Agius, A, Jones, K, Epple, R, Morelato, M, Moret, S, Chadwick, S & Roux, C 2017, 'The use of handwriting examinations beyond the traditional court purpose', Science & Justice, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 394-400.
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© 2017 The Chartered Society of Forensic Sciences Traditionally, forensic science has predominantly focused its resources and objectives on addressing court related questions. However, this view restricts the contribution of forensic science to one function and results in lost opportunities as investigative and intelligence roles are often overlooked. A change of perspective and expansion of the contributions of forensic science is required to take advantage of the benefits of abductive and inductive thought processes throughout the investigative and intelligence functions. One forensic discipline that has the potential to broaden its traditional focus is handwriting examination. Typically used in investigations that are focused on both criminal and civil cases, the examination procedure and outcome are time consuming and subjective, requiring a detailed study of the features of the handwriting in question. Traditionally, the major handwriting features exploited are characteristics that are often considered individual (or at least highly polymorphic) and habitual. However, handwriting can be considered as an information vector in an intelligence framework. One such example is the recognition of key elements related to the author's native language. This paper discusses the traditional method generally used around the world and proposes a theoretical approach to expand the application of handwriting examination towards gaining additional information for intelligence purposes. This concept will be designed and tested in a future research project.
Arscott, E, Morgan, R, Meakin, G & French, J 2017, 'Understanding forensic expert evaluative evidence: A study of the perception of verbal expressions of the strength of evidence', Science & Justice, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 221-227.
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Verbal expressions of evidential strength are routinely used when presenting forensic expert evaluative evidence. The degree to which these verbal expressions are interpreted uniformly among different individuals requires further empirical study. This study focussed on groups of individuals with different roles within the criminal justice system and individuals with varying degrees of expertise and knowledge. Three groups of individuals were identified: laypeople, legal professionals and those with some forensic or investigative knowledge. The participants in the study (n=230) were provided with a case summary to which a verbal expression of the strength of evidence was randomly assigned. Participants were subsequently invited to indicate their perception of the strength of the evidence on a scale that was provided. Generally, across the study groups, the trend was one of increased perceived strength of evidence as the intended strength of the verbal expression was increased, with some notable exceptions. In general, there was good concordance between the groups in the way the different expressions were perceived. It was found that participants performed poorly when it came to differentiating between expressions at the 'strong' end of the scale ('strong', 'very strong' and 'extremely strong'). The findings resonate with calls for validated and robust communication frameworks for evaluative opinions. Further empirical research in this area is warranted and that such research can represent an important contribution towards improving the communication and presentation of forensic evidence.
Bennett, VM, McNevin, D, Roffey, P & Gahan, ME 2017, 'Characterization of Yersinia species by protein profiling using automated microfluidic capillary electrophoresis', Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 10-19.
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Benson, N, Oliveira Dos Santos, R, Griffiths, K, Cole, N, Doble, P, Roux, C & Blanes, L 2017, 'The development of a stabbing machine for forensic textile damage analysis', Forensic Science International, vol. 273, pp. 132-139.
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© 2017 This article describes the development of a horizontal stabbing machine with an interchangeable knife holder to simulate stab events. The machine consists of a motorised arm with a pneumatic system designed to deliver 60 unique stabbing positions. The mechanics were robust and the positioning system highly reproducible with standard deviations of less than 1.0 mm in the x-axis and 2.3 mm in the y-axis for a given stab position. The force of the instrument may be varied by the operator to a maximum of approximately 221 N. The suitability of the instrument for simulating stab events was evaluated by measuring the severance length and textile damage from stab delivered from four different knives and nine penetrating angles.
Broséus, J, Morelato, M, Tahtouh, M & Roux, C 2017, 'Forensic drug intelligence and the rise of cryptomarkets. Part I: Studying the Australian virtual market', Forensic Science International, vol. 279, pp. 288-301.
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© 2017 Elsevier B.V. Analysing and understanding cryptomarkets is essential to become proactive in the fight against the illicit drug trade. Such a research seeks to combine a diversity of indicators related to the virtual (darknet markets) and physical (the traditional “offline” market) aspects of the illicit drug trade to provide information on the distribution and consumption as well as to assess similarities/differences between the virtual and physical markets. This study analysed data that had previously been collected on cryptomarkets from December 2013 to March 2015. In this article, the data was extracted from two marketplaces, Evolution and Silk Road 2, and analysed to evaluate the illicit drug trade of the Australian virtual market (e.g. information about the supply and demand, trafficking flows, prices of illicit drugs and market share) and highlight its specificities. The results revealed the domestic nature of the virtual Australian illicit drug trade (i.e. Australian sellers essentially ship their products to local customers). This may explain the coherence between supply and demand. Particularly, the virtual Australian illicit drug trade is dominated by amphetamine-type substances (ATS), mainly methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and cannabis. Australia, as a shipping country, accounts for half of the methamphetamine offered and purchased on Silk Road 2. Moreover, it was observed that the online price fixed by Australian sellers for the considered illicit drugs is higher than for any other shipping countries, which is in line with previous studies. Understanding the virtual and physical drug market necessitates the integration and fusion of different perspectives to capture the dynamic nature of drug trafficking, monitor its evolution and finally improve our understanding of the phenomenon so policy makers can make informed decisions.
Carroll, L, Pattison, DI, Fu, S, Schiesser, CH, Davies, MJ & Hawkins, CL 2017, 'Catalytic oxidant scavenging by selenium-containing compounds: Reduction of selenoxides and N-chloramines by thiols and redox enzymes', Redox Biology, vol. 12, pp. 872-882.
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© 2017 Myeloperoxidase produces strong oxidants during the immune response to destroy invading pathogens. However, these oxidants can also cause tissue damage, which contributes to the development of numerous inflammatory diseases. Selenium containing compounds, including selenomethionine (SeMet) and 1,4-anhydro-5-seleno-D-talitol (SeTal), react rapidly with different MPO-derived oxidants to form the respective selenoxides (SeMetO and SeTalO). This study investigates the susceptibility of these selenoxides to undergo reduction back to the parent compounds by intracellular reducing systems, including glutathione (GSH) and the glutathione reductase and thioredoxin reductase systems. GSH is shown to reduce SeMetO and SeTalO, with consequent formation of GSSG with apparent second order rate constants, k2, in the range 103–104 M−1 s−1. Glutathione reductase reduces both SeMetO and SeTalO at the expense of NADPH via formation of GSSG, whereas thioredoxin reductase acts only on SeMetO. The presence of SeMet and SeTal also increased the rate at which NADPH was consumed by the glutathione reductase system in the presence of N-chloramines. In contrast, the presence of SeMet and SeTal reduced the rate of NADPH consumption by the thioredoxin reductase system after addition of N-chloramines, consistent with the rapid formation of selenoxides, but only slow reduction by thioredoxin reductase. These results support a potential role of seleno compounds to act as catalytic scavengers of MPO-derived oxidants, particularly in the presence of glutathione reductase and NADPH, assuming that sufficient plasma levels of the parent selenoether can be achieved in vivo following supplementation.
Chadwick, S, Neskoski, M, Spindler, X, Lennard, C & Roux, C 2017, 'Effect of hand sanitizer on the performance of fingermark detection techniques', Forensic Science International, vol. 273, pp. 153-160.
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© 2017 Elsevier B.V. Hand sanitizers have seen a rapid increase in popularity amongst the general population and this increased use has led to the belief that hand sanitizers may have an effect on subsequent fingermark detection. Based on this hypothesis, three alcoholic and two non-alcoholic hand sanitizers were evaluated to determine the effect they had on the detection of fingermarks deposited after their use. The following fingermark detection methods were applied: 1,2-indanedione-zinc, ninhydrin, physical developer (porous substrate); and cyanoacrylate, rhodamine 6G, magnetic powder (non-porous substrate). Comparison between hand sanitized fingermarks and non-hand sanitized fingermarks showed that the alcohol-based hand sanitizers did not result in any visible differences in fingermark quality. The non-alcoholic hand sanitizers, however, improved the quality of fingermarks developed with 1,2-indanedione-zinc and ninhydrin, and marginally improved those developed with magnetic powder. Different parameters, including time since hand sanitizer application prior to fingermark deposition and age of deposited mark, were tested to determine the longevity of increased development quality. The non-alcoholic hand sanitized marks showed no decrease in quality when aged for up to two weeks. The time since sanitizer application was determined to be an important factor that affected the quality of non-alcoholic hand sanitized fingermarks. It was hypothesized that the active ingredient in non-alcoholic hand sanitizers, benzalkonium chloride, is responsible for the increase in fingermark development quality observed with amino acid reagents, while the increased moisture content present on the ridges resulted in better powdered fingermarks.
Gupta, A, Curran, JM, Coulson, S & Triggs, CM 2017, 'Comparison of intra-day and inter-day variation in LIBS spectra', Forensic Chemistry, vol. 3, pp. 36-40.
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© 2017 Elsevier B.V. Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is an analytical chemistry technique that has the potential to identify and measure the elements in a substance of interest. LIBS is applicable for any phase (solid, liquid or gas). LIBS has gained importance in the fields of material identification, biomedical science, forensics, military, art and archaeology in the recent years. In spite of its many advantages over other instruments, it has a few drawbacks such as poor precision and repeatability. That is, different spectra may be observed for the same sample over successive runs. This indicates poor precision of the instrument. This paper presents an experiment designed to investigate the claim that there is higher variation in the experiments conducted on different days as compared to the experiments conducted on the same day. This study examines the variability in the spectra between the runs on the same day, and the variability between runs on different days using samples from a standard reference glass, and discusses the conclusions that can be drawn from the results.
Hofstetter, C, Maitre, M, Beavis, A, Roux, CP, Weyermann, C & Gassner, A-L 2017, 'A study of transfer and prevalence of organic gunshot residues', Forensic Science International, vol. 277, pp. 241-251.
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The main goal of the present study was to determine the amounts and distribution of organic gunshot residues (OGSR) on the shooter's upper body and clothing after discharging a pistol. A preliminary study was also performed to evaluate the prevalence of OGSR in the general population as well as in a police laboratory environment. In the transfer study, results indicated that OGSR are not only transferred to the hand of the shooter, but also to other parts of the upper body. Thus, wrists and forearms also represent interesting targets as they are washed less frequently than hands. Samples from the face and hair of the shooters resulted in no OGSR detection just after firing. It was also observed that the concentrations recovered from clothing are generally higher compared to the same skin area. Prevalence in both general (n=27) and police populations (n=25) was low. No OGSR was detected in the samples from the general population and only two samples from the police population were found positive.
Iqbal, MA, Nizio, KD, Ueland, M & Forbes, SL 2017, 'Forensic decomposition odour profiling: A review of experimental designs and analytical techniques', TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, vol. 91, pp. 112-124.
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© 2017 Elsevier B.V. The complex process of cadaveric decomposition releases diverse volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as by-products. These VOCs are significant in forensic science as the odour they comprise can be tracked by trained canines when searching for human remains in cases of missing persons, homicide, or mass disaster. Although this is an emerging area of research, numerous studies have been conducted to form a greater understanding of decomposition odour and its range of applications. While some of these studies are conducted in laboratories, most are conducted at specialised field sites (e.g., forensic, archaeological, taphonomic, search and rescue training facilities). This paper reviews these studies to provide a critical overview of the experimental approaches and analytical techniques used in decomposition odour analysis. Discussion covers the outcomes of these studies, their contribution to the field, and future directions, particularly the advances in analytical instrumentation currently being employed to provide a comprehensive decomposition odour profile.
Lee, R, Comber, B, Abraham, J, Wagner, M, Lennard, C, Spindler, X & Roux, C 2017, 'Supporting fingerprint identification assessments using a skin stretch model — A preliminary study', Forensic Science International, vol. 272, pp. 41-49.
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© 2017 Elsevier B.V. To support fingerprint expert opinion, this research proposes an approach that combines subjective human analysis (as currently applied by fingerprint practitioners) with a statistical test of the result. This approach relies on the hypothesis that there are limits to the distortion caused by skin stretch. Such limits can be modelled by applying a multivariate normal probability density function to the distances and angle formed by a marked ridge characteristic and the two closest neighbouring minutiae. This study presents a model tested on 5 donors in total. The “expected range” of distortion in a within-source comparison using 10 minutiae was determined and compared to between-source comparisons. The expected range of log probability densities for within-source comparisons marked with 10 minutiae was determined to be from −33.4 to −60.0, with all between-source data falling outside this range, between −83 and −305. These results suggest that the proposed generated metric could be a powerful tool for the assessment of fingerprint expert opinion in operational casework.
Maitre, M, Kirkbride, KP, Horder, M, Roux, C & Beavis, A 2017, 'Current perspectives in the interpretation of gunshot residues in forensic science: A review', Forensic Science International, vol. 270, pp. 1-11.
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The traces produced when a firearm is discharged can provide important information in cases when questions regarding a possible association of the firearm with a person of interest (POI), time since discharge or shooting distance are raised. With advances in technology, the forensic challenges presented by these traces, known as gunshot residues (GSR), are moving from the analytical domain to the interpretation of the analytical results. Different interpretation frameworks are currently competing. Formal classification of particles, using standards such as that produced by ASTM, focusses only on evaluation of evidence at the sub-source level. Another approach, based on the application of Bayesian reasoning - namely the case-by-case approach - has been proposed that allows evaluation of evidence in regards to activity-related questions. This alternative approach allows an evaluation of the evidence that is more closely aligned to judicial and investigative aims. This paper critically presents the state of the art in regards to GSR interpretation in a holistic manner.
Meakin, GE, Butcher, EV, van Oorschot, RAH & Morgan, RM 2017, 'Trace DNA evidence dynamics: An investigation into the deposition and persistence of directly- and indirectly-transferred DNA on regularly-used knives', Forensic Science International: Genetics, vol. 29, pp. 38-47.
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Empirical data on the transfer and persistence of trace DNA are crucial to the evaluation of forensic DNA evidence. This evaluation can be complicated by the occurrence of indirect DNA transfer; the possibility of which is well established, but research into such transfer is often focussed on unrealistic situations, e.g. handling of DNA-free items after participants have shaken hands for 1-2min. To simulate more realistic scenarios, this study investigated the deposition and persistence of both directly- and indirectly-transferred DNA on knives that had been artificially set up as 'regularly-used'. Each knife was handled in a prescribed manner by a specific participant over two consecutive days to simulate regular use. Each participant then shook hands for 10s with a fellow volunteer and immediately stabbed one of their knives into a foam block repeatedly for 60s. DNA was recovered by mini-taping from triplicate sets of knife handles from four pairings of volunteers after regular use, and at one hour, one day and one week after the handshaking and stabbing events. Total amounts of DNA recovered from the knives, regularly used by a single person, varied among individuals; one volunteer consistently deposited significantly greater amounts than the others, whilst another volunteer did not always leave complete profiles. DNA attributed to the regular user persisted for at least a week, declining with increasing time between DNA deposition and recovery. Non-donor DNA was co-deposited at <5% of the profiles recovered, except for one volunteer, who consistently left DNA from their romantic partner on their knives at ∼25% and ∼11% of the profiles before and after the handshaking and stabbing events, respectively. In three pairings of volunteers, after the handshaking and stabbing events, alleles that could be attributed to the respective handshakers' profiles were detected as partial minor profiles, equating to ∼10% of the profiles recovered. For the fourth pai...
Mehta, B, Daniel, R, Phillips, C & McNevin, D 2017, 'Forensically relevant SNaPshot® assays for human DNA SNP analysis: a review', International Journal of Legal Medicine, vol. 131, no. 1, pp. 21-37.
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© 2016, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Short tandem repeats are the gold standard for human identification but are not informative for forensic DNA phenotyping (FDP). Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as genetic markers can be applied to both identification and FDP. The concept of DNA intelligence emerged with the potential for SNPs to infer biogeographical ancestry (BGA) and externally visible characteristics (EVCs), which together enable the FDP process. For more than a decade, the SNaPshot® technique has been utilised to analyse identity and FDP-associated SNPs in forensic DNA analysis. SNaPshot is a single-base extension (SBE) assay with capillary electrophoresis as its detection system. This multiplexing technique offers the advantage of easy integration into operational forensic laboratories without the requirement for any additional equipment. Further, the SNP panels from SNaPshot® assays can be incorporated into customised panels for massively parallel sequencing (MPS). Many SNaPshot® assays are available for identity, BGA and EVC profiling with examples including the well-known SNPforID 52-plex identity assay, the SNPforID 34-plex BGA assay and the HIrisPlex EVC assay. This review lists the major forensically relevant SNaPshot® assays for human DNA SNP analysis and can be used as a guide for selecting the appropriate assay for specific identity and FDP applications.
Meng, L, Zhu, B, Zheng, K & Fu, S 2017, 'Ultrasound-assisted low-density solvent dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the determination of 4 designer benzodiazepines in urine samples by gas chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry', Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 1053, pp. 9-15.
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A novel microextraction technique based on ultrasound-assisted low-density solvent dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (UA-LDS-DLLME) had been applied for the determination of 4 designer benzodiazepines (phenazepam, diclazepam, flubromazepam and etizolam) in urine samples by gas chromatography- triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-QQQ-MS). Ethyl acetate (168μL) was added into the urine samples after adjusting pH to 11.3. The samples were sonicated in an ultrasonic bath for 5.5min to form a cloudy suspension. After centrifugation at 10000rpm for 3min, the supernatant extractant was withdrawn and injected into the GC-QQQ-MS for analysis. Parameters affecting the extraction efficiency have been investigated and optimized by means of single factor experiment and response surface methodology (Box-Behnken design). Under the optimum extraction conditions, a recovery of 73.8-85.5% were obtained for all analytes. The analytical method was linear for all analytes in the range from 0.003 to 10μg/mL with the correlation coefficient ranging from 0.9978 to 0.9990. The LODs were estimated to be 1-3ng/mL. The accuracy (expressed as mean relative error MRE) was within ±5.8% and the precision (expressed as relative standard error RSD) was less than 5.9%. UA-LDS-DLLME technique has the advantages of shorter extraction time and is suitable for simultaneous pretreatment of samples in batches. The combination of UA-LDS-DLLME with GC-QQQ-MS offers an alternative analytical approach for the sensitive detection of these designer benzodiazepines in urine matrix for clinical and medico-legal purposes.
Michelot, H, Fu, S, Stuart, B, Shimmon, R, Raymond, T, Crandell, T & Roux, C 2017, 'Effect of drug precursors and chemicals relevant to clandestine laboratory investigation on plastic bags used for collection and storage', Forensic Science International, vol. 273, pp. 106-112.
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© 2017 Elsevier B.V. In the area of clandestine laboratory investigations, plastic bags are used to collect and store evidence, such as solvents, precursors, and other compounds usually employed for the manufacturing of drugs (although liquids may be stored in glass containers within the bags first). In this study, three different types of plastic bags were provided by the NSW Police Force and investigated for their suitability for evidence collection: two different types of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) bags and one type of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bag. Three different experiments were carried out: (1) storing relevant chemicals in the bags for up to three months; (2) exposing the bags including their content to accelerated conditions using a weatherometer, and (3) simulating an expected real case scenario. This study indicates that drugs and related chemicals stored in plastic bags may lead to a change in the composition of the chemical and an alteration or degradation of the plastic bag. All experiments led to the same conclusion: the polyvinyl chloride bags appeared to be the most affected. LDPE bags seem to be more appropriate for routine use, although it has been established they are not suitable for the collection of liquids (unless pre-packaged in, for instance, a glass container).
Michelot, H, Stuart, B, Fu, S, Shimmon, R, Raymond, T, Crandell, T & Roux, C 2017, 'The mechanical properties of plastic evidence bags used for collection and storage of drug chemicals relevant to clandestine laboratory investigations', Forensic Sciences Research, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 198-202.
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The effectiveness of three types of plastic bags used by the New South Wales Police Force for the storage of clandestine drug evidence has been investigated through a comparison of mechanical properties. The tensile and tear properties of 'as received' low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) bags do not show major differences such that one type would be favoured over the other. However, the mechanical properties of the bags once exposed to a range of chemicals routinely collected as drug evidence have been shown to be influenced as a result of different chemical interactions. Although an interaction of reagents/solvents with an additive within the LDPE bags is proposed to influence the mechanical properties of the bags, the change in properties has been shown to be less severe than that observed for the PVC bag, where softening and damage of the bags results due to absorption of reagents.
Morelato, M, Barash, M, Blanes, L, Chadwick, S, Dilag, J, Kuzhiumparambil, U, Nizio, KD, Spindler, X & Moret, S 2017, 'Forensic Science: Current State and Perspective by a Group of Early Career Researchers', Foundations of Science, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 799-825.
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© 2016, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. Forensic science and its influence on policing and the criminal justice system have increased since the beginning of the twentieth century. While the philosophies of the forensic science pioneers remain the pillar of modern practice, rapid advances in technology and the underpinning sciences have seen an explosion in the number of disciplines and tools. Consequently, the way in which we exploit and interpret the remnant of criminal activity are adapting to this changing environment. In order to best exploit the trace, an interdisciplinary approach to both research and investigation is required. In this paper, nine postdoctoral research fellows from a multidisciplinary team discuss their vision for the future of forensic science at the crime scene, in the laboratory and beyond. This paper does not pretend to be exhaustive of all fields of forensic science, but describes a portion of the postdoctoral fellows’ interests and skills.
Nizio, KD, Ueland, M, Stuart, BH & Forbes, SL 2017, 'The analysis of textiles associated with decomposing remains as a natural training aid for cadaver-detection dogs', Forensic Chemistry, vol. 5, pp. 33-45.
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© 2017 Elsevier B.V. Cadaver-detection dogs are employed by law enforcement agencies to locate human remains in cases of missing persons, suspected homicides and following natural or man-made disasters. The ability of cadaver-detection dogs to locate human remains relies heavily on the use of effective and reliable training aids. Cadaver-detection dogs may be trained using a variety of materials ranging from natural scent sources (e.g. flesh, bone, blood or decomposition soil) to synthetic materials (e.g. Pseudo™ Scents). Commercially available synthetic scents often have an overly simplistic chemical composition that is inconsistent with decomposition odour. Therefore, natural scent sources are typically considered to be the most effective training aids; however, there is concern that using individual tissue types as natural training aids may not be indicative of the scent of an intact human cadaver. The objective of this work was to determine how well textiles associated with decomposing remains retain and mimic the odour of natural training aids. To test this, the chemical odour profile of textile samples collected from decomposing porcine remains that were buried clothed in 100% cotton t-shirts was examined. Throughout various stages of decomposition, the pig carcasses were exhumed and cotton samples were obtained. The volatile organic compound (VOC) profile of the textiles was collected using headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and analysed using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography – time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS). This study provides evidence that textiles associated with decomposing remains may represent a useful natural training aid with a VOC profile reflective of a large subset of cadaveric decomposition odour. The odour profile is dynamic and changes over time suggesting that obtaining textiles from different postmortem intervals would be useful for providing training aids that represent the full spectrum of dec...
Pasin, D, Cawley, A, Bidny, S & Fu, S 2017, 'Characterization of hallucinogenic phenethylamines using high‐resolution mass spectrometry for non‐targeted screening purposes', Drug Testing and Analysis, vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 1620-1629.
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Hallucinogenic phenethylamines such as 2,5‐dimethoxyphenethylamines (2C–X) and their N‐(2‐methoxybenzyl) derivatives (25X–NBOMe) have seen an increase in novel analogues in recent years. These rapidly changing analogues make it difficult for laboratories to rely on traditional targeted screening methods to detect unknown new psychoactive substances (NPS). In this study, twelve 2C–X, six 2,5‐dimethoxyamphetamines (DOX), and fourteen 25X–NBOMe derivatives, including two deuterated derivatives (2C–B‐d6 and 25I–NBOMe‐d9), were analyzed using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UPLC‐QTOF‐MS). Collision‐induced dissociation (CID) experiments were performed using collision energies set at 10, 20, and 40 eV. For 2C–X and DOX derivatives, common losses were observed including neutral and radical losses such as NH3 (17.0265 Da), •CH6N (32.0500 Da), C2H7N (45.0578 Da) and C2H9N (47.0735 Da). 2C–X derivatives displayed common product ions at m/z 164.0837 ([C10H12O2]+•), 149.0603 ([C9H9O2]+), and 134.0732 ([C9H10O]+•) while DOX derivatives had common product ions at m/z 178.0994 ([C11H14O2]+•), 163.0754 ([C10H11O2]+), 147.0804 ([C10H11O]+), and 13...
Pasin, D, Cawley, A, Bidny, S & Fu, S 2017, 'Current applications of high-resolution mass spectrometry for the analysis of new psychoactive substances: a critical review', Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol. 409, no. 25, pp. 5821-5836.
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© 2017, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. The proliferation of new psychoactive substances (NPS) in recent years has resulted in the development of numerous analytical methods for the detection and identification of known and unknown NPS derivatives. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) has been identified as the method of choice for broad screening of NPS in a wide range of analytical contexts because of its ability to measure accurate masses using data-independent acquisition (DIA) techniques. Additionally, it has shown promise for non-targeted screening strategies that have been developed in order to detect and identify novel analogues without the need for certified reference materials (CRMs) or comprehensive mass spectral libraries. This paper reviews the applications of HRMS for the analysis of NPS in forensic drug chemistry and analytical toxicology. It provides an overview of the sample preparation procedures in addition to data acquisition, instrumental analysis, and data processing techniques. Furthermore, it gives an overview of the current state of non-targeted screening strategies with discussion on future directions and perspectives of this technique. [Figure not available: see fulltext.].
Pokorski, I, Clement, N, Phung, N, Weltman, M, Fu, S & Copeland, J 2017, 'Cannabidiol in the management of in-patient cannabis withdrawal: clinical case series', Future Neurology, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 133-140.
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Aim: To assess the feasibility of the use of cannabidiol (CBD) for the management of cannabis withdrawal. Patients & methods: Eight participants were admitted to an in-patient detoxification facility for a 7-day open-label trial of CBD. Five participants received 600 mg of CBD and three participants received 1200 mg of CBD. Participants returned for a 28-day follow-up interview. Results & conclusion: CBD was well tolerated by all participants. Five completed the full treatment period and abstinence was maintained by four participants at day 28 follow-up. All those receiving the higher dose completed treatment and achieved abstinence at follow-up. This pilot study suggests that further exploration of CBD as a pharmacological adjunctive therapy for cannabis withdrawal and dependence is warranted. Registration ACTRN1261400024866.
Ribaux, O, Roux, C & Crispino, F 2017, 'Expressing the value of forensic science in policing', Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 489-501.
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© 2016 Australian Academy of Forensic SciencesOnly a small part of forensic science activities scattered across criminal justice systems is the object of scientific scrutiny, and is taken into account when evaluating the added-value brought by this discipline. Even in its more restricted definition, forensic science faces many embarrassing questions about its capacity to provide valid and reliably interpreted information in court. The inflation of control mechanisms increases costs and reduces the scope or availability of forensic information. The viability of forensic science, viewed through this lens, is questioned. To address this challenge, it is imperative to validly express forensic science contributions that are otherwise diluted across earlier processes. These include abductive and inductive species of inferences used in crime investigation, crime analysis and criminal intelligence. The ‘scientificity’ of these processes may be questioned, but it is not contested that they largely determine the global outcome of justice systems. As a result, they cannot be ignored. To unlock the debate, it is proposed to turn the forensic science focus from means (instruments, techniques, methods) to ends (what is the problem, what are the objectives?). This perspective naturally leads to proactive models of policing. It also provides possible frameworks to express various uses of the information conveyed by traces for solving problems. Reframed forensic science contributions are more validly expressed and the current debate can ultimately be transcended.
Soleymani, S, Aalders, J, Gahan, ME, Ireland, T & McNevin, D 2017, 'Fungal bioreceptivity of Japanese tissue papers treated with plant dyes, watercolours, and acrylic paints in paper conservation', Studies in Conservation, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 104-113.
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© 2016, © The International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works 2016. Despite substantial literature on the dyeing of textiles, there is a lack of research about colouring Japanese mending papers (tissue papers) used for paper conservation purposes. This study investigates the fungal bioreceptivity of Japanese tissue papers after they have been treated with various dyes and pigments. A variety of toning materials including plant dyes, watercolours, acrylic paints, inks, pastels, gouaches, and colour pencils are commonly used by conservators for paper toning purposes. In this study, two Japanese tissue papers (Yukyu-shi and Sekishu Mare) were treated with selected plant dyes, watercolours, and acrylic paints and then inoculated with fungal species. Quantitative real-time pol ymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to quantify the DNA from Aspergillus niger and Penicillium rubrum as a proxy for fungal species abundance before and after inoculation and artificial moist heat ageing. qPCR primers which were universal for fungi amplified DNA from papers inoculated with A. niger and P. rubrum and these species were found to grow less on treated Sekishu Mare and Yukyu-shi papers compared with untreated papers. Sekishu Mare papers treated with artists' acrylic paints were found to be more resistant to fungal growth than similarly treated Yukyu-shi papers. This study suggests that for the best long-term preservation outcomes for paper materials in archives, libraries, galleries, and museums, acrylic paints generally perform better in conservation terms than most plant dyes and watercolours, although most colourants displayed some bioinhibition.
Soleymani, S, Ireland, T & McNevin, D 2017, 'Influence of acidity on the mechanical stability of retouched Japanese tissue papers during the course of artificial ageing', AICCM Bulletin, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 3-14.
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Taspinar, S, Mohanty, M & Memon, N 2017, 'PRNU-Based Camera Attribution From Multiple Seam-Carved Images', IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, vol. 12, no. 12, pp. 3065-3080.
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Taudte, RV, Roux, C & Beavis, A 2017, 'Stability of smokeless powder compounds on collection devices', Forensic Science International, vol. 270, pp. 55-60.
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© 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd The current trend towards the implementation of organic gunshot residue (OGSR) analysis into gunshot residue (GSR) investigation protocols typically involves the sequential analysis of inorganic and organic GSR. However, to allow for the consecutive analysis of inorganic and organic GSR, specimens will often be stored for different lengths of time which may result in compounds of interest degrading. In order to optimise storage conditions, it is important to consider compound degradation on collection devices during storage. This study investigated the degradation over time of compounds potentially present in smokeless powders and OGSR on two collection devices, alcohol swabs and GSR stubs. Over a period of 63 days, the highest degree of degradation was found in the first four days. Interestingly, energetic compounds were generally found to be more stable than smokeless powder additives such as stabilisers including diphenylamine and ethyl centralite, which might be problematic considering that these compounds are common targets for OGSR. The findings can provide valuable information to operational forensic laboratories to optimise their storage durations.
Tobias, SHA, Jacques, GS, Morgan, RM & Meakin, GE 2017, 'The effect of pressure on DNA deposition by touch', Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series, vol. 6, pp. e12-e14.
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Casework exhibits are routinely examined for DNA that might have been deposited by touch, although the success of downstream profiling can vary. Many variables affect DNA deposition by touch, such as ‘shedder status’ surface type, and nature of contact. This may include pressure, which has been shown to increase the transfer of DNA between two surfaces, although whether pressure can impact DNA deposition directly from skin has yet to be examined. Therefore, this study uses a novel method to investigate whether pressure can affect the amount and quality of DNA directly deposited by touch. With the fingertips of one hand, volunteers exerted pressure for one minute onto a DNA-free polycarbonate board placed on top of a balance; all five fingermarks were then swabbed and combined as one sample for DNA extraction, quantification and profiling. For each hand, the area of the combined fingertips was used to determine the weight value to which to push the balance to give pressures of 4, 21 or 37 kPa. Volunteers used both their right and left hands at each pressure in a randomised order on each day of three non-consecutive days. Increasing the pressure between skin and surface significantly increased the amount of DNA deposited, which resulted in the detection of more alleles, from both the donor and unknown sources. No significant differences were observed in the amounts of DNA deposited between hands and among different days for each volunteer. DNA amounts significantly varied between individuals at 21 and 37 kPa, but not at 4 kPa. These findings provide insights into the impact of pressure on touch DNA deposition, and suggest that pressure is a key variable for crime scene investigators and forensic examiners to consider when prioritising items/surfaces that are likely to produce successful touch DNA results during a criminal investigation.
Ueland, M, Howes, JM, Forbes, SL & Stuart, BH 2017, 'Degradation patterns of natural and synthetic textiles on a soil surface during summer and winter seasons studied using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy', Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, vol. 185, pp. 69-76.
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© 2017 Elsevier B.V. Textiles are a valuable source of forensic evidence and the nature and condition of textiles collected from a crime scene can assist investigators in determining the nature of the death and aid in the identification of the victim. Until now, much of the knowledge of textile degradation in forensic contexts has been based on the visual inspection of material collected from soil environments. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the potential of a more quantitative approach to the understanding of forensic textile degradation through the application of infrared spectroscopy. Degradation patterns of natural and synthetic textile materials as they were subjected to a natural outdoor environment in Australia were investigated. Cotton, polyester and polyester – cotton blend textiles were placed on a soil surface during the summer and winter seasons and were analysed over periods 1 and 1.5 years, respectively, and examined using attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy. Statistical analysis of the spectral data obtained for the cotton material correlated with visual degradation and a difference in the onset of degradation between the summer and winter season was revealed. The synthetic material did not show any signs of degradation either visually or statistically throughout the experimental period and highlighted the importance of material type in terms of preservation. The cotton section from the polyester – cotton blend samples was found to behave in a similar manner to that of the 100% cotton samples, however principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated that the degradation patterns were less distinct in both the summer and winter trial for the blend samples. These findings indicated that the presence of the synthetic material may have inhibited the degradation of the natural material. The use of statistics to analyse the spectral data obtained for textiles of forensic interest provides a better foundation for ...
Ward, J 2017, 'Best practice recommendations for the establishment of a national DNA identification program for missing persons: A global perspective', Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series, vol. 6, pp. e43-e45.
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© 2017 I was awarded a 2015 Churchill Fellowship to visit international laboratories which have specialisation in the DNA identification of unidentified human remains (UHR), applied new technologies to DNA identification casework including the massively parallel sequencing (MPS) of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and forensic DNA phenotyping markers, and established successful DNA-led identification programs for missing persons (MP) casework or disaster victim identification. The goal of the Fellowship was to improve the DNA profiling outcomes for the 500+ cases of UHR in Australia, explore new technologies or DNA markers which could aid the identification effort in the absence of other investigative leads, and devise recommendations for the establishment of a DNA identification program for the 2000+ long-term MP in Australia. Despite DNA being used worldwide to successfully identify large numbers of MP resulting from armed conflicts, human rights abuses and natural or man-made disasters, the cost, labour and success rate of using DNA for routinely identifying compromised UHR has historically been prohibitive for many countries, resulting in current backlogs of identification casework. The introduction of a nationally coordinated DNA testing program, and adoption of DNA technological advancements, will facilitate the effective and efficient identification of a country's unknown and missing citizens thus bringing closure to potentially large numbers of missing person and criminal cold cases. I will translate key Fellowship findings into practical recommendations for the establishment of a national DNA identification program based on international best practice that will be applicable for any country considering implementing a DNA-led MP program.
Watanabe, S, Kuzhiumparambil, U, Nguyen, MA, Cameron, J & Fu, S 2017, 'Metabolic Profile of Synthetic Cannabinoids 5F-PB-22, PB-22, XLR-11 and UR-144 by Cunninghamella elegans', The AAPS Journal, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 1148-1162.
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© 2017, American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists. The knowledge of metabolic profile of synthetic cannabinoids is important for the detection of drugs in urinalysis due to the typical absence or low abundance of parent cannabinoids in human urine. The fungus Cunninghamella elegans has been reported to be a useful tool for metabolism study and thus applicability to synthetic cannabinoid metabolism was examined. In this study, 8-quinolinyl 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H–indole-3-carboxylate (5F-PB-22), 8-quinolinyl 1-pentyl-1H-indole-3-carboxylate (PB-22), [1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone (XLR-11) and (1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone (UR-144) were incubated with C. elegans and the metabolites were identified using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The obtained metabolites were compared with reported human metabolites to assess the suitability of the fungus to extrapolate human metabolism. 5F-PB-22 underwent dihydroxylation, dihydrodiol formation, oxidative defluorination, oxidative defluorination to carboxylic acid, ester hydrolysis and glucosidation, alone and/or in combination. The metabolites of PB-22 were generated by hydroxylation, dihydroxylation, trihydroxylation, dihydrodiol formation, ketone formation, carboxylation, ester hydrolysis and glucosidation, alone and/or in combination. XLR-11 was transformed through hydroxylation, dihydroxylation, aldehyde formation, carboxylation, oxidative defluorination, oxidative defluorination to carboxylic acid and glucosidation, alone and/or in combination. UR-144 was metabolised by hydroxylation, dihydroxylation, trihydroxylation, aldehyde formation, ketone formation, carboxylation, N-dealkylation and combinations. These findings were consistent with previously reported human metabolism except for the small extent of ester hydrolysis observed and the absence of glucuronidation. Despite the limitations, ...
Wei, Z, Niu, Q, Zhang, F, Xiao, K, Liu, L, Wang, Y, Jia, J, Cao, J, Fu, S & Yun, K 2017, 'The effect of sodium fluoride, formaldehyde, and storage temperature on the stability of methamidophos in post-mortem blood and liver', International Journal of Legal Medicine, vol. 131, no. 3, pp. 667-675.
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Poisoning by organophosphorus insecticides such as methamidophos makes up a significant portion of forensic identification cases in China. Stability of methamidophos during specimen storage remains largely unknown. This study aimed to examine the long-term stability of methamidophos in postmortem specimens. Three experimental dogs after oral administration of methamidophos were sacrificed, and blood and liver specimens were collected and stored at various conditions. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to measure the methamidophos concentrations after 0, 4, 7, 12, 16, 60, and 180 days of storage. The results showed that methamidophos was not stable and followed first-order degradation kinetics at all storage conditions investigated. The degradation half-life in blood was 12.2, 16.9, 11.0, and 1.0 days when the samples were stored at room temperature (RT, 20 °C), 4 °C, -20 °C, and at RT with 1 % sodium fluoride (NaF), respectively. The degradation half-life in liver was 4.1, 9.8, 17.8, and 2.0 days when the samples were stored at RT, 4 °C, -20 °C, and at RT with liver fixed in 10 % formaldehyde solution, respectively. These findings are significant in guiding sample storage and data interpretation. Specimens containing methamidophos should be stored at -20 °C and analyzed as early as possible. Addition of NaF in blood and fixation of liver in formaldehyde should be avoided due to the accelerated degradation of methamidophos under these conditions. The preliminary study suggests that it might be possible to calculate methamidophos concentration at the time of death based on its first-order degradation kinetic under specific storage conditions.
Wood, I, Park, S, Tooke, J, Smith, O, Morgan, RM & Meakin, GE 2017, 'Efficiencies of recovery and extraction of trace DNA from non-porous surfaces', Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series, vol. 6, pp. e153-e155.
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DNA recovery and extraction efficiencies are key considerations for trace DNA interpretation in casework, but prior studies have tended to focus on assessing these for body fluids rather than trace DNA. This study therefore examined the recovery and extraction of trace DNA using different collection methods from a range of non-porous surfaces relevant to crimes including homicides, terror attacks, and wildlife poaching. Direct extraction of DNA from solutions of a known concentration revealed absolute extraction efficiencies of ∼82%. When DNA was extracted from swabs seeded with the DNA solution, a similarly high efficiency of ∼85% was achieved from nylon-flocked swabs, with a lower efficiency of ∼55% from cotton swabs. However, when DNA was recovered from non-porous surfaces with swabs, ∼55% of DNA was still recovered from plastic knife handles, but lower efficiencies were achieved from the other substrates, particularly metal cable. Varied and poor recovery was observed using mini-tapes and requires further investigation. These results demonstrate that >50% recovery efficiency of trace DNA is achievable with both swab types, although recovery rates may be affected by surface type and/or practitioner experience.
Yan, J, Kuzhiumparambil, U, Bandodkar, S, Solowij, N & Fu, S 2017, 'Development and validation of a simple, rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the measurement of urinary neurotransmitters and their metabolites', Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol. 409, no. 30, pp. 7191-7199.
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Agius, A, Morelato, M, Moret, S, Chadwick, S, Jones, K, Epple, R & Roux, C 1970, 'USING HANDWRITING TO INFER A WRITER'S COUNTRY OF ORIGIN FOR FORENSIC INTELLIGENCE PURPOSES', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, 21st Triennial Meeting of the International-Association-of-Forensic-Sciences (IAFS), ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD, Toronto, CANADA, pp. 160-160.
Bannwarth, A, Morelato, M, Benaglia, L, Esseiva, P, Del, OM & Roux, C 1970, 'THE ANALYSIS OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN SYDNEY WASTEWATER', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, 21st Triennial Meeting of the International-Association-of-Forensic-Sciences (IAFS), ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD, Toronto, CANADA, pp. 225-225.
Blanes, L, Dos Santos, RO, Diplock, M, Benson, N, Doble, P & Roux, C 1970, 'DEVELOPMENT OF AN ELECTRONIC EXPLOSIVE DETECTOR USING MICROFLUIDIC PAPER-BASED ANALYTICAL DEVICES', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, 21st Triennial Meeting of the International-Association-of-Forensic-Sciences (IAFS), ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD, Toronto, CANADA, pp. 199-200.
Chadwick, S, de La Hunty, M, Morelato, M, Lam, R & Roux, C 1970, 'FORENSIC SCIENCE EDUCATION - FLAVOUR TO FOUNDATION', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, 21st Triennial Meeting of the International-Association-of-Forensic-Sciences (IAFS), ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD, Toronto, CANADA, pp. 56-56.
Chadwick, S, Moret, S, Jayashanka, N, Lennard, C, Spindler, X & Roux, C 1970, 'INSIDE KNOWLEDGE OF THE FACTORS INFLUENCING FINGERMARK DETECTION', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, 21st Triennial Meeting of the International-Association-of-Forensic-Sciences (IAFS), ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD, Toronto, CANADA, pp. 59-60.
Chadwick, S, Neskoski, M, Spindler, X, Lennard, C & Roux, C 1970, 'INVESTIGATION INTO THE EFFECT OF HAND SANITIZERS ON LATENT FINGERMARKS', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, 21st Triennial Meeting of the International-Association-of-Forensic-Sciences (IAFS), ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD, Toronto, CANADA, pp. 61-61.
Durmus, E, Mohanty, M, Taspinar, S, Uzun, E & Memon, N 1970, 'Image carving with missing headers and missing fragments', 2017 IEEE Workshop on Information Forensics and Security (WIFS), 2017 IEEE Workshop on Information Forensics and Security (WIFS), IEEE, Rennes, FR POLYNESIA.
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Fan, G & Mohanty, M 1970, 'Privacy-preserving Disease Susceptibility Test with Shamir’s Secret Sharing', Proceedings of the 14th International Joint Conference on e-Business and Telecommunications, 14th International Conference on Security and Cryptography, SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, pp. 525-533.
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Copyright © 2017 by SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved. Recent advances in genomics have facilitated the development of personalized medicine, in which a patient's susceptibility to certain diseases and her compatibility with certain medications can be determined from her genetic makeup. Although this technology has many advantages, privacy of the patient is one of the major concerns due to the sensitivity of genomic data. In this paper, we propose a privacy-preserving scheme for computing a patient's susceptibility to a particular disease. Our scheme stores genomic data in hidden form and performs the disease susceptibility test in the hidden domain. To hide the data, we use Shamir's (l, n) secret sharing, which can be homomorphic to a fixed number of multiplications and unlimited additions. Using Shamir's secret sharing, we create n shares and store the shares at n datacenters. The datacenters perform the susceptibility test on their shares and send the result (which is also hidden) to a hospital. Finally, the hospital obtains the secret result of the test by accessing at least k datacenters, where k = 2l-1. In comparison to other works, our approach is more practical as it minimizes the involvement of the patient and incurs less overhead.
Khuu, A, Chadwick, S, Spindler, X, Moret, S, Gunn, P & Roux, C 1970, 'THE IMPACT OF ONE-STEP LUMINESCENT CYANOACRYLATES ON SUBSEQUENT DNA ANALYSIS', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, 21st Triennial Meeting of the International-Association-of-Forensic-Sciences (IAFS), ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD, Toronto, CANADA, pp. 246-246.
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Fingermarks can be exploited for both their ridge detail and touch DNA. One-step luminescent cyanoacrylate (CA) fuming techniques used for fingermark enhancement, such as PolyCyano UV (Foster+Freeman Ltd) and Lumicyano™ (Crime Science Technology), claim to be compatible with DNA analysis as they reduce the need for post‐staining to increase contrast of the developed fingermark. The aim of this study was to determine the impact that these one-step luminescent cyanoacrylates have on DNA analysis and how they compare to conventional CA techniques. Four donors each deposited five sets of natural fingermarks, to which a known amount of washed saliva cells was dispensed onto half of each set of fingermarks. Each set was treated with either a conventional CA technique or a one‐step luminescent CA technique prior to collection and processing of DNA, with one set left as a non-fumed control. It was found that DNA was still recoverable and detectable following each of the treatments. Lumicyano™ had a similar impact on DNA profiles as conventional CA fuming and with post‐stain, however, the degradation effect of PolyCyano UV on DNA was greater than the conventional treatments. For quantities of DNA such as that from touch DNA, the use of PolyCyano UV to enhance fingermarks may impact subsequent DNA analysis by causing allele drop out at larger fragment sizes.
Lam, R, Barone, A, Morrell, W, Malone, A, Moret, S, Roux, C, Spikmans, V & Lennard, C 1970, 'EXCESSIVE FUMING WITH CYANOACRYLATE FOR THE DETECTION OF LATENT FINGERMARKS ON POLYMER BANKNOTES', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, 21st Triennial Meeting of the International-Association-of-Forensic-Sciences (IAFS), ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD, Toronto, CANADA, pp. 62-62.
Lam, R, Ruscito, A, Derosa, MC, Spindler, X, Lennard, C & Roux, C 1970, 'FINGERMARK-SELEX: A NOVEL APPROACH TO DEVELOP DNA APTAMERS FOR FINGERMARK DETECTION', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, 21st Triennial Meeting of the International-Association-of-Forensic-Sciences (IAFS), ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD, Toronto, CANADA, pp. 52-52.
Lee, PL, Moret, S, de la Hunty, M, Spindler, X, Lennard, C & Roux, C 1970, 'SINGLE METAL DEPOSITION VS. PHYSICAL DEVELOPER, A COMPARISON OF TWO FINGERMARK DETECTION TECHNIQUES', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, 21st Triennial Meeting of the International-Association-of-Forensic-Sciences (IAFS), ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD, Toronto, CANADA, pp. 191-191.
Lee, R, Comber, B, Abraham, J, Lennard, C, Spindler, X & Roux, C 1970, 'SUPPORTING FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION ASSESSMENTS USING A SKIN STRETCH MODEL', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, 21st Triennial Meeting of the International-Association-of-Forensic-Sciences (IAFS), ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD, Toronto, CANADA, pp. 3-3.
Maitre, M, Kirkbride, P, Horder, M, Roux, C & Beavis, A 1970, 'PERSISTENCE OF ORGANIC GUNSHOT RESIDUES EVIDENCE', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, 21st Triennial Meeting of the International-Association-of-Forensic-Sciences (IAFS), ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD, Toronto, CANADA, pp. 157-157.
Mccabe, R, Spikmans, V, Spindler, X, Wuhrer, R & Lennard, C 1970, 'INDANEDIONE METHODS FOR FINGERMARK DETECTION: NORMAL TREATMENT, VACUUM DEVELOPMENT AND DRY-TRANSFER.', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, 21st Triennial Meeting of the International-Association-of-Forensic-Sciences (IAFS), ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD, Toronto, CANADA, pp. 163-163.
Michelot, H, Morelato, M, Chadwick, S, Roux, C & Tahtouh, M 1970, 'CHEMOMETRICS APPLIED TO CHEMICAL PROFILES OF COCAINE SEIZURES: A FORENSIC INTELLIGENCE APPROACH', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, 21st Triennial Meeting of the International-Association-of-Forensic-Sciences (IAFS), ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD, Toronto, CANADA, pp. 229-230.
Michelot, H, Morelato, M, Chadwick, S, Roux, C & Tahtouh, M 1970, 'THE ANALYSIS OF CUTTING AGENTS IN AUSTRALIAN SEIZURES OF COCAINE AND HEROIN OVER SIX YEARS', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, 21st Triennial Meeting of the International-Association-of-Forensic-Sciences (IAFS), ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD, Toronto, CANADA, pp. 227-227.
Michelot, H, Morelato, M, Chadwick, S, Tahtouh, M & Roux, C 1970, 'ION MOBILITY SPECTROMETRY VERSUS ION TRAP TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY TO DETECT NARCOTICS ON PASSPORTS', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, 21st Triennial Meeting of the International-Association-of-Forensic-Sciences (IAFS), ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD, Toronto, CANADA, pp. 227-227.
Morelato, M, Broseus, J, Rhumorbarbe, D, Staehli, L, Roux, C & Rossy, Q 1970, 'A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF TRAFFICKING ON EVOLUTION, A POPULAR DARKNET MARKETPLACE', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, 21st Triennial Meeting of the International-Association-of-Forensic-Sciences (IAFS), ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD, Toronto, CANADA, pp. 246-246.
Moret, S, Lee, PL, Spindler, X, Lennard, C & Roux, C 1970, 'LUMINESCENT SILICON OXIDE NANOPARTICLES FOR FINGERMARK DETECTION', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, 21st Triennial Meeting of the International-Association-of-Forensic-Sciences (IAFS), ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD, Toronto, CANADA, pp. 232-232.
Seckiner, D, Maynard, P, Roux, C & Mallett, X 1970, 'FORENSIC GAIT ANALYSIS: MORPHOMETRIC BODY ASSESSMENT WITH ASSOCIATED CCTV IMAGE QUANTIFICATION', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, 21st Triennial Meeting of the International-Association-of-Forensic-Sciences (IAFS), ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD, Toronto, CANADA, pp. 246-246.
Spindler, X, Lau, V & Roux, C 1970, 'WHEN ARE FIBRES RELEVANT: DAILY ACTIVITY AND BACKGROUND EXTRANEOUS FIBRES ON T-SHIRTS', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, 21st Triennial Meeting of the International-Association-of-Forensic-Sciences (IAFS), ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD, Toronto, CANADA, pp. 58-58.
Spindler, X, Scott, E, Barone, A, Liang, K, Roux, C, Moret, S & Lennard, C 1970, 'THE DETECTION OF LATENT FINGERMARKS USING LUMINESCENT METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, 21st Triennial Meeting of the International-Association-of-Forensic-Sciences (IAFS), ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD, Toronto, CANADA, pp. 61-61.
Tang, V, Macer-Wright, J, Fu, S, Rayner, B & Hawkins, C 1970, 'A role for chlorinated nucleosides in the promotion of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis?', Free Radical Biology and Medicine, OCC World Congress / Annual SFRR-E Conference, Elsevier BV, Berlin, GERMANY, pp. S30-S30.
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