Chen, PPT, Butcher, KSA, Wintrebert-Fouquet, M, Wuhrer, R, Phillips, MR, Prince, KE, Timmers, H, Shrestha, SK & Usher, BF 2006, 'Apparent band-gap shift in InN films grown by remote-plasma-enhanced CVD', JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH, vol. 288, no. 2, pp. 241-246.
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The properties of indium nitride grown at various temperatures on c-plane sapphire and glass substrates, using remote plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition, have been investigated. The optical absorption spectra show a broad range of apparent band-gap values from approximately 2.3-0.9 eV, depending on the growth temperature. The influence of growth temperature on crystallinity, level of impurity incorporation, stoichiometry, and lattice distortion are analysed. The possible causes of the apparent band-gap shift in indium nitride are discussed. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Choi, MJ, McDonagh, AM, Maynard, PJ, Wuhrer, R, Lennard, C & Roux, C 2006, 'Preparation and evaluation of metal nanopowders for the detection of fingermarks on nonporous surfaces', Journal of Forensic Identification, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 756-768.
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Gold and silver nanoparticles using oleylamine as a stabilizer have been formulated for developing latent fingermarks on nonporous surfaces. These nanopowders are compared with conventional powders such as black powder, black magnetic powder, aluminum powder, and white powder. Gold nanopowder produced sharp and clear development of latent fingermarks without background staining. Scanning electron microscope images revealed that particles were concentrated in the fingermark ridge areas, with only minor amounts located in the valley regions.
Cifuentes, MP, Powell, CE, Morrall, JP, McDonagh, AM, Lucas, NT, Humphrey, MG, Samoc, M, Houbrechts, S, Asselberghs, I, Clays, K, Persoons, A & Isoshima, T 2006, 'Electrochemical, Spectroelectrochemical, and Molecular Quadratic and Cubic Nonlinear Optical Properties of Alkynylruthenium Dendrimers1', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 128, no. 33, pp. 10819-10832.
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A combination of cyclic voltammetry (CV), UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy and spectroelectrochemistry, hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) [including depolarization studies], Z-scan and degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) [including studies employing an optically transparent thin-layer electrochemical (OTTLE) cell to effect electrochemical switching of nonlinearity], pump-probe, and electroabsorption (EA) measurements have been used to comprehensively investigate the electronic, linear optical, and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of nanoscopic π-delocalizable electron-rich alkynylruthenium dendrimers, their precursor dendrons, and their linear analogues. CV, UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy, and UV-vis-NIR spectroelectrochemistry reveal that the reversible metal-centered oxidation processes in these complexes are accompanied by strong linear optical changes, 'switching on' low-energy absorption bands, the frequency of which is tunable by ligand replacement. HRS studies at 1064 nm employing nanosecond pulses reveal large nonlinearities for these formally octupolar dendrimers; depolarization measurements are consistent with lack of coplanarity upon π-framework extension through the metal. EA studies at 350-800 nm in a poly(methyl methacrylate) matrix are consistent with the important transitions having a charge-transfer exciton character that increases markedly on introduction of peripheral polarizing substituent. Time-resolved pump-probe studies employing 55 ps, 527 nm pulses reveal absorption saturation, the longest excited-state lifetime being observed for the dendrimer. Z-scan studies at 800 nm employing femtosecond pulses reveal strong two-photon absorption that increases significantly on progression from linear complex to zero- and then first-generation dendrimer with no loss of optical transparency. Both refractive and absorptive nonlinearity for selected alkynylruthenium dendrimers have been reversibly 'switched' by employing the Z-scan technique at 800 and 1180 nm ...
Colbran, SB, Lee, ST, Lonnon, DG, Maharaj, FJD, McDonagh, AM, Walker, KA & Young, RD 2006, 'Covalently Linked Ferrocenyl Quinones: Proton-Dependent Redox Behavior and Charge Redistribution', Organometallics, vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 2216-2224.
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The proton-dependent redox chemistry of dyads comprised of a ferrocenyl electron donor directly linked to a hydroquinonyl electron donor or to a quinone electron acceptor by a single covalent bond has been characterized. Ferrocenyl-1,4-hydroquinone (2), ferrocenyl-1,4-benzoquinone (3), 3-ferrocenyl-l,2catechol (5), and the precursors ferrocenyl-1,4-dimethoxybenzene (1) and 3-ferrocenyl-l,2-dimethoxybenzene (4) were studied; also the unstable compound 3-ferrocenyl-l,2-benzoquinone (6) was observed in the spectroelectrochemistry of 5. Detailed cyclic voltammetry, coulommetry, and UV-vis-NIR spectroelectrochemistry experiments allied with EPR, NMR, and Mössbauer spectroscopy were used to probe the pH-dependent redox chemistry and electron distribution within the compounds. © 2006 American Chemical Society.
Coleman, VA, Bradby, JE, Jagadish, C & Phillips, MR 2006, 'A Comparison of the Mechanical Properties and the Impact of Contact Induced Damage in a- and c- Axis ZnO Single Crystals', MRS Proceedings, vol. 957.
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ABSTRACTNanoindentation studies were conducted on a-axis oriented ZnO single crystals. The mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms were monitored and compared to previously determined data from c-axis material. Hardness and modulus values reveal that a-axis ZnO is significantly softer than c-axis material (measured hardness of 2 ± 0.2 GPa) and behaves much more plastically. Additionally, the influence of contact induced damage upon the defect structure of a-axis material was also examined using cathodoluminescence spectroscopy and monochromatic imaging to monitor the luminescence from indent sites. Deformation directly under the indent site enhanced the occurrence of red defect luminescence, and was attributed to a native defect in ZnO that has a higher formation energy than the defects responsible for the green and yellow visible defect bands, which were present in the ZnO during growth and were found to cluster to the indent site during annealing.
Coleman, VA, Bradby, JE, Jagadish, C & Phillips, MR 2006, 'Observation of enhanced defect emission and excitonic quenching from spherically indented ZnO', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 89, no. 8, pp. 1-3.
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The influence of spherical nanoindentation on the band edge and deep level emission of single crystal c-axis ZnO has been studied by cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy and monochromatic imaging. Excitonic emission is quenched at the indent site and defect emission in the range of 450-720 nm is enhanced. Analysis of CL monochromatic images and spectra suggests that at least two different defect states are responsible for the broad defect emission band. Additionally, the indents result in a strong crystallographic dependence of the defect emission, producing a rosette feature with [112̄0] [21̄1̄0], and [12̄10] orientations that reflect the star-shaped luminescence quenching observed at the excitonic peak (390 nm). © 2006 American Institute of Physics.
Coleman, VA, Buda, M, Tan, HH, Jagadish, C, Phillips, MR, Koike, K, Sasa, S, Inoue, M & Yano, M 2006, 'Observation of blue shifts in ZnO/ZnMgO multiple quantum well structures by ion-implantation induced intermixing', SEMICONDUCTOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. L25-L28.
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Implantation with low-energy (80 keV) oxygen ions and subsequent rapid thermal annealing at 800 °C are used to induce intermixing in a stack of 19 ZnO/Zn0.7Mg0.3O multiple quantum wells grown on sapphire by molecular beam epitaxy. Large blue shifts of more than 300 meV have been observed for doses up to 1 × 1016 cm-2, with no observation of saturation. This process is driven by the creation of defects by implantation which encourage the diffusion of Mg from the barrier layers into the ZnO quantum wells. Although defects are introduced during the implantation process, good recovery of the cathodoluminescence is seen following rapid thermal annealing. The Zn-Mg interdiffusion in this system has also been calculated for the corresponding ion doses, and the diffusion coefficient extracted. This study has significant implications for band gap engineering of ZnO/ZnMgO optoelectronic devices. © 2006 IOP Publishing Ltd.
Cortie, M 2006, 'Antipodean gold', GOLD BULLETIN, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 92-92.
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Cortie, MB, Maaroof, A, Smith, GB & Ngoepe, P 2006, 'Nanoscale coatings of AuAlx and PtAlx and their mesoporous elemental derivatives', CURRENT APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 440-443.
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A method to produce nanoscale films of AuAlx and PtAlx, and their mesoporous elemental derivatives is described, and the morphology and optical properties of these coatings explored. The color of the AuAlx film is bright purple, in agreement with ab init
Cortie, MB, McBean, KE & Elcombe, MM 2006, 'Fracture mechanics of mollusc shells', PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER, vol. 385, no. 1, pp. 545-547.
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The shape and structure of the shells of molluscs has attracted considerable attention. One aspect of interest is the comparatively high resistance to fracture of these shells. It is known that they are composite structures of aragonite, other calcereous
Cortie, MB, Xu, X & Ford, MJ 2006, 'Effect of composition and packing configuration on the dichroic optical properties of coinage metal nanorods', PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 8, no. 30, pp. 3520-3527.
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When nanorods of Au, Ag and some other elements are aligned with a preferred orientation with respect to light, their optical extinction characteristics become dependent on the polarization and angle of incidence of the light. This effect is explored here and it is shown that it could potentially be exploited to produce a 'colour-change coating'. However, particle-particle interactions are also likely to occur in such coatings, with red shifting of extinction spectra occurring for end-on-end configurations of monodisperse rods, and blue shifting for side-by-side configurations. Surprisingly, the particle-particle interactions are attenuated if they are between rods of differing aspect ratios, and this offers a useful new means of control of the optical properties of coatings of nanorods. © the Owner Societies 2006.
de Bas, BS, Ford, MJ & Cortie, MB 2006, 'Melting in small gold clusters: a density functional molecular dynamics study', JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 55-74.
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Molecular dynamics simulations of the thermal behaviour of gold clusters containing 7, 13 and 20 atoms have been performed. Total energies and forces at each step of the simulation are calculated from first principles using density functional theory. Ion trajectories are then calculated classically from these forces. In each case the global minimum energy structure and a low-lying isomer are used as the starting structures. In most cases, the clusters do not exhibit a sharp transition from a solid-like phase to a liquid-like phase, but rather pass through a region of transformations between structural isomers that extends over a considerable temperature range. Solid-like behaviour is observed in the atomic trajectories of the simulation at temperatures up to, or above, the bulk melting point. The 20-atom tetrahedral structure is the one exception, showing a sharp transition between solid-like and liquid-like phases at about 1200 K. The starting structure used in the simulation is shown to have a considerable effect upon the subsequent thermal behaviour.
Dou, Y, Guo, Y, Zhu, J, Chen, H & Yan, Y 2006, 'A Method for Reducing the Inherent Voltage Regulation Rate of PM Synchronous Generators', Journal of Nature Science Nanjing Normal University, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 73-78.
Egan, TJ, Chen, JY-J, de Villiers, KA, Mabotha, TE, Naidoo, KJ, Ncokazi, KK, Langford, SJ, McNaughton, D, Pandiancherri, S & Wood, BR 2006, 'Haemozoin (β‐haematin) biomineralization occurs by self‐assembly near the lipid/water interface', FEBS Letters, vol. 580, no. 21, pp. 5105-5110.
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Several blood‐feeding organisms, including the malaria parasite detoxify haem released from host haemoglobin by conversion to the insoluble crystalline ferriprotoporphyrin IX dimer known as haemozoin. To date the mechanism of haemozoin formation has remained unknown, although lipids or proteins have been suggested to catalyse its formation. We have found that β‐haematin (synthetic haemozoin) forms rapidly under physiologically realistic conditions near octanol/water, pentanol/water and lipid/water interfaces. Molecular dynamics simulations show that a precursor of the haemozoin dimer forms spontaneously in the absence of the competing hydrogen bonds of water, demonstrating that this substance probably self‐assembles near a lipid/water interface in vivo.
Ford, M, Cortie, MB, Maclurcan, D & Martin, DK 2006, 'Real world nanotechnology', Materials Australia, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 10-12.
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There is a degree of uncertainty in the public mind concerning the exact subject matter of nanotechnology. Novels such as Michael Crichtons Prey and the movie Agent Codie Banks have primed many to believe that nanotechnology is about tiny (and rather dangerous) nano-robots. Of course, most technically savvy individuals know better, but because this misconception exists there is an obligation on researchers in this field to communicate a more accurate understanding of the topic to the wider community. The Institute for Nanoscale Technology at the University of Technology, Sydney (UTS) has sought to bridge this gap in understanding.
Ford, M, Masens, CD & Cortie, MB 2006, 'The application of gold surfaces and particles in nanotechnology', Surface Review Letters, vol. 12, no. 2-3, pp. 297-307.
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Gold is widely used in nanotechnology, for example as a substrate in forming self-assembled monolayers or as nanoparticles for their unique optical and chemical properties. In this paper we give an overview of the properties of gold relevant to its potential application in molecular-scale devices and present some of our recent computational predictions. Density functional calculations of molecular adsorption onto gold surfaces were used to investigate the effect of surface symmetry and identify new linking schemes for self-assembled monolayers. Adsorption energies of methythiolate (SCH3) onto the (111), 9100) and (110) surfaces of gold are predicted to be 39.3, 48.4 and 51.1 kcal/mol respectively and demonstrate that selective functionalisation of the surfaces is possible. Phosphine molecules with at least two hydrogen atoms substituted for methyl groups are predicted to form Au-P surface bonds with energies of about 13-20 kcal/mol.
Ford, MJ, Masens, C & Cortie, MB 2006, 'The application of gold surfaces and particles in nanotechnology', SURFACE REVIEW AND LETTERS, vol. 13, no. 2-3, pp. 297-307.
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Forsyth, CM, Langford, SJ & Lee, KA 2006, '(Z)-Benzyl 2-(hydroxyimino)acetoacetate', Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, vol. 62, no. 12, pp. o5654-o5655.
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Fu, LJ, Liu, H, Li, C, Wu, YP, Rahm, E, Holze, R & Wu, HQ 2006, 'Surface modifications of electrode materials for lithium ion batteries', SOLID STATE SCIENCES, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 113-128.
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Since the birth of the lithium ion battery in the early 1990s, its development has been very rapid and it has been widely applied as power source for a lot of light and high value electronics due to its significant advantages over traditional rechargeable battery systems. Recent research demonstrates the importance of surface structural features of electrode materials for their electrochemical performance, and in this paper the latest progress on this aspect is reviewed. Electrode materials are either anodic or cathodic ones. The former mainly include graphitic carbons, whose surfaces can be modified by mild oxidation, deposition of metals and metal oxides, coating with polymers and other kinds of carbons. P, Through these modifications, the surface structures of the graphitic carbon anodes are improved, and these improvements include: (1) smoothing the active edge surfaces by removing some reactive sites and/or defects on the graphite surface, (2) forming a dense oxide layer on the graphite surface, and (3) covering active edge structures on the graphite surface. Meanwhile, other accompanying changes occur: (1) production of nanochannels/micropores, (2) an increase in the electronic conductivity, (3) an inhibition of structural changes during cycling, (4) a reduction of the thickness of the SEI (solid-electrolyte-interface) layer, and (5) an increase in the number of host sites for lithium storage.
Fu, LJ, Liu, H, Zhang, HP, Li, C, Zhang, T, Wu, YP & Wu, HQ 2006, 'Novel TiO2/C nanocomposites for anode materials of lithium ion batteries', JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES, vol. 159, no. 1, pp. 219-222.
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Here we reported an effective method to prepare TiO2/C core-shell nanocomposites as active anode materials for lithium ion batteries with markedly ameliorated electrochemical performance. At first, a precursor, polyacrylonitrile coated nano-TiO2 particles, was formed by emulsion polymerization. Then the precursor was heat-treated under argon atmosphere to achieve the nanocomposites. The conductive carbon shell enveloped TiO2 nanoparticles and suppressed the aggregation of nanoparticles during cycling. Meanwhile, it combined closely with the nanocores, significantly enhanced kinetics of lithium intercalation and de-intercalation and diffusion coefficient of lithium ion. This provides a good way to improve the cycling and kinetics of nanoanode materials.
Fu, LJ, Liu, H, Zhang, HP, Li, C, Zhang, T, Wu, YP, Holze, R & Wu, HQ 2006, 'Synthesis and electrochemical performance of novel core/shell structured nanocomposites', ELECTROCHEMISTRY COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1-4.
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A new and effective method to prepare TiO2/C core-shell nanocomposites as active anode materials for lithium ion batteries with markedly ameliorated electrochemical performance is described. Initially a precursor, polyacrylonitrile coated nano-TiO2 particles, is formed by emulsion polymerization. This precursor is heat-treated under argon atmosphere to achieve the nanocomposite. The conductive carbon shell enveloped TiO2 nanoparticles and suppressed the aggregation of the core nanoparticles during cycling. In addition it is attached closely to the nano-cores, and the kinetics of lithium intercalation and de-intercalation, the apparent diffusion coefficient of lithium ions and the consequent cycling behavior are significantly enhanced. This provides a good way to improve cycling and kinetics of nano-anode materials
Ghiggino, KP, Hutchison, JA, Langford, SJ, Latter, MJ & Takezaki, M 2006, 'Triaminotriazines—photophysical investigations of a porphyrin‐appended triazine receptor with a naphthalene diimide guest', Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry, vol. 19, no. 8-9, pp. 491-494.
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AbstractA modular synthetic approach to preparing a family of triaminotriazine receptors bearing porphyrin chromophores is described. The porphyrin‐appended triaminotriazines are prepared in a stepwise manner employing either cyanuric chloride or fluoride and 5‐(4′‐aminophenyl)‐10,15,20‐triphenylporphyrin in the first step. Reaction of the porphyrintriazine with excess 1‐pentylamine leads to a triazine core programmed for three‐point hydrogen bonding. Addition of a complementary naphthalene diimide yields a supramolecular donor–acceptor dyad. Photophysical studies in CH2Cl2 solvent show efficient quenching of porphyrin fluorescence within the dyad, consistent with an electron transfer process. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ghiggino, KP, Hutchison, JA, Langford, SJ, Latter, MJ, Lee, MA-P & Takezaki, M 2006, 'A Simple Dyad Exhibiting Microsecond Charge-Separation in Non-Polar Solvents', Australian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 179-179.
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A simple photovoltaic device in which two chromophoric components are assembled by Zn–N coordination yields a charge-separated state with microsecond lifetime upon photoexcitation in non-polar solvents. Characterization of the electron transfer dynamics using time-resolved fluorescence and transient absorption spectroscopy suggests that the unusual longevity is due to charge recombination occurring between states with different electron spin character. Control of electron spin may provide a novel paradigm for optimizing light-induced charge-separation processes.
Ghiggino, KP, Hutchison, JA, Shafiqul Islan, D-M, Araki, Y, Ito, O, Langford, SJ, Lau, V-L & Takezaki, M 2006, 'Metal ion dependent fluorescence quenching in a crown ether bridged porphyrin—fullerene dyad', Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, vol. 5, no. 12, pp. 1150-1153.
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Giangrandi, S, Brijs, B, Sajavaara, T, Bender, H, Iacopi, F, Vantomme, A & Vandervorst, W 2006, 'Irradiation-induced damage in porous low-k materials during low-energy heavy-ion elastic recoil detection analysis', NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS, vol. 249, pp. 189-192.
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Godlewski, M, Phillips, MR, Kazlauskas, K, Czernecki, R, Targowski, G, Perlin, P, Leszczynski, M, Figge, S & Hommel, D 2006, 'Profiling of light emission of GaN-based laser diodes with cathodoluminescence', PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI A-APPLICATIONS AND MATERIALS SCIENCE, vol. 203, no. 7, pp. 1811-1814.
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Cathodoluminescence is applied for evaluation of in-plane variations of light emission from GaN-based laser diode structures. We demonstrate that potential fluctuations affect significantly emission of laser diodes for e-beam currents above thresholds for a stimulated emission. © 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
Guo, Y, Zhu, JG, Watterson, PA & Wu, W 2006, 'Development of a PM Transverse Flux Motor With Soft Magnetic Composite Core', IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 426-434.
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This paper reports the design, performance analysis, fabrication, and experimental results of a three-phase, three-stack permanent magnet transverse flux motor with a soft magnetic composite stator core, which was designed to take advantage of the unique
Guo, YG & Zhu, JG 2006, 'Applications of soft magnetic composite materials in electrical machines', Australian Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 37-46.
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Guo, YG, Zhu, JG & Lu, HY 2006, 'Accurate determination of parameters of a claw-pole motor with SMC stator core by finite-element magnetic-field analysis', IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications, vol. 153, no. 4, pp. 568-568.
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Effective and accurate prediction of key motor parameters, such as winding flux, back electromotive force, inductance and core losses, is crucial for design of high-performance motors. Particularly, for electrical machines with new materials and nonconve
Guo, YG, Zhu, JG & Zhong, JJ 2006, 'Measurement and modelling of magnetic properties of soft magnetic composite material under 2D vector magnetisations', Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, vol. 302, no. 1, pp. 14-19.
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This paper reports the measurement and modelling of magnetic properties of SOMALOY (TM) 500, a soft magnetic composite (SMC) material, under different 2D vector magnetisations, such as alternating along one direction, circularly and elliptically rotating
GUO, Z, HUANG, Z, KONSTANTINOV, K, LIU, H & DOU, S 2006, 'Electrochemical hydrogen storage properties of nonstoichiometric amorphous MgNi1+xMgNi1+x–carbon composites (x=0.05x=0.05–0.3)', International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 31, no. 14, pp. 2032-2039.
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Guo, ZP, Huang, ZG, Zhao, ZW, Menard, X & Liu, HK 2006, 'Enhanced electrochemical properties of nonstoichiometric amorphous Mg2Ni1.3 electrodes', Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 11-16.
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Guo, ZP, Ng, SH, Wang, JZ, Huang, ZG, Liu, HK, Too, CO & Wallace, GG 2006, 'Electrochemical Hydrogen Storage in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Paper', Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 713-718.
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Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) papers were successfully prepared by dispersing SWNTs in Triton X-100 solution, then filtered by PVDF membrane (0.22 μm pore size). The electrochemical behavior and the reversible hydrogen storage capacity of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) papers have been investigated in alkaline electrolytic solutions (6 N KOH) by cyclic voltammetry, linear micropolarization, and constant current charge/discharge measurements. The effect of thickness and the addition of carbon black on hydrogen adsorption/desorption were also investigated. It was found that the electrochemical charge–discharge mechanism occurring in SWNT paper electrodes is somewhere between that of carbon nanotubes (physical process) and that of metal hydride electrodes (chemical process), and consists of a charge-transfer reaction (Reduction/Oxidation) and a diffusion step (Diffusion).
Guo, ZP, Yuan, L, Konstantinov, K, Huang, ZG & Liu, HK 2006, 'Preparation of spherical clusters of metal oxide nanorods and their hydrogen storage behavior', Materials Letters, vol. 60, no. 29-30, pp. 3891-3894.
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Harris, N, Ford, MJ & Cortie, MB 2006, 'Optimization of plasmonic heating by gold nanospheres and nanoshells', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B, vol. 110, no. 22, pp. 10701-10707.
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Gold nanoparticles have strong and tunable absorption peaks in their optical extinction spectra, a phenomenon that has recently been exploited to generate localized heating in the vicinity of these particles. However the optimum particle geometry and illumination regime to maximize these effects appears not to have been previously examined in any detail. Here we show that the interplay between the particles' absorption cross-sections, volume, and surface area lead to there being specific conditions that can maximize particle temperature and surface heat flux. Optical absorption efficiencies were calculated from the formulation of Mie, and radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer models were used to model the thermal performance of particles in different situations. Two technologically relevant scenarios for illumination, namely, irradiation by sunlight at 800 W/m2 and by a monochromatic laser source of 50 kW/m2 tuned to the peak absorption wavelength, were considered. For irradiation by sunlight, the resultant heat flux is optimized for an 80 nm diameter nanoshell with an aspect ratio of 0.8, while for irradiation by laser the maximum heat flux is found for 50 nm nanoshells, with an aspect ratio of 0.9. © 2006 American Chemical Society.
Hoft, RC, Ford, MJ & Cortie, MB 2006, 'Prediction of increased tunneling current by bond length stretch in molecular break junctions', CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 429, no. 4-6, pp. 503-506.
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We use ab initio calculations of the tunneling current through a 1,4-phenylenedimethanethiol (XYL) molecule adsorbed between Au(1 1 1) electrodes to show that there are circumstances under which tunneling currents can be increased by bond stretching. The effect is dependent upon the geometry of the gold-sulfur bond and does not occur for the physisorbed thiol, that is, a thiol with the hydrogen atom still in place. However, we predict that when the hydrogen atom is removed, causing the sulfur atom to be strongly bound to the gold surface, stretching this bond away from equilibrium will actually increase the tunneling current. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Huang, ZG, Guo, ZP, Calka, A, Wexler, D, Lukey, C & Liu, HK 2006, 'Effects of iron oxide (Fe2O3, Fe3O4) on hydrogen storage properties of Mg-based composites', Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 422, no. 1-2, pp. 299-304.
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Huang, ZG, Guo, ZP, Wexler, D, Konstantinov, K & Liu, HK 2006, 'Thermal stability and hydrogen storage property of Mg1.9Cu0.1Nix (x=1.8, 1.9, 2.0 and 2.1) alloys', Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 426, no. 1-2, pp. 335-340.
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Iacopi, F, Travaly, Y, Eyckens, B, Waldfried, C, Abell, T, Guyer, EP, Gage, DM, Dauskardt, RH, Sajavaara, T, Houthoofd, K, Grobet, P, Jacobs, P & Maex, K 2006, 'Short-ranged structural rearrangement and enhancement of mechanical properties of organosilicate glasses induced by ultraviolet radiation', JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 99, no. 5.
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Iacopi, F, Travaly, Y, Van Hove, M, Jonas, AM, Molina-Aldareguia, JM, Elizalde, MR & Ocana, I 2006, 'Extent of plasma damage to porous organosilicate films characterized with nanoindentation, x-ray reflectivity, and surface acoustic waves', JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH, vol. 21, no. 12, pp. 3161-3167.
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Langford, SJ, Latter, MJ & Woodward, CP 2006, 'Construction of Multiporphyrin Arrays via Selective Cross-Metathesis', Organic Letters, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 2595-2598.
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Langford, SJ, Latter, MJ & Woodward, CP 2006, 'Progress in Charge Transfer Systems Utilizing PorphyrinDonors and Simple Aromatic Diimide Acceptor Units', Photochemistry and Photobiology, vol. 82, no. 6, pp. 1530-1530.
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Langford, SJ, Latter, MJ, Lau, V-L, Martin, LL & Mechler, A 2006, 'Organogels Derived from Tetranitrated Crown Ethers', Organic Letters, vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 1371-1373.
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Li, C, Zhang, HP, Fu, LJ, Liu, H, Wu, YP, Ram, E, Holze, R & Wu, HQ 2006, 'Cathode materials modified by surface coating for lithium ion batteries', ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA, vol. 51, no. 19, pp. 3872-3883.
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Recent research results confirm the importance of structural surface features of cathode materials for their electrochemical performance. Modification by coating is an important method to achieve improved electrochemical performance, and the latest progress was reviewed here. When the surface of cathode materials including LiCoO2, LiNiO2, LiMn2O4 and LiMnO2 is coated with oxides such as MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, TiO2, ZnO, SnO2, ZrO2, Li2O center dot 2B(2)O(3)-glass and other materials, the coatings prevent the direct contact with the electrolyte solution, suppress phase transition, improve the structural stability, and decrease the disorder of cations in crystal sites. As a result, side reactions and heat generation during cycling are decreased. Accompanying actions such as suppression of Mn2+ dissolution, increase in conductivity and removal of HF in electrolyte solutions have been observed. Consequently, marked improvement of electrochemical performance of electrode materials including reversible capacity, coulomb efficiency in the first cycle, cycling behavior, rate capability and overcharge tolerance has been achieved. In conclusion, further directions are suggested for the surface modification of electrode materials. With further understanding of the effects of the surface structure of cathode materials on lithium intercalation and de-intercalation, better and/or cheaper cathode materials from surface modification will come up in the near future.
Lin, ZW, Zhu, JG, Guo, YG, Wang, XL & Ding, SY 2006, 'Three-dimensional hysteresis of soft magnetic composite', Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 99, no. 8, pp. 08D909-08D909.
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Hysteresis phenomenon is one of the important characteristics of soft magnetic materials. A three-dimensional (3D) magnetic property measurement system has been developed. This system can effectively control the locus of the time-varying magnetic flux density vector B and measure the corresponding magnetic field strength vector H in a cubic sample of soft magnetic material. The sample involved in this study is a soft magnetic composite sample made of highly pure iron powder. This paper investigates the B and H loci in 3D space and the power loss when the B loci are controlled to become circles and ellipses lying in three orthogonal planes. It is found that the B and H loci lie in the same magnetization plane, but the H loci and losses depend strongly on the orientation, position, and process of magnetization. On the other hand, the H vectors evolve into a unique locus pattern, and the power losses approach a unique value when the B vectors evolve into the same loci through either a series of small circles or ellipses.
Liu, H, Cao, Q, Fu, LJ, Li, C, Wu, YP & Wu, HQ 2006, 'Doping effects of zinc on LiFePO4 cathode material for lithium ion batteries', ELECTROCHEMISTRY COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 8, no. 10, pp. 1553-1557.
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Alien atom doping has been adopted to modify the electrochemical performance of olivine type LiFePO4 for cathode material of the lithium ion batteries. Here, we first report that zinc-doping can improve the performance of LiFePO4. The effects of zinc-doping have been studied by the measurements of X-ray diffraction pattern, scanning electronic microscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The results indicate that the zinc atoms do not destroy the lattice structure of LiFePO4, and enlarge the lattice volume. During de-intercalation and intercalation process of lithium ions, the doped zinc atoms protect the LiFePO4 crystal from shrinking. This kind of "pillar" effect provides larger space for the movement of lithium ions. Consequently, the conductivity is enhanced and the lithium ion diffusion coefficient is boosted after doping. These favourable changes are beneficial to the improvement of the electrochemical performance of LiFePO4 including discharge capacity and rate capability.
Liu, H, Li, C, Zhang, HP, Fu, LJ, Wu, YP & Wu, HQ 2006, 'Kinetic study on LiFePO4/C nanocomposites synthesized by solid state technique', JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES, vol. 159, no. 1, pp. 717-720.
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Well-crystallized, homogeneous nanocomposites of lithium iron(H) phosphate and carbon was synthesized by solid state reaction, and the obtained particles are spherical. Measurement of both CV and EIS shows that the lithium ion diffusion coefficient in the nanocomposites is affected by the incorporated carbon, and markedly increases with the carbon content. Meanwhile, the kinetics of lithium intercalation and de-intercalation is greatly ameliorated. These data provide strong evidence of the potential use of this kind of nanocomposite cathode in lithium ion battery.
Liu, J, Cankurtaran, B, Wieczorek, L, Ford, MJ & Cortie, M 2006, 'Anisotropic optical properties of semitransparent coatings of gold nanocaps', ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, vol. 16, no. 11, pp. 1457-1461.
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An ordered array of cap-shaped gold nanoparticles has been prepared by vapor deposition onto polystyrene nanospheres supported on a glass substrate. The method of fabrication used imparts a significant anisotropy to the geometric and optical properties of the coating. The optical-absorption properties of these deposits have been measured using UV-vis spectrometry and simulated using a code based on the discrete dipole approximation. Because the nanocaps are not interconnected, they interact with incident light as individual particles with a plasmon resonance that depends upon wavelength and the polarization vector of the light. The resulting extinction peaks manifest in the upper visible and near-infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Surprisingly, varying the angle of incidence of the light (for a fixed polarization) has no effect on the optical properties of individual nanocaps. Calculations show that these phenomena may be readily interpreted in terms of dipole resonances excited across the longitudinal, transverse, and short-transverse directions of the nanocaps. Coatings comprised of arrays of these particles have the potential to serve as angularly and spectrally selective filters. © 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
Lucas, NT, McDonagh, AM, Dance, IG, Colbran, SB & Craig, DC 2006, 'cis-[PtBr2{PPh2(4-catechol)}2]: synthesis, crystal structure, and computational modelling of its binding to nanocrystalline TiO2', Dalton Transactions, vol. 60, no. 5, pp. 680-680.
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The complex cis-[PtBr2(PPh2(4-catechol))2] 1 has been synthesized by cleavage of the four methyl groups from cis-[PtCl2(PPh2(4-veratrole))2] using BBr3, followed by work-up in the presence of excess bromide. An X-ray crystal structure of 1·(ethanol)2confirms that the two catechol rings are adjacent to each other and approximately parallel, and therefore well structured to act as double bidentate ligands for adjacent metal atoms on the surface of a nanocrystal. The crystal packing of 1·(ethanol)2involves intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions and a parallel fourfold phenyl embrace between PPh2moieties. Density functional calculations have demonstrated that conformational variability of the aryl rings in cis-[PtBr2(PPh2(4-catechol))2] is energetically feasible, and two conformations of cis-[PtBr2(PPh2(4-catechol))2] as a complex ligand for Ti atoms on the various surfaces of the anatase and rutile structures of TiO2have been assessed for geometrical commensurability. Three structural models for adsorbates of cis-[PtBr2(PPh2(4-catechol))2] on TiO2are developed for anatase (110), anatase (101), and rutile (001). © 2006 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Malguth, E, Hoffmann, A, Gehlhoff, W, Gelhausen, O, Phillips, MR & Xu, X 2006, 'Structural and electronic properties of Fe3+ and Fe2+ centers in GaN from optical and EPR experiments', PHYSICAL REVIEW B, vol. 74, no. 16, pp. 1-12.
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This work provides a consistent picture of the structural, optical, and electronic properties of Fe-doped GaN. A set of high-quality GaN crystals doped with Fe at concentrations ranging from 5× 1017 cm-3 to 2× 1020 cm-3 is systematically investigated by means of electron paramagnetic resonance and various optical techniques. Fe3+ is shown to be a stable charge state at concentrations from 1× 1018 cm-3. The fine structure of its midgap states is successfully established, including an effective-mass-like state consisting of a hole bound to Fe2+ with a binding energy of 50±10 meV. A major excitation mechanism of the Fe3+ (T14 → A16) luminescence is identified to be the capture of free holes by Fe2+ centers. The holes are generated in a two-step process via the intrinsic defects involved in the yellow luminescence. The Fe3+/2+ charge-transfer level is found 2.863±0.005 eV above the valence band, suggesting that the internal reference rule does not hold for the prediction of band offsets of heterojunctions between GaN and other III-V materials. The Fe2+ (E5 → T25) transition is observed around 390 meV at any studied Fe concentration by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Charge-transfer processes and the effective-mass-like state involving both Fe2+ states are observed. At Fe concentrations from 1× 1019 cm-3, additional lines occur in electron paramagnetic resonance and photoluminescence spectra which are attributed to defect complexes involving Fe3+. With increasing Fe concentration, the Fermi level is shown to move from near the conduction band to the Fe3+/2+ charge-transfer level, where it stays pinned for concentrations from 1× 1019 cm-3. Contrary to cubic II-VI and III-V materials, both electronic states are effected by only a weak Jahn-Teller interaction. © 2006 The American Physical Society.
McBean, KE, Phillips, MR & Goldys, EM 2006, 'Synthesis and characterization of doped and undoped ZnO nanostructures', MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 327-330.
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Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles have been produced using precipitation methods from ethanolic solution. Rare-earth metal doping was performed, and the effect of lithium codoping on the luminescence properties of the rare-earth doped products was assessed. The resulting particles were characterized using cathodoluminescence and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that lithium significantly enhanced the cathodoluminescence signal from the rare-earth ions, which has been attributed to the increased integration of the rare-earth ions into the ZnO structure. The nanophase ZnO products were also annealed in argon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with hydrogen being the most successful for removing the broad defect emission present in as-grown samples and enhancing the ZnO near band edge emission. © Microscopy Society of America 2006.
Morgan, SW & Phillips, MR 2006, 'Gaseous scintillation detection and amplification in variable pressure scanning electron microscopy', JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 100, no. 7, pp. 1-16.
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This work investigates the generation and detection of gaseous scintillation signals produced in variable pressure scanning electron microscopy through electron-gas molecule excitation reactions. Here a gaseous scintillation detection (GSD) system is developed to efficiently detect photons produced via excitation reactions in electron cascades. Images acquired using GSD are compared to those obtained using conventional gaseous secondary electron detection (GSED) and demonstrate that images rich in secondary electron (SE) contrast can be achieved using the gaseous scintillation signal. A theoretical model, based on existing Townsend theories, is developed. It describes the production and amplification of photon signals generated by cascading SEs, high energy backscattered electrons, and primary beam electrons. Photon amplification (the total number of photons produced per sample emissive electron) is then investigated and compared to conventional electronic amplification over a wide range of microscope operating parameters, scintillating imaging gases, and photon collection geometries. These studies revealed that argon gas exhibited the largest GSD gain, followed by nitrogen then water vapor, exactly opposite to the trend observed for electron amplification data. It was also found that detected scintillation signals exhibit larger SE signal-to-background levels compared to those of conventional electronic signals detected via GSED. Finally, dragging the electron cascade towards the light pipe assemblage of GSD systems, or electrostatic focusing, dramatically increases the collection efficiency of photons. © 2006 American Institute of Physics.
Morgan, SW & Phillips, MR 2006, 'Transient analysis of gaseous electron-ion recombination in the environmental scanning electron microscope', JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY-OXFORD, vol. 221, no. 3, pp. 183-202.
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Most of the work carried out in relation to contrast mechanisms and signal formation in an environmental scanning electron microscope has yet to consider the time dependent aspects of image generation at a quantitative level. This paper quantitatively describes gaseous electron-ion recombination (also known as 'signal scavenging') in an environmental scanning electron microscope at a transient level by utilizing the dark shadows/streaks seen in gaseous secondary electron detector images of alumina (Al2O3) immediately after a region of enhanced secondary electron emission is encountered by a scanning electron beam. The investigation firstly derives a theoretical model of gaseous electron-ion recombination that takes into consideration transients caused by the time constant of the gaseous secondary electron detector electronics and external circuitry used to generate images. Experimental data of pixel intensity versus time of the streaks are then simulated using the model enabling the relative magnitudes of (i) ionization and recombination rates, (ii) recombination coefficients and (iii) electron drift velocities, as well as absolute values of the total time constant of the gaseous secondary electron detection system and external circuitry, to be determined as a function of microscope operating parameters such as gaseous secondary electron detector bias, sample-electrode separation, imaging gas pressure, and scan speed. The results revealed, for the first time, the exact dependence that the effects of secondary electron-ion recombination on signal formation has on reduced electric field and time in an environmental scanning electron microscope. Furthermore, the model implicitly demonstrated that signal loss as a consequence of field retardation due to ion space charges, although obviously present, is not the foremost phenomenon causing streaking in images, as previously thought. © 2006 The Royal Microscopical Society.
Pauc, N, Phillips, MR, Aimez, V & Drouin, D 2006, 'Carrier diffusion processes near threading dislocations in GaN and GaN : Si characterized by low voltage cathodoluminescence', SUPERLATTICES AND MICROSTRUCTURES, vol. 40, no. 4-6, pp. 557-561.
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We present a low temperature study of GaN epilayers by means of low voltage cathodoluminescence (CL). We show that lowering the primary electrons accelerating voltage down to 1 kV allows imaging of single threading dislocations. By using monochromatic or panchromatic low voltage CL microscopy, it is possible to extract different diffusion lengths related to free excitons, bound excitons or donor-to-acceptor pair transitions. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Pauc, N, Phillips, MR, Aimez, V & Drouin, D 2006, 'Carrier recombination near threading dislocations in GaN epilayers by low voltage cathodoluminescence', Applied Physics Letters, vol. 89, no. 16, pp. 161905-161905.
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The authors present a low voltage cathodoluminescence (CL) study of as grown GaN and GaN:Si epilayers on sapphire. At 1kV they resolve individual threading dislocations on the sample surface at low temperature (5K), which appear as correlated dark spots. Analysis of CL intensity profiles across individual dislocation cores provides a direct measurement of the exciton and minority carrier diffusion lengths. Using this approach at 5K, an exciton diffusion length of 62±28nm was found for GaN:Si (∼3×1018cm−3) compared with 81±20nm for a nominally undoped n-type GaN (∼1×1016cm−3).
Phillips, MR 2006, 'Cathodoluminescence microscopy and spectroscopy of opto-electronic materials', MICROCHIMICA ACTA, vol. 155, no. 1-2, pp. 51-58.
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Cathodoluminescence (CL) microscopy and spectroscopy are enabling techniques for the microcharacterisation of technologically important materials. Recent advances in SEM instrumentation have considerably expanded the microanalytical capabilities of the CL technique. In this paper, following a brief overview of the principles and practice of CL microscopy and spectroscopy, a number of examples are presented that demonstrate the utility of the technique for the microcharacterisation of advanced opto-electronic materials.
Pissuwan, D, Valenzuela, SM & Cortie, MB 2006, 'Therapeutic possibilities of plasmonically heated gold nanoparticles', TRENDS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 62-67.
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Nanoparticles of gold, which are in the size range 10-100 nm, undergo a plasmon resonance with light. This is a process whereby the electrons of the gold resonate in response to incoming radiation causing them to both absorb and scatter light. This effect can be harnessed to either destroy tissue by local heating or release payload molecules of therapeutic importance. Gold nanoparticles can also be conjugated to biologically active moieties, providing possibilities for targeting to particular tissues. Here, we review the progress made in the exploitation of the plasmon resonance of gold nanoparticles in photo-thermal therapeutic medicine. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Pushpamalar, V, Langford, SJ, Ahmad, M & Lim, YY 2006, 'Optimization of reaction conditions for preparing carboxymethyl cellulose from sago waste', Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 312-318.
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Sastraruji, T, Jatisatienr, A, Issakul, K, Pyne, SG, Ung, AT, Lie, W & Williams, MC 2006, 'Phytochemical studies on Stemona plants: Isolation of new tuberostemonine and stemofoline alkaloids', NATURAL PRODUCT COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 1, no. 10, pp. 813-818.
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Six new stemofoline alkaloids, (2`R)-hydroxystemofoline (5), (3`R)-stemofolenol (6), (3`S)-stemofolenol (7), 1`,2`-didehydrostemofoline-N-oxide (8), the first C19 stemofoline alkaloid, methylstemofoline (9), and the first glycosidated Stemona alkaloid, stemofolinoside (10), and three known alkaloids, (2`S)-hydroxystemofoline (2), (11Z)-1`,2`-didehydrostemofoline (3), and (11E)-1`,2`-didehydrostemofoline (4), have been isolated from a root extract of an unidentified Stemona species. The structure and relative configuration of these new alkaloids have been determined by spectral data interpretation and from semisynthetic studies.
Shuhong Wang, Jie Qiu, Qingfu Li, Jian Guo Zhu & Semyung Wang 2006, 'Application of Petri net in development of finite element analysis package for electromagnetic fields', IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 1255-1258.
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In this paper, Petri net is applied in the description of a parameterized finite element (FE) geometric modeling, which can enable the user to implement quick and easily dimensional changes, and then invoke a repetitive analysis of a FE problem. Another
Skrobot, M, Godlewski, M, Guziewicz, E, Kopalko, K & Phillips, MR 2006, 'Tuning of Color Chromaticity of Light Emission from ZnSe Films Grown on a GaAs Substrate by Atomic Layer Epitaxy', Acta Physica Polonica A, vol. 110, no. 3, pp. 359-367.
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Spoor, DJ & Zhu, JG 2006, 'Improved Single-Ended Traveling-Wave Fault- Location Algorithm Based on Experience With Conventional Substation Transducers', IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 1714-1720.
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Single-ended unsynchronized traveling-wave fault-location algorithms have been around for several years. They avoid the costs and complexities associated with remote-end, synchronization. Nevertheless, there is a corresponding increase in required signal
Travaly, Y, Bamal, M, Carbonell, L, Iacopi, F, Stucchi, M, Van Hove, M & Beyer, GP 2006, 'A novel approach to resistivity and interconnect modeling', MICROELECTRONIC ENGINEERING, vol. 83, no. 11-12, pp. 2417-2421.
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Veal, TD, Piper, LFJ, Phillips, MR, Zareie, MH, Lu, H, Schaff, WJ & McConville, CF 2006, 'Scanning tunnelling spectroscopy of quantized electron accumulation at InxGa1-xN surfaces', PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI A-APPLICATIONS AND MATERIALS SCIENCE, vol. 203, no. 1, pp. 85-92.
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Electron tunnelling spectroscopy has been used to investigate quantized levels in electron accumulation layers at InGaN surfaces. The tunnelling spectra exhibit a plateau in the normalized conductance which widens with increasing Ga-content, corresponding to the band gap of InGaN. The measured In xGa 1-xN band gaps (between ∼0.65 eV for x = 1 and 1.8 eV for x - 0.43) are consistent with the band gaps determined by previous optical absorption and cathodoluminescence spectroscopy. Additional structures in the spectra reflect the two-dimensional electronic subbands in the surface quantum well. The subband energies depend on Ga-content, bulk doping level and the resultant shape of the surface potential well. The tunnelling spectra are compared with calculations of the potential well, the charge-profile and the subband energies. © 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
White, R, Phillips, MR, Thomas, P & Wuhrer, R 2006, 'In-situ investigation of discolouration processes between historic oil paint pigments', MICROCHIMICA ACTA, vol. 155, no. 1-2, pp. 319-322.
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Discolouring interactions between paint pigments have been observed since the mid 19th century. The source of some of these discolourations is the production of copper sulfides from an interaction between cadmium sulfide pigments and copper containing pigments. In this work, the discolouring interaction between cadmium yellow and malachite pigments was observed dynamically using the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM).
Williams, DBG & Lawton, M 2006, 'Aluminium triflate: an efficient recyclable Lewis acid catalyst for the aminolysis of epoxides', Tetrahedron Letters, vol. 47, no. 37, pp. 6557-6560.
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Williams, DBG, Ajam, M & Ranwell, A 2006, 'Highly Selective Metathesis of 1-Octene in Ionic Liquids', Organometallics, vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 3088-3090.
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Xu, X & Cortie, MB 2006, 'Shape change and color gamut in gold nanorods, dumbbells, and dog bones', ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, vol. 16, no. 16, pp. 2170-2176.
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It is shown here that deviations from a prolate ellipsoidal shape have a significant effect on the optical properties of gold nanorods. Transitions from rods to 'dumbbell'- or 'phi'-shaped particles lead to a shift in the longitudinal plasmon peak in the
Xu, X, Gibbons, TH & Cortie, MB 2006, 'Spectrally-selective gold nanorod coatings for window glass', GOLD BULLETIN, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 156-165.
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The unique optical properties of gold nanorods, which exhibit tuneable absorption asa function of their aspect ratio, suggest that they might have potential applications in coatings for solar control on windows. Here we explore the properties of coatings produced by attaching gold nanorods to the surface of glass. Such coatings can attenuate solar radiation effectively, even at very low gold contents, but the figure-of-merit of our experimental coatings was close to unit, indicating that theyr are not spectrally selective. however, calculations are presented to show how coatings comprised of a blend of rods with aspect ratios of greater than 3 can produce coatings of up to 1.4. The maximum avlue possible for perfectly spectrally-selective coating in sunlight is 2.08. Unfortunately, the practical realisation of such coatings requires the further development of reliable methods to scale up the production of gold nanorods of longer aspect ratios.
Zareie, HM, McDonagh, AM, Edgar, J, Ford, MJ, Cortie, MB & Phillips, MR 2006, 'Controlled assembly of 1,4-phenylenedimethanethiol molecular nanostructures', CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 2376-2380.
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We present here the first high-resolution scanning tunneling microscope images showing that 1,4-phenylenedimethanethiol forms mono- and multilayers on gold(111) substrates under particular solution-deposition conditions. The high-resolution images show that the deposition conditions strongly influence the type of surface structure formed. The molecular structures were also probed using molecular-etching techniques and through deposition and imaging of gold nanoparticles. The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the multilayer structures are significantly different from those of monolayers. For the first time, scanning electron microscopy experiments were used to investigate the homogeneity of larger surface areas of the surface structures. © 2006 American Chemical Society.
Zareie, MH, Barber, J & McDonagh, AM 2006, 'Structural Changes in Self-Assembled Monolayers Initiated by Ultraviolet Light', The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 110, no. 32, pp. 15951-15954.
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Self-assembled monolayers of 2-anthracenethiol and 2-naphthalenethiol on gold (111) were irradiated with low-power UV light. Scanning tunneling microscope images recorded in situ show unusual structural changes. In the case of 2-anthracenethiol, structur
Zareie, MH, Barber, J & McDonagh, AM 2006, 'Structural changes in self-assembled monolayers initiated by ultraviolet light.', J Phys Chem B, vol. 110, no. 32, pp. 15951-15954.
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Self-assembled monolayers of 2-anthracenethiol and 2-naphthalenethiol on gold (111) were irradiated with low-power UV light. Scanning tunneling microscope images recorded in situ show unusual structural changes. In the case of 2-anthracenethiol, structures measuring 4-7 nm wide and 30-40 nm in length are formed. Images taken 10 min after irradiation ceased to show further surface reorganization. With 2-naphthalenethiol SAMs, smaller structures form upon irradiation, which subsequently revert to resemble the original structure after time.
Zhang, HZ, Phillips, MR, Fitzgerald, JD, Yu, J & Chen, Y 2006, 'Patterned growth and cathodoluminescence of conical boron nitride nanorods', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 88, no. 9, pp. 1-3.
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We demonstrate a simple and effective approach for growing large-scale, high-density, and well-patterned conical boron nitride nanorods. A catalyst layer of Fe (NO3) 3 was patterned on a silicon substrate by using a copper grid as a mask. The nanorods were grown via annealing milled boron carbide powders at 1300 °C in a flow of nitrogen gas. The as-grown nanorods exhibit uniform morphology and the catalyst pattern precisely defines the position of nanorod deposition. Cathodoluminescence (CL) spectra of the nanorods show two broad emission bands centered at 3.75 and 1.85 eV. Panchromatic CL images reveal clear patterned structure. © 2006 American Institute of Physics.
Zhang, Y, Shao, KR, Guo, Y, Zhu, J & Lavers, JD 2006, 'Multiquadrics Collocation Method for Transient Eddy Current Problems', IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 3183-3185.
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This paper presents the multiquadrics collocation method (MQCM) for transient eddy current problems. Both the implicit scheme and Crank-Nicolson time matching scheme are used here for time discretization. An example on analyzing transient eddy current of
Zhang, YB, Zhu, HM, Zhou, SP, Ding, SY, Lin, ZW & Zhu, JG 2006, 'Uniform MgB2 thin films grown on Si(111) and Al2O3(0001) substrates prepared by e-beam evaporation and in situ annealing methods', Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 99, no. 8, pp. 08M512-08M512.
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Mg B 2 superconducting thin films on Si(111) and Al2O3(0001) substrates were prepared by high vacuum e-beam evaporation and two-step in situ annealing techniques. The precursor films [B(100Å)∕Mg(151Å)]6∕Al2O3 (or Si) were deposited at room temperature and 1×10−7mbar of background vacuum, then annealed in situ at 630°C for 30min in an argon atmosphere of 150Pa. The atomic force microscopy image showed that the films were uniform with grain sizes of about 100nm. An extremely sharp superconducting transition with a width of 0.1K and a zero-resistance temperature of 30.3K was obtained, indicating a film of high uniformity and purity in its phase with perfect connection between the MgB2 grains.
Zheng, L, Jin, J, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 2006, 'Technical and Theoretical Analysis of HTS Machines and Their Development', Nature Sciences, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 33-41.
Zhu, J-G & Tang, Y 2006, 'A medium microstructure for high area density perpendicular recording', Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 99, no. 8, pp. 08Q903-08Q903.
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A perpendicular medium microstructure consisting of fully exchange coupled grains with densely distributed nonmagnetic pinning sites, referred to as the percolated perpendicular medium, is proposed. In this medium, the ferromagnetic exchange coupling between the grains ensures sufficient thermal stability, while the densely distributed domain wall pinning sites ensure relatively smooth transition boundaries. The detailed magnetic hysteresis properties and recording characteristics of the percolated perpendicular media are investigated via micromagnetic modeling. The study found that the percolated medium could offer much improved recording properties in terms of enhanced transition sharpness and reduced transition noise while maintaining thermal stability in comparison to present granular perpendicular medium.
Blaber, M, Harris, N, Ford, M & Cortie, M 1970, 'Optimisation of absorption efficiency for varying dielectric spherical nanoparticles', 2006 International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2006 International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, IEEE, Brisbane, QLD Australia, pp. 556-559.
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In this paper we compare the optical absorption for nanospheres made from a range of transition and alkali metals from Li (A=3) to Au (A=79). Numerical solutions to Mie theory were used to calculate the absorption efficiency, Q abs, for nanospheres varying in radii between 5 nm and 100 nm in vacuum. We show that, although gold is the most commonly used nanoparticle material, its absorption efficiency at the plasmon resonance is not as strong as materials such as the alkali metals. Of all the materials tried, potassium spheres with a radius of 21 nm have an optimum absorption efficiency of 14.7. In addition we also show that, unlike gold, the wavelength of the plasmon peak in other materials is sensitive to the sphere radius. In potassium the peak position shifts by 100 nm for spheres ranging from 5 nm to 65 nm, the shift is less than 10 nm for gold spheres. © 2006 IEEE.
Blaber, MG, Harris, N, Ford, MJ, Cortie, MB & IEEE 1970, 'Optimisation of absorption efficiency for varying dielectric spherical nanoparticles', 2006 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY, VOLS 1 AND 2, International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, IEEE, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA, pp. 61-64.
Brongersma, SH 1970, 'Stress in Next Generation Interconnects', AIP Conference Proceedings, STRESS-INDUCED PHENOMENA IN METALLIZATION: Eighth International Workshop on Stress-Induced Phenomena in Metallization, AIP, pp. 157-163.
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Stress is becoming an increasingly critical parameter for all steps in back-end-of-line integration. As the k-value of dielectric spacers decreases their mechanical integrity scales accordingly, making the interconnect stack increasingly sensitive to barrier and copper stresses. These stresses need to be studied not only for as-deposited layers, but also during thermal processing. Stress relaxation of the barrier can for instance occur at elevated temperatures and result in severe dielectric deformation. Copper typically relaxes at elevated temperatures during thermal cycling and then builds-up thermal stress when cooled back to room temperature. However, the initial stress state can have a strong effect on the final microstructure. An example is shown here where a new growth mode, named 'super-secondary-grain-growth, is stress induced and leads to grains of many tens of microns. © 2006 American Institute of Physics.
Cankurtaran, B, Ford, M & Cortie, M 1970, 'Local Electromagnetic Fields Surrounding Gold Nano-Cap Particles', 2006 International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2006 International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, IEEE, Brisbane, Australia, pp. 478-481.
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Using the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) the local electromagnetic fields surrounding gold nano-cap particles are investigated. Suitable k-vectors and polarization vectors of the incident light are used to determine the largest local electric field enhancement. The largest enhancement can be found for the 864 nm dipole resonance; where the field enhancement is approximately 30 000 times the applied field. The electric field contours surrounding the particle are used to assign the order of the surface plasmon resonances. © 2006 IEEE.
Cankurtaran, B, Ford, MJ, Cortie, M & IEEE 1970, 'Local electromagnetic fields surrounding gold nano-cap particles', 2006 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY, VOLS 1 AND 2, International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, IEEE, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA, pp. 15-18.
Chen Jiaxin, Guo Youguang & Zhu Jianguo 1970, 'A generalized dynamic model for flyback switching converter based on nonlinear finite element analysis', International Technology and Innovation Conference 2006 (ITIC 2006), International Technology and Innovation Conference 2006 (ITIC 2006), IEE, pp. 771-776.
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This paper presents a generalized dynamic model for flyback switching AC-DC converters. Comparing with the current model in the published literatures, several important factors are taken into account, including the anomalous loss in magnetic cores, differential inductance and leakage inductance. In order to obtain accurate parameters, nonlinear finite element analysis method is used to calculate some key parameters of transformer: differential inductance and leakage inductance. Furthermore, a modified flyback transformer model is built. The systematic method to build the hybrid model-system switching state based on time sequence is also introduced. A simulation model in MATLAB/Simulink, in which all three operational modes are included, is built. The developed model is validated by executing the model on an existing converter, and several performances are obtained.
Chen Jiaxin, Guo Youguang & Zhu Jianguo 1970, 'Design and performance simulation of a high speed brushless DC motor for embroidery machine application', International Technology and Innovation Conference 2006 (ITIC 2006), International Technology and Innovation Conference 2006 (ITIC 2006), IEE, pp. 777-781.
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This paper presents an improved phase variable model and field-circuit coupling method for the design and performance analysis of a high speed surface mounted permanent magnet brushless DC motor. In the design of the motor, magnetic field finite element analysis is conducted to calculate the key motor parameters such as the air gap flux, back electromotive force, and inductance, etc. Based on the numerical magnetic field solutions, a modified incremental energy method is employed to effectively calculate the self and mutual inductances of the stator windings. An equivalent electrical circuit is derived to predict the motor characteristics. In order to study the comprehensive performance of the motor at the design stage, especially the motor output speed and torque at high speeds, which are affected by the dynamic inductances, an improved phase variable model is introduced to simulate the motor performance. The motor prototype has been constructed and tested with both a dynamometer and a high speed embroidery machine, which validates successfully the theoretical calculations.
Chen, J, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 1970, 'A Generalized Dynamic Model for Flyback Switching Converter Based on Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis', Proceedings of the International Technology and Innovation Conference 2006, Advanced Manufacturing Technology, International Technology and Innovation Conference 2006, Advanced Manufacturing Technology, IET (Institution of Engineering and Technology), Hangzhou, China, pp. 1-6.
Chen, J, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 1970, 'Design and Performance Simulation of a High Speed Brushless DC Motor for Embroidery Machine Application', Proceedings of the International Technology and Innovation Conference 2006, Advanced Manufacturing Technology, International Technology and Innovation Conference 2006, Advanced Manufacturing Technology, IET (Institution of Engineering and Technology), Hangzhou, China, pp. 1-5.
Chen, J, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 1970, 'Development of a High Speed Permanent Magnet Motor for Driving Embroidery Machines', INTERMAG 2006 - IEEE International Magnetics Conference, INTERMAG 2006 - IEEE International Magnetics Conference, IEEE, p. 775.
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Chen, J, Zhu, J & Guo, Y 1970, 'Calculation of Power Loss in Output Diode of a Flyback Switching DC-DC Converter', 2006 5th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, 2006 5th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, IEEE, Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Shanghai, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 346-+.
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Chen, J, Zhu, J & Guo, Y 1970, 'Calculation of Power Loss in Output Diode of a Flyback Switching DC-DC Converter', 2006 CES/IEEE 5th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, 2006 CES/IEEE 5th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, IEEE, Shanghai, China, pp. 1-5.
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Based on the mathematical model of flyback switching DC-DC converter in the continuous current mode and the simulation model under heavy loads, this paper presents a study of the steady-state power loss in the output diode, including the loss calculation models under three operational modes (voltage control, under-voltage, and overcurrent modes), the relations of the diode loss versus the input and output voltages, and a comparison of the losses under different modes. By the heavy load simulation model, the effects of time delay on the diode loss are also investigated. Finally, the proposed models are applied to calculate the power losses of output diode of an existing flyback switching DC-DC converter.
Chen, J, Zhu, J, Guo, Y & Jin, J 1970, 'Modeling and Simulation of Flyback DC-DC Converter under Heavy Load', 2006 International Conference on Communications, Circuits and Systems, 2006 International Conference on Communications, Circuits and Systems, IEEE, Guilin, China, pp. 2757-2761.
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Cortie, M & Xu, X 1970, 'Control of Plasmon Resonance in Coatings of Gold Nanorods', 2006 International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2006 International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, IEEE, Brisbane, QLD Australia, pp. 470-473.
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Gold nanorods manifest a tunable plasmon resonance with light in the visible to near-infrared regions of the spectrum, and have been proposed for use in spectrally selective coatings on glass. however, details of shape and packing density have a significant effect onthe optical properties of these nanoparticle coatings. Here we show how these effects can be controlled and exploited to produce a flexible spectral response.
Cortie, M, Laguna, A & Thompson, D 1970, 'Gold 2006 Highlights of 4th International Conference on the Science, Technology and Industrial Applications of Gold', Gold Bulletin, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, pp. 226-235.
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Cortie, M, Maaroof, A & Smith, GB 1970, 'Functional Metamaterials Based on Mesoscale Gold Sponges, Particulate Aggregates, and Their Composites with Dielectric Materials', MRS Proceedings, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, pp. 25-30.
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ABSTRACTThe optical properties of some nanoscale composites may deviate from that expected from a simple law of mixture of their individual components. In these cases the resulting structure can be considered to be a type of “metamaterial”. Here we explore some of the possibilities for nanoscale composite structures comprised of gold and VO2 – the latter being a functional material that undergoes a reversible insulator to metallic phase transition at 68°C. Two microstructures are examined: aggregates of gold nanoparticles surrounded by VO2 as the continuous phase, and its geometric inverse, mesoporous gold sponge with discontinuous VO2 inclusions. A composite, right-angled parallelepiped measuring 40×100×100 nm is taken as representative of the mixture, and calculations of the optical properties performed using the discrete dipole approximation code of Draine and Flatau. The VO2 matrix strongly attenuates the dipole-dipole plasmon resonance of the gold structure, and thermochromic switching of the remaining plasmon resonance occurs
Cortie, M, Maaroof, A, Mortari, A & Wuhrer, R 1970, 'Applications of Nano- and Mesoporous Gold in Electrodes and Electrochemical Sensors', 2006 International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2006 International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, IEEE, Brisbane, QLD Australia, pp. 524-527.
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A nano- or- mesoporous sponge of Au is formed when the intermetallic compound AuAl2 is de-alloyed with NaOH. The large specific surface area of the sponge, and the unique surface chemical properties of Au indicate that this porous material might suefully serve as an electrode in capacitive sensors or other specialised electrochemical cells. Results for some prototype sensor and emergy storage systems are presented, and methods of controlling the nature of the porosity presented.
Cuixia Zhao, Shuhong Wang, Jie Qiu, Jian Guo Zhu, Youguang Guo, Weizhi Gong & Zhengjian Cao 1970, 'Transient Simulation and Analysis for Saturated Core High Temperature Superconducting Fault Current Limiter', 2006 12th Biennial IEEE Conference on Electromagnetic Field Computation, 2006 12th Biennial IEEE Conference on Electromagnetic Field Computation, IEEE.
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In this paper, the transient performance of a magnetic core fault current limiter (FCL) saturated by high temperature superconducting (HTS) DC bias winding is investigated by using 3-dimensional (3D) field-circuit coupled simulation. A high voltage is induced on the DC HTS winding during the fault current state. The induced voltage is computed and some possible methods to reduce it are studied. The numerical computations are verified by the experiment results on an FCL prototype. © 2006 IEEE.
Dou, Y, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 1970, 'Study of a Hybrid Excitation Synchronous Generator Using Three-Dimensional Magnetic Field Finite Element Analysis', INTERMAG 2006 - IEEE International Magnetics Conference, INTERMAG 2006 - IEEE International Magnetics Conference, IEEE, pp. 198-199.
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Dou, Y, Guo, Y, Zhu, J & Zhongwei, J 1970, 'Study on the Static Characteristics of a Hybrid Stepping Motor by Combining the Magnetic Circuit Method and Numerical Magnetic Field Analysis', Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, IEEJ(Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan) Industry Applications Society, Nagasaki, Japan, pp. 1-4.
Dou, Y, Guo, Y, Zhu, J, Haizhen, C & Yangguang, Y 1970, 'Study on Reducing the Inherent Voltage Regulation Rate of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators', Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, IEEJ (Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan) Industry Applications Society, Nagasaki, Japan, pp. 1-6.
Dowd, A, Johansson, B, Armstrong, N, Ton-That, C & Phillips, M 1970, 'Cathodoluminescence as a method of extracting detailed information from nanophotonics systems: a study of silicon nanocrystals', PHOTONICS: DESIGN, TECHNOLOGY, AND PACKAGING II, Conference on Microelectronics - Design, Technology and Packaging II, SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA.
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Drouin, D, Pauc, N, Phillips, M, Poissant, P, Delample, V, Souifi, A, Aimez, V & Beauvais, J 1970, 'SEM Characterization of Nanodevices and Nanomaterials', 2006 International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2006 International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, IEEE, Brisbane QLD Australia, pp. 596-599.
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The scanning electron microscope (SEM) can be used to study and characterize a wide variety of materials used in nanoelectronic and photonic applications. Several different techniques make use of this versatile tool. These include voltage contrast in secondary electron imaging, charge collection for semiconductor samples and cathodoluminescence. These techniques are important in device nanofabrication process development and nanomaterials characterization. © 2006 IEEE.
Drouin, D, Pauc, N, Phillips, M, Poissant, P, Delample, V, Souifi, A, Aimez, V & Beauvais, J 1970, 'SEM characterization of nanodevices and nanomaterials', 2006 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY, VOLS 1 AND 2, International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, IEEE, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA, pp. 690-+.
Eslava-Fernandez, S, Baklanov, MR, Iacopi, F, Brongersma, SH, Kirschhock, CEA & Maex, K 1970, 'Zeolite low-k film properties dependence on nanocrystal size', Materials, Technology and Reliability of Low-k Dielectrics and Copper Interconnects, Symposium on Materials, Technology and Reliability of Low-k Dielectrics and Copper Interconnects held at the 2006 MRS Spring Meeting, MATERIALS RESEARCH SOC, San Francisco, CA, pp. 421-426.
Ford, MJ, Hoft, RC, Gale, JD & Mcdonagh, AM 1970, 'A new class of self-assembled monolayers on gold using an alkynyl group as a linker', 2006 International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2006 International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, IEEE, Brisbane QLD, Australia, pp. 645-648.
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The geometry and energetics for adsorption of ethynylbenzene on Au(111) have been studied using Density Functional Theory. The alkynyl group, following removal of the terminal H atom, adsorbs covalently to the surface in the fcc hollow site with a bond energy of about 70 kcal.mol-1. Intermediate adsorption states are also possible via a hydrogen 1,2 shift to form a surface-bound vinylidene, or through the opening of the C-C triple bond without removing the hydrogen atom. © 2006 IEEE.
Ford, MJ, Hoft, RC, Gale, JD, McDonagh, AM & IEEE 1970, 'A new class of self-assembled monolayers on gold using an alkynyl group as a linker', 2006 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY, VOLS 1 AND 2, International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, IEEE, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA, pp. 11-14.
Ford, MJ, Kirkup, L, Gentle, A, Zareie, H & Cortie, M 1970, 'How reliable are scanning tunneling microscopy measurements of electron transport in molecules? - art. no. 603604', BioMEMS and NanoTechnology II, Conference on BioMEMS and Nanotechnology II, Spie-Int Society Optical Engineering, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA, pp. 3604-3604.
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Scanning tunneling microscopy measurements of tunneling through molecules adsorbed on a surface have been simulated using a standard empirical model based upon the Wentzel-Kramer-Brillouin method applied to tunneling through a barrier. The Gaussian noise inherent in these experiments has been added to the model data using a Monte Carlo technique. By generating multiple sets of current-voltage curves and fitting these to the model we have evaluated how reliably barrier height can be determined as a function of noise level. The results suggest that for constant percentage standard deviation in the noise greater than 5% the barrier height cannot be determined reliably. At this level, the standard deviation in the estimate of the barrier height is about 10%. Weighted fits give more reliable estimates of the barrier height. If the height of the tip above the molecule is known, so that the fit is only a single parameter the barrier height can be determined reliably even at percentage noise levels as high as 20%. However, in this case unweighted fits must be used otherwise the estimated value deviates by up to 15% from the true value. Data with constant absolute noise give similar results. The effects of experimental resolution have been evaluated in a similar manner and are shown to have a significant influence on the reliability. At a resolution of about 0.1% of full scale the standard deviation in the estimate of barrier height is only about 2% but increases rapidly to 10% for a resolution of about 1%.
Gentle, A, Maaroof, A, Smith, G & Cortie, M 1970, 'Optical properties and applications to production of plasmonic thin film nanostructures of self-ordered columnar alumina arrays on glass.', PHOTONICS: DESIGN, TECHNOLOGY, AND PACKAGING II, Conference on Photonics - Design, Technology and Packaging II, SPIE, Brisbane, Australia, pp. 3816-3816.
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In this paper we report on new techniques for making self-ordered porous layers of alumina of varying aspect ratios on glass, without the use of lithographic or masking techniques. Use of RF etching in one of the hole forming steps and also when filling the holes with sputtered metal is shown to be advantageous over additional anodisation. These hole arrays have intrinsically interesting optical responses which will be reported, but their main use is for nano-patterning of subsequent deposited layers either as templates or as masks. High resolution images demonstrate the uniformity in nanohole diameter and in the spacing between holes, which can be achieved when care is used in production. While many nanostructured materials can be deposited using these Porous Anodic Alumina (PAA) templates we focus here on filling the vertical cylindrical holes with silver. Etching during hole filling leads to better-controlled structures and more efficient processes. Novel optical data on the resultant conducting columnar rings will be presented. Spectrally much sharper plasmon resonant features are found than those reported for classical and more random silver column and island arrays. The optical properties are analysed from an effective medium perspective using data from spectrophotometry and ellipsometry. Fitting this data gives modelled layer thickness and the vertical profile in close agreement with direct SEM imaging. The effective refractive indices of the silver columnar layer have interesting and potentially useful dispersion characteristics.
Guo, Y, Chen, J, Zhu, J, Lu, H, Lu, H & Jin, J 1970, 'An Improved Phase Variable Model for Dynamic Performance Analysis of a PM Claw Pole SMC Motor with Brushless DC Control', Proceedings of the Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 1-6.
Guo, Y, Jin, J, Zhu, J & Lu, H 1970, 'Design and Performance Evaluation of a PM Linear Synchronous Motor for Maglev Transportation', Proceedings of the Australasian Universities Power Engineering, Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, Victoria, University, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 1-5.
Guo, Y, Zhu, J, Chen, J & Jin, J 1970, 'Performance Analysis of a PM Claw Pole SMC Motor with Brushless DC Control Scheme', 2006 CES/IEEE 5th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, 2006 CES/IEEE 5th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, IEEE, International Power Electronic and Motion Control Conference, pp. 1-5.
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Guo, Y, Zhu, J, Chen, J & Jin, J 1970, 'Performance Analysis of a PM Claw Pole SMC Motor with Brushless DC Control Scheme', 2006 5th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, 2006 5th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, IEEE, Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Shanghai, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 832-+.
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Guo, Y, Zhu, J, Dou, Y & Jin, J 1970, 'Design Aspects of SMC Electrical Machines', Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, IEEJ (Institute of Electrical Engineering of Japan) Industry Applications Society, Nagasaki, Japan, pp. 1-4.
Guo, Y, Zhu, J, Lin, Z & Zhong, J 1970, 'Calibration of Sensing Coils of a Three-dimensional Magnetic Property Tester', INTERMAG 2006 - IEEE International Magnetics Conference, INTERMAG 2006 - IEEE International Magnetics Conference, IEEE, p. 588.
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Guo, YG, Zhu, JG, Lin, ZW, Zhong, JJ, Lu, HY & Wang, SH 1970, '3D Magnetic Reluctivity Tensor of Soft Magnetic Composite Material', 2006 12th Biennial IEEE Conference on Electromagnetic Field Computation, 2006 12th Biennial IEEE Conference on Electromagnetic Field Computation, IEEE, p. 91.
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Soft magnetic composite (SMC) materials are particularly suitable for construction of electrical machines with complex structure and 3D magnetic flux. For design and analysis of such 3D flux machines, 3D magnetic properties of the magnetic materials should be properly determined, modeled and applied for calculating the magnetic field distribution, parameters and performance. This paper presents the 3D magnetic property measurement and determination of 3D reluctivity tensor of SMC. The reluctivity tensor is a key factor for the numerical analysis of magnetic field in a 3D flux SMC motor. ©2006 IEEE.
Hoft, RC, Ford, MJ & Cortie, MB 1970, 'Effect of dipole moment on current-voltage characteristics of single molecules', 2006 International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2006 International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, IEEE, Brisbane, QLD Australia, pp. 395-398.
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We perform empirical calculations of the tunneling current through various small organic molecules sandwiched between gold electrodes by using the Wenzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) approximation. The barrier to tunneling is taken to be the work function of gold and calculated from a first principles electronic structure code. The current-voltage characteristics of these molecules are compared in the context of existing first principles and experimental results. In this model the surface dipole moment, induced by the adsorbed molecule, can have a significant effect on the current and hence dipole moments may be an important property for prediction of the conductance characteristics of a molecule. © 2006 IEEE.
Hoft, RC, Ford, MJ, Cortie, MB & IEEE 1970, 'Effect of dipole moment on current-voltage characteristics of single molecules', 2006 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY, VOLS 1 AND 2, International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, IEEE, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA, pp. 77-80.
Hoft, RC, Liu, J, Cortie, MB & Ford, MJ 1970, 'Electron tunneling through alkanedithiol molecules', BIOMEMS AND NANOTECHNOLOGY II, Conference on BioMEMS and Nanotechnology II, Spie-Int Society Optical Engineering, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA, pp. 3603-3603.
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We report on first principles calculations of the tunneling current across n-alkanedithiol molecules (n = 4,6,8,10,12) sandwiched between two Au {111} electrodes. The conductance drops exponentially with increased chain length with decay parameter βn= 0.9. The results are compared with scanning tunneling microscopy measurements on decanedithiol and with other n-alkanedithiol (n = 6,8,10) results in the literature. The theoretical results are found to be an order of magnitude larger than experimental values but follow the same trend. However, two additional, more realistic, geometries are modeled by changing the bond type and by combining the first-principles results with a Wentzel-Kramer-Brillouin (WKB) expression for tunneling across the air gap that is invariably present during scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) measurements. These results are more compatible with the experimental data.
Huang, Y, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 1970, 'Loss Calculation and Thermal Analysis of a High Speed claw Pole Motor with Soft Magnetic Composite Core', Proceedings of the Australasian Universities Power Engineering, Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 1-5.
Iacopi, F, Brongersma, SH, Mazurenko, A, Antonelli, GA & IEEE 1970, 'Use of SAWs for sub-micron detection of dielectric damage in interconnects for microelectronics', 2006 IEEE ULTRASONICS SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-5, PROCEEDINGS, IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, IEEE, Vancouver, CANADA, pp. 269-272.
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Iacopi, F, Richard, O, Van Aelst, J, Mannaert, G, Talanov, VV, Scherz, A, Schwartz, AR, Bender, H, Travaly, Y, Brongersma, SH, Antonelli, GA, Moinpour, M & Beyer, G 1970, 'Understanding integration damage to low-k films: mechanisms and dielectric behaviour at 100kHz and 4GHz', Proceedings of the IEEE 2006 International Interconnect Technology Conference, 9th International Interconnect Technology Conference (IITC), IEEE, ELECTRON DEVICES SOC & RELIABILITY GROUP, Burlingame, CA, pp. 12-14.
Iacopi, F, Waldfried, C, Houthoofd, K, Guyer, EP, Gage, DM, Carlotti, G, Travaly, Y, Abell, T, Escorcia, O, Beyer, G, Berry, I, Dauskardt, RH & Maex, K 1970, 'UV-assisted curing: an effective technique for toughening low-k organosilicate films', Advanced Metallization Conference 2005 (AMC 2005), 22nd Annual Advanced Metallization Conference (AMC), MATERIALS RESEARCH SOC, Colorado Springs, CO, pp. 247-254.
Ikeda, A, Travaly, Y, Humbert, A, Hoofman, RJOM, Li, Y-L, Tokei, Z, Iacopi, F, Michelon, J, Bruynseraede, C, Willegems, M, Hendrickx, D, Van Aelst, J, Struyf, H, Versluijs, J, Heylen, N, Carbonell, L, Richard, O, Bender, H, Kaiser, M, Weemaes, RGR, Verheyden, G, Kemeling, N, Fukazawa, A, Matsuki, N, Sprey, H, Ciofi, I, Beyer, G & Van Hove, M 1970, 'Low-k properties and integration processes enabling reliable interconnect scaling to the 32 nm technology node', Proceedings of the IEEE 2006 International Interconnect Technology Conference, 9th International Interconnect Technology Conference (IITC), IEEE, ELECTRON DEVICES SOC & RELIABILITY GROUP, Burlingame, CA, pp. 42-44.
Iyer, NPR & Zhu, J 1970, 'Interactive modelling of a six step discontinuous current mode inverter fed permanent magnet synchronous motor drive', 2006 37th IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2006 37th IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, IEEE, Cheju Isl, SOUTH KOREA, pp. 2634-+.
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Jianxun, J, Youguang, G, Jiaxin, C, Luhai, Z & Jianguo, Z 1970, 'HTS Levitation and Transportation with Linear Motor Control', 2007 Chinese Control Conference, 2007 Chinese Control Conference, IEEE, Zhangjiajie, China, pp. 3325-3329.
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High temperature superconductor (HTS) bulk can produce strong levitation force and has attracted strong interest of application in maglev transportation systems, to which a linear motion drive has advantages to be incorporated. This paper presents the design and performance analysis of a linear synchronous motor drive for a levitated object by HTS bulks. The analysis results show that the developed linear motor scheme can effectively drive and control the HTS levitated transporter.
Jin, J, Zhang, C, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 1970, 'Power Electronic-Controlled High Q Resonator Theory with HTS Technology', 2006 International Conference on Communications, Circuits and Systems, 2006 International Conference on Communications, Circuits and Systems, IEEE, Guilin, China, pp. 2752-2756.
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Lu, H, Zhu, J & Guo, Y 1970, 'Calculation of Differential Inductances for Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of A Tubular Linear PM Actuator', INTERMAG 2006 - IEEE International Magnetics Conference, INTERMAG 2006 - IEEE International Magnetics Conference, IEEE, p. 766.
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Lu, H, Zhu, J & Guo, Y 1970, 'Non-linear Inductances of a Premanent Magnet Linear Motor', Proceedings of the Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, Victoria, University, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 1-6.
Malguth, E, Hoffmann, A, Phillips, M & Gehlhoff, W 1970, 'Fe-centers in GaN as candidates for spintronics applications', GaN, AIN, InN and Related Materials, Symposium on GaN, AIN, InN Related Materials, Materials Research Society, Boston, MA, pp. 131-136.
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The potential use of Fe doped GaN for spintronics applications requires a complete understanding of the electronic structure of Fe in all of its charge states. To address these issues, a sel of 400 μm thick freestanding HVPE grown GaN:Fe crystals with different Fe-concentration levels ranging from 5×1017 cm-3 to 2×1020 cm -3 was studied by means of photoluminescence. photoluminescence excitation (PLE) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) transmission experiments. The Fe3+/2+ charge transfer (CT) level was determined to be at 2.80 ± 0.01 eV above the valence band maximum considerably lower than the previously reported value of 3.17 ± 0.10 eV. A bound state of the form (Fe2+, l1VB) with a binding energy of 50 ± 10 meV has been established as an excited state of Fe3+, FTIR transmission measurements revealed an internal (5E - 5T2) transition of Fe2+ around 400 eV which, until now, was believed to be degenerate with the conduction band. Consequently, a second CT band was detected in PLE spectra. © 2006 Materials Research Society.
Malguth, E, Hoffmann, A, Phillips, M & Gehlhoff, W 1970, 'Fe-centers in GaN as candidates for spintronics applications', Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, Symposium on Progress in Semiconductor Materials V held at the 2005 MRS Fall Meeting, MATERIALS RESEARCH SOC, Boston, MA, pp. 219-224.
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The potential use of Fe doped GaN for spintronics applications requires a complete understanding of the electronic structure of Fe in all of its charge states. To address these issues, a set of 400 μm thick freestanding HVPE grown GaN:Fe crystals with different Fe-concentration levels ranging from 5×1017 cm-3 to 2×1020 cm -3 was studied by means of photoluminescence, photoluminescence excitation (PLE) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) transmission experiments. The Fe3+/2+ charge transfer (CT) level was determined to be at 2.86 ± 0.01 eV above the valence band maximum considerably lower than the previously reported value of 3.17 ± 0.10 eV. A bound state of the form (Fe2+, hVB) with a binding energy of 50 ± 10 meV has been established as an excited state of Fe3+. FTIR transmission measurements revealed an internal (5E - 5T2) transition of Fe2+ around 400 eV which, until now, was believed to be degenerate with the conduction band. Consequently, a second CT band was detected in PLE spectra. © 2006 Materials Research Society.
McBean, K, Phillips, M & Drouin, D 1970, 'Effects of Lithium Doping and Post-processing on the Cathodoluminescence of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Microscopy & Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), Chicago, USA, pp. 1510-1511.
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2006
Mokkapati, S, Tan, HH, Jagadish, C, Mcbean, KE & Phillips, MR 1970, 'Integration of Quantum Dot devices by Selective Area Epitaxy', 2006 International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2006 International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, IEEE, Brisbane, Australia, pp. 442-445.
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The results of nucleation of InGaAs and InAs quantum dots by selective area epitaxy are presented. By pre-patterning the substrates with different (SiO2) mask dimensions, the bandgap of the quantum dots can be tuned over a large range. This technique is used to demonstrate a quantum dot laser integrated with a quantum well waveguide. © 2006 IEEE.
Mokkapati, S, Tan, HH, Jagadish, C, McBean, KE & Phillips, MR 1970, 'Integration of quantum dot devices by selective area epitaxy', 2006 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY, VOLS 1 AND 2, International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, IEEE, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA, pp. 554-+.
Molina-Aldareguia, JM, Elizalde, MR, Ocan˜a, I, Gil-Sevillano, J, Marti´nez-Esnaola, JM, Iacopi, F, Travaly, Y & Van Hove, M 1970, 'Use of Nanoindentation to Characterise the Plasma Damage Region in Low-k Dielectric Films', Applied Mechanics, ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, ASMEDC.
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The thermo-mechanical robustness of interconnect structures is a key reliability concern for integrated circuits. The introduction of new low dielectric constant (low-k) materials with deteriorated mechanical strength (i.e., Young Modulus decreases exponentially with film porosity, which is needed to lower the k value of the dielectric materials) to meet the RC delay goals increase the risk of mechanical adhesive and/or cohesive failure of the device during packaging or even in service. Therefore, the mechanical properties of low-k dielectrics must be studied in detail. This is made very challenging by the fact that they have submicron thickness and that they often display a graded structure due to the damage introduced by exposure to different plasmas during processing. In this context, we demonstrate that nanoindentation is very well suited to study this type of materials. We will show how conventional depth sensing nanoindentation is of limited value to characterise the extent of the plasma induced damage because this extents just a few tens of nanometres and the graded structure can not be sampled with enough depth resolution. However, nanoindentation in modulus mapping mode can achieve enough depth resolution to characterise such nanoscale graded structures. In this technique, the electrostatic force acting on the indenter tip is sinusoidally modulated, while contact mode imaging at a very small force is performed. The dynamical response is then analyzed to extract the local indentation modulus of the sample at each pixel. By using this technique, we have depth profiled the mechanical properties of the plasma induced damage region of OSG films exposed to different plasmas, by acquiring modulus maps as a function of thickness removed in wear experiments. The results correlate well with the density depth profiles derived from X-Ray Reflectivity measurements.
Pauc, N, Phillips, M, Aimez, V & Drouin, D 1970, 'Cathodoluminescence study of GaN and GaN:Si on sapphire', SPIE Proceedings, Integrated Optoelectronic Devices 2006, SPIE, San Jose, CA, pp. A1210-A1210.
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Phillips, MR & Drouin, D 1970, 'Comparison of Low Voltage Cathodoluminescent Phosphors', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Microscopy & Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), Chicago, USA, pp. 1526-1527.
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Phillips, MR & Morgan, SW 1970, 'Enhanced High Speed SE Imaging in a VPSEM Using a Frisch Grid', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Microscopy & Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), Chicago, USA, pp. 1480-1481.
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Phillips, MR, Drouin, D & Pauc, N 1970, 'Probing Carrier Behavior at the Nanoscale in Gallium Nitride using Low Voltage Cathodoluminescence', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Microscopy & Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), Chicago USA, pp. 156-157.
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Smith, GB, Maaroof, A, Dowd, A, Gentle, A & Cortie, M 1970, 'Tuning plasma frequency for improved solar control glazing using mesoporous nanostructures - art. no. 61970T', Photonics for Solar Energy Systems, Conference on Photonics for Solar Energy Systems, SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, Strasbourg, FRANCE, pp. T1970-T1970.
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Thompson, LE, Rice, PM, Delenia, E, Lee, VY, Brock, PJ, Magbitang, TP, Dubois, G, Volksen, W, Miller, RD & Kim, H-C 1970, 'Imaging Thin Films of Nanoporous Low-k Dielectrics: Comparison between Ultramicrotomy and Focused Ion Beam Preparations for Transmission Electron Microscopy', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), pp. 156-159.
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Ultramicrotomy, the technique of cutting nanometers-thin slices of material using a diamond knife, was applied to prepare transmission electron microscope (TEM) specimens of nanoporous poly(methylsilsesquioxane) (PMSSQ) thin films. This technique was compared to focused ion beam (FIB) cross-section preparation to address possible artifacts resulting from deformation of nanoporous microstructure during the sample preparation. It was found that ultramicrotomy is a successful TEM specimen preparation method for nanoporous PMSSQ thin films when combined with low-energy ion milling as a final step. A thick, sacrificial carbon coating was identified as a method of reducing defects from the FIB process which included film shrinkage and pore deformation.
Wen, J, Jin, J, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 1970, 'Theory and Applications of Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage', Proceedings of the Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 1-6.
Wuhrer, R, Moran, K & Phillips, MR 1970, 'X-Ray Mapping and Post Processing', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Microscopy & Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), Chicago USA, pp. 1404-1405.
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2006
Wuhrer, R, Moran, K, Phillips, MR & Davey, P 1970, 'X-Ray Mapping Using a Multiple-EDS (DUAL) Detectors', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Microscopy & Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), Chicago USA, pp. 1406-1407.
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2006
Xiao Wang, Shuhong Wang, Jie Qiu, Jian Guo Zhu & Youguang Guo 1970, 'A Finite Element Analysis System Based on World Wide Web', 2006 12th Biennial IEEE Conference on Electromagnetic Field Computation, 2006 12th Biennial IEEE Conference on Electromagnetic Field Computation, IEEE.
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Finite element method is an important tool in science and engineering computing. In this paper, an environment of finite element analysis (FEA) of electromagnetic fields based on World Wide Web (WWW) is developed. This WWW-based system can be utilized in distance education of numerical analysis. The web services technology is utilized in the development of this system. Several examples reveal the convenience of the WWW-based FEA system. © 2006 IEEE.
Yan, Y & Zhu, J 1970, 'Simulation of a direct torque controlled PMSM drive incorporating structural and saturation saliencies', 2006 37th IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2006 37th IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, IEEE, Cheju Isl, SOUTH KOREA, pp. 461-+.
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Yan, Y, Zhu, J & Guo, Y 1970, 'Space Vector Modulated Direct Torque Control of PM Synchronous Motor with Initial Rotor Estimation', Proceedings of the Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, Victoria, University, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 1-6.
Yan, Y, Zhu, J, Guo, Y & Lu, H 1970, 'Modeling and Simulation of Direct Torque Controlled PMSM Drive System Incorporating Structural and Saturation Saliencies', Conference Record of the 2006 IEEE Industry Applications Conference Forty-First IAS Annual Meeting, Conference Record of the 2006 IEEE Industry Applications Conference Forty-First IAS Annual Meeting, IEEE, IEEExplorer, pp. 76-83.
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The direct torque controlled (DTC) permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive has become competitive compared with other types of drive systems because of its simple and sensorless control algorithm. The application of the system, however, is handicapped by the difficulty of starting under full load due to the unknown initial rotor position. This paper presents a nonlinear model of PMSMs which incorporates both the structural and saturation saliencies to enable the numerical simulation of initial rotor position detection algorithms. In this model, the phase inductances are expressed by Fourier series as functions of the stator current and rotor position. The inductances of a surface mounted PMSM is measured with different rotor positions and DC offset currents, which emulate the effect of the three phase stator currents. By using the proposed model, the DTC PMSM is simulated and the results are compared with those obtained by the PMSM model in the Simulink library. With the model, an initial rotor position estimation scheme using voltage pulses is investigated by numerical simulation. The scheme is also experimentally tested and the results are compared with the inductance variation to verify the validity of the method. The effectiveness of the scheme to estimate the initial rotor position for the testing SPMSM is analyzed and verified by numerical simulation before physical implementation
Yan, Y, Zhu, J, Hunter, G & Guo, Y 1970, 'Initial Rotor Position Estimation of a Surface Mounted PMSM', Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Electrical Machines, International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, IEEJ (Institute of Electrical Engineers Japan) Industry Applications Society, Nagasaki, Japan, pp. 1-6.
Yuedong, Z, Jianguo, Z, Youguang, G & Jianxun, J 1970, 'Control of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Based on Fuzzy Logic', 2007 Chinese Control Conference, 2007 Chinese Control Conference, IEEE, Zhangjiajie, China, pp. 2015-2019.
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This paper presents a control strategy suitable for hydrogen/air proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), based on the process modeling using fuzzy logic. The control approach is tested using a PEMFC stack consisting of 32 cells with parallel channels. An optimal fuzzy-PI controller is designed to mainly control the hydrogen and air/oxygen mass flows, and auxiliary variables such as the temperature, pressure, humidity of the membrane, and proportion of stoichiometry. The fuzzy logic controller possesses many advantages over the PID controllers, such as a higher performance/cost ratio. It is shown experimentally that the optimal fuzzy-PI controller can improve the voltage and current performance of the system when the load changes.
Zareie, H, Sarikaya, M, Mcdonagh, A, Barber, J, Cortie, M & Phillips, M 1970, 'Self-Organized Materials: From Organic molecules to Genetically Engineered Gold-Binding Proteins', 2006 International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2006 International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, IEEE, Brisbane, Australia, pp. 517-519.
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We present examples of ordered assemblies of organic and biological molecules on gold(111) surfaces. The first example shows how control over mono- or multilayer assemblies of 1,4-phenylenedimethanthiol can be achieved and monitored. The second example shows how monolayers on gold can be prepared using amine groups to anchor aromatic molecules to the surface. A third example shows how ordered assemblies of genetically-engineered inorganic-binding polypeptides can be formed on gold surfaces using a 3-repeat, 14 amino acid gold-binding protein (GBP1). © 2006 IEEE.
Zareie, H, Sarikaya, M, McDonagh, AM, Barber, J, Cortie, M, Phillips, M & IEEE 1970, 'Self-organized materials: From organic molecules to genetically engineered gold-binding proteins', 2006 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY, VOLS 1 AND 2, International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, IEEE, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA, pp. 530-532.
Zhan, Y, Zhu, J & Guo, Y 1970, 'Parameter control for Improving he Performance of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Stack', Proceedings of the Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, Victoria, University, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 1-6.
Zhang, Y & Zhou, Y 1970, 'Transparent computing: A new paradigm for pervasive computing', UBIQUITOUS INTELLIGENCE AND COMPUTING, PROCEEDINGS, 3rd International Conference on Ubiquitous Intelligence and Computing, SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN, Wuhan, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 1-11.