Baheiraei, A, Ritchie, JE, Eisman, JA & Nguyen, TV 2006, 'Exploring factors influencing osteoporosis prevention and control: A qualitative study of Iranian men and women in Australia', Maturitas, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 127-134.
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Engels, BM & Hutvagner, G 2006, 'Principles and effects of microRNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene regulation', Oncogene, vol. 25, no. 46, pp. 6163-6169.
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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are abundant regulatory RNAs involved in the regulation of many key biological processes. Recent advances in understanding the mechanism of RNA interference and miRNA-mediated mechanisms shed light on major principals of the formation of the regulatory complex and provide models to explain how these small regulatory RNA species interfere with gene expression and how they influence the translational status of the transcriptome. © 2006 Nature Publishing Group. All rights reserved.
Fisher, J, McEwen, H, Tipper, J, Jennings, L, Farrar, R, Stone, M & Ingham, E 2006, 'Wear-simulation analysis of rotating-platform mobile-bearing knees.', Orthopedics, vol. 29, no. 9 Suppl, pp. S36-S41.
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The wear and wear debris from rotating-platform mobile-bearing knees and fixed-bearing knees were compared in knee joint-simulator studies. The wear rate of the fixed-bearing knees was found to increase as the kinematics were increased because of an increase in internal-external rotation and an increase in anterorposterior (AP) translation. The wear rate of the rotating-platform mobile-bearing knees was found to be significantly lower than that of the fixed-bearing knees. The rotating-platform mobile-bearing knee was able to decouple the complex kinematics to pure rotation at the inferior tibial articulating surface and linear flexion-extension and AP sliding at the superior femoral articulating interface, substantially reducing cross-shear and wear. No difference was found in the wear debris between the rotating-platform and fixed-bearing knees. This resulted in a substantially reduced functional biological activity or osteolytic potential for the rotating-platform mobile-bearing knees due to the lower wear rates.
Gallego-Ortega, D, Ramirez De Molina, A, Gutierrez, R, Ramos, M, Sarmentero, J, Cejas, P, Nistal, M, González Barón, M & Lacal, J 2006, 'Generation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against choline kinase α and their potential use as diagnostic tools in cancer', International Journal of Oncology, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 335-340.
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Galvin, A, Kang, L, Tipper, J, Stone, M, Ingham, E, Jin, Z & Fisher, J 2006, 'Wear of crosslinked polyethylene under different tribological conditions', Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 235-243.
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Heilbronn, LK, de Jonge, L, Frisard, MI, DeLany, JP, Larson-Meyer, DE, Rood, J, Nguyen, T, Martin, CK, Volaufova, J, Most, MM, Greenway, FL, Smith, SR, Deutsch, WA, Williamson, DA, Ravussin, E & Pennington CALERIE Team, FT 2006, 'Effect of 6-Month Calorie Restriction on Biomarkers of Longevity, Metabolic Adaptation, and Oxidative Stress in Overweight Individuals', JAMA, vol. 295, no. 13, pp. 1539-1539.
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Hutvagner, G 2006, 'Biography of Dr Gyorgy Hutvagner', Oncogene, vol. 25, no. 46, pp. 6153-6153.
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Hutvagner, G 2006, 'MicroRNAs and cancer: issue summary', Oncogene, vol. 25, no. 46, pp. 6154-6155.
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King, CA, Knox, MS, Henninger, N, Nguyen, TA, Ghaziuddin, N, Maker, A & Hanna, GL 2006, 'Major depressive disorder in adolescents: Family psychiatric history predicts severe behavioral disinhibition', Journal of Affective Disorders, vol. 90, no. 2-3, pp. 111-121.
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Meier, C, Meinhardt, U, Greenfield, JR, De Winter, J, Nguyen, TV, Dunstan, CR & Seibel, MJ 2006, 'Serum cathepsin K concentrations reflect osteoclastic activity in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis and patients with Paget's disease.', Clin Lab, vol. 52, no. 1-2, pp. 1-10.
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INTRODUCTION: Cathepsin K, a cysteine protease, plays an essential role in osteoclast-mediated collagen degradation. Recently, an immunoassay to quantify cathepsin K in serum has been developed. We assessed the usefulness of serum cathepsin K as a marker of bone turnover in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of patients with metabolic bone disease. METHODS: The study cohort consisted of 40 healthy subjects, 21 women with postmenopausal osteoporosis [66.1 +/- 7.9 yrs] and 10 patients with Paget's disease of bone [67.1 +/- 11.6 yrs]. All patients were started on oral or intravenous bisphosphonate treatment and were followed prospectively over 6 months. Circulating cathepsin K levels were determined by a specific sandwich enzyme immunoassay (Biomedica, Vienna, Austria). In addition, serum carboxyterminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (betaCTX-I) and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP) were measured for comparison. RESULTS: When compared to healthy subjects, mean serum cathepsin K levels were significantly elevated in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis (3.1 +/- 1.9 vs. 11.3 +/- 13.1 pmol/L, p = 0.01) and in patients with Paget's disease of bone (6.2 +/- 4.4 pmol/L, p = 0.04). In postmenopausal osteoporotic women, both oral and intravenous bisphosphonate treatment resulted in a significant reduction in serum cathepsin K levels (p = 0.03) with most of the effect occurring after one month (mean% change: -33%). In patients with mild Paget's disease, serum cathepsin K levels decreased during bisphosphonate treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Serum concentrations of cathepsin K appear to reflect osteoclastic activity in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis and Paget's disease of bone and may hold promise as a marker of osteoclast activity.
Nelson, AE, Howe, CJ, Nguyen, TV, Leung, K-C, Trout, GJ, Seibel, MJ, Baxter, RC, Handelsman, DJ, Kazlauskas, R & Ho, KK 2006, 'Influence of Demographic Factors and Sport Type on Growth Hormone-Responsive Markers in Elite Athletes', The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 91, no. 11, pp. 4424-4432.
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AbstractContext: GH-responsive markers of the IGF system and of collagen turnover hold promise as the basis of a GH doping test.Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of age, gender, body mass index (BMI), ethnicity, and sporting type on GH-responsive serum markers in a large cohort of elite athletes from different ethnic backgrounds.Design: The study was designed as a cross-sectional study.Participants: A total of 1103 elite athletes (699 males, 404 females), aged 22.2 ± 5.2 yr, from 12 countries and 10 major sporting categories participated in this study.Main Outcome Measures: Serum IGF-I, IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), acid labile subunit (ALS), and collagen markers [N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP), C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP), N-terminal propeptide of type III procollagen (PIIINP)] were measured.Results: There was a significant negative correlation (r = −0.14 to −0.58, P < 0.0005) between age and each of the GH-responsive markers. Serum IGF-I, IGFBP-3, and ALS were all lower (P < 0.05), whereas the collagen markers PINP, ICTP, and PIIINP were higher (P < 0.05) in men than in women. Multiple regression analysis indicated that age, gender, BMI, and ethnicity accounted for 23–54% of total between-subject variability of the markers. Age and gender cumulatively accounted for 91% of the attributable variation of IGF-I and more than 80% for PINP, ICTP, and PIIINP. Gender exerted the greatest effect on ALS (48%), and BMI accounted for less than 12% attributable variation for all markers. The influence of ethnicity was greatest for IGFBP-3 and ALS; however, for the other markers, it accounted for less than 6% attributable variation. Analysis of 995 athletes indicated that sporting type contributed 5–19% of attributable variation.Conclu...
Ngo, AD, Taylor, R, Roberts, CL & Nguyen, TV 2006, 'Association between Agent Orange and birth defects: systematic review and meta-analysis', International Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 1220-1230.
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Background The association between parental exposure to Agent Orange or dioxin and birth defects is controversial, due to inconsistent findings in the literature. The principal aim of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis of relevant epidemiological
Nguyen, ND, Eisman, JA & Nguyen, TV 2006, 'Anti-Hip Fracture Efficacy of Bisphosphonates: A Bayesian Analysis of Clinical Trials', Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 340-349.
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Abstract In postmenopausal women, the efficacy of bisphosphonates on hip fracture risk is not clear. This Bayesian meta-analysis quantitatively reviewed data from 12 randomized clinical trials with 18,667 patients and found that bisphosphonate treatment was associated with a reduced risk for hip fracture by 42%. Introduction: The efficacy of antiresorptive bisphosphonates therapy on reducing hip fracture is not clear, because evidence from randomized clinical trials (RCTs) is inconclusive. This study was undertaken to quantitatively assess the effect of bisphosphonates on hip fracture using literature review and meta-analysis. Materials and Methods: Bayesian methods of meta-analysis were applied to synthesize data from 12 RCTs available between 1990 and 2004. The trials involved 18,667 postmenopausal women with low BMD or osteoporosis who have been followed or treated for between 1 and 4 years. The medications used were etidronate (two trials) alendronate (six trials), risedronate (three trials), and clodronate (one trial). The primary endpoint was the incidence of hip fracture. Results: When data from all 12 studies were pooled, treatment with bisphosphonates was associated with a reduced risk for hip fracture by 42% (relative risk {RR}, 0.58; 95% credible interval {CrI}, 0.42-0.80). The absolute rate reduction was 52 hip fractures per 10,000 women (95% CrI, 4–110) for a period of 3-year treatment. The probability that bisphosphonates are better than placebo (in reducing hip fracture risk by at least 30%) was 0.90. Conclusions: In postmenopausal women with osteoporosis or low BMD, bisphosphonate treatment is associated with reduced risk of hip fracture.
Nguyen, TN & Goodrich, JA 2006, 'Protein-protein interaction assays: eliminating false positive interactions', Nature Methods, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 135-139.
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Nguyen, TV & Eisman, JA 2006, 'Pharmacogenomics of osteoporosis: opportunities and challenges.', J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 62-72.
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The genetics of osteoporosis can be considered in two broad areas: disease susceptibility and drug activity. While the former has been studied, the latter is still largely untouched. Pharmacogenomics is the utilization of genetic information to predict outcome of drug treatment, with respect to both beneficial and adverse effects. The pharmacotherapy of osteoporosis is characterized by variability in therapeutic response with limited prediction of response on a patient-by-patient basis. This is particularly problematic in a clinical situation where therapy is typically required for several years before outcomes can be evaluated for an individual. Thus, the emerging field of pharmacogenomics holds great potential for refining and optimising pharmacological treatment of osteoporosis. Key components for future development of the pharmacogenomics of osteoporosis should include improved understanding of mechanisms of drug action, identification of candidate genes and their variants and expansion of clinical trials to include genetic profiling. This approach could provide clinicians and scientists with powerful tools to dissect novel molecular pathways involved in osteoporosis and to identify new drug targets. The iterative combination of innovative genomics with classical endocrinological approaches in osteoporosis research can be examined as a model of biological research and innovate therapeutical approaches in a continuing interaction between clinical science and basic research.
Pham, TD, Beck, D & Yan, H 2006, 'Spectral Pattern Comparison Methods for Cancer Classification Based on Microarray Gene Expression Data', IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, vol. 53, no. 11, pp. 2425-2430.
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We present, in this paper, two spectral pattern comparison methods for cancer classification using microarray gene expression data. The proposed methods are different from other current classifiers in the ways features are selected and pattern similarities measured. In addition, these spectral methods do not require any data preprocessing which is neccessary for many other classification techniques. Expertimental results using three popular microarray data sets demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of the spectral pattern classifiers. © 2006 IEEE.
Pongchaiyakul, C, Apinyanurag, C, Soontrapa, S, Soontrapa, S, Pongchaiyakul, C, Nguyen, TV & Rajatanavin, R 2006, 'Prevalence of osteoporosis in Thai men.', J Med Assoc Thai, vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 160-169.
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BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is a growing health problem not only in women but also in men. However, there is a scarcity of epidemiologic data to study osteoporosis in Thai men. OBJECTIVES: To examine the bone mineral density (BMD) and to determine the prevalence of osteoporosis in Thai men. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A total of 412 men (159 from Bangkok and 253 from Khon Kaen, respectively) averaging 51 +/- 16 years of age, were measured for BMD at the femoral neck and lumbar spine by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (LUNAR Corporation, WI, USA). RESULTS: The peak BMD was observed in men 20-29 years of age at both the femoral neck (mean +/- SD, 1.10 +/- 0.15 g/cm2) and lumbar spine (mean +/- SD, 1.17 +/- 0.13 g/cm2). The prevalence of osteoporosis in the entire group of subjects was 12.6, 4.6 and 3.9 per cent at the femoral neck, lumbar spine and both sites, respectively. The prevalence of osteoporosis increased with advancing age and was significantly higher at the femoral neck in urban men than rural men (18.2 vs 9.2 per cent, p < 0.05) but comparable at the lumbar spine (5.0 vs 4.3 per cent, p = 0.81). The correlation between femoral neck and lumbar spine BMDs was 0.53 (p < 0.001). In univariate analysis, increased age, lower weight and lesser height were each associated with lower femoral neck BMD, whereas only lower weight and lesser height were associated with lower lumbar spine BMD. However, when the three factors were entered simultaneously, only increased age and lower weight were significantly associated with lower femoral neck BMD and only lower weight had a significant association with lower lumbar spine BMD. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated descriptive BMD data, normal BMD reference values for diagnosis and reported the prevalence of osteoporosis in Thai men.
Pongchaiyakul, C, Nguyen, TV, Kosulwat, V, Rojroongwasinkul, N, Charoenkiatkul, S, Pongchaiyakul, C, Sanchaisuriya, P & Rajatanavin, R 2006, 'Defining obesity by body mass index in the Thai population: an epidemiologic study.', Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 293-299.
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The objective of this study was to develop cut-off values and evaluate the accuracy of body mass index (BMI) in the definition of obesity in the Thai population. A cross-sectional, epidemiologic study in 340 men and 507 women aged 50 +/- 16 yr (mean +/- SD; range: 20-84 yr), were sampled by stratified clustering sampling method. Body composition, including percentage body fat (%BF), was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (GE Lunar Corp, Madison, WI). BMI was obtained by dividing weight (in kg) by height (in m2). The 'golden standard 'for defining obesity was %BF > or =25% in men and %BF > or =35% in women. The %BF-based prevalence of obesity in men and women was 18.8% and 39.5%, respectively. However, using the BMI cut-off of > or =30, only 2.9% of men and 8.9% of women were classified as obese. In the cubic regression model, BMI was a significant predictor of %BF, such that in men a BMI of 27 kg/m2 would predict a %BF of 25%, and in women a BMI of 25 kg/m2 would correspond to a %BF of 35%. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for BMI was approximately 0.87 (95% CI: 0.82-0.92) and 0.86 (95% CI: 0.83-0.90) in men and women, respectively. In conclusion, for the Thai population, BMI is a reasonably useful indicator of obesity; however, the cut-off values of BMI for diagnosing obesity should be lowered to 27 kg/m2 in men and 25 kg/m2 in women.
Pongchaiyakul, C, Pongchaiyakul, C, Wanothayaroj, E, Nguyen, TV & Rajatanavin, R 2006, 'Association between waist circumference and percentage body fat among rural Thais.', J Med Assoc Thai, vol. 89, no. 10, pp. 1592-1600.
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OBJECTIVE: Determine the association between waist circumference (WC) and percentage body fat (%BF) and to develop cut-off values and evaluate the accuracy of WC in the definition of obesity in rural Thai population. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A cross-sectional, epidemiologic study in 181 men and 255 women aged 50+/-16 yr (mean+/-SD; range: 20-84 yr) sampled by stratified clustering sampling method, was designed. Percentage body fat was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (GE Lunar Corp, Madison, WI). The 'golden standard'for defining obesity was%BF > or = 25 in men and%BF > or = 35 in women. Waist circumference in centimeter was measured. RESULTS: In this study, the %BF-based prevalence of obesity in men and women was 8.3% and 44%, respectively. However using the WC cut-off (WHO) of 102 cm in men and 88 cm in women, only 1.7% of men and 24% of women were classified as obese. WC was a significant predictor of %BF, such that in men, a WC of 93 cm would predict a %BF of25%, and in women a WC of 84 cm would correspond to a %BF of 35%. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0. 87 and 0. 88 in men and women, respectively. In conclusion, waist circumference is a reasonably useful indicator of obesity. CONCLUSION: The cut-off values of WC for diagnosing obesity should be lower in Thailand than in Western countries.
Tan, D, Darmasetiawan, S, Haines, CJ, Huang, K-E, Jaisamram, U, Limpaphayom, KK, Lin, SQ, Ling, YS, Nguyen, TNP, Park, K-H, Shah, D, Subramaniam, R, Taechakraichana, N, Xing, SM, Tan, D, Darmasetiawan, S, Haines, CJ, Huang, K-E, Jaisamram, U, Limpaphayom, KK, Lin, SQ, Ling, YS, Nguyen, TNP, Park, K-H, Shah, D, Subramaniam, R, Taechakraichana, N & Xing, SM 2006, 'Guidelines for hormone replacement therapy of Asian women during the menopausal transition and thereafter', Climacteric, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 146-151.
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Tavakoli, J, Jabbari, E, Khosroshahi, ME & Boroujerdi, M 2006, 'Swelling characterization of anionic acrylic acid hydrogel in an external electric field', Iranian Polymer Journal (English Edition), vol. 15, no. 11, pp. 891-900.
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A polymer gel is a cross-linked polymer which undergoes a reversible volume and/or sol-gel phase transition in response to physiological (temperature, pH and presence of ion in organism fluids) or other external (electric field, light) stimuli. In structurally soft gels, the motion of polymer network and the diffusion of ions easily take place by an external stimulus. A typical function of gel containing ionic groups is to swell under the influence of an electric field, making it useful for wide biomedical applications. In this study, poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) hydrogel network was prepared by free radical polymerization whose average molecular weight between crosslinkes was calculated as 18500 g/mol and its homogeneity assessment evaluated by comparing 30 samples swelling ratios after 48 h soaking in distilled deionized water. The swelling behaviour of PAA under an electric field application was also investigated as a function of cross-linking agent and electric field intensity variation. It is seen that equilibrium swelling ratio of PAA gel increases from 16 (no electric field) to 30 (by application of 300 V/m electric field), however this variation is dependent on the sample location relative to electrodes. The normalized swelling ratio of sample changes by 4.8 to 0.9 relative to its distance from positive electrode. Increasing the concentration of cross-linking agent (EGDMA) from 0.14 to 0.71 molar percent of monomer resulted in 45% decrease of gel volume fraction. It is proven that applying an external electric field can make an improvement in the time-response of the hydrogel expansion phase and swelling behaviour.
Tipper, JL, Galvin, AL, Ingham, E & Fisher, J 2006, 'Estimation of the Osteolytic Potential of Noncrosslinked and Crosslinked Polyethylenes and Ceramic-on-Ceramic Total Hip Prostheses', Journal of ASTM International, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 1-16.
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Abstract There is currently considerable interest in the wear debris and osteolytic potential of different types of bearings used in total joint replacements. The aim of this study was first to characterize the wear and wear particles generated from two different grades of UHMWPE acetabular cups with different levels of crosslinking in a hip joint simulator. Secondly, the results for the polyethylenes were compared to an alumina ceramic-on-ceramic hip prosthesis. The wear rates of the two noncrosslinked material types were very similar at 49±8 mm3 per million cycles for the GUR 1020 and 45.6±1.4 mm3 per million cycles for the GUR 1050. Moderate crosslinking (4 MRad) significantly (P<0.05) reduced the wear rate of the GUR 1020 material by 30 % to 35±9 mm3 per million cycles. High levels of crosslinking of GUR 1050 (10 MRad) produced a highly significant (P<0.01) 80 % reduction in wear volume. Although reduced wear volumes were observed with moderate levels of crosslinking for the 4 MRad GUR 1020 material, little benefit was conveyed by crosslinking, in terms of predicted overall biocompatibility and estimated osteolytic potential. Introducing high levels of crosslinking (10 MRad) into the GUR 1050 material reduced wear and osteolytic potential by up to five-fold compared to the other GUR 1050 materials. However, compared to the noncrosslinked and moderately crosslinked GUR 1020 materials, the highly crosslinked GUR 1050 UHMWPE had only a two-fold lower osteolytic potential. The alumina ceramic-on-ceramic hip prostheses produced extremely low wear rates under both standard and microseparation simulation conditions, and consequently the osteolytic potential of the alumina bearings was estimated to be >20-fold lower than the highly crosslinked polyethylene.
Tipper, JL, Galvin, AL, Williams, S, McEwen, HMJ, Stone, MH, Ingham, E & Fisher, J 2006, 'Isolation and characterization of UHMWPE wear particles down to ten nanometers in size from in vitro hip and knee joint simulators', Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, vol. 78A, no. 3, pp. 473-480.
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AbstractThere is currently considerable interest in the wear debris and osteolytic potential of different types of bearings used in total joint replacements. The biological activity of the wear debris is dependent on the size and volume of the particles produced. Wear volume also plays an important role in the functional biological activity of a joint replacement. In vitro studies have shown that crosslinking of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) acetabular cups and tibial trays produces a reduction in wear volume, and crosslinking has now been introduced clinically for both types of prostheses. Previous studies have identified both micron and submicron‐sized polyethylene wear particles. The aim of this study was to characterize the wear and wear particles generated from moderately crosslinked GUR 1020 GVF UHMWPE acetabular cups and tibial trays in hip and knee joint wear simulators down to 10 nanometers in size. The wear rates of the two prosthesis types were very similar at 25.6 ± 5.3 mm3 per million cycles for the hip prostheses and 22.75 ± 5.95 mm3 per million cycles for the knee prostheses. Nanometer‐sized wear particles were isolated and characterized from both hip and knee simulator lubricants for the first time. Significantly higher numbers (p < 0.05) of particles in the nanometer (<0.1 μm) size range were produced by the hip prostheses compared to the knee prostheses. The knee prostheses produced larger particles, with the mode of particle size in the 0.1–1.0 μm size range, compared to <0.1 μm size range for the hip prostheses. In addition, the knee prostheses produced a greater volumetric concentration of wear particles in the 1.0–10 μm size range, and consequently lower specific biological activity and functional biological activity indices. These results indicated that the knee prostheses ha...
Wang, CY, Nguyen, ND, Morrison, NA, Eisman, JA, Center, JR & Nguyen, TV 2006, 'β3-adrenergic receptor gene, body mass index, bone mineral density and fracture risk in elderly men and women: the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study (DOES)', BMC Medical Genetics, vol. 7, no. 1.
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Abstract Background Recent studies have suggested that the Arg allele of β3-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) gene is associated with body mass index (BMI), which is an important predictor of bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture risk. However, whether the ADRB3 gene polymorphism is associated with fracture risk has not been investigated. The aim of study was to examine the inter-relationships between ADRB3 gene polymorphisms, BMI, BMD and fracture risk in elderly Caucasians. Methods Genotypes of the ADRB3 gene were determined in 265 men and 446 women aged 60+ in 1989 at entry into the study, whose BMD were measured by DXA (GE Lunar, WI USA) at baseline. During the follow-up period (between 1989 and 2004), fractures were ascertained by reviewing radiography reports and personal interviews. Results The allelic frequencies of the Trp and the Arg alleles were 0.925 and 0.075 respectively, and the relative frequencies of genotypes Trp/Trp, Trp/Arg and Arg/Arg 0.857, 0.138 and 0.006 respectively. There was no significant association between BMI and ADRB3 genotypes (p = 0.10 in women and p = 0.68 in men). There was also no significant association between ADRB3 genotypes and lumbar spine or femoral neck BMD in either men and women. Furthermore, there were no significant association between ADRB3 genotypes and fracture risk in both women and men, either before or after adjusting for and, BMD and BMI. Conclusion