Baines, SB, Fisher, NS, Doblin, MA & Cutter, GA 2001, 'Uptake of dissolved organic selenides by marine phytoplankton', LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY, vol. 46, no. 8, pp. 1936-1944.
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Se is present in multiple oxidation states in nature, each of which has unique chemical and biological reactivities. As a consequence, the rate of Se incorporation into food webs or its role as either a limiting nutrient or a toxic substance is a functio
Hagare, P, Thiruvenkatachari, R & Ngo, HH 2001, 'A feasibility study of using hematite to remove dissolved organic carbon in water treatment', SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 36, no. 11, pp. 2547-2559.
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Kim, SH, Bidkar, A, Ngo, HH, Vigneswaran, S & Moon, H 2001, 'Adsorption and mass transfer characteristics of metsulfuron-methyl on activated carbon', KOREAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 163-169.
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Mahlia, TMI, Abdulmuin, MZ, Alamsyah, TMI & Mukhlishien, D 2001, 'An alternative energy source from palm wastes industry for Malaysia and Indonesia', Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 42, no. 18, pp. 2109-2118.
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Mahlia, TMI, Masjuki, HH, Choudhury, IA & Saidur, R 2001, 'Potential CO2 reduction by implementing energy efficiency standard for room air conditioner in Malaysia', Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 42, no. 14, pp. 1673-1685.
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Masjuki, HH, Kalam, MA, Maleque, MA, Kubo, A & Nonaka, T 2001, 'Performance, emissions and wear characteristics of an indirect injection diesel engine using coconut oil blended fuel', Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, vol. 215, no. 3, pp. 393-404.
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Dynamometer tests have been carried out to evaluate the performance, emissions and wear characteristics of an indirect injection diesel engine when fuelled by 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 per cent blends of ordinary coconut oil (COCO) with ordinary diesel fuel (OD). The test was conducted for 100 h using each of the test fuels to monitor the effect of COCO blends on the wear and lubricating oil performance. OD fuel was also used for comparison purposes. The operating performance of the engine and the emission characteristics of exhaust gases were compared. The effect of blended fuel on the engin's wear and lubrication characteristics in terms of wear metal (Fe), water concentration, oxidation, viscosity, total base number and additive depletion was analysed. The performance and emissions characteristics results showed that 10-30 per cent coconut oil blends produced slightly higher performance in terms of brake power than OD. All the COCO blends produced lower exhaust emissions including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and particulate matter. The wear and lubrication oil characteristics results showed that COCO blends up to 30 per cent produced similar results to OD. This programme will give useful information for further research and development in the future if COCO is used as an alternative to OD.
Masjuki, HH, Mahlia, TMI & Choudhury, IA 2001, 'Potential electricity savings by implementing minimum energy efficiency standards for room air conditioners in Malaysia', Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 439-450.
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Masjuki, HH, Saidur, R, Choudhury, IA, Mahlia, TMI, Ghani, AK & Maleque, MA 2001, 'The applicability of ISO household refrigerator–freezer energy test specifications in Malaysia', Energy, vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 723-737.
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Ralph, PJ, Gademann, R & Larkum, AWD 2001, 'Zooxanthellae expelled from bleached corals at 33 degrees C are photosynthetically competent', MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES, vol. 220, pp. 163-168.
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While a number of factors have been linked to coral bleaching, such as high light, high temperature, low salinity, and UV exposure, the best explanation for recent coral bleaching events are small temperature excursions of 1 to 2°C above summer sea-surface temperatures in the tropics which induce the dinoflagellate symbionts (zooxanthellae) to be expelled from the host. The mechanism that triggers this expulsion of the algal symbionts is not resolved, but has been attributed to damage to the photosynthetic mechanism of the zooxanthellae. In the present investigation we addressed the question of whether such expelled zooxanthellae are indeed impaired irreversibly in their photosynthesis. We employed a Microscopy Pulse Amplitude-Modulated (PAM) fluorometer, by which individual zooxanthellae can be examined to study photosynthesis in zooxanthellae expelled when corals are subjected to a temperature of 33°C. We show that the expelled zooxanthellae from Cyphastrea serailia were largely unaffected in their photosynthesis and could be heated to 37°C before showing temperature-induced photosynthetic impairment. These results suggest strongly that the early events that trigger temperature-induced expulsion of zooxanthellae involve a dysfunction in the interaction of the zooxanthellae and the coral host tissue, and not a dysfunction in the zooxanthellae per se.
Sundaravadivel, M & Vigneswaran, S 2001, 'Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment', Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 351-409.
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Sundaravadivel, M & Vigneswaran, S 2001, 'Wastewater collection and treatment technologies for semi-urban areas of India: a case study', Water Science and Technology, vol. 43, no. 11, pp. 329-336.
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Sanitation and wastewater management problems in small and medium towns in India (referred to as “semi-urban areas” - SUAs) are distinctly different from those of large cities or rural villages. There is an apparent lack of choices of appropriate sanitation options for these semi-urban areas, leading them to adopt on-site sanitation technologies. A field study of four such small towns in India was conducted to evaluate the suitability of available low-cost wastewater collection and treatment technologies, in light of their current practice. Based on the field study, this paper suggests a system comprising “combined surface sewers” and “reed-bed channel” for collection and treatment of wastewater for semi-urban areas, that can utilize all the existing infrastructure to effect better sanitation at lower costs. The suggested system involves converting the existing open wastewater collection drains on the road sides, as “decentralized” networks of covered drains with simple structural modifications to collect both wastewater and stormwater; and, converting the large open drains on the outskirts of SUAs that carry wastewater to agricultural fields, as gravel media filled beds planted with local reeds. Cost estimates for the towns studied indicate this system to be over 70% cheaper compared to conventional collection and treatment systems.
Zhou, JL, Maskaoui, K, Qiu, YW, Hong, HS & Wang, ZD 2001, 'Polychlorinated biphenyl congeners and organochlorine insecticides in the water column and sediments of Daya Bay, China', Environmental Pollution, vol. 113, no. 3, pp. 373-384.
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Samples of sub-surface water, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and surface sediments collected from Daya Bay, China have been analysed for 12 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners and 18 organochlorine insecticides, using gas chromatography electron capture detection. Total PCB levels varied from 91.1 to 1355.3 ng l-1 in water and from 0.85 to 27.37 ng g-1 dry weight in sediments. The levels of total organochlorine insecticides were in the range 143.3-5104.8 ng l-1 in water and 2.43-86.25 ng g-1 dry weight in sediment. None of the target compounds were detected in SPM. The levels of total hexachlorocyclohexanes in water varied from 35.5 to 1228.6 ng l-1, whilst in sediments they ranged from 0.32 to 4.16 ng g-1 dry weight. For the sum of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), their levels were in the range 26.8-975.9 ng l-1 in water, and 0.14-20.27 ng g-1 dry weight in sediments. The distribution profiles of these contaminants in water and sediments suggest that there are a number of sources contributing to total contaminant burden in the bay, including soil runoffs, wastewater discharges, sewage outfalls and shipping activities. Ratios of DDT/(DDE+DDD) in the water and sediments indicate recent inputs of such chemicals into the bay. The results, therefore, provide important information on the current contamination status of a key aquacultural area in China, and point to the need for urgent actions to stop the use of persistent agrochemicals such as DDT and lindane. Copyright © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Zhou, JL, Salvador, SM, Liu, YP & Sequeira, M 2001, 'Heavy metals in the tissues of common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) stranded on the Portuguese coast', Science of The Total Environment, vol. 273, no. 1-3, pp. 61-76.
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The concentrations of Hg, Sn, Cr, Zn, Ni, Co, Cd, Mn, Fe and Cu were determined in the liver, kidney and muscle of 24 common dolphins stranded on the Portuguese coast between 1995 and 1998. Nitric acid was used to extract the metals from the tissues for analysis by inductively-coupled plasma/atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP/AES). Those metals with relatively higher concentrations included Fe, Zn and Hg, particularly in liver. Other metals including Cr, Ni and Cd tended to show much lower levels, or were even undetected (e.g. Co). Different metals seemed to show different temporal trends, although due to substantial variations of the mean concentrations for each year obtained, such temporal pattern has to be studied further. Total Hg concentration in the kidney, muscle and particularly liver, were higher in females than in males. Total Hg concentrations in all the organs increased with body length of dolphins, whilst those of Zn and Cu in muscle decreased with dolphin length. A strong correlation was found between essential metals Zn and Cu in muscle, possibly resulting from sequestration of these metals by metallothionein. In addition, significant co-associations existed between the same metal (e.g. Hg, Sn and Zn) in different organs. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.
Kalam, MA, Masjuki, HH & Maleque, MA 1970, 'Gasoline engine operated on liquefied petroleum gas', ADVANCES IN MALAYSIAN ENERGY RESEARCH 2000, Seminar on Advances in Malaysian Energy Research 2000, INST TENAGA MALAYSIA, SHAH ALAM, MALAYSIA, pp. 307-316.
Laroussi, M, Dobbs, FC, Wei, Z, Doblin, M, Ball, L, Moreira, K, Dyer, FF & Richardson, JP 1970, 'Effects of excimer UV radiation on microorganisms', IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science.
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It is well known that under high pressure conditions, microdischarges in rare gases or rare gas/halogen mixtures produce excimers. Excimers do not possess a stable ground state and tend to decay rapidly, releasing in the process radiation in the VUV, UV, or even visible range. The radiation generated by excimer lamps is incoherent, but intense and spectrally selective. Therefore, excimer lamps have been used in numerous applications such as surface modification, paint curing, material deposition, and pollution abatement. In this paper, we report a series of experiments on the use of a Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) based excimer UV lamp to decontaminate water (both fresh and salty). The lamp presents a large area with a cylindrical geometry, and is RF-driven. In our experimental setup, the lamp is immersed into about a half liter of water containing a pre-selected concentration of a specific microorganism. The volume of water is exposed to the UV radiation emanating from the lamp and samples are taken, at selected time intervals, for analysis. The microorganisms used in our experiments are Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Salmonella typhimurium, all bacteria, and the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum. Kill curves showing viability versus treatment time will be presented. In addition, a characterization of the morphological changes of the treated cells will be attempted.
Sundaravadivel, M & Vigneswaran, S 1970, 'Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment', Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, Asia Pacific Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environmental Technology, Singapore, pp. 351-409.
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In the field of wastewater treatment, energy-intensive and highly mechanized technologies are giving way to nature-based technologies that utilize solar energy and living organisms. Constructed treatment wetland (CTW) technology has played an important role in bringing about the change. Wetland technology can provide cheap and effective wastewater treatment in both temperate and tropical climates, and are suitable for adoption in both industrialized as well as developing nations. Currently, CTWs are being utilized for removal of a range of pollutants and a broad variety of wastewaters worldwide. The objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the CTW technology and to present the pollutant removal performance experiences gathered through the application of this technology around the world.
