Publications

Mahmood, A, Tabassum, H & Zou, R 2017, 'Zeolitic Type Templated Porous Carbon Materials' in Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry II, Elsevier, pp. 89-108.
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Mishra, N, Boeckl, J, Motta, N & Iacopi, F 2017, 'The Significance and Challenges of Direct Growth of Graphene on Semiconductor Surfaces' in Growing Graphene on Semiconductors, Jenny Stanford Publishing, pp. 1-25.
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Ahmad, M, Liu, S, Mahmood, N, Mahmood, A, Ali, M, Zheng, M & Ni, J 2017, 'Effects of porous carrier size on biofilm development, microbial distribution and nitrogen removal in microaerobic bioreactors', Bioresource Technology, vol. 234, pp. 360-369.
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Ahmad, M, Liu, S, Mahmood, N, Mahmood, A, Ali, M, Zheng, M & Ni, J 2017, 'Synergic Adsorption–Biodegradation by an Advanced Carrier for Enhanced Removal of High-Strength Nitrogen and Refractory Organics', ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, vol. 9, no. 15, pp. 13188-13200.
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Ahmed, M, Wang, B, Gupta, B, Boeckl, JJ, Motta, N & Iacopi, F 2017, 'On-Silicon Supercapacitors with Enhanced Storage Performance', Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 164, no. 4, pp. A638-A644.
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© 2017 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved. The expanding development of portable electronic devices and ubiquitous sensing systems has created a strong demand for efficient miniaturized energy storage units, with planar geometries and capable of being integrated on a silicon platform. Generally, the performance of thin-film storage devices, including using graphene, is dramatically limited by their low surface area for ionexchange. We had recently shown that a higher number of graphene layers does not translate into higher storage performance. Here we show a way to overcome this limitation and achieve a maximum accessible area for ion exchange. A repeated graphitization strategy using a nickel catalyst on epitaxial silicon carbide films on silicon yields few-layers graphenic nanocarbon electrodes with prominent edge defects, facilitating the intercalation between multiple graphenic sheets while maintaining overall a high electrode conductivity.

Amjadipour, M, MacLeod, J, Lipton-Duffin, J, Iacopi, F & Motta, N 2017, 'Epitaxial graphene growth on FIB patterned 3C-SiC nanostructures on Si (111): reducing milling damage', Nanotechnology, vol. 28, no. 34, pp. 345602-345602.
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Epitaxial growth of graphene on SiC is a scalable procedure that does not require any further transfer step, making this an ideal platform for graphene nanostructure fabrication. Focused ion beam (FIB) is a very promising tool for exploring the reduction of the lateral dimension of graphene on SiC to the nanometre scale. However, exposure of graphene to the Ga+ beam causes significant surface damage through amorphisation and contamination, preventing epitaxial graphene growth. In this paper we demonstrate that combining a protective silicon layer with FIB patterning implemented prior to graphene growth can significantly reduce the damage associated with FIB milling. Using this approach, we successfully achieved graphene growth over 3C-SiC/Si FIB patterned nanostructures.

Bao, W, Xie, X, Xu, J, Guo, X, Song, J, Wu, W, Su, D & Wang, G 2017, 'Confined Sulfur in 3 D MXene/Reduced Graphene Oxide Hybrid Nanosheets for Lithium–Sulfur Battery', Chemistry – A European Journal, vol. 23, no. 51, pp. 12613-12619.
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AbstractThree‐dimensional metal carbide MXene/reduced graphene oxide hybrid nanosheets are prepared and applied as a cathode host material for lithium–sulfur batteries. The composite cathodes are obtained through a facile and effective two‐step liquid‐phase impregnation method. Owing to the unique 3 D layer structure and functional 2 D surfaces of MXene and reduced graphene oxide nanosheets for effective trapping of sulfur and lithium polysulfides, the MXene/reduced graphene oxide/sulfur composite cathodes deliver a high initial capacity of 1144.2 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C and a high level of capacity retention of 878.4 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles. It is demonstrated that hybrid metal carbide MXene/reduced graphene oxide nanosheets could be a promising cathode host material for lithium–sulfur batteries.

Bilokur, M, Gentle, A, Arnold, MD, Cortie, MB & Smith, GB 2017, 'High Temperature Spectrally Selective Solar Absorbers Using Plasmonic AuAl₂:AlN Nanoparticle Composites', Solar RRL, vol. 1, no. 10, pp. 1700092-1700092.
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Advanced solar energy collectors require the use of thermally stable and spectrally selective coatings in order to boost absorption of radiant energy. Here, it is shown that incorporation of plasmonically resonant Au and AuAl2 nanoparticles into multilayer coatings based on AlN provides strong and stable absorption across the solar spectrum at temperatures between RT and 500 °C. Optical properties at operating temperature are verified using in situ measurements. Solar absorptance of 92–97% is available in the as‐deposited films, which are comprised of layers of Al, Au:AlN, AlN, and SiO2. Annealing at the operating temperature of ∼500 °C causes the conversion of the elemental Au to the intermetallic compound AuAl2, but the good solar absorbing performance is retained. The additional Al that reacts with the Au nanoparticles to form the AuAl2 diffuses up from the reflective Al substrate used. Enhanced NIR solar absorptance post‐annealing is accompanied by a tolerable small rise in thermal emittance. Formation of AuAl2:AlN also prevents undesired Au nanoparticle agglomeration above 500 °C. This suggests that AuAl2:AlN nanoparticle composites are excellent candidates for solar thermal applications up to about 500 °C.

Boyjoo, Y, Cheng, Y, Zhong, H, Tian, H, Pan, J, Pareek, VK, Jiang, SP, Lamonier, J-F, Jaroniec, M & Liu, J 2017, 'From waste Coca Cola® to activated carbons with impressive capabilities for CO2 adsorption and supercapacitors', Carbon, vol. 116, pp. 490-499.
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We herein report the synthesis of heteroatoms doped, high surface area microporous activated carbons (AC) by utilisation of Coca Cola® as a potential source of waste biomass, for applications as CO2 adsorbent and electrodes of supercapacitors. N, S dual doped carbon spheres are firstly obtained by hydrothermal treatment of Coca Cola® and then thermally activated by either KOH or ZnCl2. The resulting KOH activated carbon material (CMC-3) exhibits extremely high adsorption capability for CO2 with 5.22 mmol g−1 at 25 °C and 1 atm, one of the highest values ever recorded for a carbonaceous material. On the other hand, ZnCl2 activated carbon material (CMC-2) performs excellently as an electrode for supercapacitor, exhibiting very high specific capacitance of 352.7 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 in 6 M KOH electrolyte, which again is one of the highest values recorded for a biomass derived AC. Coca Cola® has high content in carbon as sugars, provides in-situ doping of O, N and S and has constant composition, as opposed to other conventional biomass materials, making it an attractive and cheap alternative for synthesis of high performance AC for environmental and energy storage purposes.

Cheng, Z, Zhu, J, Li, Y & Sievert, J 2017, 'The 14th International Workshop on 1&2 Dimensional Magnetic Measurement and Testing 23–25 September 2016, Tianjin, China', International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 55, pp. 1-1.
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Chikoidze, E, Fellous, A, Perez-Tomas, A, Sauthier, G, Tchelidze, T, Ton-That, C, Huynh, TT, Phillips, M, Russell, S, Jennings, M, Berini, B, Jomard, F & Dumont, Y 2017, 'P-type β-gallium oxide: A new perspective for power and optoelectronic devices', Materials Today Physics, vol. 3, pp. 118-126.
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© 2017 Elsevier Ltd Wide-bandgap semiconductors (WBG) are expected to be applied to solid-state lighting and power devices, supporting a future energy-saving society. Here we present evidence of p-type conduction in the undoped WBG β-Ga 2 O 3 . Hole conduction, established by Hall and Seebeck measurements, is consistent with findings from photoemission and cathodoluminescence spectroscopies. The ionization energy of the acceptor level was measured to be 1.1eV above the valence band edge. The gallium vacancy was identified as a possible acceptor candidate based on thermodynamic equilibrium Ga 2 O 3 (crystal) – O 2 (gas) system calculations (Kroger theory) which revealed a window without oxygen vacancy compensation. The possibility of fabricating large diameter wafers of β-Ga 2 O 3 of p and n type nature, provides new avenues for high power and deep UV-optoelectronic devices.

Choi, S, Rogers, DJ, Sandana, EV, Bove, P, Teherani, FH, Nenstiel, C, Hoffmann, A, McClintock, R, Razeghi, M, Look, D, Gentle, A, Phillips, MR & Ton-That, C 2017, 'Author Correction: Radiative recombination of confined electrons at the MgZnO/ZnO heterojunction interface', Scientific Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 15912-15912.
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A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML version of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper.

Choi, S, Rogers, DJ, Sandana, EV, Bove, P, Teherani, FH, Nenstiel, C, Hoffmann, A, McClintock, R, Razeghi, M, Look, D, Gentle, A, Phillips, MR & Ton-That, C 2017, 'Radiative recombination of confined electrons at the MgZnO/ZnO heterojunction interface', Scientific Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1-7.
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AbstractWe investigate the optical signature of the interface in a single MgZnO/ZnO heterojunction, which exhibits two orders of magnitude lower resistivity and 10 times higher electron mobility compared with the MgZnO/Al2O3 film grown under the same conditions. These impressive transport properties are attributed to increased mobility of electrons at the MgZnO/ZnO heterojunction interface. Depth-resolved cathodoluminescence and photoluminescence studies reveal a 3.2 eV H-band optical emission from the heterointerface, which exhibits excitonic properties and a localization energy of 19.6 meV. The emission is attributed to band-bending due to the polarization discontinuity at the interface, which leads to formation of a triangular quantum well and localized excitons by electrostatic coupling.

Collaboration, TLIGOS, Collaboration, TV, Abbott, BP, Abbott, R, Abbott, TD, Acernese, F, Ackley, K, Adams, C, Adams, T, Addesso, P, Adhikari, RX, Adya, VB, Affeldt, C, Afrough, M, Agarwal, B, Agathos, M, Agatsuma, K, Aggarwal, N, Aguiar, OD, Aiello, L, Ain, A, Ajith, P, Allen, B, Allen, G, Allocca, A, Altin, PA, Amato, A, Ananyeva, A, Anderson, SB, Anderson, WG, Angelova, SV, Antier, S, Appert, S, Arai, K, Araya, MC, Areeda, JS, Arnaud, N, Arun, KG, Ascenzi, S, Ashton, G, Ast, M, Aston, SM, Astone, P, Atallah, DV, Aufmuth, P, Aulbert, C, AultONeal, K, Austin, C, Avila-Alvarez, A, Babak, S, Bacon, P, Bader, MKM, Bae, S, Baker, PT, Baldaccini, F, Ballardin, G, Ballmer, SW, Banagiri, S, Barayoga, JC, Barclay, SE, Barish, BC, Barker, D, Barkett, K, Barone, F, Barr, B, Barsotti, L, Barsuglia, M, Barta, D, Barthelmy, SD, Bartlett, J, Bartos, I, Bassiri, R, Basti, A, Batch, JC, Bawaj, M, Bayley, JC, Bazzan, M, B'ecsy, B, Beer, C, Bejger, M, Belahcene, I, Bell, AS, Berger, BK, Bergmann, G, Bero, JJ, Berry, CPL, Bersanetti, D, Bertolini, A, Betzwieser, J, Bhagwat, S, Bhandare, R, Bilenko, IA, Billingsley, G, Billman, CR, Birch, J, Birney, R, Birnholtz, O, Biscans, S, Biscoveanu, S, Bisht, A, Bitossi, M, Biwer, C, Bizouard, MA, Blackburn, JK, Blackman, J, Blair, CD, Blair, DG, Blair, RM, Bloemen, S, Bock, O, Bode, N, Boer, M, Bogaert, G, Bohe, A, Bondu, F, Bonilla, E, Bonnand, R, Boom, BA, Bork, R, Boschi, V, Bose, S, Bossie, K, Bouffanais, Y, Bozzi, A, Bradaschia, C, Brady, PR, Branchesi, M, Brau, JE, Briant, T, Brillet, A, Brinkmann, M, Brisson, V, Brockill, P, Broida, JE, Brooks, AF, Brown, DA, Brown, DD, Brunett, S, Buchanan, CC, Buikema, A, Bulik, T, Bulten, HJ, Buonanno, A, Buskulic, D, Buy, C, Byer, RL, Cabero, M, Cadonati, L, Cagnoli, G, Cahillane, C, Bustillo, JC, Callister, TA, Calloni, E, Camp, JB, Canepa, M, Canizares, P, Cannon, KC, Cao, H, Cao, J, Capano, CD, Capocasa, E, Carbognani, F, Caride, S, Carney, MF, Diaz, JC, Casentini, C, Caudill, S, a, MC, Cavalier, F, Cavalieri, R, Cella, G, Cepeda, CB, Cerd'a-Dur'an, P, Cerretani, G, Cesarini, E, Chamberlin, SJ, Chan, M, Chao, S, Charlton, P, Chase, E, Chassande-Mottin, E, Chatterjee, D, Chatziioannou, K, Cheeseboro, BD, Chen, HY, Chen, X, Chen, Y, Cheng, H-P, Chia, H, Chincarini, A, Chiummo, A, Chmiel, T, Cho, HS, Cho, M, Chow, JH, Christensen, N, Chu, Q, Chua, AJK, Chua, S, Chung, AKW, Chung, S & et al. 2017, 'GW170814: A Three-Detector Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Coalescence', Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 119, p. 141101.
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On August 14, 2017 at 10:30:43 UTC, the Advanced Virgo detector and the twoAdvanced LIGO detectors coherently observed a transient gravitational-wavesignal produced by the coalescence of two stellar mass black holes, with afalse-alarm-rate of $\lesssim$ 1 in 27000 years. The signal was observed with athree-detector network matched-filter signal-to-noise ratio of 18. The inferredmasses of the initial black holes are $30.5_{-3.0}^{+5.7}$ Msun and$25.3_{-4.2}^{+2.8}$ Msun (at the 90% credible level). The luminosity distanceof the source is $540_{-210}^{+130}~\mathrm{Mpc}$, corresponding to a redshiftof $z=0.11_{-0.04}^{+0.03}$. A network of three detectors improves the skylocalization of the source, reducing the area of the 90% credible region from1160 deg$^2$ using only the two LIGO detectors to 60 deg$^2$ using all threedetectors. For the first time, we can test the nature of gravitational wavepolarizations from the antenna response of the LIGO-Virgo network, thusenabling a new class of phenomenological tests of gravity.

Collaboration, TLIGOS, Collaboration, TV, Abbott, BP, Abbott, R, Abbott, TD, Acernese, F, Ackley, K, Adams, C, Adams, T, Addesso, P, Adhikari, RX, Adya, VB, Affeldt, C, Afrough, M, Agarwal, B, Agathos, M, Agatsuma, K, Aggarwal, N, Aguiar, OD, Aiello, L, Ain, A, Ajith, P, Allen, B, Allen, G, Allocca, A, Altin, PA, Amato, A, Ananyeva, A, Anderson, SB, Anderson, WG, Antier, S, Appert, S, Arai, K, Araya, MC, Areeda, JS, Arnaud, N, Arun, KG, Ascenzi, S, Ashton, G, Ast, M, Aston, SM, Astone, P, Aufmuth, P, Aulbert, C, AultONeal, K, Avila-Alvarez, A, Babak, S, Bacon, P, Bader, MKM, Bae, S, Baker, PT, Baldaccini, F, Ballardin, G, Ballmer, SW, Banagiri, S, Barayoga, JC, Barclay, SE, Barish, BC, Barker, D, Barone, F, Barr, B, Barsotti, L, Barsuglia, M, Barta, D, Bartlett, J, Bartos, I, Bassiri, R, Basti, A, Batch, JC, Baune, C, Bawaj, M, Bazzan, M, B'ecsy, B, Beer, C, Bejger, M, Belahcene, I, Bell, AS, Berger, BK, Bergmann, G, Berry, CPL, Bersanetti, D, Bertolini, A, Betzwieser, J, Bhagwat, S, Bhandare, R, Bilenko, IA, Billingsley, G, Billman, CR, Birch, J, Birney, R, Birnholtz, O, Biscans, S, Bisht, A, Bitossi, M, Biwer, C, Bizouard, MA, Blackburn, JK, Blackman, J, Blair, CD, Blair, DG, Blair, RM, Bloemen, S, Bock, O, Bode, N, Boer, M, Bogaert, G, Bohe, A, Bondu, F, Bonnand, R, Boom, BA, Bork, R, Boschi, V, Bose, S, Bouffanais, Y, Bozzi, A, Bradaschia, C, Brady, PR, Braginsky, VB, Branchesi, M, Brau, JE, Briant, T, Brillet, A, Brinkmann, M, Brisson, V, Brockill, P, Broida, JE, Brooks, AF, Brown, DA, Brown, DD, Brown, NM, Brunett, S, Buchanan, CC, Buikema, A, Bulik, T, Bulten, HJ, Buonanno, A, Buskulic, D, Buy, C, Byer, RL, Cabero, M, Cadonati, L, Cagnoli, G, Cahillane, C, Bustillo, JC, Callister, TA, Calloni, E, Camp, JB, Canepa, M, Canizares, P, Cannon, KC, Cao, H, Cao, J, Capano, CD, Capocasa, E, Carbognani, F, Caride, S, Carney, MF, Diaz, JC, Casentini, C, Caudill, S, a, MC, Cavalier, F, Cavalieri, R, Cella, G, Cepeda, CB, Baiardi, LC, Cerretani, G, Cesarini, E, Chamberlin, SJ, Chan, M, Chao, S, Charlton, P, Chassande-Mottin, E, Chatterjee, D, Chatziioannou, K, Cheeseboro, BD, Chen, HY, Chen, Y, Cheng, H-P, Chincarini, A, Chiummo, A, Chmiel, T, Cho, HS, Cho, M, Chow, JH, Christensen, N, Chu, Q, Chua, AJK, Chua, S, Chung, AKW, Chung, S, Ciani, G, Ciolfi, R, Cirelli, CE, Cirone, A, Clara, F, Clark, JA, Cleva, F, Cocchieri, C, Coccia, E, Cohadon, P-F, Colla, A & et al. 2017, 'Upper Limits on Gravitational Waves from Scorpius X-1 from a Model-Based Cross-Correlation Search in Advanced LIGO Data', The Astrophysical Journal, 847:47 (14pp), 2017 September 20.
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We present the results of a semicoherent search for continuous gravitationalwaves from the low-mass X-ray binary Scorpius X-1, using data from the firstAdvanced LIGO observing run. The search method uses details of the modelled,parametrized continuous signal to combine coherently data separated by lessthan a specified coherence time, which can be adjusted to trade off sensitivityagainst computational cost. A search was conducted over the frequency rangefrom 25 Hz to 2000 Hz, spanning the current observationally-constrained rangeof the binary orbital parameters. No significant detection candidates werefound, and frequency-dependent upper limits were set using a combination ofsensitivity estimates and simulated signal injections. The most stringent upperlimit was set at 175 Hz, with comparable limits set across the most sensitivefrequency range from 100 Hz to 200 Hz. At this frequency, the 95 pct upperlimit on signal amplitude h0 is 2.3e-25 marginalized over the unknowninclination angle of the neutron star's spin, and 8.03e-26 assuming the bestorientation (which results in circularly polarized gravitational waves). Theselimits are a factor of 3-4 stronger than those set by other analyses of thesame data, and a factor of about 7 stronger than the best upper limits setusing initial LIGO data. In the vicinity of 100 Hz, the limits are a factor ofbetween 1.2 and 3.5 above the predictions of the torque balance model,depending on inclination angle, if the most likely inclination angle of 44degrees is assumed, they are within a factor of 1.7.

Collaboration, TLIGOS, Collaboration, TV, Abbott, BP, Abbott, R, Abbott, TD, Acernese, F, Ackley, K, Adams, C, Adams, T, Addesso, P, Adhikari, RX, Adya, VB, Affeldt, C, Afrough, M, Agarwal, B, Agathos, M, Agatsuma, K, Aggarwal, N, Aguiar, OD, Aiello, L, Ain, A, Ajith, P, Allen, B, Allen, G, Allocca, A, Altin, PA, Amato, A, Ananyeva, A, Anderson, SB, Anderson, WG, Antier, S, Appert, S, Arai, K, Araya, MC, Areeda, JS, Arnaud, N, Arun, KG, Ascenzi, S, Ashton, G, Ast, M, Aston, SM, Astone, P, Aufmuth, P, Aulbert, C, AultONeal, K, Avila-Alvarez, A, Babak, S, Bacon, P, Bader, MKM, Bae, S, Baker, PT, Baldaccini, F, Ballardin, G, Ballmer, SW, Banagiri, S, Barayoga, JC, Barclay, SE, Barish, BC, Barker, D, Barone, F, Barr, B, Barsotti, L, Barsuglia, M, Barta, D, Bartlett, J, Bartos, I, Bassiri, R, Basti, A, Batch, JC, Baune, C, Bawaj, M, Bazzan, M, B'ecsy, B, Beer, C, Bejger, M, Belahcene, I, Bell, AS, Berger, BK, Bergmann, G, Berry, CPL, Bersanetti, D, Bertolini, A, Betzwieser, J, Bhagwat, S, Bhandare, R, Bilenko, IA, Billingsley, G, Billman, CR, Birch, J, Birney, R, Birnholtz, O, Biscans, S, Bisht, A, Bitossi, M, Biwer, C, Bizouard, MA, Blackburn, JK, Blackman, J, Blair, CD, Blair, DG, Blair, RM, Bloemen, S, Bock, O, Bode, N, Boer, M, Bogaert, G, Bohe, A, Bondu, F, Bonnand, R, Boom, BA, Bork, R, Boschi, V, Bose, S, Bouffanais, Y, Bozzi, A, Bradaschia, C, Brady, PR, Braginsky, VB, Branchesi, M, Brau, JE, Briant, T, Brillet, A, Brinkmann, M, Brisson, V, Brockill, P, Broida, JE, Brooks, AF, Brown, DA, Brown, DD, Brown, NM, Brunett, S, Buchanan, CC, Buikema, A, Bulik, T, Bulten, HJ, Buonanno, A, Buskulic, D, Buy, C, Byer, RL, Cabero, M, Cadonati, L, Cagnoli, G, Cahillane, C, Bustillo, JC, Callister, TA, Calloni, E, Camp, JB, Canepa, M, Canizares, P, Cannon, KC, Cao, H, Cao, J, Capano, CD, Capocasa, E, Carbognani, F, Caride, S, Carney, MF, Diaz, JC, Casentini, C, Caudill, S, a, MC, Cavalier, F, Cavalieri, R, Cella, G, Cepeda, CB, Baiardi, LC, Cerretani, G, Cesarini, E, Chamberlin, SJ, Chan, M, Chao, S, Charlton, P, Chassande-Mottin, E, Chatterjee, D, Cheeseboro, BD, Chen, HY, Chen, Y, Cheng, H-P, Chincarini, A, Chiummo, A, Chmiel, T, Cho, HS, Cho, M, Chow, JH, Christensen, N, Chu, Q, Chua, AJK, Chua, S, Chung, AKW, Chung, S, Ciani, G, Ciolfi, R, Cirelli, CE, Cirone, A, Clara, F, Clark, JA, Cleva, F, Cocchieri, C, Coccia, E, Cohadon, P-F, Colla, A, Collette, CG & et al. 2017, 'Constraints on cosmic strings using data from the first Advanced LIGO observing run', Phys. Rev. D, vol. 97, p. 102002.
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Cosmic strings are topological defects which can be formed in GUT-scale phasetransitions in the early universe. They are also predicted to form in thecontext of string theory. The main mechanism for a network of Nambu-Goto cosmicstrings to lose energy is through the production of loops and the subsequentemission of gravitational waves, thus offering an experimental signature forthe existence of cosmic strings. Here we report on the analysis conducted tospecifically search for gravitational-wave bursts from cosmic string loops inthe data of Advanced LIGO 2015-2016 observing run (O1). No evidence of suchsignals was found in the data, and as a result we set upper limits on thecosmic string parameters for three recent loop distribution models. In thispaper, we initially derive constraints on the string tension $G\mu$ and theintercommutation probability, using not only the burst analysis performed onthe O1 data set, but also results from the previously published LIGO stochasticO1 analysis, pulsar timing arrays, cosmic microwave background and Big-Bangnucleosynthesis experiments. We show that these data sets are complementary inthat they probe gravitational waves produced by cosmic string loops during verydifferent epochs. Finally, we show that the data sets exclude large parts ofthe parameter space of the three loop distribution models we consider.

Collaboration, TLIGOS, Collaboration, TV, Abbott, BP, Abbott, R, Abbott, TD, Acernese, F, Ackley, K, Adams, C, Adams, T, Addesso, P, Adhikari, RX, Adya, VB, Affeldt, C, Afrough, M, Agarwal, B, Agathos, M, Agatsuma, K, Aggarwal, N, Aguiar, OD, Aiello, L, Ain, A, Ajith, P, Allen, B, Allen, G, Allocca, A, Altin, PA, Amato, A, Ananyeva, A, Anderson, SB, Anderson, WG, Antier, S, Appert, S, Arai, K, Araya, MC, Areeda, JS, Arnaud, N, Arun, KG, Ascenzi, S, Ashton, G, Ast, M, Aston, SM, Astone, P, Aufmuth, P, Aulbert, C, AultONeal, K, Avila-Alvarez, A, Babak, S, Bacon, P, Bader, MKM, Bae, S, Baker, PT, Baldaccini, F, Ballardin, G, Ballmer, SW, Banagiri, S, Barayoga, JC, Barclay, SE, Barish, BC, Barker, D, Barone, F, Barr, B, Barsotti, L, Barsuglia, M, Barta, D, Bartlett, J, Bartos, I, Bassiri, R, Basti, A, Batch, JC, Baune, C, Bawaj, M, Bazzan, M, Bécsy, B, Beer, C, Bejger, M, Belahcene, I, Bell, AS, Berger, BK, Bergmann, G, Berry, CPL, Bersanetti, D, Bertolini, A, Betzwieser, J, Bhagwat, S, Bhandare, R, Bilenko, IA, Billingsley, G, Billman, CR, Birch, J, Birney, R, Birnholtz, O, Biscans, S, Bisht, A, Bitossi, M, Biwer, C, Bizouard, MA, Blackburn, JK, Blackman, J, Blair, CD, Blair, DG, Blair, RM, Bloemen, S, Bock, O, Bode, N, Boer, M, Bogaert, G, Bohe, A, Bondu, F, Bonnand, R, Boom, BA, Bork, R, Boschi, V, Bose, S, Bouffanais, Y, Bozzi, A, Bradaschia, C, Brady, PR, Braginsky, VB, Branchesi, M, Brau, JE, Briant, T, Brillet, A, Brinkmann, M, Brisson, V, Brockill, P, Broida, JE, Brooks, AF, Brown, DA, Brown, DD, Brown, NM, Brunett, S, Buchanan, CC, Buikema, A, Bulik, T, Bulten, HJ, Buonanno, A, Buskulic, D, Buy, C, Byer, RL, Cabero, M, Cadonati, L, Cagnoli, G, Cahillane, C, Bustillo, JC, Callister, TA, Calloni, E, Camp, JB, Canepa, M, Canizares, P, Cannon, KC, Cao, H, Cao, J, Capano, CD, Capocasa, E, Carbognani, F, Caride, S, Carney, MF, Diaz, JC, Casentini, C, Caudill, S, Cavaglià, M, Cavalier, F, Cavalieri, R, Cella, G, Cepeda, CB, Baiardi, LC, Cerretani, G, Cesarini, E, Chamberlin, SJ, Chan, M, Chao, S, Charlton, P, Chassande-Mottin, E, Chatterjee, D, Chatziioannou, K, Cheeseboro, BD, Chen, HY, Chen, Y, Cheng, H-P, Chincarini, A, Chiummo, A, Chmiel, T, Cho, HS, Cho, M, Chow, JH, Christensen, N, Chu, Q, Chua, AJK, Chua, S, Chung, AKW, Chung, S, Ciani, G, Ciolfi, R, Cirelli, CE, Cirone, A, Clara, F, Clark, JA, Cleva, F, Cocchieri, C, Coccia, E, Cohadon, P-F & et al. 2017, 'GW170104: Observation of a 50-Solar-Mass Binary Black Hole Coalescence at Redshift 0.2', Phys. Rev. Lett., 118(22):221101, 2017.
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We describe the observation of GW170104, a gravitational-wave signal producedby the coalescence of a pair of stellar-mass black holes. The signal wasmeasured on January 4, 2017 at 10:11:58.6 UTC by the twin advanced detectors ofthe Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory during their secondobserving run, with a network signal-to-noise ratio of 13 and a false alarmrate less than 1 in 70,000 years. The inferred component black hole masses are$31.2^{+8.4}_{-6.0}\,M_\odot$ and $19.4^{+5.3}_{-5.9}\,M_\odot$ (at the 90%credible level). The black hole spins are best constrained through measurementof the effective inspiral spin parameter, a mass-weighted combination of thespin components perpendicular to the orbital plane, $\chi_\mathrm{eff} =-0.12^{+0.21}_{-0.30}.$ This result implies that spin configurations with bothcomponent spins positively aligned with the orbital angular momentum aredisfavored. The source luminosity distance is $880^{+450}_{-390}~\mathrm{Mpc}$corresponding to a redshift of $z = 0.18^{+0.08}_{-0.07}$. We constrain themagnitude of modifications to the gravitational-wave dispersion relation andperform null tests of general relativity. Assuming that gravitons are dispersedin vacuum like massive particles, we bound the graviton mass to $m_g \le 7.7\times 10^{-23}~\mathrm{eV}/c^2$. In all cases, we find that GW170104 isconsistent with general relativity.

Collaboration, TLIGOS, Collaboration, TV, Abbott, BP, Abbott, R, Abbott, TD, Acernese, F, Ackley, K, Adams, C, Adams, T, Addesso, P, Adhikari, RX, Adya, VB, Affeldt, C, Afrough, M, Agarwal, B, Agathos, M, Agatsuma, K, Aggarwal, N, Aguiar, OD, Aiello, L, Ain, A, Allen, B, Allen, G, Allocca, A, Altin, PA, Amato, A, Ananyeva, A, Anderson, SB, Anderson, WG, Angelova, SV, Antier, S, Appert, S, Arai, K, Araya, MC, Areeda, JS, Arnaud, N, Arun, KG, Ascenzi, S, Ashton, G, Ast, M, Aston, SM, Astone, P, Atallah, DV, Aufmuth, P, Aulbert, C, AultONeal, K, Austin, C, Avila-Alvarez, A, Babak, S, Bacon, P, Bader, MKM, Bae, S, Baker, PT, Baldaccini, F, Ballardin, G, Ballmer, SW, Banagiri, S, Barayoga, JC, Barclay, SE, Barish, BC, Barker, D, Barkett, K, Barone, F, Barr, B, Barsotti, L, Barsuglia, M, Barta, D, Bartlett, J, Bartos, I, Bassiri, R, Basti, A, Batch, JC, Bawaj, M, Bayley, JC, Bazzan, M, Bécsy, B, Beer, C, Bejger, M, Belahcene, I, Bell, AS, Berger, BK, Bergmann, G, Bero, JJ, Berry, CPL, Bersanetti, D, Bertolini, A, Betzwieser, J, Bhagwat, S, Bhandare, R, Bilenko, IA, Billingsley, G, Billman, CR, Birch, J, Birney, R, Birnholtz, O, Biscans, S, Biscoveanu, S, Bisht, A, Bitossi, M, Biwer, C, Bizouard, MA, Blackburn, JK, Blackman, J, Blair, CD, Blair, DG, Blair, RM, Bloemen, S, Bock, O, Bode, N, Boer, M, Bogaert, G, Bohe, A, Bondu, F, Bonilla, E, Bonnand, R, Boom, BA, Bork, R, Boschi, V, Bose, S, Bossie, K, Bouffanais, Y, Bozzi, A, Bradaschia, C, Brady, PR, Branchesi, M, Brau, JE, Briant, T, Brillet, A, Brinkmann, M, Brisson, V, Brockill, P, Broida, JE, Brooks, AF, Brown, DA, Brown, DD, Brunett, S, Buchanan, CC, Buikema, A, Bulik, T, Bulten, HJ, Buonanno, A, Buskulic, D, Buy, C, Byer, RL, Cabero, M, Cadonati, L, Cagnoli, G, Cahillane, C, Bustillo, JC, Callister, TA, Calloni, E, Camp, JB, Canizares, P, Cannon, KC, Cao, H, Cao, J, Capano, CD, Capocasa, E, Carbognani, F, Caride, S, Carney, MF, Diaz, JC, Casentini, C, Caudill, S, Cavaglià, M, Cavalier, F, Cavalieri, R, Cella, G, Cepeda, CB, Cerd'a-Dur'an, P, Cerretani, G, Cesarini, E, Chamberlin, SJ, Chan, M, Chao, S, Charlton, P, Chase, E, Chassande-Mottin, E, Chatterjee, D, Cheeseboro, BD, Chen, HY, Chen, X, Chen, Y, Cheng, H-P, Chia, H, Chincarini, A, Chiummo, A, Chmiel, T, Cho, HS, Cho, M, Chow, JH, Christensen, N, Chu, Q, Chua, AJK, Chua, S, Chung, AKW, Chung, S, Ciani, G, Ciolfi, R, Cirelli, CE, Cirone, A, Clara, F & et al. 2017, 'First narrow-band search for continuous gravitational waves from known pulsars in advanced detector data', Phys. Rev. D, vol. 96, p. 122006.
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Spinning neutron stars asymmetric with respect to their rotation axis arepotential sources of continuous gravitational waves for ground-basedinterferometric detectors. In the case of known pulsars a fully coherentsearch, based on matched filtering, which uses the position and rotationalparameters obtained from electromagnetic observations, can be carried out.Matched filtering maximizes the signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio, but a largesensitivity loss is expected in case of even a very small mismatch between theassumed and the true signal parameters. For this reason, {\it narrow-band}analyses methods have been developed, allowing a fully coherent search forgravitational waves from known pulsars over a fraction of a hertz and severalspin-down values. In this paper we describe a narrow-band search of elevenpulsars using data from Advanced LIGO's first observing run. Although we havefound several initial outliers, further studies show no significant evidencefor the presence of a gravitational wave signal. Finally, we have placed upperlimits on the signal strain amplitude lower than the spin-down limit for 5 ofthe 11 targets over the bands searched: in the case of J1813-1749 the spin-downlimit has been beaten for the first time. For an additional 3 targets, themedian upper limit across the search bands is below the spin-down limit. Thisis the most sensitive narrow-band search for continuous gravitational wavescarried out so far.

Collaboration, TLIGOS, Collaboration, TV, Abbott, BP, Abbott, R, Abbott, TD, Acernese, F, Ackley, K, Adams, C, Adams, T, Addesso, P, Adhikari, RX, Adya, VB, Affeldt, C, Afrough, M, Agarwal, B, Agatsuma, K, Aggarwal, N, Aguiar, OD, Aiello, L, Ain, A, Ajith, P, Allen, B, Allen, G, Allocca, A, Almoubayyed, H, Altin, PA, Amato, A, Ananyeva, A, Anderson, SB, Anderson, WG, Antier, S, Appert, S, Arai, K, Araya, MC, Areeda, JS, Arnaud, N, Arun, KG, Ascenzi, S, Ashton, G, Ast, M, Aston, SM, Astone, P, Aufmuth, P, Aulbert, C, AultONeal, K, Avila-Alvarez, A, Babak, S, Bacon, P, Bader, MKM, Bae, S, Baker, PT, Baldaccini, F, Ballardin, G, Ballmer, SW, Banagiri, S, Barayoga, JC, Barclay, SE, Barish, BC, Barker, D, Barone, F, Barr, B, Barsotti, L, Barsuglia, M, Barta, D, Bartlett, J, Bartos, I, Bassiri, R, Basti, A, Batch, JC, Baune, C, Bawaj, M, Bazzan, M, B'ecsy, B, Beer, C, Bejger, M, Belahcene, I, Bell, AS, Berger, BK, Bergmann, G, Berry, CPL, Bersanetti, D, Bertolini, A, Etienne, ZB, Betzwieser, J, Bhagwat, S, Bhandare, R, Bilenko, IA, Billingsley, G, Billman, CR, Birch, J, Birney, R, Birnholtz, O, Biscans, S, Bisht, A, Bitossi, M, Biwer, C, Bizouard, MA, Blackburn, JK, Blackman, J, Blair, CD, Blair, DG, Blair, RM, Bloemen, S, Bock, O, Bode, N, Boer, M, Bogaert, G, Bohe, A, Bondu, F, Bonnand, R, Boom, BA, Bork, R, Boschi, V, Bose, S, Bouffanais, Y, Bozzi, A, Bradaschia, C, Brady, PR, Braginsky, VB, Branchesi, M, Brau, JE, Briant, T, Brillet, A, Brinkmann, M, Brisson, V, Brockill, P, Broida, JE, Brooks, AF, Brown, DA, Brown, DD, Brown, NM, Brunett, S, Buchanan, CC, Buikema, A, Bulik, T, Bulten, HJ, Buonanno, A, Buskulic, D, Buy, C, Byer, RL, Cabero, M, Cadonati, L, Cagnoli, G, Cahillane, C, Bustillo, JC, Callister, TA, Calloni, E, Camp, JB, Canepa, M, Canizares, P, Cannon, KC, Cao, H, Cao, J, Capano, CD, Capocasa, E, Carbognani, F, Caride, S, Carney, MF, Diaz, JC, Casentini, C, Caudill, S, a, MC, Cavalier, F, Cavalieri, R, Cella, G, Cepeda, CB, Baiardi, LC, Cerretani, G, Cesarini, E, Chamberlin, SJ, Chan, M, Chao, S, Charlton, P, Chassande-Mottin, E, Chatterjee, D, Cheeseboro, BD, Chen, HY, Chen, Y, Cheng, H-P, Chincarini, A, Chiummo, A, Chmiel, T, Cho, HS, Cho, M, Chow, JH, Christensen, N, Chu, Q, Chua, AJK, Chua, S, Chung, AKW, Chung, S, Ciani, G, Ciolfi, R, Cirelli, CE, Cirone, A, Clara, F, Clark, JA, Cleva, F, Cocchieri, C, Coccia, E, Cohadon, P-F, Colla, A & et al. 2017, 'Search for gravitational waves from Scorpius X-1 in the first Advanced LIGO observing run with a hidden Markov model', Phys. Rev. D, vol. 95, p. 122003.
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Results are presented from a semi-coherent search for continuousgravitational waves from the brightest low-mass X-ray binary, Scorpius X-1,using data collected during the first Advanced LIGO observing run (O1). Thesearch combines a frequency domain matched filter (Bessel-weighted$\mathcal{F}$-statistic) with a hidden Markov model to track wandering of theneutron star spin frequency. No evidence of gravitational waves is found in thefrequency range 60-650 Hz. Frequentist 95% confidence strain upper limits,$h_0^{95\%} = 4.0\times10^{-25}$, $8.3\times10^{-25}$, and $3.0\times10^{-25}$for electromagnetically restricted source orientation, unknown polarization,and circular polarization, respectively, are reported at 106 Hz. They are $\leq10$ times higher than the theoretical torque-balance limit at 106 Hz.

Colusso, AC, Cortie, MB, Dowd, A & McDonagh, AM 2017, 'Thermal stability of mesoscopic compounds of cetyltrimethylammonium and Keggin metatungstates', Dalton Transactions, vol. 46, no. 33, pp. 11053-11062.
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A hybrid surfactant/polyoxometalate compound was synthesized by combining isopolytungstate anions with the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTA-Br) to produce a hierarchical compound that we identify as (CTA)₇[H₂W₁₂O₄₀]Cl·2H₂O.

Cullen, A, Muller, AJ & Williams, DBG 2017, 'Protecting group-free use of alcohols as carbon electrophiles in atom efficient aluminium triflate-catalysed dehydrative nucleophilic displacement reactions', RSC Advances, vol. 7, no. 67, pp. 42168-42171.
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Catalysed dehydrative nucleophilic displacement of OH groups affords high yields and 100% atom efficiency, with water as by-product.

Dahlan, NA, Veeramachineni, AK, Langford, SJ & Pushpamalar, J 2017, 'Developing of a magnetite film of carboxymethyl cellulose grafted carboxymethyl polyvinyl alcohol (CMC- g -CMPVA) for copper removal', Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 173, pp. 619-630.
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De Silva, KSB, Keast, VJ, Gentle, A & Cortie, MB 2017, 'Optical properties and oxidation ofα-phase Ag–Al thin films', Nanotechnology, vol. 28, no. 9, pp. 095202-095202.
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© 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd. We investigate a series of Ag-Al thin films containing up to 12 at% Al with the purpose of discovering whether these alloys would be a better choice for nanophotonic applications than pure Ag. Variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry, AFM, x-ray diffraction and density functional theory are applied to explore and characterize the materials. Electromagnetic simulations of optical properties are used to place the results into a theoretical framework. We find that the increase in electron-to-atom ratio associated with the Al additions changes the optical properties: additions of the order of 1-2 at% Al are beneficial as they are associated with favorable changes in the dielectric function, but for greater additions of Al there is a flattening of the absorption edge and an increase in optical loss. In addition, contents of more than about 2 at% Al are associated with the onset of time-dependent intergranular oxidation, which causes a pronounced dip in the reflectance spectrum at about 2.3-2.4 eV (∼500-540 nm).

Duan, N, Xu, W, Li, Y, Wang, S, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 2017, 'Comparison of Limiting Loop Model and Elemental Operator Model for Magnetic Hysteresis of Ferromagnetic Materials', IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 53, no. 11, pp. 1-4.
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© 2017 IEEE. This paper introduces a comparative study of two different hysteresis models, limiting loop model and elemental operator model. The former is regarded as a mathematical approach based on the traditional Preisach model. To circumvent the difficulty of determining the distribution function in the Preisach model, the data of the limiting hysteresis loop and a function transform on the Preisach diagram are employed. The latter is a physical method which adopts a vectorial elemental operator with biaxial anisotropy based on the magnetization mechanisms of the ferromagnetic material. These two models are analyzed and compared in terms of the underlying principle, numerical implementation, and calculation accuracy in this paper. To verify the introduced models, the magnetic properties of non-oriented silicon steel Lycore-140 and soft magnetic composite material Somaloy 500 under alternating excitations are measured and compared with simulated results, which show the validity and practicability of the models but with different calculation accuracy and speed.

Farooq, MU, Butt, S, Gao, K, Pang, XL, Sun, X, Asfandiyar, Mohmed, F, Ahmad, A, Mahmood, A & Mahmood, N 2017, 'Improved thermoelectric performance of BiCuSeO by Ag substitution at Cu site', Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 691, pp. 572-577.
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Farrok, O, Islam, MR, Sheikh, MRI, Guo, YG & Zhu, JG 2017, 'Design and Analysis of a Novel Lightweight Translator Permanent Magnet Linear Generator for Oceanic Wave Energy Conversion', IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 53, no. 11, pp. 1-4.
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© 1965-2012 IEEE. At present, most of the linear generators contain a heavy translator for converting wave power from the ocean into electrical power. As the translator is connected to the buoy, the buoy dynamic performance is reduced by the large mass and, as a result, low velocity of the translator would degrade the electricity generation of the linear generator. This problem has been minimized by the new design in this paper, where the translator is clipped off at first and split into two separate portions to minimize its weight. The secondary stator is magnetically coupled with a special m-shaped main stator which is used to flow the necessary magnetic flux. The weight of the proposed translator is 21.82% lower than that of conventional one and 49.1% by using a recently available permanent magnet with higher specifications. The finite-element method is applied in ANSYS simulation environment for the analysis and comparison between the proposed and conventional designs. Different parameters of the conventional and the proposed linear generator have been discussed in this paper. The simulation results show that the proposed design can generate the same amount of electricity as the existing one with almost half of the translator size. According to the mathematical model, it is understood that the dynamics of the translator would be higher for its lower mass and vice versa. Therefore, minimizing the translator size would result in decrease of mass, which increases the dynamics of the buoy connected to the translator.

Gao, J, Djaidi, D, Marjo, CE, Bhadbhade, MM, Ung, AT & Bishop, R 2017, 'Weak Intermolecular Forces, but High Melting Points', Australian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 70, no. 5, pp. 538-538.
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The poorly soluble racemic compound 6,6a,13,13a-tetrahydropentaleno[1,2-b:4,5-b′]diquinoline (4) has an exceptionally high melting point range of 352–354°C despite its low molar mass (308.38) and a structure containing only 40 atoms (38 of which are C and H). Analysis of the X-ray crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface of 4, along with comparison with its isostructural homologue 2, reveals how this occurs in the absence of Pauling-type hydrogen bonding. Excellent complementarity between homochiral molecules of 4 allows formation of enantiomerically pure layers using C–H⋯π, aromatic π⋯π, and C–H⋯N interactions. The alternating layers of opposite handedness are then crosslinked by means of aza-1,3-peri hydrogen interactions. This bifurcated C–H⋯N⋯H–C motif acts as a molecular clip creating a highly rigid network structure. The role of weaker intermolecular forces in influencing the solubility and bioavailability of potential drug molecules is discussed in the context of the popular Lipinski ‘rule of 5’ guidelines.

Guo, B, Huang, Y, Peng, F, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 2017, 'Analytical Modeling of Manufacturing Imperfections in Double-Rotor Axial Flux PM Machines: Effects on Back EMF', IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 1-5.
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© 1965-2012 IEEE. In this paper, a general analytical model is proposed to calculate the back electromotive forces of various manufacturing imperfections in the double-rotor axial flux permanent magnet machine. First, the axial and circumferential flux density in the air gap under healthy condition is developed by Maxwell's equations and Schwarz-Christoffel mapping. Second, the equations of air gap length and radii are introduced to calculate the flux density with manufacturing imperfections. The back EMFs of each case are calculated. For each case, finite-element (FE) method models are developed to validate the analytical model, and the results show that the analytical model predictions match well with the FE results. Finally, the analytical model is verified by experimental results.

Guo, X, Sun, B, Su, D, Liu, X, Liu, H, Wang, Y & Wang, G 2017, 'Recent developments of aprotic lithium-oxygen batteries: functional materials determine the electrochemical performance', Science Bulletin, vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 442-452.
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© 2017 Lithium oxygen battery has the highest theoretical capacity among the rechargeable batteries and it can reform energy storage technology if it comes to commercialization. However, many critical challenges, mainly embody as low charge/discharge round-trip efficiency and poor cycling stability, impede the development of Li-O2 batteries. The electrolyte decomposition, lithium metal anode corrosion and sluggish oxygen reaction kinetics at cathode are all responsible for poor electrochemical performances. Particularly, the catalytic cathode of Li-O2 batteries, playing a crucial role to reduce the oxygen during discharging and to decompose discharge products during charging, is regarded as a breakthrough point that has been comprehensive investigated. In this review, the progress and issues of electrolyte, anode and cathode, especially the catalysts used at cathode, are systematically summarized and discussed. Then the perspectives toward the developments of a long life Li-O2 battery are also presented at last.

Heather, E, Bortz, A, Shimmon, R & McDonagh, AM 2017, 'Organic impurity profiling of methylone and intermediate compounds synthesized from catechol', Drug Testing and Analysis, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 436-445.
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This work examined the synthesis and organic impurity profile of methylone prepared from catechol. The primary aim of this work was to determine whether the synthetic pathway used to prepare 3,4‐methylenedioxypropiophenone could be ascertained through analysis of the synthesized methylone. The secondary aim was the structural elucidation and origin determination of the organic impurities detected in methylone and the intermediate compounds. The organic impurities present in the reaction products were identified using GC–MS and NMR spectroscopy. Six organic impurities were detected in 1,3‐benzodioxole and identified as the 1,3‐benzodioxole dimer, 1,3‐benzodioxole trimer, [1,3] dioxolo[4,5‐b]oxanthrene, 4,4′‐, 4,5′‐, and 5,5′‐methylenebis‐1,3‐benzodioxole. Six organic impurities were detected in 3,4‐methylenedioxypropiophenone and identified as (2‐hydroxyphenyl) propanoate, [2‐(chloromethoxy) phenyl] propanoate, (2‐propanoyloxyphenyl)propanoate, 5‐[1‐(1,3‐benzodioxol‐5‐yl)prop‐1‐enyl]‐1,3‐benzodioxole, (5E)‐ and (5Z)‐7‐(1,3‐benzodioxol‐5‐yl)‐5‐ethylidene‐6‐methyl‐cyclopenta[f][1,3]benzodioxole). Exploratory synthetic experiments were also conducted to unambiguously identify the organic impurities detected in 3,4‐methylenedioxypropiophenone. Two organic impurities were detected in 5‐bromo‐3,4‐methylenedioxypropiophenone and identified as [2‐(chloromethoxy)phenyl] propanoate and 3,4‐methylenedioxypropiophenone. Five organic impurities were detected in methylone and identified as 3,4‐methylenedioxypropiophenone, 1‐(1,3‐benzodioxol‐5‐yl)‐N‐methyl‐propan‐1‐imine, 1‐(1,3‐benzodioxol‐5‐yl)‐2‐methylimino‐propan‐1‐one, 1‐(1,3‐benzodioxol‐5‐yl)‐N1,N2‐dimethyl‐propane‐1,2‐diimine and butylated hydroxytoluene. The origin of these organic impurities was also ascertained, pro...

Hu, H, Zhao, J, Liu, X, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 2017, 'No-Load Magnetic Field and Cogging Force Calculation in Linear Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Machines With Semiclosed Slots', IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 64, no. 7, pp. 5564-5575.
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© 2017 IEEE. This paper presents an improved analytical subdomain model for predicting the magnetic field in linear permanent magnet synchronous machines (LPMSMs) with semiclosed slots accounting for the finite length of primary iron core and secondary back-iron. The whole field domain is divided into eight subdomains and the magnetic field in each subdomain is solved by applying the variable separation method, adequate boundary conditions, and interface conditions. In this model, both the slot and end effects are considered. The thrust and normal forces are calculated by the Maxwell stress theory. The finite element analysis is carried out to validate the analytical model. Finally, an LPMSM prototype is manufactured and tested. The experimental results show that the developed analytical model has high accuracy for predicting the magnetic field and forces.

Huang, Y, Guo, B, Guo, Y, Zhu, J, Hemeida, A & Sergeant, P 2017, 'Analytical modeling of axial flux PM machines with eccentricities', International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 757-777.
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Islam, MR, Mahfuz-Ur-Rahman, AM, Islam, MM, Guo, YG & Zhu, JG 2017, 'Modular Medium-Voltage Grid-Connected Converter With Improved Switching Techniques for Solar Photovoltaic Systems', IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 64, no. 11, pp. 8887-8896.
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© 1982-2012 IEEE. The high-frequency common magnetic-link made of amorphous material, as a replacement for common dc-link, has been gaining considerable interest for the development of solar photovoltaic medium-voltage converters. Even though the common magnetic-link can almost maintain identical voltages at the secondary terminals, the power conversion system loses its modularity. Moreover, the development of high-capacity high-frequency inverter and power limit of the common magnetic-link due to leakage inductance are the main challenging issues. In this regard, a new concept of identical modular magnetic-links is proposed for high-power transmission and isolation between the low and the high voltage sides. Third harmonic injected sixty degree bus clamping pulse width modulation and third harmonic injected thirty degree bus clamping pulse width modulation techniques are proposed which show better frequency spectra as well as reduced switching loss. In this paper, precise loss estimation method is used to calculate switching and conduction losses of a modular multilevel cascaded converter. To ensure the feasibility of the new concepts, a reduced size of 5 kVA rating, three-phase, five-level, 1.2 kV converter is designed with two 2.5 kVA identical high-frequency magnetic-links using Metglas magnetic alloy-based cores.

Jafari, M, Malekjamshidi, Z, Lei, G, Wang, T, Platt, G & Zhu, J 2017, 'Design and Implementation of an Amorphous High-Frequency Transformer Coupling Multiple Converters in a Smart Microgrid', IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 1028-1037.
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© 1982-2012 IEEE. Recent improvements in magnetic material characteristics and switching devices have generated a possibility to replace the electrical buses with high-frequency magnetic links in microgrids. Multiwinding transformers (MWTs) as magnetic links can effectively reduce the number of conversion stages of renewable energy system by adjusting turn ratio of windings according to the source voltage level. Other advantages are galvanic isolation, bidirectional power flow capability, and simultaneous power transfer between multiple ports. Despite the benefits, design, and characterization of MWTs are relatively complex due to their structural complexity and cross-coupling effects. This paper presents all stages of numerical design, prototyping, and characterization of an MWT for microgrid application. To design the transformer for certain value of parameters, the reluctance network method is employed. Due to the iterative nature of transformer design, it presented less computation time and reasonable accuracy. A prototype of designed transformer is implemented using amorphous magnetic materials. A set of experimental tests are conducted to measure the magnetic characteristics of the core and series coupling and open-circuit tests are applied to measure the transformer parameters. A comparison between the simulation and experimental test results under different loads within the medium-frequency range validated both design and modeling procedures.

Jian, X, Liu, S, Gao, Y, Zhang, W, He, W, Mahmood, A, Subramaniyam, CM, Wang, X, Mahmood, N & Dou, SX 2017, 'Facile Synthesis of Three-Dimensional Sandwiched MnO₂@GCs@MnO₂ Hybrid Nanostructured Electrode for Electrochemical Capacitors', ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, vol. 9, no. 22, pp. 18872-18882.
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Kermany, AR, Bennett, JS, Valenzuela, VM, Bowen, WP & Iacopi, F 2017, 'Potential of epitaxial silicon carbide microbeam resonators for chemical sensing', physica status solidi (a), vol. 214, no. 4, pp. 1600437-1600437.
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© 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.Epitaxial silicon carbide is promising for chemical resonant sensing applications due to its excellent mechanical, thermal, and biochemical properties. This paper reviews six important aspects of (i) silicon carbide heteroepitaxial growth and residual stress; (ii) silicon carbide beam resonators, resonator types, and fabrication processes; (iii) sensing principles, dynamic sensing mechanical performance, and transduction techniques; (iv) damping parameters; (v) mean stress influence on mass sensitivity of SiC flexural microbridge resonators; and (vi) gradient stress impact on SiC cantilever static behavior. The primary goal is to suggest the means to improve the mass sensitivity parameter and application range of epitaxial silicon carbide microbeam resonators and benchmark it with other relevant materials.

Kermany, AR, Bennett, JS, Valenzuela, VM, Bowen, WP & Iacopi, F 2017, 'Potential of epitaxial silicon carbide microbeam resonators for chemical sensing', physica status solidi (a), vol. 214, no. 4, pp. 1770122-1770122.
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Khan, MH, Jamali, SS, Lyalin, A, Molino, PJ, Jiang, L, Liu, HK, Taketsugu, T & Huang, Z 2017, 'Atomically Thin Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanofilm for Cu Protection: The Importance of Film Perfection', Advanced Materials, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 1-7.
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Outstanding protection of Cu by high-quality boron nitride nanofilm (BNNF) 1-2 atomic layers thick in salt water is observed, while defective BNNF accelerates the reaction of Cu toward water. The chemical stability, insulating nature, and impermeability of ions through the BN hexagons render BNNF a great choice for atomic-scale protection.

Khan, MH, Liu, HK, Sun, X, Yamauchi, Y, Bando, Y, Golberg, D & Huang, Z 2017, 'Few-atomic-layered hexagonal boron nitride: CVD growth, characterization, and applications', Materials Today, vol. 20, no. 10, pp. 611-628.
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© 2017 Two-dimensional (2D) materials have shown outstanding properties that make them the materials of choice for future semiconductor and flexible nanoelectronics. Hexagonal boron nitride nanosheet (BNNS) is one of the most studied 2D materials due to its extraordinary properties and potential applications. The synthesis of large, homogeneous, and few-layered BNNS, however, remains challenging. Among the various synthetic routes, chemical vapour deposition (CVD) is preferred on the grounds of its potential to yield large BNNS with controllable atomic layers and minimal contamination. We thus devote this review to the CVD growth of BNNS, and its characterization and applications. The recent progresses in the CVD growth of BNNS is firstly summarized from the aspects of precursors, substrates, growth mechanisms, and transfer techniques. This review then moves on to the characterization of few-atomic-layered h-BN sheets, covering a variety of microscopic and spectroscopic techniques that have proved useful for assessing the quality of BNNS. The applications of the BNNS are also summarized. This review is expected to instigate new methods and improvements in relation to the CVD growth of BNNS, which has enabled exceptional performance as a key component of nanoscale electronics.

Khan, ZH, Kermany, AR, Öchsner, A & Iacopi, F 2017, 'Mechanical and electromechanical properties of graphene and their potential application in MEMS', Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 053003-053003.
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� 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd. Graphene-based micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) are very promising candidates for next generation miniaturized, lightweight, and ultra-sensitive devices. In this review, we review the progress to date of the assessment of the mechanical, electromechanical, and thermomechanical properties of graphene for application in graphene-based MEMS. Graphene possesses a plethora of outstanding properties - such as a 1 TPa Young's modulus, exceptionally high 2D failure strength that stems from its sp 2 hybridization, and strong sigma bonding between carbon atoms. Such exceptional mechanical properties can enable, for example, graphene-based sound sources capable of generating sound beyond the audible range. The recently engineered piezoelectric properties of atomic force microscope tip-pressed graphene membranes or supported graphene on SiO 2 substrates, have paved the way in fabricating graphene-based nano-generators and actuators. On the other hand, graphene's piezoresistive properties have enabled miniaturized pressure and strain sensors. 2D graphene nano-mechanical resonators can potentially measure ultralow forces, charges and potentially detect single atomic masses. The exceptional tribology of graphene can play a significant role in achieving superlubricity. In addition, the highest reported thermal conductivity of graphene is amenable for use in chips and providing better performing MEMS, as heat is efficiently dissipated. On top of that, graphene membranes could be nano-perforated to realize specialized applications like DNA translocation and desalination. Finally, to ensure stability and reliability of the graphene-based MEMS, adhesion is an important mechanical property that should be considered. In general, graphene could be used as a structural material in resonators, sensors, actuators and nano-generators with better performance and sensitivity than conventional MEMS.

Kretschmer, K, Sun, B, Zhang, J, Xie, X, Liu, H & Wang, G 2017, '3D Interconnected Carbon Fiber Network‐Enabled Ultralong Life Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃@Carbon Paper Cathode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries', Small, vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 1603318-1603318.
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Sodium‐ion batteries (NIBs) are an emerging technology, which can meet increasing demands for large‐scale energy storage. One of the most promising cathode material candidates for sodium‐ion batteries is Na3V2(PO4)3 due to its high capacity, thermal stability, and sodium (Na) Superionic Conductor 3D (NASICON)‐type framework. In this work, the authors have significantly improved electrochemical performance and cycling stability of Na3V2(PO4)3 by introducing a 3D interconnected conductive network in the form of carbon fiber derived from ordinary paper towel. The free‐standing Na3V2(PO4)3‐carbon paper (Na3V2(PO4)3@CP) hybrid electrodes do not require a metallic current collector, polymeric binder, or conducting additives to function as a cathode material in an NIB system. The Na3V2(PO4)3@CP cathode demonstrates extraordinary long term cycling stability for 30 000 deep charge–discharge cycles at a current density of 2.5 mA cm−2. Such outstanding cycling stability can meet the stringent requirements for renewable energy storage.

Lei, G, Zhu, J, Guo, Y, Liu, C & Ma, B 2017, 'A Review of Design Optimization Methods for Electrical Machines', Energies, vol. 10, no. 12, pp. 1962-1962.
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© 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Electrical machines are the hearts of many appliances, industrial equipment and systems. In the context of global sustainability, they must fulfill various requirements, not only physically and technologically but also environmentally. Therefore, their design optimization process becomes more and more complex as more engineering disciplines/domains and constraints are involved, such as electromagnetics, structural mechanics and heat transfer. This paper aims to present a review of the design optimization methods for electrical machines, including design analysis methods and models, optimization models, algorithms and methods/strategies. Several efficient optimization methods/strategies are highlighted with comments, including surrogate-model based and multi-level optimization methods. In addition, two promising and challenging topics in both academic and industrial communities are discussed, and two novel optimization methods are introduced for advanced design optimization of electrical machines. First, a system-level design optimization method is introduced for the development of advanced electric drive systems. Second, a robust design optimization method based on the design for six-sigma technique is introduced for high-quality manufacturing of electrical machines in production. Meanwhile, a proposal is presented for the development of a robust design optimization service based on industrial big data and cloud computing services. Finally, five future directions are proposed, including smart design optimization method for future intelligent design and production of electrical machines.

Li, Y, Geng, X, Zhang, C, Yan, R & Zhu, J 2017, 'Improved 3-D Magnetic Properties Measurement of Silicon Steel Laminations Based on a Novel Sensing Structure', IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 53, no. 11, pp. 1-4.
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© 1965-2012 IEEE. The precise 3-D magnetic property measurement of the silicon steel is important to improve the efficiency and performance in electrical equipment, such as electrical machines and power transformers. An improved 3-D magnetic property measurement method of the silicon steel laminations is proposed by using a novel sensing structure with interconnecting multiple sensing coils covered on the surface of the cubic specimen. Based on the new coil structure with high precise coefficients from comprehensive calibration, the accurate relationship between B and H vectors is obtained and analyzed under alternating and 3-D rotating excitations with the feedback control method, especially when the laminated direction is considered. Consequently, the experimental data of magnetic properties with high precision can be obtained, which can provide important reference in designing and optimizing electrical equipment.

Li, Y, Wang, L, Yang, Q, Zhu, J & Zhang, C 2017, 'Comprehensive magnetic properties measurement of the laminated silicon steel by 3-D magnetic tester', International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 55, no. S1, pp. 177-191.
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© 2017 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved. In this paper, a novel three-dimensional (3-D) magnetic tester with symmetrical orthogonal excitation structure and cubic field-metric sensing structure is designed and analyzed. Automatic measurement system, which includes feedback control method, harmonics compensation, and automatic data processing is developed for the 3-D magnetic tester. In order to improve the measurement precision, cross effects of the magnetic fields in three principal directions are concerned, and error mitigation methods which fit for different excitation models are proposed. Magnetic properties of typical grain-oriented (GO) and non-grain-oriented (NGO) laminated silicon steel specimens under alternating and rotating excitations are measured and analyzed by using the designed 3-D magnetic tester.

Liu, C, Lei, G, Ma, B, Wang, Y, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 2017, 'Development of a New Low-Cost 3-D Flux Transverse Flux FSPMM With Soft Magnetic Composite Cores and Ferrite Magnets', IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 53, no. 11, pp. 1-5.
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© 1965-2012 IEEE. In this paper, a new 3-D flux transverse flux flux switching permanent magnet machine (3-DFTFFSPMM) is proposed. The cost of this machine is very low since both the soft magnetic composite (SMC) cores and ferrite magnets are very cheap, and the performance of this machine is good due to the special designed topology. For the qualitative analysis and initial design, the simplified power equation is developed to find the optimal design, and the 3-D finite-element method is applied for the quantitative analysis. Considering it is very difficult to obtain a special ferrite magnet in the current market, the 3-DFTFFSPMM for prototyping in the workshop is improved with a new design. For the prototyping, the SMC cores are made by using the manual die compacting technology. Last, the efficiency map of these two machines is obtained to judge the operational performance.

Liu, C, Lei, G, Wang, T, Guo, Y, Wang, Y & Zhu, J 2017, 'Comparative Study of Small Electrical Machines With Soft Magnetic Composite Cores', IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 1049-1060.
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© 1982-2012 IEEE. In this paper, various kinds of electrical machines with soft magnetic composite (SMC) cores are compared, based on the qualitative and quantitative comparison methods. In the first part, the performances of five typical electrical machines with SMC cores are qualitatively compared. Simplified power equations for transverse flux, axial flux, and radial flux electrical machines are deduced to show the main difference among them and key design points of each machine. In the second part, the outer rotor claw pole machine (CPM) and outer rotor transverse flux machine (TFM) are comprehensively compared in a quantitative way, based on the three-dimensional finite-element method. It shows that the power capability of the outer rotor CPM is much higher than that of the TFM. On the other hand, the outer rotor CPM has higher cogging torque and no-load losses than the TFM. Furthermore, the four outer rotor radial flux machines are optimized and compared with the outer rotor CPM. The calculated results of the outer rotor TFM are compared with the experiment results, showing that the analysis results match well with the experiment ones. Several useful and interesting conclusions have been obtained for the electrical machines with SMC cores.

Liu, C, Lu, J, Wang, Y, Lei, G, Zhu, J & Guo, Y 2017, 'Techniques for Reduction of the Cogging Torque in Claw Pole Machines with SMC Cores', Energies, vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 1541-1541.
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© 2017 MDPI AG. All Rights Reserved. As one of the main parasitic parameters in permanent magnet (PM) synchronous machines (PMSMs), cogging torque is the main component of the torque ripple, which has always been the handicap in the high-performance, low-speed drive systems. Over the last two decades, various methods have been proposed to decrease the cogging torque in both radial-flux and axial-flux PMSMs. Among these methods, stator slot skewing, stator tooth notching, PM skewing, PM shifting, and pole pairing are extensively investigated. However, little work has been done on reducing the cogging torque of the claw pole machine (CPM), whose cogging torque cannot be ignored. In this paper, the general methods that have been used to reduce the cogging torque in radial-flux and axial-flux PMSMs are developed and verified in a CPM with a soft magnetic composite (SMC) core. The 3-D finite element method (FEM) is used to calculate the cogging torque and PM flux linkage per turn. By comparing different cogging torque reduction technologies, it can be found that the magnet step skewing and unequal claw pole width are very suitable for CPM.

Liu, C, Wang, Y, Lei, G, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 2017, 'Design and analysis of a 3D-flux flux-switching permanent magnet machine with SMC cores and ferrite magnets', AIP Advances, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 056632-056632.
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Since permanent magnets (PM) are stacked between the adjacent stator teeth and there are no windings or PMs on the rotor, flux-switching permanent magnet machine (FSPMM) owns the merits of good flux concentrating and robust rotor structure. Compared with the traditional PM machines, FSPMM can provide higher torque density and better thermal dissipation ability. Combined with the soft magnetic composite (SMC) material and ferrite magnets, this paper proposes a new 3D-flux FSPMM (3DFFSPMM). The topology and operation principle are introduced. It can be found that the designed new 3DFFSPMM has many merits over than the traditional FSPMM for it can utilize the advantages of SMC material. Moreover, the PM flux of this new motor can be regulated by using the mechanical method. 3D finite element method (FEM) is used to calculate the magnetic field and parameters of the motor, such as flux density, inductance, PM flux linkage and efficiency map. The demagnetization analysis of the ferrite magnet is also addressed to ensure the safety operation of the proposed motor.

Liu, C, Wang, Y, Lei, G, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 2017, 'Performance analysis of a new radial-axial flux machine with SMC cores and ferrite magnets', AIP Advances, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 056603-056603.
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Soft magnetic composite (SMC) is a popular material in designing of new 3D flux electrical machines nowadays for it has the merits of isotropic magnetic characteristic, low eddy current loss and high design flexibility over the electric steel. The axial flux machine (AFM) with the extended stator tooth tip both in the radial and circumferential direction is a good example, which has been investigated in the last years. Based on the 3D flux AFM and radial flux machine, this paper proposes a new radial-axial flux machine (RAFM) with SMC cores and ferrite magnets, which has very high torque density though the low cost low magnetic energy ferrite magnet is utilized. Moreover, the cost of RAFM is quite low since the manufacturing cost can be reduced by using the SMC cores and the material cost will be decreased due to the adoption of the ferrite magnets. The 3D finite element method (FEM) is used to calculate the magnetic flux density distribution and electromagnetic parameters. For the core loss calculation, the rotational core loss computation method is used based on the experiment results from previous 3D magnetic tester.

Liu, H, Liu, X, Li, W, Guo, X, Wang, Y, Wang, G & Zhao, D 2017, 'Porous Carbon Composites for Next Generation Rechargeable Lithium Batteries', Advanced Energy Materials, vol. 7, no. 24, pp. 1700283-1700283.
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AbstractRechargeable lithium batteries have attracted great attention as next generation power systems for electric vehicles (EVs). Lithium ion batteries, lithium–sulfur batteries, and lithium–oxygen batteries are all suitable to be the power systems for next generation EVs, but their power densities and cycling performance still need to be improved to match the requirements of practical EVs. Thus, rational design and controllable synthesis of electrode materials with unique microstructure and outstanding electrochemical performance are crucially desired. Porous carbon‐based composites have many advantages for energy storage and conversion owing to their unique properties, including high electronic conductivity, high structural stability, high specific surface area, large pore volume for efficient electrolyte flux, and high reactive electrode materials with controllable size confined by porous carbon frameworks. Therefore, porous carbon composites exhibit excellent performance as electrode materials for lithium ion batteries, lithium–sulfur batteries, and lithium–oxygen batteries. In this review, we summarize research progress on porous carbon composites with enhanced performance for rechargeable lithium batteries. We present the detailed synthesis, physical and chemical properties, and the innovation and significance of porous carbon composites for lithium ion batteries, lithium–sulfur batteries, and lithium–oxygen batteries. Finally, we conclude the perspectives and critical challenges that need to be addressed for the commercialization of rechargeable lithium batteries.

Mahamedi, B & Zhu, JG 2017, 'Double‐ended technique for distinguishing series faults from shunt faults on transmission lines using the sequential components of impedance', IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 1381-1388.
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© 2017 The Institution of Engineering and Technology. This study describes a new double-ended technique for distinguishing series faults from shunt faults. The proposed method is based on the sequential components of impedance. Using the local and remote positive-sequence voltage and the local positive-sequence current, a new value is introduced and utilised to distinguish series faults, mostly known as broken conductors, from shunt faults. As the proposed method utilises a double-ended technique, it will act when the necessary information of the remote end of the line is received. By detecting the broken conductor condition within a few power cycles, this method can trip the circuit breakers at both line ends before any conductor contacts the earth, and thus can avoid safety problems and damages to the electrical equipment. Moreover, it can also classify which type of broken conductor (one-phase or two-phase) condition has occurred. The excellent performance of the proposed method is demonstrated by extensive simulation studies with MATLAB/Simulink.

Mei, P, Pramanik, M, Young, C, Huang, Z, Hossain, MSA, Sugahara, Y & Yamauchi, Y 2017, 'Synthesis of mesostructured manganese phosphonate and its promising energy storage application', Journal of Materials Chemistry A, vol. 5, no. 44, pp. 23259-23266.
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Mesostructured manganese phosphonate (MnP) with a uniform nanorod morphology has been prepared through an easy surfactant-mediated procedure.

Mishra, N, Boeckl, JJ, Tadich, A, Jones, RT, Pigram, PJ, Edmonds, M, Fuhrer, MS, Nichols, BM & Iacopi, F 2017, 'Solid source growth of graphene with Ni–Cu catalysts: towards high qualityin situgraphene on silicon', Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol. 50, no. 9, pp. 095302-095302.
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We obtain a monolayer graphene on epitaxial silicon carbide on silicon substrates via solid source growth mediated by a thin Ni-Cu alloy. Raman spectroscopy consistently shows an I D /I G band ratio as low as ∼0.2, indicating that the graphene obtained through this method is to-date the best quality monolayer grown on epitaxial silicon carbide films on silicon. We describe the key steps behind the graphene synthesis on the basis of extensive physical, chemical and morphological analyses. We conclude that (1) the oxidation, amorphisation and silicidation of the silicon carbide surface mediated by the Ni, (2) the liquid-phase epitaxial growth of graphene as well as (3) the self-limiting graphitization provided the molten Cu catalyst, are key characteristics of this novel synthesis method.

Mondal, AK, Kretschmer, K, Zhao, Y, Liu, H, Wang, C, Sun, B & Wang, G 2017, 'Nitrogen‐Doped Porous Carbon Nanosheets from Eco‐Friendly Eucalyptus Leaves as High Performance Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors and Lithium Ion Batteries', Chemistry – A European Journal, vol. 23, no. 15, pp. 3683-3690.
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AbstractNitrogen‐doped porous carbon nanosheets were prepared from eucalyptus tree leaves by simply mixing the leaf powders with KHCO3 and subsequent carbonisation. Porous carbon nanosheets with a high specific surface area of 2133 m2 g−1 were obtained and applied as electrode materials for supercapacitors and lithium ion batteries. For supercapacitor applications, the porous carbon nanosheet electrode exhibited a supercapacitance of 372 F g−1 at a current density of 500 mA g−1 in 1 m H2SO4 aqueous electrolyte and excellent cycling stability over 15 000 cycles. In organic electrolyte, the nanosheet electrode showed a specific capacitance of 71 F g−1 at a current density of 2 Ag−1 and stable cycling performance. When applied as the anode material for lithium ion batteries, the as‐prepared porous carbon nanosheets also demonstrated a high specific capacity of 819 mA h g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1, good rate capability, and stable cycling performance. The outstanding electrochemical performances for both supercapacitors and lithium ion batteries are derived from the large specific surface area, porous nanosheet structure and nitrogen doping effects. The strategy developed in this paper provides a novel route to utilise biomass‐derived materials for low‐cost energy storage systems.

Pan, C, Lv, W, Wang, G, Niu, X, Guo, H & Chen, X 2017, 'Simultaneous separation of neutral and cationic analytes by one dimensional open tubular capillary electrochromatography using zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 as stationary phase', Journal of Chromatography A, vol. 1484, pp. 98-106.
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Developing simple methods for separation of analytes that belong to different classes is of great importance. Herein, we developed a simple one-dimensional (1-D) capillary electrochromatography method to demonstrate the simultaneous separation of target fractions that belong to two different classes (i.e., cationic and neutral analytes) without switching buffer solution by a zeolitic imidazolate framework ZIF-8 coated capillary column. Owing to the difference of charge-to-mass ratio of the cationic analytes, the interaction of the cationic analytes and coating material ZIF-8 and the hydrophobic interactions between the neutral analytes and the microporous framework of ZIF-8, six cationic analytes and four neutral analytes were simultaneously separated in a single run by 1-D capillary electrochromatography. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the analytes migration time for intra-day, inter-day and column-to-column were in the range of 0.11-0.87%, 0.54-2.04% and 2.00-6.89% and the RSDs of the analytes peak area for intra-day, inter-day and column-to-column were in the range of 0.70-4.45%, 1.33-6.20% and 2.27-11.88%. Additionally, the developed method was employed in the analysis of urine samples with satisfactory recoveries.

Pascali, G, Matesic, L, Zhang, B, King, AT, Robinson, AJ, Ung, AT & Fraser, BH 2017, 'Sulfur - fluorine bond in PET radiochemistry', EJNMMI Radiopharmacy and Chemistry, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 2-18.
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The importance of the sulfur-fluorine bond is starting to increase in modern medicinal chemistry literature. This is due to a better understanding of the stability and reactivity of this moiety depending on the various oxidation states of sulfur. Furthermore, several commercial reagents used for mild and selective fluorination of organic molecules are based on the known reactivity of S-F groups. In this review, we will show how these examples are translating into the 18F field, both for use as stable tags in finished radiopharmaceuticals and as mildly reactive fluoride-relay intermediates. Finally, we also discuss current opportunities where examples of non-radioactive S-F applications/chemistry may be translated into future 18F radiochemistry applications.

Pyne, SG, Jatisatienr, A, Mungkornasawakul, P, Ung, AT, Limtrakul, P, Sastraruji, T, Sastraruji, K, Chaiyong, S, Umsumarng, S, Baird, MC, Dau, XD & Ramli, RA 2017, 'Phytochemical, Synthetic and Biological Studies on Stemona and Stichoneuron Plants and Alkaloids: A Personal Perspective', Natural Product Communications, vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 1934578X1701200-1934578X1701200.
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This report is an overview of our research on phytochemical, synthetic and biological studies of the Stemona and Stichoneuron species of plants.

Rahman, MA, Phillips, MR & Ton-That, C 2017, 'Efficient multi-coloured Li-doped ZnO thin films fabricated by spray pyrolysis', JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS, vol. 691, pp. 339-342.
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© 2016 Elsevier B.V. Undoped and Li-doped ZnO films with bright visible luminescence have been fabricated by the spray pyrolysis technique at 400 °C. The pyrolytic films exhibit multi-coloured emissions of yellow, green and blue, which can be tuned by varying the Li concentration. Simulation of the cathodoluminescence spectra from the Li-doped films using the Huang-Rhys model reveals the energies of the luminescence centres and their electron-phonon coupling strength. These centres are attributable to either VZnor LiZnacceptor states. This work presents a practical route to fabricate inexpensive multi-coloured light emitting coatings on any substrate.

Rahman, MA, Westerhausen, MT, Nenstiel, C, Choi, S, Hoffmann, A, Gentle, A, Phillips, MR & Ton-That, C 2017, 'Charge state switching of Cu acceptors in ZnO nanorods', Applied Physics Letters, vol. 110, no. 12, pp. 121907-121907.
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Undoped and Ga-doped ZnO nanorods both exhibit an intense green luminescence (GL) band centered at ∼2.4 eV. Unlike the defect-related GL in undoped nanorods, the GL band in Ga-doped nanorods displays a periodic fine structure separated by 72 meV, which consists of doublets with an energy spacing of 30 ± 3 meV. The emergence of the structured GL is due to the Cu+ state being stabilized by the rise in the Fermi level above the 0/- (Cu2+/Cu+) charge transfer level as a result of Ga donor incorporation. From a combination of optical characterization and simulation using the Brownian oscillator model, the doublet fine structures are shown to originate from two hole transitions with the Cu+ state located at 390 meV above the valence band.

Roseblade, A, Ung, A & Bebawy, M 2017, 'Synthesis and in vitro biological evaluation of thiosulfinate derivatives for the treatment of human multidrug-resistant breast cancer', Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, vol. 38, no. 10, pp. 1353-1368.
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© 2017 CPS and SIMM All rights reserved. Organosulfur compounds derived from Allium vegetables have long been recognized for various therapeutic effects, including anticancer activity. Allicin, one of the main biologically active components of garlic, shows promise as an anticancer agent; however, instability makes it unsuitable for clinical application. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of stabilized allicin derivatives on human breast cancer cells in vitro. In this study, a total of 22 stabilized thiosulfinate derivatives were synthesized and screened for their in vitro antiproliferative activities against drug-sensitive (MCF-7) and multidrug-resistant (MCF-7/Dx) human adenocarcinoma breast cancer cells. Assays for cell death, apoptosis, cell cycle progression and mitochondrial bioenergetic function were performed. Seven compounds (4b, 7b, 8b, 13b, 14b, 15b and 18b) showed greater antiproliferative activity against MCF-7/Dx cells than allicin. These compounds were also selective towards multidrug-resistant (MDR) cells, a consequence attributed to collateral sensitivity. Among them, 13b exhibited the greatest anticancer activity in both MCF-7/Dx and MCF-7 cells, with IC50 values of 18.54±0.24 and 46.50±1.98 μmol/L, respectively. 13b altered cellular morphology and arrested the cell cycle at the G2/M phase. Additionally, 13b dose-dependently induced apoptosis, and inhibited cellular mitochondrial respiration in cells at rest and under stress. MDR presents a significant obstacle to the successful treatment of cancer clinically. These results demonstrate that thiosulfinate derivatives have potential as novel anticancer agents and may offer new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of chemoresistant cancers.

Safadi, ME, Bhadbhade, M, Shimmon, R, Baker, AT & McDonagh, AM 2017, 'Cyclen-based chelators for the inhibition of Aβ aggregation: Synthesis, anti-oxidant and aggregation evaluation', Inorganica Chimica Acta, vol. 467, pp. 343-350.
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© 2017 Elsevier B.V. The aggregation of the protein amyloid-β in the brain has been associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Such aggregation of amyloid-β can be induced by misregulated metal ions such as Cu2+ and Zn2+. Here we present four metal chelating compounds based on the cyclen macrocycle that each bear a pendant arm to provide additional anti-oxidant activity. The corresponding Cu2+, Zn2+ and Ni2+ complexes have been synthesized and characterized to examine the ability of the chelators to bind to the metal centres. Aβ40 de-aggregation by the cyclen compounds was assessed using turbidometry and the re-solubilization of the Aβ40 was also examined. Our results show that the cyclen compounds have the ability to effectively chelate Cu2+ and Zn2+ metal ions and thus de-aggregate Aβ40 that has been aggregated due to the presence of these ions. The antioxidant properties of the cyclen compounds were tested by using the DPPH scavenging assay and the results show that some of the compounds can decrease oxidative stress.

Smith, GB, Gentle, AR, Arnold, MD, Gali, MA & Cortie, MB 2017, 'The importance of surface finish to energy performance', Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability, vol. 2, pp. 13-13.
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Su, D, Cortie, M & Wang, G 2017, 'Fabrication of N‐doped Graphene–Carbon Nanotube Hybrids from Prussian Blue for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries', Advanced Energy Materials, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 1602014-1602014.
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Hybrid nanostructures containing 1D carbon nanotubes and 2D graphene sheets have many promising applications due to their unique physical and chemical properties. In this study, the authors find Prussian blue (dehydrated sodium ferrocyanide) can be converted to N‐doped graphene–carbon nanotube hybrid materials through a simple one‐step pyrolysis process. Through field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectra, atomic force microscopy, and isothermal analyses, the authors identify that 2D graphene and 1D carbon nanotubes are bonded seamlessly during the growth stage. When used as the sulfur scaffold for lithium–sulfur batteries, it demonstrates outstanding electrochemical performance, including a high reversible capacity (1221 mA h g−1 at 0.2 C rate), excellent rate capability (458 and 220 mA h g−1 at 5 and 10 C rates, respectively), and excellent cycling stability (321 and 164 mA h g−1 at 5 and 10 C (1 C = 1673 mA g−1) after 1000 cycles). The enhancement of electrochemical performance can be attributed to the 3D architecture of the hybrid material, in which, additionally, the nitrogen doping generates defects and active sites for improved interfacial adsorption. Furthermore, the nitrogen doping enables the effective trapping of lithium polysulfides on electroactive sites within the cathode, leading to a much‐improved cycling performance. Therefore, the hybrid material functions as a redox shuttle to catenate and bind polysulfides, and convert them to insoluble lithium sulfide during reduction. The strategy reported in this paper could open a new avenue for low cost synthesis of N‐doped graphene–carbon nanotube hybrid materials for high performance lithium–sulfur batteries.

Su, D, Cortie, M, Fan, H & Wang, G 2017, 'Prussian Blue Nanocubes with an Open Framework Structure Coated with PEDOT as High‐Capacity Cathodes for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries', Advanced Materials, vol. 29, no. 48, pp. 1700587-1700587.
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AbstractIt is shown that Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) can be a very competitive sulfur host for lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. Sulfur stored in the large interstitial sites of a PBA host can take advantage of reversible and efficient insertion/extraction of both Li+ and electrons, due to the well‐trapped mobile dielectron redox centers in the well‐defined host. It is demonstrated that Na2Fe[Fe(CN)6] has a large open framework, and as a cathode, it both stores sulfur and acts as a polysulfide diffusion inhibitor based on the Lewis acid–base bonding effect. The electrochemical testing shows that the S@Na2Fe[Fe(CN)6]@poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) composite achieves excellent reversibility, good stability, and fast kinetics. Its outstanding electrochemical properties should be ascribed to the internal transport of Li+/e−, maximizing the utilization of sulfur. Moreover, the open metal centers serve as the Lewis acid sites with high affinity to the negatively charged polysulfide anions, reducing the diffusion of polysulfides out of the cathode and minimizing the shuttling effect. The fundamental basis of these exceptional performance characteristics is explored through a detailed analysis of the structural and electrochemical behavior of the material. It is believed that the PBAs will have a useful role in ensuring more effective and stable Li–S batteries.

Su, D, McDonagh, A, Qiao, S & Wang, G 2017, 'High‐Capacity Aqueous Potassium‐Ion Batteries for Large‐Scale Energy Storage', Advanced Materials, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 1604007-1604007.
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The synthesis of high-potassium-ion-content potassium iron (II) hexacyanoferrate dehydrate nanocubes and their performance as electrodes in aqueous electrolyte potassium-ion batteries were reported. To maintain a uniform size distribution, surfactants such as poly(vinylpyrrolidone) have been used. Here, we found that changing the solvent from water to ethylene glycol, which is also a mild reducing agent, gave uniform particle size and maintained the iron in the divalent state. Uniform potassium iron hexacyanoferrate dehydrate nanocubes with an edge length of =200 nm were obtained using a solvothermal method at 80°C. For comparison, when water was used as a solvent, potassium iron hexacyanoferrate dihydrate with a large particle size distribution was obtained. Rietveld-refined XRD was used to identify the crystal structure of the as-prepared potassium iron hexacyanoferrate. The results show that the particles have an orthorhombic symmetry structure with the Pmn21 space group.

Sun, B, Kretschmer, K, Xie, X, Munroe, P, Peng, Z & Wang, G 2017, 'Hierarchical Porous Carbon Spheres for High‐Performance Na–O₂ Batteries', Advanced Materials, vol. 29, no. 48, pp. 1606816-1606816.
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AbstractAs a new family member of room‐temperature aprotic metal–O2 batteries, Na–O2 batteries, are attracting growing attention because of their relatively high theoretical specific energy and particularly their uncompromised round‐trip efficiency. Here, a hierarchical porous carbon sphere (PCS) electrode that has outstanding properties to realize Na–O2 batteries with excellent electrochemical performances is reported. The controlled porosity of the PCS electrode, with macropores formed between PCSs and nanopores inside each PCS, enables effective formation/decomposition of NaO2 by facilitating the electrolyte impregnation and oxygen diffusion to the inner part of the oxygen electrode. In addition, the discharge product of NaO2 is deposited on the surface of individual PCSs with an unusual conformal film‐like morphology, which can be more easily decomposed than the commonly observed microsized NaO2 cubes in Na–O2 batteries. A combination of coulometry, X‐ray diffraction, and in situ differential electrochemical mass spectrometry provides compelling evidence that the operation of the PCS‐based Na–O2 battery is underpinned by the formation and decomposition of NaO2. This work demonstrates that employing nanostructured carbon materials to control the porosity, pore‐size distribution of the oxygen electrodes, and the morphology of the discharged NaO2 is a promising strategy to develop high‐performance Na–O2 batteries.

Tabassum, H, Guo, W, Meng, W, Mahmood, A, Zhao, R, Wang, Q & Zou, R 2017, 'Hydrogen Evolution: Metal–Organic Frameworks Derived Cobalt Phosphide Architecture Encapsulated into B/N Co‐Doped Graphene Nanotubes for All pH Value Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution (Adv. Energy Mater. 9/2017)', Advanced Energy Materials, vol. 7, no. 9.
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Tabassum, H, Guo, W, Meng, W, Mahmood, A, Zhao, R, Wang, Q & Zou, R 2017, 'Metal–Organic Frameworks Derived Cobalt Phosphide Architecture Encapsulated into B/N Co‐Doped Graphene Nanotubes for All pH Value Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution', Advanced Energy Materials, vol. 7, no. 9, pp. 1601671-1601671.
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Tabassum, H, Mahmood, A, Wang, Q, Xia, W, Liang, Z, Qiu, B, zhao, R & Zou, R 2017, 'Hierarchical Cobalt Hydroxide and B/N Co-Doped Graphene Nanohybrids Derived from Metal-Organic Frameworks for High Energy Density Asymmetric Supercapacitors', Scientific Reports, vol. 7, no. 1.
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AbstractTo cater for the demands of electrochemical energy storage system, the development of cost effective, durable and highly efficient electrode materials is desired. Here, a novel electrode material based on redox active β-Co(OH)2 and B, N co-doped graphene nanohybrid is presented for electrochemical supercapacitor by employing a facile metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) route through pyrolysis and hydrothermal treatment. The Co(OH)2 could be firmly stabilized by dual protection of N-doped carbon polyhedron (CP) and B/N co-doped graphene (BCN) nanosheets. Interestingly, the porous carbon and BCN nanosheets greatly improve the charge storage, wettability, and redox activity of electrodes. Thus the hybrid delivers specific capacitance of 1263 F g−1 at a current density of 1A g−1 with 90% capacitance retention over 5000 cycles. Furthermore, the new aqueous asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) was also designed by using Co(OH)2@CP@BCN nanohybrid and BCN nanosheets as positive and negative electrodes respectively, which leads to high energy density of 20.25 Whkg−1. This device also exhibits excellent rate capability with energy density of 15.55 Whkg−1 at power density of 9331 Wkg−1 coupled long termed stability up to 6000 cycles.

Tachapermpon, Y, Maniam, S, Wanichacheva, N & Langford, SJ 2017, 'New Di‐, Tri‐, and Tetra‐Core‐Functionalized Naphthalene Diimides from Reactions of Allyl Ethers with Lewis Acids', Asian Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 47-53.
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AbstractCore‐substituted NDIs bearing aryl allyl ethers have a predisposition to deallylation in the presence of Lewis Acids (LA). However, under certain conditions, with appropriate choice of LA, the reaction can be controlled to yield unexpected and highly functionalized dinaphthol systems through a [3,3]‐sigmatropic (Claisen) rearrangement. The major products of the rearrangement study have been characterized by X‐ray crystallographic analysis and the per‐substituted products are shown to undergo ring‐closing metathesis to form heterocyclic core‐extended NDIs. This study highlights a simple method to construct a series of important donor–acceptor building blocks for the preparation of new conjugated materials.

Tam, R, Heather, E, Shimmon, R, Lam, B & McDonagh, AM 2017, 'Synthesis and organic impurity profiling of 4-methoxymethamphetamine hydrochloride and its precursors', Forensic Science International, vol. 272, pp. 184-189.
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© 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd 4-Methoxymethamphetamine (PMMA) was synthesised from star anise and from 4-methoxytoluene and the organic impurity profiles examined. These two starting materials are unrestricted chemicals in many jurisdictions and contain the requisite functional groups and are thus well suited for clandestine manufacturers. trans-Anethole was extracted from star anise and oxidised to 4-methoxyphenyl-2-propanone (PMP2P). 4-Methoxytoluene was oxidised to anisaldehyde, converted to 4-methoxyphenyl-2-nitropropene, and then reduced to PMP2P. The PMP2P obtained by both methods was then converted to PMMA via the Leuckart reaction. 4-Methoxymethamphetamine hydrochloride (PMMA·HCl) was synthesised from PMMA using hydrogen chloride gas. Both of the examined synthetic methods were found to be feasible routes into PMMA·HCl. The products of each step were analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR). Impurities were examined in an attempt to identify route specific compounds, which may provide valuable information about the synthetic pathway and precursors.

Teng, Q, Jin, Y, Li, S, Zhu, J & Guo, Y 2017, 'GFTSM-based Model Predictive Torque Control for PMSM Drive System With Single Phase Current Sensor', Zidonghua Xuebao/Acta Automatica Sinica, vol. 43, no. 9, pp. 1644-1655.
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A global fast terminal sliding mode (GFTSM)-based model predictive torque control (MPTC) strategy is developed for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive system with only one phase current sensor. Generally two phase-current sensors are indispensable for MPTC. In response to only one phase current sensor available and the change of stator resistance, a novel adaptive observer for estimating the remaining two phase currents and time-varying stator resistance is proposed to perform MPTC. Moreover, in view of the variation of system parameters and external disturbance, a new GFTSM-based speed regulator is synthesized to enhance the drive system robustness. In this paper, the GFTSM, based on sliding mode theory, employs the fast terminal sliding mode in both the reaching stage and the sliding stage. The resultant GFTSM-based MPTC PMSM drive system with single phase current sensor has excellent dynamical performance which is very close to the GFTSM-based MPTC PMSM drive system with two-phase current sensors. On the other hand, compared with proportional-integral (PI)-based and sliding mode (SM)-based MPTC PMSM drive systems, it possesses better dynamical response and stronger robustness as well as smaller total harmonic distortion (THD) index of three-phase stator currents in the presence of variation of load torque. The simulation results validate the feasibility and efiectiveness of the proposed scheme.

Tian, H, Liu, H, Yang, T, Veder, J-P, Wang, G, Hu, M, Wang, S, Jaroniec, M & Liu, J 2017, 'Fabrication of core–shell, yolk–shell and hollow Fe₃O₄@carbon microboxes for high-performance lithium-ion batteries', Materials Chemistry Frontiers, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 823-830.
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Fe₃O₄@C microboxes with core–shell, yolk–shell and hollow structures were synthesized, the core–shell microboxes exhibited high specific capacity, good rate performance, and exceptional cycling stability.

Tian, H, Wang, S, Zhang, C, Veder, J-P, Pan, J, Jaroniec, M, Wang, L & Liu, J 2017, 'Design and synthesis of porous ZnTiO₃/TiO₂ nanocages with heterojunctions for enhanced photocatalytic H₂ production', Journal of Materials Chemistry A, vol. 5, no. 23, pp. 11615-11622.
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Unique mesoporous ZnTiO₃/TiO₂ hollow polyhedra with selectively located Pt nanoparticles have been designed and constructed for photocatalytic hydrogen production.

Tian, J, Wang, B, Zhao, F, Ma, X, Liu, Y, Liu, HK & Huang, Z 2017, 'Highly active Fe₃BO₆ as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries', Chemical Communications, vol. 53, no. 34, pp. 4698-4701.
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An efficient Fe₃BO₆ anode with high capacity and excellent rate capability is studied, for the first time, for sodium-ion batteries.

Tkacheva, A, McDonagh, A, Sun, B & Wang, G 2017, 'TEMPO-Substituted Ionic Liquids As Redox Mediators for High Performance Lithium-Oxygen Batteries', ECS Meeting Abstracts, vol. MA2017-02, no. 5, pp. 456-456.
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The performance of lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) batteries can be improved using redox mediators (RMs) to promote the decomposition of the insoluble, electronically insulating discharge product Li2O2 during the charging process. Homogenous RMs are expected to have a better performance in Li-O2 batteries than heterogeneous catalysts due to a larger contact area.1 Several redox mediators have been tested, including TEMPO and its derivatives.2 However, the use of Li-O2 batteries in many applications such as electric vehicles is still restricted due to electrolyte decomposition, flammability and volatility. In order to overcome these issues, ionic liquids have been successfully used as solvents for Li-O2 batteries.3, 4 In this project, we present TEMPO-substituted imidazolium ionic liquids that can perform the dual roles of solvent and redox mediator for Li-O2batteries (Figure 1). Figure 1. Structure and cyclic voltammograms of TEMPO-substituted imidazolium ionic liquids. Ionic liquids were prepared using modified literature procedures.5-7 Cyclic voltammetry of the ionic liquids in dimethylacetamide with 0.1 M lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide was performed using a CHI660D electrochemical workstation in combination with a conventional three-electrode cell. Figure 1 shows cyclic voltammograms for compounds with 4, 5, and 8 carbon atoms in the chains linking the TEMPO and imidazolium moieties. The ionic liquids undergo a reversible electrochemical oxidation reaction at ~0.5 V vs Ag/AgCl (~3.8 V vs Li/Li+) which means that they should be capable of oxidizing the discharge product Li2

Wan, X, Li, Y, Li, J, Liu, C & Zhu, J 2017, 'Orthogonal decomposition of core loss along rolling and transverse directions of non-grain oriented silicon steels', AIP Advances, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 056651-056651.
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Rotational core loss of the silicon steel laminations are measured under elliptical rotating excitation. The core loss decomposition model is very important in magnetic core design, in which the decomposition coefficients are calculated through the measurement data. By using the transformation of trigonometric function, the elliptical rotational magnetic flux can be decomposed into two parts along two directions. It is assumed that the rotating core loss is the sum of alternating core losses along rolling and transverse directions. The magnetic strength vector H of non-grain oriented (NGO) silicon steel 35WW270 along rolling and transverse directions is measured by a novel designed 3-D magnetic properties tester. Alternating core loss along the rolling, transverse directions and rotating core loss in the xoy-plane of this specimen in different frequencies such as 50 Hz, 100 Hz, and 200 Hz. Experimental results show that the core loss model is more accurate and useful to predict the total core loss.

Wang, AY, Zhu, JG & Shang, YQ 2017, 'Optimization ofiron core design for permanent-magnet synchronous machines with three-segment Halbach magnet array', Dianji yu Kongzhi Xuebao/Electric Machines and Control, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 37-43.
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Halbach magnet array and concentrated fractional-slot winding can enhance the output torque, and reduce the ripple torque of permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) to meet the demands of servo system for rapid response and high precision. However, the iron core needs to be redesigned. By the theory of Halbach, it established a PMSM model with three-segment Halbach magnet array, and analyzed the characteristics of air gap magnetic field to reduce the effects of the harmonic air-gap field and harmonic slot electromotive torque. The structural characteristics of the motor core were analyzed, and multiple critical dimensions for design variables were determined. A double layer optimization model was developed to maximize the electromagnetic torque and minimize the torque ripples. The finite element method was employed to calculate the magnetic field and the Taguchi method to simplify the design process. Finally, a multi-variable and multi-objective optimization process was implemented for design optimization of a servo motor with eight-poles and nine-slots.

Wang, T, Liu, C, Lei, G, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 2017, 'Model predictive direct torque control of permanent magnet synchronous motors with extended set of voltage space vectors', IET Electric Power Applications, vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 1376-1382.
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© The Institution of Engineering and Technology. The finite-control-set model predictive direct torque control (FCS-MPDTC) is a novel control scheme for permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). A key feature of FCS-MPDTC is that the eight possible voltage space vectors or switching combinations of the power converters are directly taken into account as the control input of the system. A cost function is used in FCS-MPDTC to evaluate each possible voltage space vector and the one with minimum cost is applied to the power converter. Due to the considerable torque and flux ripples, to improve the performance of FCS-MPDTC, this study presents an extended set of 20 modulated voltage space vectors with fixed duty ratio. For further improvement, a larger set size can be chosen, but this requires a larger computing power. To mitigate the computational burden caused by increased number of voltage space vectors, a pre-selective scheme is designed for the proposed FCS-MPDTC to filter out the impractical voltage vectors instead of evaluating all 20 voltage space vectors. The drive system efficiencies of conventional direct torque control, conventional FCS-MPDTC and proposed method are investigated. The theory and simulation are validated by experimental results on a PMSM prototype.

Wang, T, Liu, C, Xu, W, Lei, G, Jafari, M, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 2017, 'Fabrication and Experimental Analysis of an Axially Laminated Flux-Switching Permanent-Magnet Machine', IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 1081-1091.
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© 1982-2012 IEEE. The traditional flux-switching permanent-magnet machines (FSPMMs) with radial lamination have serious partial magnetic saturation for their nonlinear magnetic path, where the maximal flux density is usually more than 2.0 T occurring at the edges/tips of stator teeth or rotor poles. In this case, the core loss of FSPMMs becomes evident especially beyond the rated speed, which leads to decrease of output power, torque/power density, and efficiency. To overcome these problems, an axially laminated flux-switching permanent-magnet machine (ALFSPMM) with high grain-oriented silicon steel stator and rotor cores is proposed. The detailed fabrication procedures are presented in this paper. The theoretical characteristics of the ALFSPMM, such as back electromotive force, self-/mutual inductance, and cogging torque are calculated by the two-dimensional finite-element method (FEM). The influence of misalignment between the stator core and the rotor shaft (a common issue in motor manufacturing) is investigated by the FEM. Experimental measurements of the prototype machine are presented to validate the FEM calculation. In addition, a simple low-cost method to measure the cogging torque is also presented in this paper.

Wang, Y, Wang, C, Guo, H, Wang, Y & Huang, Z 2017, 'A nitrogen-doped three-dimensional carbon framework for high performance sodium ion batteries', RSC Advances, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1588-1592.
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A nitrogen-doped three-dimensional carbon framework is synthesized, and shows good Na⁺ storage performance with excellent rate capability.

Williams, SG, Bhadbhade, M, Bishop, R & Ung, AT 2017, 'An alkaloid-like 3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-ene library obtained from the bridged Ritter reaction', Tetrahedron, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 116-128.
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Williams, SG, Bhadbhade, M, Bishop, R & Ung, AT 2017, 'Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Unexpected (1S,4R,5R,6S)-4-Cyano-2,2,6-trimethyl-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-6-yl Acetate', Australian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 70, no. 12, pp. 1269-1269.
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The reaction of (–)-β-pinene with KCN under a mild bridged Ritter reaction gave (1S,5R,6S)-2,2,6-trimethyl-3-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-en-6-yl acetate that subsequently reacted to provide an unexpected (1S,4R,5R,6S)-4-cyano-2,2,6-trimethyl-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-6-yl acetate. The structure of the compound was determined by high-resolution mass spectrometry, and IR and NMR spectroscopy and confirmed by single crystal X-ray crystallography. The compound crystallises in the monoclinic P21 space group, with unit cell parameters a 8.6120 (17), b 7.4570 (15), c 11.189 (2) Å, and β 110.16 (3)°.

Xie, F, Zhang, L, Su, D, Jaroniec, M & Qiao, S 2017, 'Na₂Ti₃O₇@N‐Doped Carbon Hollow Spheres for Sodium‐Ion Batteries with Excellent Rate Performance', Advanced Materials, vol. 29, no. 24, pp. 1700989-1700989.
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Uniform Na2Ti3O7 hollow spheres assembled from N‐doped carbon‐coated ultrathin nanosheets are synthesized. A unique multilayer structure of nanosheets is presumed to significantly reduce energy consumption during the diffusion process of sodium ions, while the carbon‐coated structure can increase the overall conductivity. The as‐prepared sample used as an anode in sodium‐ion batteries exhibits the best rate performance ever reported for Na2Ti3O7, delivering more than 60 mAh g−1 after 1000 continuous cycles at the high rate of 50 C, which was achieved due to its unique structure.

Xu, W, Duan, N, Wang, S, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 2017, 'Modeling and Measurement of Magnetic Hysteresis of Soft Magnetic Composite Materials Under Different Magnetizations', IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 2459-2467.
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© 1982-2012 IEEE. The soft magnetic composite (SMC) materials and their application in electromagnetic devices have undergone significant development due to their unique advantages, such as low eddy-current loss, quasi-isotropy of mechanical and magnetic properties, low cost, and low material consumption during the production process. However, the magnetic properties of the SMC materials are very different from that of the laminated SiFe materials, which are particularly challenging for the design and application of electrical machines. This paper presents the modeling and measurement of magnetic properties of the SMC materials under both alternating and rotational magnetic excitations. Based on the underlying magnetization mechanisms, a vectorial elemental operator with biaxial anisotropy is introduced, and the concept of distribution function is utilized to describe the density of operators in the specimen. To verify this proposed model, the magnetic hysteresis of the SMC material is simulated and compared with the experimental results obtained by the three-dimensional magnetic property measurement system. The good agreement shows the validity and practicability of this vectorial elemental operator.

Xu, X, Rawling, T, Roseblade, A, Bishop, R & Ung, AT 2017, 'Antiproliferative activities of alkaloid-like compounds', MedChemComm, vol. 8, no. 11, pp. 2105-2114.
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Tricyclic alkaloid-like compounds were synthesised in a few steps, via the bridging Ritter reaction.

Young, C, Salunkhe, RR, Alshehri, SM, Ahamad, T, Huang, Z, Henzie, J & Yamauchi, Y 2017, 'High energy density supercapacitors composed of nickel cobalt oxide nanosheets on nanoporous carbon nanoarchitectures', Journal of Materials Chemistry A, vol. 5, no. 23, pp. 11834-11839.
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This work demonstrates a simple approach to the development of NiCo₂O₄ and nanoporous carbon composites for high-performance supercapacitor application.

Young, NA, Drew, SC, Maniam, S & Langford, SJ 2017, 'Systematically Studying the Effect of Fluoride on the Properties of Cyclophanes Bearing Naphthalene Diimide and Dialkoxyaryl Groups', Chemistry – An Asian Journal, vol. 12, no. 13, pp. 1668-1675.
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AbstractAnion–π interactions between the Lewis basic anion fluoride and π‐acidic naphthalene diimide was systematically studied in a series of cyclophanes in which the properties are modulated through the influence of a second, electron‐rich aromatic unit. The systems and subsequently generated radical anions, upon addition of fluoride, were studied by absorption spectroscopic and EPR techniques. The results infer a modulation as a result of the nature and strength of the π–π interaction in the macrocyclic structure.

Zhang, C, Li, Y, Li, J, Yang, Q & Zhu, J 2017, 'Measurement of Three-Dimensional Magnetic Properties With Feedback Control and Harmonic Compensation', IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 2476-2485.
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© 2016 IEEE. Three-dimensional (3-D) magnetic fluxes exist in rotating electric machines and T-joints of three-phase power transformers, and may cause local overheating in these devices. In this paper, 3-D magnetic properties of the core materials are measured by an improved 3-D magnetic property tester. First, the 3-D magnetization system is modeled by the voltage and flux linkage equations. Their parameters including the self and mutual inductances and nonlinear impedance are analyzed by the finite element analysis and measured by experiments. Second, a magnetic feedback method in the frequency domain is proposed to obtain the desired magnetization loci. Third, when the specimen is in deep magnetic saturation, the harmonics of magnetic flux density waveform would affect the shape of the corresponding magnetic field strength loci and the accuracy of loss computation. Thus, a waveform compensation method is proposed to eliminate the effects of harmonics. Fourth, the tensor effects of H coils are eliminated by averaging the results of clockwise and counterclockwise rotational experiments. Finally, the 3-D magnetic test system with feedback control, harmonics compensation, and automated data processing is developed. By using the 3-D magnetic tester, samples of nonoriented silicon sheet steel are measured with various excitation models and the results are more reliable than those obtained by experiments without feedback and harmonics compensation.

Zhang, C, Zhu, JG, Tong, WM & Han, XY 2017, 'Strength analysis and design of high speed interior permanent magnet rotor', Dianji yu Kongzhi Xuebao/Electric Machines and Control, vol. 21, no. 12, pp. 43-50.
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In order to solve the problem of high speed centrifugal force, the rotor strength is analyzed for the design of interior permanent magnet rotor. Based on the principle of rotor centrifugal force, the analytical formula of rotor strength was deduced. The correctness of analytical calculation was verified by finite element method. In order to improve the mechanical reliability of the rotor, the rotor segment structure was adopted. The extra magnetic rib can disperse the centrifugal force of rotor. Also, the effect of rib number and size on the strength and leakage performance was analyzed by finite element method. The design rules of the segmented rotor were summarized. Based on the analysis of rotor strength and electromagnetic, a high speed interior permanent magnet rotor with rated power of 15 kW and maximum speed of 30000 r/min was designed and tested. It provides references for the design of high speed interior permanent magnet rotor.

Zhang, J, Sun, B, McDonagh, AM, Zhao, Y, Kretschmer, K, Guo, X & Wang, G 2017, 'A multi-functional gel co-polymer bridging liquid electrolyte and solid cathode nanoparticles: An efficient route to Li–O 2 batteries with improved performance', Energy Storage Materials, vol. 7, pp. 1-7.
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© 2016 Lithium-oxygen (Li–O2) batteries have the highest theoretical energy density amongst all rechargeable batteries and have attracted significant attention. However, large over-potentials originating from sluggish reaction kinetics often lead to low round-trip energy efficiency and short cycle life. We report here a novel multi-functional gel co-polymer that efficiently enhances the discharge and charge performances in Li–O2 batteries by intimately connecting the liquid electrolyte and solid cathode nanoparticles. On one hand, the co-polymer material, poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy-4-yl methacrylate-co-methyl methacrylate) (P(TMA-MMA)), functions as a binder during the fabrication of the cathode and forms a gel polymer membrane to retain liquid electrolyte and to increase ionic conductivity. On the other hand, the TMA units, containing N–O radical groups that catalyse Li2O2 formation and decomposition during charge and discharge cycles, are distributed throughout the polymer membrane. This allows more effective formation and decomposition of Li2O2 than surface bound catalytic units. The combination of gelable MMA and catalytic TMA moieties enhances the interface between liquid electrolyte and solid cathode by functioning as a medium both to transport Li+ (enhancing discharge process) and to carry electrons (reducing charge over-potential). Consequently, the optimized P(TMA-MMA) co-polymers provide exceptional electrochemical performance in Li–O2 batteries.

Zhang, J, Sun, B, Zhao, Y, Kretschmer, K & Wang, G 2017, 'Modified Tetrathiafulvalene as an Organic Conductor for Improving Performances of Li−O₂ Batteries', Angewandte Chemie, vol. 129, no. 29, pp. 8625-8629.
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AbstractLarge over‐potentials owing to the sluggish kinetics of battery reactions have always been the drawbacks of Li−O2 batteries, which lead to short cycle life. Although redox mediators have been intensively investigated to overcome this issue, side‐reactions are generally induced by the solvated nature of redox mediators. Herein, we report an alternative method to achieve more efficient utilization of tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) in Li−O2 batteries. By coordinating TTF+ with LiCl during charging, an organic conductor TTF+Clx− precipitate covers Li2O2 to provide an additional electron‐transfer pathway on the surface, which can significantly reduce the charge over‐potential, improve the energy efficiency of Li−O2 batteries, and eliminate side‐reactions between the lithium metal anode and TTF+. When a porous graphene electrode is used, the Li−O2 battery combined with TTF and LiCl shows an outstanding performance and prolonged cycle life.

Zhang, J, Sun, B, Zhao, Y, Kretschmer, K & Wang, G 2017, 'Modified Tetrathiafulvalene as an Organic Conductor for Improving Performances of Li−O₂ Batteries', Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol. 56, no. 29, pp. 8505-8509.
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AbstractLarge over‐potentials owing to the sluggish kinetics of battery reactions have always been the drawbacks of Li−O2 batteries, which lead to short cycle life. Although redox mediators have been intensively investigated to overcome this issue, side‐reactions are generally induced by the solvated nature of redox mediators. Herein, we report an alternative method to achieve more efficient utilization of tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) in Li−O2 batteries. By coordinating TTF+ with LiCl during charging, an organic conductor TTF+Clx− precipitate covers Li2O2 to provide an additional electron‐transfer pathway on the surface, which can significantly reduce the charge over‐potential, improve the energy efficiency of Li−O2 batteries, and eliminate side‐reactions between the lithium metal anode and TTF+. When a porous graphene electrode is used, the Li−O2 battery combined with TTF and LiCl shows an outstanding performance and prolonged cycle life.

Zhang, X, Li, P, Zang, R, Wang, S, Zhu, Y, Li, C & Wang, G 2017, 'Antimony/Porous Biomass Carbon Nanocomposites as High‐Capacity Anode Materials for Sodium‐Ion Batteries', Chemistry – An Asian Journal, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 116-121.
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AbstractAntimony/porous biomass carbon nanocomposites have been prepared by a chemical reduction method and applied as anodes for sodium‐ion batteries. The porous biomass carbon derived from a black fungus had a large Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area of 2233 m2 g−1 in which antimony nanoparticles were uniformly distributed in the porous carbon. The as‐prepared antimony/porous biomass carbon nanocomposites exhibited a high reversible sodium storage capacity of 567 mA h g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1, extended cycling stability, and good rate capability.

Zhao, R, Xia, W, Lin, C, Sun, J, Mahmood, A, Wang, Q, Qiu, B, Tabassum, H & Zou, R 2017, 'A pore-expansion strategy to synthesize hierarchically porous carbon derived from metal-organic framework for enhanced oxygen reduction', Carbon, vol. 114, pp. 284-290.
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Zhao, Y, Zhang, J, Guo, X, Fan, H, Wu, W, Liu, H & Wang, G 2017, 'Fe₃C@nitrogen doped CNT arrays aligned on nitrogen functionalized carbon nanofibers as highly efficient catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction', Journal of Materials Chemistry A, vol. 5, no. 37, pp. 19672-19679.
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Fe₃C based catalysts are found to be one of the most promising electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER).

Zhu, G, Zhu, Y, Tong, W, Han, X & Zhu, J 2017, 'Thermal Analysis Techniques of Finite Formulation Method and the Application on Permanent Magnet Machines', Zhongguo Dianji Gongcheng Xuebao/Proceedings of the Chinese Society of Electrical Engineering, vol. 37, pp. 152-161.
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The working performance of a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) is directly decided by the temperature rise distribution, thus making thermal analysis a key point in machine design. According to the fundamental principles of the finite formulation method (FFM) and the heat transfer theory, the implementation methods of the common boundary conditions in thermal analyses were presented. A FFM based high-precision model of the convective heat transfer boundary was established and illustrated in this paper. The temperature field of a 2D standard compute instance was analyzed by the original convective model and the modified one exhibited in this paper. Calculation Errors were discussed that confirmed the study. The 3-D temperature field distribution of a 2.1kW PMSM with an amorphous alloy (AA) core was analyzed by FFM and FEM with the same set of grids. Through the analyses between numerical results and the experimental ones, the superiority and the reliability of the FFM based thermal analysis techniques were confirmed. This paper has a reference value for the thermal analyses of PMSMs utilizing AA cores.

Zhu, G, Zhu, Y, Zhu, J, Tong, W & Han, X 2017, 'A Modified Thermal Rewind Model of Permanent Magnet Motors Based on Finite Formulation Method', Diangong Jishu Xuebao/Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, vol. 32, no. 16, pp. 136-144.
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The amorphous alloy (AA) lamination has attracted extensive research attentions in motor design because of its superior characteristics of high magnetic conductivity and low power loss density. Since the motors utilizing AA cores are mostly operated under the frequency conversion control systems, the heat generated may cause high temperature rises and limit the thrust output. The field analysis of thermal behavior of a 7kW axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) motor with an AA core is embedded with a double-circulation procedure. The inner loop of the system is used to verify the fluid temperature. The outer loop is used to judge veracity of losses, heat conductivity coefficients, and heat convection coefficients. The temperature field analysis technique based on cell method (CM), also known as finite formulation method (FFM), is modified to simplify the rewind process of heat conductivity coefficients and reduce the computing work introduced by iteration. The calculation system is validated by experiments, and proves to be a valid and simple candidate for temperature distribution analysis of AFPM motors utilizing AA cores.

Zhu, G, Zhu, Y, Zhu, J, Tong, W & Han, X 2017, 'Thermal Analysis and Cooling System Design of a Permanent Magnet Traction Motor Using Computational Fluid Dynamics and Cell Method', Diangong Jishu Xuebao/Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 70-77.
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The rare earth permanent magnet synchronous machine(PMSM)has attracted extensive research attentions in the field of track transportation because of its superior characteristics of high efficiency and high power density.Because of its totally enclosed type mechanical structure, the load carrying capability is limited by the cooling system.This paper presents a design method of the auto circulating air-air cooling system for a permanent magnet traction motor with totally enclosed structure.Through an analysis of parameter sensitivities, the structural parameters of the cooling system are determined to maintain the temperature rise, maintenance demand, and cost within the acceptable engineering design limit.Finally, the finite formulation method(FFM)is used to analyze the 3-D thermal field distribution of the machine for determining the dimensions of the final structure.The results are verified by the 3-D computational fluid dynamics(CFD)analysis.

Zhu, L, Khachadorian, S, Hoffmann, A, Phillips, MR & Ton-That, C 2017, 'Chemical, vibrational and optical signatures of nitrogen in ZnO nanowires', Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, vol. 69, pp. 57-61.
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© 2016 Elsevier Ltd ZnO nanowires with various concentrations of nitrogen molecules have been fabricated by remote plasma annealing. X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) reveals that nitrogen exists mainly in two chemical states: atomic nitrogen substituting oxygen (NO) and molecular nitrogen (N2) weakly bound to the ZnO lattice; the latter state increases substantially with prolonged plasma time. Cathodoluminescence microanalysis of individual nanowires reveals a broad emission band at 3.24 eV at 10 K, attributable to the recombination of a shallow donor and a N2 acceptor state. The Raman modes at 547 and 580 cm−1 from the N-doped nanowires are found to rise in proportion to the N2 concentration, indicating they are related to N2 molecules or defects caused by the incorporation of N2 in the nanowires.

Zhu, L, Lem, LLC, Nguyen, T-P, Fair, K, Ali, S, Ford, MJ, Phillips, MR & Ton-That, C 2017, 'Indirect excitons in hydrogen-doped ZnO', Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol. 50, no. 11, pp. 115104-115104.
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© 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd. We present a correlative experimental and theoretical study of bound excitons in hydrogen-doped ZnO, with a particular focus on the dynamics of their metastable state confined in the sub-surface region, using a combination of surface-sensitive characterisation techniques and density functional theory calculations. A metastable sub-surface emission at 3.31 eV found in H-doped ZnO is attributed to the radiative recombination of indirect excitons localised at basal plane stacking faults (BSFs) where the excitonic transition involves electrons bound to bond-centre hydrogen donors in the potential well of the BSF. Additionally, our work shows the electrical transport of ZnO Schottky junctions is dominated by electrons confined at BSFs in the near-surface region.

Zhu, L, Zhu, J, Tong, W & Han, X 2017, 'Analytical Calculation of Harmonic Losses of an Axial Flux Amorphous Motor Caused by PWM Inverter Supplying', Diangong Jishu Xuebao/Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, vol. 32, no. 16, pp. 115-123.
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Amorphous alloys are considered as an appropriate core material for high-frequency motors because of their outstanding low power loss characteristics. When supplied by a PWM inverter, however, the harmonic losses of high-frequency motors will enormously increase. The key for designing and optimizing an amorphous alloy axial-flux permanent magnet motor is the fast and accurate calculation of harmonic losses during the original designing stage. In this paper, because of the large time consuming of three dimensional time step finite element analysis method, the present multilayer coupled model is further improved. An analytical method of air gap flux density is derived which can take high order carrier harmonics into account. The analytical methods of stator core losses and rotor eddy current losses are then deduced in consideration of the influence of eddy current reaction. The analytical calculation results of harmonic losses are compared with measured results and those obtained by the three dimensional FEA method. It is shown that the average calculation error of rotor losses is 9.69%, which means the improved analytical method features in high accuracy.

Zhu, L, Zhu, J, Tong, W & Han, X 2017, 'Analytical Method of No-Load Iron Losses of Axial Flux Amorphous Alloy Permanent Magnet Motor', Zhongguo Dianji Gongcheng Xuebao/Proceedings of the Chinese Society of Electrical Engineering, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 923-930.
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The core loss of axial flux permanent magnet motor will decrease a lot when the silicon steel core is replaced by the amorphous alloy core in consideration of the outstanding low power loss characteristics of amorphous alloy material, but the loss structure of amorphous alloy motor will be different from the silicon steel motor. The key for design and optimization an amorphous alloy axial flux permanent magnet motor is the fast and accurate calculation of no load iron losses during the original designing stage. In this paper, because of the large time consuming of three dimensional time step finite element analysis method, the present multilayer coupled model was further improved, the analytical methods of air gap flux density, stator core loss and permanent magnet eddy current loss were derived, and an analytical model of no load iron losses was then established. The analytical calculation results were compared with the results obtained by three dimensional FEA method, and it is shown that, the average calculation error of no load iron losses is 9.42%. The influences of slot width and air gap length to the no load losses were analyzed using the proposed analytical method, and the results show that, it is more effective to reduce the iron losses by narrowing the slot width.

Zhu, LF, Zhu, JG, Tong, WM & Han, XY 2017, 'Analysis of characteristics of power losses and efficiency of amorphous alloy permanent magnet motor', Dianji yu Kongzhi Xuebao/Electric Machines and Control, vol. 21, no. 7.
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In order to study the characteristics of power losses and efficiency of the permanent magnet motor when the silicon steel core is replaced by the amorphous alloy core, two permanent magnet motors are produced which have the same specifications. One core of the motors is made of silicon steel sheet and the other core of the motors is made of amorphous alloy material. The characteristics of power losses and efficiency of the two motors were measured at the same operating situation. Power losses were also analyzed at various load ratios by using finite element analysis. The results show that, the core loss of amorphous alloy motor is lower than that of the silicon steel motor when the load is light, and the efficiency of amorphous alloy motor is superior to silicon steel motor. But with the increase of load ratio, the core of amorphous alloy motor is poorly saturated, the waveform of MMF distorts a lot, and the losses caused by MMF harmonics are higher in amorphous alloy motor than that in the silicon steel motor, which leads to a reduction of superiority of efficiency with the increase of load ratio.

Zhu, Y, Xu, G, Zhang, X, Wang, S, Li, C & Wang, G 2017, 'Hierarchical porous carbon derived from soybean hulls as a cathode matrix for lithium-sulfur batteries', Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 695, pp. 2246-2252.
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Abuhilaleh, M, Li, L, Begum, M & Zhu, J 1970, 'Power management and control strategy for hybrid AC/DC microgrids in autonomous operation mode', 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), IEEE, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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© 2017 IEEE. The hybrid AC/DC microgrid structure is considered to be the future trend of power systems, due to the vital necessity of connecting more renewable energy sources and storage elements to supply modern AC and DC loads. This paper proposes a power sharing and control strategy for hybrid AC/DC microgrids using the droop control technique. A new structure of the hybrid microgrid is suggested by connecting different AC, and DC sub-grids by an interlinking converter. This can be symbolized by a bi-directional converter that acts as a rectifier when power flows from the AC sub-grid to the DC subgrid. And operates as an inverter when power flows from the DC subgrid to the AC one. The proposed structure and power management strategy also allow power flows between DC sides of the system through the AC subgrid as a common bus. Five scenarios of transferring power from one sub-grid to another are studied using. MATLAB/Simulink. The results indicate a high level of the system's felexibility in managing th power flow.

Aghdam, MM, Aguilera, RP, Li, L & Zhu, J 1970, 'Fuzzy-based self-tuning model predictive direct power control of grid-connected multilevel converters', 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), IEEE, Sydney, NSW, Australia, pp. 1-6.
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© 2017 IEEE. This paper proposes a self-tuning model predictive direct power control (MPDPC) strategy for power flow control and power quality improvement in grid-connected power converters. At each sampling instant, a fuzzy logic controller is used to determine online the best weighting factor values for a given operating point. These values are then used to solve the multi-objective optimal control problem associated to the MPDPC. The optimal solution that minimizes the multi-objective cost function is chosen as the input (power switch state). The proposed method is examined through a case study and verified numerically via MAT LAB SIMULINK. A comparative study is conducted to demonstrate the effective performance of this approach. As a result of the proposed weighting factor online tuning, an improved performance in terms of total harmonic distortion and average switching frequency is attained when compared with fixed weighting factors.

Aghdam, MM, Li, L, Zhu, J, He, T & Zhang, J 1970, 'Time-delayed model predictive direct power control for vehicle to grid and grid to vehicle applications', IECON 2017 - 43rd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, IECON 2017 - 43rd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, IEEE, Beijing, China, pp. 4662-4667.
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© 2017 IEEE. This paper presents a time-delayed model predictive control for power converters used in vehicle to grid and grid to vehicle systems. Finite-based model predictive control has proven to be an alternate digital control method for power converters. However, there are some real-time implementation issues, including specifically time delay, that have to be addressed in order to achieve the system reliability and stability as well as better performance. The proposed method compensates the delay time arising from measuring, calculating, and applying the optimal control sequence in the digital processor. In this way, the delay time is considered in the system input and optimal switching states are applied to the converter once they are available. The proposed method is studied through two benchmarks and verified numerically via MATLAB/Simulink.

Asari, A, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 1970, 'Magnetic properties measurement of soft magnetic composite material (SOMALOY 700) by using 3-D tester', AIP Conference Proceedings, INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON APPLIED PHYSICS AND ENGINEERING (ICAPE2016): Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Applied Physics and Engineering, Author(s), Penang, Malaysia.
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© 2017 Author(s). Core losses of rotating electrical machine can be predicted by identifying the magnetic properties of the magnetic material. The magnetic properties should be properly measured since there are some variations of vector flux density in the rotating machine. In this paper, the SOMALOY 700 material has been measured under x, y and z- axes flux density penetration by using the 3-D tester. The calibrated sensing coils are used in detecting the flux densities which have been generated by the Labview software. The measured sensing voltages are used in obtaining the magnetic properties of the sample such as magnetic flux density B, magnetic field strength H, hysteresis loop which can be used to calculate the total core loss of the sample. The results of the measurement are analyzed by using the Mathcad software before being compared to another material.

Asari, AR, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 1970, 'Measurement of magnetic properties of soft magnetic composite material (SOMALOY 700) by using 3-D magnetic tester', 19th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, ICEMS 2016, International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, IEEE, Chiba, Japan, pp. 1-5.
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Core loss for rotating electrical machine can be predicted by identifying the magnetic properties of the particular magnetic material. The magnetic properties should be properly measured since there are some variations of vector flux density in the rotating machine. In this paper, a kind of soft magnetic composite material, SOMALOY 700, has been measured under one axis flux density penetration by using a 3-D magnetic tester. The LabVIEW has been used to measure the induced voltages of B (magnetic flux density) and H (magnetic field strength) sensing coils. The voltages are used in obtaining the magnetic properties of the sample such as B, H, hysteresis loop and core loss by using the Mathcad software.

Begum, M, Abuhilaleh, M, Li, L & Zhu, J 1970, 'Distributed secondary voltage regulation for autonomous microgrid', 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), IEEE, Sydney.
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© 2017 IEEE. This research addresses the control problem of microgrids and presents a robust distributed secondary control system for voltage regulation of an islanded microgrid with droop-controlled and inverter-based distributed generators (DGs). A consensus-based distributed control approach is proposed to restore the voltage and frequency of the islanded microgrid to the reference values for all DGs within a very short time. The proposed method is flexible to system topology variations which AIDS the plug-and-play operation of microgrid. An autonomous micogrid test system consisting of four DGs is constructed in MATLAB using SimPowerSystem Toolbox to test the proposed design method, and the simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. The performance of the proposed controller is shown through several test case studies.

Farrok, O, Islam, MR, Sheikh, MRI, Guo, Y, Zhu, J & Lei, G 1970, 'A novel method to avoid degradation due to demagnetization of PM linear generators for oceanic wave energy extraction', 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), IEEE, Sydney, AUSTRALIA.
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© 2017 IEEE. Demagnetization is one of the noticeable problems in almost every permanent magnet linear generator (PMLG) for oceanic wave energy conversion. To avoid the degradation of electrical power generation capability, a PMLG with a new feature of variable air gap length is proposed in this paper. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, a PMLG has been designed which is simulated for both the fixed and variable air gaps. The finite element analysis is performed for simulation for analysis of the PMLG with the conventional and the proposed methods by using the software package ANSYS/Ansoft. The voltage, current, power, magnetic flux density, and force components of the PMLG are analyzed and discussed. The simulation results show that the new method can effectively avoid the demagnetization problem.

He, T, Zhu, J, Dah-Chuan Lu, D, Zheng, L, Aghdam, MM & Zhang, J 1970, 'Comparison study of electric vehicles charging stations with AC and DC buses for bidirectional power flow in smart car parks', IECON 2017 - 43rd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, IECON 2017 - 43rd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, IEEE, Beijing, China, pp. 4609-4614.
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© 2017 IEEE. This paper presents a comparison study of AC bus and DC bus topologies for electric vehicle (EV) battery chargers in smart car parks. The two charger systems are compared from two aspects: the features from the user side and the power quality on the grid side. Considering the system reliability, cost, size and conversion stage, the pros and cons of AC and DC buses systems are introduced and summarized. To compare the electric parameters of the power quality, model predictive control (MPC) algorithm is proposed and applied to operate in grid-to-vehicle (G2V), vehicle-to-grid (V2G), vehicle-for-grid (V4G) modes. An cost function is designed in MPC to track the active and reactive powers references provided by the main grid. The controllers for AC and DC buses to determine the the active and reactive powers relationships among the grid, charging stations and the storage system are designed, respectively. In terms of power ripple, total harmonic distortion (THD) and execute time, comparative simulations of the two topologies are performed under the proposed operations in Matlab/Simulink. The obtained results show that both the two system structures can operate effectively and the commands from the grid and EVs customers can be satisfied. Fast dynamic performance and good steady-state response are achieved in two systems. However, the power ripple, THD, and the execute time obtained from DC bus topology are much lower compared with the AC bus system.

Hu, D, Xu, W, Lei, G & Zhu, J 1970, 'Design and control optimization of linear induction motor drive for efficiency improvement', 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-6.
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© 2017 IEEE. Linear induction motor (LIM) drive suffers heavily from low efficiency due to its large air-gap length, the end-effects, and the partial load working conditions. Therefore, an optimization method is proposed in this paper to improve the LIM drive operating efficiency from both design and control levels. First, the genetic algorithm (GA) is applied to design optimization of LIM to attain higher efficiency and power factor. Second, a novel loss model for LIM drive is proposed to analyze both LIM loss and inverter loss. Third, efficiency optimization control (EOC) scheme based on the loss model is put forward to improve the LIM drive working efficiency. Simulations and experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method in efficiency improvement of LIM drive under various operation conditions.

Khademlahashy, A, Li, L, Every, J & Zhu, J 1970, 'A review on protection issues in micro-grids embedded with distribution generations', 2017 12th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), 2017 12th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), IEEE, Siem Reap, Cambodia, pp. 913-918.
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© 2017 IEEE. According to recent developments, the application of distributed generations (DGs) has become popular especially in distribution systems. The high utilization of distributed generating resources in modern power systems can cause new challenges from protection coordination perspectives. Changing the distribution system structure from single-supply radial system to multi-source ring network, leads to the bidirectional power flow and also has a vital impact on protection coordination issues. In addition, micro-grids can be operated under grid-connected as well as islanded mode, and fault current is extensively different for these two operation modes. Therefore, traditional protection algorithms cannot be used in the advancement of power systems. In recent years, several research studies have been conducted to investigate the improvement of protection schemes in micro-grids. This paper presents a comprehensive review on protection problems resulting from micro-grids embedded with DGs, and discusses some alternate protection strategies.

Khan, SA, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 1970, 'Model predictive control applied to a single phase seven-level active rectifier', 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-6.
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© 2017 IEEE. This paper presents an improved single phase seven-level active rectifier architecture controlled by finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC). The FCS-MPC is designed to enable power conversion with a unity power factor and generate seven level voltage waveform at the input. The proposed active rectifier architecture reduces harmonic contents of the rectifier input current by producing different voltage levels at the rectifier input. Owing to the architecture and multilevel operation, it reduces the EMI filter size, input current harmonic, the voltage rating on devices and switching losses that are lower than those of conventional three-level rectifier topologies. The proposed converter can also be operated as a multilevel inverter. Extensive simulation results are presented to verify the proposed converter when the load changes, the reference active and reactive power changes.

Lei, G, Li, Y, Liu, C, Ma, B, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 1970, 'Application-oriented design optimization of flux-switching PM motors', 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-4.
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© 2017 IEEE. Flux-switching permanent magnet machines (FSPMMs) have been investigated for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). This paper presents an optimal FSPMM with 12 stator poles to meet the minimal performance specifications required by the drive machine in the 2010 Prius HEV. After a qualitative analysis based on size equation to briefly compare performances of FSPMMs with four rotor topology structures, a quantitative analysis method based on multilevel optimization method and finite element analysis model is presented to obtain an accurate performance comparison. It is found that FSPMMs with different topology structures have different optimal structural parameters, and the optimal one with 13 rotor poles has the best performances in terms of output power and efficiency among four different rotor structures. The proposed method can be employed as an accurate design optimization and comparison method for FSPMMs with different topology structures and highly dimensional structural optimization parameters.

Li, A, Li, Y, Zhang, C, Yang, Q & Zhu, J 1970, 'Design of a novel high frequency 2-D magnetic tester with nanocrystalline material', 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-5.
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© 2017 IEEE. The rotating magnetic properties of nanocrystalline materials at high frequencies play an important role in design and optimization of high frequency transformers with large capacity and high performance. In this paper, a novel high frequency rotating magnetic properties tester is designed, which is applied to measure the high frequency rotating magnetic properties of nanocrystalline materials. By changing the shape of the core, a new magnetic circuit structure is designed, which reduces the difficulty in assembly of the magnetic cores and improves the stability of the test system. A layer winding with copper foil is designed to ensure the accurate simulation of the high frequency rotating magnetic field. The influence of sample size and winding position on excitation effect is analyzed by finite element simulation. The magnetic circuit structure is optimized and the feasibility of the scheme is verified.

Liu, C, Ma, B, Lei, G, Guo, Y, Wang, Y & Zhu, J 1970, 'Development of a new low cost transverse flux-flux switching permanent magnet machine with soft magnetic composite cores and ferrite magnets', 2017 IEEE International Magnetics Conference (INTERMAG), 2017 IEEE International Magnetics Conference (INTERMAG), IEEE, Dublin, Ireland.
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© 2017 IEEE. Soft magnetic composite (SMC) material is a new soft magnetic material, now it is popular in the designing of permanent magnet machine where high operation frequency and 3-D flux path required, due to its advantages of low eddy current loss and magnetic isotropy.

Liu, C, Wang, Y, Lei, G, Ma, B, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 1970, 'Manufacturing processes of soft magnetic composite cores for permanent magnet machines', 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-6.
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© 2017 IEEE. By using the low mass density compaction, the electrical machine with soft magnetic composite (SMC) cores has shown its great advantage of the low manufacturing cost over that with silicon steels, especially in the mass production. For the laboratory prototype, wire cutting method is widely used to build the SMC cores for electrical machine. However, cutting the SMC preform block can destroy the magnetic properties of the SMC material, making that the electrical machine made in the laboratory cannot have the same performance as that in the mass production. To minimize the gap between the laboratory prototype and the mass production, the SMC cores should be made by the die compaction. However, to achieve high mass density, the compact pressure must be high and the productivity is low. On the other hand, low mass density compaction would greatly increase the productivity, but the core performance may deteriorate, which can be dealt with careful design and optimization of electrical machine. This paper presents our recent investigation on the manufacturing process of soft magnetic cores. The details of designing the die tools and building the SMC cores by using these tools are described.

Liu, C, Wang, Y, Lei, G, Ma, B, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 1970, 'Parameter analysis of a new AFIPM for light electric vehicle application', 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-5.
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© 2017 IEEE. The electrical machines are gaining more and more attentions nowadays, especially for the electric vehicle application. Compared with the radial flux machine, the axial flux machine can have higher torque density and efficiency due to its tight structure. However, most of the axial flux machines are designed with the surface mounted permanent magnets (PMs) rotor, where the reluctance torque ability is reduced. To improve the torque ability of the axial flux machine, a new axial flux interior permanent magnet machine (AFIPM) is proposed and analyzed in this paper. The rotor of the proposed AFIPM is manufactured by the rolling the electrical steels as a ring core, then the PMs are inserted in the holes of the rotor ring, the axial side of the rotor ring is designed with the several different steps to eliminate the harmonics of the back EMF as well. The static performance and electromagnetic parameters of the AFIPM is calculated and it shows that the reluctance torque ability of the AFIPM is very good, based on the 3D finite element method (FEM) and frozen magnetic permeability technology.

Ma, B, Lei, G & Zhu, J 1970, 'Design, manufacturing and optimization of PM-SMC motors', 2017 7th International Electric Drives Production Conference (EDPC), 2017 7th International Electric Drives Production Conference (EDPC), IEEE, Würzburg, Germany, pp. 1-6.
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© 2017 IEEE. Soft magnetic composite (SMC), as a relatively new magnetic material, has attracted much attention in the design of electrical machines. This paper aims to discuss the specific and common problems in the design of permanent magnet (PM) motors with SMC cores. Firstly, the motor topology design is introduced for taking advantage of the SMC properties. Then, precise material testing and modeling methods are presented for the accurate core loss calculation of PM-SMC motors. Considering the influence of manufacturing process, two design optimization approaches are utilized for enhancing the motor performance. For improving the electromagnetic properties of the SMC cores, the orthogonal experiment is proposed for investigating and optimizing the heat treatment process. Considering the manufacturing tolerances in the actual production, the robust tolerance design optimization approach is introduced for pursuing the optimal motor performance and manufacturing cost with high reliability.

Men, X, Guo, Y, Wu, G, Shi, C & Zhu, J 1970, 'Implementation of a motor control system for electric bus based on DSP', 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-6.
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© 2017 IEEE. Motor control system may be the most important part of electric vehicles. To implement the control strategies, a lot of practical problems need to be taken into account. In this paper, an induction motor control system for electric bus is developed based on digital signal processor (DSP). The control strategy is based on field-oriented control and space vector pulse width modulation. Over-modulation, field weakening control, PI controller and fault diagnosis are also applied in this DSP algorithm. As a practical product running on a real electric bus with an 100 kW induction motor, communication with vehicle control unit (VCU) by controller area network (CAN bus), control system safety and PC software designed for experiment at lab are also discussed. The transient and steady-state performances of this motor control system are analyzed by experiments. Its performance is satisfactory when applied to the real electric bus.

Pyne, SG, Jatisatienr, A, Mungkornasawakul, P, Ung, AT, Limtrakul, P, Sastraruji, T, Sastraruji, K, Chaiyong, S, Umsumarng, S, Baird, MC, Dau, XD & Ramli, RA 1970, 'Phytochemical, Synthetic and Biological Studies on Stemona and Stichoneuron Plants and Alkaloids: A Personal Perspective', NATURAL PRODUCT COMMUNICATIONS, International Symposium on Natural Products for the Future (ISNPF), NATURAL PRODUCTS INC, JAPAN, Tokushima Bunri Univ, Tokushima, pp. 1365-1369.

Rahman, MA, Islam, MR, Guo, Y, Zhu, J & Lei, G 1970, 'Modified carrier-based over-modulation technique for improved switching performance of multilevel converters', 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-6.
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© 2017 IEEE. A modified over-modulation (OVM) scheme with phase disposed carriers to improve switching performance of cascaded H-bridge multilevel converter is depicted in this article. With the regular OVM techniques, pulse dropping region has higher conduction loss, greater signal distortion and voltage gain. In the proposed OVM method, the switching and conduction loss scenario is improved with lower harmonic distortion. Also, the voltage gain can be increased up to limited range. Four types of reference signals, such as pure sinusoidal signal, sinusoidal 60° bus clamped signal, third harmonic injected signal and third harmonic injected 60° bus clamped signal are used to investigate the overall performance with the proposed OVM method. The OVM technique is applied to a 3.0 kV, 120 kW, 5-level cascaded H-bridge converter and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The results demonstrate reduced output harmonic distortion, increased voltage gain, lower switching and conduction loss as well as improved efficiency on the whole.

Shen, Y, Sun, X, Chen, L, Yang, Z, Li, K, Zhu, J & Guo, Y 1970, 'Comparison of torque characteristics for a novel segmented and a conventional switched reluctance motors', 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-4.
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© 2017 IEEE. The extensive applications of switched reluctance motor (SRM) have been limited due to its drawback of torque ripple. Thus, the reduction of torque ripple is an important problem in studying the SRM. A novel 16/10 segmented SRM (SSRM) is proposed in this paper. The proposed SSRM performs well in terms of torque ripple and tolerant-fault characteristic. The stator of the proposed structure is constructed from exciting and auxiliary stator poles, while the rotor consists of a series of discrete segments. Moreover, the torque ripple is evaluated by comparing with the conventional 8/6 SRM. Finally, the tolerant-fault characteristic of the proposed SSRM and conventional SRM are compared as well. The finite element method (FEM) is employed to demonstrate the prominent advantages of static and dynamic characteristics of the proposed SSRM.

Shi, Z, Sun, X, Chen, L, Yang, Z, Li, K, Zhu, J & Guo, Y 1970, 'Parameter matching and structure optimal design of a brushless DC motor for a battery electric vehicle', 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-4.
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© 2017 IEEE. Calculation and matching of the main parameters of a brushless DC (BLDC) motor for a Battery electric vehicle (EV) is studied in this paper. Usually, different shapes of permanent magnet (PM) and different magnetizing methods will affect the performance of the motor. Especially when the motor is designed for an EV, more elements need to be considered, such as efficiency under normal operating conditions and torque ripple. So in this paper the performance of PMs with different shapes and different magnetizing methods will be compared by finite element analysis (FEA). Finally, the structure of the stator and rotor will also be optimized to obtain the required prototype model.

Smith, GB, Bilokur, M, Gentle, AR, Arnold, MD & Cortie, MB 1970, 'An advanced plasmonic cermet solar absorber for high temperature solar energy conversion applications', Nanostructured Thin Films X, Nanostructured Thin Films X, SPIE, San Diego, CA.
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Teherani, FH, Rogers, DJ, Sandana, VE, Bove, P, Ton-That, C, Lem, LLC, Chikoidze, E, Neumann-Spallart, M, Dumont, Y, Huynh, T, Phillips, MR, Chapon, P, McClintock, R & Razeghi, M 1970, 'A study into the impact of sapphire substrate orientation on the properties of nominally-undoped β-Ga₂O₃ thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition', SPIE Proceedings, SPIE OPTO, SPIE, San Francisco.
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© 2017 SPIE. Nominally-undoped Ga2O3 layers were deposited on a-, c- and r-plane sapphire substrates using pulsed laser deposition. Conventional x-ray diffraction analysis for films grown on a- and c-plane sapphire showed the layers to be in the β-Ga2O3 phase with preferential orientation of the (-201) axis along the growth direction. Pole figures revealed the film grown on r-plane sapphire to also be in the β-Ga2O3 phase but with epitaxial offsets of 29.5°, 38.5° and 64° from the growth direction for the (-201) axis. Optical transmission spectroscopy indicated that the bandgap was ∼5.2eV, for all the layers and that the transparency was > 80% in the visible wavelength range. Four point collinear resistivity and Van der Pauw based Hall measurements revealed the β-Ga2O3 layer on r-plane sapphire to be 4 orders of magnitude more conducting than layers grown on a- and c-plane sapphire under similar conditions. The absolute values of conductivity, carrier mobility and carrier concentration for the β-Ga2O3 layer on r-sapphire (at 20Ω-1.cm-1, 6 cm2/Vs and 1.7 x 1019 cm-3, respectively) all exceeded values found in the literature for nominally-undoped β-Ga2O3 thin films by at least an order of magnitude. Gas discharge optical emission spectroscopy compositional depth profiling for common shallow donor impurities (Cl, F, Si and Sn) did not indicate any discernable increase in their concentrations compared to background levels in the sapphire substrate. It is proposed that the fundamentally anisotropic conductivity in β-Ga2O3 combined with the epitaxial offset of the (-201) axis observed for the layer grown on r-plane sapphire may explain the much larger carrier concentration, electrical conductivity and mobility compared with layers having the (-201) axis aligned along the growth direction.

Teng, Q, Cui, H, Duan, J, Zhu, J, Guo, Y & Lei, G 1970, 'Extended state observer-based vector control for PMSM drive system with single phase current sensor', 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-6.
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© 2017 IEEE. A novel extended state observer (ESO)-based vector control (VC) strategy is developed for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive systems with only one phase current sensor. Generally, to achieve high precision control, two phase current sensors are indispensable for successful operation of the feedback control. In response to a phase current sensor fault, by use of technique of ESO, a new observer for estimating both the remaining two phase currents and time-varying stator resistance is put forward. To improve the performance and decrease system high frequency vibration, a nonlinear exponential function is used to replace the switch function in conventional ESO. The resultant ESO-based VC strategy for PMSM drive system with single phase current sensor has strong robustness and satisfactory control performance. Numerical simulation validates the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

Teng, Q, Tian, J, Duan, J, Cui, H, Zhu, J & Guo, Y 1970, 'Sliding-mode MRA observer-based model predictive current control for PMSM drive system with DC-link voltage sensorless', 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-6.
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© 2017 IEEE. A sliding-mode model reference adaptive (MRA) observer-based model predictive current control (MPCC) strategy is developed for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive systems with DC-link voltage sensorless. Generally a DC-link voltage sensor is indispensable for PMSM drive fed by voltage source inverter (VSI) to implement MPCC. In response to DC-link voltage sensor fault, by combination of MRA and sliding-mode techniques, a novel sliding-mode MRA observer for estimating DC-link voltage is proposed to perform MPCC. Moreover, in view of the variation of system parameters and external disturbance, a new nonlinear exponential function-based sliding-mode (NEFSM) speed regulator is synthesized to enhance the system robustness. In order to reduce the drive current ripple and improve speed & torque control performance, MPCC strategy is employed. The resultant NEFSM-based MPCC PMSM drive system with sliding-mode MRA Observer has excellent dynamical performance. In comparison with PI-based MPCC PMSM drive system with sliding-mode MRA observer, the proposed NEFSM-based one possesses better dynamical response and stronger robustness in the presence of variation of load torque. Numerical simulation validates the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

Wan, X, Li, Y, Zhang, C, Yang, Q & Zhu, J 1970, 'Field-circuit coupled T-S finite element analysis of core losses for induction motor', 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-4.
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© 2017 IEEE. A two-dimensional (2-D) field-circuit coupled finite element model of induction motor (IM) is built. The equivalent circuit of three-phase squirrel cage rotor is modeled. Based on time-stepping finite elements analysis (T-S FEA), core loss in the stator of a no-load IM under sinusoidal and Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) excitations is studied. The rotating flux density distributions with time variation at different locations of the stator are obtained. Meanwhile, the waveform and trajectory of magnetic flux density are analyzed. The areas where high-order harmonics mainly concentrated are simulated and the core losses in terms of the Bertotti's three-term separation model are calculated. All presented computations and models are verified through experiments.

Wang, A, Huang, P & Zhu, J 1970, 'An optimal frequency division control for hybrid energy storage', 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-4.
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© 2017 IEEE. In this paper, considering the change rate of the load, a frequency division control is optimized to improve the control accuracy of hybrid energy storage, compared to the traditional frequency division control. Firstly, the optimal control strategy is designed based on the first power allocation and the second power allocation. Secondly, the model is applied in residential area to avoid the peak load through simulation. The simulation results are in agreement with the theoretical analysis, which verifies the correctness of the control strategy.

Wang, T, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 1970, 'Finite-control-set model predictive direct torque control of PMSMs with virtual space vectors', 2017 12th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), 2017 12th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), IEEE, Siem Reap, Cambodia, pp. 1427-1430.
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© 2017 IEEE. The finite-control-set model predictive direct torque control (FCS-MPDTC) is a novel control scheme. A key feature of FCS-MPDTC is that the possible voltage space vectors of the power converters are taken into account as the control input of the drive system. A cost function is used in FCS-MPDTC to evaluate each possible voltage space vector and the one with minimum cost is selected. Due to the noticeable torque and flux ripples of FCS-MPDTC, a novel FCS-MPDTC with virtual voltage space vectors is proposed in this paper. To mitigate the computational burden caused by increased voltage space vectors, a pre-selective scheme is designed to filter out the impractical voltage vectors instead of evaluating all twenty voltage space vectors.

Wei, X, Cheng, M, Hua, W, Zhu, J & Yang, H 1970, 'Model predictive power control of a brushless doubly fed twin stator induction generator', 2017 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2017 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), IEEE, Cincinnati, OH, USA, pp. 5080-5085.
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© 2017 IEEE. This paper presents a model predictive power control (MPPC) scheme for the brushless doubly fed twin stator induction generator (BDFTSIG). State-space equations of the BDFTSIG, in terms of power winding (PW) current, control winding (CW) current, and PW flux, is specifically derived. A complete power model, which clearly reveals the relationship between power and the applied voltage vector, is then developed for the first time to accurately predict the future behavior of power. The proposed MPPC is realized by optimizing a predefined objective function that represents the absolute power error. It takes into account the discrete nature of power converters and does not require any additional modulator. Digital simulations are implemented, which clearly indicate the effectiveness of the proposed MPPC in terms of both steady-state and dynamic performance.

Wei, X, Cheng, M, Zhu, J & Yang, H 1970, 'Model predictive power control of dual-stator brushless doubly-fed induction generator with reduced power ripple', 2017 IEEE 12th International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS), 2017 IEEE 12th International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS), IEEE, Honolulu, HI, USA, pp. 607-612.
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© 2017 IEEE. The dual-stator brushless doubly-fed induction generator (DS-BDFIG), with its low-cost nature, high reliability operation and high torque/power density, shows great potential in variable speed generation applications. This paper explores the power quality improvement for grid-connected operation of the DS-BDFIG. An improved model predictive power control (MPPC) is proposed to reduce power ripple and lower current THD. A zero vector is applied along with an active vector in each control period. The duration of the selected active vector is optimized by power error minimization principle. Besides, the active vector selection and its duration are simultaneously considered in evaluating the cost function to ensure global minimization. The superiority of the proposed MPPC in power ripple reduction has been validated by a series of comparative simulations.

Wei, X, Zhu, J, Cheng, M, Yang, H & Ma, B 1970, 'Model predictive control of brushless doubly fed twin stator induction machine: A model reduction approach', 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), IEEE, Sydney, Australia`, pp. 1-6.
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© 2017 IEEE. This, paper presents a model predictive control (MPC) scheme and its model reduction approach for the brushless doubly fed twin stator induction machine (BDFTSIM). Firstly, the state-space equations of BDFTSIM, in terms of (power winding) PW flux, (rotor winding) RW flux, and (control winding) CW flux, is derived for developing the complete power model which is explicitly used to predict the future behavior. However, the MPC based on the complete model is too complicated for real time application. Therefore, a relevant model reduction approach is then developed for simplifying the power model while maintaining the accuracy under various conditions. Finally, by comparing the simulation results of the MPC based on the reduced model and complete model respectively, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified.

Wu, T, Fu, K, Zhu, J & Lei, G 1970, 'The influence analysis of thrust and gap magnetic field of a down-to-hole tubular permanent magnet linear hammer due to high temperature in deep hole', 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), IEEE, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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© 2017 IEEE. Recently a novel electric hammer driven by tubular permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (TPMLSM) has arouse great interest among researchers in the field of deep drilling for its distinctive advantages compared with hydraulic and pneumatic hammers. The working temperature in deep down-hole is relatively high, so the research of the influence of high temperature in deep hole on the electromagnetic thrust of the linear motor is very important. In this paper, a numerical electromagnetic calculation model of the thrust of the hammer was established to analyze the influence as a result of the loss of permanent magnet, coil resistance variation and coil volume expansion due to the temperature variation from 20°C to 300°C. The calculated results showed from 20°C to 300°C, the increase of the copper loss reduced the thrust by 31%, the loss of permanent magnets reduced the thrust by 18%. And the effect of the air-gap variation by thermal expansion can be neglected.

Xiong, H, Zhu, J, Shi, J, Meng, S & Luo, X 1970, 'Design of a three dimensional magnetic field measurement system for TMS pre-testing', 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-6.
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© 2017 IEEE. In the course of treatment and diagnosis of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), the target and non-target are stimulated simultaneously, which produces undesirable side effects. To reduce the risk of such side effects, it is essential to test the stimulation before the real treatment. This paper presents the structure of a magnetic field measurement system for TMS pre-testing. The 3D magnetic field measurement structure can use a 3D magnetic sensor to measure the value of electromagnetic field in some specific points of the brain model to reduce the risk that could be caused by directly measuring in human brain and effectively avoid the side effects of TMS.

Xu, J, Su, D & Wang, G 1970, 'Co₃O₄-Carbon Cloth free standing cathode for lithium sulfur battery', IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, International Conference on Energy Materials and Applications, IOP Publishing, Hiroshima, Japan, pp. 012013-012013.
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© Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd. Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery has been considered to be one of the most promising next-generation electrochemical energy-storage systems due to its high theoretical energy of 2600 Wh kg-1 with low cost. The insulating nature of both sulfur and the dissolution of polysulfides are the two primary challenges for the application of lithium sulfur batteries. Here, we developed a binder-free cathode by chemisorption of Co3O4 to carbon cloth (CC), which was used as a 3D current collector to accommodate a large amount of sulfur, multiwall carbon nanofiber (MWCNF) and carbon black (CB) hybrids within the conductive scaffold, enabling the fabrication of ultrahigh sulfur loaded electrodes. The interconnected carbon fibers established a long-range conductive matrix for an efficient electron transport, the multiple conductive pathways guarantee high sulfur utilization. More importantly, the high electrolyte absorbability of the Co3O4-CC-S current collector facilitates well-localized polysulfides within the Co3O4-CC-S, meanwhile, the polar Co3O4 could also effectively entrapped the intermediated polysulfides preventing their free diffusion to the lithium anode, guaranteeing good cycling stability. Consequently, the Co3O4-CC-S electrodes exhibit excellent electrochemical performance with sulfur loading of 4.3 mg cm-2.

Yang, Z, Zhang, D, Sun, X, Sun, W, Zhu, J & Guo, Y 1970, 'Vector control for a bearingless induction motor based on nonsingular terminal sliding mode structure', 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), IEEE, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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© 2017 IEEE. To improve the performance of the bearingless induction motor (BIM) under disturbances, a nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode control (NFTSMC) strategy is proposed. The sliding mode surface is designed as a combination of linear sliding mode and nonsingular terminal sliding mode. Besides, considering the power function of the state variables, which make the approaching speed correlate with the state variables, so as to improve convergence performance of the linear sliding mode and solve the singularity of terminal sliding mode. Meanwhile, current signal and radial force are extracted by the electromagnetic torque and the equation of l evitation force. Therefore, the convergence speed of system can be accelerated during the whole process, which contributes to chattering-free operating. The simulation and experiment results indicate that the proposed method can not only track the given value of the speed and radial displacement quickly, but also improve the operation quality and enhance the system robustness.

Zeng, J, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 1970, 'Investigation and Simulation on Magnetic Hysteresis Properties of Magnetorheological Fluid', IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Annecy, France, pp. 1611-1616.
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Zhan, Y, Guo, Y, Zhu, J & Li, L 1970, 'Input current ripple reduction and high efficiency for PEM fuel cell power conditioning system', 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-6.
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© 2017 IEEE. To solve the issues of the open-loop control accuracy in a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell power conditioning system (PCS) with active clamp push-pull DC/DC converter for input current ripple reduction, a novel closed-loop digital-controlled method is proposed. The proposed PEM fuel cell PCS consists of a high-efficiency high-step-up current-fed resonant push-pull DC/DC converter and a half-bridge inverter. A fully digital-controlled strategy in the active-clamped circuit is employed to reduce the voltage spike and low frequency current ripple (LFCR) on the power switches for improving the lifespan of PEM fuel cell and raising the system reliability. By using the closed-loop current ripple reduction control, the LFCR is further reduced. A 300 W prototype is implemented and tested. Experimental results show that the minimum efficiency at full load is about 94.8% and the ripple current is less than 1.2% of the rated input current.

Zheng, L, Zhu, J, Wang, G, Dah-Chuan Lu, D, McLean, P & He, T 1970, 'Model predictive control based balancing strategy for series-connected lithium-ion battery packs', 2017 19th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'17 ECCE Europe), 2017 19th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'17 ECCE Europe), IEEE, Warsaw, Poland.
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© assigned jointly to the European Power Electronics and Drives Association & the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). For reducing the inconsistent state of charges (SOCs) of lithium-ion battery cells and making the full use of battery packs, effective battery balancing technology should be in place for battery management systems. Since aged battery packs usually suffer from not only non-uniform cell SOCs and voltages but also non-uniform cell capacities, it is more challenging to balance an aged battery pack than a new one. This paper proposes a model predictive control (MPC) based balancing strategy to fully charge battery packs under such inconsistent conditions, especially for aged battery packs. The algorithm of the proposed strategy for computing the required average balancing current and the predicted balancing current for each cell is presented, followed by employing a minimum cost function value between these two currents to control the operation model of the equalizer for each cell. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Compared with the conventional average SOC strategy, the proposed MPC based strategy can effectively avoid over-equalization during the balancing process, thus reducing balancing energy consumption.

Zheng, L, Zhu, J, Wang, G, Lu, DD-C, McLean, P & He, T 1970, 'Experimental analysis and modeling of temperature dependence of lithium-ion battery direct current resistance for power capability prediction', 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-4.
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© 2017 IEEE. Accurate lithium-ion battery power capability prediction gives an indication for managing power flows in or out of batteries within the safe operating area, which is one of the primary challenging functions of battery management systems (BMSs). The battery direct current resistance (DCR) is typically employed for power capability prediction, but its characteristic depends significantly on the ambient temperature. It is essential to investigate systematically the temperature dependence of battery DCR for achieving reliable power capability prediction. Based on a large amount of battery test data, a battery DCR model is proposed for quantitatively describing its temperature dependence. This model is then applied for battery power capability prediction, and the results are verified by experimental results.

Zhou, Z, Sun, X, Chen, L, Yang, Z, Han, S, Li, K, Zhu, J & Guo, Y 1970, 'A segmented rotor type switched reluctance machine for BSGs of hybrid electric vehicles: Concept, design and analysis', 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), 2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), IEEE, Sydney, NSW, Australia, pp. 1-4.
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© 2017 IEEE. This paper proposes a novel 16/10 segmented rotor switched reluctance machine (SSRM) for belt-driven starter generators (BSGs) of hybrid electric vehicles. The stator of proposed SSRM consists of two types of stator poles: exciting pole and auxiliary pole, and the rotor of proposed SSRM is made up of a series of discrete segments. Firstly, the concept of the conventional SRM and proposed machine is presented. Secondly, the design rules of proposed SSRM are described. Finally, the finite element method (FEM) is employed to get the static characteristics of the proposed SSRM, including the magnetic flux distribution, magnetic flux density, inductance characteristic, torque characteristic and continuous torque. Result shows that the torque ripple of proposed SSRM is low.

Zhu, JG, Lei, G, Guo, YG, Wang, TS & Ma, B 1970, 'A robust design optimization method for manufacturing SMC-PMSMs and drive systems of six sigma quality', 2017 7th International Conference on Power Electronics Systems and Applications - Smart Mobility, Power Transfer & Security (PESA), 2017 7th International Conference on Power Electronics Systems and Applications - Smart Mobility, Power Transfer & Security (PESA), IEEE, Hong Kong, China, pp. 1-7.
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© 2017 IEEE. The soft magnetic composite (SMC) material has attracted great research interests because of its unique feature of high speed low cost manufacturing of electrical machines of complex 3D flux topologies by the highly cost effective powder metallurgical technology. Some electrical machine manufacturers have recently started producing permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) with SMC cores. Because of the material diversity and fabrication uncertainties, an aggressively optimized design obtained by the traditional deterministic method often result in low quality product and/or high failure rates. This paper presents a method of robust design optimization for manufacturing SMC-PMSMs and drive systems of six sigma quality. Design examples of a transverse flux SMC-PMSM and drive system are presented.

Motta, N, Iacopi, F & Coletti, C 2017, 'Growing Graphene on Semiconductors', Psychology Press, pp. 1-218.
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This book summarizes the latest achievements in this field, with particular attention to the graphitization of SiC.

Su, D, Cortie, M & Wang, G 2017, 'Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries: Fabrication of N‐doped Graphene–Carbon Nanotube Hybrids from Prussian Blue for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries (Adv. Energy Mater. 8/2017)', Wiley.
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