Publications

Hoofman, RJOM, Nguyen, VH, Arnal, V, Broekaart, M, Gosset, LG, Besling, WFA, Fayolle, M & Iacopi, F 2007, 'Integration of Low‐ k Dielectric Films in Damascene Processes' in Dielectric Films for Advanced Microelectronics, Wiley, pp. 199-250.
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This book is intended for postgraduate level students, PhD students and industrial researchers, to enable them to gain insight into this important area of research.

Armstrong, N, Hoft, RC, McDonagh, A, Cortie, MB & Ford, MJ 2007, 'Exploring the performance of molecular rectifiers: Limitations and factors affecting molecular rectification', NANO LETTERS, vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 3018-3022.
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There has been significant work investigating the use of molecules as nanoscale rectifiers in so-called 'molecular electronics'. However, less attention has been paid to optimizing the design parameters of molecular rectifiers or to their inherent limitations. Here we use a barrier tunneling model to examine the degree of rectification that can be achieved and to provide insight for the design and development of molecules with optimum rectification responses. © 2007 American Chemical Society.

Bell, TDM, Ghiggino, KP, Haynes, A, Langford, SJ & Woodward, CP 2007, 'Charge separation in a conformationally-flexible porphyrin-fullerene dyad synthesised using cross-metathesis', Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines, vol. 11, no. 06, pp. 455-462.
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The synthesis of a Zn (II) porphyrin-fullerene dyad in which the two chromophore units are tethered by a conformationally-flexible linker, is described. The synthesis is highlighted by the use of a cross metathesis strategy to prepare the linker between the chromophores. Photoexcitation of the Zn (II) porphyrin unit of the dyad in tetrahydrofuran leads to substantial (77%) quenching of porphyrin fluorescence. The multiple exponentials fluorescence decay kinetics observed are attributed to different rates of electron transfer from photoexcited porphyrin to fullerene in the various conformers present. A charge-separated state with a 330 ns lifetime is observed by transient spectroscopy.

Bhargava, A & Cortie, MB 2007, 'Prospects for light-activated nano-devices based on shape-memory polymers', JOURNAL OF NANOPHOTONICS, vol. 1, pp. 1-13.
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The recent development of new types of light-activated, conformation-changing polymers has stimulated much interest. These 'smart' materials offer new functionalities and may enable diverse novel devices. One possible application of these substances may be in optically-driven nanoscale actuators, especially in the case of devices in which a plasmon resonance in a precious-metal nanostructure is actively modulated. A one-way or two-way shape memory effect is possible, however, application at the nanoscale will necessitate certain design changes. Nanoscale devices based on these materials could conceivably be used for drug-release or to switch the spectral selectivity of a coating.

Bhosale, SV & Langford, SJ 2007, 'The development of yoctowells as a basis for modeling biological systems', Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, vol. 5, no. 23, pp. 3733-3733.
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Blaber, MG, Arnold, MD, Harris, N, Ford, MJ & Cortie, MB 2007, 'Plasmon absorption in nanospheres: A comparison of sodium, potassium, aluminium, silver and gold', PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER, vol. 394, no. 2, pp. 184-187.
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The optical absorption for nanospheres made from Na, K, Al, Ag and Au are compared as a precursor to choosing the ideal metal for use in a negative permittivity (NP) near-field superlens. The relationship between optical absorption of the metal nanosphere and the ability of the NP lens to reconstruct the near field is one to one. Metals with low dielectric losses have large plasmon absorption cross-sections and absorb over a very narrow wavelength range; they are consequently excellent materials for superlenses. Numerical solutions to Mie theory were used to calculate the absorption efficiency, Qabs, for nanospheres varying in radius between 5 and 100 nm in vacuum. We show that, although silver is the most commonly used material for superlensing, its absorption efficiency, as a nanosphere, at the plasmon resonance is not as strong as materials such as the alkali metals. Of all these materials, potassium spheres with a radius of 21 nm have an optimum absorption efficiency of 14.7, resulting in the ability of a film with thickness of 40 nm to reconstruct a grating with a period of 57 nm. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Bosman, M, Keast, VJ, Watanabe, M, Maaroof, AI & Cortie, MB 2007, 'Mapping surface plasmons at the nanometre scale with an electron beam', NANOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 18, no. 16, pp. 1-5.
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The optical response from metal nanoparticles and nanostructures is dominated by surface plasmon generation and is critically dependent on the local structure and geometry. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), combined with recent developments in spectrum imaging and data processing, has been used to observe the energy and distribution of surface plasmons excited by fast electrons. The energy of the plasmon responses is consistent with the optical response and with calculations. For gold and silver rods and ellipsoids, longitudinal, transverse and distinct cluster modes were readily identified and mapped. The spatial resolution of the presented maps is one order of magnitude better than that achievable with scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM)-based techniques. © IOP Publishing Ltd.

Chen, J, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 2007, 'Development of a High-Speed Permanent-Magnet Brushless DC Motor for Driving Embroidery Machines', IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 43, no. 11, pp. 4004-4009.
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We describe the development of a permanent-magnet (PM) brushless DC motor for driving high-speed embroidery machines by employing advanced design and analysis techniques. In the design of the motor, magnetic field finite-element analyses accurately calcu

Choi, MJ, Smoother, T, Martin, AA, McDonagh, AM, Maynard, PJ, Lennard, C & Roux, C 2007, 'Fluorescent TiO2 powders prepared using a new perylene diimide dye: Applications in latent fingermark detection', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, vol. 173, no. 2-3, pp. 154-160.
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A new, highly fluorescent dye was synthesised using oleylamine combined with a perylene dianhydride compound. The new dye was characterised by 1H NMR, UV-vis spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy as well as quantum yield. The dye was absorbed onto titanium dioxide nanoparticles for use as a fingerprint detection powder. The new fluorescent powder was applied to latent fingermarks deposited onto different non-porous surfaces and compared with commercial fluorescent powders. The powder exhibits strong fluorescence at 650-700 nm under excitation at 505 nm. On glass surfaces, the new powder gave images showing tertiary-level detail of the fingermark ridges with almost no background development. Compared with current magnetic fluorescent powders, the new powder was slightly weaker in fluorescence intensity but produced significantly less background development, resulting in good contrast between the fingermark and the substrate. © 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Chowdhury, H & Cortie, MB 2007, 'Thermal stresses and cracking in absorptive solar glazing', CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 464-468.
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The emerging popularity of absorptive, as opposed to reflective, solar glazing coatings on windows has generated renewed interest in thermally induced cracking of glass structures. Here we analyse the stresses on glass coated with absorptive solar glazin

Cortie, M & Ford, M 2007, 'A plasmon-induced current loop in gold semi-shells', NANOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 18, no. 23, pp. 1-6.
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We perform a computational investigation of the optical properties of nanoscale gold 'semi-shells' and show how additional plasmon resonances develop as the shape is successively mutated from 'nanoshell' to 'nano-cup', 'half-shell' and finally to 'nano-cap'. The effects of aspect ratio, surface roughness and cut-off height are explored. Of special interest is a new longitudinal resonance that generates an electric current loop. We predict that this will induce an orthogonal magnetic component that will sum with the magnetic component of incident light at certain orientations. Exploitation of this phenomenon in an ordered array of semi-shells may produce anomalous optical effects due to an altered magnetic permeability. © IOP Publishing Ltd.

Cortie, MB, Dowd, A, Harris, N & Ford, MJ 2007, 'Core-shell nanoparticles with self-regulating plasmonic functionality', PHYSICAL REVIEW B, vol. 75, no. 11.
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Cortie, MB, Harris, N & Ford, M 2007, 'Plasmonic heating and its possible exploitation in nanolithography', PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER, vol. 394, no. 2, pp. 188-192.
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Gold nanoparticles manifest one or more plasmon resonances, resulting in enhanced absorption and scattering of light at the resonant frequencies. The absorbed light is converted to heat. Here we analyze how the resulting localized heat generation might be exploited to generate nanoscale polymer arteifacts. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Cortie, MB, Maaroof, AI, Stokes, N & Mortari, A 2007, 'Mesoporous gold sponge', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, vol. 60, no. 7, pp. 524-527.
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Mesoporous gold sponge may be prepared by the removal of aluminium from AuAl2 by an alkaline leach. The resulting material has nanosclae pores and channels, with a high specific surface area that can be exploited in electrochemical applications. For example, the material may serve as the basis of a more sensitive capacitive sensor or biosensor, as an electrode material for a high efficiency ultracapacitor as the semi-transparent current collector in a dye sensitized photovoltaic cell, or as the lithium storage electrode in a lithium ion cell. The properties of the sponge may be controlled by varying its density, pore suze distribution fctors which are in turn controlled by the microstructure of the precursor compound and the conditions of deposition.

Dou, Y, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 2007, 'Soft magnetic composite materials and their applications in electrical machines', Diangong Jishu Xuebao/Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, vol. 22, no. 11, pp. 46-51.
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Soft magnetic composite materials (SMCs) have undergone a significant development and have been in a range of new applications in the past decade. Based on the experiences of the SMCs research group at University of Technology, Sydney, and with the analysis of many references, a comprehensive survey on the development and application of SMCs in electrical machines is presented in the paper. Both successful experiences and existing difficulties are reviewed and analyzed. It is believed that the application of SMCs is preponderant in the small motors with complex topologies. Possible further work required for the commercial success of SMCs machines is also proposed.

Dou, Y, Guo, Y, Zhu, JG & Lu, H 2007, 'Effect of Armature Reaction of a Permanent-Magnet Claw Pole SMC Motor', IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 2561-2563.
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The finite-element method enables an accurate analysis for the study on effects of armature reaction in electromagnetic devices, particularly those with complex structures and three-dimensional (3-D) magnetic flux paths. This paper investigates the effec

Eslava, S, Baklanov, MR, Kirschhock, CEA, Iacopi, F, Aldea, S, Maex, K & Martens, JA 2007, 'Characterization of a molecular sieve coating using ellipsometric porosimetry', LANGMUIR, vol. 23, no. 26, pp. 12811-12816.
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Eslava, S, Iacopi, F, Baklanov, MR, Kirschhock, CEA, Maex, K & Martens, JA 2007, 'Ultra-violet-assisted cure of spin-on silicalite-1 films', FROM ZEOLITES TO POROUS MOF MATERIALS: THE 40TH ANNIVERSARY OF INTERNATIONAL ZEOLITE CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS OF THE 15TH INTERNATIONAL ZEOLITE CONFERENCE, vol. 170, pp. 594-599.

Eslava, S, Iacopi, F, Baklanov, MR, Kirschhock, CEA, Maex, K & Martens, JA 2007, 'Ultraviolet-Assisted Curing of Polycrystalline Pure-Silica Zeolites:  Hydrophobization, Functionalization, and Cross-Linking of Grains', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 129, no. 30, pp. 9288-9289.
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Ford, MJ, de Bas, BS & Cortie, MB 2007, 'Stability of the tetrahedral motif for small gold clusters in the size range 16-24 atoms', MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING B-SOLID STATE MATERIALS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY, vol. 140, no. 3, pp. 177-181.
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A 20-atom tetrahedral cluster of gold atoms is known to be anomalously stable, relative to more disordered structures. Here, we systematically investigate the nature of this stability and the extent to which it also applies to clusters derived from the tetrahedron by adding or removing Au atoms. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Ghiggino, KP, Hutchison, JA, Langford, SJ, Latter, MJ, Lee, MAP, Lowenstern, PR, Scholes, C, Takezaki, M & Wilman, BE 2007, 'Porphyrin‐Based Molecular Rotors as Fluorescent Probes of Nanoscale Environments', Advanced Functional Materials, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 805-813.
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AbstractThe synthesis, characterization, and photophysical properties of a series of supramolecular triads consisting of a tin(IV) porphyrin with axial ligands of ortho‐, meta‐, and para‐hydroxyphenyl naphthalenediimides are presented. For the meta‐ and para‐hydroxyphenyl derivatives, efficient and solvent‐viscosity‐dependent quenching of porphyrin fluorescence is observed. Experimental and theoretical studies demonstrate that, in these compounds, photoinduced electron transfer from the phenolate to the porphyrin is modulated by large amplitude rotational motions of the naphthalenediimide. These compounds are novel examples of fluorescent molecular rotors, and their potential use as environmental probes of local viscosity and temperature are discussed.

Godlewski, M, Bożek, R, Miasojedovas, S, Juršėnas, S, Kazlauskas, K, Žukauskas, A, Phillips, MR, Czernecki, R, Targowski, G, Perlin, P, Leszczyński, M, Böttcher, T, Figge, S & Hommel, D 2007, 'Micro‐analysis of light emission properties of GaN‐based laser diodes', physica status solidi c, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 2818-2821.
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AbstractIn‐depth and in‐plane changes of emission intensity from GaN‐based laser diode structures were studied using cathodoluminescence, photoluminescence (PL), micro‐PL and a Kelvin probe (potential fluctuations). We show that even at high excitation density potential fluctuations are not screened in active layers of laser diode structures. Potential fluctuations are enhanced in p‐type doped layers. We also found that dislocations are formed there, which can penetrate to active region of LD devices. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Godlewski, M, Skrobot, M, Guziewicz, E & Phillips, MR 2007, 'Color tuning of white light emission from thin films of ZnSe', JOURNAL OF LUMINESCENCE, vol. 125, no. 1-2, pp. 85-91.
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In this paper we discuss light emission from thin films of ZnSe obtained by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Due to the color mixing of band edge and two deep defect-related emissions of ZnSe, the ALD films emit white light. Tuning of color temperature is demonstrated in cathodoluminescence experiments. We report that chromaticity parameters can be varied by a change of accelerating voltage or excitation density. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Godlewski, M, Yatsunenko, S, Ivanov, VY, Drozdowicz-Tomsia, K, Goldys, EM, Phillips, MR, Klar, PJ & Heimbrodt, W 2007, 'Mechanisms of enhancement of light emission in nanostructures of II-VI compounds doped with manganese', LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS, vol. 33, no. 2-3, pp. 192-196.
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Intra-shell transitions of transition metal and rare earth ions are parity forbidden processes. For Mn2+ ions this is also a spin forbidden process, i.e., light emission should be inefficient. Surprisingly, it has been reported that in nanostructures of ZnMnS the T14 to A16 intra-shell transition of Mn2+ results in a bright photoluminescence characterized by a short PL decay time. The model of a quantum confined atom was introduced to explain the observed experimental results. It was later claimed that this model is incorrect. Based on the results of our photoluminescence, photoluminescence kinetics, time-resolved photoluminescence, electron spin resonance, and optically detected magnetic resonance investigations, we confirm photoluminescence enhancement and decrease of photoluminescence lifetime and relate these effects to spin dependent magnetic interactions between localized spins of Mn2+ ions and spins/magnetic moments of free carriers. This mechanism is active in both bulk and in low-dimensional structures, but is significantly enhanced in nanostructure samples. © 2007 American Institute of Physics.

Griffiths, H, Xu, C, Barrass, T, Cooke, M, Iacopi, F, Vereecken, P & Esconjauregui, S 2007, 'Plasma assisted growth of nanotubes and nanowires', SURFACE & COATINGS TECHNOLOGY, vol. 201, no. 22-23, pp. 9215-9220.
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Guo, Y, Zhu, JG, Lin, ZW, Zhong, JJ, Lu, HY & Wang, S 2007, 'Determination of 3D magnetic reluctivity tensor of soft magnetic composite material', Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, vol. 312, no. 2, pp. 458-463.
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Soft magnetic composite (SMC) materials are especially suitable for construction of electrical machines with complex structures and three-dimensional (3D) magnetic fluxes. In the design and optimization of such 3D flux machines, the 3D vector magnetic properties of magnetic materials should be properly determined, modeled, and applied for accurate calculation of the magnetic field distribution, parameters, and performance. This paper presents the measurement of 3D vector magnetic properties and determination of 3D reluctivity tensor of SMC. The reluctivity tensor is a key factor for accurate numerical analysis of magnetic field in a 3D flux SMC motor. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Guo, YG, Zhu, JG & Lu, HY 2007, 'Effects of Armature Reaction on the Performance of a Claw Pole Motor With Soft Magnetic Composite Stator by Finite-Element Analysis', IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 1072-1077.
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We investigated the effects of armature reaction on the performance of a three-phase three-stack claw pole motor with soft magnetic composite stator core by using three-dimensional finite-element analysis (FEA), which is an effective approach to accurate

Harris, N, Ford, MJ, Cortie, MB & McDonagh, AM 2007, 'Laser-induced assembly of gold nanoparticles into colloidal crystals', NANOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 18, no. 36, pp. 1-4.
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Micron-sized colloidal crystals comprised of gold nanospheres have been synthesized directly from a gold nanoparticle/methyl methacrylate colloid by application of a 514 nm laser at 500 mW. An array of colloidal crystals can be created by translation of the glass substrate under the laser beam, after 2 min of irradiation at each site. We demonstrate through a series of control experiments and calculations that plasmon-induced, localized heating of the gold nanoparticles contributes to the mechanism responsible for the formation of these colloidal crystals. © IOP Publishing Ltd.

Hoft, RC, Armstrong, N, Ford, MJ & Cortie, MB 2007, 'Ab initio and empirical studies on the asymmetry of molecular current-voltage characteristics', JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER, vol. 19, no. 21, pp. 1-14.
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We perform theoretical calculations of the tunnelling current through various small organic molecules sandwiched between gold electrodes by using both a tunnel barrier model and an ab initio transport code. The height of the tunnelling barrier is taken to be the work function of gold as modified by the adsorbed molecule and calculated from an ab initio electronic structure code. The current-voltage characteristics of these molecules are compared. Asymmetry is introduced into the system in two ways: an asymmetric molecule and a gap between the molecule and the right electrode. The latter is a realistic situation in scanning probe experiments. The asymmetry is also realized in the tunnel barrier model by two distinct work functions on the left and right electrodes. Significant asymmetry is observed in the ab initioi(V) curves. The tunnel barrier i(V) curves show much less pronounced asymmetry. The relative sizes of the currents through the molecules are compared. In addition, the performance of the WKB approximation is compared to the results obtained from the exact Schrödinger solution to the tunnelling barrier problem. © IOP Publishing Ltd.

Hoft, RC, Ford, MJ & Cortie, MB 2007, 'Electron tunneling in the presence of adsorbed molecule', SURFACE SCIENCE, vol. 601, no. 24, pp. 5715-5720.
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We perform ab initio density functional theory calculations of the tunneling current through an electrode-molecule-electrode system with four different small organic molecules, benzenedithiol (BDT), benzenedimethanethiol (XYL), diethynylbenzene (DEB) and dodecanethiol (C12), sandwiched between two gold (1 1 1) electrodes. For the XYL molecule, we test the effect of alternate bonding types and sites. Although this reduces the current considerably, it does not account for the orders of magnitude differences between experimental and theoretical results in the literature. We also model a typical STM experimental setup with a gold nanoparticle absorbed on a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of the molecule with a gap between the nanoparticle and probing tip and show that such a gap could account for these differences. Finally, we describe the effect that the gap has on the ability of STS measurements to distinguish between the i(V) characteristics and thicknesses of self-assembled monolayers of different molecules. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Hoft, RC, Ford, MJ & Cortie, MB 2007, 'The effect of reciprocal-space sampling and basis set quality on the calculated conductance of a molecular junction', MOLECULAR SIMULATION, vol. 33, no. 11, pp. 897-904.
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We perform density functional theory and non-equilibrium Green's function calculations of the conductance of a gold wire and a 1,4-phenylenedimethanethiol (XYL) molecule adsorbed between Au(111) electrodes using the TranSIESTA software package. The effect of varying different computational parameters is investigated. We find that the conductance is more sensitive to the reciprocal-space sampling grid than the quality of the basis set employed. The conductance can vary up to a factor of five as a result of the choice of computational parameters. We report a set of computational parameters that yields a well-converged conductance value.

Hoft, RC, Ford, MJ, McDonagh, AM & Cortie, MB 2007, 'Adsorption of amine compounds on the Au(111) surface: A density functional study', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C, vol. 111, no. 37, pp. 13886-13891.
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A Density Functional Theory study of the adsorption energetics of various amine compounds on the gold-(111) surface revealed that preferential binding occurs in under-coordinated sites. The largest binding energy is obtained when a gold adatom is placed in the fee position and the amine positioned with the nitrogen above the adatom. The results are compared with previous calculations for thiols, phosphines, and ethynylbenzene molecules to provide a meaningful comparison within a consistent computational framework. The systematic increase in binding energy with methyl group substitution previously observed for phosphine compounds is not observed for the amine analogues. The binding energy of the amines is considerably lower than that for thiols and binding is indicated for only the adatom geometry-a result consistent with experimental data. © 2007 American Chemical Society.

Huang, Y, Zhu, J, Guo, Y, Lin, Z & Hu, Q 2007, 'Design and Analysis of a High-Speed Claw Pole Motor With Soft Magnetic Composite Core', IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 2492-2494.
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Soft magnetic composite (SMC) material is formed by surface-insulated iron powder particles, generating unique properties like magnetic and thermal isotropy, and very low eddy currents. This paper presents the design and analysis of a high-speed claw pol

Huang, Z, Calka, A & Liu, H 2007, 'Effects of milling conditions on hydrogen storage properties of graphite', Journal of Materials Science, vol. 42, no. 14, pp. 5437-5441.
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Huang, ZG, Guo, ZP, Calka, A, Wexler, D & Liu, HK 2007, 'Effects of carbon black, graphite and carbon nanotube additives on hydrogen storage properties of magnesium', Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 427, no. 1-2, pp. 94-100.
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Huang, ZG, Guo, ZP, Calka, A, Wexler, D & Liu, HK 2007, 'Improvement in hydrogen cycling properties of magnesium through added graphite', Materials Letters, vol. 61, no. 14-15, pp. 3163-3166.
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Huang, ZG, Guo, ZP, Calka, A, Wexler, D, Wu, J, Notten, PHL & Liu, HK 2007, 'Noticeable improvement in the desorption temperature from graphite in rehydrogenated MgH2/graphite composite', Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 447, no. 1-2, pp. 180-185.
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Iacopi, F, Beyer, G, Travaly, Y, Waldfried, C, Gage, DM, Dauskardt, RH, Houthoofd, K, Jacobs, P, Adriaensens, P, Schulze, K, Schulz, SE, List, S & Carlotti, G 2007, 'Thermomechanical properties of thin organosilicate glass films treated with ultraviolet-assisted cure', ACTA MATERIALIA, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 1407-1414.
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Iacopi, F, Vereecken, PM, Schaekers, M, Caymax, M, Moelans, N, Blanpain, B, Richard, O, Detavernier, C & Griffiths, H 2007, 'Plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition growth of Si nanowires with low melting point metal catalysts: an effective alternative to Au-mediated growth', NANOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 18, no. 50.
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Jin, JX, Liu, ZY, Guo, YG & Zhu, JG 2007, 'Power system analysis of a resistive HTS fault current limiter', Physica C: Superconductivity, vol. 460-462, no. 2, pp. 1455-1456.
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This paper investigates the performance of a prototype resistive fault current limiter (FCL) made using a high temperature superconductor (HTS). Its behavior under normal operation and short-circuit conditions in a 6 kV/1 kA power system is analyzed with

Jin, JX, Zhang, CM, Guo, YG & Zhu, JG 2007, 'HTS High Q Resonant Controller', Materials Science Forum, vol. 546-549, pp. 1979-1984.
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High Tc superconductor (HTS) technology has been used to develop an advanced high Qresonant circuit and its devices. With a HTS, a very high Q circuit can be achieved; consequentlyspecial aspects such as high voltage generation and high current control can be theoretically andpractically realized. Theoretical study has been carried out, as well as a practical approach has beenmade for the concept verification. This paper describes the theory of this high Q resonant circuit andthe operational principle of its high voltage generation and current control.

Jin, JX, Zhang, CM, Guo, YG & Zhu, JG 2007, 'Theory and Operation Principle of a HTS High Q Resonant Circuit', IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 2022-2025.
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High-temperature superconductor (HTS) technology has been used to develop an advanced high Q resonant power electronic circuit and its special device. With HTS techniques, a very high Q circuit can be achieved; consequently special aspects such as high v

Langford, SJ & Woodward, CP 2007, 'Supramolecular self-assembly of dihydroxy tin(iv) porphyrin stabilized helical water chains', CrystEngComm, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 218-218.
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Langford, SJ & Woodward, CP 2007, 'Synthesis, characterisation and X-ray structure of a novel porphyrin array employing Zn–O and O–H…O bonding motifs', Polyhedron, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 338-343.
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Lin, ZW, Zhu, JG, Guo, YG, Zhong, JJ & Lu, HW 2007, 'B and H sensors for 3-D magnetic property testing', International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 25, no. 1-4, pp. 517-520.
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One and two-dimensional hysteresis properties are normally used to characterize soft magnetic materials. However, the results are not informative enough to disclose three-dimensional (3-D) hysteresis behavior under vector excitations. This paper presents

Lin, ZW, Zhu, JG, Guo, YG, Zhong, JJ & Wang, S 2007, 'Magnetic properties of soft magnetic composites under three-dimensional excitations', International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 25, no. 1-4, pp. 237-241.
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Soft magnetic composite (SMC) materials are broadly used in low cost high performance electrical machines due to their magnetic isotropy, low eddy current loss, and capability to mould complex shapes. To optimise the performance of electrical machines, t

Liu, J, McBean, KE, Harris, N & Cortie, MB 2007, 'Optical properties of suspensions of gold half-shells', MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING B-SOLID STATE MATERIALS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY, vol. 140, no. 3, pp. 195-198.
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Suspensions of mesoscale gold half-shells of controlled size were produced by microsphere-templated vapour deposition and their optical proper-ties were studied. The transmission spectra of the particles exhibited an extinction peak that could be tuned f

Lu, H, Zhong, JJ, Guo, YG, Zhu, JG & Jin, JX 2007, 'Techniques and Apparatus for Measuring Rotational Core Losses of Soft Magnetic Materials', Journal of Electronic Science and Technology of China, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 218-225.

Lu, HY, Zhu, JG & Hui, SYR 2007, 'Measurement and Modeling of Thermal Effects on Magnetic Hysteresis of Soft Ferrites', IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 43, no. 11, pp. 3952-3960.
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We present experimental measurement of thermal effects on magnetic hysteresis of soft ferrite cores commonly used in high-frequency inductors and transformers and propose a method to model the thermal effects. We measured the major hysteresis loops of so

Lu, HY, Zhu, JG, Guo, YG & Hui, SYR 2007, 'A Practical Circuit Model of High Frequency Transformers in Power Electronic Systems', Australian Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 211-223.
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Maaroof, AI, Cortie, MB, Gentle, A & Smith, GB 2007, 'Mesoporous gold sponge as a prototype 'metamaterial'', PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER, vol. 394, no. 2, pp. 167-170.
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Mesoporous gold sponge has optical properties that can be intermediate between those of metals and insulators with a flat spectral response that is unlike that of bulk gold. Films of different thicknesses were produced and an extension of the Lorentz-Drude (LD) model used to model their spectral behaviour. We found that it was necessary to include an additional special oscillator centered at 1.4eV in order to model the unusual spectral response. This is quite unlike bulk gold, which can be mideled using a standard two-oscillator LD model.

Maaroof, AI, Gentle, A, Smith, GB & Cortie, MB 2007, 'Bulk and surface plasmons in highly nanoporous gold films', JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 40, no. 18, pp. 5675-5682.
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The far field plasmonic behaviour of nanoporous gold films with void densities ranging from 60% to 90% has been investigated and modelled. These layers have good dc conductivity and quite different nanostructure to traditional porous layers in which the metal percolates. Our gold films with void density f above 70% have high thermal emittance fora conductor at their thickness and their flat spectral response at visible and near infrared wavelengths is not metal like. We derive effective optical constants which become plasmonic at wavelengths between 1.8 and 4um for f from 72 to 87%. This onset is much longer than that in bulk gold. For void densities below 70% the onset of plasmonic behaviour is much closer to the dense material. A simple test is implemented to test for surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) under illumination. The more porous films show no evidence of SPP, while the less porous films display weak evidence. Thus by tailoring void content in these nanostructures we can taolor the onset of efefctive plasmonic response across a wide range from 0.8 to 4 um and emittance from around0.9 down to low values. An effective uniform metal response is this found in the presence o fsurface nanostructure without the interface absorption found in dense gold layers with sturctured surfaces.

Maumela, M, Blann, K, de Bod, H, Dixon, J, Gabrielli, W & Williams, DB 2007, 'Efficient Synthesis of Novel N-Substituted Bulky Diphosphinoamines', Synthesis, vol. 2007, no. 24, pp. 3863-3867.
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McDonagh, AM, Zareie, HM, Ford, MJ, Barton, CS, Ginic-Markovic, M & Matisons, JG 2007, 'Ethynylbenzene monolayers on gold: A metal-molecule binding motif derived from a hydrocarbon', JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, vol. 129, no. 12, pp. 3533-3538.
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Exposure of a Au(111) surface to ethynylbenzene in solution leads to the formation of a bound monolayer. A chemisorption process occurs to give a stable layer consisting of oxygen-containing hydrocarbon species. Ethynylbenzene itself does not oxidize under the deposition conditions indicating that the gold surface facilitates the oxidation process. Calculations show that ethynylbenzene and its oxidation products phenylacetic acid and phenyloxirane have positive binding energies to the gold surface. 1,4-Diethynylbenzene also binds to Au(111) and anchors gold nanoparticles deposited from solution to form dense, semiregular arrays. © 2007 American Chemical Society.

Mortari, A, Maaroof, A, Martin, D & Cortie, MB 2007, 'Mesoporous gold electrodes for sensors based on electrochemical double layer capacitance', SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL, vol. 123, no. 1, pp. 262-268.
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he use of mesoporous gold as electrode material for measurement of electrochemical capacitance is investigated. The electrodes possess a pore size in the range of 10-30nm and are prepared by de-alloying films of AuAl"x, where x>=2....

Motlan, Zhu, G, Drozdowicz-Tomsia, K, McBean, K, Phillips, MR & Goldys, EM 2007, 'Annealing of ZnS nanocrystals grown by colloidal synthesis', OPTICAL MATERIALS, vol. 29, no. 12, pp. 1579-1583.
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ZnS nanocrystals (NCs) capped with tetramethylammonium (TMAH) were synthesized from ZnCl2 · 2H2O and thiourea using a wet chemical process. Further treatments of the nanocrystals such as aging, and annealing have been conducted to examine the stability of the grown samples. The X-ray diffraction spectra show that the crystal has a zinc blende structure with particle size of about 2 nm. The evidence of nanocrystalline character is also clear in the UV-Vis absorption that shows an excitonic peak at about 236 nm (5.2 eV) arising from band edge transitions. A photoluminescence emission peak centered at about 450 nm (2.7 eV) is attributed to transitions between shallow donors and Zn+ vacancies. Both absorption and photoluminescence spectra show that sample aging does not affect the characteristics of the sample, possibly due to protection by TMAH capping. Annealing at 700 °C and 900 °C results in the red shift of the photoluminescence. © 2006.

Pissuwan, D, Cortie, CH, Valenzuela, SM & Cortie, MB 2007, 'Gold nanosphere-antibody conjugates for hyperthermal therapeutic applications', GOLD BULLETIN, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 121-129.
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Gold nanoparticles can be conjugated with antibodies or other proteins, and the resulting composite particles will selectively attach to various kinds of biological material. Although exploitation of this for staining microscopy specimens is well known, there has recently been interest in attaching gold nanoparticles to live cells for therapeutic reasons. One motication is that gold nanoparticles display a strong plasmon resonance with light, which can be exploted in principle for an 'in vivo' photothermal therapy. The treatment of cancer by this technique has recently received attention by others, but here we show how gold nanoparticle based therapies can be developed to target live macrophage cells. We have employed 'active targeting' a scheme in which gold nanoparticles are functionalised with an antibody specific to the target macrophage cell. We describe how to prepare the conjugated particles, demonstrate that they will selectively attach 'in vitro' to their target macrophage cell but not to a non-target cell type and show that their presence renders the target cell susceptible to destruction by a low power laser.

Pissuwan, D, Valenzuela, SM, Killingsworth, MC, Xu, X & Cortie, MB 2007, 'Targeted destruction of murine macrophage cells with bioconjugated gold nanorods', JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 1109-1124.
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Gold nanorods manifest a readily tunable longitudinal plasmon resonance with light and consequently have potential for use in photothermal therapeutics. Recent work by others has shown how gold nanoshells and rods can be used to target cancer cells, which can then be destroyed using relatively high power laser radiation (similar to 1x10(5) to 1x10(10) W/m(2)). Here we extend this concept to demonstrate how gold nanorods can be modified to bind to target macrophage cells, and show that high intensity laser radiation is not necessary, with even 5x10(2) W/m(2) being sufficient, provided that a total fluence of similar to 30 J/cm(2) is delivered. We used the murine cell line RAW 264.7 and the monoclonal antibody CD11b, raised against murine macrophages, as our model system and a 5 mW solid state diode laser as our energy source. Exposure of the cells labeled with gold nanorods to a laser fluence of 30 J/cm(2) resulted in 81% cell death compared to only 0.9% in the control, non-labeled cells.

Pissuwan, D, Valenzuela, SM, Miller, CM & Cortie, MB 2007, 'A golden bullet? Selective targeting of toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites using anti body-functionalized gold nanorods', NANO LETTERS, vol. 7, no. 12, pp. 3808-3812.
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Conjugates of gold nanoparticles and antibodies have useful functionalities. Here we show how they can be used to selectively target and destroy parasitic protozoans. Gold nanorods were conjugated with an anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibody and used to target the extracellular tachyzoite which is an infectious from on an obligate parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Subsequent laser irradiation was used to kill the targeted protozoans. This concept provides a new paradigm for the treatment of parasitic protozoans.

Pissuwan, D, Valenzuela, SM, Miller, CM & Cortie, MB 2007, 'A golden bullet? Selective targeting of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites using antibody-functionalized gold nanorods.', Nano Lett, vol. 7, no. 12, pp. 3808-3812.
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Conjugates of gold nanoparticles and antibodies have useful functionalities. Here, we show how they can be used to selectively target and destroy parasitic protozoans. Gold nanorods were conjugated with an anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibody and used to target the extracellular tachyzoite which is an infectious form of an obligate parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Subsequent laser irradiation was used to kill the targeted protozoans. This concept provides a new paradigm for the treatment of parasitic protozoans.

Pyne, SG, Ung, AT, Jatisatienr, A & Mungkornasawakul, P 2007, 'The pyrido[1,2-a]azepine Stemona alkaloids', MAEJO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 157-165.
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This paper reviews the isolation, structure elucidation, proposed biosynthesis and biological activities of the small, but increasing, number of pyrido[1,2-a]azepine Stemona alkaloids.

Rawling, T & McDonagh, A 2007, 'Ruthenium phthalocyanine and naphthalocyanine complexes: Synthesis, properties and applications', Coordination Chemistry Reviews, vol. 251, no. 9-10, pp. 1128-1157.
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This article reviews the synthesis of ruthenium phthalocyanine and naphthalocyanine complexes highlighting important advances, and examines their physical properties and applications. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Rawling, T, Xiao, H, Lee, S-T, Colbran, SB & McDonagh, AM 2007, 'Optical and Redox Properties of Ruthenium Phthalocyanine Complexes Tuned with Axial Ligand Substituents', Inorganic Chemistry, vol. 46, no. 7, pp. 2805-2813.
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The optical and electrochemical properties of the ruthenium phthalocyanine complexes [{(t-Bu)4Pc}Ru(4-Rpy)2], where R = NO 2, Me, NH2, and NMe2, are reported. The electron density at the macrocycle may be adjusted using the axial ligand substituents, which have varying electron-donating/withdrawing strengths. Electrochemical data show that the axial pyridine ligand substituents exert significant influence over the phthalocyanine ring-based redox processes. The axial ligands also influence the electronic absorption properties of the complexes with influence also being observed in the electrogenerated oxidized and reduced species. © 2007 American Chemical Society.

Richard, O, Iacopi, F, Bender, H & Beyer, G 2007, 'Sidewall damage in silica-based low-k material induced by different patterning plasma processes studied by energy filtered and analytical scanning TEM', MICROELECTRONIC ENGINEERING, vol. 84, no. 3, pp. 517-523.
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Stokes, N, McDonagh, AM & Cortie, MB 2007, 'Preparation of nanoscale gold structures by nanolithography', GOLD BULLETIN, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 310-320.
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Gold is the material of first choice for the realisation of a large number of interesting nanoscale devices and structures due to its unique chemical and optical properties. However, conventional photolithographic processes cannot be used to manufacture such tiny structures in gold (or any other material) due to limitations imposed by the diffraction of light. New methods of lithography have been developed to overcome this limitation. In this article we review these new nanolithographic techniques, describe how they have been used to produce nanoscale precious metal artefacts, and briefly survey some of the existing and potential applications for these structures.

Taylor, SR, Ung, AT & Pyne, SG 2007, 'Synthesis of benzo[c]chromen-6-ones via novel cyclic aryl-Pd(II)-ester enolate intermediates', TETRAHEDRON, vol. 63, no. 45, pp. 10889-10895.
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The examination of the palladium catalysed arylation reactions of mono-iodo derivatives of the phenyl and benzyl esters of benzoic acid, phenylacetic acid and dehydrocinnamic acid has resulted in the formation of benzo[c]chromen-6-ones, unexpected cinnamate and succinate products and diphenyl dimers. Many of these products can be rationalised as arising from novel cyclic ArPd(II)enolate intermediates, formed by intramolecular CH activation by ArPd(II).

Taylor, SR, Ung, AT & Pyne, SG 2007, 'The synthesis of 2 ',2 '-bis-benzylisoquinolines and their cytostatic activities', TETRAHEDRON, vol. 63, no. 45, pp. 10896-10901.
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The novel laudanosine dimers in which two laudanosine units are linked via a C-2′ biaryl bond have been prepared by a sequence that involves formation of the biaryl bond first and then formation of the isoquinoline rings. Two of these compounds showed higher cytostatic activity on three cancer cell lines than thalicarpine. Crown Copyright © 2007.

Taylor, SR, Ung, AT, Pyne, SG, Skelton, BW & White, AH 2007, 'Intramolecular versus intermolecular oxidative couplings of ester tethered di-aryl ethers', TETRAHEDRON, vol. 63, no. 46, pp. 11377-11385.
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The oxidative cyclization of 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl 3,4-dimethoxyphenylacetate, through intramolecular biphenyl bond formation, was successful and gave the target seven-membered lactone in good yield (8586%). All other ester substrates gave biphenyl products or their further oxidized products via intermolecular coupling of their radical cation intermediate with the neutral substrate. It appears that matching of the oxidation potentials and nucleophilicity of the two phenyl rings, the positioning of the ring substituents and the ease of E to Z isomerization about the ester CO bond are important factors contributing to these product outcomes.

Toth, M, Knowles, R & Phillips, M 2007, 'Imaging Deep Trap Distributions by Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy', Microscopy and Microanalysis, vol. 13, no. S02.
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Toth, M, Knowles, WR & Phillips, MR 2007, 'Imaging deep trap distributions by low vacuum scanning electron microscopy', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 90, no. 7, pp. 0-0.
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The distribution of deep traps in a bulk dielectric (Al2 O3) is imaged by low vacuum scanning electron microscopy (LVSEM). The image contrast corresponds to spatial variations in radiation-induced, field-enhanced conductivity. A methodology is presented for identification of such contrast, the behavior of which is explained by a model of charge generation and transport in dielectrics imaged by LVSEM. The technique presented is applicable to studies of charge traps in dielectrics, device failure modes, and contrast mechanisms in electron microscopy. © 2007 American Institute of Physics.

Toth, M, Lobo, C, Knowles, R, Phillips, M, Postek, M & Vladar, A 2007, 'Nanostructure Fabrication by Ultra-high Resolution Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy', Microscopy and Microanalysis, vol. 13, no. S02.
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Toth, M, Lobo, CJ, Knowles, WR, Phillips, MR, Postek, MT & Vladar, AE 2007, 'Nanostructure fabrication by ultra-high-resolution environmental scanning electron microscopy', NANO LETTERS, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 525-530.
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Electron beam induced deposition (EBID) is a maskless nanofabrication technique capable of surpassing the resolution limits of resist-based lithography. However, EBID fabrication of functional nanostructures is limited by beam spread in bulk substrates, substrate charging, and delocalized film growth around deposits. Here, we overcome these problems by using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) to perform EBID and etching while eliminating charging artifacts at the nanoscale. Nanostructure morphology is tailored by slimming of deposits by ESEM imaging in the presence of a gaseous etch precursor and by pre-etching small features into a deposit (using a stationary or a scanned electron beam) prior to a final imaging process. The utility of this process is demonstrated by slimming of nanowires deposited by EBID, by the fabrication of gaps (between 4 and 7 nm wide) in the wires, and by the removal of thin films surrounding such nanowires. ESEM imaging provides a direct view of the slimming process, yielding process resolution that is limited by ESEM image resolution (~1 nm) and surface roughening occurring during etching. © 2007 American Chemical Society.

Veal, TD, Piper, LFJ, Phillips, MR, Zareie, MH, Lu, H, Schaff, WJ & McConville, CF 2007, 'Doping-dependence of subband energies in quantized electron accumulation at InN surfaces', PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI A-APPLICATIONS AND MATERIALS SCIENCE, vol. 204, no. 2, pp. 536-542.
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Electron tunnelling spectroscopy is used to investigate the quantized electron accumulation at the surfaces of wurtzite InN with different doping levels. The tunnelling spectra of InN-oxide-tip junctions recorded in air at room temperature exhibit a -0.6 V plateau, corresponding to the band gap of InN, and a gap between onsets of 1.3 V, consistent with the separation between the valence band maximum and the pinned Fermi level at the oxidized InN surface. Also observed within the tunnelling spectra are additional features between the conduction band minimum and the pinned Fermi level. These features are attributed to surface-bound quantized states associated with the. potential well formed by the downward band bending at the InN-oxide interface. Their energetic positions are dependent upon the doping level of the InN films and coincide with calculated subband energies. © 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.

White, R, Thomas, PS, Philips, MR, Wuhrer, R & Guerbois, JP 2007, 'TG-MS characterization of the reaction products of cadmium yellow and malachite artist's pigments', JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 181-184.
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The deleterious interaction of some traditional sulphide artists pigments and copper ions results in the formation of black copper sulphides, in particular, covellite (CuS), and, hence, the discolouration of valuable artworks. In this paper the interaction of malachite, a source of copper(II) ions, with the pigment cadmium yellow, a sulphide pigment comprising of a solid solution of cadmium and zinc sulphides, is investigated by XRD and TG-MS. XRD showed the presence of the copper sulphide and cadmium carbonate phases, produced by a simple ion exchange mechanism. TG-MS showed the complexity of the range of metastable phases produced. The identification of these phases, however, requires further work. © Springer-Verlag 2007.

Williams, DBG & Shaw, ML 2007, 'P–alkene bidentate ligands: an unusual ligand effect in Pd-catalysed Suzuki reactions', Tetrahedron, vol. 63, no. 7, pp. 1624-1629.
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Xu, X & Cortie, MB 2007, 'Precious metal core-shell spindles', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C, vol. 111, no. 49, pp. 18135-18142.
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A simplified method to produce spindle-shaped particles with a hematite core and a silica shell is described. The silica shell can, in turn, serve as the substrate for an outer coating of Ag or Au nanoparticles. The resulting multilayer core-shell particles display a flexible optical extinction spectrum, due primarily to the sensitivity of their plasmon resonance to the morphology of the precious metal outer coating. © 2007 American Chemical Society.

Yan, M, Shao, KR, Hu, XW, Guo, Y, Zhu, J & Lavers, JD 2007, 'Z-Transform-Based FDTD Analysis of Perfectly Conducting Cylinder Covered With Unmagnetized Plasma', IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 2968-2970.
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In this paper, a novel and normalized Z-transform-based finite-difference time-domain (ZTFDTD) method is presented for simulating the interaction of the electromagnetic (EM) wave with unmagnetized plasma. The 2-D ZTFDTD formulations for unmagnetized plas

Yeung, WY, Wuhrer, R, Cortie, M & Ferry, M 2007, 'Equal channel angular extrusion of high purity gold', Materials Forum, vol. 31, pp. 31-35.
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Equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) has attracted significant research interest in recent years because of its capacity to produce submicron- and nano-grained bulk materials. A high purity (99.99%) gold billet of 10 mm diameter, was processed with up to 9 repeated extrusion passes, using the ECAE technique. Mechanical properties of the extruded gold were determined by microhardness and nanoindentation measurements. It was found that the gold sample was substantially hardened after the 1st extrusion pass, with a microhardness increase from ∼30 HV to ∼60 HV. The hardness continued to increase with further extrusions, but at a lower hardening rate. After 9 extrusion passes, a microhardness of ~80 HV was achieved. Grain refinement of the extruded gold was assessed after the 9 extrusion passes via electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis. Results of EBSD analysis showed substantial grain refinement in the extruded metal. Grain sizes of the extruded sample were found in the range of 50-350 nm, with an average value of ∼140 nm. A high volume of ∼80% of high angled grain boundaries (>15°), was identified in the extruded material. Orientation distribution of the grains was also investigated, showing no strong textures. Development of weak {110} components was however observed. © Institute of Materials Engineering Australasia Ltd.

Yong, SR, Ung, AT, Pyne, SG, Skelton, BW & White, AH 2007, 'Syntheses of spiro[cyclopropane-1,3 '-oxindole]-2-carboxylic acid and cyclopropa[c]quinoline-7b-carboxylic acid and their derivatives', TETRAHEDRON, vol. 63, no. 5, pp. 1191-1199.
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The synthesis of spiro[cyclopropane-1,3?-oxindole]-2-carboxylic acid, including novel 3-(2- and 3-pyridyl)-substituted analogues and the novel cyclopropa[c]quinoline-7b-carboxylic acid and their ester and amide derivatives is described. These syntheses involve diastereoselective cyclopropanation reactions of methyl 2-(2-nitrophenyl)acrylate and (3E)-(pyridin-2-ylmethylene)- and (3E)-(pyridin-3-ylmethylene)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one with ethyl (dimethyl sulfuranylidene) acetate (EDSA). The synthesis of methyl cyclopropa[c]quinoline-7b-carboxylate involves a regioselective reductive cyclization of a nitro-diester precursor. The relative stereochemistry of key compounds has been determined by single-crystal X-ray structural analysis.

Yong, SR, Ung, AT, Pyne, SG, Skelton, BW & White, AH 2007, 'Synthesis of novel 3 '-spirocyclic-oxindole derivatives and assessment of their cytostatic activities', TETRAHEDRON, vol. 63, no. 25, pp. 5579-5586.
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The synthesis of some novel 3′-spirocyclic-oxindole compounds, based on the spiro[indole-3,5′-isoxazolidin]-2(1H)-one, the 2′H-spiro[indole-3,6′-[1,3]oxazinane]-2,2′(1H)-dione and the 2′H-spiro[indoline-3,3′-pyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3′]oxazine]-1′,2(1H)-dione heterocyclic structures, is described. These compounds were prepared from methyl α-(2-nitrophenyl)acrylate via [1,3]-dipolar cycloaddition reactions with two acyclic nitrones and one cyclic nitrone followed by reduction of the cycloadducts and then treatment with triphosgene. Two of these compounds showed significant cytostatic activity on three cancer cell lines with GI50 values of 2.6-4.1 μM on the human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. Crown Copyright © 2007.

You Guang Guo, Jian Xun Jin, Jian Guo Zhu & Hai Yan Lu 2007, 'Design and Analysis of a Prototype Linear Motor Driving System for HTS Maglev Transportation', IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 2087-2090.
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High temperature superconductors (HTSs) can produce a strong magnetic levitation force with self-stabilizing feature and hence have attracted much attention for applications in maglev transportation systems. For the linear motion of transportation, a lin

Yuan, L, Liu, HK, Maaroof, A, Konstantinov, K, Liu, J & Cortie, M 2007, 'Mesoporous gold as anode material for lithium-ion cells', JOURNAL OF NEW MATERIALS FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 95-99.
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Mesoporous goldsponges were prepared by chemical removal of Al from thin films of an AuAl2 precursor that had been deposited on Cu sheet. The morphology of the An was characterised by interconnected pores and channel,v of between 5 and 20 nm in diameter.

Zareie, MH, Xu, X & Cortie, MB 2007, 'In situ organization of gold nanorods on mixed self-assembled-monolayer substrates', SMALL, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 139-145.
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A method is described for assembling gold nanorods, end-to-end, into long chains attached on top of a mixed self-assembled monolayer that has been functionalized with streptavidin. Methods to prepare chains Of nanorods in colloidal suspension have been reported by others, but our protocol offers a way to directly form such structures on a substrate. The rods are spaced ~~5 nm apart i the resulting chains, which extend for over a micrometer in length. The assembly and morphology of the nanorods structures were characterised by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy as well as by scanning electron microscopy and scanning probe microscopy. Strcutures of this type could concievably serve as plasmonic waveguides in future nanodevices.

Zhan, YD, Zhu, JG & Guo, YG 2007, 'Development of Advanced Hardware and Software for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Test Systems', Australian Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 201-209.
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A fuel cell test system that is powered by proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) has been developed. It consists of two parts: hardware units and software programs. The hardware units contain a PEMFC stack, water-cooling components, air-cooling, hydrogen humidifying and filtering, temperature and pressure monitoring, and voltage and current measuring of the stack. The software programs, developed according to the features of the PEMFC stack, are used to control the whole process. The software programs are composed of the control interface of the PEMFC test system and controllers, such as the basic measurements and control tools, proportional-integral- derivative (PID) controller, fuzzy logic controller, and other advanced controllers. The system can supply 500 W of DC 20 V / 30 A power continuously by using hydrogen. This paper describes a high-efficiency development method, and PID and fuzzy-PI controller design, which are suitable for various applications in experiment and study of PEMFC engineering. The test system has a good human-machine interface. It is easy to operate and control all kinds of parameters and variables, and clearly shows the charts and graphs. By using this test system, a lot of research projects can be conducted in the field of PEMFC in the future.

Zhang, Y, Shao, KR, Guo, Y, Zhu, J, Xie, DX & Lavers, JD 2007, 'A Comparison of Point Interpolative Boundary Meshless Method Based on PBF and RBF for Transient Eddy-Current Analysis', IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 1497-1500.
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This paper presents the boundary polynomial point interpolation meshless method (BPPIM) and the boundary radial point interpolation meshless method (BRPIM) based on the polynomial basis function (PBF) and radial basis function (RBF), respectively, for tr

Zhang, Y, Shao, KR, Guo, Y, Zhu, J, Xie, DX & Lavers, JD 2007, 'An Improved Multiquadric Collocation Method for 3-D Electromagnetic Problems', IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 1509-1512.
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The multiquadric radial basis function method (MQ RBF or, simply, MQ) developed recently is a truly meshless collocation method with global basis functions. It was introduced for solving many 1- and 2-D partial differential equations (PDEs), including li

Zhao, C, Wang, S, Qiu, J, Zhu, JG, Guo, Y, Gong, W & Cao, Z 2007, 'Correction to: 'Transient simulation and analysis for saturated core high temperature superconducting fault current limiter'', IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 43, no. 8, pp. 3540-3540.
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Zhao, C, Wang, S, Qiu, J, Zhu, JG, Guo, Y, Gong, W & Cao, Z 2007, 'Transient Simulation and Analysis for Saturated Core High Temperature Superconducting Fault Current Limiter', IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 1813-1816.
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In this paper, the transient performance of a magnetic core fault current limiter (FCL) saturated by high temperature superconducting (HTS) dc bias winding is investigated by using both 3-D field-circuit coupled simulation and magnetic circuit analysis. A high voltage is induced on the dc HTS winding during the fault current state. The induced voltage is computed and a short circuit coil for the reduction of induced voltage is studied. The numerical computations are verified by the experiment results on an FCL prototype. © 2007 IEEE.

Bai, H, Berkahn, MB & Cortie, MB 1970, 'Characterization of nanometer-sized VO2 nanoparticles prepared by an aqueous route', Proceedings of the 31st Annual Condensed Matter and Materials Meeting, Annual Condensed Matter and Materials Meeting, Australian Institute of Physics, Wagga Wagga, Australia, pp. 1-3.
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We describe a convenient aqueous route to prepare VO2, based on the reductive precipitation of vanadium dioxide VO2 from a vanadate solution. The effect of the reaction conditions is systematically studied, and a protocol to optimize the production of VO2 while minimizing the appearance of other compounds is presented. The products were characterized using calorimetry, X-ray diffraction and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy.

Bell, TDM, Yap, S, Jani, C, Langford, SJ, Hofkens, J, De Schryver, F & Ghiggino, KP 1970, 'Naphthalene diimides as tunable fluorophores suitable for single molecule applications', SPIE Proceedings, Biomedical Optics (BiOS) 2007, SPIE.
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Chandru, R & Zhu, JG 1970, 'A high frequency SIMULINK model for PMSM for a new sensorless rotor detection technique', Australian Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Informa UK Limited, pp. 77-82.
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A new concept of high frequency small-signal phase inductance (L ss) of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) is defined in this paper. The Lss of a Soft Magnetic Composite (SMC) motor was mapped in the experiment and the results were used to build a high frequency SIMULINK model for the simulation of a new sensorless rotor detection scheme. A new sensorless detection scheme is also proposed in this paper. © Institution of Engineers.

Chen, J, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 1970, 'An improved Phase Variable Model Based on Electro-magnetic Field Coupled with its External Circuits for Performance Evaluation of Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motors', 2007 2nd IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications, 2007 2nd IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications, IEEE, Harbin, China, pp. 955-959.
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This paper presents the comprehensive performance evaluation of a brushless permanent magnet (PM) DC (BLDC) motor in dynamic conditions by an improved phase variable model based on electro-magnetic field coupled with its external circuits. In the proposed model, the inductances, back electromotive force (emf) and cogging torque are obtained by nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA). The phase variable model is built and implemented in the MATLAB/Simulink through a method of look-up table to decide the emf which depends on rotor position. Furthermore, based on a mathematical function for the decision to the voltage of the three phase winding central point, the model could not only solve the problem to decide the input voltage of the phase which is in a non-energized condition, and also make the transient current process during the commutation clear. The theoretical verification is also given in detail. By using the developed model, the comprehensive performance of BLDC motors could be investigated.

Chen, J, Guo, Y, Zhu, J & Jin, J 1970, 'Heavy Load Simulation Model of Flyback Switching DC-DC Converters and its Application for Reliability Improvement', 2007 IEEE Industry Applications Annual Meeting, 2007 IEEE Industry Applications Annual Meeting, IEEE, New Orleans, USA, pp. 2295-2302.
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This paper presents the simulation model of flyback switching DC-DC converters operating in heavy load modes, and the application of the model in the converter design for improving the system reliability. To derive the simulation model, different operational modes and atomic circuit blocks (ACB) are established first. Then, the state-machine of the system is studied. Finally, the transfer function of each ACB is determined, and according to the relationship among the ACBs, the complete simulation model is built, which can be used for transient analysis during starting, the operation in the under-voltage mode or over-current mode. Furthermore, the heavy load simulation model is applied to calculate the maximum steady-state power loss of the output diode, one of the key factors for thermal analysis which is crucial for the system reliability. The effect of time delay is also considered. By modifying the parameters of a physical flyback converter according to the simulation results, the converter reliability is significantly improved. The theoretical analysis is verified by experimental results.

Chen, J, Guo, Y, Zhu, J & Jin, J 1970, 'Performance Analysis of a Surface Mounted Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor Using an Improved Phase Variable Model', 2007 IEEE Industry Applications Annual Meeting, 2007 IEEE Industry Applications Annual Meeting, IEEE, New Orleans, USA, pp. 2169-2174.
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This paper presents the performance analysis of a high-speed surface mounted permanent magnet (PM) brushless DC motor by using an improved phase variable model. Magnetic field finite element analyses are conducted to accurately calculate key motor parameters such as air gap flux, back electromotive force and inductance, and their dependence on rotor position and magnetic saturation. To evaluate the comprehensive performance of the motor, especially the motor output at high-speed operation, which is affected by the dynamic inductances, an improved phase variable model is derived. In the model, the rotor position dependence of the key parameters is taken into account. The motor prototype has been constructed and tested with both a dynamometer and a high-speed embroidery machine, validating successfully the theoretical calculations.

Chen, J, Zhu, J & Guo, Y 1970, 'A 2-D nonlinear FEA tool embedded in Matlab/Simulink surrounding for application of electromagnetic field analysis in power converters', Proceeding of International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, ICEMS 2007, International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, IEEE, Seoul, Korea, pp. 1423-1427.
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This paper presents a 2-D nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) tool embedded in Matlab/Simulink surrounding for the application of electromagnetic field analysis in power converters. Comparing with other FEA tools such as ANSYS and ANSOFT, as different control arithmetic has been realized in Matlab/Simulink surrounding, the significant advance by using the FEA tool embedded in Matlab/Simulink surrounding is that the field analysis can be more easily interfaced with the external control arithmetic. Considering that the characteristics of most field analyses in power converters which are static electromagnetic equipments, not only the general application procedure of the 2-D FEA tool is introduced, but also some improvements for strengthening its function is proposed. As an example, the proposed model is implemented for the performance analysis of a flyback switching AC-DC converter. By running the proposed model in Simulink surrounding, several performances can be obtained efficiently.

Chen, J, Zhu, J & Guo, Y 1970, 'A 2-D nonlinear FEA tool embedded in Matlab/Simulink surrounding for application of electromagnetic field analysis in power converters', 2007 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND SYSTEMS, VOLS 1-4, International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, IEEE, Seoul, SOUTH KOREA, pp. 694-+.

Chen, J, Zhu, J & Guo, Y 1970, 'A general method for deciding the input filter capacitance of flyback switching AC-DC converter with peak current-controlled mode', 2007 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON POWER ELECTRONICS AND DRIVE SYSTEMS, VOLS 1-4, 7th International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS 2007), IEEE, Bangkok, THAILAND, pp. 510-+.

Chen, J, Zhu, J & Guo, Y 1970, 'A General Method for Deciding the Input Filter Capacitance of Flyback Switching AC-DC Converter with Peak Current-Controlled Mode', 2007 7th International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, 2007 7th International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, IEEE, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 279-283.
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This paper presents a general method for deciding the input filter capacitance of flyback switching ac- dc converters with peak current-controlled mode. Firstly, a simulation model for flyback ac-dc converter is obtained by adding the rectifier and filter circuit to a flyback dc-dc converter model developed by the authors. The simulation results show that the processes of capacitor charging and discharging are independent, their boundary is near the maximal value of input voltage, and the part of flyback dc- dc converter can be seen as an approximately constant power load. Secondly, an analytic model for deciding the input power of flyback dc-dc converter with rated load and different input dc voltages is presented. Furthermore, the effect caused by the parasitical parameters in the electronic parts is studied, and the corresponding analytical method for deciding the input filter capacitance is given. The effect on the capacitance caused by the control delay is analyzed qualitatively.

Chen, J, Zhu, J & Guo, Y 1970, 'A unified hybrid model with two level networks for peak current mode controlled buck-boost converters operating in DCM and CCM', 2007 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND SYSTEMS, VOLS 1-4, International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, IEEE, Seoul, SOUTH KOREA, pp. 1-+.

Chen, J, Zhu, J & Guo, Y 1970, 'Modeling and performance analysis of energy regeneration system in electric vehicle with permanent magnet DC motor driving system', Proceeding of International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, ICEMS 2007, International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, IEEE, Seoul, Korea, pp. 2051-2056.
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This paper presents the modeling and performance analysis of energy regeneration system (ERS) of electric vehicle with permanent magnet DC motor driving system. Based on the boost equivalent circuit with average current mode controlled ERS, a detailed switching model (DSM) is built to predict the dynamical performance. The DSM includes four blocks: system dynamics block, permanent magnet DC motor block, boost converter block and system performance calculation block. An automatic mechanism of linearizing the nonlinear system at the local operating point is enrolled to obtain the small signal average model (SSAM) of ERS, by which the frequency domain performance can be acquired. The proposed models are implemented in MATLAB/Simulink. By running the simulation model, several important performances of ERS are obtained.

Chen, J, Zhu, J & Guo, Y 1970, 'Modeling and performance analysis of energy regeneration system in electric vehicle with permanent magnet DC motor driving system', 2007 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND SYSTEMS, VOLS 1-4, International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, IEEE, Seoul, SOUTH KOREA, pp. 1663-+.

Chen, J, Zhu, J, Guo, Y & Jin, J 1970, 'Performance Analysis of Energy Regeneration System of Electric Vehicle with Two Wheels under the Mode of Constant Braking Torque', 2007 2nd IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications, 2007 2nd IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications, IEEE, Harbin, China, pp. 891-895.
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A comprehensive performance analysis is crucial for advance a system to a practical level. This paper presents the performance analysis of energy regeneration system (ERS) of electric vehicle (EV) with two wheels under the model of constant braking torque (CBT). For this, a boost equivalent circuit for main power case (MPC) of ERS is obtained firstly, and then a large signal time domain average model of MPC, which constitutes the complete model of ERS along with the other three parts: system dynamics model, permanent dc motor driving system model and system performance calculation model, is given here. During modeling ERS, a new method based on state forecast viewer is proposed to identify the state (CCM or DCM) of the MPC. As a nonlinear system, the large signal time domain model of ERS can't be transferred to frequency domain model and implemented in MATLAB/Simulink directly, a method of dividing the system into a slow variable system and a fast variable system is introduced. By running this simulation model, several important performances of ERS are obtained efficiently.

Chen, JX, Guo, YG & Zhu, JG 1970, 'A general method for designing the transformer of flyback converters based on nonlinear FEA of electromagnetic field coupled with external circuit', Proceeding of International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, ICEMS 2007, International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, IEEE, Seoul, Korea, pp. 195-199.
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This paper presents a general method for designing the transformer of flyback switching AC-DC converters based on nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) of electromagnetic field coupled with external circuit. For that, the variation patterns of the PWM duty ratio and the current flowing through the windings of transformer versus the input voltage are introduced first, and then several important principles for the design of the transformer are given by using analytical method. As the magnetic saturation and control delay possess heavy influence on the safety of the operation, a MATLAB/Simulink based simulation model, in which both the nonlinear differential inductance and the control delay are included, is built to predict the converter transient performance. The nonlinear differential inductance is calculated by a general program of nonlinear 2-D FEA in Matlab/Simulink surrounding. By running the model, the performances of the converter with different loads and input voltages are obtained. Simulation results are in good agreement with theoretical analysis.

Chen, JX, Zhu, JG & Guo, YG 1970, 'A unified hybrid model with two level networks for peak current mode controlled buck-boost converters operating in DCM and CCM', Proceeding of International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, ICEMS 2007, International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, IEEE, Seoul, Korea, pp. 186-190.
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Theis paper presents a unified hybrid model with two level networks for peak current mode controlled buck-boost converters operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). It is a network model with two levels in which both a detailed switching model and a small signal average model are included correspondingly. The nonlinearity of some electronic components and the parasitical effects of circuit elements are considered. The nonlinear inductance is calculated by finite element analysis (FEA). The dynamical performance of the buck-boost converter can be obtained from the detailed switching model in the first level network, and then the frequency domain performance can be obtained from the average model in the second level network. As an automatic mechanism of exchanging data between two models is proposed, all the performances can be obtained automatically. By implementing the proposed model in Simulink surrounding, both the large signal transient performance and the frequency domain behavior of converters are obtained efficiently.

Coleman, VA, Bradby, JE, Jagadish, C & Phillips, MR 1970, 'A comparison of the mechanical properties and the impact of contact induced damage in a- and c- axis ZnO single crystals', Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, Symposium on Zinc Oxide and Related Materials held at the 2006 MRS Fall Meeting, MATERIALS RESEARCH SOC, Boston, MA, pp. 213-218.
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Nanoindentation studies were conducted on a-axis oriented ZnO single crystals. The mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms were monitored and compared to previously determined data from c-axis material. Hardness and modulus values reveal that a-axis ZnO is significantly softer than c-axis material (hardness of 2 ± 0.2 GPa), and behaves more plastically. Additionally, the influence of contact induced damage on the defect structure of a-axis material was examined using cathodoluminescence spectroscopy and monochromatic imaging to monitor the luminescence from indent sites. Deformation directly under the indent site enhanced the occurrence of red luminescence, and was attributed to a native defect in ZnO that has a higher formation energy than the defects responsible for the green and yellow visible defect bands, which were present in ZnO during growth and clustered to the indent site during annealing. © 2007 Materials Research Society.

Cortie, MB, Barnett, M & Ford, MJ 1970, 'Active control of the optical properties of nanoscale coatings using 'smart' nanoparticles - art. no. 664704', Nanocoatings, SPIE, SPIE, San Diego, USA, pp. 64704-64704.
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Coatings that can self-modulate their optical properties as a function of an external stimulus are of significant technological interest. In this regard, the possibilities for thermo- or electrochromic materials such as VO2 and WO3 are already comparatively well-known. Here, however, we explore a new kind of 'smart' coating, based on the active control of a plasmon resonance in nanoparticles. One possible system is based on the modulation of the plasmon resonance of a precious metal nanorod or nanosphere by an active dielectric shell. The active dielectric undergoes an insulator-to-metal transition on increase of temperature which modulates the plasmon resonance of the underlying precious metal nanoparticle, thereby changing the wavelength at which its optical extinction is maximum. In the case of nanorods, the absorption maximum of the longitudinal plasmon is particularly sensitive to the aspect ratio of the nanoparticle and the dielectric properties of the environment, and may be readily tuned across the visible and near-infrared portions of the spectrum. In addition, nanoparticles of certain thermochromic dielectrics, such as VO 2, are expected to have a plasmon resonance of their own which can be switched on or off by control of the temperature. We consider some of the possibilities, using both the discrete dipole approximation and the exact analytical solution due to Mie to calculate the optical properties.

Dou, Y, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 1970, 'Investigation of motor topologies for SMC application', Proceeding of International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, ICEMS 2007, International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, IEEE, Seoul, Korea, pp. 695-698.
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Soft magnetic composite (SMC) materials possess a number of unique properties and have undergone a significant development in the past decade. Based on the experiences on SMC materials and SMC electrical machines from our research group and other researchers, this paper reviews the investigation on motor topologies for SMC application. Both successful experiences and existing difficulties are analyzed and discussed. It is found that the application of SMC is preponderant in small permanent magnet motors with complex topologies and 3D magnetic flux. Possible further work required for commercial success of SMC machines is proposed.

Dou, Y, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 1970, 'Investigation of motor topologies for SMC application', 2007 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND SYSTEMS, VOLS 1-4, International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, IEEE, SOUTH KOREA, Seoul, pp. 1171-+.

Gentle, AR, Maaroof, AI, Cortie, MB & Smith, GB 1970, 'Optical and electrical switching in nanostructured coatings of VO2 - art. no. 664709', Nanocoatings, SPIE, SPIE, San Diego, California, USA, pp. 64709-64709.
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Vanadium dioxide udergoes a reversible metal-insulator phase transition at about 68 degrees C. Cooatings iof this compound are reflective in the infrared above this temperature, and transmissive or absorptive below it, while resistivity changes by several orders of magnitude. We present a convenient methods for deposting films with nano-sized grains, which are then optically and electrically characterised. Emphasis in this study is the impact of aluminium doping and grain sturcture. The optical hysteresis is rpesnted and its switching range is not altered at different soping levels but he value of transition temperature Tc does shift. In contrast hysteresis in dc resistance does change with a strong correlation between the fall in resistance in the semiconductor state with doping, in the drop in Tc and the electrica properties in the metal state. For grain sizes under about 180 nm the conductivity in the mtal phase is not linear in temperature but is thermally activated, with activation enegies delta E dependent on both grain size G and doping level.

Guo, Y, Chen, J, Zhu, J, Lu, H, Lu, H & Jin, J 1970, 'Development of a PM linear motor for driving HTS maglev vehicle', Proceeding of International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, ICEMS 2007, International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, IEEE, Seoul, pp. 824-827.
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The phenomenon that a permanent magnet (PM) over a high temperature superconductor (HTS) bulk can produce strong levitation force with self-stabilizing feature has attracted strong interest of application in maglev transportation systems, in which a linear motion drive is an obvious advantage. This paper presents the development of a PM linear synchronous motor drive for a small-scale prototype vehicle which is levitated by PM-HTS bulks. Magnetic field finite element analyses are conducted to compute accurately the key motor parameters such as winding flux, back electromotive force (emf), inductance and cogging force. The steady state characteristic of the motor is predicted by using the classic phasor voltage equation, which can provide a reasonable result if the fundamental components of the applied voltage, back emf and current are dominant. A Matlab/Simulink-based model, capable of considering the dependence of key parameters on the mover position, is built to predict effectively the motor's dynamic performance under a brushless DC (BLDC) control scheme. The simulated results show that the developed linear motor can drive the HTS maglev vehicle prototype at the desired speed.

Guo, Y, Chen, J, Zhu, J, Lu, H, Lu, H & Jin, J 1970, 'Development of a PM linear motor for driving HTS maglev vehicle', 2007 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND SYSTEMS, VOLS 1-4, International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, IEEE, Seoul, SOUTH KOREA, pp. 1300-+.

Guo, Y, Dou, Y, Zhu, J, Zhan, Y & Jin, J 1970, 'Parameter Determination and Performance Analysis of a PM Synchronous Generator by Magnetic Field Finite Element Analysis', 2007 AUSTRALASIAN UNIVERSITIES POWER ENGINEERING, VOLS 1-2, Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC), IEEE, Curtin Univ Technol, Perth, AUSTRALIA, pp. 558-+.

Guo, Y, Dou, Y, Zhu, J, Zhan, Y & Jin, J 1970, 'Parameter determination and performance analysis of a PM synchronous generator by magnetic field finite element analysis', 2007 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, 2007 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC), IEEE, Perth, Australia, pp. 730-733.
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Guo, Y, Zhu, J, Liu, D, Lu, H & Wang, S 1970, 'Application of Multi-level Multi-domain Modeling in the Design and Analysis of a PM Transverse Flux Motor with SMC Core', 2007 7th International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, 2007 7th International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, IEEE, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 27-31.
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This paper presents the design and analysis of a permanent magnet (PM) transverse flux motor with soft magnetic composite (SMC) core by applying multi-level multi-domain modeling. The design is conducted in two levels. The upper level is composed of a group of equations which describe the electrical and mechanical characteristics of the motor. The lower level consists of two domains: electromagnetic analysis and thermal calculation. The initial design, including structure, materials and major dimensions, is determined according to existing experience and empirical formulae. Then, optimization is carried out at the system level (the upper level) for the best motor performance by optimizing the structural dimensions. To successfully deal with such a multi-level multi-domain optimization problem, an effective modeling with both high computational accuracy and speed is required. For accurately computing the key motor parameters, such as back electromotive force, winding inductance and core loss, magnetic field finite element analysis is performed. The core loss in each element is stored for effective thermal calculation, and the winding inductance and back EMF are stored as a look-up table for effective analysis of the motor's dynamic performance. The presented approach is effective with good accuracy and reasonable computational speed. © 2007 IEEE.

Guo, Y, Zhu, J, Liu, D, Lu, H & Wang, S 1970, 'Application of multi-level multi-domain modeling in the design and analysis of a PM transverse flux motor with SMC core', 2007 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON POWER ELECTRONICS AND DRIVE SYSTEMS, VOLS 1-4, 7th International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS 2007), IEEE, Bangkok, THAILAND, pp. 275-+.

Guo, Y, Zhu, J, Lu, H, Wang, S & Jin, J 1970, 'Performance analysis of an SMC transverse flux motor with modified double-sided stator and PM flux concentrating rotor', Proceeding of International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, ICEMS 2007, International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, IEEE, Seoul, Korea, pp. 1553-1556.
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This paper presents the design and performance analysis of a three-phase three-stack transverse flux motor with a modified double-sided stator and a permanent magnet (PM) flux concentrating rotor. Both stator and rotor cores employ SOMALOY™500, a new soft magnetic composite (SMC) material specially developed for electrical machine application. By taking advantage of the unique properties of SMC, such as the magnetic isotropy, the motor is designed with three-dimensional (3D) magnetic flux path. To accurately compute the motor parameters and performance, improved formulations are applied in combination with 3D magnetic field finite element analysis. The designed motor shows superior characteristics to laminated machines.

Haiwei, L, Jianguo, Z, Youguang, G & Zhiwei, L 1970, 'A miniature short stroke tubular linear actuator and its control', Proceeding of International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, ICEMS 2007, International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, IEEE, Seoul, Korea, pp. 1680-1685.
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Miniature actuators are the critical components in the robotic applications with high intelligence, high mobility and small scales. Among various types of actuators, linear actuators show advantages in many aspects. A miniature short stroke PM tubular linear actuator for the micro robotic applications is presented in this paper. The actuator is deliberately designed based on the optimal force capability and a proper sensorless control scheme is developed for the driving of the actuator. Experiment both on the prototype of the actuator and the drive system show the validity of the design.

Huang, Y, Hu, Q, Zhao, J, Zhu, J & Guo, Y 1970, 'Comparative Study of High-Speed PM Motors with Laminated Steel and Soft Magnetic Composite Cores', 2007 IEEE Industry Applications Annual Meeting, 2007 IEEE Industry Applications Annual Meeting, IEEE, New Orleans, USA, pp. 67-72.
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Soft magnetic composite (SMC) material is formed by surface-insulated iron powder particles, and has very low eddy current. To explore the application of SMC materials, two types of high-speed (20krpm) permanent magnet (PM) motor have been designed and constructed. One employs radial flux type with laminated steel core, and the other employs transverse flux type with SMC core. Considering the importance of core loss in high speed motors, laminated steel and SMC material are tested by 2-D magnetic tester, and rotational core loss model is employed in the core loss calculation. Details of machine geometry and design procedure are described and some features of the machines are compared.

Huang, Y, Zhu, J, Guo, Y & Hu, Q 1970, 'Core Loss and Thermal Behavior of High-Speed SMC Motor Based on 3-D FEA', 2007 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference, 2007 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference, IEEE, Antalya, Turkey, pp. 1569-1573.
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In a high-speed motor, core loss is much greater than other losses and is the main source of heat due to the high operating frequency. Therefore it is of crucial importance to be able to calculate the core loss accurately. The rotational core loss model is employed in this paper. Practical methods considering the alternating magnetic filed only are also presented, which are useful to designers who do not have rotational core loss data. The three-dimensional (3-D) finite element analysis (FEA) is used to calculate the accurate temperature distribution. Core losses are coupled directly into thermal calculation by keeping the same hexahedral mesh structure between magnetic field analysis and thermal analysis. These methods are applied to a 2 kW, 20 krpm high-speed claw pole motor with soft magnetic composite (SMC) core, and the results are compared and discussed finally.

Huang, Y, Zhu, J, Guo, Y & Hu, Q 1970, 'Development of a High-Speed Claw Pole Motor with Soft Magnetic Composite Core', 2007 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference, 2007 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference, IEEE, Antalya, Turkey, pp. 1564-1568.
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Soft Magnetic Composite (SMC) material is formed by surface-insulated iron powder particles, generating unique properties like magnetic and thermal isotropy, and very low eddy current. This paper presents the design and analysis of a high-speed claw pole motor with an SMC core for reducing core losses and cost. The analyses are conducted based on a comprehensive understanding of the property of SMC materials. Three dimensional (3-D) finite element analysis (FEA) is performed for accurate parameter calculation and dimension optimization. Considering the importance of core loss in high speed motors, rotational core loss model is employed. The design and analyze methods are validated by experiment on the prototype.

Iacopi, F, Vereecken, PM, Schaekers, M, Caymax, M, Moelans, N, Blanpain, B, Detavernier, C, D'Haen, J & Griffiths, H 1970, 'Alternative Catalysts For Si-Technology Compatible Growth Of Si Nanowires', MRS Proceedings, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, pp. 8-13.
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AbstractThe use of Au nanoparticles as catalysts for growth of Si nanowires poses fundamental reliability concerns for applications in Si semiconductor technology. In this work we show that the choice of catalysts can be broadened when the need for catalytic precursor dissociation is eliminated. However, the requirements for selective deposition in a gas phase transport -limited regime become stringent. When competing deposition of amorphous Si can bury the particles faster than the incubation time for VLS growth, no nanowire growth will be initiated. We show that the use of a catalyst such as In, already in a liquid form at the growth temperature, is effective. Therefore, the choice of VLS catalysts among the low melting point metals from the III, IV and V groups is suggested.

Jin, J, Guo, Y, Chen, J, Zheng, L & Zhu, J 1970, 'HTS levitation and transportation with linear motor control', PROCEEDINGS OF THE 26TH CHINESE CONTROL CONFERENCE, VOL 6, 26th Chinese Control Conference, BEIJING UNIV AERONAUTICS & ASTRONAUTICS PRESS, Zhangjiajie, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 10-+.

Jin, J, Zheng, L, Wen, J, Guo, Y, Chen, J & Zhu, J 1970, 'HTS Levitated Mobile Technology and Prototype', 2007 IEEE International Conference on Integration Technology, 2007 IEEE International Conference on Integration Technology, IEEE, Shenzhen, China, pp. 47-51.
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The special reaction phenomenon of a high temperature superconductor (HTS) to magnetic fields provides an alternative technical solution for design of a levitated mobilization system, in which a linear motion drive with a HTS incorporated is a critical issue. This work presents the design and performance analysis of a HTS linear synchronous driving system with a prototype built for verification. Magnetic field finite element analyses are conducted to compute the key parameters, and the steady state characteristic of the system is predicted by using the classic phasor voltage equation. A simulation model is also built to analyze the system dynamic performance, and results show that the levitated HTS mobilization system developed can be driven and controlled at the desired speed.

Jin, JX, Zhang, JL, Guo, YG, Zhan, YD & Zhu, JG 1970, 'Next generation of DC power transmission technology using High T<inf>c</inf> superconducting cables', 2007 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, 2007 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC), IEEE, Perth, Australia, pp. 205-210.
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Jin, JX, Zhang, JL, Guo, YG, Zhan, YD & Zhu, JG 1970, 'Next generation of DC power transmission technology using high T-c superconducting cables', 2007 AUSTRALASIAN UNIVERSITIES POWER ENGINEERING, VOLS 1-2, Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC), IEEE, Curtin Univ Technol, Perth, AUSTRALIA, pp. 135-+.

Lin, ZW, Zhu, JG, Zhong, JJ, Johansen, TH, Wang, XL & Yu, WY 1970, 'Visualization of magnetization processes of soft magnetic composites by the magneto-optical imaging technique', Journal of Applied Physics, 10th Joint Magnetism and Magnetic Materials Conference/International Magnetics Conference, AIP Publishing, Baltimore, MD, pp. 09K107-09K107.
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Attractive features of soft magnetic composites (SMCs) are high resistivity, isotropic three-dimensional flux behavior, and easy compression into the complicated shapes required in electromagnetic devices. Comprehensive understanding of the materials will help optimize design of electromagnetic devices. This paper presents the magnetization processes in a SMC sample in micron scale by means of the magneto-optical imaging technique. The sample was magnetized by magnetic fields tangential or perpendicular to the observation surface. It is observed that the flux density is higher at the particle region but lower at the interparticle space. When a tangential field is applied, the stray fields change polarization at the particle boundaries. Both results suggest that the magnetized sample behaves as a collection of individual magnetized particles rather than as a uniform and continuous magnetic substance such as soft iron although there are some interactions between neighboring particles.

Lu, H, Zhu, J, Guo, Y & Lin, Z 1970, 'A miniature short stroke tubular linear actuator and its control', 2007 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND SYSTEMS, VOLS 1-4, International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, IEEE, Seoul, SOUTH KOREA, pp. 1879-+.

Maaroof, AI, Gentle, AR, Cortie, MB & Smith, GB 1970, 'Nanoporous plasmonic coatings - art. no. 66470D', Nanocoatings, Conference on Nanocoatings, SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, San Diego, CA, pp. D6470-D6470.
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Ren, Z, Fang, X, Wang, S, Qiu, J, Zhu, JG, Guo, Y, Yang, X, Ha, JH, Wang, Z, Sun, Y & Zhang, J 1970, 'Design optimization of an interior-type permanent magnet BLDC motor using PSO and improved MEC', 2007 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND SYSTEMS, VOLS 1-4, International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, IEEE, Seoul, SOUTH KOREA, pp. 621-+.

Ren, Z, Fang, X, Wang, S, Qiu, J, Zhu, JG, Guo, Y, Yang, X, Ha, JH, Wang, Z, Sun, Y & Zhang, J 1970, 'Design optimization of an interior-type permanent magnet BLDC motor using PSO and improved MEC', Proceeding of International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, ICEMS 2007, International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, IEEE, Seoul, Korea, pp. 1350-1353.
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In this paper, an improved magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) is applied to calculate the nonlinear magnetic field in an interior-type permanent-magnet (IPM) brushless DC (BLDC) motor. Compared with the finite element method, the MEC method is much more time efficient, whereas compared with the conventional MEC method, the improved MEC is more accurate since it takes the complicate topological structure of the motor into account. A rough design of the IPM BLDC motor was firstly conducted by the improved MEC method. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is then employed to refine the design for optimal structural parameters that result in the lowest cost and highest performance.

SPIE, PO 1970, 'Front Matter: Volume 6647', SPIE Proceedings, NanoScience + Engineering, SPIE.
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Travaly, Y, Mandeep, B, Carbonell, L, Tokei, Z, Van Olmen, J, Iacopi, F, Van Hove, M, Stucchi, M & Maex, K 1970, 'On a more accurate assessment of scaled copper/low-k interconnects performance', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SEMICONDUCTOR MANUFACTURING, IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC, pp. 333-340.
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Wang, XL, Lin, CT, Liang, B, Yu, S, Ooi, S, Hirata, K, Ding, SY, Shi, DQ, Dou, SX, Lin, ZW & Zhu, JG 1970, 'Josephson-vortex flow resistance in Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3Oy single crystals and its possible application in the manipulation of spin and charge textures in diluted magnetic semiconductors', Journal of Applied Physics, 10th Joint Magnetism and Magnetic Materials Conference/International Magnetics Conference, AIP Publishing, Baltimore, MD, pp. 09G116-09G116.
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In this work, the flow of the Josephson vortices (JVs) has been studied for the highly anisotropic Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3Oy (Bi2223) single crystals. A giant flow of JVs or giant positive magnetoresistance (MR) of over 500%–2000% was obtained in fields of 0.1–5T and remained almost constant over a wide temperature range from 110 down to 4K, in contrast to superconducting vortices (SVs), which only produced MR in the vicinity of Tc. The flow of the JVs is expected to be much faster than that of SVs. It is proposed that the Josephson vortices could be used to manipulate the spin and charge in magnetic semiconductors in the same way as SVs [M. Berciu, T. G. Rappoport, and B. Jankó, Nature (London) 435, 71 (2005)]. Hybrid systems consisting of layered superconductors with Josephson junctions and magnetic semiconductors will be discussed.

Wang, XL, Peleckis, G, Dou, SX, Liu, RS & Zhu, JG 1970, 'Large positive magnetoresistance effect below Curie temperature in In1.90−xMn0.1SnxO3', Journal of Applied Physics, 10th Joint Magnetism and Magnetic Materials Conference/International Magnetics Conference, AIP Publishing, Baltimore, MD, pp. 09H121-09H121.
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We report on the magnetoresistance (MR) and magnetic properties of In1.90−xMn0.1SnxO3 (0⩽x⩽0.06) oxide. All samples were found to be ferromagnetic below TC=46K. Sn doping changed In1.90Mn0.1O3 from an insulator to a highly conducting phase at 300K. A positive MR effect was observed over a wide temperature range just below TC. Calculated MR values reached a maximum of 20% at 5K. A change in the MR effect, from positive to negative, occurred under magnetic field H&gt;4T at 5K. The results of x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy indicated that Mn ions are present both as Mn2+ and Mn4+.

Wang, Y, Zhu, J & Guo, Y 1970, 'Comparative Study of Control Strategies for Permanent Magnet Motors', Proceedings of 2nd International Forum on Systems and Mechatronics, International Forum on Systems and Mechatronics, the organisers of the International Forum on Systems and Mechatronics, Tainan, Taiwan, pp. 439-444.

Wang, Y, Zhu, J & Guo, Y 1970, 'Improved Discrete Space Vector Modulation Scheme for DTC Controlled PMSM', Proceedings of 2nd International Forum on Systems and Mechatronics, International Forum on Systems and Mechatronics, organisers of the International Forum on Systems and Mechatronics, Tainan, Taiwan, pp. 433-438.

Wang, Y, Zhu, JG & Guo, YG 1970, 'A survey of direct torque control schemes for permanent magnet synchronous motor drives', 2007 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, 2007 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC), IEEE, Perth, Australia, pp. 229-234.
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Wang, Y, Zhu, JG & Guo, YG 1970, 'A survey of direct torque control schemes for permanent magnet synchronous motor drives', 2007 AUSTRALASIAN UNIVERSITIES POWER ENGINEERING, VOLS 1-2, Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC), IEEE, Curtin Univ Technol, Perth, AUSTRALIA, pp. 162-166.

Yan, Y, Zhu, J & Guo, Y 1970, 'A Direct Torque Controlled Surface Mounted PMSM Drive with Initial Rotor Position Estimation Based on Structural and Saturation Saliencies', 2007 IEEE Industry Applications Annual Meeting, 2007 IEEE Industry Applications Annual Meeting, IEEE, New Orleans, USA, pp. 683-689.
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For a practical direct torque controlled (DTC) permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive system, the information of the initial rotor position, which is usually obtained by a mechanical position sensor, is essential for starting under the full load. In order to avoid the disadvantages of using mechanical position sensors, great efforts have been made on the development of sensorless control schemes. This paper presents an initial rotor position estimation scheme for a DTC PMSM drive based on a nonlinear model of PMSM incorporating both structural and saturation saliencies. Firstly, the performance of the estimation scheme is simulated within Matlab/Simulink environment. Based on the simulation results, the estimation scheme has been investigated. Experiments have also been carried out to identify the initial rotor position of a surface mounted PMSM (SPMSM). In the experiment, specially designed high voltage pulses are applied to amplify the saturation saliencies. The peak currents corresponding to the voltage pulses are used, in combination with the inductance patterns, to determine the d-axis position and the polarity of the rotor. Finally, the presented initial rotor position identification strategy has been implemented in a sensorless DTC drive for an SPMSM. Experiments are conducted to confirm the effectiveness of the method and the performance of the drive system.

Yuedong Zhan, Jianguo Zhu, Youguang Guo & Hua Wang 1970, 'Design of an active power factor converter for ups with backup proton exchange membrane fuel cell/battery', 2007 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, 2007 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC), IEEE, Perth, Australia, pp. 435-440.
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Zhan, Y, Zhu, J, Gu, Y & Wang, H 1970, 'Design of an active power factor converter for UPS with backup proton exchange membrane fuel cell/battery', 2007 AUSTRALASIAN UNIVERSITIES POWER ENGINEERING, VOLS 1-2, Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC), IEEE, Curtin Univ Technol, Perth, AUSTRALIA, pp. 316-+.

Zhan, Y, Zhu, J, Guo, Y & Jin, J 1970, 'Control of proton exchange membrane fuel cell based on fuzzy logic', PROCEEDINGS OF THE 26TH CHINESE CONTROL CONFERENCE, VOL 4, 26th Chinese Control Conference, BEIJING UNIV AERONAUTICS & ASTRONAUTICS PRESS, Zhangjiajie, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 345-349.

Zhan, Y, Zhu, J, Guo, Y & Wang, H 1970, 'A PEMFC/battery hybrid UPS system for backup and emergency power applications', 2007 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON POWER ELECTRONICS AND DRIVE SYSTEMS, VOLS 1-4, 7th International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS 2007), IEEE, Bangkok, THAILAND, pp. 1662-+.

Zhan, Y, Zhu, J, Guo, Y & Wang, H 1970, 'A PEMFC/Battery Hybrid UPS System for Backup and Emergency Power Applications', 2007 7th International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, 2007 7th International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, IEEE, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 1513-1517.
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This paper presents the development of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and battery hybrid uninterruptible power system (UPS) for backup and emergency power applications. A sixty-cell PEMFC stack is employed as the main power source at normal load and a 3-cell lead-acid battery is employed as the auxiliary power of the UPS at overload or during the PEMFC startup. The PEMFC consists of two valves for the hydrogen input and output respectively, a mass flow controller to adjust the hydrogen mass flow, and a pressure sensor to control the hydrogen pressure, and their control units for the management of the whole system. The design procedures of the UPS hybrid system are discussed. Experimental setups are presented and the experimental results verify the performances of the PEMFC/battery hybrid power source and the UPS system under the condition of computer load. The developed UPS system proves to be a cost-effective solution for backup and emergency power applications.

Zhan, Y, Zhu, J, Guo, Y & Wang, H 1970, 'Development of a single-phase high frequency UPS with backup PEM fuel cell and battery', Proceeding of International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, ICEMS 2007, International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, IEEE, Seoul, Korea, pp. 1840-1844.
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This paper presents a 300 W single-phase high frequency uninterrupted power supply (UPS) with backup proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and battery, DC/AC inverter, DC/DC converter, AC/DC rectifier, and AC/DC recharger. The principle and structure of the PEMFC/battery hybrid UPS system are introduced and discussed. Key practical techniques of the design are presented, including the design of the PEMFC generating system, the control technique of the AC/DC rectifier, AC/DC recharger, DC/AC inverter and DC/DC converter based on a microcomputer MC68HC11K4 and other integrated circuit chips. Experimental results show that during the switching process from battery to PEMFC, and vice versa, the UPS can provide an uninterrupted alternate voltage for the load, with low cost, low weight, small volume and size, great reliability and maintainability.

Zhu, J, Guo, Y, Lin, Z & Huang, Y 1970, 'Advanced SMC Motors and Drive Techniques', Proceedings of 2nd International Forum on Systems and Mechatronics, International Forum on Systems and Mechatronics, organisers of the International Forum on Systems and Mechatronics, Tainan, Taiwan, pp. 1-7.