Publications

Abolhasan, M & Wysocki, T 2005, 'Ad hoc networks: A flexible and robust data communication' in Handbook on Theoretical and Algorithmic Aspects of Sensor, Ad Hoc Wireless, and Peer-to-Peer Networks, pp. 267-282.
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© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. The 1990s witnessed a rapid growth in research interests in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The infrastructureless and dynamic nature of these networks demand that a new set of networking strategies be implemented to provide efficient end-to-end communication. This, along with the diverse application of these networks in many different scenarios, such as battlefield and disaster recovery, have seen MANETs being researched by many different organizations. MANETs employ the traditional TCP/IP structure to provide end-to-end communication between nodes. However, due to their mobility and the limited resources in wireless networks, each layer in the TCP/IP model requires redefinition or modifications to function efficiently in a MANET. One interesting research area in MANETs is routing. Routing in MANETs is a challenging task and has received a tremendous amount of attention from researchers. This has led to the development of many different routing protocols for MANETs. This chapter presents a discussion on a number of different routing protocols proposed for ad hoc networks and presents a number of future challenges in ad hoc and mobile ad hoc networking.

Abolhasan, M & Wysocki, T 2005, 'Highly Scalable Routing Strategies: DZTR Routing Protocol' in Wysocki, TA, ArekDadej & Wysocki, BJ (eds), ADVANCED WIRED AND WIRELESS NETWORKS, Springer, USA, pp. 1-18.
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In this paper we present a simulation study of a hybrid routing protocol we proposed in our previous work [4] [3]. Our hybrid routing strategy is called Dynamic Zone Topology Routing protocol (DZTR). This protocol has been designed to provide scalable routing in a Mobile Ad hoc Networking (MANET) environment. DZTR breaks the network into a number of zones by using a GPS. The topology of each zone is maintained proactively and the route to the nodes in other zones are detennined reactively. DZTR proposes a number of different strategies to reduce routing overhead in large networks and reduce the single point of failure during data forwarding. In this paper, we propose a number of improvements for DZTR and investigate its performance using simulations. We compare the performance of DZTR against AODV, LARI and LPAR, Our results show that DZTR has fewer routing overheads than the other simulated routing protocols and achieves higher levels of scalability as the size and the density ofthe network is increased.

Ziolkowski, RW 2005, 'Gaussian Beam Interactions with Double-Negative (DNG) Metamaterials' in Negative-Refraction Metamaterials: Fundamental Principles and Applications, pp. 171-211.
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Abolhasan, M, Wysocki, T & Lipman, J 2005, 'A New Strategy to Improve Proactive Route Updates in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks', EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, vol. 2005, no. 5, pp. 828-837.
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This paper presents two new route update strategies for performing proactive route discovery in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The first strategy is referred to as minimum displacement update routing (MDUR). In this strategy, the rate at which route updates are sent into the network is controlled by how often a node changes its location by a required distance. The second strategy is called minimum topology change update (MTCU). In this strategy, the route updating rate is proportional to the level of topology change each node experiences. We implemented MDUR and MTCU on top of the fisheye state routing (FSR) protocol and investigated their performance by simulation. The simulations were performed in a number of different scenarios, with varied network mobility, density, traffic, and boundary. Our results indicate that both MDUR and MTCU produce significantly lower levels of control overhead than FSR and achieve higher levels of throughput as the density and the level of traffic in the network are increased.

Abry, P, Flandrin, P & Veitch, D 2005, 'Savoirs-INFORMATIQUE-Internet, comment reguler le trafic', Recherche, vol. 36, pp. 50-53.

Aslund, M, Canning, J, Jackson, SD, Teixeira, A & Lyytikainen, K 2005, 'Diffraction in air-clad fibres', OPTICS EXPRESS, vol. 13, no. 14, pp. 5227-5233.
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Bird, TS 2005, 'Editorial - Status Report on your TRANSACTIONS', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, vol. 53, no. 12, pp. 3862-3864.
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Bird, TS 2005, 'Mutual coupling in arrays of coaxial waveguides and horns (vol 52, pg 821, 2004)', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, vol. 53, no. 9, pp. 3114-3114.
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Bird, TS 2005, 'Report of the Transactions editor', IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION MAGAZINE, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 154-155.
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Bird, TS 2005, 'Special issue on antennas and propagation applications', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, vol. 53, no. 8, pp. 2362-2364.
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Canning, J, Deyerl, H & Kristensen, M 2005, 'Precision phase-shifting applied to fibre Bragg gratings', OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 244, no. 1-6, pp. 187-191.
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Canning, J, Deyerl, HJ, Sorensen, HR & Kristensen, M 2005, 'Ultraviolet-induced birefringence in hydrogen-loaded optical fiber', JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 97, no. 5.
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Canning, J, Jackson, SD, Aslund, M, Groothoff, N, Ashton, B & Lyytikainen, K 2005, 'Air-clad fibre laser with internal Bragg grating', ELECTRONICS LETTERS, vol. 41, no. 20, pp. 1103-1104.
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Cheng, E & Piccardi, M 2005, 'Track matching by major color histograms matching and post-matching integration', Image Analysis And Processing - ICIAP 2005, Proceedings, vol. 3617, pp. 1148-1157.
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In this paper we present a track matching algorithm based on the major color histograms matching and the post-matching integration useful for tracking a single object across multiple, limitedly disjoint cameras. First, the Major Color Spectrum Histogram

Duan, LY, Xu, M, Tian, Q, Xu, CS & Jin, JS 2005, 'A unified framework for semantic shot classification in sports video', IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 1066-1083.
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The extensive amount of multimedia information available necessitates content-based video indexing and retrieval methods. Since humans tend to use high-level semantic concepts when querying and browsing multimedia databases, there is an increasing need for semantic video indexing and analysis. For this purpose, we present a unified framework for semantic shot classification in sports video, which has been widely studied due to tremendous commercial potentials. Unlike most existing approaches, which focus on clustering by aggregating shots or key-frames with similar low-level features, the proposed scheme employs supervised learning to perform a top-down video shot classification. Moreover, the supervised learning procedure is constructed on the basis of effective mid-level representations instead of exhaustive low-level features. This framework consists of three main steps: 1) identify video shot classes for each sport; 2) develop a common set of motion, color, shot length-related mid-level representations; and 3) supervised learning of the given sports video shots. It is observed that for each sport we can predefine a small number of semantic shot classes, about 5-10, which covers 90%-95% of broadcast sports video. We employ nonparametric feature space analysis to map low-level features to mid-level semantic video shot attributes such as dominant object (a player) motion, camera motion patterns, and court shape, etc. Based on the fusion of those mid-level shot attributes, we classify video shots into the predefined shot classes, each of which has clear semantic meanings. With this framework we have achieved good classification accuracy of 85%-95% on the game videos of five typical ball type sports (i.e., tennis, basketball, Volleyball, soccer, and table tennis) with over 5500 shots of about 8 h. With correctly classified sports video shots, further structural and temporal analysis, such as event detection, highlight extraction, video skimming, and table of conte...

Engheta, N & Ziolkowski, RW 2005, 'A positive future for double-negative metamaterials', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1535-1556.
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Erentok, A, Luljak, PL & Ziolkowski, RW 2005, 'Characterization of a volumetric metamaterial realization of an artificial magnetic conductor for antenna applications', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 160-172.
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Esselle, KP & Bird, TS 2005, 'A hybrid-resonator antenna: Experimental results', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 870-871.
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Galbraith, AE, Theiler, J, Thome, KJ & Ziolkowski, RW 2005, 'Resolution enhancement of multilook imagery for the Multispectral Thermal Imager', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING, vol. 43, no. 9, pp. 1964-1977.
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Galbraith, JM, Kenyon, GT & Ziolkowski, RW 2005, 'Time-to-collision estimation from motion based on primate visual processing', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE, vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 1279-1291.
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Ge, Y, Esselle, KP & Bird, TS 2005, 'Compact diversity antenna for wireless devices', ELECTRONICS LETTERS, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 52-53.
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Ge, Y, Esselle, KP & Bird, TS 2005, 'Compact diversity antenna for wireless devices', Electronics Letters, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 52-53.
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A compact diversity antenna, consisting of two E-shaped microstrip patch antennas, is presented. It has a wide bandwidth, covering all frequency bands of 5-6 GHz WLAN systems operating under IEEE 802.11a and HiperLAN2 standards. Corrugations have been introduced to reduce the overall width of the diversity configuration to 54 mm - the width of a standard PCMCIA card. The isolation between the two inputs is greater than 20 dB and the signal correlation is less than 0.2 over all WLAN bands.

GEBREMICHAEL, Y, LI, W, BOYLE, W, MEGGITT, B, GRATTAN, K, MCKINLEY, B, FERNANDO, G, KISTER, G, WINTER, D & CANNING, L 2005, 'Integration and assessment of fibre Bragg grating sensors in an all-fibre reinforced polymer composite road bridge', Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, vol. 118, no. 1, pp. 78-85.
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Gebremichael, YM, Li, W, Boyle, WJO, Meggitt, BT, Grattan, KTV, McKinley, B, Fernando, GF, Kister, G, Winter, D, Canning, L & Luke, S 2005, 'Integration and assessment of fibre Bragg grating sensors in an all-fibre reinforced polymer composite road bridge', SENSORS AND ACTUATORS A-PHYSICAL, vol. 118, no. 1, pp. 78-85.
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Gibson, BC, Huntington, ST, Rubanov, S, Olivero, P, Digweed-Lyytikainen, K, Canning, J & Love, JD 2005, 'Exposure and characterization of nano-structured hole arrays in tapered photonic crystal fibers using a combined FIB/SEM technique', OPTICS EXPRESS, vol. 13, no. 22, pp. 9023-9028.
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Granet, C, Zhang, HZ, Forsyth, AR, Graves, GR, Doherty, P, Greene, KJ, James, GL, Sykes, P, Bird, TS, Sinclair, MW, Moorey, G & Manchester, RN 2005, 'The designing, manufacturing, and testing of a dual-band feed system for the Parkes radio telescope', IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION MAGAZINE, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 13-19.
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Groothoff, N, Canning, J, Ryan, T, Lyytikainen, K & Inglis, H 2005, 'Distributed feedback photonic crystal fibre (DFB-PCF) laser', OPTICS EXPRESS, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 2924-2930.
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Hága, P, Pásztor, A, Veitch, D & Csabai, I 2005, 'Pathsensor: Towards efficient available bandwidth measurement', Proceedings of IPS-MoMe 2005, pp. 14-15.

Hohn, N, Veitch, D & Ye, T 2005, 'Splitting and merging of packet traffic: Measurement and modelling', Performance Evaluation, vol. 62, pp. 164-177.

Huang, X & Li, Y 2005, 'Simple CPM receivers based on a switched linear modulation model', IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 53, no. 7, pp. 1100-1103.
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Based on a switched linear modulation model recently developed for continuous-phase modulated (CPM) signal representation and approximation, and incorporated with new phase state symbol definitions, three simple CPM receivers are proposed in this letter. Their performance simulation results and complexity comparison are given using a quaternary 2RC (raised cosine frequency pulse) CPM scheme. © 2005 IEEE.

Huang, XJ & Li, YX 2005, 'MMSE-optimal approximation of continuous-phase modulated signal as superposition of linearly modulated pulses', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 53, no. 7, pp. 1166-1177.
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Lipman, J, Abolhasan, M, Boustead, P & Chicharo, JF 2005, 'An optimised resource aware approach to information collection in ad hoc networks', Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 643-655.
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In ad hoc networks there is a need for all-to-one protocols that allow for information collection or âsensing❠of the state of an ad hoc network and the nodes that comprise it. Such protocols may be used for service discovery, auto-configuration, network management, topology discovery or reliable flooding. There is a parallel between this type of sensing in ad hoc networks and that of sensor networks. However, ad hoc networks and sensor networks differ in their application, construction, characteristics and constraints. The main priority of sensor networks is for the flow of data from sensors back to a sink, but in an ad hoc network this may be of secondary importance. Hence, protocols suitable to sensor networks are not necessarily suitable to ad hoc networks and vice versa. We propose, Resource Aware Information Collection (RAIC), a distributed two phased resource aware approach to information collection in ad hoc networks. RAIC utilises a resource aware optimised flooding mechanism to both disseminate requests and initialise a backbone of resource suitable nodes responsible for relaying replies back to the node collecting information. RAIC in the process of collecting information from all nodes in an ad hoc network is shown to consume less energy and introduce less overhead compared with Directed Diffusion and a brute force approach. Importantly, over multiple successive queries (in an energy constrained environment), the use of resource awareness allows for the load of relaying to be distributed to those nodes most suitable, thereby extending the lifetime of the network.

Machiraju, S, Veitch, D, Baccelli, F & Bolot, J 2005, 'Theory and Practice of Cross Traffic Estimation via Probes'.

Magrath, S, Braun, RM & Cuervo, F 2005, 'Policy interoperability and network autonomics', Lecture Notes In Computer Science: Autonomic Communication, vol. 3457, pp. 25-43.
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Autonomic behaviours in network operations will alleviate much of the labour intensive and error prone interventions of today's complex networks. The Service Provider must be able to manage the infrastructure and services at an abstract level, focusing o

Martelli, C, Canning, J, Groothoff, N & Lyytikainen, K 2005, 'Strain and temperature characterization of photonic crystal fiber Bragg gratings', OPTICS LETTERS, vol. 30, no. 14, pp. 1785-1787.
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Martelli, C, Canning, J, Lyytikainen, K & Groothoff, N 2005, 'Water-core Fresnel fiber', OPTICS EXPRESS, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 3890-3895.
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Potter, ME, Goss, K, Neifeld, MA & Ziolkowski, RW 2005, 'Nanostructure surface relief profiles for high-density optical data storage', OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 253, no. 1-3, pp. 56-69.
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Ridoux, J, Nucci, A & Veitch, D 2005, 'Characterization of wireless traffic based on semi-experiments', Laboratory of Computer Sciences, Paris, vol. 6.

Shadrivov, IV, Ziolkowski, RW, Zharov, AA & Kivshar, YS 2005, 'Excitation of guided waves in layered structures with negative refraction', OPTICS EXPRESS, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 481-492.
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Shin, J, Akyurtlu, A, Deshpande, M & Ziolkowski, RW 2005, 'Comments on "design, fabrication, and testing of double negative metamaterials"', IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 891-892.
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Sorensen, HR, Canning, J & Kristensen, M 2005, 'Laser hypersensitisation using 266 nm light', LASER PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 194-197.
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Sorensen, HR, Canning, J & Kristensen, M 2005, 'Thermal hypersensitisation and grating evolution in Ge-doped optical fibre', OPTICS EXPRESS, vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 2276-2281.
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Stevenson, M, Martelli, C, Canning, J, Ashton, B & Lyytikainen, K 2005, 'Photonic crystal fibre optical attenuators', ELECTRONICS LETTERS, vol. 41, no. 21, pp. 1167-1169.
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Stone, WR & Ziolkowski, RW 2005, 'Editor's comments', IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 47, no. 3.
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Vaughn, DG, Canning, JM & Hutchinson, JW 2005, 'Coupled plastic wave propagation and column buckling', JOURNAL OF APPLIED MECHANICS-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 139-146.
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Veitch, D, Hohn, N & Abry, P 2005, 'Multifractality in TCP/IP traffic: the case against', Computer Networks, vol. 48, pp. 293-313.

Wang, H, Wang, M, Hintz, TB, Wu, Q & He, S 2005, 'VSA-based Fractual Image Compression', Journal WSCG, vol. 13, no. 1-3, pp. 89-96.
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Weily, AR, Esselle, KP, Sanders, BC & Bird, TS 2005, 'High-gain 1D EBG resonator antenna', MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 107-114.
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Weily, AR, Horvath, L, Esselle, KP, Sanders, BC & Bird, TS 2005, 'A planar resonator antenna based on a woodpile EBG material', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 216-223.
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Zhang, J, Kennedy, RA & Abhayapala, TD 2005, 'Cramér-Rao lower bounds for the synchronization of UWB signals', EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing, vol. 2005, pp. 426-438.

Ziolkowski, RW 2005, 'Antennas and propagation in the presence of metamaterials and other complex media: Computational electromagnetic advances and challenges', IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, vol. E88B, no. 6, pp. 2230-2238.
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Ziolkowski, RW 2005, 'Author reply to comments on "Design, fabrication, and testing of double negative metamaterials"', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 891-892.
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Ziolkowski, RW 2005, 'President’s Message', IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 7-9.
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Ziolkowski, RW 2005, 'Presidents Message', IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION MAGAZINE, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 7-9.
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Ziolkowski, RW 2005, 'President's message', IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION MAGAZINE, vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 7-9.
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Ziolkowski, RW 2005, 'President's Message', IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION MAGAZINE, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 7-8.
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Ziolkowski, RW 2005, 'President's message', IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION MAGAZINE, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 7-8.
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Ziolkowski, RW 2005, 'President's message', IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION MAGAZINE, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 7-9.
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Ziolkowski, RW & Kipple, AD 2005, 'Reciprocity between the effects of resonant scattering and enhanced radiated power by electrically small antennas in the presence of nested metamaterial shells', PHYSICAL REVIEW E, vol. 72, no. 3.
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Abachi, H, Abdullah, R, Ahuja, SP, Alghazo, JM, Andresen, D, Arabnia, HR, Arcangeli, JP, Astsatryan, H, Chandy, J, Chen, Z, Chiu, SC, Chung, PT, Constantinides, C, DeMara, RF, Dominguez, FQ, Goswami, D, Gravvanis, GA, Grosu, D, Guo, M, Sean He, X, Hsieh, SY, Joe, K, Kato, H, Kettimuthu, R, Lee, JR, Lee, J, Li, KC, Liao, W, Liu, D, Lopez, EMM, Lopez-Benitez, N, Lu, T, Marowka, A, McDonald-Maier, KD, Mun, Y, Nagar, N, Nakamori, M, Oudshoorn, M, Pang, J, Park, JH, Pedersen, M, Pescape', A, Power, D, Shrikumar, H, Stiles, S, Su, HC, Subramani, K, Tinetti, FG, Veselovsky, G, Watson, LT, Wolfinger, BE, Woo, J, Xu, B, Yim, KS, Young, G, Zabir, S, Zhang, C & Zhang, X 2005, 'Conference on Parallel and Distributed Processing Techniques and Applications (PDPTA'05): Foreword', Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Processing Techniques and Applications, PDPTA'05.

Abachi, H, Alameldin, T, Alsultanny, YA, Arabnia, HR, Demetriou, GA, Fiaidhi, J, Girija, PN, Grawanis, GA, He, X, Hintz, T, Joshua, R, Karam, JR, Kato, H, Li, KC, Li, P, Li, X, Li, X, Luo, Y, Mayer, J, Mohammed, S, Mun, Y, Ponalagusamy, R, Ro, YM, Schaefer, G, Sim, KS, Sirakov, NM, Shrikumar, H, Vasikarla, S, Watson, LT, Wu, Q, You, J, Zadeh, J, Zhang, C & Zhu, Y 2005, 'Proceedings of the 2005 international conference on imaging science, systems, and technology: Computer graphics, CISST'05: foreword', Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference on Imaging Science, Systems, and Technology: Computer Graphics, CISST'05.

Abolhasan, M & Lipman, J 2005, 'Efficient and Highly Scalable Route Discovey for On-demand Routing Protocols in Ad hoc Networks', Efficient and Highly Scalable Route Discovey for On-demand Routing Protocols in Ad hoc Networks, Local Computer Networks, 2005. 30th Anniversary. The IEEE Conference on, IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 358-366.
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This paper presents a number of different route discovery strategies for on-demand routing protocols, which provide more control to each intermediate node make during the route discovery phase to make intelligent forwarding decisions. This is achieved through the idea of self-selection. In self-selecting route discovery each node independently makes route request (RREQ) forwarding decisions based upon a selection criterion or by satisfying certain conditions. The nodes which do not satisfy the selection criterion do not rebroadcast the routing packets. We implemented our self-selecting route discovery strategies over AODV using the GloMoSim network simulation package, and compared the performance with existing route discovery strategies used in AODV. Our simulation results show that a significant drop in the number of control packets can be achieved by giving each intermediate node more authority for self-selection during route discovery. Furthermore, a significant increase in throughput is achieved as the number nodes in the network is increased

Abolhasan, M, Wysocki, T & Lipman, J 2005, 'Performance Investigation on three-classes of MANET Routing Protocols', Performance Investigation on three-classes of MANET Routing Protocols, Communications, 2005 Asia-Pacific Conference on, Communications, 2005 Asia-Pacific Conference on, Perth, WA, pp. 774-778.
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Routing in ad hoc networks has received significant attention with a number of different routing protocols proposed in recent years. These routing protocols may be classified into three main categories: proactive, reactive and hybrid. Prior work aimed at comparing the performance of routing protocols has mainly focused on comparing reactive and proactive protocols. In this paper, we present a simulation study of different routing protocols from all three categories. We also explore the benefits and performance of each routing category. Further, we present a discussion of future research directions for routing in ad hoc networks

Åslund, M, Jackson, SD, Canning, J, Groothoff, N, Ashton, B & Lyytikäinen, K 2005, 'Yb³⁺-doped air-clad fibre laser using a Bragg grating written into active medium', Conference Proceedings - Lasers and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting-LEOS, pp. 748-749.
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Bruti Liberati, N, Platen, E, Martini, F & Piccardi, M 2005, 'A multi-point distributed random variable accelerator for Monte Carlo simulation in finance', Proceedings of 5th International Conference On Intelligent Systems Design And Applications, International Conference on Intelligent Systems Designs and Applications, IEEE, Wroclaw, Poland, pp. 532-537.
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The pricing and hedging of complex derivative securities via Monte Carlo simulations of stachastic deferential equations constitutes an intensive computational task. To achive real time execution, as often required by financial institutions, one needs highly efficient implementations of the multi-point distributed random variables underlying the simulations. In this paper a fast and flexible dedicated hardware solution is proposed. A comparative performance analysis demonstrates that the hardware solution is bottleneck-free and flexible, and significantly increases the computational efficiency of the software solution.

Canning, J 2005, 'A conductivity meter using a microfluidic voltage divider', Conference Proceedings - Lasers and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting-LEOS, pp. 866-867.
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Canning, J 2005, 'Photonic crystal fibres and gratings: Enabling a novel approach to lasers, sensors and other applications', Conference Proceedings - Lasers and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting-LEOS, pp. 862-863.
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Chaczko, Z, Ahmad, F & Mahadevan, V 2005, 'Wireless sensors in network based collaborative environments', ITHET 2005: 6th International Conference on Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training, 2005.
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Use of Telecollaboration (TC) systems based on sensor networks in education is an emerging field of research. It is feasible to connect many small wireless micro-sensors ("smart dust") [36], PDAs and cellular phones into a network that extends a TC education system. It is expected that those sensors collect and fuse various data and transmit the information through the network for enhanced TC educational outcomes. However, the traditional challenges remain the same. This includes the ability of managing resources such as: power, bandwidth, distances, performance of the sensors and related hardware. At the heart of the sensor network paradigm are the human factors. We realize that the concept of the human research is native to such emerging technologies as Wireless Sensor Networks, sensor enabling facilities, ubiquitous computing devices and all IP next generation networks that are challenging the rationale of traditional information fusion systems. The technology has reached a level of maturity at which it is reasonable to discover sensors based on the context awareness, pertinence, query for appropriate data, and fuse it using applicable fusion rules, computing and communication infrastructure. In this paper we introduce innovative concepts for support of TC solutions, identify design, development methodologies as well as challenges for TC systems. © 2005 IEEE.

Chaczko, Z, Caroly, M & Lim, L 2005, 'A middleware model for telecollaboration systems in education', ITHET 2005: 6th International Conference on Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training, 2005.
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The internationalization and virtualization of both educational institutes and workplaces around the world is driving the development of technology that supports remote collaboration. Telecollaboration is aimed at bringing participants together into a virtual co-location where these participants can collaborate with each other. Over 2003 and 2004, several groups of students from the University of Technology, Sydney attempted to modify an existing conferencing package. This resulted in the development of a prototype telecollaboration system. In this paper we re-evaluate the architecture of the prototype, making a number of observations about the system and giving rise to a list of key features for a middleware that is capable of masking the heterogeneity of telecollaborative services and also provides for pervasive and ambient access to resources and services throughout such systems. © 2005 IEEE.

Chaczko, Z, Mahadevan, V & Wajs-Chaczko, E 2005, 'Blogging in teaching and learning software systems development', ITHET 2005: 6th International Conference on Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training, 2005.
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This paper outlines the strategic framework for applications of new blogging strategies and tools significantly enriched with cognitive, conative and emotive dimensions that can be used for effective teaching and learning of Software Systems Development (SSD) in large groups. Additionally, we provide features included in blogs as an invaluable source for monitoring and assessing the progress of the SSD subject. We focus on a support environment of specialised blogging tools used and comments on shared experiences in the implementation of blogging methods in the SSD subject over the last year at University of Technology, Sydney, Australia. Next, we review and assess the proposed blogs methodology for information processing as well as for subject evaluation. Then we discuss the successes of blogging, as well as the most common problems (both anticipated and experienced) inherent in using this tool. Finally, we present our knowledge, observations, comments and recommendations for the enhanced use of blogging, in a process of continuous improvement of teaching and learning of SSD. © 2005 IEEE.

Chaczko, ZC & Ahmad, F 2005, 'Wireless sensor network based system for fire endangered areas', Proceedings of Third International Conference On Information Technology And Applications, Vol 2, International Conference on Information Technology and Applications, IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 203-207.
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This paper describes a system design approach for a wireless sensor network based application that is to be used to measure temperature and humidity as well as being fitted with a smoke defector. Such a device can be used as an early warning fire detecti

Chaczko, ZC & Sinha, SN 2005, 'SAFE Model Approach to Construction of Intelligent Security Systems', Proceedings - Third International Conference on Information Technology and Applications, International Conference on Information Technology and Applications, University of Technology, Sydney, Sydney, Australia, pp. 197-202.
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Dynamic environments such as that of any public and private infrastructure, workplace and even home consist of multiple entities that continuously interact with each other. Integrating an intelligent security system in such an environment necessitates the need for a soft systems approach that gives perspective to such interactions through identifying associated holons. The holonic analysis allows characterisation of ill-defined and often problematic situations that are resultant of the human activity system. This paper discusses some techniques that can be adopted to resolve scenarios that are plagued with uncertainty in reasoning and the continuously varying nature of interrelationship between native entities. The technical aspect of this system encompasses the mode of query processing and surveillance through a structured sensor network set up with the aid of distributed services and network protocols.

Challa, S, Gulrez, T, Chaczko, ZC & Tumkur, P 2005, 'Opportunistic Information Fusion: A New Paradigm for Next Generation Networked Sensing Systems', Proceedings of 7th International Conference on Information Fusion, International Conference on Information Fusion, IEEE, Philadelphia, USA, pp. 720-727.
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Traditionally, Information Fusion systems assume that the information is gathered from known sensors over proprietary communication networks and fuse using fixed rules of information fusion and designated computing and communication resources. Emerging technologies like wireless sensor networks, TEDS enabled legacy sensors, ubiquitous computing devices and all IP next generation networks are challenging the rationale of conventional information fusion systems. The technology has matured to a point where it is reasonable to discover sensors based on the context, establish relevance, query for appropriate data, and fuse it using the most appropriate fusion rule, using ubiquitous computing and communication environment in an opportunistic manner. We define such fusion systems as opportunistic information fusion systems. In this paper we introduce this new paradigm for information fusion and identify plausible approaches and challenges to design, develop and deploy the proposed next generation opportunistic information fusion systems.

Chen, ZN, Chia, MYW, Mittra, R, Ziolkowski, RW, Li, LW, De Maagt, P, Ong, M, Ooi, BL, Rao, SV, Alphones, A, Ooi, BL, Lim, CG, Lu, YL & Wang, CF 2005, 'Message from the general chair', Proceedings - 2005 IEEE International Workshop on Antenna Technology: Small Antennas and Novel Metamaterials, IWAT 2005.
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Cheng, E & Piccardi, M 2005, 'Disjoint camera track matching by an illumination effects reduction and major colour spectrum histograms representation algorithms', Proceedings Image and vision computing New Zealand 2005, Image and Vision Computing Conference, Wickliffe Ltd, Dunedin, New Zeland, pp. 432-437.
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Cheng, E., Piccardi, M. & Jan, T. 2005, 'Boat Generated acoustic target signal detection by use of an adaptive median CFAR and multi-frame integration algorithm', Proceedings of EUSPICO 2005, 13th Europena Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO 2005), EURASIP, Antalya, Turkey, pp. 1-4.

Cheng, ED, Piccardi, M & Jan, T 2005, 'Boat-generated acoustic target signal detection by use of an Adaptive Median CFAR and multi-frame integration algorithm', 13th European Signal Processing Conference, EUSIPCO 2005, pp. 13-16.
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In this paper, an Adaptive Median Constant False Alarm Rate (AMCFAR) and multi-frame post detection integration algorithm is proposed for effective real time automatic target detection of boat-generated acoustic signals, in which, an observation space is created by sampling and dividing input analog acoustic signal into multiple frames and each frame is transformed into the frequency domain. In the created observation space, a Median Constant False Alarm Rate (MCFAR) and post detection integration algorithms have been proposed for an effective automatic target detection of boat generated acoustic signals, in which a low constant false alarm rate is kept with relative high detection rate. The proposed algorithm has been tested on several real acoustic signals from hydrophone sensors, and statistical analysis and experimental results showed it able to provide a very low false alarm rate and a relatively high detection rate in all cases.

Chiang, F 2005, 'Implementing an autonomic service activation paradigm through market-based design mechanisms', 2005 3RD IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS (INDIN), 3rd IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN), IEEE, Perth, AUSTRALIA, pp. 802-807.

Chiang, F, Braun, RM & Hughes, JM 2005, 'A Biologically-Inspired Multi-Agent Framework for Autonomic Service Management', Seventh Annual International Working Conference on Active and Programmable Networks, Seventh Annual Internationl Working Conference on Active and Programmable Networks, IEEE, Nice, France, pp. 1-6.

Chiang, F, Braun, RM, Magrath, S, Markovits, S & Huang, S 2005, 'Autonomic Service Configuration in Telecommunication MASs with Extended Role-based GAIA and JADEx', Proceedings of ICSSSM '05. 2005 International Conference on Services Systems and Services Management. Volume 2, IEEE International Conference on Services Systems and Services Management, IEEE, ChongQing, China, pp. 1319-1324.
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Autonomic communications have attracted huge attention recently for the management of telecommunication networks in the European Network Research Community. The purpose of this research is to offer the abilities such as autonomy, scalability, adaptation as well as simplicity for management application in complex networks. The accomplished networks inspired by biological mechanisms or market-based concepts could enable agents to be of intelligence, scalability, and interoperability in the management functional domains with regards to the large volume requirements from services' fulfillment perspective in decentralized multiagent systems. In accordance with TMF and FIPA specifications and requirements, the autonomy attributes self-configuring, self-adapting, self-limiting, self-preserving, and self-optimizing are involved into our simulation. Resource allocation requests are bidded for a long session in the multiunit Vickrey-Clarke-Groves auction. This design adopts the software development methodology - GAIA and the framework - JADEx. We have shown multiple service configuration in dynamic network can be nearly optimized by autonomic behaviors via bidding according to business objectives for getting maximum revenues. We conclude this end-to-end approach maintains self-managing capability, easy-to-implement scalability, and more incentively compatible and efficient over other common implementation so that it could achieve the optimal solution to the flexible requirements for the service fulfillment for advanced IP networks.

Erentok, A & Ziolkowski, RW 2005, 'Development of epsilon-negative (ENG) metamaterials for efficient electrically small antenna applications', IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International Symposium (Digest), pp. 304-307.
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Erentok, A & Ziolkowski, RW 2005, 'Dipole antennas enclosed in double negative (DNG) and single-negative (SNG) nested spheres: Efficient electrically small antennas', IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International Symposium (Digest), pp. 252-255.
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Erentok, A & Ziolkowski, RW 2005, 'HFSS modeling of a dipole antenna enclosed in an Epsilon-negative (ENG) metamaterial shell', IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International Symposium (Digest), pp. 22-25.
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Ge, Y, Esselle, KP & Bird, TS 2005, 'A dual-band monopole antenna for mobile communications', 2005 IEEE/ACES International Conference on Wireless Communications and Applied Computational Electromagnetics, pp. 974-977.
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In this paper, a dual-band, compact, lightweight and low-cost surface-mount monopole antenna is proposed. This antenna can generate two separate resonant modes and operate in two frequency bands. The antenna has a monopole configuration, obtained by folding a metallic strip onto a low profile rectangular foam base, and is mounted on a substrate. It is fed by a 50Q microstrip line. A prototype of the proposed antenna has been fabricated and tested. The lower band covers the GSM900 band, and the upper band covers both DCS1800 and PCS1900 bands. ©2005 ACES.

Ge, Y, Esselle, KP & Bird, TS 2005, 'Small quad-band WLAN antenna', IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International Symposium (Digest), pp. 56-59.
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A novel multi-band printed antenna, ideal for all IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network (WLAN) systems, is presented. It operates well in all frequency bands (2.45, 4.9, 5.25 and 5.775 GHz) allocated worldwide for IEEE 802.11a, b, g and j wireless computer systems, demonstrating a return loss > 10dB, an excellent efficiency and a wide radiation pattern. The antenna is printed on a thin (0.8mm), low cost substrate FR4 using standard microstrip fabrication techniques at a very low cost, and hence it does not require extra processes for mounting or connecting it to the transceiver board. Its very small footprint area (only 10×10mm) makes it the smallest quad-band WLAN antenna available yet. The antenna is based on a unique layout of two bent printed strips in which one strip bends around the other and their terminal segments are closer to each other than the rest. © 2005 IEEE.

Ge, YH, Esselle, KP & Bird, TS 1970, 'Antennas for 5-6 GHz wireless communication systems', SIGNAL PROCESSING FOR TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND MULTIMEDIA, 7th International Symposium on Digital Signal Processing for Communication Systems, SPRINGER, Coolangatta, AUSTRALIA, pp. 269-280.

Groothoff, N & Canning, J 2005, 'High temperature resistant fibre Bragg gratings using standard boron-codoped germanosilicate fibre.', 17th International Conference on Optical Fibre Sensors, Pts 1 and 2, 17th International Conference on Optical Fibre Sensors, SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, Brugge, BELGIUM, pp. 799-802.
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Groothoff, N, Canning, J, Inglis, H, Ryan, T, Lyytikainen, K & Digweed, J 2005, 'DFB photonic crystal fibre (DFB-PCF) laser in Er3+ doped air-silica structured optical fibre', 17th International Conference on Optical Fibre Sensors, Pts 1 and 2, 17th International Conference on Optical Fibre Sensors, SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, Brugge, BELGIUM, pp. 118-121.
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Gulrez, T, Al-Hmouz, R, Al-Jumaily, A & Chaczko, ZC 2005, 'CA Based PRM for Autonomous Mobile Robot's path-planning in cluttered environment', Proceedings of the First International Conference on Modeling, Simulation and Applied Optimization, International Conference on Modeling, Simulation and Applied Optimization, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE, pp. 1-6.

Gunes, H & Piccardi, M 2005, 'Affect Recognition from Face and Body: Early Fusion vs. Late Fusion', Proceedings of IEEE Systems, Man and Cyberntetics Conference 2005, IEEE Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, IEEE, Hawaii, USA, pp. 3437-3443.
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This paper presents an approach to automatic visual emotion recognition from two modalities: face and body. Firstly, individual classifiers are trained from individual modalities. Secondly, we fuse facial expression and affective body gesture information first at a feature-level, in which the data from both modalities are combined before classification, and later at a decision-level, in which we integrate the outputs of the monomodal systems by the use of suitable criteria. We then evaluate these two fusion approaches, in terms of performance over monomodal emotion recognition based on facial expression modality only. In the experiments performed the emotion classification using the two modalities achieved a better recognition accuracy outperforming the classification using the individual facial modality. Moreover, fusion at the feature-level proved better recognition than fusion at the decision-level.

Gunes, H & Piccardi, M 2005, 'Automatic visual recognition of face and body action units', Proceedings of Third International Conference On Information Technology And Applications, Vol 1, International Conference on Information Technology and Applications, IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 668-673.
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Expressive face and body gestures are among the main non-verbal communication channels in human-human interaction. Understanding human emotions through these nonverbal means is one of the necessary skills both for humans and also for the computers to int

Gunes, H & Piccardi, M 2005, 'Fusing face and body display for bi-modal emotion recognition: single frame analysis and multi frame post integration', Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction - First International Conference ACII 2005 Proceedings, International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent, Springer, Beijing, China, pp. 102-111.
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This paper presents an approach to automatic visual emotion recognition from two modalities: expressive face and body gesture. Face and body movements are captured simultaneously using two separate cameras. For each face and body image sequence single “expressive” frames are selected manually for analysis and recognition of emotions. Firstly, individual classifiers are trained from individual modalities for mono-modal emotion recognition. Secondly, we fuse facial expression and affective body gesture information at the feature and at the decision-level. In the experiments performed, the emotion classification using the two modalities achieved a better recognition accuracy outperforming the classification using the individual facial modality. We further extend the affect analysis into a whole image sequence by a multi-frame post integration approach over the single frame recognition results. In our experiments, the post integration based on the fusion of face and body has shown to be more accurate than the post integration based on the facial modality only.

Gunes, H & Piccardi, M 2005, 'Fusing Face and body gesture for machine recognition of emotions', Proceedings of IEEE RO-MAN 2005, International workshop on Robot and Human Interaction communication, IEEE, Nashville, USA, pp. 306-311.
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Hayman, DB, Bird, TS, Esselle, KP & Hall, P 2005, 'Encircled power study of focal plane field for estimating focal plane array size', IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International Symposium (Digest), pp. 371-374.
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The relationship between the size of a focal plane array in a prime focus dish and achievable scan angle is studied in order to find a starting point for designing such systems. A physical optics model is used to obtain focal plane fields and the radii in the focal plane required to encircle 3 dB and 1 dB below the incident power is calculated for a range of dish diameters and focal length over dish diameter ratios (F/D). The study found the focal plane fields are largely independent of dish size when the scan angle is expressed in beamwidths and gives guidance for the optimal F/D to achieve maximum field of view for a given focal plane array size. © 2005 IEEE.

He, S & Jia, W 2005, 'Hexagonal structure for intelligent vision', Proceedings of IBS ICICT 2005 1st International conference on information and communication technologies, International Conference on Information and Communications Technology, IEEE, Karachi, Pakistan, pp. 52-64.
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Using hexagonal grids to represent digital images have been studied for more than 40 years. Increased processing capabilities of graphic devices and recent improvements in CCD technology have made hexagonal sampling attractive for practical applications and brought new interests on this topic. The hexagonal structure is considered to be preferable to the rectangular structure due to its higher sampling efficiency, consistent connectivity and higher angular resolution and is even proved to be superior to square structure in many applications. Since there is no mature hardware for hexagonal-based image capture and display, square to hexagonal image conversion has to be done before hexagonal-based image processing. Although hexagonal image representation and storage has not yet come to a standard, experiments based on existing hexagonal coordinate systems have never ceased. In this paper, we firstly introduced general reasons that hexagonally sampled images are chosen for research. Then, typical hexagonal coordinates and addressing schemes, as well as hexagonal based image processing and applications, are fully reviewed.

He, S, Hintz, TB, Wu, Q & Zheng, L 2005, 'Number Recognition Using Inductive learning on Spiral Architecture', Proceedings of the 2005 international conference in computer vision, International conference in computer vision, CSREA Press, Las Vegas, USA, pp. 58-62.
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He, S, Jia, W, Lin, Q & Hintz, TB 2005, 'Detection of Heart Movement Manner Based on Hexagonal Image Structure', Proceedings of the First International Conference on Medical Imaging and Telemedicine, Middlesex University Press, Wuyi Mountain, P. R. China, pp. 28-31.

He, S, Wang, H, Wu, Q & Hintz, TB 2005, 'Contractive IFS for fractal image compression on spiral architecture', Proceedings of 2005 Asia-Pacific Workshop on Visual Information Processing, Asia-Pacific Workshop on Visual Information Processing, IEEE, Hong Kong, China, pp. 171-176.
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Hintz, T, Piccardi, M & He, X 2005, 'Message from the Chairs', Proceedings - 3rd International Conference on Information Technology and Applications, ICITA 2005.

Huang, X 2005, 'Simple implementations of mutually orthogonal complementary sets of sequences', Proceedings of 2005 International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems, ISPACS 2005, pp. 369-372.
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This paper presents simple software and hardware implementations for a class of mutually orthogonal complementary sets of sequences based on its closed-form construction formula. Following a brief review of the Golay-paired Hadamard matrix concept, the flow graph for constructing mutually orthogonal Golay-paired Hadamard matrices, which represent the scalable complete complementary sets of sequences, is proposed. Then, their superb scalability and completeness are summarized. Finally, the C and Matlab functions and a logic schematic diagram are given to easily generate these complementary sequences. © 2005 IEEE.

Jia, W, Zhang, H & He, S 2005, 'Mean shift for accurate number plate detection', Proceedings of Third International Conference On Information Technology And Applications, Vol 1, International Conference on Information Technology and Applications, IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 732-737.
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This paper presents a robust method for number plate detection, where mean shift segmentation is used to segment color vehicle images into candidate regions. Three features are extracted in order to decide whether a candidate region contains a number pla

Jia, W, Zhang, H, He, S & Piccardi, M 2005, 'Mean shift for accurate license plate localisation', ITSC '05 - 8th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, IEEE, Vienna, Austria, pp. 566-571.
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Káčik, D, Turek, I, Martinček, I, Pudiš, D, Lyytikainen, K, Canning, J & Peterka, P 2005, 'Influence of fibre length on intermodal interference in PCF', Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, pp. 1-6.
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Intermodal interference in a photonic crystal fibre is measured in fibre samples of different lengths. The measurement was performed for attenuation of the first higher order mode determination. Also, the mode field distributions at the end of short and longer samples were measured. This measurement allows finding field distribution of the second mode.

Lee, D, Erentok, A & Ziolkowski, RW 2005, 'Integration of a printed dipole antenna with a cll-based volumetric metamaterial AMC block', IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International Symposium (Digest), pp. 2-5.
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Liberati, NB, Platen, E, Martini, F & Piccardi, M 2005, 'An FPGA generator for multipoint distributed random variables', ACM/SIGDA International Symposium on Field Programmable Gate Arrays - FPGA, p. 280.
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Multi-point distributed random variables whose moments match those of a Gaussian random variable up to a certain order play an important role in Monte Carlo simulations of weak approximations of stochastic differential equations. In applications such as finance, where "real time" execution is required, there is a strong need for highly efficient implementations. In this paper a fast and flexible dedicated hardware solution on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is presented. A comparative performance analysis between a software-only and the proposed hardware solution demonstrates that the FPGA solution is bottleneck-free, retains the flexibility of the software solution and significantly increases the computational efficiency.

Lim, CC, Da Xu, RY, Yu, H & Jin, JJ 2005, 'Streaming web-lecturing and synchronized web browsing', Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference on Web-Based Education, WBE 2005, pp. 18-21.
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Developments of e-learning technologies are generating great impact in the field of education services to overcome geographical displace and improve the collaborative group work environment. Previous researches about e-learning system have introduced many concepts to generate fundamental groundwork such as tools for managing the contents of course materials, students' records and assessments information. However, the great potential of e-learning technologies according to web lecturing and collaborative group work can still be explored for maximizing the interactions among users. This paper proposed a web-based multimedia system for e-learning management application with an advanced streaming web lecturing module and an additional of a communication tools developed according to the concept of Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW). With the ability of tracking multiple objects simultaneously, the proposed streaming web lecturing can satisfy and improve the requirements of a virtual classroom. The efficiency of collaboration and consultation is increased by providing an online chat session and simultaneous group web browsing environment that user could aware the presence of other participants.

Liu, D & He, S 2005, 'Achieving fast fractal image compression using spiral architecture', Proceedings of the 2005 international conference on parallel and distributed processing techniques and applications, International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Processing Techniques and Applications, CSREA Press, Las Vegas, USA, pp. 141-146.
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Liu, D & He, S 2005, 'Models of the sea mixed waves in navigating radar simulator', Proceedings of Third International Conference On Information Technology And Applications, Vol 1, International Conference on Information Technology and Applications, IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 634-637.
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The sea mixed wave models of Radar simulators in existence only use the random number produced by computer to simulate simply ..don?t use the statistic discipline and mathematical model, the effect of simulation is not good, the fidelity of radar echo image is affected. The echo intensity of the sea mixed wave accords with Weibull distribution is discovered through researching on the statistic rule of the sea mixes wave. The inverse function of Weibull?s probability distribution function has been used to random numbers with Weibull distribution. The shape parameter and intensity parameter of Weibull distribution is given combined with the experimental accumulation and the distributing circumstance of real radar's sea mixed wave under different range and sea situation.

Liu, J & He, S 2005, 'A review study on digital watermarking', Proceedings of IBA ICIT 2005, International Conference on Information and Communications Technology, IEEE, Karachi, Pakistan, pp. 337-341.
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There has been a rapid development in the growth of multimedia and communications in the past few years. With the widespread use of the networks, intellectual properties can be obtained, reproduced or redistributed easily. This creates a high demand for content protection techniques. Watermarking, one of the most efficient ways to protect the digital properties has won more and more concern in recent years. This paper reviews several aspects about digital watermarking. Among them, we mainly focus on three processes of digital watermarking. Also, we will examine the properties of watermarking and several applications of watermarking. At last, this paper will discuss the differences between watermarking, steganography and cryptography.

Liu, J, Li, S, He, S & Wu, Q 2005, 'A study of fractal based watermarking for images', DCABES And ICPACE Joint Conference On Distributed Algorithms For Science And Engineering, Joint Meeting of the International Symposium on Distributed Computing and Applications to Business, Engineering and Science/International Conference on Parallel Algorithms and Computing Evironments, CMS Press, Brighton, England, pp. 127-130.
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In this paper, we will provide a study on Fractal based watermarking techniques available today. Fractal is a technique that makes use of the similarity of the natural phenomena of irregular shapes. Only in recent years it has been used in image coding a

Lu, S, Zhang, J & Feng, D 2005, 'Classification of moving humans using eigen-features and support vector machines', Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 11th International Conference on Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns, CAIP 2005, NA, Versailles, pp. 522-529.
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This paper describes a method of categorizing the moving objects using eigen-features and support vector machines. Eigen-features, generally used in face recognition and static image classification, are applied to classify the moving objects detected fro

Machiraju, S, Veitch, D, Baccelli, F, Nucci, A & Bolot, JC 2005, 'Theory and practice of cross-traffic estimation', ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review, ACM, pp. 400-401.

Machiraju, S, Veitch, D, Baccelli, F, Nucci, A & Bolot, JC 2005, 'Theory and practice of cross-traffic estimation', ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review, ACM, pp. 400-401.

Madden, CS & Piccardi, M 2005, 'Height measurement as a session-based biometric for people matching across disjoint camera views', Proceedings Image and Vision Computing New Zealand 2005, Image and Vision Computing Conference, Wickliffe Ltd, Dunedin, New Zealand, pp. 282-286.
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Magrath, S & Braun, RM 2005, 'Scalable Policy Enforcement and PBNM Benchmarking', IFIP/IEEE IM 2005, France, IEEE, Nice, France.

Magrath, S, Chiang, F, Markovits, S, Braun, RM & Cuervo, F 2005, 'Autonomics in telecommunications service activation', Proceedings of ISADS 2005: International Symposium On Autonomous Decentralized Systems, International Symposium on Autonomous Decentralized Systems (ISADS 2005), IEEE, Chengdu, China, pp. 731-737.
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The motivation for this paper is to extend the state of the art in distributed autonomics praxis as applied to telecommunications network management. We describe how the task assignment problem, common in telecommunications service activation workflow pr

Markovits, S & Braun, RM 2005, 'SLA: A PBNM supported Information Model', Proceedings of 7th International Conference On Advanced Communication Technology, Vol 2, 7th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology, IEEE, Phoenix Pk, South Korea, pp. 871-876.
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An Information Model continues to be a fundamental constituent in understanding complex environments. The TMF’s eTOM is a complete business process oriented view of a senice provider and the SID is being positioned as the information model. It is claimed that the use of an extended and expanded version of Policy Based Management can automate many of the processes. This paper examines how PBNM, eTOM and SID can be combined to achieve an automated SLA monitoring service. It maps the assurance (monitoring) portion of the SLA process onto the TMF SID inlormation model detail@ the used SLA entities and policy rules involved.

Markovits, S, Lam, M & Braun, RM 2005, 'Information modeling of trouble: A service provider view', Contel 2005: Proceedings Of the 8th International Conference On Telecommunications, Vols 1 And 2, IEEE International Conference on Telecommunications, IEEE, Zagreb, Croatia, pp. 471-478.
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This paper focuses on providing an information model view of the Trouble component of the assurance domain. This is derived using an understanding of the TMF eTOM processes and the associated SID Information Model through its application to the Trouble p

Martelli, C, Canning, J & Groothoff, N 2005, 'Bragg grating in a Fresnel fibre with a water-core', Conference Proceedings - Lasers and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting-LEOS, pp. 864-865.
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Martelli, C, Canning, J, Groothoff, N & Lyytikainen, KA 2005, 'Bragg gratings in photonic crystal fibres: Strain and temperature characterization', 17th International Conference on Optical Fibre Sensors, Pts 1 and 2, 17th International Conference on Optical Fibre Sensors, SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, Brugge, BELGIUM, pp. 302-305.
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Martini, F, Piccardi, M, Bruti Liberati, N & Platen, E 2005, 'A hardware generator for multi-point distributed random variables', 2005 IEEE International Symposium On Circuits And Systems (Iscas), Vols 1-6, Conference Proceedings, International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, IEEE Computer Society Press, Kobe, Japan, pp. 1702-1705.
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Monte Carlo simulation of weak approximations of stochastic differential equations constitutes an intensive computational task. In applications such as finance, for instance, to achieve "real time" execution, as often required, one needs highly efficient implementations of the multi-point distributed random number generator underlying the simulations. In this paper a fast and flexible dedicated hardware solution on a field programmable gate array is presented. A comparative performance analysis between a software-only and the proposed hardware solution demonstrates that the hardware solution is bottleneck-free, retains the flexibility of the software solution and significantly increases the computational efficiency. Moreover, simulations in applications such as economics, insurance, physics, population dynamics, epidemiology, structural mechanics, chemistry and biotechnology can benefit from the obtained speedup.

Michie, A, Canning, J, Padden, W, Lyytikainen, K, Aslund, M & Digweed, J 2005, 'Temperature independent polarisation maintaining fibre for sensing and interferometry', 17th International Conference on Optical Fibre Sensors, Pts 1 and 2, 17th International Conference on Optical Fibre Sensors, SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, Brugge, BELGIUM, pp. 611-614.
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Mittra, R, Ziolkowski, RW, Bird, TS, Chan, CH, Chang, DC, Eom, HJ, Fang, DG, Hall, PS, Hirasawa, K, Hisamatsu, N, Ito, K, Itoh, T, Kildal, PS, Luk, KM, Soon, YT, Seng, LM, Vardaxoglou, Y, Wong, KL & Zhang, WX 2005, 'Message from the International Advisory Committee chair', Proceedings - 2005 IEEE International Workshop on Antenna Technology: Small Antennas and Novel Metamaterials, IWAT 2005.
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Peterson, C, Chaczko, Z, Scott, C & Davis, D 2005, 'Software project management for developing countries', IFAC Proceedings Volumes (IFAC-PapersOnline), pp. 35-40.
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Software is developed and implemented by enterprises that wish to increase their efficiency and effectiveness. This process is often undertaken by persons who have little or no formal training in the field, particularly in developing countries. The results are frequently disadvantageous and often fatal to the enterprise. The University of Technology, Sydney has designed a special short postgraduate program targeted at persons in developing countries who have or wish to have such software responsibility. The response to this program has proven to be significant as it provides a fast and effective approach to increasing the software project management capability. Copyright © 2005 IFAC.

Piccardi, M & Cheng, E 2005, 'Track matching over disjoint camera views based on an incremental major color spectrum histogram', AVSS 2005 IEEE International Conference on Advanced video and signal based surveillance, Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance, IEEE, Como, Itlay, pp. 147-152.
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Matching tracks from a single individual across disjoint camera views is a challenging task in video surveillance. In this paper, a Major Color Spectrum Histogram representation (MCSHR) is introduced to represent a moving object by using a normalized distance between two points in the RGB space. Then, an incremental MCSHR is proposed to cope with small pose changes and segmentation errors occurring along the track. Finally, a similarity measurement algorithm is proposed based on the incremental MCSHR to measure the similarity of any two tracked moving objects. The proposed similarity measurement algorithm proved capable of measuring the similarity of the two moving objects accurately. Experimental results show that with three to five frames integration, the proposed incremental MCSHR algorithm can make matching more robust and reliable than single-frame matching, especially for small pose changes. The matching performance is not obviously improved instead when the number of integration is more than five. The similarity of a same moving object in two different tracks has been improved from 92% to 95% with the integration number increased from three to five, while two different moving objects have been easily discriminated. The proposed algorithm can be used to match tracks from single individuals in camera networks which do not provide full coverage of the monitored space.

Pousti, H, Hasan, H & Dutkiewicz, E 2005, 'Application of mobile agents in wireless-based mission critical emergency operations', Proceedings: DMS 2005 - 11th International Conference on Distributed Multimedia Systems, pp. 381-386.
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© 2005 by Knowledge Systems Institute Graduate School. In the ambiguous, high stress, and time sensitive environment of mission critical emergency operations, the decision-making process could benefit from a distributed pattern of mobile resources across a wireless network. Dealing with challenges in these environments, mobile agents can move across the wireless setup, having many promising attributes including autonomy, adaptability, and persistency. These attributes make them able to act independently, to sense and interact with their environment and to make decisions on behalf of the users. Mobile agents are particularly suitable for the situations where the distributed information throughout a network is crucial for other applications/services/agents which heavily rely on, and are sensitive to situation-based and well-timed information. Until now there has been a lack of studies that approach issues of disaster response in a way that integrates these technologies while also considering the human and organisational perspectives. In this paper we present and investigate an intense man-made disaster. Results show that mobile agents can in many ways augment the performance of communication systems working in extreme environments of mission critical emergency operations.

Schmidhammer, E, Heinze, H, Woelky, M, Schmiedgen, M, Henn, G, Braun, R & Metzger, T 2005, 'BAW components for PCS-CDMA applications', Proceedings - IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, pp. 89-92.
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Bulk Acoustic Wave (BAW) technology is highly investigated due to its silicon-based technology for further integration in the RF part of e.g. mobile phones. This paper shows the current performance of various components suitable for the US PCS-CDMA band. In particular, new results of a duplexer are presented as well as new designs for a transmit filter and a receive filter. Besides the transfer functions, measurements of the temperature coefficient for left and right skirts are shown as well. The presented results show clearly our improvements within solidly-mounted-resonator (SMR) -BAW technology. Our process flow using a 200 mm manufacturing line uses only the minimum required process steps by still keeping a high yield in combination with high process stability and high process robustness. © 2005 IEEE.

Sinha, S & Chaczko, Z 2005, 'Synergy between SSM and SAFE in sensor network information processing', 2005 3rd IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics, INDIN, pp. 686-691.
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With the onset of the Internet the perception of computing systems in general has revolutionised. Areas of research have migrated from developing nodes to building networks - thus requiring the need for a variety of information processing techniques, such as clustering, classification, dependency modelling and others. However, the applications of Sensor Networks are yet to evolve in such proportions. Some of the primary constraints being the resources available in an embedded environment, the need to dynamically configure services to carry out a variety of tasks, communication interfaces and sensing and monitoring techniques. This paper discusses a holonic analysis to aid in mitigating ill-structured and often problematic situations that are often characterized by uncertainty in reasoning and the varying nature of relationships with associated elements. The proposed methodology is a synergy between the classic model derived from Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) and the model of Systemic Analysis through Familiar Entities (SAFE). Development of an Intelligent Security System (ISS) has been considered to be an ideal test-bed for this synergy to go through the phases of problem definition and exploration, development of conceptual models and generation of insight to stimulate acceptable and feasible changes. The technical aspect of this system encompasses the mode of query processing and surveillance through a structured sensor network set up with the aid of distributed services and network protocols. © 2005 IEEE.

Soliman, RM, Braun, RM & Simoff, SJ 2005, 'The essential ingredients of collaboration', Proceedings 2005 international symposium on collaborative technologies and systems, International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems, IEEE, St. Louis, USA, pp. 366-373.
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We propose there are eight essential ingredients for collaboration, regardless of any underlying technology - including face-to-face environments. These ingredients are: two or more people; shared space; time; a common objective; focus on the objective; common language; knowledge in the area of the objective; and interaction. These ingredients are useful for identifying aspects for improvement in both collaboration technology and human collaboration processes. Based on these essential ingredients glimpses of future technology can be seen

Wang, H, Wang, M, Hintz, TB, He, S & Wu, Q 2005, 'Fractal image compression on a pseudo spiral architecture', Proceedings of the Twenty Eighth Australasian Computer Science Conference (ACSC2005), Australasian Computer Science Conference, ACM, Newcastle, Aust, pp. 201-207.
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Fractal image compression is a relatively recent image compression method which exploits similarities in different parts of the image. The basic idea is to represent an image by fractals and each of which is the fixed point of an Iterated Function System (IFS). Therefore, an input image can be represented by a series of IFS codes rather than pixels. In this way, an impressive compression ratio 10000:1 can be achieved. The application of fractal image compression presented in this paper is based on a novel image structure, Spiral Architecture, which has hexagonal instead of square pixels as the basic element. In the paper evidence would suggest that introducing Spiral Architecture into fractal image compression will improve the compression performance in compression ratio with little suffering in image quality. There are also much research could be done in this area to further improve the results.

Wang, S, Xu, M, Chia, LT & Dash, M 2005, 'EASIER sampling for audio event identification', IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, ICME 2005, pp. 1214-1217.
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An audio event refers to some specific audio sound which plays important role for video content analysis. In our previous work [3], we have established audio event identification as an audio classification task. Due to the large size of audio database, representative samples are necessary for training the classifier. However, the commonly used random selection of training samples is often not adequate in selecting representative samples. In this paper we present EASIER sampling algorithm to select those data which more efficiently represent audio data characters for audio event identifier training. EASIER deterministically produces a subsample whose "distance" from the complete database is minimal. Experiments in the context of audio event identification show that EASIER outperforms simple random sampling significantly. ©2005 IEEE.

Weily, AR, Esselle, KP, Sanders, BC & Bird, TS 2005, 'A woodpile EBG sectoral horn antenna', IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International Symposium (Digest), pp. 323-326.
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A H-plane sectoral horn antenna made from a woodpile electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) material is described. The electromagnetic confinement mechanism within the horn antenna relies wholly on the 3D EBG of the woodpile material, which is flared in the H-plane. The antenna has a typical sectoral horn pattern with a directional beam in one principal plane and a broader beam in the other. In a prototype antenna, a rectangular waveguide-to-EBG waveguide transition is used to deliver energy to the horn. Preliminary theoretical results on radiation patterns and impedance bandwidth of this antenna are described. The bandwidth of the antenna is almost equal to that of the defect waveguide. © 2005 IEEE.

Weily, AR, Esselle, KP, Sanders, BC & Bird, TS 2005, 'Layer-by-layer 3D photonic crystal waveguides and components - Theoretical analysis for microwave implementation', Conference on Optoelectronic and Microelectronic Materials and Devices, Proceedings, COMMAD, pp. 165-168.
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A theoretical design is presented for a mode coupler that enables efficient transmission of energy from a metallic rectangular waveguide to a 3D layer-by-layer PC waveguide over a wide bandwidth at frequencies from microwave to terahertz. It is used to theoretically demonstrate a 90° bend, and a T-junction in a 3D PC. Computed results on the transmission and reflection of these components obtained using the finite-difference time-domain method are described. The design of the mode coupler will allow high quality experimental characterization of layer-by-layer components at microwave frequencies. © 2005 IEEE.

Wu, Q, He, S & Hintz, TB 2005, 'Bi-lateral filtering based edge detection on hexagonal architecture', 2005 IEEE International Conference On Acoustics, Speech, And Signal Processing, Vols 1-5 - Speech Processing, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, IEEE, Philadelphia, PA, USA, pp. 11713-11716.
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Edge detection plays an important role in image processing area but is still an open problem. This paper presents a novel edge detection method based on bi-lateral filtering which achieves better performance than single Gaussian filtering. In this form of filtering, both spatial closeness and intensity similarity of pixels are considered in order to preserve important visual cues provided by edges and reduce the sharpness of transitions in intensity values as well. In addition, the edge detection method proposed in this paper is achieved on hexagonally sampled images. Due to the compact and circular nature of the hexagonal lattice, a better quality edge map is obtained on hexagonal architecture than common edge detection on square architecture. Experimental results using our proposed method in this paper exhibit encouraging performance.

Wu, Q, He, X & Hintz, T 2005, 'Bi-lateral filtering based edge detection on hexagonal architecture', ICASSP, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing - Proceedings.
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Edge detection plays an important role in image processing area but is still an open problem. This paper presents a novel edge detection method based on bi-lateral filtering which achieves better performance than single Gaussian filtering. In this form of filtering, both spatial closeness and intensity similarity of pixels are considered in order to preserve important visual cues provided by edges and reduce the sharpness of transitions in intensity values as well. In addition, the edge detection method proposed in this paper is achieved on hexagonally sampled images. Due to the compact and circular nature of the hexagonal lattice, a better quality edge map is obtained on hexagonal architecture than common edge detection on square architecture. Experimental results using our proposed method in this paper exhibit encouraging performance. © 2005 IEEE.

Xu, M, Chia, LT & Jin, J 2005, 'Affective content analysis in comedy and horror videos by audio emotional event detection', IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, ICME 2005, pp. 622-625.
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We study the problem of affective content analysis. In this paper -we think of affective contents as those video/audio segments, which may cause an audience's strong reactions or special emotional experiences, such as laughing or fear. Those emotional factors are related to the users' attention, evaluation, and memories of the content The modeling of affective effects depends on the video genres. In this work, we focus on comedy and horror films to extract the affective content by detecting a set of so-called audio emotional events (AEE) such as laughing, horror sounds, etc. Those AEE can be modeled by various audio processing techniques, and they can directly reflect an audience's emotion. We use the AEE as a clue to locate corresponding video segments. Domain knowledge is more or less employed at this stage. Our experimental dataset consists of 40-minutes comedy video and 40-minutes horror film. An average recall and precision of above 90% is achieved. It is shown that, in addition to rich visual information, an appropriate usage of special audios is an effective way to assist affective content analysis. © 2005 IEEE.

Yan, C, Wang, XD, Ye, L, Lyytikainen, K & Canning, J 2005, 'Mechanical failure of holey optical fibres in tension', Conference Proceedings - Lasers and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting-LEOS, pp. 513-514.
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The mechanical strength and failure behaviour of two holey silica optical fibres with different air hole arrangements and a solid silica fibre were investigated using tensile test. The effect of polymer coating on the failure behaviour was also studied. © 2005 IEEE.

Ye, T, Veitch, D, Iannaccone, G & Bhattacharya, S 2005, 'Divide and conquer: PC-based packet trace replay at OC-48 speeds', Testbeds and Research Infrastructures for the Development of Networks and Communities, 2005. Tridentcom 2005. First International Conference on, IEEE, pp. 262-271.

Zhang, H, Jia, W, He, S & Wu, Q 2005, 'Modified Colour Ratio Gradients', 2005 IEEE Seventh workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, International Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, IEEE, Shanghai, China, pp. 317-320.
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Color ratio gradient is an efficient method used for color image retrieval and object recognition, which is shown to be illumination-independent and geometry-insensitive when tested on scenery images. However, color ratio gradient produces unsatisfied matching result while dealing with relatively uniform objects without rich color texture. In addition, performance of color ratio gradient degenerates while processing unsaturated color image objects. In this paper, a scheme with modified color ratio gradient is presented, which addresses the two problems above. Experimental results using the proposed method in this paper exhibit more robust performance

Zhang, J, Abhayapala, TD & Kennedy, RA 2005, 'Role of pulses in ultra wideband systems', Ultra-Wideband, 2005. ICU 2005. 2005 IEEE International Conference on, IEEE, pp. 565-570.

Zhang, J, Kennedy, RA & Abhayapala, TD 2005, 'Performance and parameter optimization of RAKE reception with interchip interference', Communications, 2005. ICC 2005. 2005 IEEE International Conference on, IEEE, pp. 2830-2834.

Zheng, L & He, S 2005, 'A study on classification techniques for pattern recognition', DCABES And ICPACE Joint Conference On Distributed Algorithms For Science And Engineering, Joint Meeting of the International Symposium on Distributed Computing and Applications to Business, Engineering and Science/International Conference on Parallel Algorithms and Computing Evironments, CMS Press, Brighton, England, pp. 161-164.
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In this paper, the general process of pattern recognition system is extracted. This process includes preprocessing, feature selection and extraction, classification, and optimization. Following this processing chain, each stage is discussed in detail and

Zheng, L & He, S 2005, 'Classification Techniques in Pattern Recognition', 13th International Conference in Central Europe on Computer Graphics, Visualization and Computer Vision 2005 Poster Proceedings, International Conferences in Central Europe on Computer Graphics, Visualization and Computer Vision, Union Agency - Science Press, Plzen, Czech Republic, pp. 77-78.
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In this paper, we review some pattern recognition schemes published in recent years. After giving the general processing steps of pattern recognition, we discuss several methods used for steps of pattern recognition such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in feature extraction, Support Vector Machines (SVM) in classification, and so forth. Different kinds of merits are presented and their applications on pattern precognition are given. The objective of this paper is to summarize and compare some of the methods for pattern recognition, and future research issues which need to be resolved and investigated further are given along with the new trends and ideas.

Zheng, L, He, S & Li, Y 2005, 'A comparison of methods for character recognition of car number plates', Proceedings of the 2005 International conference on computer vision, International conference on computer vision, CSREA Press, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, pp. 33-39.
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Ziolkowski, RW 2005, 'Efficient localization of electromagnetic fields using A plasmonic nano-cylinder waveguide', IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International Symposium (Digest), pp. 47-50.
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Ziolkowski, RW 2005, 'Metamaterial properties, designs, and antenna applications', IEEE 2005 International Symposium on Microwave, Antenna, Propagation and EMC Technologies for Wireless Communications Proceedings, Vols 1 and 2, IEEE International Symposium on Microwave, Antenna, Propagation and EMC Technologies for Wireless Communications, IEEE, Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. P8-P8.

Ziolkowski, RW 2005, 'Plasmonic nano-cylinder arrays to achieve subwavelength localization of optical fields', ICEAA 2005 - 9th International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications and EESC 2005 - 11th European Electromagnetic Structures Conference, pp. 67-70.
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We have been studying analytically and with the finite difference time domain (FDTD) approach, the scattering of Gaussian beams from sets of nano-cylinders and nano-spheres. We demonstrate that an array of plasmonic, gold coateddielectric core nano-cylinders can be used as an effective waveguide to localize efficiently an electromagnetic field to subwavelength spot sizes.

Ziolkowski, RW & von Behren, K 2005, 'Applications of metamaterials to realize efficient electrically small antennas', 2005 IEEE International Workshop on Antenna Technology: Small Antennas Novel MetaMaterials, Proceedings, IEEE International Workshop on Antenna Technology, IEEE, Singapore, SINGAPORE, pp. 7-10.

Abry, P, Goncalves, P, Flandrin, P, Veitch, D, Chainais, P, Lashermes, B, Hohn, N, Roux, S, Borgnat, P, Taqqu, M & others 2005, Navigating Scaling: Modelling and Analysing, DTIC Document.

Veitch, D 2005, Scaling in Computer Network Traffic, DTIC Document.

Bruti Liberati, N, Martini, F, Piccardi, M & Platen, E 2005, 'A hardware generator of multi-point distributed random numbers for Monte Carlo simulation (QFRC paper #156)'.
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ISSN 1441-8010 www.business.uts.edu.au/qfrc/research/research_papers/rp156.pdf