Publications

Engheta, N & Ziolkowski, RW 2006, Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations.
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Leading experts explore the exotic properties and exciting applications of electromagnetic metamaterials Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations gives readers a clearly written, richly illustrated introduction to the most recent research developments in the area of electromagnetic metamaterials. It explores the fundamental physics, the designs, and the engineering aspects, and points to a myriad of exciting potential applications. The editors, acknowledged leaders in the field of metamaterials, have invited a group of leading researchers to present both their own findings and the full array of state-of-the-art applications for antennas, waveguides, devices, and components. Following a brief overview of the history of artificial materials, the publication divides its coverage into two major classes of metamaterials. The first half of the publication examines effective media with single (SNG) and double negative (DNG) properties; the second half examines electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures. The book further divides each of these classes into their three-dimensional (3D volumetric) and two-dimensional (2D planar or surface) realizations. Examples of each type of metamaterial are presented, and their known and anticipated properties are reviewed. Collectively, Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations presents a review of recent research advances associated with a highly diverse set of electromagnetic metamaterials. Its multifaceted approach offers readers a combination of theoretical, numerical, and experimental perspectives for a better understanding of their behaviors and their potentialapplications in components, devices, and systems. Extensive reference lists provide opportunities to explore individual topics and classes of metamaterials in greater depth. With full-color illustrations throughout to clarify concepts and help visualize actual results, this book provides a dynamic, user-friendly resource for students, engineers, physicis...

Abolhasan, M & Boustead, P 2006, 'UHF-based community voice service in ngannyatjarra lands of Australia' in Information Technology and Indigenous People, pp. 295-297.
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Abolhasan, M & Wysocki, T 2006, 'Ad Hoc Networks: A Flexible and Robust Data Communication' in Jie Wu (ed), Handbook on theoretical and algorithmic aspect of sensor, ad hoc wireless, and peer-to-peer networks, Auerbach Publications - Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, USA, pp. 1-15.
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The 1990s witnessed a rapid growth in research interests in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The infrastructureless and dynamic nature of these networks demand that a new set of networking strategies be implemented to provide efficient end-to-end communication. This, along with the diverse application of these networks in many different scenarios, such as battlefield and disaster recovery, have seen MANETs being researched by many different organizations. MANETs employ the traditional TCP/IP structure to provide end-to-end communication between nodes. However, due to their mobility and the limited resources in wireless networks, each layer in the TCP/IP model requires redefinition or modifications to function efficiently in aMANET. One interesting research area inMANETs is routing. Routing inMANETs is a challenging task and has received a tremendous amount of attention from researchers. This has led to the development of many different routing protocols for MANETs. This chapter presents a discussion on a number of different routing protocols proposed for ad hoc networks and presents a number of future challenges in ad hoc and mobile ad hoc networking.

Canning, J 2006, 'New Fibre and Grating Technologies for Lasers and Sensors' in Frontiers in Lasers and Electro-Optics Research, NOVA Science Publishers, USA, pp. 1-66.

Engheta, N, Alù, A, Ziolkowski, RW & Erentok, A 2006, 'Fundamentals of Waveguide and Antenna Applications Involving DNG and SNG Metamaterials' in Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations, pp. 43-85.
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Zhang, J 2006, 'Error Resilience for Video Coding Service' in Wu, HR & Rao, KR (eds), Digital Video Image Quality and Perceptual Coding, CRC, Taylor & Francis group, USA, pp. 503-527.
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This is part of my thesis

Ziolkowski, RW & Engheta, N 2006, 'Introduction, History, and Selected Topics in Fundamental Theories of Metamaterials' in Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations, pp. 1-41.
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Abolhasan, M, Lipman, J & Wysocki, T 2006, 'Load-balanced route discovery for mobile ad hoc networks', Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, vol. 1.
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This paper presents Flow-Aware Routing Protocol (FARP), a new routing strategy designed to improve load balancing and scalability in mobile ad hoc networks. FARP is a hop-by-hop routing protocol, which introduces a flow-aware route discovery strategy to reduce the number of control overheads propagating through the network and distributes the flow of data through least congested nodes to balance the network traffic. FARP was implemented in Glomosim and compared with AODV. To investigate the load distribution capability of FARP new performance metrics were introduced to measure the data packet flow distribution capability of the each routing protocol. The simulation results obtained illustrate that FARP achieves high levels of throughput, reduces the level of control overheads during route discovery and distributes the network load more evenly between nodes when compared to AODV. This paper also describes a number of Alternative strategies and improvements for the FARP.

Alu, A, Engheta, N & Ziolkowski, RW 2006, 'Finite-difference time-domain analysis of the tunneling and growing exponential in a pair of epsilon-negative and mu-negative slabs', PHYSICAL REVIEW E, vol. 74, no. 1.
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Aslund, M, Jackson, SD, Canning, J, Teixeira, A & Lyytikaeinen-Digweed, K 2006, 'The influence of skew rays on angular losses in air-clad fibres', OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 262, no. 1, pp. 77-81.
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Barakat, C, Iannaccone, G, Kurose, J & Veitch, D 2006, 'Sampling the Internet: Techniques and applications'.

Barakat, C, Iannaccone, G, Kurose, JIM, Veitch, D & Low, S 2006, 'Guest editorial sampling the Internet: Techniques and applications', IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 2165-2166.
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Canning, J 2006, 'Fibre lasers and related technologies', OPTICS AND LASERS IN ENGINEERING, vol. 44, no. 7, pp. 647-676.
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Canning, J, Sorensen, HR & Kristensen, M 2006, 'Solid-state autocatalysis and oscillatory reactions in silicate glass systems', OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 260, no. 2, pp. 595-600.
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Chiang, F, Braun, RM & Hughes, JM 2006, 'A Biologically Inspired Multi-Agent Framework For Autonomic Service Management', International Journal of Pervasive Computing and Communications, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 261-275.
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This paper describes the design of a scalable bio-mimetic framework that addresses several key issues of autonomous agents in the functional management domain of complex Ubiquitous Service-Oriented Networks.We propose an autonomous network service management platform - SwarmingNet, which is motivated by observations of the swarm intelligence in biological systems (e.g., Termite, Ant/Bees colonies, or Locusts ). In this SwarmingNet architecture, the required network service processes are implemented by a group of highly diverse and autonomic objects. These objects are called TeleService Solons (TSSs) as elements of TeleService Holons (TSHs), analoguous to individual insects as members of the whole colony. A single TSS is only able to pursue simple behaviors and interactions with local neighbors, on the contrary, a group of TSSs have the capabilities of fulfilling the complex tasks relating to service discovery and service activation.We simulate a service configuration process for a Multimedia Messaging Service, and a performance comparison between the bio-agents and normal agents is analyzed. Finally, we conclude that through bio-swarming intelligence behaviors, this infrastructure develops the enhanced self-X capabilities which give IP networks advantages of instinctive compatibility, efficiency and scalability.

Corell, E, Saxholm, P & Veitch, D 2006, 'A user friendly TSC clock', Proceedings of Passive and Active Measurement Conference, vol. 6.

Du, C, Yang, J, Wu, Q, Zhang, T, Wang, H, Chen, L & Wu, Z 2006, 'Extended fitting methods of active shape model for the location of facial feature points', Lecture notes in computer science, vol. 4338, pp. 610-618.
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In this study, we propose three extended fitting methods to the standard ASM(active shape model). Firstly, profiles are extended from ID to 2D; Secondly, profiles of different landmarks are constructed individually; Thirdly, length of the profiles is determined adaptively with the change of level during searching, and the displacements in the last level are constrained. Each method and the combination of three methods are tested on the SJTU(Shanghai Jiaotong University) face database. In all cases, compared to the standard ASM, each method improves the accuracy or speed in a way, and the combination of three methods improves the accuracy and speed greatly.

Franson, SJ & Ziolkowski, RW 2006, 'Numerical studies of the interaction of time-modulated multi-gigabit sequences with metamaterial structures at millimeter-wave frequencies', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NUMERICAL MODELLING-ELECTRONIC NETWORKS DEVICES AND FIELDS, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 195-213.
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Ge, Y, Esselle, KP & Bird, TS 2006, 'A compact E-shaped patch antenna with corrugated wings', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, vol. 54, no. 8, pp. 2411-2413.
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Ge, Y, Esselle, KP & Bird, TS 2006, 'A wideband probe-fed stacked dielectric resonator antenna', MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, vol. 48, no. 8, pp. 1630-1633.
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Gunes, H & Piccardi, M 2006, 'Assessing facial beauty through proportion analysis by image processing and supervised learning', Int Journal of Human-Computer Studies, vol. 64, no. 12, pp. 1184-1199.
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He, S & Arabnia, H 2006, 'Design of a Uni-Directional multi ring switch', International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, vol. 6, pp. 130-138.

He, S, Jia, W, Wu, Q & Hintz, TB 2006, 'Description of the cardiac movement using hexagonal image structures', Computerised medical imaging and graphics, vol. 30, no. 6-7, pp. 377-382.
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The most notable characteristic of the heart is its movement. Detection of dynamic information describing cardiac movement such as amplitude, speed and acceleration facilitates interpretation of normal and abnormal function. In recent years, the Omni-directional M-mode Echocardiography System (OMES) has been developed as a process that builds moving information from a sequence of echocardiography image frames. OMES detects cardiac movement through construction and analysis of PositionTime Grey Waveform (PTGW) images on some feature points of the boundaries of the ventricles. Image edge detection plays an important role in determining the feature boundary points and their moving directions as the basis for extraction of PTGW imagesSpiral Architecture (SA) has proved efficient for image edge detection. SA is a hexagonal image structure in which an image is represented as a collection of hexagonal pixels. There are two operations called spiral addition and spiral multiplication defined on SA. They correspond to image translation and rotation, respectively. In this paper, we perform ventricle boundary detection based on SA using various defined chain codes. The gradient direction of each boundary point is determined at the same time. PTGW images at each boundary point are obtained through a series of spiral additions according to the directions of boundary points. Unlike the OMES system, our new approach is no longer affected by the translation movement of the heart. As its result, three curves representing the amplitude, speed and acceleration of cardiac movement can be easily drawn from the PTGW images obtained. Our approach is more efficient and accurate than OMES, and our results contain a more robust and complete description of cardiac motion.

Hohn, N & Veitch, D 2006, 'Inverting sampled traffic', IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 68-80.
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Routers have the ability to output statistics about packets and flows of packets that traverse them. Since, however, the generation of detailed traffic statistics does not scale well with link speed, increasingly routers and measurement boxes implement sampling strategies at the packet level. In this paper, we study both theoretically and practically what information about the original traffic can be inferred when sampling, or "thinning", is performed at the packet level. While basic packet level characteristics such as first order statistics can be fairly directly recovered, other aspects require more attention. We focus mainly on the spectral density, a second-order statistic, and the distribution of the number of packets per flow, showing how both can be exactly recovered, in theory. We then show in detail why in practice this cannot be done using the traditional packet based sampling, even for high sampling rate. We introduce an alternative flow-based thinning, where practical inversion is possible even at arbitrarily low sampling rate. We also investigate the theory and practice of fitting the parameters of a Poisson cluster process, modeling the full packet traffic, from sampled data. © 2006 IEEE.

Holtzman, R, Kastner, R, Heyman, E & Ziolkowski, RW 2006, 'Ultra-wideband cylindrical antenna design using the Green's function method (GFM) as an absorbing boundary condition (ABC) and the radiated field propagator in a genetic optimization', MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 348-354.
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Huang, X & Li, Y 2006, 'Performance of impulse-train-modulated ultra-wideband systems', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 54, no. 11, pp. 1933-1936.
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Janapsatya, J, Esselle, KP & Bird, TS 2006, 'Compact wideband dielectric-resonator-on-patch antenna', ELECTRONICS LETTERS, vol. 42, no. 19, pp. 1071-1073.
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Jewart, C, Chen, KP, McMillen, B, Bails, MM, Levitan, SP, Canning, J & Avdeev, IV 2006, 'Sensitivity enhancement of fiber Bragg gratings to transverse stress by using microstructural fibers', OPTICS LETTERS, vol. 31, no. 15, pp. 2260-2262.
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Liu, D & He, S 2006, 'Novel block matching compression algorithm for video images', Xitong Fangzhen Xuebao / Journal of System Simulation, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 47-49.
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At present, video image compression is the hot topic of image compression and coding. Many useful results of bivariable functions have been obtained by studying the bivariable fractal space. A block matching intra-frame video image compression algorithm based on bivariable fractal function space theory has been proposed. The framework of the algorithm and an effective cost function of inter-frame coding were given. A novel block matching compression algorithm for video images was formed. The reliable result is available.

Liu, S, Xu, M, Yi, H, Chia, LT & Rajan, D 2006, 'Multimodal semantic analysis and annotation for basketball video', Eurasip Journal on Applied Signal Processing, vol. 2006, pp. 1-13.
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This paper presents a new multiple-modality method for extracting semantic information from basketball video. The visual, motion, and audio information are extracted from video to first generate some low-level video segmentation and classification. Domain knowledge is further exploited for detecting interesting events in the basketball video. For video, both visual and motion prediction information are utilized for shot and scene boundary detection algorithm; this will be followed by scene classification. For audio, audio keysounds are sets of specific audio sounds related to semantic events and a classification method based on hidden Markov model (HMM) is used for audio keysound identification. Subsequently, by analyzing the multimodal information, the positions of potential semantic events, such as "foul" and "shot at the basket," are located with additional domain knowledge. Finally, a video annotation is generated according to MPEG-7 multimedia description schemes (MDSs). Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2006 Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved.

Martelli, C, Canning, J, Kristensen, M & Groothoff, N 2006, 'Impact of water and ice 1h formation in a photonic crystal fiber grating', OPTICS LETTERS, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 706-708.
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Martelli, C, Canning, J, Stocks, D & Crossley, MJ 2006, 'Water-soluble porphyrin detection in a pure-silica photonic crystal fiber', OPTICS LETTERS, vol. 31, no. 14, pp. 2100-2102.
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Novak, A, Taylor, P & Veitch, D 2006, 'The distribution of the number of arrivals in a subinterval of a busy period of a single server queue', Queueing Systems, vol. 53, pp. 105-114.

Sorensen, HR, Canning, J, Laegsgaard, J & Hansen, K 2006, 'Control of the wavelength dependent thermo-optic coefficients in structured fibres', OPTICS EXPRESS, vol. 14, no. 14, pp. 6428-6433.
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Sun, Y, Fang, G & Shi, J 2006, 'Research on the implementation of VoIP service in mobile Ad Hoc network', Jisuanji Gongcheng/Computer Engineering, vol. 32, no. 18, pp. 99-101.
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This paper presents a new way to design VoIP application on mobile Ad Hoc network, which can correctly solve the problem of variable IP addresses in MANET and allows the nodes to communicate with each other reliably.

Wang, S, Dash, M, Chia, LT & Xu, M 2006, 'Efficient data reduction in multimedia data', Applied Intelligence, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 359-374.
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As the amount of multimedia data is increasing day-by-day thanks to cheaper storage devices and increasing number of information sources, the machine learning algorithms are faced with large-sized datasets. When original data is huge in size small sample sizes are preferred for various applications. This is typically the case for multimedia applications. But using a simple random sample may not obtain satisfactory results because such a sample may not adequately represent the entire data set due to random fluctuations in the sampling process. The difficulty is particularly apparent when small sample sizes are needed. Fortunately the use of a good sampling set for training can improve the final results significantly. In KDD'03 we proposed EASE that outputs a sample based on its 'closeness' to the original sample. Reported results show that EASE outperforms simple random sampling (SRS). In this paper we propose EASIER that extends EASE in two ways. (1) EASE is a halving algorithm, i.e., to achieve the required sample ratio it starts from a suitable initial large sample and iteratively halves. EASIER, on the other hand, does away with the repeated halving by directly obtaining the required sample ratio in one iteration. (2) EASE was shown to work on IBM QUEST dataset which is a categorical count data set. EASIER, in addition, is shown to work on continuous data of images and audio features. We have successfully applied EASIER to image classification and audio event identification applications. Experimental results show that EASIER outperforms SRS significantly. © Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2006.

Weily, AR, Bird, TS, Esselle, KP & Sanders, BC 2006, 'Woodpile EBG phase shifter', ELECTRONICS LETTERS, vol. 42, no. 25, pp. 1463-1464.
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Weily, AR, Bird, TS, Esselle, KP & Sanders, BC 2006, 'Woodpile EBG phase shifter', Electronics Letters, vol. 42, no. 25, pp. 1463-1464.
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A phase shifter in an alumina woodpile electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) defect waveguide that operates at microwave frequencies is demonstrated. The phase shift is introduced by sequentially adding low dielectric constant rods to the voids directly above the defect waveguide. The addition of the extra rods creates selected phase delay without significantly affecting the transmission performance of the woodpile waveguide. Measured and computed results in Ku-band are presented to confirm the performance of the device. © The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2006.

Weily, AR, Esselle, KP, Bird, TS & Sanders, BC 2006, 'Experimental woodpile EBG waveguides, bends and power dividers at microwave frequencies', ELECTRONICS LETTERS, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 32-33.
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Weily, AR, Esselle, KP, Bird, TS & Sanders, BC 2006, 'High gain circularly polarised 1-D EBG resonator antenna', ELECTRONICS LETTERS, vol. 42, no. 18, pp. 1012-1014.
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Weily, AR, Esselle, KP, Bird, TS & Sanders, BC 2006, 'Linear array of woodpile EBG sectoral horn antennas', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, vol. 54, no. 8, pp. 2263-2274.
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Winnall, ST, Lindsay, AC, Austin, MW, Canning, J & Mitchell, A 2006, 'A microwave channelizer and spectroscope based on an integrated optical Bragg-grating Fabry-Perot and integrated hybrid fresnel lens system', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 868-872.
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Wu, Q, He, S, Hintz, TB & Ye, Y 2006, 'A novel and uniform image partitioning on spiral architecture', International journal of computational science and engineering, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 57-63.

Wu, Q, He, X, Hintz, T & Ye, Y 2006, 'A novel and uniform image partitioning on spiral architecture', International Journal of Computational Science and Engineering, vol. 2, no. 1-2, pp. 57-63.
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Uniform image partitioning based on spiral architecture plays an important role in parallel image processing in many aspects such as uniform data partitioning, load balancing, zero data exchange between the processing nodes et al. However, when the number of partitions is not the power of seven like 7, 49, every sub-image except one is split into a few fragments which are mixed together. We could not tell which fragments belong to which subimage. It is an unacceptable flaw to parallel image processing. This paper proposes a method to resolve the problem mentioned above. From the experimental results, it is shown that the proposed method correctly identifies the fragments belonging to the same subimage and successfully collects them together to be a complete subimage. Then, these subimages can be distributed into the different processing nodes for further processing. Copyright © 2006, Inderscience Publishers.

Zhang, H, He, S & Wu, Q 2006, 'Generic Object Detection', Journal of Yunnan Nationalities University, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 261-267.

Ziolkowski, RW 2006, 'Metamaterial-based antennas: Research and developments', IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRONICS, vol. E89C, no. 9, pp. 1267-1275.
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Ziolkowski, RW 2006, 'Metamaterial-based source and scattering enhancements: from microwave to optical frequencies', OPTO-ELECTRONICS REVIEW, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 167-177.
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Ziolkowski, RW 2006, 'Reply to 'comments on "application of double negative materials to increase the power radiated by electrically small antennas"', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 766-767.
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Ziolkowski, RW 2006, 'Ultrathin, metamaterial-based laser cavities', JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 451-460.
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Ziolkowski, RW & Erentok, A 2006, 'Metamaterial-based efficient electrically small antennas', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, vol. 54, no. 7, pp. 2113-2130.
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Abolhasan, M & Lipman, J 2006, 'Self-selection route discovery strategies for reactive routing in ad hoc networks', Self-selection route discovery strategies for reactive routing in ad hoc networks, InterSense '06, ACM, Nice, France.
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Routing in Ad hoc Networks has received a significant amount of attention. In recent years, the focus of research has been in on-demand (or reactive) routing protocols due to the recognition that these protocols have the potential to achieve higher levels of scalability than proactive routing strategies. However, most on-demand routing protocols proposed to date attempt to increase routing efficiency by using existing knowledge about the destination or by increasing the stability of the routes. Little research has been done to reduce route discovery overhead when no previous destination information is available. We present a number of different strategies, which encourage a more distributed and localised approach to route discovery by allowing each intermediate node during route discovery to make forwarding decisions using localised knowledge and self-selection. The use of self-selection for route discovery enables nodes to independently make route request (RREQ) forwarding decisions based upon a selection criterion or by satisfying certain conditions. The nodes which do not satisfy the selection criterion do not rebroadcast the RREQs. This provides a more effective and efficient search strategy than the use of traditional brute force blind flooding. We implemented our self-selecting route discovery strategies over AODV using the GloMoSim network simulation package, and compared the performance with existing routing protocols. Our simulation results show that a significant drop in the number of control packets can be achieved by giving each intermediate node more authority for self-selection during route discovery. Furthermore, a significant increase in routing performance is achieved as the number of nodes in the network is increased.

Abolhasan, M, Wysocki, T, Franklin, DR & Lipman, J 2006, 'Capacity of Single-Radio Ad-hoc Networks for Handling High Bit Rate Real-time Internet Applications', Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on the Internet, Telecommunications and Signal Processing, WITSP '06, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Hobart, Tasmania, pp. 1-6.
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Until now, the main focus in ad hoc networking has been improving Routing and Medium Access Control (MAC) Strategies. As a result, a diverse range of routing and MAC protocols have been proposed. To evaluate these protocols, much of the existing research has been based on simulation scenarios which assume ideal channel conditions and low node and traffic densities. Therefore, despite a few studies which have shown the performance limitations of ad hoc networks theoretically, there has not been many simulation studies performed which investigate the performance of ad hoc networks under a high node and traffic density. This paper investigates the performance of ad hoc networks under a high node density and high-bit rate real-time traffic such as VoIP. Our results show that the performane of single radio ad hoc networks drops significantly as traffic density is increased. To improve the performance of ad hoc networks, a number of different strategies and research areas are described.

Al-Obaisat, YM & Braun, RM 2006, 'On Wireless Sensor Networks: Architectures, Protocols, Applications, and Management', 2006 Auswireless Conference, IEEE, Sydney, Australia.

Arslanagic, S, Ziolkowski, RW & Breinbjerg, O 1970, 'Excitation of an electrically small metamaterial-coated cylinder by an arbitrarily located line source', MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, International Conference on Metamaterials and Special Materials for Electromagnetic Applications and Telecommunications, WILEY, Rome, ITALY, pp. 2598-2606.
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Arslanagic, S, Ziolkowski, RW & Breinbjerg, O 2006, 'Line source excitation of multilayered metamaterial cylinders: Source and scattering results', IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International Symposium (Digest), pp. 676-679.
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The problem of a line source radiating in the presence of a multilayered metamaterial cylinder is solved analytically and implemented numerically. Results for both the source and scattering problems demonstrate that electrically small cylindrical structures can be designed to be resonant leading to enhancements of the radiated and scattered powers. The effects of the dispersion present in the metamaterials are taken into account to study the bandwidth properties of the configurations at hand. © 2006 IEEE.

Arslanagić, S, Ziolkowski, RW & Breinbjerg, O 2006, 'Near-field distribution, directivity and differential scattering cross section for a line source-excited metamaterial-coated electrically small cylinder', European Space Agency, (Special Publication) ESA SP.
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An antenna configuration consisting of an arbitrarily located electric line source radiating in the presence of concentric metamaterial cylinders is examined. In particular, the near field, the directivity, and the differential scattering cross section are investigated for specific metamaterial structures, and these results are compared to those for the corresponding structures based on double-positive materials. It is shown that specific electrically small metamaterial structures possess radiation and scattering features that surpass those of the corresponding double-positive material structures.

Ashton, B, Stevenson, M & Canning, J 2006, 'Solar hypersensitisation of optical fibres', ACOFT/AOS 2006 - Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology/Australian Optical Society.
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Hydrogen-loaded fibres were exposed to solar radiation for 20 days in which time the hydrogen was allowed to out-diffuse. Gratings written in these fibres show an increased photosensitivity compared to pristine fibre.

Baccelli, F, Machiraju, S, Veitch, D & Bolot, JC 2006, 'The role of PASTA in network measurement', ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, ACM, pp. 231-242.

Braun, R 2006, '7th International Conference on Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training, ITHET: Chairman's welcome', 7th International Conference on Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training, ITHET.
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Browning, VM, Tanielian, MH, Ziolkowski, RW, Engheta, N & Smith, DR 2006, 'A DoD perspective on left handed negative index materials and potential applications', Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, pp. 1-11.
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In the quest for ever smaller, lighter weight, and conformal components and devices for radar and communication applications, researchers in the RF community have increasingly turned to artificially engineered, composite structures (or "metamaterials") in order to exploit the extraordinary electromagnetic response these materials offer. One particularly promising class of metamaterials that has recently received a great deal of attention are "left-handed" or negative index materials. Because these metamaterials exhibit the unique ability to bend and focus light in ways no other conventional materials can, they hold great potential for enabling a number of innovative lens and antenna structures for a broad range of commercial and DoD relevant applications. Exploring the possible implementation of negative index materials for such applications will require significant enhancements in the properties of existing Negative Index Materials (NIM) (bandwidth, loss, operational frequency, etc.), as well as improved understanding of the physics of their electromagnetic transport properties. For this reason the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) has initiated a program that seeks to further develop and demonstrate NIM for future DoD missions including, but not limited to, the following: 1) lightweight, compact lenses with improved optics; 2) sub wavelength/high resolution imaging across the electromagnetic spectrum; 3) novel approaches to beam steering for radar, RF, and/or optical communications; and 4) novel approaches for integrating optics with semiconductor electronics. A brief overview of the salient properties of NIM will be presented as well as a general discussion of a few of their potential applications. © 2006 Materials Research Society.

Cai, YB, Li, HB, Li, ZC & Dutkiewicz, E 2006, 'A new method of selecting stable paths in mobile ad hoc networks', Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Sensor Networks, Ubiquitous, and Trustworthy Computing, pp. 38-45.
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Node mobility is one of dominant factors causing decreased performance in mobile ad hoc networks and restricting network scalability. Selecting stable paths is an effective way to reduce the impact of node mobility. Current methods of selecting stable paths suffer from several shortcomings. They may need a hardware function support for geographical position location or cross-layer function support for sending signal strength information to upper layers. In this paper a new simple method for selecting stable paths is proposed. This method uses a Neighbor Change Ratio metric and does not require any hardware function or cross layer support. The method selects paths which have small hop counts and stable local topologies. An extension to the AODV routing protocol is used as an example of using the Neighbor Change Ratio metric. The resulting NCR-AODV protocol is simulated under various mobility and traffic scenarios. The results show that the NCR-AODV protocol has a lower long path break probability and improved network performance compared to the AODV protocol. © 2006 IEEE.

Canagasabey, A, Canning, J, Mills, JD, Banks, DP & Ibsen, M 2006, 'Femtosecond pulsed 244nm versus CW 244nm grating writing in boron codoped germanosilicate optical fibres operating within the one photon absorption regime', ACOFT/AOS 2006 - Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology/Australian Optical Society.
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We compare the performances of low intensity (∼18nJ/pulse) femtosecond 244nm grating writing with that of CW (20mW) 244nm grating writing for fixed fluencies. We find no evidence of any improvement using pulsed light with duration commensurate with phonon-assisted relaxation away from the excited state.

Canagasabey, A, Canning, J, Mills, JD, Banks, DP & Ibsen, M 2006, 'Fibre bragg grating fabrication in germanosilicate fibres with 244NM femtosecond laser light', PICALO 2006 - 2nd Pacific International Conference on Applications of Laser and Optics - Conference Proceedings, pp. 357-359.
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The ability to fabricate strong and extraordinarily stable Bragg gratings in any type of fibre using femtosecond laser light has attracted much interest in the recent past. The induced index change has been attributed to glass densification brought about by nonlinear multiphoton ionisation resulting in bond breaking, local melting and rapid cooling occurring after optical breakdown by the high-energy femtosecond light. In this paper, a preliminary comparative study between fibre Bragg grating fabrication in germanosilicate fibre using 244nm femtosecond source with a repetition rate of 250kHz and 200fs pulse duration and a 244nm CW frequency doubled argon-ion source is presented. The reflectivities achieved in both cases were close to identical for similar writing fluences, as were the isochronal annealing profiles. This indicated that despite the very high repetition rate used, the collective heat generated by the femtosecond radiation plays no role in the compaction of the glass matrix. The index change observed in this case is a result of single photon absorption into known defect centres - the laser intensity was insufficient to excite the glass band edge leading to glass compaction. No qualitative difference in index change between CW and short-pulse excitation of these defects is found.

Canning, J 2006, 'Structured fibre lasers', ACOFT/AOS 2006 - Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology/Australian Optical Society.
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Photonic crystal fibres and air-clad fibres have opened up unprecedented opportunities in laser-based technologies, including defence, material processing and sensing. The presence of air holes benefits sensing and permits the general introduction of materials for applications as diverse as switching and modulation. Of particular note are air clad fibre lasers, which are an increasingly preferred alternative to polymer clad fibre lasers for high power operation. The ability to incorporate gratings, including DFB structures, into these Fibres paves the way for future all-fibre topologies where bulk optics need not be necessary. However, significant research effort remains to ensure that this potential is fulfilled. A review of the work carried out at the OFTC highlighting their properties and potential is presented.

Canning, J, Gibson, BC, Rabeau, JR, Mancuso, AP & Huntington, ST 2006, 'Air-clad optical fibre filament for generating broadband radiation', ACOFT/AOS 2006 - Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology/Australian Optical Society.
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A simple broadband optical source is demonstrated by using a high numerical aperture air-clad fibre to collect broadband emission of blackbody radiation from the fibre during exposure to high intensity electric arcs.

Canning, J, Gibson, BC, Rabeau, JR, Mancuso, AP, Aslund, M & Huntington, ST 2006, 'Broadband spectra using arc and heat processed air-clad structured optical fibre', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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A high numerical aperture air-clad optical fibre captures sufficient broadband emission generated by applying an arc or high temperature to the fibre. © 2006 Optical Society of America.

Chaczko, Z & Sinha, S 2006, 'Teaching software analysis & design: An iTV based interactive approach', 7th International Conference on Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training, ITHET, pp. 49-54.
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The essence of a University is realized through the quality of education it delivers to the students and how useful they find it in their lives. To fulfil this quest recently the University of Technology, Sydney added a new subject to the existing curriculum for Master of Software Engineering - Software Analysis and Design. The primary goal of the subject was to promote skills and understanding about software engineering practices, project management, and scheduling and resource management. In doing so the students were also exposed to a hands-on learning experience in development of Interactive Digital TV application in collaboration with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation - using the MHP middleware. The response to this program has proven to be very encouraging as it provides a very effective approach to increasing the software development capability. © 2006 IEEE.

Chaczko, Z, Dobler, H, Jacak, W, Klempous, R, Maciejewski, H, Nikodem, J, Nikodem, M, Rozenblit, J, Araujo, CPS & Sliwiński, P 2006, 'Assessment of the quality of teaching and learning based on data driven evaluation methods', 7th International Conference on Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training, ITHET, pp. 931-946.
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The data-driven decision support tool built around the SAS technology has been developed to support the evaluation and monitoring of the quality of educational process. The tool forms an integrated framework that can be used for managing of teaching and learning processes and for performing comparative studies in the participating institutions. The tool includes: the engine for the comparative statistical analysis of the quality of teaching, the mechanism for dissemination of analytical results and the reporting facility. The main aim of our study is to extract and to compare the information on the quality of courses and teaching obtained from the different sets of databases at the Faculty of Electronic Engineering (FEE) of the Wroclaw, University of Technology (WUT), Poland; the Faculty of Computer Science (FCS) at University of Las Palmas de Grand Canaria (ULPGC), Spain; the Faculty of Engineering, Software, the Polytechnic University of Upper Austria in Hagenberg, Austria; the Electrical and Computer Science Department at the University of Arizona in Tucson, USA and Software Engineering Group at the Faculty of Engineering University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), Australia. In this paper we describe the process involved, the methodology, the tools for the analysis; and we present the results of our study. © 2006 IEEE.

Chaczko, Z, Klempous, R, Nikodem, J & Rozenblit, J 2006, '24/7 Software development in virtual student exchange Groups: Redefining the work and study week', 7th International Conference on Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training, ITHET, pp. 698-705.
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A concept of time zone driven, 24/7-week software development in a Virtual Student Exchange (VSX) environment is being defined, developed and applied to explore reliable and efficient continuous modes of work/study processes. The overall goal is to assess the suitability and benefits of this innovative approach to teaching and learning in order to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of these processes. This new methodology aims to address industry needs for training in international teaming, to enrich students' experience, and to improve the quality of education in the participating institutions. The techniques and tools discussed here create an integrated framework for international collaboration among teaming groups of students in practice and team oriented engineering education. This paper also aims to justify the need, merits, and feasibility of the virtual collaboration student exchange teaching program between educational institutions separated by three 8-hour time zones: the Faculty of Electronic Engineering of the Wroclaw University of Technology in Poland (WUT), the Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Arizona, Tucson, USA (UA) and the Faculty of Engineering, Software Engineering Group at University of Technology, Sydney, Australia (UTS). The paper defines the proposed methodology, reviews the tools and processes involved, and finally reports preliminary results. © 2006 IEEE.

Chaczko, ZC & Sinha, SN 2006, 'Innovative Strategies of Teaching Software Analysis and Design - Interactive Digital Television Games', 7th International Conference on Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training, 7th Internationalk Conference on Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training. ITHET '06, IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 38-56.
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The essence of a University is realized through the quality of education it delivers to the students and how useful they find it in their lives. To fulfil this quest recently the University of Technology, Sydney added a new subject to the existing curriculum for Master of Software Engineering - Software Analysis and Design. The primary goal of the subject was to promote skills and understanding about software engineering practices, project management, and scheduling and resource management. In doing so the students were also exposed to a hands-on learning experience in development of Interactive Digital TV application in collaboration with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation - using the MHP middleware. The response to this program has proven to be very encouraging as it provides a very effective approach to increasing the software development capability.

Chaczko, ZC, Klempous, R, Nikodem, J & Rozenblit, J 2006, '24/7 Software Development in Virtual Student Exchange Groups: redefining the work and study week', 7th International Conference on Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training, 7th International Conference on Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training ITHET'06, IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 30-38.

Chaczko, ZC, Klempous, R, Nikodem, J, Nikodem, M & Rozenblit, J 2006, 'An Improvement of Energy Aware Routing in Wireless Sensors Network', International Mediterranean Modelling Multiconference 2006. (2nd European Modelling and Simulation Symposium. EMSS 2006], Barcelona, Spain, October 4-6 2006., International Mediterranean Modelling Multiconference, EMSS, Barcelona, Spain, pp. 599-604.

Chaczko, ZC, Klempous, R, Nikodem, J, Rozenblit, J, Jacak, W & Araujo, C 2006, 'Assessment of the quality of teaching and learning based on data driven evaluation methods', 7th International Conference on Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training, 7th International Conference on Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training ITHET '06, IEEE 2006, Sydney, Australia, pp. 39-55.
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The data-driven decision support tool built around the SAS technology has been developed to support the evaluation and monitoring of the quality of educational process. The tool forms an integrated framework that can be used for managing of teaching and learning processes and for performing comparative studies in the participating institutions. The tool includes: the engine for the comparative statistical analysis of the quality of teaching, the mechanism for dissemination of analytical results and the reporting facility. The main aim of our study is to extract and to compare the information on the quality of courses and teaching obtained from the different sets of databases at the Faculty of Electronic Engineering (FEE) of the Wroclaw, University of Technology (WUT), Poland; the Faculty of Computer Science (FCS) at University of Las Palmas de Grand Canaria (ULPGC), Spain; the Faculty of Engineering, Software, the Polytechnic University of Upper Austria in Hagenberg, Austria; the Electrical and Computer Science Department at the University of Arizona in Tucson, USA and Software Engineering Group at the Faculty of Engineering University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), Australia. In this paper we describe the process involved, the methodology, the tools for the analysis; and we present the results of our study.

Chen, J, Shen, J, Zhang, J & Wangsa, K 2006, 'A novel multimedia database system for efficient image/video retrieval based on hybrid-tree structure', Proceedings of the 2006 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, 2006 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, NA, Dalian, pp. 4353-4358.
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With recent advances in computer vision, image processing and analysis, a retrieval process based on visual content has became a key component in achieving high efficiency image query for large multimedia databases. In this paper, we propose and develop

Chen, S, Yan, B, Zic, J, Liu, R & Ng, A 2006, 'Evaluation and modeling of web services performance', ICWS 2006: IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WEB SERVICES, PROCEEDINGS, IEEE International Conference on Web Services (ICWS 2006), IEEE COMPUTER SOC, Chicago, IL, pp. 437-444.

Chen, Y, Zhang, J & Jayalath, ADS 2006, 'Multiband-ofdm uwb vs ieee802. 11n: system level design considerations', Vehicular Technology Conference, 2006. VTC 2006-Spring. IEEE 63rd, IEEE, pp. 1972-1976.

Cheng, E & Piccardi, M 2006, 'Matching Moving Objects by parts with a maximum likelihood criterion', Proceedings of Image and Vision Computing New Zealand 2006, Image and Vision Computing Conference, University of Auckland, New Zealand, pp. 373-378.

Cheng, E & Piccardi, M 2006, 'Matching of objects moving across disjoint cameras', Proceedings of IEEE ICIP 2006, IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, IEEE, Atlanta, USA, pp. 1769-1772.
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Matching of single individuals as they move across disjoint camera views is a challenging task in video surveillance. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm capable of matching single individuals in such a scenario based on appearance features. In order to reduce the variable illumination effects in a typical disjoint camera environment, a cumulative color histogram transformation is first applied to the segmented moving object. Then, an incremental major color spectrum histogram representation (IMCSHR) is used to represent the appearance of a moving object and cope with small pose changes occurring along the track. An IMCHSR-based similarity measurement algorithm is also proposed to measure the similarity of any two segmented moving objects. A final step of post-matching integration along the object's track is eventually applied. Experimental results show that the proposed approach proved capable of providing correct matching in typical situations

Cheng, E, Piccardi, M & Madden, CS 2006, 'Mitigating the effects of variable illumination for tracking across disjoint camera views', Proceedings of the IEEE Int Conf on Video and Signal Based Surveillance (AVSS 2006), Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance, IEEE Computer Society, Sydney, Australia, pp. 32-37.

Chiang, F & Braun, R 2006, 'A nature inspired multi-agent framework for autonomic service management in pervasive computing environments', IEEE Symposium Record on Network Operations and Management Symposium.
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This paper describes the design of a scalable biomimetic framework in the management domain of complex Ubiquitous Service-Oriented Networks. An autonomous network service management platform - SwarmingNet is proposed. In this SwarmingNet architecture, the required network service processes are implemented by a group of highly diverse and autonomic objects. These objects are called TeleService Solons as elements of TeleService Holons, analogue to individual insects as particles of the whole colony. A group of TSSs have the capabilities of fulfilling the complex tasks relating to service discovery and service activation. We simulate a service configuration process for Multimedia Messaging Service, and a performance comparison is made between the bio-agents scheme and normal multi-agents scheme. © 2006 IEEE.

Chiang, F & Braun, RM 2006, 'A Nature Inspired Multi-Agent Framework for Autonomic Service Management in Pervasive Computing Environments', (NOMS06) Network Operations and Management Symposium, 2006. NOMS 2006. 10th IEEE/IFIP, IEEE Network Operations and Management Symposium, IEEE, Vancouver, Canada, pp. 1-4.
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Chiang, F & Braun, RM 2006, 'Towards a Management Paradigm with a Constrained Benchmark for Autonomic Communications', Computational Intelligence and Security: International Conference - CIS 06, International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security, IEEE, Guangzhou, China, pp. 520-523.
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This paper describes a management paradigm to give effect to autonomic activation, monitoring and control of services or products in the future converged telecommunications networks. It suggests an architecture that places the various management functions into a structure that can then be used to select those functions which may yield to autonomic management, as well as guiding the design of the algorithms. The validation of this architecture, with particular focus on service configuration, is done via a genetic algorithm -- Population Based Incremental Learning (PBIL). Even with this centralized adaptation strategy, the simulation results show that the proposed architecture and benchmark can be applied to this constrained benchmark, produces effective convergence performance in terms of finding nearly optimal configurations under multiple constraints.

Chiang, F, Braun, R & He, S 2006, 'Towards a management paradigm with a constrained benchmark for autonomic communications', 2006 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND SECURITY, PTS 1 AND 2, PROCEEDINGS, International Conference on Computational-Intelligence and Security, IEEE, Guangzhou, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 520-523.
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De Francisco, CA, Digweed-Lyytikainen, K, Spadoti, D, Juriollo, AA, Rosolem, JB, Ayres Neto, JBM, Borges, BV, Canning, J & Romero, MA 2006, 'Photonic crystal optical fibers for dispersion compensation and raman amplification: Design and preliminary experimental results', ACOFT/AOS 2006 - Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology/Australian Optical Society.
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An optimal design of photonic crystal optical fibers (PCFs) for simultaneous dispersion compensation and Raman amplification is demonstrated by numerical simulation using the finite-difference simultaneous over-relaxation (FD-SOR) method. Preliminary experimental results towards this design are presented.

Erentok, A & Ziolkowski, RW 2006, 'Efficient electrically small antenna design using an electric dipole in a multi-layered ENG metamaterial shell', 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON ANTENNA TECHNOLOGY: SMALL ANTENNAS AND NOVEL METAMATERIALS (IWAT), 2nd IEEE International Workshop on Antenna Technology, IEEE, White Plains, NY, pp. 400-+.

Erentok, A & Ziolkowski, RW 2006, 'Multi-band non-radiating electrically small spherical shell designs', IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International Symposium (Digest), pp. 35-38.
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Fang, G, Shi, J & Dutkiewicz, E 2006, 'Channel efficiency aware scheduling algorithm for real-time services in wireless networks', Proceedings of the 1st IEEE International Conference on Wireless Broadband and Ultra Wideband Communications, AusWireless 2006, pp. 102-107.
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In this paper, we consider the problem of scheduling real time services over time-varying wireless links in broad-band wireless networks where an Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) scheme is applied in the physical layer in order to decrease the packet error rate. It is well known that a properly chosen modulation and coding scheme can increase error robustness in the physical layer. However, this is at the expense of higher system complexity and decreased channel efficiency. We present a novel Near Maximum Weighted Bipartite Matching (NMWBM) scheduling algorithm, which schedules real time services in accordance with delay bounds and physi-cal layer modulation and coding modes. Numerical re-sults set in the context of IEEE 802.16 networks show that NMWBM can improve system packet throughput and pro-vide higher channel efficiency compared to the existing Earliest Deadline First scheduling algorithm. NMWBM provides this improved performance while meeting delay bound and packet loss rate requirements of real time ser-vices in broadband wireless networks.

Fang, G, Sun, Y, Zhou, J, Shi, J, Li, Z & Dutkiewicz, E 2006, 'Subcarrier allocation for OFDMA wireless channels using lagrangian relaxation methods', GLOBECOM - IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference.
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In this paper, we propose a practically efficient Subcarrier Allocation scheme based on Lagrangian relaxation to solve the problem of subcarrier allocation in OFDMA wireless channels. The problem of subcarrier allocation is formulated into an Integer Programming (IP) problem, which is relaxed by replacing complicating constraints with Lagrange multipliers using Lagrangian Relaxation. A subgradient method is used to optimize the Lagrangian dual function and a heuristic is designed to obtain the feasible solution. Lagrangian Relaxation Subcarrier Allocation (LRSA) is proven to be of polynomial complexity and it provides bounds on the value of channel efficiency. Numerical results show that compared with other algorithms proposed in the literature, LRSA can result in a significant improvement in channel efficiency, while at the same time guaranteeing minimum data rates of users. ©2006 IEEE.

Fang, G, Yang, F, Shi, J & Dutkiewicz, E 2006, 'Subcarrier allocation with minimum data rate constraint in OFDMA wireless channels', Proceedings of the 1st IEEE International Conference on Wireless Broadband and Ultra Wideband Communications, AusWireless 2006, pp. 351-356.
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In this paper, we present a novel and efficient Subcarrire Allocation algorithm with Minimum Data RAte (SAMDRA) constraint for multiuers orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) wireless networks. The proposed algorithm attempts to exploit both the time diversity and frequency diversity in the wireless channel. A concept of service expectation is used to indicate how users hope to be served and have their quality of service (QoS) guaranteed. The subcarrier allocation problem is decomposed into two stages. The first stage is to decide which user to be served based on the service expectation and channel quality of users. In the second stage, a sub-carrier is chosen for the current user in order to maxi-mize the average data rate. Numerical results demon-strate a significant improvement in the average date rate under the constraint of minimum data rate guarantee for users.

Gao, F, He, S, Li, Y & Wang, J 2006, 'MAC performance analysis on two stage HFC access networks', IEEE international conference on computer and information technology (CIT 2006), IEEE International Conference on Computer and Information Technology, IEEE CS, Seoul, Korea, pp. 96-99.
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Two-stage access network structure is widely used in fixed and mobile access networks such as HFC (Hybrid Fibre/Coaxial) and BSS (Base Station System). In this paper, we introduce a new two-stage access scheme that employs random access and centralized polling methods corresponding to the two stages respectively. The new schemeÂs MAC (Medium Access Control) protocol procedure is presented based on DOCSIS standard. The performance of the mechanism in terms of access delay and throughput is evaluated and analyzed using computer simulating experiments. The results show the new access mechanism is efficient.

Ge, Y, Esselle, KP & Bird, TS 2006, 'An ultra-wide-band dielectric resonator antenna', Antem/URSI 2006 - 12th International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics and Canadian Radio Sciences Conference, Proceedings.
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© 2006 ANTEMURSI. In this paper, the broadband concept in stacked patch antennas is applied to designing broadband rectangular dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) with a small patch feed. Unlike the previous multi-segment DRA designs that have a DRA of a lower permittivity above one or more thin segments of higher permittivity, the top DR in this antenna has a higher permittivity than the lower segment. Theoretical and experimental results exhibit good agreement.

Ge, Y, Esselle, KP & Bird, TS 2006, 'Compact triple-arm multi-band monopole antenna', 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON ANTENNA TECHNOLOGY: SMALL ANTENNAS AND NOVEL METAMATERIALS (IWAT), 2nd IEEE International Workshop on Antenna Technology, IEEE, White Plains, NY, pp. 172-+.

Gengfa, F, Yi, S, Jihua, Z, Jinglin, S & Dutkiewicz, E 2006, 'Generic scheduling framework and algorithm for time-varying wireless networks', IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, pp. 1157-1161.
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In this paper, the problem of scheduling multiple users sharing a time varying wireless channel is studied, in networks such as in 3G CDMA and IEEE 802.16. We propose a new generic Wireless Packet Scheduling Framework (WPSF), which takes into account not only the quality of service (QoS) requirements but also the wireless resource consumed. The framework is generic in the sense that it can be used with different resource constraints and QoS requirements depending on the traffic flow types. Subsequently, based on this framework a Minimum Rate and Channel Aware (MRCA) scheduling algorithm is presented. MRCA attempts to greedily enhance wireless channel efficiency by making use of multi-user channel quality diversity, while providing acceptable QoS in term of users' minimum rate constraints. Simulation results show the desirable properties identified in the algorithm. © 2006 IEEE.

Gill, AQ & Henderson-Sellers, B 2006, 'A framework to support non-fragile agile agent-oriented software development', New trends in software methodologies and technologies, International Conference on Software Methods and Tools, IOS Press, Quebec, Canada, pp. 84-100.

Gill, AQ & Henderson-Sellers, B 2006, 'Crystallization of agility back to basics', ICSOFT 2006, International Conference on Software and Data Technologies, INSTICC, Setubal, Portugal, pp. 121-126.

Gill, AQ & Henderson-Sellers, B 2006, 'Measuring agility and adaptibility of agile methods: A 4 dimensional analytical tool', Proceedings of the IADIS international conference on applied computing 2006, The IADIS international conference on applied computing 2006, IADIS Press, San Sebastian Spain, pp. 503-507.

Groothoff, N & Canning, J 2006, 'Exciplex laser spatial coherence and its impact on fibre Bragg grating writing in large diameter fibres', ACOFT/AOS 2006 - Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology/Australian Optical Society.
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The spatial coherence of an ArF exciplex (excimer) laser has been investigated by writing fibre Bragg gratings in photosensitive boron-codoped germanosilicate fibre to analyse the effect of limited spatial coherence on large diameter fibres.

Groothoff, N, Martelli, C & Canning, J 2006, 'Single or dual transverse mode DFB photonic crystal fibre (DFB-PCF) laser', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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By launching pump power selectively into a DFB photonic crystal fibre laser, two fundamental transverse modes at different wavelengths are found, one of which has greater interaction with the holes. © 2006 Optical Society of America.

Gunes, H & Piccardi, M 2006, 'A bimodal face and body gesture database for automatic analysis of human nonverbal affective behavior', 18Th International Conference On Pattern Recognition, Vol 1, Proceedings, International Conference on Pattern Recognition, IEEE Computer Soc, Hong Kong, China, pp. 1148-1153.
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To be able to develop and test robust affective multimodal systems, researchers need access to novel databases containing representative samples of human multi-modal expressive behavior. The creation of such databases requires a major effort in the defin

Gunes, H & Piccardi, M 2006, 'Creating and annotating affect databases from face and body display: a contemporary survey', Proceedings of SMC 2006, IEEE Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, IEEE, Taipei, Taiwan, pp. 2426-2433.
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Databases containing representative samples of human multi-modal expressive behavior are needed for the development of affect recognition systems. However, at present publicly-available databases exist mainly for single expressive modalities such as facial expressions, static and dynamic hand postures, and dynamic hand gestures. Only recently, a first bimodal affect database consisting of expressive face and upper-body display has been released. To foster development of affect recognition systems, this paper presents a comprehensive survey of the current state-of-the art in affect database creation from face and body display and elicits the requirements of an ideal multi-modal affect database

Gunes, H & Piccardi, M 2006, 'Observer Annotation of Affective Display and Evaluation of Expressivity: Face vs. Face-and-body', Use of Vision in Human-Computer Interaction: Proceedings of the HCSNet Workshop on the use of vision in human-computer interaction, the HCSNet Workshop on the use of vision in human-computer interaction, Australian Computer Society, Canberra, Australia, pp. 35-42.
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A first step in developing and testing a robust affective multimodal system is to obtain or access data representing human multimodal expressive behaviour. Collected affect data has to be further annotated in order to become usable for the automated systems. Most of the existing studies of emotion or affect annotation are monomodal. Instead, in this paper, we explore how independent human observers annotate affect display from monomodal face data compared to bimodal face-and-body data. To this aim we collected visual affect data by recording the face and face-and-body simultaneously. We then conducted a survey by asking human observers to view and label the face and face-and-body recordings separately. The results obtained show that in general, viewing face-and-body simultaneously helps with resolving the ambiguity in annotating emotional behaviours.

He, S, Hintz, TB, Wu, Q, Wang, H & Jia, W 2006, 'A new simulation of spiral architecture', IPCU 06 procedings, International Conference on Image Processing, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CSREA Press, Las Vegas, USA, pp. 570-575.

He, S, Jia, W, Hur, N, Wu, Q & Kim, JC 2006, 'Image translation and rotation on hexagonal structure', Sixth IEEE International conference on computer and information technology, IEEE International Conference on Computer and Information Technology, IEEE CS, Seoul, Korea, pp. 1-6.
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Image translation and rotation are becoming essential operations in many application areas such as image processing, computer graphics and pattern recognition. Conventional translation moves image from pixels to pixels and conventional rotation usually comprises of computation-intensive CORDIC operations. Traditionally, images are represented on a square pixel structure. In this paper, we perform reversible and fast image translation and rotation based on a hexagonal structure. An image represented on the hexagonal structure is a collection of hexagonal pixels of equal size. The hexagonal structure provides a more flexible and efficient way to perform image translation and rotation without losing image information. As there is not yet any available hardware for capturing image and for displaying image on a hexagonal structure, we apply a newly developed virtual hexagonal structure. The virtual hexagonal structure retains image resolution during the process of image transformations, and almost does not introduce distortion. Furthermore, images can be smoothly and easily transferred between the traditional square structure and the hexagonal structure.

He, S, Jia, W, Hur, N, Wu, Q, Kim, J & Hintz, TB 2006, 'Bi-lateral edge detection on a virtual hexagonal structure', International Symposium on Visual Computing 2006 - Lecture notes in computing science, International Symposium on Visual Computing, Springer, United States, pp. 176-185.

He, S, Jia, W, Wu, Q, Hur, N, Hintz, TB, Wang, H & Kim, JC 2006, 'Basic transformation on virtual hexagonal structure', Proceedings. 2006 international conference on computer graphics, imaging and visualisation, International Conference Computer Graphics, Imaging and Visualization, IEEE Computer society, Sydney, Australia, pp. 243-248.
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Hexagonal structure is different from the traditional square structure for image representation. The geometrical arrangement of pixels on hexagonal structure can be described in terms of a hexagonal grid. Hexagonal structure provides an easy way for image translation and rotation transformations. However, all the existing hardware for capturing image and for displaying image are produced based on square architecture. It has become a serious problem affecting the advanced research based on hexagonal structure. In this paper, we introduce a new virtual hexagonal structure. Based on this virtual structure, a more flexible and powerful image translation and rotation are performed. The virtual hexagonal structure retains image resolution during the process of image transformations, and does not introduce distortion. Furthermore, images can be smoothly and easily transferred between the traditional square structure and the hexagonal structure.

He, S, Wang, H, Hur, N, Jia, W, Wu, Q, Kim, JC & Hintz, TB 2006, 'Uniformly partitioning images on a virtual hexagonal structure', 2006 8th International conference on control automation robotics and vision (ICARCV 2006), International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision, IEEE, Singapore, pp. 891-896.
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Hexagonal structure is different from the traditional square structure for image representation. The geometrical arrangement of pixels on hexagonal structure can be described in terms of a hexagonal grid. Uniformly separating image into seven similar copies with a smaller scale has commonly been used for parallel and accurate image processing on hexagonal structure. However, all the existing hardware for capturing image and for displaying image are produced based on square architecture. It has become a serious problem affecting the advanced research based on hexagonal structure. Furthermore, the current techniques used for uniform separation of images on hexagonal structure do not coincide with the rectangular shape of images. This has been an obstacle in the use of hexagonal structure for image processing. In this paper, we briefly review a newly developed virtual hexagonal structure that is scalable. Based on this virtual structure, algorithms for uniform image separation are presented. The virtual hexagonal structure retains image resolution during the process of image separation, and does not introduce distortion. Furthermore, images can be smoothly and easily transferred between the traditional square structure and the hexagonal structure while the image shape is kept in rectangle

He, S, Wang, H, Wu, Q, Hintz, TB & Hur, N 2006, 'Fractal image compression on spiral architecture', Proceeding 2006 international conference on computer graphics imaging and visualisation, International Conference Computer Graphics, Imaging and Visualization, IEEE computer society, Sydney, Australia, pp. 76-83.
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Image compression has many applications. For example, it is an important step for distributed and network based pattern recognition. For real time object recognition or reconstruction, image compression can greatly reduce the image size, and hence increase the processing speed and enhance performance. Fractal image compression is a relatively recent image compression method. Its basic idea is to represent images as a fixed point of a contractive Iterated Function System (IFS). Spiral Architecture (SA) is a novel image structure on which images are displayed as a collection of hexagonal pixels. The efficiency and accuracy of image processing on SA have been demonstrated in many recently published papers. We have shown the existence of contractive IFS?s through the construction of a Complete Metric Space on SA. The selection of range and domain blocks for fractal image compression is highly related to the uniform image separation specific to SA. In this paper, we will review the current research work on fractal image compression based on SA. We will compare the results obtained on SA and the traditional square structure in terms of compression ratio and PSNR.

He, S, Zhang, H, Hur, N, Kim, J, Kim, T & Wu, Q 2006, 'Complete camera calibration using line-shape objects', Tencon 2006 Hong Kong IEE region 10 conference, IEEE Tencon (IEEE Region 10 Conference), IEEE, Honk Kong, China, pp. 1-4.

He, S, Zhang, H, Hur, N, Kim, J, Wu, Q & Kim, T 2006, 'Estimation of internal paramenters and external paramenters for camera calibration using ID pattern', Proceedings of the international conference on video and signal based surveillance 2006 (AVSS 2006), Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance, IEEE Computer Society, Sydney, Australia, pp. 93-98.

Huang, X 2006, 'Arbitrary ratio sample rate conversion using B-Spline interpolation for software defined radio', Proceedings of the 1st IEEE International Conference on Wireless Broadband and Ultra Wideband Communications, AusWireless 2006, pp. 402-407.
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Arbitrary ratio sampling rate conversion (SRC) structure using B-spline interpolation is proposed for software defined radio (SDR) in this paper. By combining SRC with SDR's transmitter/receiver filter, the constraint on SRC reconstruction filter can be relaxed, and an overall computational reduction can be achieved. The mixed-width B-spline is introduced so that both antiimaging and anti-aliasing requirements for SRC are satisfied. The passband droop introduced by the B-spline interpolation is compensated by a linear phase digital filter incorporated in the SRC structure so that the overall frequency response approaches the desired frequency response of the SDR's transmitter/receiver filter. To make the proposed SRC structure applicable in practice, the mixed-width B-spline is further converted into uni-width B-spline, and the simplified implementation of the uniwidth B-spline interpolation is also derived. A design example of the linear phase digital filter for the proposed SRC structure is given for an IEEE 802.11g wireless local area network (WLAN) SDR receiver, and the overall SRC complexity is analyzed.

Huang, X 2006, 'Complementary properties of Hadamard matrices', 2006 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATIONS, CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-4, 4th International Conference on Communications, Circuits and Systems (ICCCAS 2006), IEEE, Guilin, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 588-592.
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Huang, X 2006, 'Effect of DC offset on OFDM system with zero-padded suffix', 2006 International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies, ISCIT, pp. 503-506.
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The effect of direct current (DC) offset on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system with zero-padded (ZP) suffix is analysed in this paper. It is found that the ZP appended OFDM system suffers more from DC offset than a cyclic prefix inserted OFDM system and even demonstrates bit error flooring if the DC power exceeds a maximum allowed threshold. Simple algorithms are also proposed for DC offset estimation and compensation. The analysis is confirmed by simulation using multiband OFDM specification for ultra-wideband application. © 2006 IEEE.

Huang, X 2006, 'Effect of DC offset on OFDM system with zero-padded suffix', 2006 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON COMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES,VOLS 1-3, International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies, IEEE, Bangkok, THAILAND, pp. 553-556.

Huang, X, Dutkiewicz, E, Gandia, R & Lowe, D 2006, 'Ultra-wideband technology for video surveillance sensor networks', 2006 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics, INDIN'06, pp. 1012-1017.
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Wireless sensor networks have received a lot of attention in recent years both in the research community and in standards organizations. The emphasis of most sensor network research activities has been on the development of low cost and low power technologies for low bit rate applications. In this paper, we describe our work on ultra-wideband (UWB) sensor network technology targeted for video surveillance applications that require high immunity to noise, interference and jamming, high bit rate, and quality of service support. Such sensor networks are expected to find primary applications in the public safety and military fields. Our emphasis in this paper is on the design of the physical layer that can support such requirements and provide high end-to-end throughput when multi-hopping is used. ©2006 IEEE.

Huang, X, Kwoh, LK, Yuan, B & Tan, YK 2006, 'An Efficient Platform for 3D City Model Visualization', 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-8, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), IEEE, Denver, CO, pp. 917-920.
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Huang, X, Lowe, D, Gandia, R & Dutkiewicz, E 2006, 'An impulse ultra-wideband system capable of concurrent transmission and reception, part I: Requirements and innovations', 2006 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATIONS, CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-4, 4th International Conference on Communications, Circuits and Systems (ICCCAS 2006), IEEE, Guilin, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 1251-+.
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Huang, X, Lowe, D, Gandia, R & Dutkiewicz, E 2006, 'An impulse ultra-wideband system capable of concurrent transmission and reception, part II: Design and performance', 2006 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATIONS, CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-4, 4th International Conference on Communications, Circuits and Systems (ICCCAS 2006), IEEE, Guilin, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 1256-+.
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Imhof, PD, Ziolkowski, RW & Mosig, JR 2006, 'Highly isotropic, low loss epsilon negative (ENG) unit cells at UHF frequencies', European Space Agency, (Special Publication) ESA SP.
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A comparison between realistic metamaterial (MTM) structures and theoretical, well-established dispersive material models, which predict the frequency dependence of the permittivity and the permeability, is performed in the present work. A number of highly subwavelength unit cells are analyzed that could potentially be used to achieve the epsilon-negative (ENG) parameters desired for the antenna applications studied in [1-4]. This presentation will give the effective permittivities and permeabilities of several simulated and measured ENG slabs and ENG cubical structures. For each of these classes of MTMs, it will be explained how the real and imaginary parts of the effective permittivities and permeabilities vary with frequency, how they are related to each other, and how low losses can be achieved. Several RF circuit-based and lumped element implementations to achieve the ε and μ values required for MTM-based efficient electrically small antenna systems have also been considered; those results will be shown in the presentation.

Imhof, PD, Ziolkowski, RW & Mosig, JR 2006, 'Highly subwavelength unit cells to achieve epsilon negative (ENG) metamaterial properties', IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International Symposium (Digest), pp. 1927-1930.
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It has been shown that epsilon negative (ENG) metamaterials can be used to achieve a variety of resonant, electrically small radiating and scattering systems. We are currently studying a number of highly subwavelength unit cells that could potentially be used to achieve the requisite ENG parameters for those applications. Both RF circuit-based and lumped element implementations have been considered. Typical results will be presented. © 2006 IEEE.

Jia, W, He, S & Tien, D 2006, 'Automatically detecting road sign text from natural scene video', Proceedings of IEEE region 10 conference 2006, IEEE Tencon (IEEE Region 10 Conference), IEEE, Hong Kiong, pp. 1-4.

Jia, W, Zhang, H, He, S & Wu, Q 2006, 'A comparison on histogram based image matching methods', Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on video and signal based surveillance, Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance, IEEE Computer Society, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-6.

Jia, W, Zhang, H, He, S & Wu, Q 2006, 'Gaussian weighted histogram intersection for license plate classification', 18Th International Conference On Pattern Recognition, Vol 3, Proceedings, International Conference on Pattern Recognition, IEEE Computer Soc, Hong Kong, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 574-577.
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The conventional histogram intersection (HI) algorithm computes the intersected section of the corresponding color histograms in order to measure the matching rate between two color images. Since this algorithm is strictly based on the matching between b

Jia, W, Zhang, H, He, S & Wu, Q 2006, 'Image matching using color edge coocurrence histogram', Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE international conference on systems, man and cybernetics, IEEE Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, IEEE, Taipei, Taiwan, pp. 2413-2419.
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In this paper, a novel colour edge cooccurrence histogram (CECH) method is proposed to match images by measuring similarities between their CECH histograms. Unlike the previous colour edge cooccurrence histogram proposed by Crandall and Luo (2004 ) we only investigate those pixels which are located at the two sides of edge points in their gradient direction lines and at a distance away from the edge points. When measuring similarities between two CECH histograms, a newly proposed Gaussian weighted histogram intersection (GWHI) method is extended for this purpose. Both identical colour pairs and similar colour pairs are taken into account in our algorithm, and the weights are decided by the larger distance between two colour pairs involved in matching. The proposed algorithm is tested for matching vehicle number plate images captured under various illumination conditions. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can be used to compare images in real-time, and is robust to illumination variations and insensitive to the model images selected.

Jia, W, Zhang, H, He, S & Wu, Q 2006, 'Refined gaussian weighted histogram intersection and its application in number plate categorization', Proceedings, computer graphics, imaging and visualisation, International Conference Computer Graphics, Imaging and Visualization, IEEE Computer Society, Sydney Australia, pp. 249-254.
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This paper proposes a refined Gaussian weighted histogram intersection for content-based image matching and applies the method for number plate categorization. Number plate images are classified into two groups based on their colour similarities with the model image of each group. The similarities of images are measured by the matching rates between their colour histograms. Histogram intersection (HI) is used to calculate the matching rates of histograms. Since the conventional histogram intersection algorithm is strictly based on the matching between bins of identical colours, the final matching rate could easily be affected by colour variation caused by various environment changes. In our recent paper [9], a Gaussian weighted histogram intersection (GWHI) algorithm has been proposed to facilitate the histogram matching via taking into account matching of both identical colours and similar colours. The weight is determined by the distance between two colours. When applied to number plate categorization, the GWHI algorithm demonstrates to be more robust to colour variations and produces a classification with much lower intra-class distance and much higher interclass distance than previous HI algorithms. However, the processing speed of this GWHI method is still not satisfying. In this paper, the GWHI method is further refined, where a colour quantization method is utilized to reduce the number of colours without introducing apparent perceptual colour distortion. New experimental results demonstrate that using the refined GWHI method, image categorization can be done more efficiently.

Jia, W, Zhang, H, He, S & Wu, Q 2006, 'Symmetric color ratio in spiral architecture', Computer Vision - ACCV 2006, Pt ii, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Asian Conference on Computer Vision, Springer-Verlag Berlin, Hyderabad, India, pp. 204-213.
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Color ratio gradient (CRG) is a robust method used for color image retrieval and object recognition. It has been proven to be illumination-independent and geometry-insensitive when tested on scenery images. However, the color ratio gradient produces unsa

Liu, M, Li, ZC, Guo, XB, Dutkiewicz, E & Wang, MH 2006, 'SAVA: A novel self-adaptive vertical handoff algorithm for heterogeneous wireless networks', GLOBECOM - IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference.
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The next generation wireless networking (4G) is envisioned as a convergence of different wireless access technologies with diverse levels of performance. Vertical handoff (VHO) is the basic requirement for convergence of different access technologies and has received tremendous attention from the academia and industry all over the world. During the VHO procedure, handoff decision is the most important step that affects the normal working of communication. In this paper, we propose a novel vertical handoff decision algorithm, Self-Adaptive VHO Algorithm (SAVA), and compare its performance with conventional algorithms. SAVA synthetically considers the long term movement region and short term movement trend of mobile hosts, and achieves a good integrative handoff performance. © 2006 IEEE.

Liu, M, Li, ZC, Guo, XB, Dutkiewicz, E & Zhang, DK 2006, 'Performance evaluation of vertical handoff decision algorithms in heterogeneous wireless networks', GLOBECOM - IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference.
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In recent years, many research works have focused on vertical handoff (VHO) decision algorithms. However, evaluation scenarios in different papers are often quite different and there is no consensus on how to evaluate performance of VHO algorithms. In this paper, we address this important issue by proposing an approach for systematic and thorough performance evaluation of VHO algorithms. Firstly we define the evaluation criteria for VHO with two metrics: matching ratio and average ping-pong number. Subsequently we analyze the general movement characteristics of mobile hosts and identify a set of novel performance evaluation models for VHO algorithms. Equipped with these models and evaluation criteria, we evaluate and analyze two types of decision algorithms: hysteresis based and dwelling-timer based algorithms. The results show a good match between simulation and analytical results. © 2006 IEEE.

Liu, RP, Rogers, G & Argyros, J 2006, 'IP/ATM QoS solutions ifor VoIP traffic', 2006 Asia-Pacific Conference on Communication, Vols 1 and 2, 12th Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications, IEEE, Busan, SOUTH KOREA, pp. 322-325.

Liu, RP, Rogers, G & Zhou, SS 2006, 'Honeycomb Architecture for Energy Conservation in Wireless Sensor Networks', GLOBECOM 2006 - 2006 IEEE GLOBAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE, IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM 06), IEEE, San Francisco, CA.

Lowe, D & Huang, X 2006, 'Adaptive low-complexity MMSE channel estimation for OFDM', 2006 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON COMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES,VOLS 1-3, International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies, IEEE, Bangkok, THAILAND, pp. 688-+.

Lowe, D & Huang, X 2006, 'Adaptive low-complexity MMSE channel estimation for OFDM', 2006 International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies, ISCIT, pp. 638-643.
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In this paper we present extremely low-complexity adaptive infinite impulse response (IIR) filters that approximate minimum mean square error (MMSE) channel estimation in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. We show how the packet error rate (PER) can be significantly improved over conventional zero-forcing (ZF) estimation without incurring a significant increase in computational complexity. All quantitative results are provided in the context of multi-band OFDM (MB-OFDM) ultra-wideband (UWB) with standard IEEE channel models. © 2006 IEEE.

Lowe, D & Huang, X 2006, 'Adaptive overlap-add equalization for MB-OFDM ultra-wideband', 2006 International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies, ISCIT, pp. 644-648.
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A zero-pad can be used with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) for low-complexity robustness against multipath interference. In this paper, we use adaptive overlap-add (OLA) equalization for improvements of up to 1 dB when used with multi-band OFDM (MB-OFDM) ultra-wideband. A theoretical model that relates the size of OLA window to post-equalizer signal-to-noise ratio is derived. An approximating algorithm is then developed that is suitable for low-complexity implementation, with Monte Carlo simulations used to quantify the performance improvements. We conclude that adaptive OLA equalization is computationally simple and can be implemented while remaining fully compliant with the MB-OFDM standard. © 2006 IEEE.

Lowe, D & Huang, X 2006, 'Adaptive overlap-add equalization for MB-OFDM ultra-wideband', 2006 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON COMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES,VOLS 1-3, International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies, IEEE, Bangkok, THAILAND, pp. 694-+.

Lowe, D & Huang, X 2006, 'Low-complexity generation of scalable complete complementary sets of sequences', 2006 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON COMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES,VOLS 1-3, International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies, IEEE, Bangkok, THAILAND, pp. 941-+.

Lowe, D & Huang, X 2006, 'Low-complexity generation of scalable complete complementary sets of sequences', 2006 International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies, ISCIT, pp. 73-77.
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This paper presents extremely low-complexity boolean logic for the generation of coefficients suitable for filtering or correlation of scalable complete complementary sets of sequences (SCCSS). As the unique auto- and cross-correlation properties of SCCSS are of broad interest, the simplicity of the proposed coefficient generation technique allows arbitrarily long SCCSS to be used in resource constrained applications. © 2006 IEEE.

Lowe, D & Huang, X 2006, 'Ultra-wideband MB-OFDM channel estimation with complementary codes', 2006 International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies, ISCIT, pp. 623-628.
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In this paper, we design complementary codesets that significantly improve the quality of channel estimation in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication systems, with a focus on the recent MB-OFDM ultrawideband (UWB) standard. The proposed time-domain OFDM channel estimation technique incurs only a nominal increase in computational complexity and is able to be readily retrofitted into the existing MB-OFDM standard. The underlying complementary codesets, found via an evolutionary algorithm, combine with the existing preamble synchronization sequences to yield asymptotically ideal auto-correlation functions (ACFs). We show how improvements exceeding 1 dB can be achieved in end-to-end packet error rate relative to conventional zero-forcing OFDM equalization. © 2006 IEEE.

Lowe, D & Huang, X 2006, 'Ultra-wideband MB-OFDM channel estimation with complementary codes', 2006 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON COMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES,VOLS 1-3, International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies, IEEE, Bangkok, THAILAND, pp. 673-+.

Lu, S, Zhang, J & Feng, D 2006, 'A knowledge-based approach for detecting unattended packages in surveillance video', Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Video and Signal Based Surveillance 2006, AVSS 2006, IEEE International Conference on Video and Signal Based Surveillance 2006, AVSS 2006, NA, Sydney, NSW, pp. 0-0.
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This paper describes a novel approach for detecting unattended packages in surveillance video. Unlike the traditional approach to just detecting stationary objects in monitored scenes, our approach detects unattended packages based on accumulated knowled

Machiraju, S & Veitch, D 2006, 'A measurement-friendly network (MFN) architecture', Proceedings of the 2006 SIGCOMM workshop on Internet network management, ACM, pp. 53-58.

Mahadevan, V, Agbinya, JI & Braun, RM 2006, 'Analyzing usability alternatives in multi-criteria decision making during ERP training', 7th International Conference on Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training ITHET, International Conference on Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training, IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 296-309.
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Lack of high-level usability awareness often leads the e-business communities to a missing relative assessment of capability of collaborative businesses effectively in terms of achieving strategic and competitive advantages. In this paper, we propose a new strategic framework for an evolutionary Collaborative Space of Opportunities (CSO) whilst using a Telecollaboration (TC) business system during Enterprise Resource Planning (EPP) training. Initially, we apply Callos's General System Theory (GST) with the description of logistics elements of this framework. Next, we provide a business logistics management perspective within CSO, addressing organizational effectiveness, technology integration control efficiency and user satisfaction. This includes formation of co-evolutionary loops to induce the apparent system usability objectives to explore the emergence of business logistics portfolios and technology integration control profiles of the users. We then describe our proposed Collaborative Space of Opportunities Matrices (CSOM) to analyse the apparent usability alternatives in this multi-criteria decision making environment. In this context, we apply the general form of Saaty's Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to demonstrate how these matrices could be used as a generic elicitation tool. It is here, we provide a set of systematic, explicit, rigorous and robust reinforcement mechanisms for quantifying and prioritizing the Decision elements (De) involved. We assume that the exposition on AHP has the Business process Re-engineering (BPR) effect to measure and synthesize the often conflicting apparent usability objectives and alternatives of a TC business system during EPP training.

Markovits, S, Braun, R, Author, SB & Author, TC 2006, 'Information model: A centerpiece for teaching telecoms network management', 7th International Conference on Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training, ITHET, pp. 363-366.
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Teaching Telecoms Network Mgmt can be very challenging. The aspiration is to give our students an end to end view of the Telecom Service Provider domain. The emphasis is on the understanding of the Service Provider's(SP) needs, exploring technology solution sets, and developing an integrated approach to Network Mgmt. The background knowledge required to appreciate the course content is wide. The use of an Information Model (IM) has been found to be useful in giving the students the understanding of the interaction of the components within a SP as well as the end to envision while allowing to appreciate the detail when required. This paper details our course, its content and usage of the TMF's IM to facilitate the teaching of the course. Our paper discusses one method, usage of developing industry Information Models (IM), as a method we have employed to overcome this. We discuss how we have structured the content, assessments tasks and assessment reviews to give a unified view into the course goals. ©2006 IEEE.

Martelli, C & Canning, J 2006, 'Fresnel fibers for sensing', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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Numerical simulation supports the previous application of the classical approximation for equal zones in a cylindrical Fresnel fiber. We show that simple defects can be introduced in solid core Fresnel fibers to allow two modes to be generated. Such fibers permit grating writing to be combined with diffractive waveguides where the mode peak intensity resides in an air hole. This is extremely attractive for sensing applications. © 2006 Optical Society of America.

Martelli, C, Canning, J & Ashton, B 2006, 'Add-drop gas reference cell with acetylene', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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A double-pass photonic crystal fibre reference cell operating in reflection is demonstrated. The acetylene lines dependence with temperature (25oC to 140oC) are characterized. Coupling loss between single mode coupling fibres and the PCF is discussed. © 2006 Optical Society of America.

Martelli, C, Canning, J & Ashton, B 2006, 'Add-drop gas reference cell with acetylene', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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A double-pass photonic crystal fibre reference cell operating in reflection is demonstrated. The acetylene lines dependence with temperature (25oC to 140oC) are characterized. Coupling loss between single mode coupling fibres and the PCF is discussed. © 2006 Optical Society of America.

Martelli, C, Canning, J, Kristensen, M & Groothoff, N 2006, 'Refractive index measurement within a photonic crystal fibre based on short wavelength diffraction', ACOFT/AOS 2006 - Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology/Australian Optical Society.
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A new class of refractive index sensors using solid PCF is demonstrated. Refractive indices of water and ice are measured during the ice 1h formation inside of the fibre holes.

Martelli, C, Da Silva, JCC, Kalinowski, HJ, Canning, J & Groothoff, N 2006, 'Internal temperature measurements of a concrete cantilever beam using high temperature stable fibre Bragg gratings', ACOFT/AOS 2006 - Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology/Australian Optical Society.
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A high temperature sensing system based on optical fibre Bragg gratings is presented. A concrete cantilever beam was heated up to 150°C and its internal temperature and degradation monitored.

Matar, M, Michie, A, Bassett, I, Canning, J, Haywood, J & Digweed, K 2006, '2-section PCF Hi-Bi lyot depolarisers', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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A 2-section photonic crystal fibre (PCF) highly birefringent (Hi-Bi) Lyot depolariser is demonstrated. The residual degree of polarisation was found to be as low as 0.25%. © 2006 Optical Society of America.

Matar, M, Michie, A, Bassett, I, Canning, J, Haywood, J & Digweed, K 2006, 'PCF Hi-Bi 2-section fibre lyot depolarisers', ACOFT/AOS 2006 - Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology/Australian Optical Society.
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A 2-section photonic crystal fibre (PCF) highly birefringent (Hi-Bi) Lyot depolariser is demonstrated. Because of the high birefringence of the PCF Hi-Bi, the fibre length required to make such a device was an order of magnitude lower than if conventional Hi-Bi is employed. The residual degree of polarisation was found to be as low as 0.25%.

Mathew, R, Yu, Z & Zhang, J 2006, 'Detecting new stable objects in surveillance video', 2005 IEEE 7th Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, 2005 IEEE 7th Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, MMSP 2005, NA, Shanghai, pp. 0-0.
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We describe a novel method to detect new stable objects in video. This includes detecting new objects that appear in a scene and remain stationary for a period of time. Examples include detecting a dropped bag or a parked car. Our method utilizes the sta

Michie, A, Digweed, K, Canning, J, Ashton, B, Stevenson, M, Digweed, J, Bassett, I & Haywood, J 2006, 'Spun highly birefringent (SHi-Bi) photonic crystal fibre', ACOFT/AOS 2006 - Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology/Australian Optical Society.
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We report on the fabrication of a spun hibirefringence photonic crystal fibre. The measured elliptical birefringence of 1.6 × 10-3 which is an order of magnitude larger than conventional stress spun hi-birefringence optical fibres.

Michie, A, Digweed, K, Canning, J, Ashton, B, Stevenson, M, Digweed, J, Bassett, I & Haywood, J 2006, 'Spun highly birefringent photonic crystal fibre for current sensing', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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A Spun Highly Birefringent (Shi-Bi) Photonic Crystal Fibre (PCF) has been fabricated, which offers intrinsic sensitivity to magnetic fields through the Faraday Effect without the high inherent temperature sensitivities suffered by conventional stress birefringence fibres. © 2006 Optical Society of America.

Park, C, Shen, H, Marron, JS, Hernández-Campos, F & Veitch, D 2006, 'Capturing the elusive poissonity in web traffic', Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems, 2006. MASCOTS 2006. 14th IEEE International Symposium on, IEEE, pp. 189-196.

Piccardi, M 2006, 'Human-focused computer vision applications', Proceedings - Computer Graphics, Imaging and Visualisation: Techniques and Applications, CGIV'06, p. 5.
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Recent years have seen an increasing number of computer vision applications focusing on humans as their objects of interest. Such applications include video surveillance, domotics, multimedia semantic annotation and indexing, human-computer interfaces, affective computing, just to cite a few. What exactly are their "objects of interest"? A broad range of human-related features: motion, gestures, actions, interactions, activities, attitudes, behaviours, identity. This keynote will offer a survey of this field and present some current work from the speaker and his collaborators in the areas of emotion recognition and people tracking within camera networks. © 2006 IEEE.

Piccardi, M 2006, 'Video Surveillance at the Beginning of the Third Millennium: The Viewpoint of Research, Industry, Government Bodies, Research Funding Agencies and the Community', 2006 IEEE International Conference on Video and Signal Based Surveillance, 2006 IEEE International Conference on Video and Signal Based Surveillance, IEEE.
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Piccardi, M & Cheng, E 2006, 'Multi-Frame Moving object track matching based on an incremental major colour spectrum histogram matching algorithm', Proceedings 3rd Joint IEEE International workshop on Object tracking and classification in any beyond the visible spectrum (OTCBVS 06), Joint IEEE International workshop on Object tracking and clissification in any beyond the visible spectrum (OTCBVS 06), IEEE, New York, USA, pp. 1-6.

Piccardi, M, Hintz, T, Pavlidis, I, Regazzoni, C & Xiangjiang, H 2006, 'Message from the chairs', Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Video and Signal Based Surveillance 2006, AVSS 2006.
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Platt, G, Jones, T, James, G & Guo, Y 2006, 'Distributed energy management and control- Experiences in Australia', 41st International Conference on Large High Voltage Electric Systems 2006, CIGRE 2006.
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This paper describes CSIRO’s research and deployment work in technologies for the management and control of distributed energy devices. This work is designed to provide real-time, two-way communication and decision making between distributed energy (DE) resources- loads and generators- in electricity distribution networks. The general DE management and control concept is based on a decentralised architecture, which is a significant shift from the control architectures normally employed in electrical distribution systems. This architecture has a number of advantages, including scalability, improved economics of installation, inherent reliability by removing central points of failure, and improved granularity of data gathering and control functions. The applications of our decentralised management and control architecture are many, but include improving grid reliability, allowing consumers to play a more active role in their energy usage, and benefiting the network by alleviating the effects of peak wholesale prices and network constraints. The technology is aimed deployment in the Australian National Electricity Market within the next five years, and this paper details our latest work in this area. It includes a discussion of CSIRO’s theoretical and simulation research efforts into multi-agent distributed systems, whilst also detailing work trialling the distributed energy management and control system in a real-world context.

Qumer, A & Henderson-Sellers, B 2006, 'Comparative evaluation of XP and scrum using the 4d analytical tool (4-DAT)', Proceedings of the European and Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems, EMCIS 2006.
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The emergence of agile software development methods provides a contribution to contemporary software engineering practices. Agile methods have several benefits over traditional plan-based methods, in particular their ability to handle projects where requirements are not fixed. In the last few years, a number of agile software development methods have been developed but a detailed evaluation (which is essential) of these methods is not available. This paper presents a detailed comparative analysis of two well known agile methods (XP and Scrum), using the previously published 4- Dimensional Analytical Tool (4-DAT), based on four characterization perspectives: those of scope, agility, agile values and software process. A report generated with the help of 4-DAT will assist organizations in making decisions about the selection or adoption of an agile method.

Raad, IS & Huang, X 2006, 'Exploiting time diversity to improve block spread OFDM', Proceedings of the 1st IEEE International Conference on Wireless Broadband and Ultra Wideband Communications, AusWireless 2006, pp. 341-345.
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This paper presents a new method to improve on block spread OFDM by exploiting time diversity to ensure that the blocks are independent and uncorrelated. Simulation results have shown significant improvement over conventional OFDM and Block Spread OFDM.

Raad, IS, Huang, X & Lowe, D 2006, 'Study of spread codes with block spread OFDM', Proceedings of the 1st IEEE International Conference on Wireless Broadband and Ultra Wideband Communications, AusWireless 2006, pp. 346-350.
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This paper presents the study undertaken with block spread OFDM and compares three spreading matrices. The matrices include the Hadamard, Rotated Hadamard and Mutually Orthogonal Complementary Sets of Sequences (MOCSS). The study is carried out for block lengths of M = 2, M = 4 and M = 8 and it shows that all the spreading matrices show improvement and a better performance over the conventional OFDM over frequency selective channel as expected. As the size ofM increased the spreading matrices which have better orthogonal qualities show greater improvement.

Raad, IS, Huang, X & Raad, R 2006, 'A new spreading matrix for block spread OFDM', 2006 10TH IEEE SINGAPORE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS, VOLS 1 AND 2, 10th IEEE Singapore International Conference on Communication Systems, IEEE, Singapore, SINGAPORE, pp. 541-+.

Ridoux, J, Nucci, A & Veitch, D 2006, 'Seeing the Difference in IP Traffic: Wireless Versus Wireline.', INFOCOM.

Shi, J, Fang, G, Sun, Y, Zhou, J, Li, Z & Dutkiewicz, E 2006, 'Improving mobile station energy efficiency in IEEE 802.16e WMAN by burst scheduling', GLOBECOM - IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference.
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In this paper, we tackle the packet scheduling problem in IEEE 802.16e Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN), where the Sleep Mode is applied to save energy of Mobile Stations (MSs). Our objective is to design an energy efficient scheduling policy which works closely with the Sleep Mode mechanism so as to maximize battery lifetime in MSs. To the best of our knowledge no power saving scheduling algorithms based on Sleep Mode defined in IEEE 802.16e have been proposed so far in the literature. We propose a Longest Virtual Burst First (LVBF) scheduling algorithm which schedules packets of MSs in a virtual burst mode where there is one primary MS and multiple secondary MSs sharing the wireless link resource. LVBF prolongs MSs' lifetime by reducing the average time when MSs stay in the idle state and the number of state transitions between the awake and sleep states. Simulation results show that, in comparison with the round robin scheduling scheme, LVBF can produce significant overall energy saving, while guaranteeing the QoS requirements of MSs in terms of their minimum data rates. © 2006 IEEE.

Sun, Y, Fang, G & Shi, J 2006, 'Research on the implementation of VoIP service in mobile Ad-hoc network', Proceedings of the 1st IEEE International Conference on Wireless Broadband and Ultra Wideband Communications, AusWireless 2006, pp. 77-83.
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Traditional way to implement VoIP application on hard-wired network is based on the fixed and invariable IP addresses of the source and destination nodes. However, in Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET), the IP address of each node is auto-configured and may change at any time. Therefore, the traditional way cannot be applied on MANET. This paper presents a new way to design VoIP application on Mobile Ad-hoc Network, which can correctly solve the problem of variable IP addresses in MANET and make the nodes communicate with each other reliably.

Tran, LC, Huang, X, Dutkiewicz, E & Chicharo, J 2006, 'STC-MIMO block spread OFDM in frequency selective rayleigh fading channels', Proceedings - International Symposium on Computers and Communications, pp. 277-282.
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In this paper, we expand the idea of spreading the transmitted symbols in OFDM systems by unitary spreading matrices based on the rotated Hadamard or rotated Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) matrices proposed in the literature to apply to Space-Time Coded Multiple-Input Multiple-Output OFDM (STC-MIMO-OFDM) systems. We refer the resulting systems to as STC-MIMO Block Spread OFDM (STC-MIMO-BOFDM) systems. In the proposed systems, a multi-dimensional diversity, including time, frequency, space and modulation diversities, can be used, resulting in better bit error performance in frequency selective Rayleigh fading channels compared to the conventional OFDM systems with or without STCs. Simulations carried out with the Alamouti code confirm the advantage of the proposed STC-MIMO-BOFDM systems. © 2006 IEEE.

Tran, LC, Huang, X, Dutkiewicz, E & Chicharo, J 2006, 'STC-MIMO block spread OFDM in frequency selective rayleigh fading channels', Proceedings of the 1st IEEE International Conference on Wireless Broadband and Ultra Wideband Communications, AusWireless 2006, pp. 461-466.
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In this paper, we expand the idea of spreading the transmitted symbols in OFDM systems by unitary spreading matrices based on the rotated Hadamard or rotated Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) matrices proposed in the literature to apply to Space-Time Coded Multiple-Input Multiple-Output OFDM (STC-MIMO-OFDM) systems. We refer the resulting systems to as STC-MIMO Block Spread OFDM (STC-MIMO-BOFDM) systems. In the proposed systems, a multi-dimensional diversity, including time, frequency, space and modulation diversities, can be used, resulting in better bit error performance in frequency selective Rayleigh fading channels compared to the conventional OFDM systems with or without STCs. Simulations carried out with the Alamouti code confirm the advantage of the proposed STC-MIMO-BOFDM systems.

Tu, P, Huang, X & Dutkiewicz, E 2006, 'A novel approach of spreading spectrum in OFDM systems', 2006 International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies, ISCIT, pp. 487-491.
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A method for spectrum spreading in an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system is proposed in this paper, resulting in a Spread Spectrum OFDM (SS-OFDM) system suitable for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications. By modifying the IFFT module in a conventional OFDM transmitter and interleaving the modulated signal samples within an OFDM symbol, the transmitted signal spectrum is spread greatly to realize spread spectrum communications. This method of spectrum spreading is also compared with that of the Multiband OFDM (MB-OFDM) system. The SS-OFDM signal has the characteristics of a white noise, and its power spectrum density is constant within the desired bandwidth. One of the main advantages of the proposed system is that it can be used for UWB communication without the need for frequency hopping. In addition, the transmitted signal bandwidth can be selected flexibly to meet different system requirements. © 2006 IEEE.

Tu, P, Huang, X & Dutkiewicz, E 2006, 'A novel approach of spreading spectrum in OFDM systems', 2006 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON COMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES,VOLS 1-3, International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies, IEEE, Bangkok, THAILAND, pp. 537-+.

Wang, H, He, S, Wu, Q & Hintz, TB 2006, 'A new approach for Fractal Image Compression on a virtual hexagonal structure', 18Th International Conference On Pattern Recognition, Vol 3, Proceedings, International Conference on Pattern Recognition, IEEE Computer Soc, Hong Kong, China, pp. 909-912.
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In this paper, we propose a Fractal Image Compression method on a virtual hexagonal image structure by adopting Fisher's basic method on the traditional square image structure. The modification on the definition of range block and domain block is impleme

Wang, H, He, S, Wu, Q & Hintz, TB 2006, 'Improvement of fractual image coding base on the different image', WISTSP '06 proceedings, Workshop in Information Security Theory and Practices, DSP for communication systems, Hobert, Australia, pp. 1-5.

Wang, H, Wu, Q, He, S & Hintz, TB 2006, 'A new approach for SA-based fractal image compression', ICIP 2006 Proceedings, IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, IEEE, Atlanta, USA, pp. 3101-3104.
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Spiral Architecture based fractal image compression is proposed in this paper. Perceptually, a new definition of range block and domain block is presented on such enhanced image structure. Compared with the common square image architecture, spiral architecture provides higher fidelity to fractal image compression, which is demonstrated by the experimental results.

Wang, H, Wu, Q, He, S & Hintz, TB 2006, 'A novel interactive progressive decoding method for fractal image compression', Icicic 2006: First International Conference On Innovative Computing, Information And Control, Vol 3, Proceedings, International Conference on Innovative Computing, Information and Control, IEEE Computer Soc, Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 613-616.
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Fractal image compression is an efficient and effective technique in image coding. This paper presents a novel interactive progressive fractal decoding method, with which the compressed file can be transmitted incrementally and reconstructed progressivel

Wang, H, Wu, Q, He, S & Hintz, TB 2006, 'Prelimenary research on fractual video compression on spiral architecture', IPCU 2006 Proceeding, International Conference on Image Processing, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CSREA Press, Las Vegas, USA, pp. 557-562.

Weily, AR, Esselle, KP, Bird, TS & Sanders, BC 2006, 'High gain antenna with improved radiation bandwidth using dual 1-D EBG resonators and array feed', IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International Symposium (Digest), pp. 3-6.
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A high gain antenna made from dual 1-D electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) resonators is described. The combination of dual resonators with an array feed achieves a wide radiation bandwidth, thereby addressing a major limitation of EBG resonator antennas in general. The proposed antenna uses an array of 32 slots and a stripline corporate feed network to deliver energy to the dual resonator structure. Preliminary theoretical results on radiation patterns and gain of the antenna are discussed. Performance is compared with a classical 1-D EBG resonator antenna containing a single source to highlight the improvement in radiation bandwidth of the proposed configuration. © 2006 IEEE.

Wu, Q, Zhang, H, Jia, W, He, S, Yang, J & Hintz, TB 2006, 'Car plate detection using cascaded tree-style learner based on hybrid object features', Proceedings of international conference on video and signal based surveillance 2006, Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance, IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-6.

Xu, M, Chia, LT, Yi, H & Rajan, D 2006, 'Affective content detection in sitcom using subtitle and audio', MMM2006: 12th International Multi-Media Modelling Conference - Proceedings, pp. 129-134.
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From a personalized media point of view, many users favor a flexible tool to quickly browse the affective content in a video. Such affective content may cause audiences' strong reactions or special emotional experiences, such as anger, sadness, fear, joy and love. This paper attempt to extract affective content for digital videos by analyzing the subtitle files of DVD/DivX videos and utilizing audio event to assist affective content detection. Firstly, video are segmented by dialogue script partition. Compared to traditional video shot, video segmented by scripts is not affected by camera changes and shooting angles and easy to include video segments with compact content. Secondly, emotion-related vocabularies in video script are detected to locate affective video content. Using script to directly access video content avoids complex video analysis. Thirdly, audio event detection is utilized to assist affective content detection. Compared with traditional video semantic analysis, affective content analysis puts much more emphasis on the audience's reactions and emotions. Initial experiments are carried on sitcom videos because its simple video structure provides useful domain knowledge. The experimental results demonstrate that subtitle file analysis and audio event detection provides effective and efficient clues to determine the emotional content of the videos. © 2006 IEEE.

Xu, M, Li, J, Chia, LT, Hu, Y, Lee, BS, Rajan, D & Jin, JS 2006, 'Event on demand with MPEG-21 video adaptation system', Proceedings of the 14th Annual ACM International Conference on Multimedia, MM 2006, pp. 921-930.
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In this paper, we present an event-on-demand (EoD)video adaptation system. The proposed system supports users in deciding their events of interest and considers network conditions to adapt video source by event selection and frame dropping.Firstly, events are detected by audio/video analysis and annotated by the description schemes (DSs)provided by MPEG-7 Multimedia Description Schemes (MDSs). And then, to achieve a generic adaptation solution, the adaptation is developed following MPEG-21 Digital Item Adaptation (DIA)framework. We look at early release of the MPEG-21 Reference Software on XML generation and develop our own system for EoD video adaptation in three steps:1) the event information is parsed from MPEG-7 annotation XML file together with bitstream to generate generic Bitstream Syntax Description (gBSD). 2) Users' preference, Network Characteristic and Adaptation QoS (AQoS) are considered for making adaptation decision. 3) adaptation engine automatically parses adaptation decisions and gBSD to achieve adaptation.Unlike most existing adaptation work, the system adapts video of events with interest according to users' preference. Implementation following MPEG-7 and MPEG-21 standards provides a generic video adaptation solution. gBSD based adaptation avoids complex video computation. 30 students from various departments were invited to test the system and their responses has been positive. Copyright 2006 ACM.

Xu, M, Li, J, Hu, Y, Chia, LT, Lee, BS, Rajan, D & Cai, J 2006, 'An event-driven sports video adaptation for the MPEG-21 DIA framework', 2006 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, ICME 2006 - Proceedings, pp. 1245-1248.
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We present an event-driven video adaptation system in this paper. Events are detected by audio/video analysis and annotated by the description schemes (DSs) provided by MPEG-7 Multimedia Description Schemes (MDSs). And then, adaptation take account of users' preference of events and network characteristic to adapt video by event selection and frame dropping as following three steps: 1) the event information is parsed from MPEG-7 annotation XML file together with bitstream to generate generic Bitstream Syntax Description (gBSD). 2) Users' preference, Network Characteristic and Adaptation QoS (AQoS) are considered for making adaptation decision. 3) adaptation engine automatically parses adaptation decisions and gBSD to achieve adaptation. Different from most existing adaptation work, the system adapts video by interesting events according to users 'preference. To achieve a generic adaptation solution, the system is developed following MPEG-7 and MPEG-21 standards. gBSD based adaptation avoids complex video computation. 30 students from various departments test the system with satisfaction. Although, the system is tested on basketball video adaptation so far, it is easy to extend to other video domains. © 2006 British Crown Copyright.

Xu, RYD & Jin, JS 2006, 'Individual object interaction for camera control and multimedia synchronization', ICASSP, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing - Proceedings.
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In recent times, most of the computer-vision assisted automatic camera control policies are based on human events, such as speaker position changes. In addition to these events, in this paper, we introduce a set of natural camera control and multimedia synchronization schemes based on individual object interaction. We present our methods in detail, including head-pose calculation and laser pointer guidance, which are used to estimate the region of interest (ROI) for both hand-held and object-at-distance. We explain, from our results, of how these set of approaches have achieved robustness, efficiency and unambiguous object interaction during real-time video shooting. © 2006 IEEE.

Zhang, H, Jia, W, He, S & Wu, Q 2006, 'A fast algorithm for license plate detection in various conditions', Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Conference on System, Man and Cybernetics, IEEE Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, IEEE, Taibei, China, pp. 2420-2425.
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This paper proposes a fast algorithm detecting license plates in various conditions. There are three main contributions in this paper. The first contribution is that we define a new vertical edge map, with which the license plate detection algorithm is extremely fast. The second contribution is that we construct a cascade classifier which is composed of two kinds of classifiers. The classifiers based on statistical features decrease the complexity of the system. They are followed by the classifiers based on Haar-features, which make it possible to detect license plate in various conditions. Our algorithm is robust to the variance of the illumination, view angle, the position, size and color of the license plates when working in complex environment. The third contribution is that we experimentally analyze the relations of the scaling factor with detection rate and processing time. On the basis of the analysis, we select the optimal scaling factor in our algorithm. In the experiments, both high detection rate (with low false positive rate) and high speed are achieved when the algorithm is used to detect license plates in various complex conditions.

Zhang, H, Jia, W, He, S & Wu, Q 2006, 'Learning based license plate detection using global and local features', 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, International Conference on Pattern Recognition, IEEE Computer Society, Hong Kong, pp. 1102-1105.
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This paper proposes a license plate detection algorithm using both global statistical features and local Haar-like features. Classifiers using global statistical features are constructed firstly through simple learning procedures. Using these classifiers, more than 70% of background area can be excluded from further training or detecting. Then the AdaBoost learning algorithm is used to build up the other classifiers based on selected local Haar-like features. Combining the classifiers using the global features and the local features, we obtain a cascade classifier. The classifiers based on global features decrease the complexity of the system. They are followed by the classifiers based on local Haar-like features, which makes the final classifier invariant to the brightness, color, size and position of license plates. The encouraging detection rate is achieved in the experiments

Zhang, H, Jia, W, He, S & Wu, Q 2006, 'Real-time license plate detection under various conditions', Third International Conference, International Conference on Ubiquitous and Intelligence Computing 2006 - Lecture Notes in Computer Sciences, International Conference on Ubiquitous and Intelligence Computing, Springer, Wuhan, China, pp. 192-199.
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This paper proposes an algorithm for real-time license plate detection. In this algorithm, the relatively easy car plate features are adopted including the simple statistical feature and Harr-like feature. The simplicity of the object features used is very helpful to real-time processing. The classifiers based on statistical features decrease the complexity of the system. They are followed by the classifiers based on Haar-like features, which makes the final classifier invariant to the brightness, color, size and position of license plates. The experimental results obtained by the proposed algorithm exhibit the encouraging performance.

Zhang, W, Abhayapala, TD & Zhang, J 2006, 'Uwb spatia-frequency channel characterization', Vehicular Technology Conference, 2006. VTC 2006-Spring. IEEE 63rd, IEEE, pp. 2732-2736.

Zheng, L & He, S 2006, 'Number plater recognition based on SVMs', Proceeding of the IEEE international conference on advanced video and signal based surveillance 2006, Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance, IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-5.
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Zheng, L, He, S, Wu, Q & Hintz, TB 2006, 'Learning based number recognition on spiral architecture', Proceedings of 2006 9th international conference on control, automation, robotics and vision, International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision, IEEE, Grand Hyatt, Singapore, pp. 897-901.
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In this paper, a number recognition algorithm is proposed on spiral architecture, a hexagonal image structure. This algorithm employs RULES-3 inductive learning method to recognize numbers. The algorithm starts from a collection of samples of numbers from number plates. Edge maps of the samples are then detected based on spiral architecture. A set of rules are extracted using these samples by RULES-3. The rules describe the frequencies of 9 different edge masks appearing in the samples. Each mask is a cluster of 7 hexagonal pixels. In order to recognize a number plate, all numbers are tested one by one using the extracted rules. The number recognition is achieved by counting the frequencies of the 9 masks. In this paper, a comparison between results based on rectangular structure and the results based on spiral architecture is given. From the experimental results, we can make the conclusion that Spiral Architecture is better than rectangular structure for inductive learning-based number recognition

Ziolkowski, RW & Erentok, A 2006, 'Investigations of metamaterial-based ultra-dense antenna arrays', European Space Agency, (Special Publication) ESA SP.
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Advances in technology will continue to require smaller circuitry to further reduce the overall size of current communication and sensor systems. One approach to achieve this reduction in size is to develop small, efficient and multi-band transmitting and receiving structures that will fit into restricted areas while simultaneously accommodating the desired frequencies and high data rates. A metamaterial-based antenna paradigm to achieve these often conflicting requirements is proposed. It is demonstrated that specifically designed radiating elements can be spaced much closer than the usual λ/2 distance in an array configuration while maintaining reasonable overall radiation efficiency and directivity.