Ajani, PA, Roberts, DE, Smith, AK & Krogh, M 1999, 'The effect of sewage on two bioindicators at Port Stephens, New South Wales, Australia', ECOTOXICOLOGY, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 253-267.
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Andrews, M, Sprent, JI, Raven, JA & Eady, PE 1999, 'Relationships between shoot to root ratio, growth and leaf soluble protein concentration of Pisum sativum, Phaseolus vulgaris and Triticum aestivum under different nutrient deficiencies', PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT, vol. 22, no. 8, pp. 949-958.
Belli, S, Formenton, A, Noll, T, Ivens, A, Jacquet, R, Desponds, C, Hofer, D & Fasel, N 1999, 'Leishmania major: Histone H1 gene expression from the sw3 locus', EXPERIMENTAL PARASITOLOGY, vol. 91, no. 2, pp. 151-160.
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Cavicchioli, R, Fegatella, F, Ostrowski, M, Eguchi, M & Gottschal, J 1999, 'Sphingomonads from marine environments', JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 23, no. 4-5, pp. 268-272.
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Christen, G, Stevens, G, Lukins, PB, Renger, G & Larkum, AWD 1999, 'Isolation and characterisation of oxygen evolving thylakoids from the marine prokaryote Prochloron didemni', FEBS Letters, vol. 449, no. 2-3, pp. 264-268.
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The present study describes the first successful attempt to isolate oxygen evolving thylakoids and thylakoid fragments from the marine prokaryote Prochloron didemni, a member of the recently discovered group of prochlorophytes. Oxygen evolving thylakoid membranes and fragments were isolated from seawater suspended cells of Prochloron didemni by passage of the cells through a Yeda press and subsequent differential centrifugation of the broken material. Three fractions were collected at 1000xg, 5000xg, and 30 000xg and identified by light microscopy as cells (and their fragments), thylakoids and membrane fragments, respectively. Pigment content, oxygen evolution rate and 77 K fluorescence spectra of these fractions were virtually identical. This finding indicates that the membrane fragments obtained are not enriched in photosystem II. The P680(+.) reduction kinetics of thylakoid membrane fragments were determined by monitoring flash induced absorption changes at 830 nm and analysing the time course of their decay. The multiphasic relaxation kinetics and their modification by NH2OH were found to be similar to those observed in cyanobacteria and plants. These findings provide an independent line of evidence for the idea of a high conservation of the basic structural and functional pattern of the water oxidising complex in all organisms that perform oxygenic photosynthesis. Copyright (C) 1999 Federation of European Biochemical Societies.
De Lucca, S, Sporik, R, O’Meara, TJ & Tovey, ER 1999, 'Mite allergen (Der p 1) is not only carried on mite feces', Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 103, no. 1, pp. 174-175.
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De Lucca, SD, Taylor, DJM, O'Meara, TJ, Jones, AS & Tovey, ER 1999, 'Measurement and characterization of cockroach allergens detected during normal domestic activity', Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 104, no. 3 II, pp. 672-680.
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Background: Cockroach allergen is recognized as a causal factor for asthma. However, airborne cockroach allergen has not been detected in undisturbed conditions, and therefore the behavior and properties of airborne cockroach allergen have been poorly characterized. A new aeroallergen sampling method and sensitive system of immunoassay have been used to examine cockroach allergen exposure. Objective: Our purpose was to measure and characterize airborne cockroach allergens during normal domestic exposure in the homes of Sydney, Australia. Methods: Air sampling with Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh (IOM) samplers was performed in the living rooms of 10 houses during low- and no-disturbance environments. In addition, inhaled particles were collected by each home occupant during low domestic exposure with use of intra-nasal samplers that impact particles onto an adhesive surface. The particles collected on the IOMs and the intranasal samplers were immunostained with Bla g 1 monoclonal antibodies. Particle size, morphologic characteristics, and the relative Bla g 1 content of particles were estimated. Reservoir dust samples from the kitchen, living room, and bedroom were assayed by an ELISA. Two forms of repeatability of IOM air sampling were examined. The first measure tested the repeatability of 2 IOM samples collected simultaneously in the same room during low- and no-disturbance activities. The second measure examined the repeatability of IOM sampling over time on 10 consecutive days. Results: Bla g 1 was detected in reservoir dust samples taken from all homes (geometric mean 1.5 U/g, range 0.2-9.4 U/g). Inhaled particles containing Bla g 1 were detected during 1 hour of intra-nasal sampling in 8 of 10 homes during low disturbance. Cockroach particles were detected on all of the IOM samples collected for both 4-hour low-disturbance and overnight no-disturbance sampling environments. Particles containing Bla g 1 collected with the IOM samplers during l...
Doblin, MA, Blackburn, S & Hallegraeff, GM 1999, 'Comparative study of selenium requirements of three phytoplankton species: Gymnodinium catenatum, Alexandrium minutum (Dinophyta) and Chaetoceros cf. tenuissimus (Bacillariophyta)', Journal Of Plankton Research, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 1153-1169.
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This study investigated the selenium (Se) requirements of three phytoplankton species which commonly bloom in southern Australian estuaries. The present study showed that the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum Graham had an obligate requirement f
Doblin, MA, Blackburn, S & Hallegraeff, GM 1999, 'Growth and biomass stimulation of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum (Graham) by dissolved organic substances', Journal Of Experimental Marine Biology And Ecology, vol. 236, no. 1, pp. 33-47.
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Blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum are annually recurrent events in south-east Tasmanian waters. Extensive blooms are preceded by a rainfall trigger and the associated influx of dissolved organic matter (DOM; otherwise known as humi
Eschemann, A, Kuhl, M & Cypionka, H 1999, 'Aerotaxis in Desulfovibrio', Environmental Microbiology, vol. 1, no. 6, pp. 489-494.
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Aerotaxis of two sulphate-reducing bacteria, the freshwater strain Desulfovibrio desulfuricans CSN (DSM 9104) and the marine strain Desulfovibrio oxyclinae N13 (DSM 11498), was studied using capillary microslides, microscopy and oxygen microsensors. The bacteria formed ring-shaped bands in oxygen diffusion gradients surrounding O2 bubbles, which were placed into anoxic sulphate-free cell suspensions in capillary microslides. The radial expansion of the oxic volume by diffusion was stopped by aerobic respiration. Bands were formed by cells avoiding high O2 levels near the O2 bubble, as well as by cells entering from the surrounding anoxic zone. At the inner edge of the bands, O2 levels of up to 20% air saturation (50 µM O2) were found, while the outer edge always coincided with the oxicanoxic interface. Ring diameters and O2 concentrations at the inner edge of the band depended on the cell density and the strain used in the suspension. Band formation did not occur in the absence of an electron donor (5 mM lactate) or when N2 gas bubbles were used. Both strains were highly motile with velocities of 32 µm s-1 during forward runs, and 7 µm s-1 during backward runs respectively. Within the bands, cells moved in circles of about 20 µm diameter, while cells outside the band exhibited straighter or only slightly bent traces. It is concluded that the capacity of respiration at high rates and the positive and negative aerotactical responses of Desulfovibrio provide an efficient strategy for removing O2 from the habitat in situations where sufficient electron donors and high cell densities are present
Field, CD 1999, 'Mangrove rehabilitation: Choice and necessity', Hydrobiologia, vol. 413, pp. 47-52.
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The concept of mangrove ecosystem rehabilitation is considered. Four main reasons for rehabilitating mangroves are identified: conservation, landscaping, sustainable production and coastal protection. Practical aspects of mangrove rehabilitation, such as the causes of site degradation, site selection, source of seedlings and planting, monitoring and maintenance are then briefly mentioned. Future developments that may impact on mangrove ecosystem restoration such as the importance of biodiversity, biotechnology, ecological modelling, mapping, human ecology and data bases, are then briefly reviewed. Finally, the matter of choice and necessity is addressed.
Field, CD 1999, 'Rehabilitation of mangrove ecosystems: An overview', Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 37, no. 8-12, pp. 383-392.
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The concept and goals of mangrove ecosystem rehabilitation are considered and contrasted with ideas of ecosystem restoration. Three reasons for mangrove rehabilitation: conservation and landscaping; multiple use systems for high sustainable yield and protection of coastal areas, are then examined in detail. In each case, the underlying philosophy and limitations are presented. The practical problems of site selection for mangrove planting and techniques for regenerating mangroves are then considered. Some comments and data are then offered on mangrove ecosystem rehabilitation that is being carried out world-wide. Comment is made on the paucity of information. The practice and importance of monitoring and maintaining rehabilitated mangrove ecosystems is then presented. Finally, there is a discussion on the future management and research needs of mangrove ecosystem rehabilitation.
Garcia-Pichel, F, Kuhl, M, Nubel, U & Muyzer, G 1999, 'Salinity-dependent limitation of photosynthesis and oxygen exchange in microbial mats', Journal of Phycology, vol. 35, pp. 227-238.
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Glud, RN, Klimant, I, Holst, G, Kohls, O, Meyer, V, Kuhl, M & Gunderson, JK 1999, 'Adaptation, test and in situ measurements with O2 microopt(r)odes on benthic landers', Deep-Sea Research Part 1, vol. 46, pp. 171-183.
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Glud, RN, Kuhl, M, Kohls, O & Ramsing, NB 1999, 'Heterogeneity of oxygen production and consumption in a photosynthetic microbial mat as studied by planar optodes', Journal of Phycology, vol. 35, pp. 270-279.
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Handley, LL, Austin, AT, Robinson, D, Scrimgeour, CM, Raven, JA, Heaton, THE, Schmidt, S & Stewart, GR 1999, 'The 15 N natural abundance (δ 15 N) of ecosystem samples reflects measures of water availability', Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 185-199.
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We assembled a globally-derived data set for site-averaged foliar δ 15 N, the δ 15 N of whole surface mineral soil and corresponding site factors (mean annual rainfall and temperature, latitude, altitude and soil pH). The δ 15 N of whole soil was related to all of the site variables (including foliar δ 15 N) except altitude and, when regressed on latitude and rainfall, provided the best model of these data, accounting for 49% of the variation in whole soil δ 15 N. As single linear regressions, site-averaged foliar δ 15 N was more strongly related to rainfall than was whole soil δ 15 N. A smaller data set showed similar, negative correlations between whole soil δ 15 N, site-averaged foliar d15N and soil moisture variations during a single growing season. The negative correlation between water availability (measured here by rainfall and temperature) and soil or plant δ 15 N fails at the landscape scale, where wet spots are δ 15 N-enriched relative to their drier surroundings. Here we present global and seasonal data, postulate a proximate mechanism for the overall relationship between water availability and ecosystem δ 15 N and, newly, a mechanism accounting for the highly δ 15 N-depleted values found in the foliage and soils of many wet/cold ecosystems. These hypotheses are complemented by documentation of the present gaps in knowledge, suggesting lines of research which will provide new insights into terrestrial N-cycling. Our conclusions are consistent with those of Austin and Vitousek (1998) that foliar (and soil) δ 15 N appear to be related to the residence time of whole ecosystem N. © CSIRO 1999.
Hawes, I, Smith, R & Sutherland, DL 1999, 'Development of microbial mats on contaminated soils from the former site of Vanda Station, Antarctica', New Zealand Natural Sciences, vol. 24, pp. 53-68.
Helfrich, M, Ross, A, King, GC, Turner, AG & Larkum, AWD 1999, 'Identification of [8-vinyl]-protochlorophyllide a in phototrophic prokaryotes and algae: Chemical and spectroscopic properties', Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Bioenergetics, vol. 1410, no. 3, pp. 262-272.
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[8-vinyl]-Protochlorophyllide a1 was isolated from a Prochloron sp. associated with the host ascidian, Lissoclinum patella. To obtain sufficient amounts for identification of the purified pigment, suitable extraction procedures and HPLC systems were developed. The structure was finally elucidated by UV-VIS and fluorescence spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and NMR (rotating-frame Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy). [8-vinyl]-Protochlorophyllide a was originally detected only as an intermediate in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Although its presence as a light-harvesting pigment was previously suggested in some prochlorophytes and eukaryotic algae, this is the first unequivocal demonstration of [8-vinyl]-protochlorophyllide a in an oxygenic phototroph. We also show that [8-vinyl]-protochlorophyllide a occurs in Prochloron species of four other ascidians as well as in Micromonas pusilla and Prochlorococcus marinus. The possible role of this pigment in photosynthesis is discussed. Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V.
Kubler, JE, Johnston, AM & Raven, JA 1999, 'The effects of reduced and elevated CO2 and O-2 on the seaweed Lomentaria articulata', PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT, vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 1303-1310.
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Lockhart, PJ, Howe, CJ, Barbrook, AC, Larkum, AWD & Penny, D 1999, 'Spectral analysis, systematic bias, and the evolution of chloroplasts [3]', Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 573-576.
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Logan, KAB, Thomas, RJ & Raven, JA 1999, 'Hydrogen ion production and ammonium uptake by two tropical forage grasses', JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 53-66.
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Murray, SA & Suthers, I 1999, 'Population ecology of Noctiluca scintillans Macartney, a red-tide-forming dinoflagellate', Marine and Freshwater Research, vol. 50, pp. 243-252.
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The population ecology of the large heterotrophic dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans Macartney was examined in the coastal ocean and two estuaries in south-eastern Australia from July 1996 to June 1997. High concentrations (>100 cells LÂ1) occurred in spring and again in late summer, and low concentrations (<5 cells LÂ1) in mid summer and mid winter. Abundances were greater in coastal waters than in the estuaries during all months in which concentration exceeded 1 cell LÂ1. During the spring bloom, Noctiluca cells from coastal stations had small diameters (340Â450 mm), a high nutritional status and a high proportion of division stages, indicative of good condition. During the late summer blooms, poor-condition cells were found in coastal waters and especially in the near-surface concentrations of red tides (>104 cells LÂ1), and were characterized by large diameters (400Â1200 mm), cell lysis and uniformly low nutritional status; at this time, Noctiluca cells from estuaries were generally fewer, smaller and in better condition. Overall, cell concentrations were higher in coastal waters than in the estuaries, and red tides of Noctiluca probably developed along the local coast (in spring) or were advected into the area from northern regions (in late summer).
Newman, JR & Raven, JA 1999, 'CO2 is the main inorganic C species entering photosynthetically active leaf protoplasts of the freshwater macrophyte Ranunculus penicillatus ssp pseudofluitans', PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT, vol. 22, no. 8, pp. 1019-1026.
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Nubel, U, Garcia-Pichel, F, Kuhl, M & Muyzer, G 1999, 'Quantifying microbial diversity: morphotypes, 16S rRNA genes, and carotenoids of oxygenic phototrophs in microbial mats', Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 422-430.
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We quantified the diversity of oxygenic phototrophic microorganisms present in eight hypersaline microbial mats on the basis of three cultivation-independent approaches. Morphological diversity was studied by microscopy. The diversity of carotenoids was examined by extraction from mat samples and high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis. The diversity of 16S rRNA genes from oxygenic phototrophic microorganisms was investigated by extraction of total DNA from mat samples, amplification of 16S rRNA gene segments from cyanobacteria and plastids of eukaryotic algae by phylum-specific PCR, and sequence-dependent separation of amplification products by denaturing-gradient gel electrophoresis. A numerical approach was introduced to correct for crowding the results of chromatographic and electrophoretic analyses. Diversity estimates typically varied up to twofold among mats.
Nubel, U, Garcia-Pichel, F, Kuhl, M & Muyzer, G 1999, 'Spatial scale and the diversity of benthic cyanobacteria and diatoms in a salina', Hydrobiologia, vol. 401, pp. 199-206.
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Poulos, O'Meara, Sporik & Tovey 1999, 'Detection of inhaled Der p 1', Clinical Experimental Allergy, vol. 29, no. 9, pp. 1232-1238.
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Pringault, O, de Wit, R & Kuhl, M 1999, 'A microsensor study of the interaction between purple sulfur and green sulfur bacteria in experimental benthic gradients', Microbial Ecology, vol. 37, pp. 173-184.
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Pringault, O, Epping, E, Guyoneaud, R, Khalilli, A & Kuhl, M 1999, 'Dynamics of anoxygenic photosynthesis in an experimental green sulphur bacteria biofilm', Environmental Microbiology, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 295-305.
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The dynamics of sulphide oxidation in an experimental biofilm of the green sulphur bacterium, Prosthecochloris aestuarii, were studied using a newly developed lightdark cycling procedure. The biofilm was grown for 6 weeks in a benthic gradient chamber, in which gradients of light, sulphide and oxygen were imposed experimentally. The H2S concentrations and pH were measured with microsensors as a function of depth in the biofilm and of time after a change in illumination status. The sulphide oxidation rates were calculated as a function of time and depth in the biofilm using a numerical procedure to solve the non-stationary general diffusion equation. A close agreement was found between the areal rates of anoxygenic photosynthesis during the cycling procedure and the steady state before the cycling experiment. For the different layers of the biofilm, the maximum activity was observed after 1012 min of light exposure. After this maximum, sulphide oxidation decreased concomitantly with sulphide concentration, indicating sulphide limitation of anoxygenic photosynthesis. This lag time limits the application of the standard darklight shift method with a brief light exposure of a few seconds and, therefore, the numerical procedure described in this study enables the depth distribution of anoxygenic photosynthesis rates in microbial mats to be determined more accurately
Ralph, PJ 1999, 'Light-induced photoinhibitory stress responses of laboratory-cultured Halophila ovalis', Botanica Marina, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 11-22.
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This paper details experiments performed to investigate the short-term stress effects of both high and low-light regimes on laboratory-cultured Halophila ovalis using chlorophyll fluorescence. Increasing irradiance up to 400 mu mol quanta m(-2) s(-1) on
Ralph, PJ 1999, 'Photosynthetic response of Halophila ovalis (R-Br.) Hook. f. to combined environmental stress', Aquatic Botany, vol. 65, no. 1-Apr, pp. 83-96.
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Combinations of stresses showed an additive effect in comparison to the individual stress responses. It is apparent from these results that thermal, elevated-light or osmotic stress increases the sensitivity of Halophila ovalis to any of the other stress
Ralph, PJ, Gademann, R, Larkum, A & Schreiber, U 1999, 'In situ underwater measurements of photosynthetic activity of coral zooxanthellae and other reef-dwelling dinoflagellate endosymbionts', Marine Ecology-Progress Series, vol. 180, pp. 139-147.
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Chlorophyll fluorescence was used to assess the iu situ photosynthesis of a range of reef-dwelling endosymbionts. Such non-intrusive in situ measurements became possible after the recent development of a submersible pulse modulated fluorometer (DIVING-PA
Raven, JA 1999, 'Cell geometry revisited: Realistic shapes and accurate determination of cell volume and surface area from microscopic measurements', Journal of Phycology, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 209-210.
Raven, JA 1999, 'Constraints on marine algal invasion of low-salinity environments: Sex in the Baltic', JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 210-212.
Raven, JA 1999, 'Photosynthesis in the intertidal zone: Algae get an airing', JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 1102-1105.
Raven, JA 1999, 'The minimum size of seeds and spores in relation to the ontogeny of homoiohydric plants', FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 5-14.
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Raven, JA 1999, 'The size of cells and organisms in relation to the evolution of embryophytes', Plant Biology, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 2-12.
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The earliest O2-evolvers were marine cyanobacteria (3.5 billion years ago) with marine eukaryotic phototrophs from 2.0 billion years ago. These organisms were, and are, poikilohydric, i.e., cannot remain hydrated when exposed to a desiccating atmosphere (as can occur for intertidal benthic algae and cyanobacteria at low tide). The smallest marine primarily poikilohydric O2-evolvers are close to the lower size limit imposed by non-scaleable components such as minimum genome size and constant membrane thickness, with cyanobacterial unicells 0.65 μm in diameter and eukaryotic unicells 0.95 μm in diameter. The largest (multicellular) marine primarily aquatic poikilohydric O2-evolvers are brown algae at least 60 m long and over 100 kg fresh mass; there are no obvious constraints on the maximum size of such organisms. In freshwaters the size range for primarily poikilohydric O2-evolving organisms is smaller, due to the absence of very large organisms. An even smaller size range characterizes terrestrial algae and cyanobacteria which have occurred for about 1 billion years. Desiccation-tolerant cyanobacterium and algae (intertidal, freshwater, terrestrial) are at the lower end of the size ranges. Embryophytic terrestrial O2-evolvers arose some 450 million years ago and were than all poikilohydric and (probably) desiccation-tolerant. Embryophytic defining structural features require organisms of at least 100 μm equivalent spherical diameter for both gametophyte and sporophyte phases. Primarily poikilohydric embryophytes are not more than 1 m tall as a result of a mechanistically mysterious size limit for desiccation-tolerant organisms. Homoiohydric embryophytes evolved some 420 million years ago in the sporophyte phase (later to become the dominant terrestrial vegetation) and possibly in the gametophyte phase (although no such homoiohydric gametophytes are known today). The homoiohydric features of gas spaces, stomata, cuticle, endohydric water conducting system and wate...
Raven, JA & Falkowski, PG 1999, 'Oceanic sinks for atmospheric CO(2)', PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 741-755.
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Raven, JA, Evans, MCW & Korb, RE 1999, 'The role of trace metals in photosynthetic electron transport in O-2-evolving organisms', PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH, vol. 60, no. 2-3, pp. 111-149.
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Smith, AK, Ajani, PA & Roberts, DE 1999, 'Spatial and temporal variation in fish assemblages exposed to sewage and implications for management', Marine Environmental Research, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 241-260.
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Marine Environmental Research
Volume 47, Issue 3, April 1999, Pages 241-260
Spatial and temporal variation in fish assemblages exposed to sewage and implications for management (Article)
Smith, A.K.ab , Ajani, P.A.c, Roberts, D.E.d
a Ctr. for Marine and Coastal Studies, University of NSW, 2052, Sydney, NSW, Australia
b NSW Fisheries, Locked Bag 9, NSW, 2009, Pyrmont, NSW, Australia
c Water Studies Section, Environ. Protect. Auth., Locked B., Bankstown, NSW 2200, Australia
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Abstract
Underwater visual surveys, involving a Before/After/Control/Impact (BACI) experimental design, were used to investigate the abundance and species richness of temperate rocky reef fishes and the abundance of a sea urchin following the discharge of sewage effluent from a deepwater outfall. Multivariate analyses indicated that fish assemblages were significantly different at the outfall and control locations, and these differences were largely attributed to the declines in relative abundance of several common, resident species of reef fish, such as the eastern hulafish, Trachinops taeniatus and yellowtail Trachurus novaezelandiae and the sea urchin Centrostephanus rodgersii. Univariate analysis indicated that the abundance and richness of groups of fish and individual species varied over times, periods and locations. The abundance and species richness of fish from the outfall location were generally less than for fish assemblages at the control locations. We detected decreases of 33% in the species richness of fish and 50% in the abundance of Centrostephanus rodgersii at the outfall location and, conversely, the abundances of some cryptic (small, cave dwelling or camoflagued) fishes increased over time at the outfall. This study indicates that the discharge of sewage effluent resu...