Bowman, JC, Readman, JW & Zhou, JL 2003, 'Seasonal variability in the concentrations of Irgarol 1051 in Brighton Marina, UK; including the impact of dredging', Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 444-451.
View/Download from: Publisher's site
View description>>
Variations in Irgarol 1051 concentrations in the UK's largest marina at Brighton were determined regularly over a period of one year. Aqueous concentrations ranged from <1 to 960 ngl-1 with highest mean concentrations generally associated with berths for larger vessels and with the main channels. Temporally, highest concentrations were recorded in November through to January and were probably associated with maintenance of vessels in an adjacent boatyard. Elevated levels were also encountered at the beginning of the season, coinciding with the introduction of newly antifouled vessels. Increased concentrations also followed dredging, possibly through re-mobilisation of Irgarol 1051. No correlations were found between dissolved Irgarol 1051 concentrations and pH, temperature or salinity. With the exception of sporadically high concentrations recorded for water samples (probably taken in close proximity to recently antifouled vessels), concentrations rarely exceeded the no observed effect concentration for marine periphyton of 63 ngl-1. Concentrations of Irgarol 1051 in sediments sampled from the marina ranged from <1 to 77 ngg-1. Apparent distribution coefficients (Kd) calculated from sedimentary and aqueous samples (collected simultaneously) are generally within the range of Kd's reported from laboratory experiments. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Bowman, JC, Readman, JW & Zhou, JL 2003, 'Sorption of the natural endocrine disruptors, oestrone and 17 beta-oestradiol in the aquatic environment', Environmental Geochemistry and Health, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 63-67.
View/Download from: Publisher's site
Chaudhary, DS, Vigneswaran, S, Jegatheesan, V, Ngo, HH, Moon, H, Shim, WG & Kim, SH 2003, 'Granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption in tertiary wastewater treatment: experiments and models', WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 113-120.
View description>>
Wastewater treatment has always been a major concern in the developed countries. Over the last few decades, activated carbon adsorption has gained importance as an alternative tertiary wastewater treatment and purification process. In this study, granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption was evaluated in terms of total organic carbon (TOC) removal from low strength synthetic wastewater. This paper provides details on adsorption experiments conducted on synthetic wastewater to develop suitable adsorption isotherms. Although the inorganics used in the synthetic wastewater solution had an overall unfavourable effect on adsorption of organics, the GAC adsorption system was found to be effective in removing TOC from the wastewater. This study showed that equation of state (EOS) theory was able to fit the adsorption isotherm results more precisely than the most commonly used Freundlich isotherm. Biodegradation of the organics with time was the most crucial and important aspect of the system and it was taken into account in determining the isotherm parameters. Initial organic concentration of the wastewater was the determining factor of the model parameters, and hence the isotherm parameters were determined covering a wide range of initial organic concentrations of the wastewater. As such, the isotherm parameters derived using the EOS theory could predict the batch adsorption and fixed bed adsorption results of the multi-component system successfully. The isotherm parameters showed a significant effect on the determination of the mass transfer coefficients in batch and fixed bed systems.
Chaudhary, DS, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, H, Shim, WG & Moon, H 2003, 'Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) Biofilter for Low Strength Wastewater', Environmental Engineering Research, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 184-192.
Chaudhary, DS, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH, Kim, SH & Moon, H 2003, 'Comparison of association theory and Freundlich isotherm for describing granular activated carbon adsorption of secondary sewage effluent', JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 111-118.
View/Download from: Publisher's site
View description>>
Adsorption equilibria and kinetics are important to evaluate the effectiveness of an adsorption system. In this study, the adsorption behavior of organics in secondary effluent from a sewage treatment plant was investigated, using granular activated carbon (GAC) as an adsorbent. This paper provides details on the adsorption experiments conducted in a sewage treatment plant, and emphasizes the suitability of the association theory for describing adsorption characteristics of secondary sewage. The association theory was found to describe the overall adsorption equilibrium of the sewage system more precisely (with 0.33% error) than the more commonly-used Freundlich isotherm (with 9.9% error). The linear driving force approximation (LDFA) model and the fixed bed dynamics were used to predict the batch kinetics and the fixed bed adsorption experimental results respectively. The prediction was only slightly better when the isotherm parameters estimated from the association theory were used. Average errors in predicting batch and fixed bed experimental results were 0.25 and 0.55% with the association theory, and 0.34 and 0.75% with the Freundlich isotherm, respectively. © 2003 NRC Canada.
Chaudhary, DS, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH, Kim, SH & Moon, H 2003, 'Effects of biodegradation and background inorganic substances on granular activated carbon adsorption of wastewater', SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 38, no. 11, pp. 2515-2531.
View/Download from: Publisher's site
View description>>
Background inorganic substances are thought to disrupt the adsorption process used in wastewater treatment systems. In this study, a low-strength synthetic wastewater was investigated for biodegradation and adsorption onto granular activated carbon, with and without the presence of background inorganic compounds. Overall, organic compounds in the synthetic wastewater underwent slow biodegradation, but when a solution was prepared with only one or two individual organic components present in the wastewater, biodegradation ceased. This effect was noticed both in the presence and absence of inorganic compounds. The association theory was found to describe the overall adsorption equilibrium of the system better than the more commonly used Freundlich isotherm. The isotherm patterns of the synthetic wastewater indicated that the dissolved inorganic substances had unfavorable effects on the adsorption of dissolved organic substances.
Chaudhary, DS, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH, Shim, WG & Moon, H 2003, 'Biofilter in water and wastewater treatment', KOREAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 1054-1065.
View/Download from: Publisher's site
View description>>
Biofilter is one of the most important separation processes that can be employed to remove organic pollutants from air, water, and wastewater. Even though, it has been used over a century, it is still difficult to explain theoretically all the biological processes occurring in a biofilter. In this paper, the fundamental of biological processes involved in the biofilter is critically reviewed together with the mathematical modeling approach. The important operating and design parameters are discussed in detail with the typical values used for different applications. The most important parameter which governs this process is the biomass attached to the medium. The relative merits of different methods adopted in the measurement of the biomass are discussed. The laboratory-and full-scale applications of the biofilter in water and wastewater treatment are also presented. Their performances in terms of specific pollutant removal are highlighted.
Chiemchaisri, C, Panchawaranon, C, Rutchatanunti, S, Kludpiban, A, Ngo, HH & Vigneswaran, S 2003, 'Development of floating plastic media filtration system for water treatment and wastewater reuse', JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART A-TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, vol. 38, no. 10, pp. 2359-2368.
View/Download from: Publisher's site
Choinski, JS, Ralph, P & Eamus, D 2003, 'Changes in photosynthesis during leaf expansion in Corymbia gummifera', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 111-118.
View/Download from: Publisher's site
View description>>
Growth, pigment levels and various photosynthesis parameters were measured in expanding leaves of Corymbia gummifera (Solander ex Gaertner) Hochreutiner. C. gummifera trees were studied growing in sandstone plateau woodland communities in Royal National Park, New South Wales, in a recently burned open habitat. Young leaves (horizontally oriented to maximise light exposure) were found to be conspicuously red until they reached approximately 75% of their full size. As the leaves expanded, anthocyanin content declined and chlorophyll levels proportionately increased. Young red leaves showed net negative carbon assimilation rates, although CO2 assimilation rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, actual quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSII) and apparent electron transport rate (ETR) all increased in a similar pattern as the leaves expanded. Measurements of maximum quantum yield of dark-adapted leaves (Fv/Fm) were also correlated with leaf area. Younger leaves had lower Fv/Fm ratios than did mature leaves, whether measured at midday or 2 h after sunset, indicating that young leaves exhibited some degree of chronic photoinhibition. It is concluded that C. gummifera exhibits a transient red pattern of anthocyanin expression and that photosynthesis is limited in young leaves because of low stomatal conductance, low chlorophyll content, immature chloroplasts and an attenuation of light caused by anthocyanins.
Kalam, MA & Masjuki, HH 2003, 'Effect of palm oil methyl ester and its emulsions on lubricant degradation and engine component wear', Lubrication Science, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 57-65.
View/Download from: Publisher's site
View description>>
AbstractThis paper presents the results of experimental work carried out to evaluate the effect of palm oil methyl ester also known as palm oil diesel (POD) and its emulsions, as alternative fuels, on unmodified indirect‐injection diesel engine wear and lubricant oil deterioration compared with ordinary diesel (OD). A constant 2500 rpm engine setting at half throttle was maintained throughout the wear debris and lubricant oil analysis period for 20 h for each fuel system. Samples of lubricant oil were collected through a one‐way valve connected to the crankcase sump at intervals of 4 h. The first sample was collected immediately after the engine had warmed up. The same lubricating oil, a conventional SAE 30, was used for all experiments. A multi‐element oil analyser was used to measure metal wear debris and lubricating oil additive depletion for the used lubricating oil. An ISL automatic houillon viscometer (ASTM D 445) and potentiometric titration (ASTM D 2896) were used to measure the viscosity and total base number, respectively.The lubricant oil analysis results for POD, OD, and their emulsions containing 10% water by volume were compared. Very promising results were obtained. The accumulation of metal wear debris in crankcase oil samples was lower with POD and its emulsion compared with the OD fuel. The addition of 10% water (by volume) to POD showed a promising tendency for wear resistance.
Kalam, MA, Husnawan, M & Masjuki, HH 2003, 'Exhaust emission and combustion evaluation of coconut oil-powered indirect injection diesel engine', Renewable Energy, vol. 28, no. 15, pp. 2405-2415.
View/Download from: Publisher's site
King, AJ, Readman, JW & Zhou, JL 2003, 'The application of solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) to the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)', Environmental Geochemistry and Health, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 69-75.
View/Download from: Publisher's site
Li, H, Fane, AG, Coster, HGL & Vigneswaran, S 2003, 'Observation of deposition and removal behaviour of submicron bacteria on the membrane surface during crossflow microfiltration', Journal of Membrane Science, vol. 217, no. 1-2, pp. 29-41.
View/Download from: Publisher's site
View description>>
The deposition and removal of submicron bacteria (SW8) has been examined by the direct observation through the membrane (DOTM) technique. The original DOTM was modified to incorporate fluorescence microscopy to better visualise the submicron material. The flux at which deposition commenced, the so-called critical flux, was visually identified before the transmembrane pressure indicated cake formation. After supercritical operation for about 15 min the flux was reduced to subcritical and then zero; slow cake removal was observed as distinct cylindrical rolling floc (about 50 ?m diameter) and aggregates. The extent of cake removal varied from about 90 to <5% depending on the ionic environment with low ions resulting in better removal. Cake formed over longer periods (upto 60 min) showed negligible removal. The critical fluxes of SW8 measured with DOTM increased with crossflow, but exhibited higher values than expected from their primary particle size.
Macinnis-Ng, CMO & Ralph, PJ 2003, 'In situ impact of petrochemicals on the photosynthesis of the seagrass Zostera capricorni', MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN, vol. 46, no. 11, pp. 1395-1407.
View/Download from: Publisher's site
View description>>
We used photosynthetic activity (measured as chlorophyll a fluorescence) and photosynthetic pigment concentrations to assess the effect of pulsed exposures of aged crude oil (Champion Crude), dispersant (VDC) and an oil+dispersant mixture on the seagrass Zostera capricorni Aschers in laboratory and field experiments, using custom-made chambers. Samples were exposed for 10 h to 0.25% and 0.1% concentrations of aged crude oil and dispersant as well as mixtures of 0.25% oil+0.05% dispersant and 0.1% oil+0.02% dispersant. During this time and for the subsequent four day recovery period, the maximum and effective quantum yields of photosystem II (Fv/Fm and ΔF/Fm ′ respectively) were measured. In the laboratory experiments, both values declined in response to oil exposure and remained low during the recovery period. Dispersant exposure caused a decline in both values during the recovery period, while the mixture of aged crude oil+dispersant had little impact on both quantum yields. In situ samples were less sensitive than laboratory samples, showing no photosynthetic impact due to dispersant and oil+dispersant mixture. Despite an initial decline in ΔF/Fm ′, in situ oil-exposed samples recovered by the end of the experiment. Chlorophyll pigment analysis showed only limited ongoing impact in both laboratory and field situations. This study suggests that laboratory experiments may overestimate the ongoing impact of petrochemicals on seagrass whilst the dispersant VDC can reduce the impact of oil on seagrass photosynthesis. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Macinnis-Ng, CMO & Ralph, PJ 2003, 'Short-term response and recovery of Zostera capricorni photosynthesis after herbicide exposure', AQUATIC BOTANY, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 1-15.
View/Download from: Publisher's site
View description>>
We used photosynthetic activity (measured as chlorophyll a fluorescence) and photosynthetic pigment concentrations to assess the effect of pulsed exposure to catastrophic levels of the herbicides Atrazine, Diuron and Irgarol 1051 on the seagrass Zostera capricorni Aschers. in laboratory and field experiments. Custom-made in situ chambers were developed so seagrasses could be dosed within the meadow. Zostera capricorni was exposed to 10 and 100 μg l-1 herbicide solutions for 10 h. During this time and for the subsequent 4-day recovery period, chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters (maximum quantum yield: Fv/Fm and effective quantum yield: ΔF′m) were measured. Laboratory samples exposed to these herbicides were severely impacted during the exposure period and most treatments did not recover fully. ΔF/F′m was a more sensitive indicator of herbicide impact than Fv/Fm. In situ samples were also severely impacted by Irgarol and Diuron exposure whereas samples recovered completely after exposure to Atrazine at the same concentrations as the laboratory experiments. Total chlorophyll concentrations showed only limited impact in both laboratory and field situations. This study suggests that laboratory experiments may overestimate the on-going impact of herbicides on seagrass. © 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Mahlia, TMI 2003, 'CO2 taxation on electricity generation for trees replanting in Malaysia', Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 723-730.
View/Download from: Publisher's site
Mahlia, TMI, Abdulmuin, MZ, Alamsyah, TMI & Mukhlishien, D 2003, 'Dynamic modeling and simulation of a palm wastes boiler', Renewable Energy, vol. 28, no. 8, pp. 1235-1256.
View/Download from: Publisher's site
Mahlia, TMI, Masjuki, HH, Saidur, R, Choudhury, IA & NoorLeha, AR 2003, 'Projected electricity savings from implementing minimum energy efficiency standard for household refrigerators in Malaysia', Energy, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 751-754.
View/Download from: Publisher's site
Ngo, H, Jegatheesan, V & Vigneswaran, S 2003, 'High Rate Filtration Using Bouyant Medium: Experiments and Mathematical Models', Water Intelligence Online, vol. N/A, no. NA, pp. 1-9.
Nguyen, M, Reynolds, N & Vigneswaran, S 2003, 'By-product recovery from cottage cheese production by nanofiltration', Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 803-807.
View/Download from: Publisher's site
Purkerson, DG, Doblin, MA, Bollens, SM, Luoma, SN & Cutter, GA 2003, 'Selenium in San Francisco Bay zooplankton: Potential effects of hydrodynamics and food web interactions', ESTUARIES, vol. 26, no. 4A, pp. 956-969.
View/Download from: Publisher's site
View description>>
The potential toxicity of elevated selenium (Se) concentrations in aquatic ecosystems has stimulated efforts to measure Se concentrations in benthos, nekton, and waterfowl in San Francisco Bay (SF Bay). In September 1998, we initiated a 14 mo field study to determine the concentration of Se in SF Bay zooplankton, which play a major role in the Bay food web, but which have not previously been studied with respect to Se. Monthly vertical plankton tows were collected at several stations throughout SF Bay, and zooplankton were separated into two operationally defined size classes for Se analyses: 73-2,000 μm, and ≥2,000 μm. Selenium values ranged 1.02-6.07 μg Se g-1 dry weight. No spatial differences in zooplankton Se concentrations were found. However, there were inter- and intra-annual differences. Zooplankton Se concentrations were enriched in the North Bay in Fall 1999 when compared to other seasons and locations within and outside SF Bay. The abundance and biovolume of the zooplankton community varied spatially between stations, but not seasonally within each station. Smaller herbivorous-omnivorous zooplankton had higher Se concentrations than larger omnivorous-carnivorous zooplankton. Selenium concentrations in zooplankton were negatively correlated with the proportion of total copepod biovolume comprising the large carnivorous copepod Tortanus dextrilobatus, but positively correlated with the proportion of copepod biovolume comprising smaller copepods of the family Oithonidae, suggesting an important role of trophic level and size in regulating zooplankton Se concentrations.
Singh Chaudhary, D, Vigneswaran, S, Hao Ngo, H, Shim, W-G & Moon, H 2003, 'RESEARCH PAPERS : GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON (GAC) BIOFILTER FOR LOW STRENGTH WASTEWATER TREATMENT', Environmental Engineering Research, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 184-192.
View/Download from: Publisher's site
Sundaravadivel, M & Vigneswaran, S 2003, 'Public Private Partnership Approach For Developing Urban Environmental Infrastructure', Journal of Indian Association for Environmental Management, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 1-8.
Sundaravadivel, M & Vigneswaran, S 2003, 'Strategies for waste management in small and medium towns of developing countries: a case study of India', Water Science and Technology, vol. 47, no. 12, pp. 277-283.
View/Download from: Publisher's site
View description>>
This paper evaluates the issues of waste management in small and medium towns (SMTs) (with population in the range of 10,000-100,000) of India, and identifies the need for a multi-disciplinary approach encompassing technological, economic and financial aspects of the issues to effect improvements. A comprehensive set of cross-disciplinary strategies is suggested to improve the prevailing conditions with environmentally appropriate, economically efficient and financially self-sustaining waste management services. Based on a case study of four SMTs in the State of Tamil Nadu in India, this paper evaluates the application of the suggested strategies and offers policy recommendations.
Tian, D, Shon, H-K, Chun, D-J, Jin, C-S, Gwon, E-M & Chung, W-J 2003, 'Isolation and characterization of sulfur-utilizing denitrifiers from the sulfur-oxidizing denitrification process', Biotechnology Letters, vol. 25, no. 19, pp. 1605-1608.
View/Download from: Publisher's site
Vigneswaran, S, Chaudhary, DS, Ngo, HH, Shim, WG & Moon, H 2003, 'Application of a PAC-membrane hybrid system for removal of organics from secondary sewage effluent: Experiments and modelling', SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 38, no. 10, pp. 2183-2199.
View/Download from: Publisher's site
View description>>
As world supplies of clean, fresh water come under increasing pressure and the need for water reuse rises, membrane technology is becoming increasingly important as a possible solution. However, membrane fouling is a major obstacle to the successful operation of the membrane process in wastewater treatment. In this study, a submerged hollow-fiber membrane with powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption was investigated for the removal of organics from secondary sewage effluent from a sewage treatment plant. The use of PAC in the membrane system was found to be very effective, not only in removing refractory organics, but also in reducing membrane clogging. A simple mathematical model was developed to predict the effluent quality [in terms of total organic carbon (TOC)] of the submerged membrane-adsorption hybrid system.
Zhang, ZL, Hong, HS, Zhou, JL, Huang, J & Yu, G 2003, 'Fate and assessment of persistent organic pollutants in water and sediment from Minjiang River Estuary, Southeast China', Chemosphere, vol. 52, no. 9, pp. 1423-1430.
View/Download from: Publisher's site
View description>>
Persistent organochlorine compounds were analyzed in surface water, porewater and surficial sediment samples from Minjiang River Estuary, which is the first large river in Fujian Province, Southeast of China. The total concentrations of 18 organochlorine pesticides were 214.4-1819, 4541-13699 ng/l, 28.79-52.07 ng/g in surface water, porewater and sediments (dry weight) respectively, and those of 21 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the three phases were: 203.9-2473, 3192-10855 ng/l, 15.14-57.93 ng/g respectively. The results showed that the concentrations of these selected organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in porewater were higher than those in surface water. It may be due to the fact that these organic hydrophobic pollutants tend to stay in the sediments, and then re-suspend from the sedimentary phase to the upper water. We have analyzed the distribution characteristics of individual organochlorine pesticide components and PCBs, and found that α-HCH, DDE, Heptachlor, Endosulfan II, Methoxychlor were the most common organochlorine pesticides contaminants. Considering the groups of HCHs (HCHs = α-HCH + β-HCH + γ-HCH + δ-HCH) and DDTs (DDTs = DDT + DDD + DDE), the predominance of β-HCH, DDE in all water, porewater and sediment samples was clearly observed. This observation suggested that β-HCH was resistant to biodegradation and the DDTs had been transformed to its metabolites, DDE and DDD, of which DDE that was more undegradable. The PCB congeners containing 3-6 chlorines had the great preponderance in the three phase. These results were compared with those present in other estuaries and harbors. A risk assessment was evaluated for the persistent organic pollutants in the Minjiang River Estuary. © 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Zhou, JL & Maskaoui, K 2003, 'Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and surface sediments from Daya Bay, China', Environmental Pollution, vol. 121, no. 2, pp. 269-281.
View/Download from: Publisher's site
View description>>
Marine culture is thriving in China and represents a major component of the regional economy in coastal zones, yet the environmental quality of many of those areas has never been studied. This paper attempts to investigate the quality status of Daya Bay, a key aquaculture area in China. The levels of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in water and sediment samples of the bay. The total concentrations of 16 PAHs varied from 4228 to 29 325 ng l-1 in water, and from 115 to 1134 ng g-1 dry weight in sediments. In comparison to many other marine systems studied, the PAH levels in Daya Bay waters were relatively high, and at six sites they were sufficiently high (>10 μg l-1) to cause acute toxicity. The PAH composition pattern in sediments suggest dominance by medium to high molecular weight compounds, and the ratio of certain related PAHs indicate important pyrolytic and petrogenic sources. Further analysis showed that the distribution coefficient (KD) increased with the particular organic carbon content of sediments, consistent with the PAH partition theory. The organic carbon normalised distribution coefficient (Koc) also increased with the compounds' octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow), confirming the potential applicability of the linear free energy relationships in the modelling and prediction of PAH behaviour in marine environments. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Zhou, JL, Liu, YP & Abrahams, PW 2003, 'Trace metal behaviour in the Conwy estuary, North Wales', Chemosphere, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 429-440.
View/Download from: Publisher's site
View description>>
The distribution of trace metals Zn, Ni, Mn, Fe, Cu, Pb, Cd and Cr between suspended particulate matter (SPM) and water in the Conwy estuary, North Wales, has been studied in three surveys in 1998. Dissolved Cu and Mn showed some monthly variations. Most of the dissolved trace metals displayed a negative association with salinity, indicating rivers as a major source of inputs for them. Particulate Zn, Mn and Fe showed a decreasing concentration seaward, whilst the levels of Ni, Cu, Cr and Pb increased with salinity. SPM concentration was the most important variable significantly related to trace metal concentrations in SPM, with an inverse relationship between the two parameters. This was explained by the relative enrichment of trace metals in fine particles at low SPM concentrations and relative depletion of trace metals in coarse particles at high SPM concentrations. Particulate Zn, Mn and Pb were dominated by the fraction available to acetic acid (non-detrital), whilst particulate Ni, Fe and Cr were dominated by the fraction available to nitric acid (detrital). The partition coefficient of trace metals between SPM and water declined with increasing SPM concentration, consistent with the so-called 'particle concentration effect'. Such a phenomenon may be explained by the presence of fine particles (including colloids) enriched with trace metals at low SPM concentrations, and the salinity-induced desorption. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Chaudhary, DS, Guo, W, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, H & Vigneswaran, B 1970, 'Submerged Microfiltration: An Energy Efficient Process for Water Reuse', AWA Oz Water Convention and Conference, Australian Water Association Convention - Ozwater, AWA, Perth, Australia, pp. 1-9.
Guo, W, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, H & Ben Aim, RM 1970, 'Evaluating the Efficiency of Pretreatment to Microfiltration: Using Critical Flux As a Performance Indicator', IMSTEC 2003, International Membrance Science and Technology Conference, AWA-UNESCO Membrane Centre, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-6.
Guo, W, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, H, Shon, H & Shimohoki, S 1970, 'Improving the Performance of a Crossflow Microfiltration in Tertiary Wastewater Treatment and Reuse By Specific Pre-Treatment Processes', ASIAN WaterQual 2003, IWA Asia-Pacific Regional Conference, IWA-Regional Publication, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 1-8.
Kim, D, Shon, H, Vigneswaran, S & Cho, J 1970, 'Evaluating Interactions Between NOM Molecules and Various Membranes with Flow Field -Flow Fractionation', IMSTEC 2003, Fifth International Membrane Science and Technology Conference, AWA-UNESCO Membrane Centre, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-6.
Maheswaran, SM, Yadav, NN, Shutthanandan, V, Thevuthasan, S, Hart, TR, Ngo, H & Vigneswaran, S 1970, 'Evaluating the use of induced X-ray emission (PIXE) technique in quantifying the arsenic in an adsorbent', ASIAN WaterQual2003, IWA Asia-Pacific Regional Conference, IWA-regional publication, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 1-8.
McLean, JT, Beecham, SC & Kandasamy, JK 1970, 'Field Assessment of Local Scour at Bridge Sites', 28th International Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium, Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium, Engineers Australia, Wollongong, Australia, pp. 1-8.
Shon, H, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, H & Ben Aim, RM 1970, 'Low Pressure Nanofiltration with Adsorption As Pretreatment In Tertiary Wastewater Treatment for Reuse', IMSTEC 2003, International Membrane Science and Technology Conference, AWA-UNESCO Membrane Centre, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-7.
Shon, H, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, H & Kim, IS 1970, 'Effect of high rate Pre-Treatment on Nanofiltration Systems in Wastewater Reuse', ASIAN WaterQual 2003, IWA Asia-Pacific Regional Conference, IWA-Regional Publication, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 1-9.
Shon, H, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, H, Kim, D, Park, NE, Jang, NJ & Kim, IS 1970, 'Characterisation of Effluent Organic Matter (EFOM)Of Fouled Nanofilter (NF) Membranes', IMSTEC2003, Fifth International Membrane Science and Technology Conference, AWA-UNESCO Membrane Centre, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-6.
