Publications

Indraratna, B & Chu, J 2005, 'Preface' in Ground Improvement — Case Histories, Elsevier, pp. vii-viii.
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Ip, K, Ray, AS, Stuart, BH & Thomas, P 2005, 'Investigation of the degradation of sandstones in Sydney's heritage buildings' in Modena, C, Lourenco, PB & Roca, P (eds), Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions - Possibilities of Numerical and Experimental Techniques vol 1, Taylor & Francis, London, UK, pp. 239-244.
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Sydney, with many of its heritage buildings and monuments constructed as a result ofthe first European settlement in the l800s, is a city built on a large block of sandstone. Although many ofthese buildings are still strong and sound, signs of deterioration have become evident in recent years. In order to prevent these precious buildings from further degradation, the weathering mechanisms of the stones must be thoroughly understood before suitable protection measures can be implemented. In this study, four techniques have been selected to detect chemical and physical differences between weathered and unweathered sandstones - Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS).

Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH, Chaudhary, DS & Hung, Y-T 2005, 'Physicochemical Treatment Processes for Water Reuse' in Wang, LK, Hung, YT & Shammas, NK (eds), Physicochemical Treatment Processes, Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey, USA, pp. 635-676.
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Beecham, S, Khiadani, MH & Kandasamy, J 2005, 'Friction Factors for Spatially Varied Flow with Increasing Discharge', Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, vol. 131, no. 9, pp. 792-799.
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This paper describes an experimental investigation of how friction factors change for spatially varied flow in sloping channels receiving lateral inflow. The results are compared with those of Beij in 1934, and it is concluded that uniform flow resistance coefficients are not always appropriate for spatially varied flow. Moreover, the common technique of assuming a constant friction factor over the entire length of the channel has been found to have little theoretical justification. The method of Keulegan in 1952 for calculating friction factors in spatially varied flow gives a better estimate, but does not explicitly take account of the lateral inflow rate or velocity. Beij's 1934 experimental data, which was used by Keulegan does not show a systematic variation of friction factor with lateral inflow rate for a constant Reynolds number although this may be due to the low flowrates used. The results of the present study indicate that the friction factor increases with lateral inflow rate for a constant Reynolds number in the experiments that included subcritical and supercritical flow conditions. A method for calculating friction factors which allows for lateral inflow is presented as a precursor to the development of a general method of evaluating friction factors for spatially varied flow with increasing discharge. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering © ASCE.

Beecham, SC, Kandasamy, JK, Khiadani, MH & Trinh, DV 2005, 'Impacts of OSD on Flooding within an Urban Catchment', Journal of Urban Water, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 23-32.

Bu, J, Luo, S & Zhu, X 2005, 'Moving loads identification based on generalized orthogonal function and regularization technique', Zhendong Ceshi Yu Zhenduan/Journal of Vibration, Measurement and Diagnosis, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 36-39.
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In order to identify moving loads on a bridge, the vehicle/bridge system is modeled as a simply supported beam subjected moving loads. The equation of motion of bridge is set up by finite element method. Based on the measured bridge responses, generalized orthogonal function approach and model superposition principle are used to obtain the derivatives of the modal responses, and the regularization technique is used to obtain the stable identified results. Simulation results and laboratory tests show that the method is effective and accurate to identify the moving loads on the bridge.

Bu, J, Luo, S & Zhu, X 2005, 'Moving loads identification on slab-on-girder bridge by use of state variables', Zhendong yu Chongji/Journal of Vibration and Shock, vol. 24, no. 4.
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The slab-on-girder bridge is modeled as orthotropic plate, and the vehicles are modeled as a group of loads moving on top of the bridge deck at fixed distance and constant speed. The state equation of the system is obtained on the basis of theory of elastic plate, Halmiton's principle and the superposition principle. Based on the regularization technique a load identification method is developed in state space. Both the numerical simulation and laboratory tests show that the method is effective to identify the axle loads and the individual wheel loads by strains or displacements.

Chiemchaisri, C, Chiemchaisri, W, Kornboonraksa, T, Dumrongsukit, C, Threedeach, S, Ngo, HH & Vigneswaran, S 2005, 'Particle and microorganism removal in floating plastic media coupled with microfiltration membrane for surface water treatment', WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 51, no. 10, pp. 93-100.
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Floating plastic media followed by hollow fiber microfiltration membrane was applied for surface water treatment. The performance of the system in terms of particle and microorganisms was investigated. The floating filter was examined at different filtra

Choudhury, D & Nimbalkar, S 2005, 'Seismic passive resistance by pseudo-dynamic method', Géotechnique, vol. 55, no. 9, pp. 699-702.
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Connan, HG, Klimesch, DS, Ray, AS & Thomas, PS 2005, 'Autoclaved OPC-quartz blends incorporating clay-brick waste. Part I: factorial design effects on strength development', ADVANCES IN CEMENT RESEARCH, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 133-141.
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The utilisation of waste materials in the manufacturing of building products is of global interest due to technological and socio-economic benefits. For example, alumina-silica-rich industrial waste, such as fired clay brick, is available in large quanti

Ding, GKC 2005, 'Developing a multicriteria approach for the measurement of sustainable performance', Building Research & Information, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 3-16.
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In Australia, cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is one of the conventional tools used widely by the public and the private sectors in the appraisal of projects. It measures and compares the total costs and benefits of projects that are competing for scarce resources in monetary terms. Growing concerns that the values of environmental goods and services are often ignored or underestimated in the CBA approach have led to the overuse and depletion of environmental assets. A model of a sustainability index as an evaluation tool that combines economic, social and environmental criteria into an indexing algorithm is presented and described. The sustainability index uses monetary and non-monetary approaches to rank projects and facilities on their contribution to sustainability. This process enables the principle of trade-off to occur in the decision-making process and thereby allows environmental values to be considered when selecting a development option. This makes it possible to optimize financial return, maximize resource consumption and minimize detrimental effects to the natural and man-made world. A case study is used to demonstrate the model.

Friolo, KH, Ray, AS, Stuart, BH & Thomas, PS 2005, 'Thermal analysis of heritage stones', JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 559-563.
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Many of Sydney's heritage buildings and monuments were built as a result of the first European settlement in the 1800s. These buildings not only display the richness of the Australian culture, but also capture the architectural and historical values of i

Grace, ND, Loganathan, P, Deighton, MW, Molano, G & Hedley, MJ 2005, 'Ingestion of soil fluorine: its impact on the fluorine metabolism of dairy cows', NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 23-27.
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In grazing cattle high fluoride (F) intakes are associated with soil ingestion. The ingestion of soil (F) (93% of dietary F) at a rate of 1562 mg F day–1 by mature dairy cows over 63 days, when compared with animals on basal diet (no soil) providing 110 mg F day–1, resulted in an increase in mean serum F concentrations from 0.10 to 0.22 mg litre–1, and no detectable change in mean metacarpal F concentrations (1125 mg F kg–1 DM), while the apparent absorption of soil F was 44%. However, an intake of soil F (77% of dietary F) at 446 mg F day–1 had no detectable effect on mean serum or bone F concentrations of the dairy cows. The relationship between soil F intake (x) and serum F concentration (y) was curvilinear (y = 0.0837e0.0007x). The observed changes in serum and bone concentrations indicate that the potential risk of fluorosis occurring in grazing dairy cows is very low. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Guo, WS, Shim, WG, Vigneswaran, S & Ngo, HH 2005, 'Effect of operating parameters in a submerged membrane adsorption hybrid system: experiments and mathematical modeling', JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE, vol. 247, no. 1-2, pp. 65-74.
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This study aims at developing a simple and practical mathematical model to predict the performance of a submerged membrane adsorption hybrid system (SMAHS). Adsorption equilibrium and kinetic studies were first carried out with powdered activated carbon (PAC) for removing persisting organics from a synthetic wastewater. A series of short-term SMAHS experiments were conducted with preadsorption at different operating conditions such as aeration rate, backwash frequency, PAC dose and filtration flux. The Talu adsorption equilibrium and homogeneous surface diffusion model (HSDM) described well the isothermal adsorption behavior and adsorption kinetics, respectively. The semi-empirical mathematical model formulated for membrane-adsorption system predicts successfully the performance of SMAHS in terms of total organic carbon (TOC) removal. A coefficient known as 'membrane correlation coefficient (MCC)' introduced in the model was found to be very useful in describing both the adsorption of organics adsorbed onto the PAC and onto the membrane surface, and separation of PAC (with organics adsorbed on it) by the membrane. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Guo, WS, Vigneswaran, S & Ngo, HH 2005, 'Effect of flocculation and/or adsorption as pretreatment on the critical flux of crossflow microfiltration', DESALINATION, vol. 172, no. 1, pp. 53-62.
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This study aims at identifying the effect of pretreatment such as flocculation and/or adsorption on the performance of crossflow microfiltration (CFMF). CFMF performance was studied in terms of critical flux. The results indicated that: (1) flocculation alone as a pretreatment could effectively remove the large molecular weight organic matter from 30,000 to 60,000 Daltons; (2) flocculation, together with adsorption as a pretreatment to CFMF, could remove both large and small molecular weight organics; (3) flocculation as a pretreatment was significantly better than adsorption in improving the critical flux; (4) critical flux increased from 100 L/m2.h to 520 L/m2.h when flocculation-adsorption was applied. The critical flux in long-term experiments was the same as that of the short-term experiments. However, the critical flux slightly decreased (5%) in long-term experiments compared to short-term operation with flocculation and adsorption as a pretreatment. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Hanly, JA, Loganathan, P & Currie, LD 2005, 'Effect of serpentine rock and its acidulated products as magnesium fertilisers for pasture, compared with magnesium oxide and Epsom salts, on a Pumice Soil. 1. Dry matter yield and magnesium uptake', NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 451-460.
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Low pasture magnesium (Mg) intakes by grazing dairy and beef cows is a main cause of hypomagnesaemia in these animals soon after calving. Magnesium fertiliser application to pasture can increase pasture mixed-herbage (hereafter “herbage") Mg concentration and reduce the risk of this disorder. However, the effectiveness of Mg fertilisers is variable depending on fertiliser type and soil properties. A 32-month Mg fertiliser field trial was conducted on dairy pasture on an Immature Orthic Pumice Soil (near Taupo, New Zealand; exchangeable Mg 0.4 cmolc kg–1, pasture Mg 0.13%) to compare the effectiveness of a range of Mg fertilisers in elevating herbage Mg concentration. The fertilisers used were ground serpentine rock, three acidulated serpentine rock products, Epsom salts, and E-mag (magnesium oxide). All fertilisers were applied at 100 kg Mg ha–1 at the start of the trial. The trial also had two treatments where Epsom salts was applied at 25 and 50 kg Mg ha–1 and a treatment where serpentine rock was reapplied during the second and third year at 100 kg Mg ha–1. Magnesium fertiliser treatments did not affect pasture dry matter yield significantly at any harvest, however, the effect of treatments on herbage Mg concentration was highly significant (P < 0.001) at all harvests. The single application of serpentine significantly increased herbage Mg concentration at 10 harvests, with five of these harvests having Mg concentrations ≥ 0.20%, which is generally considered to be the minimum “threshold level” for stock health. In comparison, the Mg concentration in pasture not receiving Mg fertiliser remained below the minimum threshold level throughout the trial. Application of serpentine rock annually further increased herbage Mg concentration and accumulation. The herbage Mg concentrations for this treatment were similar to those of the Epsom salts (50 kg Mg ha–1) treatment at the majority of the harvests. These results indicate that the annual application of serpentine r...

Hao, H & Wu, C 2005, 'Numerical study of characteristics of underground blast induced surface ground motion and their effect on above-ground structures. Part II. Effects on structural responses', Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 39-53.
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Hendra, R, Hamdani, Mahlia, TMI & Masjuki, HH 2005, 'Thermal and melting heat transfer characteristics in a latent heat storage system using mikro', Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 1503-1515.
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Huang, ZG, Guo, ZP, Liu, HK & Dou, SX 2005, 'Effect of Ni content on the structural and electrochemical properties of Mg1.9Cu0.1Niχ alloys', Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 283-289.
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Mg-based alloys, Mg1.9Cu0.1Niχ (χ = 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1), were fabricated through high-energy ball milling, and the effects of nickel content on the electrochemical characteristics have been investigated. A high discharge capacity of 490 mAhg-1 was observed for χ = 1.8, compared with 435 mAhg-1 for χ = 2.1. As to capacity degradation, 66.7 % of initial capacity was lost after 15 cycles for χ = 1.8, while only 47.2% for χ = 2.1. Cyclic Voltammograms (CV) indicates that nickel can help maintain redox reaction current and consequently improve the cycle performance. The X-ray mapping analysis indicates that Mg, Ni, and Cu are uniformly distributed in the particles. The O content in the alloy electrodes after 15 cycles decreases with the increase of Ni content in the alloys, suggesting that Ni can efficiently suppress the formation of Mg(OH) 2. The linear polarization curves show that the exchange current density, namely the rate of hydriding/dehydriding, increases from 13 mAg -1 to 133 mAg-1 when the nickel content varies from 1.8 to 2.1. This is also considered as a reason for the observed improved capacity stability. © J. New. Mat. Electrochem. Systems.

Indraratna, B 2005, 'Addressing the Geotechnical Challenges Posed by Soft Clays', International Journal of Geomechanics, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 85-86.
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Indraratna, B & Jayanathan, M 2005, 'Measurement of pore water pressure of clay-infilled rock joints during triaxial shearing', Géotechnique, vol. 55, no. 10, pp. 759-764.
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Indraratna, B, Golab, A, Glamore, W & Blunden, B 2005, 'Acid sulphate soil remediation techniques on the Shoalhaven River floodplain, Australia', Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 129-142.
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Indraratna, B, Lackenby, J & Christie, D 2005, 'Effect of confining pressure on the degradation of ballast under cyclic loading', Géotechnique, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 325-328.
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Indraratna, B, Lackenby, J & Christie, D 2005, 'Effect of confining pressure on the degradation of ballast under cyclic loading', Géotechnique, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 325-328.
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Indraratna, B, Rujikiatkamjorn, C & Sathananthan, I 2005, 'Analytical and numerical solutions for a single vertical drain including the effects of vacuum preloading', Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 994-1014.
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A system of vertical drains combined with vacuum preloading is an effective method to accelerate soil consolidation by promoting radial flow. This study presents the analytical modeling of vertical drains incorporating vacuum preloading in both axisymmetric and plane strain conditions. The effectiveness of the applied vacuum pressure along the drain length is considered. The exact solutions applied on the basis of the unit cell theory are supported by finite element analysis using ABAQUS software. Subsequently, the details of an appropriate matching procedure by transforming permeability and vacuum pressure between axisymmetric and equivalent plane strain conditions are described through analytical and numerical schemes. The effects of the magnitude and distribution of vacuum pressure on soft clay consolidation are examined through average excess pore pressure, consolidation settlement, and time analyses. Lastly, the practical implications of this study are discussed.Key words: consolidation, finite element method, soft clay, vacuum preloading, vertical drains.

Indraratna, B, Rujikiatkamjorn, C & Sathananthan, I 2005, 'Radial consolidation of clay using compressibility indices and varying horizontal permeability', Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 1330-1341.
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A system of vertical drains, with surcharge load to accelerate consolidation by shortening the drainage path, is one of the most popular methods of soft ground improvement. The conventional radial consolidation theory (including smear and well resistance) has been commonly used to predict the behaviour of vertical drains in soft clay. Its mathematical formulation is based on the small strain theory; and for a given stress range, a constant volume compressibility (mv) and a constant coefficient of horizontal permeability (kh) are assumed. However, the value of mvvaries along the consolidation curve over a wide range of applied pressure (Δp). In the same manner, khalso changes with the void ratio (e). In this paper, the writers have replaced mvwith the compressibility indices (Ccand Cr), which define the slopes of the e – log σ′ relationship. Moreover, the variation of the horizontal permeability coefficient (kh) with the void ratio (e) during consolidation is represented by the e – log khrelationship that has a slope of Ck. In contrast to the conventional analysis, the current study highlights the influence of the Cc/Ck(or Cr/Ck) ratio and the preloading increment ratio (Δp/σi) on the consolidation process. The analytical predictions are compared with the experimental results when a large-scale consolidation chamber was used, and these predictions show good agreement with the measured data. Finally, an embankment case history taken from Muar Plains, Malaysia, is analysed on the basis of the current solution and compared with field measurements.Key words: compressibility, embankments, permeability, soft soils, soil consolidation, vertical...

Indraratna, B, Rujikiatkamjorn, C, Balasubramaniam, AS & Wijeyakulasuriya, V 2005, 'Chapter 7 Predictions and observations of soft clay foundations stabilized with geosynthetic drains and vacuum surcharge', Elsevier Geo-Engineering Book Series, vol. 3, no. C, pp. 199-229.
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This chapter starts with an introduction of a revised analytical model of radial drainage with vacuum preloading in both axisymmetric and plane strain conditions. Observed from large-scale radial drainage consolidation tests, the influence of vacuum pressure distribution along the drain length is examined through the dissipation of average excess pore pressure and associated settlement. The details of an appropriate conversion procedure by transforming permeability and vacuum pressure between axisymmetric and equivalent plane strain conditions are described through analytical and numerical schemes. The effects of the magnitude and distribution of vacuum pressure on soft clay consolidation are investigated on the basis of average excess pore pressure consolidation settlement, and time analyses. The writers describe a multi-drain plane strain finite element method analysis based on permeability conversion, which is employed to study the behavior of embankments stabilized at the site of the Second Bangkok International Airport with vacuum-assisted prefabricated vertical drains. In the field, a constant suction head is not always stable because of the occurrence of air leaks; therefore the magnitude of applied vacuum pressure was adjusted accordingly. The theoretical (numerical) predictions are compared with measured field data such as settlements, excess pore pressures, and lateral movements. The case history analysis employing the writers' model indicates improved accuracy of the predictions in relation to the field observations. The data indicate that the efficiency of the prefabricated vertical drains depends on the magnitude and distribution of vacuum pressure as well as on the extent of air leak protection provided in practice. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Indraratna, B, Sathananthan, I, Bamunawita, C & Balasubramaniam, AS 2005, 'Chapter 2 Theoretical and numerical perspectives and field observations for the design and performance evaluation of embankments constructed on soft marine clay', Elsevier Geo-Engineering Book Series, vol. 3, no. C, pp. 51-89.
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In this chapter, a two-demensional plane strain solution is adopted for the embankment analysis, which includes the effects of smear zone caused by mandrel driven vertical drains. The equivalent (transformed) permeability coefficients are incorporated in finite element codes, employing modified Cam-clay theory. Selected numerical studies have been carried out to study the effect of embankment slope, construction rate, and drain spacing on the failure of the soft clay foundation. Finally the observed and predicted performances of well-instrumented full-scale trial embankments built on soft Malaysian marine clay have been discussed in detail. The predicted results agree with the field measurements. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Indraratna, B, Sathananthan, I, Rujikiatkamjorn, C & Balasubramaniam, AS 2005, 'Analytical and Numerical Modeling of Soft Soil Stabilized by Prefabricated Vertical Drains Incorporating Vacuum Preloading', International Journal of Geomechanics, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 114-124.
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This paper describes the analytical formulation of a modified consolidation theory incorporating vacuum pressure, and numerical modeling of soft clay stabilized by prefabricated vertical drains, with a linearly distributed (trapezoidal) vacuum pressure for both axisymmetric and plane strain conditions. The effects of the magnitude and distribution of vacuum pressure on soft clay consolidation are examined through average time-dependent excess pore pressure and consolidation settlement analyses. The plane strain analysis was executed by transforming the actual vertical drains into a system of equivalent parallel drain walls by adjusting the coefficient of permeability of the soil and the applied vacuum pressure. The converted parameters are incorporated in the finite element code ABAQUS, employing the modified Cam-clay theory. Numerical analysis conducted to study the performance of a full-scale test embankment constructed on soft Bangkok clay. The performance of this selected embankment is predicted on the basis of four different vacuum pressure distributions. The predictions are compared with the available field data. The assumption of distributing the vacuum pressure as a constant over the soil surface and varying it linearly along the drains seems justified in relation to the field data. © ASCE.

Indraratna, B, Welideniya, HS & Brown, ET 2005, 'A shear strength model for idealised infilled joints under constant normal stiffness', Géotechnique, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 215-226.
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Infill materials found in natural rock joints may cause a reduction in joint shear strength, influencing rock mass stability. This paper reports a study aimed at developing a semi-empirical methodology for predicting the shear strength of infilled joints, taking into account joint surface characteristics and the properties of the joint and infill materials. A new model for predicting the shear strength of infilled joints is presented, on the basis of a series of tests carried out on two types of model joint surface having asperity angles of 9·5° and 18·5°, with graphite and bentonite used as infill materials. All tests were carried out in a large-scale shear apparatus under constant normal stiffness (CNS) conditions. The results indicate that at low infill thickness to asperity height ratio (t/a), the combined effect of the basic friction angle (ϕb) and the joint asperity angle (i) is pronounced, but it diminishes with increasing t/a ratio so that the shear strength converges towards that of the infill alone. Summation of two algebraic functions (A and B) that represent the joint and infill characteristics correctly models the decay of normalised shear strength with increasing t/a ratio. The new model successfully describes the observed shear strengths of the graphite and clay (bentonite) filled model joints.

Indraratna, B, Welideniya, HS & Brown, ET 2005, 'A shear strength model for idealised infilled joints under constant normal stiffness', Géotechnique, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 215-226.
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Jiang, JQ, Yin, Q, Pearce, P & Zhou, J 2005, 'A survey of endocrine disrupting chemicals in sewage and a preliminary treatment trial', Water Science and Technology, vol. 52, no. 8, pp. 1-7.
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This paper demonstrates that synthetic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) (e.g. bisphenol-A) and natural EDCs (e.g. estrone and 17β-estradiol) were found in the crude sewage from two sewage treatment works. Conventional biological processes can lower EDC concentrations to several hundred nanograms per litre. Because natural EDCs (e.g. estrone and 17β1-estradiol) have biological activity and an adverse impact on the environment at extremely low concentrations (several tens of nanograms per litre), and because the existing wastewater/sewage treatment processes are not adequate to reduce natural EDC concentrations lower than 100ngL−1, further treatment after conventional biological processes is required. Preliminary trials with ferrate(VI) and electrochemical oxidation processes demonstrated that the former is more effective than the latter in reducing EDC concentrations, and that both the processes can effectively reduce EDCs to very low levels, ranging between 20 and 100ngL−1.

Jiang, JQ, Yin, Q, Zhou, JL & Pearce, P 2005, 'Occurrence and treatment trials of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in wastewaters', Chemosphere, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 544-550.
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This study demonstrates that both synthetic and natural endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) (e.g., bisphenol A, estrone and 17β-estradiol) were found in the crude wastewaters from two wastewater treatment works (WwTWs). Conventional biological processes can lower EDCs concentrations to several tens to hundreds ng l-1. Since natural EDCs (e.g., estrone and 17β-estradiol) have biological activity and adverse impact on the environment at extremely low concentrations (several tens of ng l-1), further treatment after conventional biological processes is required. Preliminary trials with ferrate(VI) and electrochemical oxidation process demonstrated that both processes can effectively reduce EDCs to very low levels, ranging between 10 and 100 ng l-1, but the former is more effective than the latter to reduce COD concentration in wastewater for given studying conditions. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Kalam, MA & Masjuki, HH 2005, 'Effect of coconut oil-blended fuels on diesel engine wear and lubrication', Lubrication Science, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 389-402.
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Kalam, MA & Masjuki, HH 2005, 'Recent developments on biodiesel in Malaysia', Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, vol. 64, no. 11, pp. 920-927.
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This paper presents recent developments on biodiesel production from palm oil, its properties and engine test results to evaluate its performance on diesel engine. The potential of palm diesel to be commercially used depends on its price comparison with diesel fuel and its status of reservation. Increasing cost and pollution effects of fossil diesel fuel can be resolved through producing vegetable oil based fuels such as palm diesel. This paper discusses Malaysian palm diesel as well as global biodiesel status, standardization of biodiesel and their commercial price consideration and various engine test results on aspects of brake power, combustion, emissions, engine wear and lubrication performance.

Kalam, MA, Masjuki, HH, Amalina, MA, Abdesselam, H & Mahlia, TMI 2005, 'CO, HC and NO_x Emissions Characteristics of a Retrofitted Bi-fuel Natural Gas Engine', HKIE Transactions, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 25-30.
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This paper presents the experimental results carried out to evaluate CO, HC and NOx exhaust emissions and performance characteristics of a computer integrated bi-fuel spark ignition engine that has been retrofitted for two fuels namely, gasoline and compressed natural gas (CNG). The ignition point was optimised for CNG through the external device so that the maximum cylinder pressure occurred at similar as gasoline fuel such as between 10 to 10.50 deg crank angles after top dead centre (TDC). The used engine is a 4-cylinder spark ignition engine that has been operated with steady state condition using engine operating software and data acquisition system called CADET6. An eddy current dynamometer was used to measure engine performance characteristics such as engine brake power and fuel consumption and to give load on engine during measuring emission characteristics. Bosch and Bacharach exhaust gas analysers were used to measure emissions gases such as CO, HC and NOx. The performance test was done with full throttle condition and corresponding air-fuel (AFR) was evaluated. The emissions test was done with fixed load condition for both the fuels. The results show that CNG reduces 15% brake power with 15% to 18% reduction in specific fuel consumption (SFC) as compared to gasoline fuel. This is mainly due to the gases nature of CNG fuel. The emissions results show that CNG reduces CO and HC emissions but increases NOx emissions. The details about the emissions and performance results with three way catalytic (TWC) converter have been presented and discussed. The results of this experiment will be used to develop of new dedicated natural gas engines. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Khiadani, MH, Beecham, S, Kandasamy, J & Sivakumar, S 2005, 'Boundary Shear Stress in Spatially Varied Flow with Increasing Discharge', Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, vol. 131, no. 8, pp. 705-714.
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The distribution of the wall shear stress on the bed and sidewalls of an open channel receiving lateral inflow was obtained from experimental measurements of the distribution of the velocity in the viscous sublayer using a laser doppler velocimeter. The

Law, SS & Zhu, XQ 2005, 'Bridge dynamic responses due to road surface roughness and braking of vehicle', Journal of Sound and Vibration, vol. 282, no. 3-5, pp. 805-830.
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Law, SS & Zhu, XQ 2005, 'Nonlinear Characteristics of Damaged Concrete Structures under Vehicular Load', Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 131, no. 8, pp. 1277-1285.
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Law, SS, Bu, JQ & Zhu, XQ 2005, 'Time-varying wind load identification from structural responses', Engineering Structures, vol. 27, no. 10, pp. 1586-1598.
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Law, SS, Li, XY, Zhu, XQ & Chan, SL 2005, 'Structural damage detection from wavelet packet sensitivity', Engineering Structures, vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 1339-1348.
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Lawry, J, Ray, A, Klimesch, D, Thomas, P, Guerbois, J-P & Harrison, J 2005, 'Thermal characterization of portland cement-magnesia blends', Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 637-641.
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Due to growing environmental concerns and the need to use less energy-intensive building products, alternatives and improvements to Portland cement (PC) are being actively researched worldwide. Use of supplementary materials is now a common practice wher

Liu, A, Wu, C, Yu, KF & Gehan, E 2005, 'Supplementary analysis of probabilities at the termination of a group sequential phase II trial', Statistics in Medicine, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 1009-1027.
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AbstractWe consider estimation of various probabilities after termination of a group sequential phase II trial. A motivating example is that the stopping rule of a phase II oncologic trial is determined solely based on response to a drug treatment, and at the end of the trial estimating the rate of toxicity and response is desirable. The conventional maximum likelihood estimator (sample proportion) of a probability is shown to be biased, and two alternative estimators are proposed to correct for bias, a bias‐reduced estimator obtained by using Whitehead's bias‐adjusted approach, and an unbiased estimator from the Rao–Blackwell method of conditioning. All three estimation procedures are shown to have certain invariance property in bias. Moreover, estimators of a probability and their bias and precision can be evaluated through the observed response rate and the stage at which the trial stops, thus avoiding extensive computation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Liu, B, Thomas, PS, Williams, RP & Donne, SW 2005, 'Thermal characterisation of chemically reduced electrolytic manganese dioxide', Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 625-629.
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Samples of electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) were chemically reduced using 2-propanol under reflux (82 degrees C) for 1, 2, 3, 6 and 24 h intervals. XRD analysis showed that the gamma-MnO2 structure was preserved although the lattice dimensions were o

Liu, Q, Loganathan, P & Hedley, MJ 2005, 'Influence of ectomycorrhizal hyphae on phosphate fractions and dissolution of phosphate rock in rhizosphere soils of Pinus radiata', JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION, vol. 28, no. 9, pp. 1525-1540.
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A study was conducted to determine the effect of ectomycorrhizal hyphae on phosphate rock dissolution and soil properties in the rhizosphere of one-year-old Pinus radiata D. Don seedlings established on an allophanic soil (Andosol) in the field. High and low ectomycorrhizal hyphal activities were produced in soils inside the lower compartments of rhizosphere study containers by using either 26 μm or <10 μm pore-size nylon mesh(es) at the interfaces between the lower and upper compartments. The meshes at the interfaces allowed (26 μm) or reduced (<10 μm) hyphae penetration into the lower compartment. Pairs of containers, one with 26 μm mesh and the other with <10 μm mesh, were buried under Pinus radiata seedlings for 10 months in a forest plantation. The effect of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) hyphal activity on phosphate rock dissolution and soil properties was determined. The increased ECM hyphal activity induced increased soil acidification and promoted greater production of acid phosphatase enzyme, causing greater changes in phosphorus (P) fractions in the rhizosphere soils. The increased ECM hyphal activity also stimulated higher dissolution of phosphate rock and mobilization of soil organic P. The results suggest that ECM hyphal strand has a significant role in mobilizing low-solubility P forms and soil organic P for utilization by the tree. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Inc.

Liu, R, Wilding, A, Hibberd, A & Zhou, JL 2005, 'Partition of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals between Colloids and Dissolved Phase As Determined by Cross-Flow Ultrafiltration', Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 39, no. 8, pp. 2753-2761.
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Cross-flow ultrafiltration (CFUF) was developed first for the isolation of natural colloids and subsequently for determining the partition of selected endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) between river colloids and dissolved phase. In this study, a 1-kDa Millipore Pellicon 2 cartridge type CFUF system was validated using a range of molecular probes spiked in natural waters. Results show that good retention (>80%) of high molecular weight (HMW, >1 kDa) molecules and low retention of low molecular weight (LMW, <1 kDa) molecules can be achieved at high concentration factor (cf) values in sampling mode or over long time scales in recirculation mode. The interactions between aquatic colloids and EDCs were studied by mixing EDCs, water, and colloids previously isolated by CFUF for a certain duration, followed by the separation of the target compounds between the truly dissolved and colloid-bound phases by CFUF and analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The kinetics of EDCs binding to colloids were relatively rapid, reaching equilibrium within 5 min. The mass balance of chosen EDCs through CFUF system was fully investigated, with good recovery for the relatively polar EDCs such as estrone and 17β-estradiol. On the basis of EDC sorption by colloids, the partition coefficient normalized to colloidal organic carbon content (Kcoc) was 8.85 × 103, 1.50 × 104, 8.85 × 10 3, 4.87 × 104, and 1.59 × 104 mL/g for bisphenol A, estrone, 17β-estradiol, 17α-ethynylestradiol, and 16α-hydroxyestrone, respectively, which are comparable with the values reported in the literature. In addition, it has been shown that the K coc values of EDCs were relatively independent of their octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) values, suggesting the important role of different binding mechanisms other than nonspecific hydrophobic interaction between EDCs and natural colloids. As the CFUF-GC-MS method can be used to quantify very low concentration of pollutants and is n...

Loganathan, P, Hanly, JA & Currie, LD 2005, 'Effect of serpentine rock and its acidulated products as magnesium fertilisers for pasture, compared with magnesium oxide and Epsom salts, on a Pumice Soil. 2. Dissolution and estimated leaching loss of fertiliser magnesium', NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 461-471.
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The dissolution rate of magnesium (Mg) fertilisers controls their effectiveness in supplying Mg to plants and the potential for fertiliser-Mg to be lost via leaching. Results from a field trial, conducted on pasture on an Immature Orthic Pumice Soil (pHwater 6.3) treated with different types of Mg fertilisers (100 kg Mg ha–1), showed that Mg dissolution over a 29-month period differed, being 15–20% for serpentine rock products, 50–98% for acidulated serpentine products, 95% for E-mag (magnesium oxide), and 98% for Epsom salts. The percentage dissolution of applied fertiliser-Mg was related to the water solubilities for all the fertilisers except E-mag, which had a high dissolution rate in soil but a very low solubility in water. However, E-mag had high Mg solubility in citric acid, consistent with its dissolution rate in soil. Epsom salts, E-mag, and acidulated serpentine products significantly increased exchangeable Mg in soil samples collected 9 and 29 months after fertiliser application, whereas the unacidulated serpentine rock increased exchangeable Mg only in soil samples collected after 29 months and only when it was re-applied annually for 3 years. The recovery of fertiliser Mg in pasture herbage was positively related to the Mg dissolution rate over the duration of the trial, being 4–8% for serpentine rock products, 19–22% for acidulated serpentine products, 17% for E-mag, and 25% for Epsom salts. For all fertilisers, except E-mag, total recovery of fertiliser Mg in the soil (0–15 cm depth) and herbage combined was lower for fertilisers with the higher rates of Mg dissolution, being 51% for Epsom salts, 53–90% for acidulated serpentine products, 91–95% for serpentine rock products, and 90% for E-mag. Fertiliser Mg not recovered was assumed to have been leached below the 0–15 cm soil depth (49% for Epsom salts, 10–47% for acidulated serpentine products, 5–9% for serpentine products, and 10% for E-mag). The very high fertiliser Mg recoveries in soil (0–15 c...

Loganathan, P, Hedley, MJ, Bolan, NS & Currie, LD 2005, 'Field evaluation of the liming value of two phosphate rocks and their partially acidulated products after 16 years of annual application to grazed pasture', NUTRIENT CYCLING IN AGROECOSYSTEMS, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 287-297.
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Measuring pH of soil samples (at four to five depths down to 300 mm) collected three times from a long-term (16 years) field trial involving annual application of six forms of phosphate fertilizers at the rate of 30 kg P ha -1 yr-1 showed that soil acidity in all treatments, including the untreated control, increased with time. The rates of acidification (pH unit yr-1 during the first 10 years) in the topsoil (0-75 mm depth) were in the order, diammonium phosphate (0.038)>control, single superphosphate>Jordan partially acidulated phosphate rock (JPAPR)>North Carolina partially acidulated phosphate rock (NCPAPR), Jordan phosphate rock (JPR)>North Carolina phosphate rock (NCPR) (0.010). Of the 480 kg P ha -1 applied over the 16 year period, 71 and 57% of P from NCPR and JPR dissolved. The theoretical liming values derived from the dissolution of NCPR and JPR were 1698 and 1303 kg CaCO3 ha-1 respectively. Liming values of the two PRs calculated from the increase in soil pH over control treatment (ΔpH) down to 300 mm soil depth were 640 and 414 kg CaCO3 ha-1 for NCPR and JPR, respectively. The lower liming values estimated from the ΔpH method is probably due to proton transfer resulting from the secondary reactions of dissolved fertilizer phosphate with soil constituents, the unaccounted liming effect of the PRs below 300 mm soil depth and the lower soil pH buffering capacities measured from a short-term pH titration method used in the estimation of the liming values. The results of this long-term field study showed that continuous use of certain phosphate rocks (PRs) can significantly slow down the rate of acidification in pastoral soils. © Springer 2005.

Loganathan, P, Mitchell, AD, Hanly, JA & Aye, TM 2005, 'An improved procedure for determining magnesium fertilizer dissolution in field soils', COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS, vol. 36, no. 15-16, pp. 2121-2128.
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The sequential extraction procedure currently used to measure magnesium (Mg) fertilizer dissolution in soils consists of removing dissolved Mg (step 1), and partially dissolved Mg (step 2), followed by an 18-h extraction with 2 M HCl at room temperature to determine undissolved Mg (step 3). This procedure is satisfactory for soluble and moderately soluble Mg fertilizers but is not an accurate procedure for slightly soluble fertilizers, such as serpentine. When step 3 is replaced by a digestion procedure using 2 M HCl for 4 h at 90-95°C (improved step 3), the total serpentine Mg recovery (dissolved and undissolved Mg) from soil samples, either immediately after serpentine was added to soil or after a 21-day incubation with moist soil, was about 100% compared to 40-50% by the original procedure. The improved procedure also increased the recovery of serpentine Mg applied to field soils. Therefore, this study recommends that the third step of the sequential extraction procedure be replaced by a 4 h digestion using 2 M HCl (90-95°C). Copyright © Taylor & Francis, Inc.

Mahlia, TMI, Masjuki, HH, Taha, FM, Rahim, NA & Saidur, R 2005, 'Energy labeling for electric fans in Malaysia', Energy Policy, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 63-68.
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Mahlia, TMI, Said, MFM, Masjuki, HH & Tamjis, MR 2005, 'Cost-benefit analysis and emission reduction of lighting retrofits in residential sector', Energy and Buildings, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 573-578.
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Maskaoui, K, Zhou, J-L, Han, Y-L, Hu, Z, Zheng, T-L & Hong, H-S 2005, 'Contamination of soil, leaves and vegetables by polychlorinated biphenyls in Xiamen region, China.', J Environ Sci (China), vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 460-464.
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The paper aimed to identify the primary of polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) in the Jiulong River Estuary, investigate the spatial distribution of PCBs contamination in the environment, localize the atmospheric source and evaluate ongoing PCBs emissions by analyzing soil samples collected along the Jiulong River region. In addition, the accumulation of PCBs in the human food chain was quantified by analyzing leaf of orange trees and vegetable samples collected along a gradient of soil/atmospheric contamination moving away from the source. Consequently, the impact on the human health and the ecosystem was quantified, different management options were proposed to reduce this impact and to carry out research on organic contaminants along the Jiulong River and Xiamen region.

Maskaoui, K, Zhou, JL, Zheng, TL, Hong, H & Yu, Z 2005, 'Organochlorine micropollutants in the Jiulong River Estuary and Western Xiamen Sea, China', Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 51, no. 8-12, pp. 950-959.
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Organochlorine contaminants including 12 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners and 18 insecticides were determined in water, pore water and sediments of the Jiulong River Estuary and Western Xiamen Sea, China. The results showed that the levels of the total PCBs ranged from non-detectable to 1500 ng l -1 in water, from 209 to 3870 ng l-1 in pore water, and from 2.78 to 14.8 ng g-1 dry weight in sediments. Total organochlorine insecticide concentrations were from below the limit of detection to 2480 ng l-1 in water, from 267 to 33400 ng l-1 in pore water, and from 4.22 to 46.3 ng g-1 dry weight in sediments. Concentrations of PCBs and insecticides in pore water were significantly higher than those in surface water, due to the high affinity of these hydrophobic compounds for sediment phase. The PCB congeners with the highest concentrations were CB153, CB180 and CB194, which together accounted for 68-87% of total PCBs in water, pore water and sediment. Among the hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) compounds, beta-HCH was found to be a major isomer. Analysis of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-chlorophenyl-ethane (DDT) and its metabolites showed that 1,1-dichloro-2[o-chlorophenyl]-2[p-chlorophenyl]-ethylene (DDE) was dominant in the group. In comparison to a 1998 study in the Western Xiamen Sea, levels of organochlorines were enhanced due probably to recent inputs and changes in sediments. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Nghiem, LD, Schäfer, AI & Elimelech, M 2005, 'Pharmaceutical Retention Mechanisms by Nanofiltration Membranes', Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 39, no. 19, pp. 7698-7705.
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Patra, B & Pradhan, B 2005, 'Design of an environmental information system for monitoring water and air quality in urban areas', Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 326-342.
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PurposeOver the past 50 years India has been experiencing rapid population growth, causing the migration of a large part of the population to the cities looking for livelihood. This resulted in massive increments of population in the cities that has led to the increase of pollution. Gujarat, being a highly industrialized state, is a case in point. The systems for treatment and water disposal of this state are highly challenged. The north‐western state of Gujarat has no effective systems for treatment or disposal of waste water. The purpose of this article is to address this problem, introducing a geographic information system (GIS) approach to record the characterization, analyze the needs and generate a conceptual GIS database in the state.Design/methodology/approachThis paper outlines the background, suggested methodology for the development of a GIS database pollution dependent control of water pollution in the state of Gujarat in India. The present research is to install a document management system that has been developed in providing organizing chart, sorting, querying and retrieving of key data. A computerized laboratory information system on monitoring of quality of ambient air has been developed.FindingsAn integrated GIS database has been generated involving creation of pollutant contours, querying and visualizing the query output in spatial and non‐spatial form.Originality/valueThe authors have created a complete geo‐spatial database for the environmental monitoring for the whole state of Gujarat. They have dealt with nearly 36,000 different files from different sources and put them togethe...

Price, J & Indraratna, B 2005, 'Development of an Equivalent Homogenous Fluid Model for Pseudo-Two-Phase (Air+Water) Flow through Fractured Rock', Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 131, no. 7, pp. 857-866.
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Saidur, R, Masjuki, HH & Mahlia, TMI 2005, 'Labeling design effort for household refrigerator-freezers in Malaysia', Energy Policy, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 611-618.
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Shon, H, Vigneswaran, S, Kim, H, Ngo, H & Park, N 2005, 'Comparison of nanofiltration with flocculation - microfiltration - photocatalysis hybrid system in dissolved organic matter removal', Filtration: International Journal for Filtration and Separation, vol. July, pp. 215-221.
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In this research, a NTR 729HF nanofiltration (NF) membrane was employed to remove synthetic organic matter (SOM) from wastewater. NF alone led to a removal of 92.4% of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The performance of NF was compared with that of a microfiltration (MF) hybrid system consisting of FeCl3 flocculation, MF and photocatalysis. Flocculation and microfiltration followed by photocatalysis led to more than 96% dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal. A detailed molecular weight (MW) distribution study of organic matter indicated that the photocatalysis initially breaks the large MW organics and then the small MW organics were removed by a photoreactor process. Flocculation with an optimum dose of FeCl3 (68 mg/L as FeCl3) gave rise to the highest removal of organics including small MW organics. The small MW organics remaining after the treatment of flocculation could successfully be removed by photocatalysis.

Shon, HK, Vigneswaran, S, Ben Aim, R, Ngo, HH, Kim, IS & Cho, J 2005, 'Influence of flocculation and adsorption as pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration and nanofiltration membranes: Application with biologically treated sewage effluent', ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, vol. 39, no. 10, pp. 3864-3871.
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Membrane fouling is a critical limitation on the application of membranes to wastewater reuse. This work aims to understand the fouling phenomenon which occurs in ultrafiltration (UF; 17500 molecular weight cutoff (MWCO)) and nanofiltration (NF; 250 MWCO) membranes, with and without pretreatment. For this purpose, the molecular weight (MW) distribution of the organics has been used as a parameter to characterize the influent, the permeate, and the foulant on the membrane surface. The variation of foulant concentration on the membrane due to pretreatment of the influent by flocculation and/or adsorption was investigated in detail. With the UF membrane, the peak of the MW distribution of organics in the permeate depended on the pretreatment; for example, the weight-averaged MW (Mw) of 675 without pretreatment shifted down to 314 with pretreatment. In the case of the NF membrane, the Mw of organics in the permeate was 478 (without pretreatment) and 310 (with flocculation followed by adsorption). The Mw of the organics in the foulant on the membrane surface was 513 (UF) and 192 (NF) without pretreatment and 351 (UF) and 183 (NF) after pretreatment with flocculation followed by adsorption, respectively. Without the pretreatment, the foulant concentration was higher on both membranes. The difference was more significant on the UF membrane than on the NF membrane. For both membranes, the flocculation-and-then- adsorption pretreatment proved very effective. © 2005 American Chemical Society.

Shon, HK, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH & Aim, RB 2005, 'Is semi-flocculation effective as pretreatment to ultrafiltration in wastewater treatment?', WATER RESEARCH, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 147-153.
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Shon, HK, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH & Ben Aim, R 2005, 'Is semi-flocculation effective as pretreatment to ultrafiltration in wastewater treatment?', Water Research, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 147-153.
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In this study, ferric chloride (FeCl3) flocculation was used as a pretreatment to ultrafiltration (UF) in treating synthetic wastewater containing synthetic organic matter (SOM). The effect of flocculant dose was studied in terms of organic removal and m

Shon, HK, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH & Kim, JH 2005, 'Chemical coupling of photocatalysis with flocculation and adsorption in the removal of organic matter', WATER RESEARCH, vol. 39, no. 12, pp. 2549-2558.
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An experimental investigation was made to study the effects of chemical coupling of flocculation and adsorption with photocatalysis in treating persistent organic pollutants in wastewater. The photocatalysis alone showed initial reverse reaction when tit

Shon, HK, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH, Kim, IS & Ben Aim, R 2005, 'Foulant characterizaiton of the NF-membranes with and without pretreatment of biologically treated wastewater', WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 51, no. 6-7, pp. 277-284.
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In this study, different pretreatment methods such as ferric chloride (FeCl3) flocculation and powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption were evaluated in terms of their capability in removing effluent organic matter (EfOM) and the characteristics of the foulants on the NF membranes. A detailed experiment was conducted with two NF membranes (NTR 729HF with MWCO 700 daltons and LF 10 with MWCO 200 daltons). With pretreatment, the concentration of organic matter on the membranes decreased to 5.67110+3 (NTR 729HF) and 4.94010+3 (LF 10) mg EfOM/cm2 of membrane from 6.37210+3 (NTR 729HF) and 4.97910+3 (LF 10) mg EfOM/cm2 of membrane. The MW of the solute fraction of biologically treated sewage effluent (BTSE) ranged from 250 daltons to about 3573 (the most important being 250-520 daltons). The weight-averaged MW values of the foulants on the NTR 729HF membrane reduced from 304 daltons without pre-treatment to 208 daltons with pretreatment. In the case of EfOM, the small molecules (MW 300 to 500 daltons) are mainly responsible for the membrane fouling. Thus, the MW distribution of organic matter in the effluent and in the foulant can be used as a representative tool to evaluate the efficiency of pretreatment and NF and in the selection of their operating conditions.

Shon, HK, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH, Kim, IS & Ben Aim, R 2005, 'Foulant characterization of the NF membranes with and without pretreatment of biologically treated wastewater', Water Science and Technology, vol. 51, no. 6-7, pp. 277-284.
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In this study, different pretreatment methods such as ferric chloride (FeCl3) flocculation and powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption were evaluated in terms of their capability in removing effluent organic matter (EfOM) and the characteristics of the foulants on the NF membranes. A detailed experiment was conducted with two NF membranes (NTR 729HF with MWCO 700 daltons and LF 10 with MWCO 200 daltons). With pretreatment, the concentration of organic matter on the membranes decreased to 5.671×10−3 (NTR 729HF) and 4.940×10−3 (LF 10) mg EfOM/cm2 of membrane from 6.372×10−3 (NTR 729HF) and 4.979×10−3 (LF 10) mg EfOM/cm2 of membrane. The MW of the solute fraction of biologically treated sewage effluent (BTSE) ranged from 250 daltons to about 3573 (the most important being 250–520 daltons). The weight-averaged MW values of the foulants on the NTR 729HF membrane reduced from 304 daltons without pre-treatment to 208 daltons with pretreatment. In the case of EfOM, the small molecules (MW 300 to 500 daltons) are mainly responsible for the membrane fouling. Thus, the MW distribution of organic matter in the effluent and in the foulant can be used as a representative tool to evaluate the efficiency of pretreatment and NF and in the selection of their operating conditions.

Signor, RS, Roser, DJ, Ashbolt, NJ & Ball, JE 2005, 'Quantifying the impact of runoff events on microbiological contaminant concentrations entering surface drinking source waters', Journal of Water and Health, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 453-468.
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Concentrations of microbiological contaminants in streams increase during rainfall-induced higher flow ‘event’ periods as compared to ‘baseflow’ conditions. If the stream feeds a drinking water reservoir, such periods of heightened pathogen loads may pose a challenge to the water treatment plant and subsequently a health concern to water consumers downstream. In order to manage this risk, it is desirable to first quantify the differences in surface water quality between baseflow and event conditions. The Event Mean Concentration (EMC) is a flow-weighted average concentration of a contaminant over the duration of a single event, proposed here as a standard parameter for quantifying the net effect of events on microbial water quality. Application of the EMC concept was assessed using flow and quality data for several events from an urbanised catchment. Expected mean EMCs were significantly larger than expected mean baseflow concentrations (p-value≤0.012) for three microbial agents - Escherichia coli (13,000 [n = 7] v. 610 [n = 16] mpn/100 ml), Cryptosporidium (234 [n = 6] v. 51 [n = 16] oocysts/10 litres) and Campylobacter (48 [n = 5] v. 2.1 [n = 16] mpn/100 ml). These parameter estimates were complemented by estimating data variability and uncertainty in the form of second-order random variables. As such the results are in a format appropriate for potential use as components in probabilistic risk assessments evaluating the effect runoff events have on drinking water quality.

Šimon, P, Cibulkovő, Z & Thomas, P 2005, 'Accelerated thermooxidative ageing tests and their extrapolation to lower temperatures', Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, vol. 80, no. 2, pp. 381-385.
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A procedure for the extrapolation of accelerated thermo-oxidative ageing tests to lower temperatures is proposed. The procedure involves a deconvolution of the global process into high- and low-temperature components where the extrapolation to low temper

Smith, PJ, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH, Ben-Aim, R & Nguyen, H 2005, 'Design of a generic control system for optimising back flush durations in a submerged membrane hybrid reactor', JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE, vol. 255, no. 1-2, pp. 99-106.
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Organic fouling on the membrane can be minimised through powdered activated carbon (PAC) usage in the submerged membrane reactor to adsorb dissolved organic matter and reduce direct organic loading on the membrane. However, fouling cannot be totally alle

Thomas, P & Šimon, P 2005, '{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1250\deff0\deflang1038\deflangfe1038\deftab708{\fonttbl{\f0\froman\fprq2\fcharset238{\*\fname Times New Roman;}Times New Roman CE;}} \viewkind4\uc1\pard\f0\fs20 A pseudo-isothermal kinetic analysis of the recrystallisation of nickel sulphide measured by non-isothermal DSC \par }', Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 77-80.
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A pseudo-isothermal method for the kinetic analysis was applied to the recrystallisation of alpha to beta nickel sulphide based on the Ozawa model for non-isothermal crystallisation in the presence of pre-existing nuclei. The aim of the analysis was to d

Tolhurst, H & Stewart, M 2005, 'Becoming a GP--a qualitative study of the career interests of medical students.', Aust Fam Physician, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 204-206.
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AIM: Only a minority of Australian graduates are interested in careers in general practice. The factors influencing medical students toward general practice as a career choice are poorly understood, even though this is important to the makeup of the medical workforce. METHODS: We ran 10 focus groups involving 82 first and final year medical students from three Australian medical schools in 2002, and analysed factors influencing participants' interest in working in general practice. RESULTS: About half the students were interested in general practice. Attractive factors were: the nature of the work (including its diversity), continuity of care, community context, and working conditions (including flexibility of training and work, availability of part time work and portability of qualifications). Negative factors included: the breadth of knowledge needed, boring work (in urban general practice), having to run a business, and working conditions (including relatively poor remuneration, overwork in rural general practice, and poor status of general practitioners). Some students were strongly influenced by negative attitudes of the GPs they were taught by, deciding against general practice as a career. DISCUSSION: Medical educators and GPs should be aware of this important influence.

Troendle, JF, Liu, A, Wu, C & Yu, KF 2005, 'Sequential testing for efficacy in clinical trials with non-transient effects', Statistics in Medicine, vol. 24, no. 21, pp. 3239-3250.
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This paper describes a new type of sequential testing for clinical trials. The sequential nature of the data is not from additional patients, but rather from longer follow-up times. At each analysis, the null hypothesis that all treatments are equivalent in effect on the outcome after that amount of time is tested. The trial might still have staggered entry or not, but the key feature is that a different statistical hypothesis is tested at each analysis. It is assumed that any effect of treatment is non-transient, allowing a conclusion to be drawn in favour of one treatment or the other based on a difference at a single follow-up time. It is shown that a general method based on the Bonferroni inequality can be used to obtain critical cutpoints for sequential testing, that controls the chance of a type I error for the clinical decision. This method is applicable regardless of the test used at each analysis. In the case of a two-armed trial with a Gaussian outcome variable, it is shown how simulation can be used to obtain critical cutpoints that maintain the chance of a type I error for the clinical decision. The methods are compared by Monte-Carlo simulation, and it is seen that in most practical cases the Bonferroni method is not very conservative. The Bonferroni procedure is illustrated on the results of a real clinical trial of Pirfenidone on pulmonary fibrosis in Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome.

Turner, BD, Binning, P & Stipp, SLS 2005, 'Fluoride Removal by Calcite:  Evidence for Fluorite Precipitation and Surface Adsorption', Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 39, no. 24, pp. 9561-9568.
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Umakhanthan, K & Ball, JE 2005, 'Rainfall models for catchment simulation', Australasian Journal of Water Resources, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 55-67.
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A catchment modelling system for simulation of both the quantity and quality of stormwater runoff can be considered to consist of four conceptual components, which are generation, collection, transport and disposal. Within each of these components, there are many alternative transformations available, with each of these transformations being the result of different combinations of process models. There are numerous combinations of transformations and information from apreceding component that map to asingle output. The concept ofsystem calibration, therefore, is to select the appropriate transformations and informationfor the catchment being simulated. Within the generation conceptual component, an important aspect is the model used to transform the point rainfall measurements into a spatially distributed rainfall over the catchment. There have been many alternative models proposedfor this transformation. Presented herein is an analysis of the influence ofalternative rainfall models on the simulated hydrograph and hence the influence on the system calibration. This analysis will be based on real events recorded at the outlets ofthe Centennial Park catchment (1.3 km2) and the upper Parramatta River catchment (110 km2) in Sydney, Australia. It will be shown from this analysis that the influence ofthe rainfall model is related to the spatial and temporal variability of the storm event

Val, DV & Stewart, MG 2005, 'Decision analysis for deteriorating structures', Reliability Engineering & System Safety, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 377-385.
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Measures that improve durability of a structure usually increase its initial cost. Thus, in order to make a decision about a cost-effective solution the life-cycle cost of a structure including cost of structural failure needs to be considered. Due to uncertainties associated with structural properties, loads and environmental conditions the cost of structural failure is a random variable. The paper derives probability distributions of the cost of failure of a single structure and a group of identical structures when single or multiple failures are possible during the service life of a structure. The probability distributions are based on cumulative probabilities of failure of a single structure over its service life. It is assumed that failures occur at discrete points in time, the cost of failure set at the time of decision making remains constant for a particular design solution and the discount rate is a deterministic parameter not changing with time. The probability distributions can be employed to evaluate the expected life-cycle cost or the expected utility, which is then used in decision making. An example, which considers the selection of durability specifications for a reinforced concrete structure built on the coast, illustrates the use of the derived probability distributions. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Varman, M, Masjuki, HH & Mahlia, TMI 2005, 'One-watt TV label implementation in Malaysia', International Journal of Regulation and Governance, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1-12.
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Many countries, from the US to Australia, are now interested in implementing stand-by power energy label for household appliances, in stages, until the 1-W (watt) target is achieved. TV sets consuming 1-W power are widely available in the developed nations. In a developing country like Malaysia, however, the penetration of 1-W stand-by power TV is very low and unless a mandatory label programme is introduced, the degree of penetration is not likely to rise. This paper attempts to calculate the emission pollutants reduction and the energy savings by implementing the 1-W stand-by power label for TV sets in Malaysia. It is estimated that this effort will enable CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions reduction of 1477.7 kT (kilo tonnes), NOx (oxides of nitrogen) reduction of 4673.0 tonnes, and CO (carbon monoxide) reduction of 763.7 tonnes in the country during the energy label period of 20 years. Additionally, Malaysia will benefit from energy savings of approximately, 2794.9 GWh (gigawatt hours). © 2005, IOS Press. All rights reserved.

Vu, K, Stewart, MG & Mullard, J 2005, 'Corrosion-induced cracking: Experimental data and predictive models', ACI Structural Journal, vol. 102, no. 5, pp. 719-726.
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The present study describes an accelerated corrosion testing program comprising eight reinforced concrete (RC) specimens to simulate reinforcement corrosion of a section of a typical RC bridge deck. A constant corrosion rate of approximately 100 μA/cm2 was applied to accelerate the corrosion process in chloride contaminated concrete. Experimental results are compared with existing crack initiation and propagation models. A new empirical model to predict the time to excessive cracking for RC structures subjected to corrosion is proposed for cracks up to 1 mm in width by considering concrete quality and cover as influencing variables. The model is also able to account for time-variant corrosion rates and the effect of a high rate of loading often associated with extrapolating accelerated corrosion test results to real RC structures. It was observed that the accuracy of the predictive model for crack initiation will not significantly influence the time to excessive cracking. The time to excessive cracking is most influenced by the correction factor for rate of loading. Copyright © 2005, American Concrete Institute.

Vu, KA & Stewart, MG 2005, 'Predicting the Likelihood and Extent of Reinforced Concrete Corrosion-Induced Cracking', Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 131, no. 11, pp. 1681-1689.
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Corrosion-induced cracking is observed to vary spatially over concrete surfaces. A two-dimensional spatial time-dependent reliability model is developed to predict the likelihood and extent of corrosion-induced cracking. The spatial variability of concrete cover, concrete compressive strength, and surface chloride concentration are considered in the spatial time-dependent reliability model. The reliability analysis predicts: (1) probability of the first incidence of cracking, (2) proportion of an area subject to severe cracking, and (3) probability that a given percentage of a concrete surface has cracked. Corrosion-induced crack initiation and propagation models are developed for limit crack widths up to 1 mm. The present paper presents results for a typical reinforced concrete bridge deck. The effect of concrete cover, concrete quality, limit crack width, and environment are considered. It was shown that for poor durability design specifications the likelihood and extent of spalling is high. When combined with a life-cycle cost analysis, this predictive capability enables the extent of future repair costs to be estimated and the optimal durability design specifications or repair/maintenance strategies determined. © ASCE.

Wan, D, Fu, Q & Huang, J 2005, 'Synthesis of a thermoresponsive shell‐crosslinked 3‐layer onion‐like polymer particle with a hyperbranched polyglycerol core', Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, vol. 43, no. 22, pp. 5652-5660.
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AbstractA novel thermoresponsive shell crosslinked three‐layer onion‐like polymer particles were prepared using hyperbranched polyglycerol (PG) as parents compound, the periphery hydroxyl groups of PG were transformed into trithiocarbonates (SC(S)S) first; then, it was used as chain transfer agent to prepare star‐like block copolymer of N‐isopropyl acrylamide (NIPA) and N,N‐dimethylaminoethyl acrylate (DMA) in sequence via reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) process. Thus, a three‐layer polymer, PG[SC(S)S(DMA)b(NIPA)]n, was obtained. The middle layer of poly(DMA) was then crosslinked with 1,8‐diiodoctane, and the resulting onion‐like three‐layer polymer showed a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) in water because of the outer layer of poly(NIPA). The LCST value only slightly depended on the crosslinking degree. Finally, the SC(S)S were transformed into thiols by sequential treating with sodium borohydride and formic acid; thus, the core molecule was chemically detached from the crosslinked shell and a novel shell crosslinked polymer particle was obtained. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5652–5660, 2005

Wang, JJ, Wang, J, Sinclair, D, Watts, L & lee, HK 2005, 'Tropospheric Delay Estimation for Pseudolite Positioning', Journal of Global Positioning Systems, vol. 4, no. 1&2, pp. 106-112.
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Pseudolites, ground-based GPS signal transmitters, can significantly enhance the GPS satellite geometry or can even be an independent positioning system. However, as pseudolites are very close to the receivers, error effects are different from the traditional GPS and should be considered and modeled in a different way. Tropospheric delay is one of the largest error sources of pseudolite positioning, as pseudolite signal propagates through the lower troposphere which is very difficult to be modeled due to spatial variations in atmosphere. The objective of this research is to analyse pseudolite tropospheric delay modelling methods and to select the optimal tropospheric delay models for different applications. Several methods to estimate the tropospheric delay for pseudolite positioning are introduced and compared. One approach is to utilize single-differenced GPS tropospheric models. Another one is to compute the tropospheric delay as a function of the local refractivity along the pseudolite signal path. The ratio method used for Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) can also be applied to estimate tropospheric delay. Experiments with simulation and real flight test data are conducted in this study to investigate the proposed methods. The advantages and limitations of each method are analysed. The mode defined by RTCA and its modification are suitable for a low elevation and short range application, such as LAAS and local ground based applications. Models derived from single-differenced NMF and Saastamoinen models perform well in long range and high elevation but have big bias in low elevation. And the model derived from the Hopfield model performs relatively well in all the range and elevation.

White, RE, Thomas, PS, Phillips, MR & Wuhrer, R 2005, 'A DSC study of the effect of lead pigments on the drying of cold pressed linseed oil', JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 237-239.
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Cold pressed linseed oil and paints prepared using the inorganic pigments; lead white and red lead, were characterized using non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in an air atmosphere to determine the effect of the pigment on the oxidative polymerisation of the drying oil medium. For each paint sample, the onset temperature for oxidation was reduced from 166°C to the range 50 to 60°C when a heating rate of 5 K min-1 was used. In order to determine the rate of drying, the non-isothermal experiments were carried out using a range of heating rates. A change in the mechanism oxidative polymerization was observed as the heating rate was increased. © 2005 Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest.

Wilding, A, Liu, R & Zhou, JL 2005, 'Dynamic behaviour of river colloidal and dissolved organic matter through cross-flow ultrafiltration system', Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 287, no. 1, pp. 152-158.
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Through cross-flow filtration (CFF) with a 1-kDa regenerated cellulose Pellicon 2 module, the ultrafiltration characteristics of river organic matter from Longford Stream, UK, were investigated. The concentration of organic carbon (OC) in the retentate in the Longford Stream samples increased substantially with the concentration factor (cf), reaching approximately 40 mg/L at cf 15. The results of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and colloidal organic carbon (COC) analysis, tracking the isolation of colloids from river waters, show that 2 mg/L of COC was present in those samples and good OC mass balance (77-101%) was achieved. Fluorescence measurements were carried out for the investigation of retentate and permeate behaviour of coloured dissolved organic materials (CDOM). The concentrations of CDOM in both the retentate and permeate increased with increasing cf, although CDOM were significantly more concentrated in the retentate. The permeation model expressing the correlation between log[CDOM] in the permeate and logcf was able to describe the permeation behaviour of CDOM in the river water with regression coefficients (r2) of 0.94 and 0.98. Dry weight analysis indicated that the levels of organic colloidal particles were from 49 to 71%, and between 29 and 51% of colloidal particles present were inorganic. COC as a percentage of DOC was found to be 10-16% for Longford Stream samples. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Wu, C & Hao, H 2005, 'Modeling of simultaneous ground shock and airblast pressure on nearby structures from surface explosions', International Journal of Impact Engineering, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 699-717.
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Wu, C & Hao, H 2005, 'Numerical study of characteristics of underground blast induced surface ground motion and their effect on above-ground structures. Part I. Ground motion characteristics', Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 27-38.
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Wu, C, Hao, H & Deeks, AJ 2005, 'Numerical Analysis of a Two-Rail Steel RHS Traffic Barrier to Vehicle Impact', Australian Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 63-76.
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Wu, C, Hao, H & Lu, Y 2005, 'Dynamic response and damage analysis of masonry structures and masonry infilled RC frames to blast ground motion', Engineering Structures, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 323-333.
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Wu, Q, Ni, L-X, Chen, Z, Song, S-Q, Liu, X-M, Chai, Z-L & Wu, C-Q 2005, '[Clinical study on atypical pathogens of lower respiratory tract infection in children].', Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi, vol. 43, no. 3, p. 218.

Zhang, Y & Zhou, JL 2005, 'Removal of estrone and 17β-estradiol from water by adsorption', Water Research, vol. 39, no. 16, pp. 3991-4003.
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Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are the focus of current environment concern, as they can cause adverse health effects in an intact organism, or its progeny, subsequent to endocrine function. The paper reports on the removal of estrone (E1) and 17β-estradiol (E2) from water through the use of various adsorbents including granular activated carbon (GAC), chitin, chitosan, ion exchange resin and a carbonaceous adsorbent prepared from industrial waste. The results show that the kinetics of adsorption were adsorbent and compound-dependent, with equilibration being reached within 2 h for a waste-derived carbonaceous adsorbent to 71 h for an ion-exchange resin for E1, and within 7 h for the waste-derived carbonaceous adsorbent to 125 h for GAC for E2. Of all the adsorbents tested, the carbonaceous adsorbent showed the highest adsorption capacity, with a maximum adsorption constant of 87500 ml/g for E1 and 116000 ml/g for E2. The GAC also had a very high adsorption capacity for the two compounds, with a maximum adsorption constant of 9290 ml/g for E1 and 12200 ml/g for E2. The effects of some fundamental environmental parameters including adsorbent concentration, pH, salinity and the presence of humic acid and surfactant on adsorption were studied. The results show that adsorption capacity of activated carbon was decreased with an increase in adsorbent concentration and by the presence of surfactant and humic acid. The results have demonstrated excellent performance of a waste derived adsorbent in removing E1 and E2 from water, and indicated the potential of converting certain solid waste into useful adsorbents for pollution-control purposes. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Zhang, Z, Yu, G, Cheng, J, Wang, X, Zhang, F & Zhou, J 2005, 'Carbon isotopic fractionation during photolysis of hexachlorobenzene', Progress in Natural Science, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 82-88.
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Aslam, MU, Masjuki, HH & Kalam, MA 1970, 'Performance and emissions studies of a car engine fueled with gasoline and CNG', 2005 SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition - Proceedings, pp. 543-548.

Ball, JE & Phillips, B 1970, 'Australian Rainfall & Runoff - Guiding Australian Practice into the 21st Century', Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Urban Drainage, International Conference on Urban Drainage, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp. 1-8.
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Since 1958 when Australian Rainfall and Runoff was first released it has remained one of the most influential and widely used guidelines published by.Engineers Australia. The current edition, initially published in 1987 and in a split book form in 1998, has received widespread Australian and international acclaim. Furthermore, the general community has recognised the importance of Australian Rainfall and Runoff to the practice of hydrologic engineering in Australia through the many awards that the current edition received when first published. Since publication of the current edition, there have been advances in the application of engineering hydrology that warrant the updating of the current document. This has already led to the revision of Book 6 on Estimation of Large and Extreme Floods in 1999. Furthermore, the issues of environment sustainability and water conservation are increasingly requiring the application ofupdated or new engineering hydrology techniques.

Ball, JE & Phillips, B 1970, 'Guiding Australian hydrologic and hydraulic practice into the 21^st century - Development of 4^th edition of Australian Rainfall & Runoff', 31st IAHR Congress 2005: Water Engineering for the Future, Choices and Challenges, International Association of Hydraulic Engineering & Research, Korea Water Resources Association, Seoul, Korea, pp. 4485-4492.
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Since 1958 when Australian Rainfall and Runoff was first released it has remained one of the most influential and widely used guidelines published by Engineers Australia. The current edition, initially published in 1987 and in a split book form in 1998, has received widespread Australian and international acclaim. Furthermore, the general community has recognised the importance of Australian Rainfall and Runoff to the practice of hydrologic engineering in Australia through the many awards that the current edition received when first published. Since publication of the current edition, there have been advances in the application of engineering hydrology which warrant the updating of the current document. This has already led to the revision of Book 6 on Estimation of Large and Extreme Floods in 1999. Furthermore, the issues of environment sustainability and water conservation are increasingly requiring the application of updated or new engineering hydrology techniques. In recognition of these advances and changing community concerns, the National Committee on Water Engineering (NCWE) of Engineers Australia has committed itself to the preparation of a new updated and revised edition of Australian Rainfall and Runoff. The evolution of Australian Rainfall & Runoff is overviewed and the current on-going review is discussed. The inclusion of new information on the hydrology of rainfall and runoff for water quality investigations in both urban and rural areas, the use of catchment simulation techniques, the integration of hydrologic and hydraulic models, and hydrological aspects of integrated water management within urban areas is overviewed. It is concluded that the current review of Australian Rainfall & Runoff demonstrates the commitment the NCWE and the many authors to maintaining it as the pre-eminent guideline for hydrology and hydraulics in Australia into the 21st century. It also provides a model for other countries who are preparing national guideline...

Ball, JE & Rankin, K 1970, 'On the performance of permeable pavers', 31st IAHR Congress 2005: Water Engineering for the Future, Choices and Challenges, International Association of Hydraulic Engineering & Research, Korea Water Resources Association, Seoul, Korea, pp. 1124-1135.
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Urban stormwater runoff is a transport medium for many contaminants from anthropogenic sources. There are many alternative management strategies available to treat these contaminants. One of the technologies suggested for this purpose is the use of permeable pavements to minimise the quantity of surface runoff generated by impervious surfaces within an urban catchment. Reported herein are the results of a monitoring program undertaken to assess the effectiveness of permeable pavers for reducing the quantity and quality of stormwater runoff. It was found that the catchment where a Rocla Ecoloc paver was installed had the effective imperviousness reduced from 45% prior to reconstruction of the road surface with the permeable pavers to less than 5% after reconstruction of the road. At the same time, the quality of the surface runoff was found to be at the lower levels of runoff from road surfaces while no increase in stormwater contaminants within the groundwater system was monitored.

Blaikie, J & Ball, JE 1970, 'An Evaluation of the Antecedent Rainfall Prior to Significant Rainfall Events in Sydney', Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Urban Drainage, International Conference on Urban Drainage, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp. 1-8.
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A common approach for the assessment offlood risk associated with a proposed development in a flood-prone area is the utilisation of a catchment modelling system. Numerous alternative hydrologic and hydraulic process models have been proposed for inclusion in these systems of process models. In a similar vein, a number of alternative rainfall models for the description of the spatial and temporal variation ofrainfall have been proposed. Previous studies such as those by Walsh et al. (1991) and Hill et al. (1996) have shown the importance ofthe loss model, or the model by which water is removed from rainfall to produce potential surface runoff. While previous studies have indicated the importance ofloss models in the estimation of a design flood flow with a pre-defined annual exceedance probability, little information has been developed to assist modellers with the task ofconverting rainfall ofa given annual exceedance probability into flow with the same exceedance probability through the application of catchment modelling systems.

Carter, JP, Potts, DM, Leung, CF, Indraratna, B, Mimura, M, Michalowski, RL, Kodaka, T & MILLPRESS 1970, 'Technical session 1f: Prediction and performance', Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Vols 1-5, pp. 3165-3168.

Choi, F, Samali, B & Crews, KI 1970, 'Pilot Investigation of Continuity Effect of Corbel in Timber Bridges', Developments in Mechanics of Structures and Materials, Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials, A A Balkema Publishers, Perth, Australia, pp. 1311-1316.

Choi, F, Samali, B, Li, J, Brown, PW & Dackermann, U 1970, 'Investigation on the Dynamic Response of a Damaged Bridge', Proceedings of the 11th Asia-Pacific Vibration Conference, Asia Pacific Vibration Conference, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Langkawi, Malaysia, pp. 274-280.

Choi, FC, Samali, B, Crews, K & Li, J 1970, 'Static and dynamic evaluation of continuity effect of corbels in timber bridges', 4th Australasian Congress on Applied Mechanics, ACAM 2005, Australasian Congress on Applied Mechanics, Institute of Materials Engineering Australasia Ltd, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 285-291.
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This paper presents part of the ongoing experimental and analytical work to investigate the effect of corbels on continuity in timber bridges. Full scale beams with corbels were erected for testing the extreme boundary conditions such as simply supported and fixed end conditions. The states of continuity in the test beams were assessed through a three span beam loading test set up. Dynamic tests were performed on the test beams and the modal parameters extracted were compared against those obtained for simply supported beams without corbel. Analytical investigations were conducted and then compared with the experimental results. The static experimental results obtained showed changes in the vertical displacement for different boundary conditions. The magnitude of reduction in the measured vertical displacement was fairly sensitive to the change of boundary conditions. Hence, changes in vertical displacement at mid-span can be used as an indicator for different boundary conditions, which relate to the effect of corbel on both continuity and effective span length in a structural system, especially for timber bridges. A comparative analysis of the first natural frequency for each boundary condition was then undertaken with reference to a simply supported benchmark. The analysis confirmed that the effects of changes in the boundary can be detected using modal parameters. © Institute of Materials Engineering Australasia Ltd 2005.

Crews, KI, Samali, B & Al-Dawod, M 1970, 'Reliable Assessment of Road Bridges Using Dynamic Procedures', Australian Structural Engineering Conference 2005: Structural Engineering - Preserving and Building into the Future, Australian Structural Engineering Conference, Tour Hosts Pty Ltd, Newcastle, Australia, pp. 1-10.

Friolo, KH, Stuart, BH, Ray, AS & Thomas, P 1970, 'Chemical analysis of cementing clays in Sydney's heritage sandstone buildings', Australian Industrial Minerals Conference, Sydney.

Friolo, KH, Stuart, BH, Ray, AS & Thomas, P 1970, 'Infrared spectroscopy of heritage building stones', Proceedings of the 6th Australian Conference on Vibrational Spectroscopy, ACOVS6 Organising Committee, Sydney.

Gerber, C, Crews, KI & Sigrist, C 1970, 'Investigation on Load/Stress Distribution in SSP and Composite Characteristics of SSP', Developments in Mechanics of Structures and Materials, Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials, A A Balkema Publishers, Perth, Australia, pp. 77-83.

Graham, KJ, Crews, KI & Bolden, SA 1970, 'A fundamental investigation of the composite behaviour of an AAC panel and timber joist floor system', Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Innovation and Development - Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Autoclaved Aerated Concrete, pp. 463-473.
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In Australia autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) panels have been used as external wall cladding and to a lesser extent as the plate element in floors of low-rise structural timber framed construction. In these floors, the timber framing is considered the structural support for the AAC panels. This paper describes a fundamental investigation of the composite behaviour exhibited by a floor system consisting of AAC panels fixed to a proprietary timber joist framing system subjected to out-of-plane bending. The main objectives of the project weretoillustrate the existence of composite action and quantify the magnitude of out-of-plane flexural performance improvement. The investigation program consisted of a series of flexural tests on full-scale floor specimens at both the serviceability and ultimate strength limit states. This paper presents the results of the investigation in relation to the flexural behaviour under static loadings, dynamic response of floor system, load redistribution under point loadings and slip performance of the connection of panel and joist. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Group.

Guo, W 1970, 'Enhancement of critical flux by pretreatment to a crossflow microfiltration in tertiary wastewater treatment', 1st IWA-ASPIRE Conference & Exhibition, IWA, Singapore.
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In this study, the need of pretreatment of flocculation and adsorption on flux improvement was evaluated in terms of critical flux. Critical flux is defined as the maximum filtration rate, under which the membrane fouling does not occur during operation. The critical flux was experimentally evaluated for crossflow microfiltration (CFMF) with and without the pretreatment using biologically treated sewage effluent from a Sewage Treatment Plant in South Korea. The results indicate that the preflocculation could not enhance significantly the critical flux. However, the preadsorption led to a critical flux of more than 3 times higher than that of wastewater (200 L/m2.h). When both flocculation and adsorption were used as pretreatment, the critical flux was raised up to 1000 L/m2.h. Molecular weight distribution (MWD) analyses on the wastewater before and after pretreatment indicated that flocculation-adsorption as pretreatment was efficient to remove most of organic matter in this wastewater, which contains small and middle range MW molecules (250â780 Daltons). The Scanning Electron microscope (SEM) showed that membrane fouling during the critical flux experiments was mainly due to pore blocking and small particles deposit on the membrane surface.

Guo, W 1970, 'The membrane adsorption hybrid system in wastewater treatment and reuse', The 58th National Congress of Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers (CHEMCON-2005), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi, India.

Indraratna, B, Rujikiatkamjorn, C & Sathananthan, I 1970, 'Analytical modeling and field assessment of embankment stabilized with vertical drains and vacuum preloading', Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering: Geotechnology in Harmony with the Global Environment, 16th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, MILLPRESS SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, Osaka, JAPAN, pp. 1049-1052.
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This study presents an analytical model of radial drainage with vacuum preloading using compressibility indices and varying horizontal permeability and considers the influence of linearly distributed vacuum pressure along the drain. An analytical solution based on the Cylindrical Cavity Expansion theory is used to evaluate the extent of the smear zone along the drain length and predict the performance of an embankment stabilized with vacuum-assisted prefabricated vertical drains at the New Bangkok International Airport (NBIA). Here, a significantly reduced height of sand surcharge could be applied because excess pore pressure was reduced by vacuum preloading. The performance of the embankment was evaluated under different vacuum pressure conditions during which the suction head could not be maintained in the field due to probable air leaks. In the analysis, therefore, the magnitude of applied vacuum pressure was based on field measurements and adjusted accordingly. The settlement predictions based on the writers' solutions were compared and agreed with the available field data. The results also indicate that the efficiency of the vertical drains depends on the extent of the smear zone, the magnitude and distribution of vacuum pressure and the extent of air leak protection provided in the field.

Indraratna, B, Shahin, MA, Rujikiatkamjorn, C & Khabbaz, H 1970, 'Tsunami affected coastal soil disturbance and implications on reconstruction with special reference to low-cost dwellings and rail tracks', Geotechnical Engineering for Disaster Mitigation and Rehabilitation, International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering for Disaster Mitigation and Rehabilitation, WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD, Singapore, SINGAPORE, pp. 64-77.

Kalam, MA, Hassan, MH & Mohamad, EN 1970, 'Wear and lubrication characteristics of a multi-cylinder diesel engine using vegetable oil blended fuel', Proceedings of the World Tribology Congress III - WTC 2005.
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Wear and lubrication characteristics of a multi cylinder diesel engine when operated on vegetable oil blended fuels were studied. The blended fuels consisted of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% coconut oil (COIL) (in volume basis) with diesel fuel (DF2). The engine was operated for a total period of 600 hr for six fuels. The same lubricating oil equivalent to SAE 40 was used for all the fuels system. Wear metals, contaminant elements increased with increasing COIL with DF2. An increasing COIL in blends reduced additive elements; and the reduction rate during blends of ≤ 30% COIL was quite similar to DF2. Soot and sulfation reduced with increasing COIL in blended fuels due to reducing aromatics and sulfur in comparison to DP2. The water concentration increased from above 30% COIL blended fuels. The TBN and viscosity changes were almost normal. The engine did not have any starting and combustion noise problems when operating on COIL blended fuels. This is an abstract of a paper presented at the World Tribology Congress III (Washington, DC 9/12-16/2005).

Kalam, MA, Hassan, MH & Mohamad, EN 1970, 'Wear and Lubrication Characteristics of a Multi-Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Vegetable Oil Blended Fuel', World Tribology Congress III, Volume 2, World Tribology Congress III, ASMEDC.
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This paper presents experimental results carried out to evaluate wear and lubrication characteristics of a multi cylinder diesel engine when operated on vegetable oil blended fuels. The blended fuels consist of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% coconut oil (COIL) (in volume basis) with diesel fuel (DF2). Pure DF2 was used for comparison purposes. The engine was operated at constant speed of 2000 rpm with 50% throttle load for a period of 100 hours for each test fuel. The engine was operated for a total period of 600 hours for six fuels. The same lubricating oil equivalent to SAE 40 was used for all the fuels system. The sample of lube oil was collected through a one way valve connected to the crankcase sump at 50 hour intervals. The first sample was collected immediately after the engine had warmed up. The effect of blended fuel on engine component wear and lubrication characteristics in terms of viscosity, total base number (TBN), moisture content, oxidation, wear metals, contaminant elements and lubricant additive depletions were analyzed. The results showed that wear metals, contaminant elements increase with increasing COIL with DF2. An increasing COIL in blends reduces additive elements; and the reduction rate during blends of up to 30% COIL is quite similar to DF2. Soot and sulfation reduce with increasing COIL in blended fuels due to reducing aromatics and sulfur in comparison to DF2. The water concentration increases from above 30% COIL blended fuels. The TBN and viscosity changes are found almost normal. The engine did not have any starting and combustion noise problems when operating on COIL blended fuels. These lubricating oil analysis data will help to select tribological components and compatible lubricating oil for coconut oil or biofuel operated diesel engines.

Kalam, MA, Hassan, MH, Hamlaoui, A, Muhammad Afifi, AB, Mahlia, TMI & Uddin, MA 1970, 'Development of Co-Relation Between Vehicle and Stationary Dynamometer-Engine Emissions', ASME 2005 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference, ASME 2005 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference, ASMEDC, Chicago, IL, pp. 101-106.
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This paper presents experimental results carried out to develop co-relation and comparison between vehicle and stationary dynamometer-engine emissions with same engines specifications and brands. The dynamometer-engine has been setup with same load and speed as the vehicle’s engine which is carried on the road. The vehicle’s road load power carried by engine has been calculated and used in this investigation. The stationary engine’s rotational speed has been converted to linear distance to compare specific fuel consumptions (SFC) with real specific fuel consumption (SFC) of the vehicle on the road. The vehicle has been run on road test at 70km/h, 90 km/h and 100 km/h for 100 km each time to measure fuel consumption. Beside this, both the engine and vehicle have been operated in idling condition to measure fuel consumption, CO and HC emissions. Proton vehicle with magma engine (4 cylinders) has been used in this investigation. Both the engine and vehicle have been retrofitted for two fuels namely gasoline fuel and compressed natural gas (CNG). An eddy current dynamometer model Froude Consine (model AG150) is used to test the engine. All the electronic equipment, together with its manipulative controls and indicators such as thermocouples are mounted on ‘CP Cadet10 (UK)’ engine control unit. The engine control unit can control any speed and load applied to the dynamometer-engine. An autocheck model (974/5) and Bacharach model CA300NSX analyzers (standard version, k-type probe) have been used to measure the concentration CO and HC emissions. The results of this investigation will be used to predict the emissions and fuel consumption for road vehicles from stationary dynamometer–engine test.

Kalam, MA, Masjuki, HH, Amalina, MA, Abdesselam, H, Mahlia, TMI & Aslam, MU 1970, 'Emission Characteristics of a Modified CNG Gasoline-Cycle Engine', All Days, SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition, SPE, pp. 549-557.
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Abstract This paper presents the experimental results carried out to evaluate the exhaust emissions and performance evaluation of a computer integrated bi-fuel spark ignition engine that has been retrofitted for two fuels namely compressed natural gas (CNG) and base fuel gasoline, operations under steady state with lean burn condition. The used engine was a Proton Magma 4-cylinders spark ignition engine. The emission results such as CO, HC and NOx were measured and compared between the above two fuels. A locally produced three way catalytic converter (TWC) consisting of platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), cerium oxide (CeO2) and rhodium (Rh) was used to assess the emissions. The CeO2 was used in TWC as an oxygen storage capacity (OSC) to enhance the oxidation process for CO and HC oxidations.

Kwok, N, Ha, QP, Li, J & Samali, B 1970, 'Parameter Identification for a Magnetorheological Fluid Damper: An Evolutionary Computation Approach', Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Intelligent Technologies, International Symposium on Intelligent Technologies in Tech'05, Faculty of Science and Technology, Assumption University, Phuket, Thailand, pp. 115-122.

Kwok, N, Nguyen, T, Ha, QP, Li, J & Samali, B 1970, 'MR Damper Structural Control Using a Multi-Level Sliding Mode Controller', Australian Earthquake Engineering Society Proceedings of the 2005 Conference, Australian Earthquake Engineering Conference, Australian Earthquake Engineering Society, Albury, New South Wales, Australia, pp. 1-7.

Law, SS & Zhu, XQ 1970, 'Damage assessment of reinforced concrete beams using Hilbert-Huang transform', Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series.
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The detection of damage in reinforced concrete bridge using vibration characteristics has been the topic of much research in the last two decades. Since reinforced concrete structures are nonlinear in behaviour, even with relatively low levels of damage, it is difficult to make a reliable estimate on the modal properties for use in the damage detection/health monitoring. The Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) comprises the empirical mode decomposition (EMP) of the data and performing the Hilbert transform (HT) on each mode, and it is an effective method to analyze the nonlinear and non-stationary time series data. This study focuses on studying the signature of non-linear characteristics in the vibration of damaged reinforced concrete beams using HHT, and to investigate the possibility of using changes in these nonlinear vibration characteristics to detect damage in reinforced concrete structures. Vibration tests of several reinforced concrete beams with different damage scenarios are conducted in laboratory. The measured signals are decomposed into intrinsic mode function (IMF) using EMP and the Hilbert-Huang spectrum is obtained by the HT of each IMF. Results show that the method based on Hilbert-Huang spectral analysis is quite effective for the damage assessment of the reinforced concrete structures.

Li, J & Samali, B 1970, 'Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control of Seismically Excited Structure Using Magnetorheological Dampers', Developments in Mechanics of Structures and Materials, Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials, A A Balkema, Perth, Australia, pp. 479-484.

Li, J, Samali, B & Smith, ST 1970, 'Stiffness estimation and damage detection of fibre reinforced polymer strengthened reinforced concrete beams using a vibration-based method', 4th Australasian Congress on Applied Mechanics, ACAM 2005, Australasian Congress on Applied Mechanics, Institute of Materials Engineering Australasia Ltd, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 663-669.
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Reinforced concrete (RC) structural elements can be strengthened by bonding high-strength, noncorrosive fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites to their surfaces. In the majority of strengthening situations the existing structure would have been subjected to extreme loading at some stage of its life. It is of great interest to designers and users of structures to be aware of the condition of the structural elements, particularly with regards to damage, prior to the design and application of FRP strengthening measures. This paper reports the results of a vibration-based method for assessing damage in RC beams prior to and after the application of FRP strengthening. The vibration-based method measures the vibrations of beams with and without additional mass and provides an assessment of the degree of damage as well as stiffness of the structural element. A simply supported RC beam was constructed and initially damaged by loading to 50% of its flexural capacity. FRP strengthening was then applied and the beam tested to failure. Vibration measurements were taken prior to and after damage of the plain beam as well as after application of the FRP strengthening. The proposed method was used for detecting damage and evaluating the repair as well as quantitatively estimating in-service stiffness of the beams. Good correlation between dynamic results and static load test results is found, thus demonstrating the potential of the vibration-based method. © Institute of Materials Engineering Australasia Ltd 2005.

Li, J, Samali, B, Crews, KI & Shestha, R 1970, 'Theoretical and Experimental Studies on Assessment of Bridges Using Simple Dynamic Procedures', Australian Structural Engineering Conference 2005: Structural Engineering - Preserving and Building into the Future, Australian Structural Engineering Conference, Tour Hosts Pty Limited, Newcastle, Australia, pp. 1-11.

Li, YC, Wang, J & Qian, LF 1970, 'Comparative analysis of the dynamic characteristics of MR shock absorber under impact loads', Proceedings of the International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics 2005, Vols 1 and 2, International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, SCIENCE PRESS BEIJING, Nanjing Univ Sci & Technol, Nanjing, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 927-931.

Liu, RX, Zhou, JL & Wilding, A 1970, 'Dynamic behaviour of endocrine disrupting chemicals in the aquatic environment', Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology, Vol A - Oral Presentations, Pts A and B, 9th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology, UNIV AEGEAN, Rhodes Isl, GREECE, pp. A885-A890.

Navak, S, Parija, J, Pradhan, B, Reddy, S, Palmer, JL, Zhang, T & Bruera, E 1970, 'Perception of quality of physician communication by cancer patients before and after the implementation of a communication strategy in a regional cancer center in India', JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY, 41st Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Clinical-Oncology, AMER SOC CLINICAL ONCOLOGY, Orlando, FL, pp. 751S-751S.

Pradhan, B, Mansor, S, Ramli, AR, Mohamed Sharif, ARB & Sandeep, K 1970, 'LIDAR data compression using wavelets', Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring, GIS Applications, and Geology V, Remote Sensing, SPIE, pp. 598305-598305.
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Samali, B, Dowling, DM & Li, J 1970, 'Dynamic Response of U-Shaped Adobe-Mudbrick Wall Units', Australian Structural Engineering Conference 2005: Structural Engineering - Preserving and Building into the Future, Australian Structural Engineering Conference, Tour Hosts Pty Limited, Newcastle, Australia, pp. 1-9.

Samali, B, Dowling, DM & Li, J 1970, 'Dynamic Testing of Unreinforced U-Shaped Adobe-Mudbrick Wall Unit', Developments in Mechanics of Structures and Materials, Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials, A A Balkema, Perth, Australia, pp. 505-510.

Samali, B, Widjaja, JH, Li, J & Reizes, J 1970, 'Smart Braced Frame Systems', Developments in Mechanics of Structures and Materials, Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials, A. A. Balkema, Perth, Australia, pp. 401-406.

Samali, B, Widjaja, JH, Li, J, Dackermann, U & Brown, PW 1970, 'Amplitude Frequency Characteristics of 'Smart'-Pin Frame System', Proceedings of the 11th Asia Pacific Vibration Conference, Asia Pacific Vibration Conference, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Langkawi, Malaysia, pp. 228-233.

Varman, M, Faizul, MS, Masjuki, HH, Kalam, MA & Mahlia, TMI 1970, 'Study of lubricant viscosity from a diesel engine operating on various percentages of coconut oil blended fuel', Proceedings of the World Tribology Congress III - 2005, pp. 861-862.
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In this study, the lubricant viscosity from a diesel engine operating on various percentages of coconut oil blended fuel is investigated to determine the suitable mixture appropriate for a diesel engine. The coconut oil was blended with conventional diesel fuel at an amount varying from ten to fifty percent. The lubricant used in this study is the conventional commercially available lubricant (SAE 40). After proper blending of diesel with coconut oil, the blended fuels are loaded into the fuel tank. The engine is operated at half throttle setting running at 1600 rpm for 100 hours. At every ten hour interval, one lubricant sample was collected and analyzed using a viscometer at 100 °C and 40 °C. The results show that the viscosity for all the blended fuel remain about constant throughout the 100 hours test. However, fifty percent coconut oil blended fuel at 40 °C shows slightly lower viscosity level in comparison to other percentages of blended fuel system. It is expected this is due to high fuel dilution in lube oil. As a result, ten to thirty percent coconut oil blended fuels seems suitable for diesel engine because it's able to prolong lubricant life span by maintaining its viscosity. Copyright © 2005 by ASME.

Varman, M, Faizul, MS, Masjuki, HH, Kalam, MA & Mahlia, TMI 1970, 'Study of Lubricant Viscosity From Diesel Engine Operating on Various Percentages of Coconut Oil Blended Fuel', World Tribology Congress III, Volume 1, World Tribology Congress III, ASMEDC.
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In this study, the lubricant viscosity from a diesel engine operating on various percentages of coconut oil blended fuel is investigated to determine the suitable mixture appropriate for a diesel engine. The coconut oil was blended with conventional diesel fuel at an amount varying from ten to fifty percent. The lubricant used in this study is the conventional commercially available lubricant (SAE 40). After proper blending of diesel with coconut oil, the blended fuels are loaded into the fuel tank. The engine is operated at half throttle setting running at 1600 rpm for 100 hours. At every ten hour interval, one lubricant sample was collected and analyzed using a viscometer at 100 °C and 40 °C. The results show that the viscosity for all the blended fuel remain about constant throughout the 100 hours test. However, fifty percent coconut oil blended fuel at 40 °C shows slightly lower viscosity level in comparison to other percentages of blended fuel system. It is expected this is due to high fuel dilution in lube oil. As a result, ten to thirty percent coconut oil blended fuels seems suitable for diesel engine because it’s able to prolong lubricant life span by maintaining its viscosity.

Wang, J, Wang, QL & Li, YC 1970, 'Finite element analysis of magnetorheological damper', Electrorheological Fluids and Magnetorheological Suspensions (ERMR 2004), Proceedings, 9th International Conference on Electorheological (ER) Fluids and Magnetorheological (MR), WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD, Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 722-727.

Wang, JN & Li, YC 1970, 'The dynamic simulation and test verification of MR shock absorber under impact load', Electrorheological Fluids and Magnetorheological Suspensions (ERMR 2004), Proceedings, 9th International Conference on Electorheological (ER) Fluids and Magnetorheological (MR), WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD, Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 822-828.

Westra, S & Ball, JE 1970, 'The influence of autocorrelated errors on Catchment Modelling Systems', The 29th Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium: Water Capital, Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium, Engineers Australia, Canberra, Australia, pp. 1-8.
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The calibration of catchment modelling systems (CMSs) is regarded as an important part of the modelling process to ensure the reliability and robustness of the parameters. This typically involves minimising an objective function that measures the goodness of fit between observed and simulated hydrographs, with the mean squared error (MSE) objective function being one of the most popular. The focus of this paper is on the assumptions that underlie this objective function, and in particular, on the assumption that the model errors should be independently distributed. Using the US EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) applied to the Powells Creek Catchment in Sydney, Australia as a case study, it is shown that the model errors were autocorrelated for each of the ten historical rainfall/runoff events that were analysed, and that autocorrelation could be removed by fitting a lag-one autoregressive [AR(1)] model to these errors. When examining the influence of the autocorrelated errors on the model performance, however, it was found that the removal of autocorrelation did not result in any observable improvement, and in fact worsened model performance in some cases. The results of this study therefore suggest that caution should be exercised when using an autoregressive model to meet the assumption of independence during model calibration.

Widjaja, J, Samali, B, Li, J & Reizes, J 1970, 'Dynamic frequency de-tuning using controllable beamcolumn semi-rigid connections', 4th Australasian Congress on Applied Mechanics, ACAM 2005, Australasian Congress on Applied Mechanics, Institute of Materials Engineering Australasia Ltd, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 807-813.
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The concept of frequency de-tuning and damping enhancement to avoid resonant frequencies and to suppress the vibration response of structures, respectively, has been known for passive vibration control systems since mid 1950's. Ideally the concept shifts the structural frequency away from resonant frequency and significantly reduces the structural response in the 'narrow-band' dampingcontrolled region. However in reality, the passive vibration control performance depends heavily on the dynamic characteristics of energy dissipation systems that are fixed and only applicable for a particular frequency band. Conversely, the Direct Current (DC) controllable beam-column semirigid connections using Magneto-rheological (MR) rotational fluid dampers, can act as real time adjustable passive control devices for any required frequency band. The supplied DC current level can adjust the device torque and rotational velocity characteristics that affect the structural frequency. This paper presents a preliminary parametric study on vibration control performance of a single and a two storey prototype plane frame model due to combination of frequency de-tuning and its associated damping enhancement by selecting end beam connections as either hinged or fixed. The controllable semi-rigid connection characteristics are represented in terms of normalised frequency. And the control performance indicated by Amplitude Frequency Characteristics (AFC) of the models is studied numerically and presented graphically. The study yields an insight into the controllable connections prior to any experiments. © Institute of Materials Engineering Australasia Ltd 2005.

Widjaja, JH, Samali, B, Li, J & Reizes, J 1970, 'Seismic Structural Control Investigations Using a Prototype Magnetorheological Shear Damper', Australian Structural Engineering Conference 2005: Structural Engineering - Preserving and Building into the Future, Australian Structural Engineering Conference, Tour Hosts Pty Limited, Newcastle, Australia, pp. 1-11.

Zhang, YP & Zhou, JL 1970, 'Removal of estrone and 17B-estradiol from water and wastewater by adsorption and photo degradation', PROCEEDINGS OF THE 9TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL A - ORAL PRESENTATIONS, PTS A AND B, 9th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology, UNIV AEGEAN, Rhodes Isl, GREECE, pp. A1686-A1691.

Zhou, JL, King, AJ & Readman, JW 1970, 'Speciation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment interstitial water', Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology, Vol A - Oral Presentations, Pts A and B, 9th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology, UNIV AEGEAN, Rhodes Isl, GREECE, pp. A1692-A1697.

Zhu, XQ & Law, SS 1970, 'Damage detection of reinforced concrete structures based on concrete-steel interface element', Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series.
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The interface between concrete and steel in reinforced concrete governs the interaction between the two types of materials under loading. When the interface is seriously damaged, such that a macro-crack is formed, de-bonding takes place or large slip occurs, and the load-transferring capacity of the interface will drop dramatically. In this study, a vibration-based method is presented to detect damage in the reinforced concrete structures using a damage model based on the constitutive law of the lumped model on the concrete-steel interface. Scalar damage parameters characterizing changes in the interface are incorporated into the formulation of a finite element model that is compatible with the vibration-based damage identification procedure. Numerical simulations show that the method is effective to detect failure at the interface between concrete and steel in the reinforced concrete beam.