Eigenbrod, KD, Knutsson, S & Sheng, D 1996, 'Pore-Water Pressures in Freezing and Thawing Fine-Grained Soils', Journal of Cold Regions Engineering, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 77-92.
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Indraratna, B 1996, 'Utilization of lime, slag and fly ash for improvement of a colluvial soil in New South Wales, Australia', Geotechnical & Geological Engineering, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 169-191.
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In Australia, colluvial soils form large terrains which are often subjected to considerable erosion and mass movement. This study presents a laboratory evaluation of the improvement effected by hydrated lime, milled blast furnace slag and fly ash on a fine grained (erosive) colluvial soil in New South Wales, Australia. Geotechnical tests were conducted to determine the compaction and consolidation characteristics and the compressive and shear strength properties of the blended and natural soil specimens. The effect of these additives on the Atterberg limits and pH levels is also investigated. As large amounts of fly ash and steel slag are produced in New South Wales, it is economically attractive to utilize these industrial by-products for ground improvement rather than employing conventional methods such as lime treatment. This study demonstrates that for the colluvial soil tested, milled slag is the most effective in terms of improving the internal friction angle of the treated soil, while lime is the most suitable for achieving the optimum compressive strength. Non-pozzolanic fly ash is found to be inappropriate as a soil improving agent. The cost of ground treatment using the various additives is also estimated and compared. © 1996 Chapman & Hall.
Indraratna, B & Lasek, G 1996, 'Laboratory evaluation of the load-deflection behaviour of clay beams reinforced with galvanised wire netting', Geotextiles and Geomembranes, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 555-573.
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In Australia the utilisation of clay in the construction of landfill liners has recently come under criticism either due to the difficulty in reproducing the laboratory results on site, or because of the potential for cracking of the compacted liner after construction. Realising that clay is weak in tension and given the possibility of certain areas of the liner being subjected to flexure, a testing program was undertaken to determine the effects of placement (compaction), moisture content and internal reinforcement on the potential failure of clay liners. In particular, this paper discusses the load carrying capacity and deformation sustained by compacted clay beams in flexure, and the improvement gained through the introduction of an economical reinforcement in the form of galvanised steel wire netting. Results obtained by flexural bending tests are discussed in detail, and the extent of improvement provided by galvanised wire netting is evaluated. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
INDRARATNA, B, DILEMA, ELG & VAFAI, F 1996, 'AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE FILTRATION OF A LATERITIC CLAY SLURRY BY SAND FILTERS.', Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 119, no. 2, pp. 75-83.
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In many parts of the world, residual soils are used for the construction of impervious dam cores. This paper discusses the experimental details and design aspects of sand filters in the retention of a range of particle sizes in a clay slurry. Lateritic residual soil has a propensity to crack at relatively small tensile strains, if compacted either at low moisture content or at energy levels greater than the standard Proctor method. From laboratory results, a distinct demarcation between effective and noneffective filters was identified in considering the filter permeability and a specific particle size of the base soil (clay floes) retained by the filter. The equivalent of specific grain size <5g5, determined by hydrometer analysis was considered as the reference base particle, and the cation concentration of the base soil slurry was taken to represent the typical reservoir water chemistry of several dams in Thailand. The permeability of the filter was examined as a function of the sand grain sizes and the resulting empirical relationships are given in the paper. The performance of granular filters, including clogging behaviour, has'been studied according to~the particle sizes and uniformity coefficients of the filter media. The applicability of the proposed empirical relationships in practice is discussed in contrast to the conventional filter criteria.
