: an advanced least cost approach to Sydney's demand-supply balance', 15th Stockholm Water Symposium, Stockholm, Sweden.

White, S, Cordell, DJ & Turner, AJ 1970, 'A single planning framework applicable to urban water management around the world: an international demand management framework', World Water Week, Stockholm Water Symposium 2005, Stockholm, Sweden.

Willetts, JR & Mitchell, CA 1970, 'What does 'best practice' mean for managing on-site systems?', Onsite 05: Performance Assessment for On-site Systems: Regulation, operation and monitoring Proceeding of On-site '05 Conference., Onsite 05: Performance Assessment for On-site Systems: Regulation, operation and monitoring, Lanfax Laboratories, Armidale, NSW.

Willetts, JR, Mitchell, CA & Fane, SA 1970, 'Ideas and tools to shape long-term management and investment in decentralised wastewater infrastructure', Performance Assessment for On-site Systems: Regulation, operation and monitoring - Proceedings of On-site '05 Conference., Onsite 05: Performance Assessment for On-site Systems: Regulation, operation and monitoring, Lanfax Laboratories, University of New England, Armidale.

Aubrey, C, Kjaer, C, Millais, C & Teske, S Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) Greenpeace 2005, WIND FORCE 12——A blueprint to achieve 12% of the world’s electricity from wind power by 2020 [R].

Carrard, NR, Miller, FP, Hirsch, P & Wyatt, A Australian Mekong Resource Centre, School of Geosciences, University of Sydney 2005, Drivers for change in water regulatory systems: Setting the scene for development assistance, pp. 1-16, Sydney.

Edgerton, N, Mitchell, CA, Church, T & Jordan, P UTS 2005, Sustainable total water cycle management strategy, Sydney.

Etnier, C, Willetts, JR, Fane, SA, Mitchell, CA & Johnstone, S Stone Environmental, Inc. 2005, Decentralized wastewater system reliability analysis handbook (Project No. WU-HT-03-57), pp. 1-181, Vermont, USA.

Halbwirth, S Standards Australia 2005, AS 5037-2005 Knowledge Management - A guide. Chair of committee MB-007, Knowledge Management, that prepared AS 5037-2205 Knowledge Management Standard., pp. 1-77, Sydney, Australia.
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AS 5037 is designed to help people new to knowledge management develop a strategy and implementation plan for business, government and community organisations.

McGee, CM & Mitchell, CA Institute for Sustainable Futures 2005, New generation builders training development, Sydney.

McGee, CM & Partridge, EY Institute for Sustainable Futures 2005, Technical resources on sustainable mixed-use development: A framework for next steps, Sydney.

Plant, R & Freudenberger, D Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) 2005, Changes in global agriculture: A framework for diagnosing ecosystem effects and identifying response options, pp. 1-19, Canberra.

Riedy, C & Partridge, EY Institute for Sustainable Futures, UTS 2005, NSW water pricing guidelines and country town communities, Sydney.

White, S & Cordell, DJ Local Government and Shires Associations of New South Wales 2005, Beyond Recycling - An Integrated Waste Management Framework for Local Government - Part A: Developing an Integrated Waste Management Strategy and Empowering the Community, pp. 1-37, Sydney, Australia.
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Although the Australian community is concerned about the environment and committed to kerbside recycling, Australia creates more waste per person than almost any other country. Substantial increases in the cost of waste disposal over the past decade have not curbed total waste generation, and the net cost of kerbside recycling to local government continues to be substantial. Consistent with the Local Government Act 1993, significant efforts have been made in NSW and other States to manage waste in line with the principles of Ecologically Sustainable Development. However until recently these efforts have focused largely on managing the problem once waste has already been generated, such as increasing the efficiency of existing collection systems, new treatment technologies and turning waste into energy. There are significant opportunities for local government to explore other options in line with international developments in Extended Producer Responsibility. Such options typically operate higher up the waste hierarchy, and are more cost-effective than current practice, in addition to achieving greater environmental benefits.