Publications

Al-Dawod, M, Samali, B & Li, J 2006, 'Experimental verification of an active mass driver system on a five-storey model using a fuzzy controller', STRUCTURAL CONTROL & HEALTH MONITORING, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 917-943.
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This paper reports experimental tests conducted on a five-storey model using an active mass driver (AMD) system, where the control action was achieved by using a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and the UTS state-of-the-art shake table facility. The performance of the fuzzy controller was checked against El Centro 1940, Hachinohe 1968, Northridge 1994, and Kobe 1995 earthquakes to verify the potential of using the fuzzy controller in real applications for active control of structures. Fuzzy logic is one of few mathematical model-free approaches to system identification and control. Other advantages of fuzzy logic controllers are that they can be nonlinear, adaptive, admit a high degree of parallel implementation, and tolerate uncertainty in the system. The building model under consideration is a large-scale five-storey, 3.6-m-tall, steel frame designed and manufactured at the University of Technology, Sydney. The paper details the experimental set up of the five-storey model with AMD system and the instrumentation used to measure the response, the design process of the Fuzzy Controller, and the earthquake excitations used in the experimental tests. The results of the experimental tests confirm the potential of using the adopted fuzzy controller for the active structural control using, an active mass driver (AMD) system

ASLAM, M, MASJUKI, H, KALAM, M, ABDESSELAM, H, MAHLIA, T & AMALINA, M 2006, 'An experimental investigation of CNG as an alternative fuel for a retrofitted gasoline vehicle', Fuel, vol. 85, no. 5-6, pp. 717-724.
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Bu, JQ, Law, SS & Zhu, XQ 2006, 'Innovative Bridge Condition Assessment from Dynamic Response of a Passing Vehicle', Journal of Engineering Mechanics, vol. 132, no. 12, pp. 1372-1379.
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Castel, A, Vidal, T, Viriyametanont, K & François, R 2006, 'Effect of reinforcing bar orientation and location on bond with self-consolidating concrete', ACI Structural Journal, vol. 103, no. 4, pp. 559-567.
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In this paper, the effect of reinforcing bar orientation and location on steel-concrete bond behavior is studied. The investigations are performed on two self-consolidating concretes (SCCs) and two vibrated concretes (VCs) (25 and 40 MPa [3625 and 5800 psi]). Different casting conditions are used to study the effect of the reinforcement orientation (vertical or horizontal) in relation with the casting direction and the effect of the horizontal bars' location along the height of small and tall concrete elements. In this study, the concrete casting direction is always vertical. For small-size concrete elements, SCC25 shows a better resistance against bleeding than VC25. The difference, however, is not significant for SCC40 and VC40. For samples reinforced with ribbed bars, the orientation of the bars (horizontal or vertical) has a significant and equivalent influence on both 25 MPa (3625 psi) concretes. The VC40 and SCC40 bond strength values are almost equivalent and not affected by the orientation of the bars. For tall concrete elements, voids formation under the horizontal bars was clearly observed for every type of concrete. The size of the voids was almost equivalent for SCC25, SCC40, and VC40, but significantly larger in the case of VC25, especially near the top casting surface. Finally, the maximum ultimate bond strengths obtained were approximately 20% higher for SCC than for VC, regardless of the concrete strength. Copyright © 2006, American Concrete Institute. All rights reserved.

Choudhury, D & Nimbalkar, SS 2006, 'Pseudo-dynamic approach of seismic active earth pressure behind retaining wall', Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 1103-1113.
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Knowledge of seismic active earth pressure behind rigid retaining wall is very important in the design of retaining wall in earthquake prone region. Commonly used Mononobe-Okabe method considers pseudo-static approach, which gives the linear distribution of seismic earth pressure in an approximate way. In this paper, the pseudo-dynamic method is used to compute the distribution of seismic active earth pressure on a rigid retaining wall supporting cohesionless backfill in more realistic manner by considering time and phase difference within the backfill. Planar rupture surface is considered in the analysis. Effects of a wide range of parameters like wall friction angle, soil friction angle, shear wave velocity, primary wave velocity and horizontal and vertical seismic accelerations on seismic active earth pressure have been studied. Results are provided in tabular and graphical non-dimensional form with a comparison to pseudo-static method to highlight the realistic non-linearity of seismic active earth pressures distribution. © Springer 2006.

Choudhury, D, Nimbalkar, SS & Mandal, JN 2006, 'Comparison of Pseudo-Static and Pseudo-Dynamic Methods for Seismic Earth Pressure on Retaining Wall', JOURNAL OF INDIAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 263-271.

Connan, H, Klimesch, D, Ray, A & Thomas, P 2006, 'Thermal characterisation of autoclaved cement made with alumina-silica rich industrialwaste', Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, vol. 84, no. 2, pp. 521-525.
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The hydration products of hydrothermally cured OPC-quartz blends incorporating clay-brick waste were characterised using simultaneous DTA-TG, XRD and SEM. The exotherm above 800 degrees C on the DTA curve, due to the formation of beta-wollastonite (beta-

Darmawan, MS & Stewart, MG 2006, 'Effect of Spatially Variable Pitting Corrosion on Structural Reliability of Prestressed Concrete Bridge Girders', Australian Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 147-158.
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Francois, R, Castel, A & Vidal, T 2006, 'A finite macro-element for corroded reinforced concrete', MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 571-584.

Golab, AN, Indraratna, B & Peterson, MA 2006, 'Performance of alkaline reactive materials in the remediation of acidic groundwater', Chinese Journal of Geochemistry, vol. 25, no. S1, pp. 88-89.
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Golab, AN, Indraratna, B, Peterson, MA & Hay, S 2006, 'Design of a Permeable Reactive Barrier to Remediate Acidic Groundwater', ASEG Extended Abstracts, vol. 2006, no. 1, pp. 1-3.
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Golab, AN, Peterson, MA & Indraratna, B 2006, 'Selection of potential reactive materials for a permeable reactive barrier for remediating acidic groundwater in acid sulphate soil terrains', Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 209-223.
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A permeable reactive barrier is being designed to remediate leachate from acid sulphate soils. The current research relates to testing of alkaline materials for use in the barrier, with an emphasis on waste materials. Thirteen alkaline materials including recycled concrete, limestone, calcite-bearing zeolitic breccia, blast furnace slag, lime and fly ash were tested. The batch tests involved several phases, such as leaching in deionized water to characterize the soluble components of the materials and the pH that each material could achieve. Another phase involved testing with acidic water (pH 3) to determine the acid leachable components of the materials and the pH after neutralization. The pH achieved by each reactive material was controlled by the reaction kinetics of the dominant alkaline mineral. The concretes, fly ash, and air-cooled blast furnace slag (ACBFS) all achieved a pH that is consistent with the dissolution of lime (pH 11 to 12). The limestone and zeolitic breccias all achieved a pH consistent with the dissolution of calcite (pH c. 7.4). Based on the results of the batch tests, a short-list of materials was selected that included a recycled concrete, ACBFS, three zeolitic breccias and limestone. The short-listed materials were examined for exhaustion of neutralizing ability by repeatedly replacing the acidic water and monitoring the resultant pH. The precipitates that formed during this process were analysed to characterize the chemical reactions that occurred during the tests. Based on the results, the recycled concrete was selected for testing in columns that will simulate flow conditions through the barrier. © 2006 Geological Society of London.

Greco, VR 2006, 'Discussion: Seismic passive resistance by pseudo-dynamic method', Géotechnique, vol. 56, no. 7, pp. 517-520.
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Guo, WS, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH, Van Nguyen, TB & Ben Aim, R 2006, 'Influence of bioreaction on a long-term operation of a submerged membrane adsorption hybrid system', DESALINATION, vol. 191, no. 1-3, pp. 92-99.
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This study investigates the long-term performance of a submerged membrane adsorption hybrid system (SMAHS) for organic matter removal from synthetic wastewater representing biologically treated wastewater by using a low dose of powdered activated carbon (PAC). A simple periodic backwash system is used to de-clog the hollow fiber membrane. In this reactor, bioreaction takes place due to the growth of the biomass in the system. This hybrid system was able to remove effectively the small- and large-molecular weight organic matters from 270 to 36,270 Da. The effect of PAC replacement in the reactor was also studied and it was shown that PAC replacement could enhance both biological activity and adsorption. With PAC replacement of 2.5%(total amount) per day, the total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency was 10% higher than without PAC replacement. In another long-term experiment, the TOC removal efficiency was maintained over 85% even after 55-day operation (with PAC replacement rate of 2.5%(total amount) every two days). © 2006.

GUO, Z, HUANG, Z, KONSTANTINOV, K, LIU, H & DOU, S 2006, 'Electrochemical hydrogen storage properties of nonstoichiometric amorphous MgNi1+xMgNi1+x–carbon composites (x=0.05x=0.05–0.3)', International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 31, no. 14, pp. 2032-2039.
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Guo, ZP, Huang, ZG, Zhao, ZW, Menard, X & Liu, HK 2006, 'Enhanced electrochemical properties of nonstoichiometric amorphous Mg2Ni1.3 electrodes', Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 11-16.
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Guo, ZP, Ng, SH, Wang, JZ, Huang, ZG, Liu, HK, Too, CO & Wallace, GG 2006, 'Electrochemical Hydrogen Storage in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Paper', Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 713-718.
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Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) papers were successfully prepared by dispersing SWNTs in Triton X-100 solution, then filtered by PVDF membrane (0.22 μm pore size). The electrochemical behavior and the reversible hydrogen storage capacity of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) papers have been investigated in alkaline electrolytic solutions (6 N KOH) by cyclic voltammetry, linear micropolarization, and constant current charge/discharge measurements. The effect of thickness and the addition of carbon black on hydrogen adsorption/desorption were also investigated. It was found that the electrochemical charge–discharge mechanism occurring in SWNT paper electrodes is somewhere between that of carbon nanotubes (physical process) and that of metal hydride electrodes (chemical process), and consists of a charge-transfer reaction (Reduction/Oxidation) and a diffusion step (Diffusion).

Guo, ZP, Yuan, L, Konstantinov, K, Huang, ZG & Liu, HK 2006, 'Preparation of spherical clusters of metal oxide nanorods and their hydrogen storage behavior', Materials Letters, vol. 60, no. 29-30, pp. 3891-3894.
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Hao, H & Wu, C 2006, 'Numerical Simulation of Damage of Low-Rise RC Frame Structures with Infilled Masonry Walls to Explosive Loads', Australian Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 13-22.
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Huang, ZG, Guo, ZP, Calka, A, Wexler, D, Lukey, C & Liu, HK 2006, 'Effects of iron oxide (Fe2O3, Fe3O4) on hydrogen storage properties of Mg-based composites', Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 422, no. 1-2, pp. 299-304.
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Huang, ZG, Guo, ZP, Wexler, D, Konstantinov, K & Liu, HK 2006, 'Thermal stability and hydrogen storage property of Mg1.9Cu0.1Nix (x=1.8, 1.9, 2.0 and 2.1) alloys', Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 426, no. 1-2, pp. 335-340.
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Indraratna, B & Raut, AK 2006, 'Enhanced Criterion for Base Soil Retention in Embankment Dam Filters', Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 132, no. 12, pp. 1621-1627.
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Indraratna, B, Fatahi, B & Khabbaz, H 2006, 'Numerical analysis of matric suction effects of tree roots', PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS-GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING, vol. 159, no. 2, pp. 77-90.
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The use of native vegetation in the coastal regions of Australia has become increasingly popular for stabilising railway corridors built over expansive clays and compressive soft soils. The tree roots provide three stabilising functions: (a) they reinforce the soil; (b) they dissipate excess pore pressures; and (c) they establish sufficient matric suction to increase the shear strength. The matric suction generated within the tree root zone propagates radially into the soil matrix, as a function of the moisture content change. Considering soil conditions, the type of vegetation and atmospheric conditions, a mathematical model for the rate of root water uptake is developed. A conical shape is considered to represent the geometry of the tree root zone. Based on this model for the rate of root water uptake, the pore water pressure distribution and the movement of the ground adjacent to the tree are numerically analysed. Field measurements taken from the previously published literature are compared with the authors' numerical predictions. It is found that, given the approximation of the assumed model parameters, the agreement between the predicted results and field data is still promising. The study indicates that native vegetation improves the shear strength of the soil by increasing the matric suction, and also curtails soil movements.

Indraratna, B, Golab, AN & Banasiak, LJ 2006, 'Installation of a lime injection barrier for the remediation of acid sulphate soil problems', Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 391-401.
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Indraratna, B, Khabbaz, H, Salim, W & Christie, D 2006, 'Geotechnical Properties of Ballast and the Role of Geosynthetics', Institution of Civil Engineers. Proceedings. Ground..., vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 91-102.
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The ballast and its engineering behaviour have a key role in governing the stability and performance of railway tracks. The deformation and degradation behaviour of ballast under static and dynamic loads was studied based on large-scale triaxial testing. The possible use of different types of geosynthetics to improve the performance of fresh and recycled ballast was also investigated. The research findings showed that the inclusion of geosynthetics improves the performance of ballasted tracks.

Indraratna, B, Khabbaz, H, Salim, W & Christie, D 2006, 'Geotechnical properties of ballast and the role of geosynthetics in rail track stabilisation', Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Ground Improvement, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 91-101.
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The ballast and its engineering behaviour have a key role in governing the stability and performance of railway tracks. The deformation and degradation behaviour of ballast under static and dynamic loads was studied based on large-scale triaxial testing. The possible use of different types of geosynthetics to improve the performance of fresh and recycled ballast was also investigated. The research findings showed that the inclusion of geosynthetics improves the performance of ballasted tracks.Le ballast et son comportement mécanique ont une influence importante sur la stabilité et la performance des voies ferrées. Nous avons étudié le comportement de détérioration et de déformation du ballast sous charge statiques et dynamiques en nous basant sur des essais triaxiaux à grande échelle. Nous avons également étudié la possibilité d'utiliser divers types de géosynthétiques pour améliorer la performance du ballast neuf et recyclé. Les résultats de cette recherche ont montré que l'adjonction de géosynthétiques améliorait la performance des voies ballastées.

Indraratna, B, Rujikiatkamjorn, C & Sathananthan, I 2006, 'Reply to the discussion by T.A. Tran and T. Mitachi on 'Analytical and numerical solutions for a single vertical drain including the effects of vacuum preloading'', Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol. 43, no. 12, pp. 1404-1405.
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Jia, Z, Fu, Q & Huang, J 2006, 'Synthesis of Amphiphilic Macrocyclic Graft Copolymer Consisting of a Poly(ethylene oxide) Ring and Multi-Polystyrene Lateral Chains', Macromolecules, vol. 39, no. 16, pp. 5190-5193.
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Jia, Z, Fu, Q & Huang, J 2006, 'Synthesis of poly(ethylene oxide) with pending 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl groups and its further initiation of the grafting polymerization of styrene', Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, vol. 44, no. 12, pp. 3836-3842.
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AbstractA new stratagem for the synthesis of amphiphilic graft copolymers of hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) as the main chain and hydrophobic polystyrene as the side chains is suggested. A poly(ethylene oxide) with pending 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyls [poly(4‐glycidyloxy‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl‐co‐ethylene oxide)] was first prepared by the anionic ring‐opening copolymerization of ethylene oxide and 4‐glycidyloxy‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl, and then the graft copolymerization of styrene was completed with benzoyl peroxide as the initiator in the presence of poly(4‐glycidyloxy‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl‐co‐ethylene oxide). The polymerization of styrene was under control, and comblike, amphiphilic poly(ethylene oxide)‐g‐polystyrene was obtained. The copolymer and its intermediates were characterized with size exclusion chromatography, 1H NMR, and electron spin resonance in detail. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 3836–3842, 2006

Jia, Z, Xu, X, Fu, Q & Huang, J 2006, 'Synthesis and self‐assembly morphologies of amphiphilic multiblock copolymers [poly(ethylene oxide)‐b‐polystyrene]_n via trithiocarbonate‐embedded PEO macro‐RAFT agent', Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, vol. 44, no. 20, pp. 6071-6082.
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AbstractAn amphiphilic multiblock copolymer [poly(ethylene oxide)‐b‐polystyrene]n [(PEO‐b‐PS)n] is synthesized by using trithiocarbonate‐embedded PEO as macro‐RAFT agent. PEO with four inserted trithiocarbonate (Mn = 9200 and Mw/Mn = 1.62) groups is prepared first by condensation of α, ω‐dihydroxyl poly(ethylene oxide) with S, S′‐Bis(α, α′‐dimethyl‐α″‐acetic acid)‐trithiocarbonate (BDATC) in the presence of pyridine, then a series of goal copolymers with different St units (varied from 25 to 218 per segment) are obtained by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The synthesis process is monitored by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), 1H NMR and FT‐IR. The self‐assembled morphologies of the copolymers are strongly dependent of the length of PS block chains when the chain length of PEO is fixed, some new morphologies as large leaf‐like aggregates (LLAs), large octopus‐like aggregates (LOAs), and coarse‐grain like micelles (CGMs) are observed besides some familiar aggregates as large compound vesicles (LCVs), lamellae and rods, and the effect of water content on the morphologies is also discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 6071–6082, 2006

Jung, MY, Kim, CS, Tijing, LD, Pak, BC & Cho, YI 2006, 'A study of the onset of biofouling using quartz crystal nanobalance', International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 7-13.
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JUPP, J & GERO, JS 2006, 'Visual style: Qualitative and context-dependent categorization', Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 247-266.
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Style is an ordering principle by which to structure artifacts in a design domain. The application of a visual order entails some explicit grouping property that is both cognitively plausible and contextually dependent. Central to cognitive–contextual notions are the type of representation used in analysis and the flexibility to allow semantic interpretation. We present a model of visual style based on the concept of similarity as a qualitative context-dependent categorization. The two core components of the model are semantic feature extraction and self-organizing maps (SOMs). The model proposes a method of categorizing two-dimensional unannotated design diagrams using both low-level geometric and high-level semantic features that are automatically derived from the pictorial content of the design. The operation of the initial model, called Q-SOM, is then extended to include relevance feedback (Q-SOM:RF). The extended model can be seen as a series of sequential processing stages, in which qualitative encoding and feature extraction are followed by iterative recategorization. Categorization is achieved using an unsupervised SOM, and contextual dependencies are integrated via cluster relevance determined by the observer's feedback. The following stages are presented: initial per feature detection and extraction, selection of feature sets corresponding to different spatial ontologies, unsupervised categorization of design diagrams based on appropriate feature subsets, and integration of design context via relevance feedback. From our experiments we compare different outcomes from consecutive stages of the model. The results show that the model provides a cognitively plausible and context-dependent method for characterizing visual style in design.

Jupp, JR & Gero, JS 2006, 'A qualitative feature-based characterization of 2D architectural style', JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 57, no. 11, pp. 1537-1550.
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Architectural plans are design diagrams that describe building layout where space is planned according to design requirements. Style in architecture is generally characterized as common features appearing in a particular class of building design. This research seeks to address how to recognize architectural design style from a 2D plan diagram. We explore this question in a computational encoder-analyzer (E-A) model for 2D plans, where a characterization of 2D style is based on qualitative spatial representation and information theoretic measures. In a preliminary study of a prominent architect's plans, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach. We conclude by discussing practical applications of automated plan recognition and classification in design support tools.

Kwok, NM, Ha, QP, Nguyen, TH, Li, J & Samali, B 2006, 'A novel hysteretic model for magnetorheological fluid dampers and parameter identification using particle swarm optimization', SENSORS AND ACTUATORS A-PHYSICAL, vol. 132, no. 2, pp. 441-451.
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Non-linear hysteresis is a complicated phenomenon associated with magnetorheological (MR) fluid dampers. A new model for MR dampers is proposed in this paper. For this, computationally-tractable algebraic expressions are suggested here in contrast to the commonly-used Bouc-Wen model, which involves internal dynamics represented by a non-linear differential equation. In addition, the model parameters can be explicitly related to the hysteretic phenomenon. To identify the model parameters, a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is employed using experimental force-velocity data obtained from various operating conditions. In our algorithm, it is possible to relax the need for a priori knowledge on the parameters and to reduce the algorithmic complexity. Here, the PSO algorithm is enhanced by introducing a termination criterion, based on the statistical hypothesis testing to guarantee a user-specified confidence level in stopping the algorithm. Parameter identification results are included to demonstrate the accuracy of the model and the effectiveness of the identification process. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Law, SS, Bu, JQ, Zhu, XQ & Chan, SL 2006, 'Vehicle Condition Surveillance on Continuous Bridges Based on Response Sensitivity', Journal of Engineering Mechanics, vol. 132, no. 1, pp. 78-86.
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Law, SS, Bu, JQ, Zhu, XQ & Chan, SL 2006, 'Wind characteristics of Typhoon Dujuan as measured at a 50m guyed mast', Wind and Structures, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 387-396.
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Lee, GJ, Tijing, LD, Pak, BC, Baek, BJ & Cho, YI 2006, 'Use of catalytic materials for the mitigation of mineral fouling', International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 14-23.
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Lee, S & Pradhan, B 2006, 'Probabilistic landslide hazards and risk mapping on Penang Island, Malaysia', Journal of Earth System Science, vol. 115, no. 6, pp. 661-672.
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Li, YC, Wang, J & Qian, LF 2006, 'Magnetorheological technology and its latent applications to military field', Dandao Xuebao/Journal of Ballistics, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 68-73.
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The constitutions, characters, and late progress of the magnetorheological(MR) fluid were introduced. The applications of MR technology to military field were summarized. They are applications to military guard equipment, weapon buffer device, helicopter, military vehicle and fuze. The technology of applications was explained. The prospect of applications of MR technology to military field was recounted. The main factors that restrict the applications to military field include performance of MR fluid, the innovative structural design of MR device, control technology of MR device and system.

Li, YC, Wang, J & Qian, LF 2006, 'Nonlinear performance of MR damper under base excitation', Gongneng Cailiao/Journal of Functional Materials, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 986-988.
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Magnetorheological damper is a typical nonlinear device; it has the characters such as nonlinearity, time-delaying and uncertainty. Nonlinearity of MR damper is of great influence on its behaviors. In this paper, the dynamic responses of nonlinear MR damper under base harmonic excitation is obtained; Characters of MR damper is analyzed using MATLAB software. It is shown that a multi-value performance appears in transmissibility when the damping ration is below 1. Some advices are suggested in design of MR damper.

Liu, A, Hall, WJ, Yu, KF & Wu, C 2006, 'Estimation following a group sequential test for distributions in the one-parameter exponential family', Statistica Sinica, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 165-181.
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We consider unbiased estimation following a group sequential test for distributions in a one-parameter exponential family. We show that, for an estimable parameter function, there exists uniquely an unbiased estimator depending on the sufficient statistic and based on the truncation-adaptation criterion (Liu and Hall (1999)); moreover, this estimator is identical to one based on the Rao-Blackwell method. When completeness fails, we show that the uniformly minimum-variance unbiased estimator may not exist or might possess undesirable performance. A Phase-II clinical trial application with exponentially distributed responses is included.

Liu, A, Schisterman, EF & Wu, C 2006, 'Multistage Evaluation of Measurement Error in a Reliability Study', Biometrics, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 1190-1196.
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SummaryWe introduce sequential testing procedures for the planning and analysis of reliability studies to assess an exposure's measurement error. The designs allow repeated evaluation of reliability of the measurements and stop testing if early evidence shows the measurement error is within the level of tolerance. Methods are developed and critical values tabulated for a number of two‐stage designs. The methods are exemplified using an example evaluating the reliability of biomarkers associated with oxidative stress.

Liu, Q, Loganathan, P, Hedley, MJ & Skinner, MF 2006, 'Root processes influencing phosphorus availability in volcanic soils under youngPinus radiataplantations', Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol. 36, no. 8, pp. 1913-1920.
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Phosphorus (P) availability was investigated in rhizosphere soils under 4- to 5-year-old, second-rotation Pinus radiata D. Don and understorey grass (browntop, Agrostis capillaris L.) in two P-deficient Andosols (a Pumice Soil and an Allophanic Soil). Pinus radiata rhizosphere had more soil organic matter, greater mycorrhizal hyphal length density, higher acid phosphatase activity, and more concentrated dissolved organic carbon than bulk soil or the rhizosphere of grass species in one or both soils. Concentrations of resin P and organic P in the P. radiata rhizosphere were higher than those in the grass rhizosphere and bulk soils, suggesting that P. radiata rhizosphere processes have a greater potential to accumulate organic P and mobilize soil P than understorey grass rhizosphere processes. This effect was less marked in the Allophanic Soil than in the Pumice Soil, probably because of the higher P-fixing capacity and lower plant-available P concentrations in the Allophanic Soil.

Loganathan, P & Hedley, MJ 2006, 'Spatial and time-dependent patterns of selenium (Se) release from selected Se fertiliser granules', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL RESEARCH, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 155-163.
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The spatial and time-dependent patterns of selenium (Se) release from similar-sized granules of 4 Se fertilisers, 3 containing sodium selenate (Unitech Agsel, Ravensdown A, and Ravensdown B) and the fourth containing sodium selenate and barium selenate (Selcote Ultra), were evaluated using ryegrass grown on a Se-deficient soil under glasshouse conditions. Four granules (2-3 mm diameter) from each of the 4 fertiliser types having uniform shape and similar weight were placed on the soil surface of trays (0.51 m length, 0.42 m width, 0.15 m depth) at a distance 0.10 m from 2 adjacent sides of the trays, and the Se content of herbage in concentric rings around each granule was periodically measured over 1 year. The amount of Se applied to the trays, calculated by adding herbage Se to the residual fertiliser Se in soil at the end of the trial, was 12-31 g Se/ha. Soil Se concentration at the end of the trial for the Selcote Ultra and Ravensdown A treatments and herbage Se concentration at 10 harvests for all fertiliser treatments decreased exponentially with increased distance from the granules. Herbage Se concentration reached the level considered deficient to animals (0.05 mg/kg) at the centre of the tray (0.12 m from the granules) 4 months after Unitech Agsel application (7% of paddock area). By 9 months all plants in this treatment became deficient in Se. In contrast, 7% of the sward area in the Ravensdown A treatment, and 41% of the sward area in the Ravensdown B and Selcote Ultra treatments, were deficient in Se at this time, but the average herbage Se concentration for the entire tray was above the deficiency level for these 3 fertiliser treatments. The efficiency of the fertilisers in increasing herbage Se concentration per unit weight of Se applied for the first 3 months was: Unitech Agsel ≥ Ravensdown B ≥ Ravensdown A > Selcote Ultra. During the last 3 months, this order was: Selcote Ultra = Ravensdown A > Ravensdown B > Unitech Agsel. © CSIRO 2006.

Loganathan, P, Gray, CW, Hedley, MJ & Roberts, AHC 2006, 'Total and soluble fluorine concentrations in relation to properties of soils in New Zealand', EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 411-421.
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Soil fluorine (F) concentrations continue to increase in agricultural soils receiving regular applications of phosphatic fertilizer. Continued accumulation of soil F poses a risk to grazing ruminants and may pose a future risk to groundwater quality. This paper examines the range of total F (Ft) concentrations and forms of soluble F species and their relationship to selected soil properties in New Zealand agricultural soils. The Ft and soluble F (soil F extracted with water (Fwater) and 0.01 m KCl (FKCl)) concentrations in 27 soil samples (0-75 mm depth) taken from predominantly pasture sites in the North and South Islands of New Zealand were much less than those reported in the literature for sites contaminated with F from industry. The Ft concentrations ranged from 212 to 617 μg F g-1 soil. The F-toxicity risk to grazing animals in farms at these sites through soil ingestion is small at present, but farms with very large Ft concentrations (i.e. > 500 μg F g-1) need to adopt suitable grazing and fertilizer management practices to avoid future F-toxicity risk. The Ft concentration had very strong positive correlations with both total soil P and total soil Cd concentrations, reflecting the link between P fertilizer use and F accumulation in the soils. It also had significant positive correlations with organic matter and amorphous Al oxides contents, indicating that F is strongly bound to Al polymers adsorbed to organic matter and amorphous Al oxides. The Fwater and FKCl concentrations and free F- ion concentrations in water (F -water) and 0.01 m KCl (F-KCl) extracts were generally two and three orders of magnitude, respectively, less than the Ft concentrations and were much less than the concentrations considered phytotoxic. The Fwater and FKCl concentrations were positively related to soil organic matter content and negatively related to soil pH. Regression models relating Fwater and FKCl concentrations to soil organic matter content and soil pH suggest that F ca...

Maghrebi, MF & Ball, JE 2006, 'New method for estimation of discharge', JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE, vol. 132, no. 10, pp. 1044-1051.
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A new technique for drawing isovel patterns in an open or closed channel is presented. It is assumed that the velocity at each arbitrary point in the conduit is affected by the hydraulic characteristics of the boundary. While any velocity profile can be applied to the model, a power-law formula is used here. In addition to the isovels patterns, the energy and momentum correction factors (α and β), the ratio of mean to maximum velocity (V/umax), and the position of the maximum velocity are calculated. To examine the results obtained, the model was applied to a pipe with a circular cross section. A comparison between the profiles of the proposed model and the available power-law profile indicated that the two profiles were coincident with each other over the majority of the cross section. Furthermore, the predicted isovels were compared with velocity measurements in the main flow direction obtained along the centerline and lateral direction of a rectangular flume. The estimated discharge, based on measured points on the upper half of the flow depth away from the boundaries was within ±7% of the measured and much better in comparison to the prediction of one- and two-point methods. The prediction of the depth-averaged velocity values for the River Severn in the United Kingdom shows a good agreement with the measured data and the best analytical results obtained by the depth-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. © 2006 ASCE.

Maskaoui, K, Hu, Z, Zhou, JL & Han, YL 2006, 'Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in some agricultural, industrial and urban areas along Xiamen coastal waters, China', Journal of Environmental Sciences, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 318-322.
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An intensive investigation was conducted to study the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), to show firstly the level of pollution in the agricultural areas and analyses specifically the status of soil polluted by these persistent pollutants in some locations of Xiamen region. Soil samples collected from Jiulong agricultural catchment have been analysed for 16 PAH compounds, using gas chromatography flame ionization detection in order to determine the level of selected PAH components and to identify the factors that may control their distribution and persistence in the area. The main PAHs found in soil samples were the low molecular weight. The total PAHs detected in soil samples ranged from 0.50 to 0.95μg/g soil. The highest values of PAHs were significantly detected in the orange tree leaves, which range from 236.1 to 249.3 μg/g soil showing recent atmospheric inputs of these volatile pollutants. The distribution of PAHs in vegetable were monitored and indicating that the concentration were high and ranged from 8.24 to 58.87 μg/g. Other sediment samples were also collected and analysed from urban sewage (5.26 μg/g dw), aquacultura (0.52 μg/g dw) and industrial areas (from 0.62 to 2.09 μg/g dw), during this investigation. The contamination of Jiulong river estuary and Xiamen Western Sea by PAHs has been then widely justified by wastewater discharges and soil runoffs from these areas. The results, therefore, provide important information on the current contamination status caused by the atmospheric transport and point to the need for urgent actions to stop the release of these hydrocarbons to the environment. The necessity of implementing systematic monitoring of PAHs is also emphasized. © 2006 Science Press. All rights reserved.

Migliorini, C & Siahpush, M 2006, 'Smoking, not smoking: how important is where you live?', Health Promotion Journal of Australia, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 226-232.
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Nathaporn, A, Shon, HK, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH & Ong, SL 2006, 'Photocatalytic hybrid system in degradation of herbicide (metsulfuron-methyl)', Drinking Water Treatment, Supply and Management in Asia (IWA-ASPIRE 2005), vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 109-114.
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Photocatalytic oxidation is becoming an emerging technology in water and wastewater Photocatalysis often leads to complete degradation of organic pollutants without any need for chemicals. this study, the removal of the herbicide metsulfuron-methyl (MM)

NGHIEM, L, MORNANE, P, POTTER, I, PERERA, J, CATTRALL, R & KOLEV, S 2006, 'Extraction and transport of metal ions and small organic compounds using polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs)', Journal of Membrane Science, vol. 281, no. 1-2, pp. 7-41.
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Nghiem, LD, Schäfer, AI & Elimelech, M 2006, 'Role of electrostatic interactions in the retention of pharmaceutically active contaminants by a loose nanofiltration membrane', Journal of Membrane Science, vol. 286, no. 1-2, pp. 52-59.
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Ngo, HH, Nguyen, MC, Sangvikar, NG, Hoang, TTL & Guo, WS 2006, 'Simple approaches towards the design of an attached-growth sponge bioreactor (AGSB) for wastewater treatment aind reuse', WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 54, no. 11-12, pp. 191-197.
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Wastewater treatment and reuse is being emphasized due to the shortage of water sources and the continuous deterioration of the aquatic environment. In this study, a novel sponge bioreactor was studied as a low cost, high efficiency alternative for an attached growth biological system. This was designed by combining of number of sponge trays. This emerging technology has many beneficial properties in wastewater treatment and reuse. The approaches towards the conditions for system design were: (i) selection of sponge types; (ii) selection of sponge shapes; and (iii) selection of designated slope of sponge tray. They were determined through a series of experiments using a laboratory-scale unit with synthetic wastewater. It was then tested with a pilot-scale unit at the predetermined optimum conditions. The results indicate that the highest biomass growth was found at the sponge type with a cell count of 7090 cells/in2 (6.45 cm2) The relationship between biomass growth and biological oxygen consumption was well established. The prism-shaped sponge (triangular polyurethane sponge of 7090 cells/in2 with designated slope of sponge tray at 10 degrees) led to the best performance in terms of both organic and nutrient removal efficiency.

Nguyen, TV, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH, Pokhre, D & Viraraghavan, T 2006, 'Iron-coated sponge as effective media to remove arsenic from drinking water', WATER QUALITY RESEARCH JOURNAL OF CANADA, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 164-170.
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Arsenic (As) contamination in drinking water is a serious problem in a number of countries in the world, especially in small communities and developing countries. Arsenic is related to many health diseases. Several technologies such as coagulation, adsorption, ion exchange and membrane processes, etc., are used in removing arsenic from water. In this study, a new material, namely iron-coated sponge (IOCSp), was developed and used to remove As, and it was found that IOCSp has a high capacity for removing both As(V) and As(III). Each gram of IOCSp adsorbed about 160 μg of As upon a 9-h contact of IOCSp with As solution. A dynamic filter column conducted showed that even a small quantity of IOCSp (8 g) could reduce As from 156 μg/L to a concentration of less than 50 μg/L while treating 75 L of groundwater contaminated with arsenic. Both the filtration rate and the size of the sponge had an effect on effluent quality, and the amount of water treated to the acceptable quality. Copyright © 2006, CAWQ.

Nguyen, TV, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH, Pokhrel, D & Viraraghavan, T 2006, 'Specific treatment technologies for removing arsenic from water', ENGINEERING IN LIFE SCIENCES, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 86-90.
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Arsenic (As) is a highly toxic metalloid found in ground and surface water. Arsenic contamination in drinking water leads to harmful effects on human health. To eliminate arsenic from drinking water, several technologies such as coagulation, adsorption, ion exchange, filtration, membrane processes, etc., have been used. In this study, three technologies were evaluated for arsenic removal. Results from batch kinetic experiments showed that iron coated sand (IOCS-2) can remove more than 90% of As from synthetic water. Experiments were conducted with three different pH values (6, 7, and 8) and an initial As concentration of 260 μg/L. A new material, developed in this study, namely iron coated sponge (IOCSp), was found to have a high capacity in removing both As (V) and As (III). Each gram of IOCSp adsorbed about 160 μg of As within a 9-hour contact period of IOCSp with As solution. Low pressure nanofiltration removed more than 94% of As from an influent containing 440 μg/L As. The applied pressure was varied from 85 to 500 kPa. © 2006 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Nimbalkar, SS, Choudhury, D & Mandal, JN 2006, 'Seismic stability of reinforced-soil wall by pseudo-dynamic method', Geosynthetics International, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 111-119.
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Determination of the internal stability of reinforced soil walls under earthquake conditions is an important part of seismic design. The horizontal method of slices is used for determining internal stability or for tieback analysis of the reinforced soil wall. A pseudo-dynamic method is adopted in the present analysis, which considers the effect of phase difference in both the shear and primary waves travelling through the backfill due to seismic excitation. Reinforced soil walls with cohesionless backfill material have been considered in the analysis. Results are presented in graphical and tabular form to show the required tensile force and length of geosynthetic reinforcement to maintain the stability of the reinforced soil wall under seismic conditions. The effects of variation of parameters such as soil friction angle and horizontal and vertical seismic accelerations on the stability of the reinforced soil wall have been studied. With an increase of seismic accelerations in both the horizontal and vertical directions the stability of the reinforced soil wall decreases significantly, and thus greater strength and length of the geosynthetic reinforcement are required to maintain stability of the wall. The seismic vertical acceleration in an upward direction gives higher values of the required geosynthetic tensile strength, and the seismic vertical acceleration in the downward direction yields higher values of the length of geosynthetic reinforcement. Comparisons of the present results with available pseudo-static results are shown, and the limitations of the pseudo-static results are highlighted.

Pradhan, B, Kumar, S, Mansor, S, Ramli, AR & Sharif, ARBM 2006, 'Spatial data compression and denoising via wavelet transformation', Applied GIS, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 6.1-6.16.
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Pradhan, B, Sandeep, K, Mansor, S, Ramli, AR & Sharif, ARBM 2006, 'A Fast Processing Algorithm for Lidar Data Compression Using Second Generation Wavelets', KOREAN JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 49-61.

Pradhan, B, Tham, LG, Yue, ZQ, Junaideen, SM & Lee, CF 2006, 'Soil–Nail Pullout Interaction in Loose Fill Materials', International Journal of Geomechanics, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 238-247.
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A laboratory study was conducted to investigate the behavior of soil nails embedded in loosely compacted sandy fills. By varying the overburden pressure, the peak pullout force and the load-displacement behavior were determined by carrying out pullout tests in a displacement-rate controlled manner. The test results were compared to other published ones. The present results show that the pullout resistance can be interpreted with conventional soil parameters. The effect of retrained dilatancy, which is considered to be the reason for high pullout resistance in dense materials, is negligible in loose fill materials except under very low stress level. Furthermore, pullout resistance increases with overburden pressure opposed to some field test results reported in the literature which show no systematic trend in pullout resistance with overburden pressure. A numerical model was developed to simulate the mobilization of pullout force in soil nails. It has been shown that a simple one-dimensional spring model can be used to simulate the pullout load-displacement relationship. © 2006 ASCE.

Saco, PM, Willgoose, GR & Hancock, GR 2006, 'Spatial organization of soil depths using a landform evolution model', Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, vol. 111, no. F2.
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The evolution of soil depths is investigated by modeling the interaction between soil production and surface erosion within a landform evolution model. An enhanced version of the landform evolution model SIBERIA that incorporates a soil evolution module is used to simulate evolving landforms and soils depths over geologic timescales. The spatial and temporal evolution of soil depths are examined at the hillslope scale. Though it is widely accepted among the geomorphology community that soil water enhances chemical, physical and biological weathering processes, its effect has not been explicitly included in published models of soil production. The main scientific questions that we address are (1) what are the implications of incorporating soil moisture dependency in the soil production function and (2) what type of soil production dynamics is needed to generate a bedrock topography that has a different spatial pattern from that of the ground surface. A range of physics for the soil production model is explored. The effect of soil moisture is included using the wetness index obtained from drainage analysis of either surface elevations or the bedrock topography. The results show that the various soil production functions that incorporate either a wetness index or subsurface flow depth based on the bedrock topography give rise to soils that self‐organize with well‐defined spatial patterns and bedrock elevations with spatial organization significantly different from that of the surface. The model that incorporates the influence of subsurface water on soil production is able to naturally generate a soil production rate with a maximum value for a nonzero soil depth and overcomes an inconsistency of previously published “humped” soil production models.

Sathananthan, I & Indraratna, B 2006, 'Laboratory Evaluation of Smear Zone and Correlation between Permeability and Moisture Content', Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 132, no. 7, pp. 942-945.
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Sathananthan, I & Indraratna, B 2006, 'Plane-strain lateral consolidation with non-Darcian flow', Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 119-133.
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New plane-strain lateral consolidation equations are formulated that neglect the well resistance of vertical drains but are applicable for both Darcian and non-Darcian flow. The results of consolidation analyses using conventional Darcian (linear) flow and the new solution based on non-Darcian (exponential) flow are compared. A good match has been obtained between equivalent plane-strain and axisymmetric solutions. The advantage of the equivalent plane-strain procedure is that it not only matches the average degree of radial (axisymmetric) consolidation but also yields a more realistic excess pore pressure distribution in the lateral direction than the Darcian flow condition. The relevant parameters are illustrated graphically for convenience. Good agreement was obtained between the prediction of the new equivalent plane-strain solution and field data from a test area in Ska-Edeby, Sweden.Key words: plane strain, consolidation, soft clay, vertical drains.

Seelsaen, N, McLaughlan, R, Moore, S & Stuetz, RM 2006, 'Pollutant removal efficiency of alternative filtration media in stormwater treatment', WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 54, no. 6-7, pp. 299-305.
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Sorption experiments were used to assess the ability of various materials (sand, compost, packing wood, ash, zeolite, recycled glass and Enviro-media) to remove heavy metal contaminants typically found in stormwater. Compost was found to have the best physicochemical properties for sorption of metal ions (Cu, Zn and Pb) compared with sand, packing wood, ash, zeolite and Enviro-media. The compost sorption of these metal ions conformed to the linear form of the Langmuir adsorption equation with the Langmuir constants (qm) for Zn(II) being 11.2 mg/g at pH 5. However, compost was also found to leach a high concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC, 4.31 mg/g), compared with the other tested materials. Various combinations of sand, compost and other materials were observed to have excellent heavy metal removal (75-96% of Zn and 90-93% of Cu), with minimal DOC leaching (0.0013-2.43 mg/g). The sorption efficiency of the different Enviro-media mixes showed that a combination of traditional (sand) and alternative materials can be used as an effective medium for the treatment of dissolved metal contaminants commonly found in stormwater. The application of using recycled organic materials and other waste materials (such as recycled glass) also provides added value to the products life cycle. © IWA Publishing 2006.

Shahin, MA & Indraratna, B 2006, 'Modeling the mechanical behavior of railway ballast using artificial neural networks', Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol. 43, no. 11, pp. 1144-1152.
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Ballast is one of the most commonly used construction materials in railway tracks. Under heavy train loads, ballast is subjected to a high stress level that is always associated with significant track deformation. Consequently, an accurate prediction of the mechanical behavior of ballast under static and dynamic loading conditions is important for the stability of railway tracks. In this paper, the feasibility of using artificial neural networks (ANNs) for modeling the mechanical behavior of railway ballast under static loading is investigated. The database used for the development of the ANN model is obtained from selected literature and comprises a series of 29 large-scale drained triaxial compression tests conducted on three types of commonly used ballast (i.e., basalt, dolomite, and granite). Predictions from the ANN model are compared with the results of experimental tests and with those obtained from the hardening-soil constitutive model in PLAXIS finite-element code. The results indicate that the ANN model is able to accurately predict the stress–strain and volume change behavior of ballast. The plastic dilation and contraction of ballast at various confining pressures and the strain-hardening and postpeak strain-softening behavior of ballast are also well simulated.Key words: ballast, modeling, neural networks, prediction, railway, triaxial tests.

Shon, H, Erdei, L & Kim, J 2006, 'Constituent of Natural Organic Matter (NOM) and its effect in water', Journal of the Korean Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 119-124.
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Natural organic matter (NOM) should be carefully considered in terms of its constituent and effect because NOM is complex substances that occur in spatially and seasonally varying concentrations in natural water. This review presents characteristics of natural organic matter present in water. These compounds mainly include humic substances, carbohydrates, proteins (amino acids), hexosamines, fats, oils, greases, and trace organic compounds (endocrine disrupting chemicals and pharmaceuticals and personal care products)

Shon, H-K, Kim, S-H, Erdei, L & Vigneswaran, S 2006, 'Analytical methods of size distribution for organic matter in water and wastewater', KOREAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 581-591.
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Organic matter (OM), such as natural organic matter (NOM) in surface waters, and effluent organic matter (EfOM) in wastewaters causes many problems. For example, color, taste and odor derogate potable water quality, while the presence of endocrine disrup

Shon, HK, Vigneswaran, S & Ngo, HH 2006, 'Effect of partial flocculation and adsorption as pretreatment to ultrafiltration', AICHE JOURNAL, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 207-216.
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In this study, the sufficiency of flocculation and adsorption with reduced doses of ferric chloride and powdered activated carbon (PAC) as pretreatment to ultrafiltration. (UF) was investigated. A 50 mg/L dose of FeCl3 and 0.5 g/L of PAC removed a majori

Shon, HK, Vigneswaran, S & Snyder, SA 2006, 'Effluent Organic Matter (EfOM) in Wastewater: Constituents, Effects, and Treatment', Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 327-374.
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Wastewater reuse is being increasingly emphasized as a strategy for conservation of limited resources of freshwater and as a mean of safeguarding the aquatic environment due to contaminants present in wastewater. Although secondary and tertiary treated wastewater is often discharged into surface waters, it cannot be reused without further treatment. One of the parameters of concern for human and environmental health is components of organic matter originating from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents. This effluent organic matter (EfOM) should be carefully characterized in order to find an optimum treatment method for water reuse. This review presents the components of EfOM present in WWTP effluents and various treatment methods that may be employed for reduction of EfOM. These processes include flocculation, adsorption, biofiltration, ion exchange, advanced oxidation process, and membrane technology. The removal efficiency is discussed in terms of removal of total organic carbon, endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), different polarity fractions (such as hydrophobic and hydrophilic), and molecular weight distribution of organic matter. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Shon, HK, Vigneswaran, S, Kim, IS, Cho, J & Ngo, HH 2006, 'Fouling of ultrafiltration membrane by effluent organic matter: A detailed characterization using different organic fractions in wastewater', JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE, vol. 278, no. 1-2, pp. 232-238.
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Membrane fouling caused by hydrophobic (HP), transphilic (TP), and hydrophilic (HL) fractions in biologically treated sewage effluent (BTSE) are still not well understood. Some researches reported that the HP fraction (humic substances) were the major pr

Shon, HK, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH, Johnston, A, Kim, IS & Cho, J 2006, 'Performance of flocculation and adsorption pretreatments to ultrafiltration of biologically treated sewage effluent: The effect of seasonal variations', SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 41, no. 16, pp. 3585-3596.
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The effect of seasonal variations on ultrafiltration (UF) following pretreatment was investigated in terms of organic removal, removal of fraction, and molecular weight (MW) distribution. The MW range of effluent organic matter (EfOM) in biologically treated sewage effluent during winter (BTSE-W) consisted of large MW. However, the MW ranged from 3000 to 200 daltons in biologically treated sewage effluent in the summer (BTSE-S). During filtration experiments of BTSE-S, the UF NTR 7410 filter showed rapid flux decline with time without pretreatment. FeCl3 flocculation removed the hydrophobic (HP) and hydrophilic (HL) fractions with different trends. In winter the HP fraction was removed up to 68.5%, whereas during the summer season, the HL fraction was removed by up to 59.8%. Flocculation removed large MW organics together with small MW, while PAC removed the majority of small MW organics. The flux decline with adsorption was also more severe than that with flocculation. Considering MW distribution, when large MW was removed by flocculation, the flux decline was minimized, whereas PAC adsorption which removed small MW still decreased the permeate flux.

Smith, AJ 2006, 'Continued Psychometric Evaluation of an Intuition Instrument for Nursing Students', Journal of Holistic Nursing, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 82-89.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of a revised intuition instrument developed for nursing students. Method: Principal component factor analysis was used to establish construct validity, and the Cronbach’s alpha was used to examine reliability. Findings: Statistical analysis resulted in a 26-item intuition instrument with 6 factors accounting for 62% of the variance. The factors were labeled as Feelings That Reassure (27.7%), Spiritual Connections (10.9%), Feelings That Alert (8.4%), Feelings That Forewarn (5.8%), Physical Sensations That Alert (4.7%), and Reading Physical Cues (4.2%). Eigenvalues ranged from 1.100 to 7.225, and factor loadings ranged from .572 to .848. The overall Cronbach’s alpha was .89 with a range of .73 to .85 for each factor. Conclusions: The 26-item intuition instrument showed evidence of construct validity and reliability. Implications: The intuition instrument can serve as a stimulus to foster students’ intuitive abilities.

Smith, PJ, Shon, HK, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH & Nguyen, H 2006, 'Productivity enhancement in a cross-flow ultrafiltration membrane system through automated de-clogging operations', JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE, vol. 280, no. 1-2, pp. 82-88.
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A membrane system only has a limited operational lifetime, whereby it becomes so severely fouled that continued operation must be stopped. In the cross-flow configuration of membrane filtration of wastewater, both increased cross-flow velocities and decr

Smith, PJ, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH, Ben-Aim, R & Nguyen, H 2006, 'A new approach to backwash initiation in membrane systems', JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE, vol. 278, no. 1-2, pp. 381-389.
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Smith, PJ, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH, Nguyen, HT & Ben-Aim, R 2006, 'Application of an automation system and a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system for the optimal operation of a membrane adsorption hybrid system', WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 53, no. 4-5, pp. 179-184.
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The application of automation and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems to municipal water and wastewater treatment plants is rapidly increasing. However, the application of these systems is less frequent in the research and developmen

Stewart, MG 2006, 'Spatial variability of damage and expected maintenance costsfor deteriorating RC structures', Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 79-90.
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Stewart, MG & Netherton, MD 2006, 'Performance, Reliability and Security Risks of Glazing Subject to Explosive Blast Loading', Australian Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 23-36.
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Stewart, MG, Netherton, MD & Rosowsky, DV 2006, 'Terrorism Risks and Blast Damage to Built Infrastructure', Natural Hazards Review, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 114-122.
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There is increasing interest in the use of risk management techniques for assessing vulnerability of built infrastructure to the 'new' (man-made) hazard of terrorism. As such, the various uncertainties and risks associated with terrorism must be quantified and then used as the basis for assessing the viability and relative benefits of different mitigation measures, such as the use of blast-resistant technologies and other protective measures. In this paper, a probabilistic risk assessment procedure is developed to predict risks of damage arising from blast damage to built infrastructure. Issues related to risk assessment, including the concept of 'risk transfer' and comparisons with natural hazards, are also discussed. To illustrate the concepts described, a preliminary reliability analysis is conducted, where fragility and blast reliability curves are developed for common glazing systems subject to explosive blast. The probabilistic analyses include the uncertainties associated with blast modeling, glazing response, and glazing failure criteria, and these are used to assess the effectiveness of various glazing systems. © ASCE.

Thomas, PS, Brown, LD, Ray, AS & Prince, KE 2006, 'A SIMS study of the transition elemental distribution between bands in banded Australian sedimentary opal from the Lightning Ridge locality', NEUES JAHRBUCH FUR MINERALOGIE-ABHANDLUNGEN, vol. 182, no. 2, pp. 193-199.
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The elemental distribution of trace elements in banded Australian sedimentary opals from the Lightning Ridge region was investigated using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Data were acquired using both spot analysis and spatial analysis by steppin

Tijing, LD, Pak, BC, Baek, BJ & Lee, DH 2006, 'A study on heat transfer enhancement using straight and twisted internal fin inserts', International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 719-726.
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Varman, M, Mahlia, TMI & Masjuki, HH 2006, 'Method for calculating annual energy efficiency improvement of TV sets', Energy Policy, vol. 34, no. 15, pp. 2429-2432.
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Vexler, A, Liu, A, Schisterman, EF & Wu, C 2006, 'Note on distribution-free estimation of maximum linear separation of two multivariate distributions', Journal of Nonparametric Statistics, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 145-158.
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We consider the linear separation of two continuous multivariate distributions. Under mild conditions, the optimal linear separation exists uniquely. A kernel-smoothed approach is proposed to estimate the optimal linear combination and the corresponding separation measure. The proposed method yields consistent estimators allowing the construction of confidence intervals.

Vieira, CS 2006, 'Discussion and Response: Seismic stability of reinforced-soil wall by pseudo-dynamic method', Geosynthetics International, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 277-278.
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Walker, R & Indraratna, B 2006, 'Vertical Drain Consolidation with Parabolic Distribution of Permeability in Smear Zone', Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 132, no. 7, pp. 937-941.
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Wan, D, Fu, Q & Huang, J 2006, 'Synthesis of a thioether modified hyperbranched polyglycerol and its template effect on fabrication of CdS and CdSe nanoparticles', Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 102, no. 4, pp. 3679-3684.
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AbstractA thioether‐containing hyperbranched polyglycerol (PG) was synthesized by a simple and effective two‐step reaction; first a part of the hydroxyls of PG was transformed to carbamates by the reaction with the highly reactive 2‐chloroethyl isocyanate, and then the chlorine group was S‐alkylated with HS(CH2)nOH (n = 2, 6, 11). The resulting PGs with various molecular weights were successfully used as template for synthesis of nanoscale cadmium chalcogenide quantum dots (QDs). It was found that the size of these QDs was dependent on the polymer template. Moreover, after solvent evaporation, the polymer was assembled into large cluster, and a variety of morphologies were formed by the cluster inside the QDs. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3679–3684, 2006

Wan, D, Fu, Q & Huang, J 2006, 'Synthesis of amphiphilic hyperbranched polyglycerol polymers and their application as template for size control of gold nanoparticles', Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 101, no. 1, pp. 509-514.
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AbstractAmphiphilic thioether‐containing core‐shell polymers were synthesized by two‐step reaction of hyperbranched polyglycerol (PG): first the hydroxyls of PG were O‐alkylated with 1‐bromo‐3‐chloropropane by improved Williamson reaction, and 31.6% of the hydroxyls were transformed to allyl groups and 22.4% of hydroxyls to 3‐chloropropyl; then the residual 3‐chloropropyl groups were efficiently S‐alkylated with 1‐dodecanethiol. Thus the amphiphilic polymers composed of hydrophobic thioether‐containing shell and hydrophilic PG core were formed and could be used as template for the synthesis of zero‐valent gold nanoparticles by the coordination interaction between gold species and thioether. The resulting colloids were stable and the size of the encapsulated gold nanoparticles could be adjusted by changing the molecular weight/size of the PG core of the amphiphilic derivatives. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 509–514, 2006

Wang, JN & Li, YC 2006, 'Dynamic simulation and test verification of MR shock absorber under impact load', JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT MATERIAL SYSTEMS AND STRUCTURES, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 309-314.
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The magnetorheological (MR) shock absorber is one of the most promising new devices for vibration reduction. Many investigations have been carried out on low velocity and frequency applications of MR devices. The use of the MR shock absorber under impact load is of great interest. The now widely used MR damper models, such as the Bingham model, cannot explain sufficiently the shear thinning behavior under impact loads. However, the HerschelBulkley model can be used to explain the same. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the behavior of the MR shock absorber under impact load and to verify the analytical conclusions and experiments. First, some dynamic simulations on the MR shock absorber under impact loads in Matlab and Simulink are carried out. The model describes the dynamic characteristics especially the shear thinning behavior of the shock absorber, based on this model, then analyzes the variations of piston acceleration and back cavity pressure of MR shock absorber at both same and different flow indices. A test rig is developed to test the characteristics of the long-stroke MR shock absorber under impact loads. Comparisons between the simulation and the test results are made to validate our conclusions. The results indicate that the peak acceleration value of the piston rod and the pressure of the back cavity are decided by the peak value and the duration of the impact force. The peak value of the acceleration and the cavity pressure cannot be changed, but the transitional time of the acceleration of the piston and the pressure of the back cavity of MR shock absorber can be controlled by changing the applied current in the electromagnetic coil. MR shock absorbers will be the most promising shock reduction device under an impact environment.

White, R, Phillips, MR, Thomas, P & Wuhrer, R 2006, 'In-situ investigation of discolouration processes between historic oil paint pigments', MICROCHIMICA ACTA, vol. 155, no. 1-2, pp. 319-322.
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Discolouring interactions between paint pigments have been observed since the mid 19th century. The source of some of these discolourations is the production of copper sulfides from an interaction between cadmium sulfide pigments and copper containing pigments. In this work, the discolouring interaction between cadmium yellow and malachite pigments was observed dynamically using the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM).

Wu, C & Hao, H 2006, 'Derivation of 3D masonry properties using numerical homogenization technique', International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, vol. 66, no. 11, pp. 1717-1737.
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AbstractLots of research work has been conducted on homogenization technique, which derives global homogenized properties of masonry from the behaviour of the constitutive materials (brick and mortar). Such a technique mainly focused on two‐dimensional media in the previous studies with the out‐of‐plane properties of masonry material neglected. In this paper, homogenization technique and damage mechanics theory are used to model a three‐dimensional masonry basic cell to numerically derive the equivalent elastic properties, strength envelope, and failure characteristics of masonry material. The basic cell is modelled with distinctive consideration of non‐linear material properties of mortar and brick. Various displacement boundaries are applied on the basic cell surfaces in the numerical simulation. The detailed material properties of mortar and brick are modelled in a finite element program in the numerical analysis. The stress–strain relations of masonry material under various conditions are obtained from the simulation. The homogenized elastic properties and failure characteristics of masonry material are derived from the simulation results. The homogenized 3D model is then utilized to analyse the response of a masonry panel to airblast loads. The same panel is also analysed with distinctive material modelling. The efficiency and accuracy of the homogenized model are demonstrated. The homogenized material properties and failure model can be used to model large‐scale masonry structure response. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Wu, C & Hao, H 2006, 'Numerical prediction of rock mass damage due to accidental explosions in an underground ammunition storage chamber', Shock Waves, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 43-54.
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Wu, C, Oehlers, DJ & Xia, S 2006, 'Retrofitting of RC slabs against explosive loads', Transactions of Tianjin University, vol. 12, no. SUPPL., pp. 88-93.
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With the increase of terrorist bomb attacks on buildings, there is a need to develop advanced retrofitting techniques to strengthen structures against blast loads. Currently, several guidelines including an Australian version for retrofitting reinforced concrete (RC) structures are available for the design of retrofitting systems against seismic and monotonic loads using steel or fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) plates that can be either adhesively bonded to the surface or near surface mounted to the concrete cover. However, none of these guidelines provide advice suitable for retrofitting structures subjected to blast loads. Numerical models are used to simulate the performance of retrofitted RC slabs subjected to blast loads. Airblast pressure distributions on the surface of the slabs estimated in a previous study are used as input in the analysis. A material damage model developed previously for concrete and an elastoplastic model for steel bars are employed for modeling reinforced concrete behavior due to explosive loads. The material models and blast loading are coded into a finite element computer program LS-DYNA3D to do the analysis. With the numerical model, parametric studies are conducted to investigate RC slabs retrofitted by either externally bonded or near-surface mounted plates or glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets subjected to blast loads. Discussion is made on the effectiveness of the retrofitting system for RC slabs against blast loads.

Yadav, NN, Maheswaran, S, Shutthanandan, V, Thevuthasan, S, Hart, TR, Ngo, HH & Vigneswaran, S 2006, 'Comparison of analytical techniques for analysis of arsenic adsorbed on carbon', WATER QUALITY RESEARCH JOURNAL OF CANADA, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 185-189.
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Activated carbon (AC) has been used extensively to treat arsenic-contaminated groundwater for a number of years. To date, attempts to quantify directly the amount of arsenic removed by the activated carbon using nondestructive methods has been limited. H

Yadav, NN, Maheswaran, S, Shutthanandan, V, Thevuthasan, S, Ngo, HH & Vigneswaran, S 2006, 'Quantification of arsenic in activated carbon using particle induced X-ray emission', NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS, vol. 251, no. 1, pp. 191-196.
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To date, the trace elemental analysis of solids with inhomogencous internal structure has been limited, particularly in the case of adsorbents. High-energy ion beam based particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) is an ideal analytical too] suitable for sim

Zhang, R, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH & Nguyen, H 2006, 'Magnetic ion exchange (MIEX®) resin as a pre-treatment to a submerged membrane system in the treatment of biologically treated wastewater', Desalination, vol. 192, no. 1-3, pp. 296-302.
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Magnetic ion exchange (MIEX®) resin can remove a majority of hydrophilic compounds and a significant amount of hydrophobic compounds from biologically treated secondary effluent within a short contact time of 20 min. It removed a majority of small molecular weight organic compounds from the wastewater. MIEX® resin can easily be regenerated and even after several regenerations, it gives almost the same organic removal efficiency. MIEX® process, when used as pre-treatment to a submerged membrane reactor, resulted in a very high organic removal while significantly reducing the membrane fouling. The membrane fouling was further reduced by an addition of a small dose of powdered activated carbon (PAC) in the submerged membrane reactor. Combining MIEX® process with other pre-treatment methods such as adsorption, very high removal of organic matter can be achieved. © 2006.

Zhang, ZL, Hibberd, A & Zhou, JL 2006, 'Optimisation of derivatisation for the analysis of estrogenic compounds in water by solid-phase extraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry', Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 577, no. 1, pp. 52-61.
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An optimisation of derivatisation methods for the simultaneous determination of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in water by solid-phase extraction (SPE) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed in this study. Seven highly potent EDCs including 17β-estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), 16α-hydroxyestrone, 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2), bisphenol A, 4-nonylphenol and 4-tert-octylphenol were selected as the target compounds. The SPE technique, followed by the derivatisation with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) was used for the extraction recoveries of compounds from water and effluent samples. The stability of the silylation derivatives under different reaction conditions was investigated. The combined use of BSTFA and pyridine as derivatisation reagents, together with the use of hexane as the final solvent, was preferred in order to generate more stable derivatives of EDCs. The relative response factor (RRF) of all derivatives except that of EE2 was stable 120 h after derivatisation. The addition of pyridine as derivatisation reagent with BSTFA can prevent the conversion of EE2 to other products during the reaction. Several parameters that may affect the recovery of EDCs, such as the SPE flow rate, and water properties including aquatic colloid content and surfactant concentration were tested. The results showed that the flow rate (1-25 mL min-1), colloid concentration (0-50 mg L-1) and surfactants concentration (0-10 μg L-1) did not cause significant decrease in the EDCs recovery. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Zhou, JL 2006, 'Sorption and Remobilization Behavior of 4-tert-Octylphenol in Aquatic Systems', Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 40, no. 7, pp. 2225-2234.
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The sorption and desorption of 4-tert-octylphenol in aquatic systems were studied to unravel the underlying controls. The sorption process was relatively slow, reaching a final sorption equilibrium in 10 d. The sorption process was interpreted as consisting of two stages: an initial rapid adsorption on particle surface followed by a slow intraparticle diffusion. The key parameter affecting the sorption of 4-tert-octylphenol by sediment is the occurrence of colloids, which in turn explains the so-called sediment concentration (SC) effect. This was confirmed by the increasing amount of colloids with increasing SC, and the relative constancy of intrinsic partition coefficient of 4-tert-octylphenol between sediment and water (Kp) and between colloids and water (Kc). Further evidence was from the nonoccurrence of SC effect from the addition of the same amount of colloids in different SC. The adsorption equilibrium is best described by the Freundlich model at low equilibrium concentrations. The adsorption of 4-tert-octylphenol was enhanced in the presence of salts, due to the salting out effect, and a salting constant of 1.3 L/mol was obtained. Desorption experiments showed that the release of 4-tert-octylphenol from contaminated sediments was highly dependent on the 'age' of sediments, with kinetics of desorption being much faster in fresh sediments than in 'aged' sediments. © 2006 American Chemical Society.

Zhu, XQ & Law, SS 2006, 'Moving load identification on multi-span continuous bridges with elastic bearings', Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 1759-1782.
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Zhu, XQ & Law, SS 2006, 'Wavelet-based crack identification of bridge beam from operational deflection time history', International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol. 43, no. 7-8, pp. 2299-2317.
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Zhu, XQ, Law, SS & Bu, JQ 2006, 'A State Space Formulation for Moving Loads Identification', Journal of Vibration and Acoustics, vol. 128, no. 4, pp. 509-520.
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A new moving load identification method formulated in state space with regularization on the solution is presented. The bridge deck is modeled as an orthotropic rectangular plate, and the loads are modeled as a group of loads moving on top of the bridge deck at a fixed distance and at a constant speed. The Hamilton principle and the modal superposition principle are included in the formulation. Numerical simulations and experimental tests are employed for the verification and illustration on the effectiveness of the proposed method. The effects of different sensor location, different load path eccentricity, different types of measured information, and measurement noise have been investigated, and the effect of the aspect ratio of the bridge deck is also studied. It is concluded that nine sensors collecting information from nine vibration modes would give reasonably accurate identified results over the practical range of aspect ratio of a modern bridge deck. Acceleration responses are preferred over the velocity and strain responses in this study, and the same type of response should be collected for the same supporting beam in the longitudinal direction.

Ball, JE 1970, 'Uncertainty Analysis on Spatially Variable Control Parameters: An Application of the Genetic Algorithm Coupled with SWMM', International Conference on Hydrology in Asia, International Conference on Hydrology in Asia, Guangzhou, China.

Brennan, J & Martin, E 1970, 'Membership Functions for Spatial Proximity', AI 2006: Advances in Artificial Intelligence, Australasian Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Hobart, Australia, pp. 942-949.
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Formalising nearness has been the subject of extensive work, resulting in many membership functions based on absolute distance metrics, relative distance metrics, and combinations of those. The possible strengths and weaknesses of these functions have been discussed and argued at length, but strangely enough, no experiment seems to have been conducted to assess the merits and shortcomings of competing approaches. Conducting such experiments can be expected not only to provide an objective evaluation of the various measures that have been proposed, but also to suggest new measures that outperform all those being analysed. This paper fulfills these expectations, and gives further evidence that fuzzy logic provides fruitful and powerful methods to formalise qualitative reasoning and capture fundamental qualitative notions. The proposed fuzzy membership functions can be directly used in qualitative reasoning about spatial proximity in Geographic Information Systems, which are becoming more and more important in software development for diverse purposes such as Tourist Information Systems or property development.

Bu, JQ & Zhu, XQ 1970, 'Bridge damage identification by dynamic response of the passing vehicle based on response sensitivity', Structural Health Monitoring and Intelligent Infrastructure - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Structural Health Monitoring of Intelligent Infrastructure, SHMII 2005, 2nd International Conference on Structural Health Monitoring of Intelligent Infrastructure, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, Shenzhen, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 869-874.
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This paper presents the bridge damage detection from the response of the vehicle moving on a simply supported bridge discretized into m Euler beam elements based on dynamic response sensitivity analysis respect to bridge damage indices. The moving vehicle is modeled as a one-degree-of-freedom system comprising three parameters. The response of the vehicle and its sensitivity respect to bridge parameters can be solved by Newmark method. The bridge damage described as reduction of bridge bending stiffness of each element. Starting with zero initial damage indices vector, the identification can be realized based on the combination of least-squares method and regularization technique from the simulated measured vehicle acceleration measurements. Simulation studies indicate that the identified results are acceptable and the identification method is practicable and effective. © 2006 Taylor & Francis Group.

Cheah, C & Ball, JE 1970, 'An Alternative Approach to Modelling Stormwater Runoff From Small Urban Catchments', Environmental Research Event 2006, Environmental Research Event Conference, James Cook University, Sydney, Australia, pp. 48-55.

Choi, FC, Crews, K, Samali, B & Li, J 1970, 'Calibration of a laboratory timber bridge finite element model using the experimental modal data', 9th World Conference on Timber Engineering 2006, WCTE 2006, pp. 879-886.
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In recent years, a great deal of attention has been focused on the condition and safety of aging timber bridges in Australia. Vibration-based damage identification techniques to detect structural deterioration at an early stage have significant potential to reduce the costs and down-time associated with repair of damaged members as well as enhancing the safety and reliability of timber bridges. In this paper, the process of developing and calibrating a scale timber bridge, which accurately simulates the behaviour of a 'real' bridge under laboratory conditions, is presented. A finite element (FE) model has been developed and calibrated with experimental modal data. The FE model shows acceptable correlations when compared to the experimental data, with minor adjustment of the actual material properties. It forms a tool for predicting the behaviour of the damaged laboratory bridge, as well as potential identification of damage in real timber bridges.

Choi, FC, Li, J, Samali, B & Crews, K 1970, 'Impact of different numerical techniques on damage identification in structures', Materials, Experimentation, Maintenance and Rehabilitation - Proceedings of the 10th East Asia-Pacific Conference on Structural Engineering and Construction, EASEC 2010, East Asia-Pacific Conference on Structural Engineering and Construction, School of Engineering and Technology, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 111-116.
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Damage identification techniques have been widely investigated and used for structural damage evaluation. Many researchers have shown good results in detecting, locating and quantifying damage in structures using various damage identification algorithms and methods. One of the popular and promising damage identification methods is modified damage index (MDI) which utilises modal strain energy (MSE) and a statistical approach. However, when using this damage identification method, numerical techniques used in realising the damage detection algorithm plays an important role for the final outcome. The use of different techniques in detection of damage has not been widely investigated. In this paper, a finite element (FE) model of a timber beam was developed as a test structure. Modal responses of the test structure were generated using a FE software package. The damage index algorithm, utilising modal strain energy as its damage indicator, was computed. In the computation process, different numerical techniques at different stages were utilised to process the data. Since in practice, the number of modal data is usually limited, it is recommended that the mode shape data to be expanded using mode shape reconstruction technique. Thus, the raw data was reconstructed using two different mode shape reconstruction techniques, namely Shannon's sampling theorem and cubic spline. The computation of MDI is enabled by numerical integration method. In this paper, two numerical integration methods were performed viz trapezoidal and rectangular rules. The manipulated data is subsequently transformed into standard normal space. The mode shape was mass normalised and the mode shape curvature was normalised with respect to the maximum value of each considered mode. For practicality purposes, the first two flexural mode shapes were used in the algorithms computation. Among the two proposed numerical integration methods, the rectangular rule has shown greater potential. The cubic spli...

Choudhury, D, Nimbalkar, SS & Mandal, JN 1970, 'Influence of soil-wall interface friction on pseudo-dynamic earth pressure', 8th US National Conference on Earthquake Engineering 2006, pp. 6466-6475.
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Knowledge of the dynamic earth pressure is essential for the safe design of retaining wall in the seismic zone due to the devastating effect of earthquake. In this paper the seismic earth pressure on a rigid retaining structure for both active and passive conditions are determined by pseudo-dynamic method. Conventional pseudo-static approach gives the linear distribution of seismic earth pressure behind retaining wall in an approximate way. However, the proposed pseudodynamic method gives the non-linear distribution of seismic earth pressure in more realistic manner by considering the variation of shear and primary wave velocities along the depth of the wall combined with the horizontal and vertical seismic accelerations. Movement of the wall with respect to soil guides the formation of active or passive earth pressure along with the frictional force at soil-wall. Results are presented in graphical form for non-dimensional seismic earth pressure distribution for different cases of wall friction angle under both active and passive conditions. Design values of the seismic earth pressure coefficients are found to change significantly under seismic conditions. Comparison of present results with pseudo-static approach describes the necessity and merits of the present solution. Copyright © (2006) by Earthquake Engineering Research Institute All rights reserved.

CHUA, HC, LEONG, EC, JAYANATHAN, M, INDRARATNA, B, WELIDENIYA, HS, KAWAKITA, M, OHTSUKA, I, IWANO, M, SHIMAYA, S, MATSUBARA, M, VALUER, F, BOULON, M, MITANI, Y, ESAKI, T, ZHANG, FM, CHEN, ZY, WANG, XG, JIA, ZX, DONG, YF, ZHANG, FM, LI, J, WU, L, WANG, XG & CHEN, ZY 1970, 'EXTENDED ABSTRACTS: 8. DISCONTINUITIES – 8.1. General', Rock Mechanics in Underground Construction, Proceedings of the ISRM International Symposium 2006 and the 4th Asian Rock Mechanics Symposium, WORLD SCIENTIFIC.
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Crews, K & Hutchings, B 1970, 'Defining appropriate limit states for design of timber connections', 9th World Conference on Timber Engineering 2006, WCTE 2006, pp. 1495-1502.
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Both Australia and New Zealand design standards for timber structures are in limit states format, but these are first generation soft conversions of previous working stress design standards. There are now moves to develop a joint Australian and New Zealand standard and increased realisation regarding the limitations of the current methodologies. The current standards contain characteristic strength properties that were arrived at by merely adjusting permissible values with a factor to compensate for the application of load factors. For connection design this soft conversion process has resulted in characteristic strength properties that are, in many cases based upon joint displacement criteria and do not satisfactorily reflect the need in limit states design to distinguish between serviceability and strength considerations. This paper will discuss these matters and present details of some preliminary research work, with recommendations for future development.

Crews, KI 1970, 'Recommended Procedures for Determination of Distribution Widths in the Design of Stress Laminated Timber Plate Decks', Proceedings of the 39th Meeting of W18 - Timber Structures, Meeting of W18 - Timber Structures, CIB - International Council for research and innovation in building and construction, Florence, Italy, pp. 1-10.
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NA

Crews, KI & Hutchings, B 1970, 'Defining Appropriate Limit States for Design of Timber Connections', Proceedings CD of WCTE 2006 - 9th World Conference on Timber Engineering, World Conference on Timber Engineering, WCTE, Portland, USA, pp. 1-8.
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Both Australia and New Zealand design standards for timber structures are in limit states format, but these are first generation soft conversions of previous working stress design standards. There are now moves to develop a joint Australian and New Zealand standard and increased realisation regarding the limitations of the current methodologies. The current standards contain characteristic strength properties that were arrived at by merely adjusting permissible values with a factor to compensate for the application of load factors. For connection design this soft conversion process has resulted in characteristic strength properties that are, in many cases based upon joint displacement criteria and do not satisfactorily reflect the need in limit states design to distinguish between serviceability and strength considerations. This paper will discuss these matters and present details of some preliminary research work, with recommendations for future development

Ding, GK 1970, 'Assessing environmental performance of housings in Australia - A BASIX approach', BEAR Construction Sustainability and Innovation 2006 CIB W89 - International Conference on Building Education and Research, International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction (CIB) Meetings, Workshops, Symposia, Conferences, Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, pp. 1-124.

Ding, GK 1970, 'Towards sustainable construction - Implementing sustainability education at university level', AUBEA 2006 Conference Proceedings, Australian Universities Building Education Association Annual Conference, Faculty of Design, Architecture and Building, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-72.

Fatahi, B, Indraratna, B & Khabbaz, H 1970, 'Modelling of soil improvement induced by tree root suction', Soft Ground Engineering: Proceedings of the Sydney Chapter 2006 Symposium, Sydney Chapter Symposium, Engineers Australia, Sydney, Australia, pp. 155-166.
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NA

François, R, Castel, A, Vidal, T & Vu, N-A 1970, 'Long term corrosion behavior of reinforced concrete structures in chloride environnement', Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings), NUCPERF 2006, International Workshop, EDP Sciences, Cadarache, FRANCE, pp. 285-293.
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Gerber, C, Crews, K & Sigrist, C 1970, 'Assessment of the composite action of wood stressed-skin panels', Materials, Experimentation, Maintenance and Rehabilitation - Proceedings of the 10th East Asia-Pacific Conference on Structural Engineering and Construction, EASEC 2010, pp. 39-44.
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In 2002, a comprehensive investigation on wood stressed skin panels (SSP) was launched at the University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), Australia. This research enabled obtaining a better understanding of the serviceability and ultimate performances of SSP systems, and of the section properties. This paper presents analyses on the composite action considering continuous and discontinuous sheathing. The principle of linear distribution of the strains along the depth of SSP section is verified using data observed at the specimen mid-span. The analysis demonstrated that full composite action can be expected in SSP structures with continuous sheathing. It appeared that discontinuities in the sheathing disturb the strain distribution indicating some deterioration of the composite action. © 2006 by School of Engineering and Technology, Asian Institute of Technology.

Gerber, C, Crews, K & Sigrist, C 1970, 'Design review of wood stressed-skin panels: The tributary width', Real Structures: Bridges and Tall Buildings - Proceedings of the 10th East Asia-Pacific Conference on Structural Engineering and Construction, EASEC 2010, pp. 99-104.
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Wood stressed skin panels (SSP) consist of multiple layers (panels and joists) assembled structurally together. Linear strain distribution is expected over the depth of the SSP section and full composite action is assumed. In 2002, a comprehensive investigation on SSP was launched at the University of Technology, Sydney. This research aims to provide a better understanding of SSP behaviours such as the serviceability and ultimate responses. During this research, a thorough review of the design methods was conducted and differences between the design procedures were identified. These differences are related to the way the composite and two-way actions are accounted for and the stresses are verified. This paper presents a review of design guidelines for estimating the section properties of SSP systems. It has a special focus on the tributary width because it corresponds to an important aspect of SSP composites. © 2006 by School of Engineering and Technology, Asian Institute of Technology.

Gerber, C, Crews, K & Sigrist, C 1970, 'On the service responses and failure mechanisms of stressed-skin panels - Experimental approach', 9th World Conference on Timber Engineering 2006, WCTE 2006, World Conference on Timber Engineering, WCTE 2006, Portland, USA, pp. 1800-1807.
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In 2002 a large-scale investigation on stressed-skin panels (SSP) commenced at the University of Technology, Sydney. 27 full-scale specimens, manufactured according to Australian practices, were investigated under bending conditions with various load configurations. The tests also considered the effects of boundary conditions such as blocking and the influence of defects. The laboratory investigation comprised a series of non-destructive and destructive tests, which enabled identifying the serviceability and ultimate responses of SSP specimens. Procedures capable of predicting/simulating the behaviours of SSP systems have also been developed, including a finite element model (FEM) and a mathematical procedure. Both numerical approaches are capable of predicting serviceability responses of SSP structures accurately and have led to development of a recommended amendment to section 5 of AS 1720.1.

Gerber, C, Crews, K & Sigrist, C 1970, 'Simulating the serviceability of stressed-skin panels with changing boundary conditions - Finite element approach', 9th World Conference on Timber Engineering 2006, WCTE 2006, pp. 1792-1799.
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Between 2002 and 2006, a major research and development project has been undertaken at the University of Technology, Sydney, to investigate and quantify the structural performance of stressed skin panel (SSP) floor systems. The project involved full-scale testing of 27 specimens, constructed in a variety of configurations and subjected to a series of non-destructive and destructive tests, which enabled identifying the serviceability and ultimate responses of SSP specimens. The responses of the laboratory specimens were estimated using the design guidelines of Eurocode 5 (EC5) [1] because of the absence of directive in the current edition of the Australian code, AS 1720.1-1997 [2]. This paper presents details of numerical approaches that were then subsequently developed to be capable of accurately predicting serviceability responses of SSP structures, using both finite element modelling and mathematical procedures.

Guo, W 1970, 'Application of biological activated carbon for organic removal in wastewater reuse', . The Symposium of Centre of Excellence on Global Renaissance by Green Energy Revolution, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Japan.
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In this study, both biological activated carbon (Powdered activated carbon (PAC) and granular activated carbon (GAC)) used in a submerged membrane â adsorption hybrid system (SMAHS) and a biological filtration system was evaluated for organic removal in wastewater reuse. The results indicated that the application of biological activated carbon in low strength wastewater treatment produced effluent of high quality that can be used for various reuse purposes. The adsorption and biological activity lead to a consistent effluent organic concentration over a long period of time. The submerged membrane adsorption hybrid system (SMAHS) was very effective in removing dissolved organic substances from the synthetic wastewater even with a low dosage of biological powdered activated carbon (BPAC). The adsorbed organics on the BPAC is biodegraded with time, and hence it creates sites for further adsorption of organics on the BPAC. The BPAC replacement in BPAC-MF reactor could stimulate both biological activity and adsorption, as well as optimize the operation of the hybrid system. Biological granular activated carbon (BGAC) consistently maintained an organic removal efficiency of 60% even with a shallow filter depth of 300 mm and after 42 days of operation. The growth of biomass onto BGAC experiments indicated that the attachment of biomass was quite consistent with about 85 mg/g GAC after 15 days in contact with synthetic wastewater. It was found that the amount of fixed biomass on filter media was proportionally related to biological dissolved oxygen consumption rate.

Indraratna, B & Fatahi, B 1970, 'Sensitivity analysis to examine tree root effectiveness in soft ground stabilisation', Numerical Methods in Geotechnical Engineering, European Conference on Numerical Methods in Geotechnical Engineering, Balkema, Taylor & Francis Group, Austria, pp. 735-741.
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ABSTRACT: Native vegetation in Australia is becoming increasingly popular for stabilising railway corridors built over soft soils. A model previously developed to measure the rate of tree root water uptake and a computer model are used to investigate the effect of a wide range of soil, tree, and atmospheric parameters on partially saturated ground. First, sensitivity analysis is used to investigate the affect of different parameters on the maximum initial rate of root water uptake, and then a reference example is simulated using finite element analysis. The influence of parameters such as time, potential transpiration rate and its distribution factor, wilting point suction, the coefficient of permeability, and the distribution of root length density are studied. Soil suction and settlement was found to increase over time, with the effect being more significant in the first stages of transpiration. The most sensitive parameters are wilting point suction, the coefficient of saturation permeability at higher values, the rate of potential transpiration at lower values, and vertical root distribution when the coefficient is high.

Indraratna, B, Fatahi, B & Khabbaz, H 1970, 'Numerical Prediction of Vadose Zone Behaviour Influenced by Vegetation', Unsaturated Soils 2006, Fourth International Conference on Unsaturated Soils, American Society of Civil Engineers, Arizona, USA, pp. 2256-2267.
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Bioengineering aspects of native vegetation are currently, and rapidly, being evolved to improve soil stiffness, slope stabilisation, and erosion control. Apart from the reinforcement effect, tree roots establish sufficient matric suction to increase the shear strength and stiffness of the soil. This paper looks at the way, vegetation influences soil matric suction, shrinkage, and ground settlement. A mathematical model for the rate of root water uptake that considers ground conditions, type of vegetation and climatic parameters, has been developed. Based on this proposed model, the distribution of moisture and the matric suction profile adjacent to the tree are numerically analysed. The model formulation is based on the general effective stress theory of unsaturated soils. Field measurements taken from literature published previously are compared with the authors' numerical model. The predicted results calculated using the soil, plant, and atmospheric parameters contained in the numerical model, compared favourably with the measured results, justifying the assumptions upon which the model was developed. Copyright ASCE 2006.

Indraratna, B, Fatahi, B & Khabbaz, H 1970, 'Parametric Study on Suction Effects Induced by Tree Roots on Ground Conditions', GeoCongress 2006, GeoCongress 2006, American Society of Civil Engineers, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, pp. 158-163.
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A model developed for the rate of tree root water uptake is applied numerically based on finite element analysis, to investigate the effects of the soil, tree and atmospheric parameters on the ground behaviour. The influences of potential transpiration rate, permeability coefficient, and the maximum root length density are studied and quantified. Although the rate of transpiration increases the soil matric suction and the ground settlement, permeability (saturated) decreases the matric suction generated and the corresponding settlement. The maximum root density also affects the change in peak matric suction as demonstrated in the paper. Copyright ASCE 2006.

Indraratna, B, Shahin, MA, Rujikiatkamjiorn, C & Christie, D 1970, 'Stabilization of Ballasted Rail Tracks and Underlying Soft Formation Soils with Geosynthetic Grids and Drains', Ground Modification and Seismic Mitigation, GeoShanghai International Conference 2006, American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 143-152.
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Railway ballast deforms and degrades progressively under heavy cyclic loading. Ballast degradation is influenced by several factors including the amplitude and number of load cycles, gradation of aggregates, track confining pressure, angularity and fracture strength of individual grains. The degraded ballast is usually cleaned on track, otherwise, fully or partially replaced by fresh ballast, depending on the track settlement and current density. The use of composite geosynthetics at the bottom of recycled ballast layer is highly desirable to serve the functions of both drainage and separation of ballast from subballast. Construction of the rail track also requires appropriate improvement of the subgrade soils to achieve an adequately stiff surface layer prior to placing the ballast and subballast. Based on extensive research at University of Wollongong, it is found that the gradation of ballast plays a significant role in the strength, deformation, degradation, stability and drainage of rail tracks. Results from large-scale triaxial testing indicate that a small increase in confining pressure improves track stability with less ballast degradation. Bonded geogrids-geotextiles also decrease differential settlements of tracks, ballast degradation and lateral movement, and the risk of subgrade pumping. Stabilization of soft subgrade soils is also essential for improving the overall stability of track and to reduce the differential settlement during the operation of trains. This paper also highlights the effectiveness of using prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) for improving the behavior of soft formations underlying rail tracks. Copyright ASCE 2006.

Kalam, MA, Masjuki, HH, Syazly, M, Redzuan, M, Ramang, H & Mahlia, TMI 1970, 'Fuel Additive that Cuts Emission and Increases Brake Power in a Small Bio-Fuel Diesel Engine', SAE Technical Paper Series, Small Engine Technology Conference & Exposition, SAE International.
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Copyright © 2006 SAE International and Copyright © 2006 SAE Japan. This paper presents experimental test results of a diesel engine using additive added bio Diesel oil obtained from palm oil. The test results obtained are brake power, specific fuel consumption (SFC) and exhaust emissions. In addition, antiwear characteristics of fuel's contaminated lubricants were observed using a tribometer test. A computer control dynamometer-engine test bed was used to measure engine brake power and SFC at half throttle condition with speed range of 1000 rpm to 4000 rpm. The emission test was done with dynamometer fixed load of 50 Nm and constant engine speed of 2250 rpm. A total of three fuels or 100% diesel fuel (B0); 20% palm oil diesel (POD) and 80% B0 (B20); and B20 with X% additive (B20X) were selected for this investigation. The B20X is the additive added bio Diesel oil where X is the percentage (in this investigation X=1% of B20) of additive in B20 fuel. Anti wear characteristics in terms of coefficient of friction, wear scar diameter and flash temperature parameter (FTP) of fuel's contaminated lubricants were measured using a tribometer test. It was found that B20X fuel showed better overall performance such as cut emissions and increased engine brake power as well as increased anti-wear characteristics as compared to other test fuels. The specific objective of this investigation is to improve the performance of B20 fuel with an antioxidant additive. Detailed results have been presented with discussions.

Kwok, N, Nguyen, T, Ha, QP, Li, J & Samali, B 1970, 'Parameter Identification for a simple MR Damper model using Particle Swarm Optimisation', Disgest Book of the Asia Pacific Symposium on Applied Electromagnetic and Mechanics, Asia Pacific Symposium on Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, UTS, Sydney, Australia, p. 11.

Law, SS & Zhu, XQ 1970, 'VIBRATION OF A BEAM WITH A BREATHING CRACK SUBJECT TO MOVING MASS', COMPUTATIONAL METHODS, PTS 1 AND 2, 1st International Conference on Computational Methods (ICCM04), Springer Netherlands, Singapore, SINGAPORE, pp. 1963-1968.
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Law, SS, Li, XY & Zhu, XQ 1970, 'Wavelet packet sensitivity in damage assessment', Computational Methods, Pts 1 and 2, 1st International Conference on Computational Methods (ICCM04), SPRINGER, Singapore, SINGAPORE, pp. 525-529.

Lee, JA & Brennan, J 1970, 'Intelligent GIS: Automatic Generation of Qualitative Spatial Information', Advances In Applied Artificial Intelligence, Proceedings, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, International Conference on Industrial and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, France, pp. 898-907.
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This paper reports on an extension to Geographic Information Systems (GIS) that can intelligently analyse and record qualitative information of the surrounding area when adding a feature to a map. This recorded qualitative spatial information can be util

Li, J, Choi, F, Samali, B & Crews, KI 1970, 'Damage Detection in a Timber Beam', Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Structural Faults and Repair 2006, International Conference on Structural Faults and Repair, Engineering Technics Press, Edinburgh, U.K., pp. 1-10.

Li, J, Choi, F, Samali, B & Crews, KI 1970, 'Damage Localisation and Severity Evaluation of a Beam-like timber Structure based on modal strain energy and flexibility approaches', Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Structural Faults and Repair 2006, International Conference on Structural Faults and Repairs, Engineering Technics Press, Edinburgh, U.K., pp. 1-9.

Li, J, Samali, B, Crews, KI, Choi, F, Brown, PW, Al-Dawod, M & Shrestha, R 1970, 'theoretical and Experimental Studies on Assessment of Bridges Using Simple Dynamic Procedures', Australian Structural Engineering Conference 2005: Structural Engineering - Preserving and Building Into the Future, Australian Structural Engineering Conference, Tour Hosts Pty Ltd, Newcastle, Australia.

Liu, X, Li, Y, Gu, Y & Tang, K 1970, 'Enhanced stochastic taps NLMS filter with efficient sparse taps localization', 2006 8TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SIGNAL PROCESSING, VOLS 1-4, 8th International Conference on Signal Processing, IEEE, Guilin, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 3241-+.

Masjuki, HH, Kalam, MA, Syazly, M, Mahlia, TMI, Rahman, AH, Redzuan, M, Varman, M, Saidur, R & Yau, YH 1970, 'Experimental Evaluation of an Unmodified Diesel Engine using Biodiesel with Fuel Additive', 2006 International Forum on Strategic Technology, 2006 International Forum on Strategic Technology, IEEE, Ulsan, SOUTH KOREA, pp. 96-+.
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Nguyen, T, Kwok, N, Ha, QP, Li, J & Samali, B 1970, 'Symmetric Quantized Sliding Model Control for Civil Structures Using Magnetorcheological Dampers', Digest Book of the Asia-Pacific Symposium on Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, Asia Pacific Symposium on Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, UTS, Sydney, Australia, p. 47.

Nguyen, TH, Kwok, NM, Ha, QP, Li, J & Samali, B 1970, 'Adaptive Sliding Mode Control for Civil Structures Using Magnetorheological Dampers', Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (IAARC), 23rd International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction, International Association for Automation and Robotics in Construction (IAARC), Tokyo, Japan, pp. 636-641.
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An adaptive sliding mode controller for vibration control is proposed in this paper for structures embedded with magnetorheological (MR) dampers. Civil structures and buildings are liable to damages during earthquake periods. The application of structural control methodologies is important in order to suppress vibrations due to seismic phenomena and dynamic loading. The use of sliding mode control is accounted for by its robustness to system uncertainties and external disturbances while a MR damper is technologically-efficient for its vibration control and also fail-safe for an ideal semiactive device. The control performance is enhanced by implementing an adaptive control law in estimating the system parameters. Simulation results are included to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller in a building model under earthquake-like excitations.

Onishi, A, Thomas, P, Stuart, BH, Guerbois, JL & Forbes, SL 1970, 'TGMS analysis of the thermal decomposition of compact pig bone', 9th European Symposium on Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Krakow.

Pradhan, B, Mansor, S, Rahman Ramli, A, Rashid Mohd Sharrif, A & Kumar, S 1970, 'Compression of LIDAR Data for Web Based Visualization Using Second Generation Wavelets', 36th COSPAR Scientific Assembly.

Pradhan, B, Mansor, S, Ramli, AR, Sharif, ARBM & Sandeep, K 1970, 'A new robust data comprssor for lidar data', Asian Association on Remote Sensing - 27th Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, ACRS 2006, pp. 527-533.
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For a realistic representation of a terrain Light Detection and Ranging data (LiDAR) requires trillion numbers of points. These points connected in triangles that represent the surface of the terrain ultimately increase the data size. For online GIS interactive programs it has become highly essential to reduce the number of triangles in order to save more storing space. In this paper, it is extended to the LiDAR data compression. A newly developed data compression approach to approximate the LiDAR surface with a series of non-overlapping triangles has been presented. Generally a Triangulated Irregular Networks (TIN) are the most common form of digital surface model that consists of elevation values with x, y coordinates that make up triangles. Compression of TIN is needed for efficient management of large data and good surface visualization. This approach covers following steps: First, by using a Delaunay triangulation, an efficient algorithm is developed to generate TIN, which forms the terrain from an arbitrary set of data. A new interpolation wavelet filter for TIN has been applied in two steps, namely splitting and elevation. In the splitting step, a triangle has been divided into several sub-triangles and the elevation step has been used to 'modify' the point values (point coordinates for geometry) after the splitting. Then, this data set is compressed at the desired locations by using second generation wavelets. The quality of geographical surface representation after using proposed technique is compared with the original LIDAR data. The results show that this method can be used for significant reduction of data set.

Pradhan, B, Sandeep, K, Mansor, S, Ramli, AR & Mohamed Sharif, ARB 1970, 'Mulitiresolution Spatial Data Compression Using Lifting Scheme', Birkhäuser Basel, pp. 503-513.
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Pradhan, B, Singh, RP & Buchroithner, MF 1970, 'Estimation of stress and its use in evaluation of landslide prone regions using remote sensing data', Advances in Space Research, Elsevier BV, pp. 698-709.
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Pradhan, B, Talib, JA & Lee, S 1970, 'Application of remote sensing data in determining regional landslide hazard analysis by using logistic regression model and GIS', Asian Association on Remote Sensing - 27th Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, ACRS 2006, pp. 1053-1059.
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This paper presents the use of remote sensing data for landslide hazard analysis around Penang Island area, Malaysia. The study area consider as one of the frequent occurrence landslide zone in Malaysia. Efforts have been made to use a linear logistic regression model for landslide hazard delineation by using remote sensing and GIS data. Landslide locations were identified in the study area from interpretation of aerial photographs, high resolution satellite imageries and from field surveys. Terrain information such as land cover, topographic slope, topographic aspect and topographic curvature has been derived from the satellite imageries; and the existing thematic information has been updated to enable the quantification of landslide causative parameters. The other factors chosen that influence landslide occurrence were: lithology, soil, distance from lineament, and distance from drainage and the vegetation index value from SPOT 5 image. Spatial and temporal multi-layered information have been used for landslide hazard analysis. The qualitative hazard analysis has been carried out using the map overlying techniques using the logistic regression model in GIS environment. Landslide locations were used to verify results of the landslide hazard map and the verification results showed 86.62% accuracy. The verification results showed sufficient agreement between the presumptive hazard map and the existing data on landslide areas.

Rujikaitkamjorn, C & Indraratna, B 1970, 'Improvement of Soft Clays Using Vacuum-Assisted Consolidation Method', GeoCongress 2006, GeoCongress 2006, American Society of Civil Engineers, p. 264.
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In this study, the analytical modeling of one-dimensional consolidation by vertical drains with vacuum preloading considering both vertical and horizontal drainage is presented. In this method, the total degree of consolidation based on excess pore water pressure dissipation is related to the time factor (T h), drain configuration and anisotropic soil permeability. The analytical predictions are compared with the observed data from consolidation testing. Three different test series were conducted in a large-scale consolidation apparatus designed and installed at the University of Wollongong. It is shown that the authors' analytical model can accurately predict the laboratory behavior. Finally, the analysis of a selected case history employing the authors' model demonstrates the applicability of this approach for typical field conditions. Copyright ASCE 2006.

Rujikiatkamjorn, C & Indraratna, B 1970, 'Elastic visco-plastic consolidation modelling of soft clays improved by geosynthetic vertical drains', GEOSYNTHETICS, VOLS 1-4, 8th International Conference on Geosynthetics (8ICG), MILLPRESS SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, Yokohama, JAPAN, pp. 439-+.

Rujikiatkamjorn, C & Indraratna, B 1970, 'Three-Dimensional Numerical Modeling of Soft Soil Consolidation Improved by Prefabricated Vertical Drains', Ground Modification and Seismic Mitigation, GeoShanghai International Conference 2006, American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 161-168.
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A system of prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) with a surcharge load is an effective method for accelerating soil consolidation by promoting radial flow. This study presents a three-dimensional (3D) finite element model for soft soil improved by a single drain. In the finite element analysis, the actual rectangular PVD cross-section is considered, and the equivalent drain diameter is then back calculated based on the consolidation curves. The numerical predictions are then compared to previous studies. The settlements observed in the laboratory are subsequently compared with the three-dimensional finite element analysis incorporating the modified Cam-Clay model and Hansbo's theory. Copyright ASCE 2006.

Shahin, MA & Indraratna, B 1970, 'Parametric Study on the Resilient Response of Ballasted Railway Track Substructure Using Numerical Modeling', GeoCongress 2006, GeoCongress 2006, American Society of Civil Engineers, p. 85.
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Ballasted rail track substructure usually consists of graded layers of granular media of ballast and subballast (capping) placed above a compacted subgrade (formation soil). The optimum design of railway track substructure relies on many factors that affect the performance of the track. In this paper, the response of railway track to various factors affecting track performance is investigated by carrying out a parametric study using the finite element analysis (PLAXIS). A plane strain finite element model of railway track section is developed and used for the parametric study. The feasibility of the developed finite element model is examined by comparing its results with measured field test data. The various track factors investigated include the thickness and stiffness of different track layers, shoulder width, and track modulus. The results demonstrate that the subgrade stiffness seems to be the most significant factor affecting track response, thus, the numerical model and experimental data are used to investigate the capability of different stabilization techniques, such as geosynthetics and grout columns, for improving track subgrade behavior. Copyright ASCE 2006.

Sundravadivivel, M, Kandasamy, JK & Vigneswaran, S 1970, 'Policy and Design Issues in Rainwater Harvesting: Case Study in South Asia', Rainwater Harvesting and Management Vision: Multipurpose and Proactive - Workshop of IWA World Water Congress, IWA World Water Congress, IWA, Beijing, China, pp. 69-78.

Tijing, LD, Pak, BC, Baek, BJ & Lee, D 1970, 'A study of new anti-fouling technology using the catalytic properties of titanium in mineral fouling mitigation', International Heat Transfer Conference 13, Begel House Inc..

Visvanathan, C, Kandasamy, JK & Vigneswaran, S 1970, 'Rainwater Collection and Storage in Thailand: Design, Practices and Operation', Rainwater Harvesting and Management Vision: Multipurpose and Proactive - Wortkshop of the IWA World Water Congress, IWA World Water Congress, IWA, Beijing, China, pp. 69-78.

Wu, C & Hao, H 1970, 'Numerical derivation of homogenized 3D masonry properties', Computational Methods, Pts 1 and 2, 1st International Conference on Computational Methods (ICCM04), SPRINGER, Singapore, SINGAPORE, pp. 399-403.

Wu, C-Q & Hao, H 1970, 'Dynamic response analysis of solid brick and hollow concrete block masonry panels to airblast load', Advances in Structural Engineering:Theory and Applications Vols 1 and 2, 9th International Symposium on Structural Engineering for Young Experts, SCIENCE PRESS BEIJING, Fuzhou, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 994-1000.

Zhang, R, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH & Nguyen, H 1970, 'Magnetic ion exchange (MIEX (R)) resin as a pre-treatment to a submerged membrane system in the treatment of biologically treated wastewater', DESALINATION, International Congress on Membranes and Membrane Processes, ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, Seoul, SOUTH KOREA, pp. 296-302.
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PRADHAN, B 2006, 'COMPRESSION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL TERRAIN DATA USING LIFTING SCHEME BASED ON SECOND GENERATION WAVELETS', School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia.

Saco, PM, Willgoose, GR & Hancock, GR 2006, 'Eco-geomorphology and vegetation patterns in arid and semi-arid regions', Copernicus GmbH.
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