Publications

Yu, K, Sharp, I & Guo, YJ 2009, Ground-Based Wireless Positioning.
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Ground Based Wireless Positioning provides an in-depth treatment of non-GPS based wireless positioning techniques, with a balance between theory and engineering practice. The book presents the architecture, design and testing of a variety of wireless positioning systems based on the time-of-arrival, signal strength, and angle-of-arrival measurements. These techniques are essential for developing accurate wireless positioning systems which can operate reliably in both indoor and outdoor environments where the Global Positioning System (GPS) proves to be inadequate. The book covers a wide range of issues including radio propagation, parameter identification, statistical signal processing, optimization, and localization in large and multi-hop networks. A comprehensive study on the state-of-the-art techniques and methodologies in wireless positioning and tracking is provided, including anchor-based and anchor-free localisation in wireless sensor networks (WSN). The authors address real world issues such as multipath, non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation, accuracy limitations and measurement errors. Presenting the latest advances in the field, Ground Based Wireless Positioning is one of the first books to cover non-GPS based technologies for wireless positioning. It serves as an indispensable reference for researchers and engineers specialising in the fields of localization and tracking, and wireless sensor networks. • Provides a comprehensive treatment of methodologies and algorithms for positioning and tracking • Includes practical issues and case studies in designing real wireless positioning systems • Explains non-line-of-sight (NLOS) radio propagation and NLOS mitigation techniques • Balances solid theory with engineering practice of non-GPS wireless systems. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Chaczko, ZC & Rasconi, G 2009, 'Morphotronic System (Applications)' in Moreno-Diaz, R, Pichler, F & Quesada-Arencibia Alexis, A (eds), Computer Aided Systems Theory, Eurocast 2009, Springer, Las Palmas, Spain, pp. 905-913.
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This paper discusses a newly proposed Morphotronic System paradigm that can be used as a general computation model for construction of software. The Morphotronic System allows for a definition of very flexible software prototypes, in which a processing path can be interpreted as an extremum principle. This approach offers a significant improvement to traditional software practices. The system purpose is stated as a conceptual input to the computer system at a starting point of the computation process while the local machine state is completely ignored. The system context and its rules are generated as resources to allocate the computational components. The morphotronic system applies non-Euclidean geometry which allows to shape the context and to define the projection operators for an ideal network of forms.

Chaczko, ZC, Klempous, R & Nikodem, J 2009, 'Teaching Practice-based Subjects in 3 Time Zones (3TZ) Virtual Student Exchange (VSX) Environment' in Chaczko, Z, Klempous, R & Nikodem, J (eds), STEALING TIME EXPLORATION IN 24/7 SOFTWARE ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT, River Publishers, Denmark, pp. 1-9.
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Effective and successful e-learning occurs within a complex system that encompasses âthe student experience of learning, teachersâ strategies, teachersâ planning and thinking, and the teaching/learning context❠[1]. Education and research communities (at least in theory) are perhaps the most open and the least affected by negative aspects of human psychology often exhibited in collaborative environments. The proposed Teaching Practice-based Subjects in 3 Time Zones (3TZ) Virtual Student Exchange (VSX) Environment [2],[4],[6] methodology intends to explore and evaluate a new collaborative framework for the design, development and implementation of e-learning system in higher education. The project is compatible a model of teaching and learning involving a blend of three interrelated features: a practice situated in a global workplace, an integrated exposure to professional practice as well as a research inspired and integrated learning.

Chaczko, ZC, Moulton, BD, Quang, J & Jain, K 2009, 'Data and Knowledge-Transfer Model for the Development of Software Requirements Analysis CASE Tools designed for Cross-Time-Zone Projects' in Chaczko, Z, Klempous, R & Nikodem, J (eds), STEALING TIME EXPLORATION IN 24/7 SOFTWARE ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT, River Publishers, Denmark, pp. 157-169.
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This chapter describes work undertaken to evaluate an approach for developing collaborative requirements-analysis CASE tools that are specifically designed to address the needs of cross-time-zone development teams, that is, teams spread across different geographical locations around the world. Few of the software requirements analysis computer assisted software environment (CASE) tools readily available are designed specifically for cross-time-zone development activities. We propose a specifically tailored data and knowledge-transfer model, and investigate its suitability for the development of a cross-time-zone oriented CASE tool. The approach was used to develop a working prototype. The approach and prototype will be further evaluated in a collaborative undertaking involving the WrocÅaw University of Technology, the University of Technology, Sydney and the University of Arizona (UA).

Resconi, G & Chaczko, ZC 2009, 'Morphotronic System Theory' in NA (ed), Computer Aided Systems Theory, Eurocast 2009, Springer, Las Palmas Spain, pp. 9-16.
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The Morphotronic approach postulates a significant improvement to traditional system design thinking based on the Turing Machine model. The paper presents a range of important concepts and definitions supporting this proposition.The Morphotronic system represents an abstract universe of the objects. This universe of objects has two interpretations as in the case of the voltages and currents in the electrical circuit. For the space of the voltages the objects are the voltages at edges of the electrical circuit. For the current space of the currents the objects are the currents in any edge. The dimension of the object space is equal to the number of edges in the electrical circuit. Such a space allows dual interpretation of the current and voltages. Other possible dual variables can be used in the morphotronic system as forces and the fluxes in mechanics or dissipative thermodynamics, in a general way the dual interpretation of the object space will be denoted as causes and effects. The morphogenetic system can be modelled by samples of the causes and effects. The morphotronic system with the samples generates the algorithm to implement the purpose in the system. Providing that the samples of the effect and the purpose denote a virtual cause, the vector E can be computed so that it represents the effective origin of the causes inside the purpose map. With the cause-effect rule the effective causes can be computed obtaining results that are coherent with the samples. Providing that the virtual cause is given by purpose the effective causes can be generated in agreement with the samples. The described algorithm is denoted as the projection operator that transforms a virtual cause (purpose) into an effective cause.

Sinha, S, Chaczko, ZC & Klempous, R 2009, 'SNIPER: A Wireless Sensor Network Simulator' in Moreno-Diaz, R, Pichler, F & Quesada-Arencibia, A (eds), Computer Aided Systems Theory, Eurocast 2009, Springer, Las Palmas, Spain, pp. 913-920.
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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is fast becoming the holy grail of digital surveillance, data monitoring and analysis. Being relatively cheap, low-powered and easy to deploy WSNs is being adopted in a range of different fields. Currently, the focus is towards optimizing techniques used to form sensor clusters and to route data within a network. In order to satisfy these goals a significant amount of research is being done globally and what tends to be lacking at times is the right tools to make such research work less time consuming and inexpensive. The use of simulation tools is one such adaptation that can help researchers closely analyse a particular aspect of WSN while sticking with a known environment that is applicable to other scenarios in a similar way. This paper presents the performance and features of WSNSim, a WSN Simulator and the immediate advantages that can be experienced by researchers working on various realms in this area.

Tu, P, Huang, X & Dutkiewicz, E 2009, 'Adaptive subband selection in OFDM-based cognitive radios' in Cognitive Radio Systems.
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Weily, AR, Bird, TS, Esselle, KP & Sanders, BC 2009, 'EBG Materials and Antennas' in Advanced Millimeter-Wave Technologies: Antennas, Packaging and Circuits, pp. 413-450.
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Ye, Y, He, S, Li, J, Jia, W & Wu, Q 2009, 'Image Transformation on Hexagonal Structure Based on Conversion between 1D and 2D Coordinates' in Wen, P, Li, Y, Polkowski, L, Yao, Y, Tsumoto, S & Wang, G (eds), Rough Sets and Knowledge Technology, Springer, Berlin, Germany, pp. 571-578.
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Spiral Architecture, a hexagonal image structure is a novel and powerful approach to machine vision system. The pixels on Spiral architecture are geometrically arranged using a 1D (Spiral) addressing scheme in an ascending order along a spiral-like curve. Spiral addition and Spiral multiplication are defined based on the Spiral addresses on Spiral Architecture. These two fundamental operations result in fast and easy translation, rotation and separation on images, and hence play very important roles for image processing on Spiral Architecture. Moreover, 2D coordinates according to rows and columns defined on Spiral Structure provide a good mapping to the ordinary 2D coordinates defined on the common square image structure. Therefore, how to convert the 1D Spiral addresses from and to the 2D coordinates on Spiral Architecture has become very important to apply the theory developed on a hexagonal image structure for image processing (e.g., rotation). In this paper, we perform a fast way to correctly locate any hexagonal pixel when its Spiral address is known, and compute the Spiral address of any hexagonal pixel when its location is known. As an illustration of the use of conversions, we demonstrate the accurate image translation and rotation using experimental results.

Aslund, ML & Canning, J 2009, 'Air-clad fibres for astronomical instrumentation: focal-ratio degradation', EXPERIMENTAL ASTRONOMY, vol. 24, no. 1-3, pp. 1-7.
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Atakaramians, S, Cook, K, Ebendorff-Heidepriem, H, Afshar, S, Canning, J, Abbott, D & Monro, TM 2009, 'Cleaving of Extremely Porous Polymer Fibers', IEEE PHOTONICS JOURNAL, vol. 1, no. 6, pp. 286-292.
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Baccelli, F, Kauffmann, B & Veitch, D 2009, 'Inverse problems in queueing theory and Internet probing', Queueing Systems, vol. 63, pp. 59-107.

Baccelli, F, Kauffmann, B & Veitch, D 2009, 'Towards multihop available bandwidth estimation', ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review, vol. 37, pp. 83-84.

Baccelli, F, Machiraju, S, Veitch, D & Bolot, J 2009, 'The role of PASTA in network measurement', IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON), vol. 17, pp. 1340-1353.

Bird, TS 2009, 'Definition and Misuse of Return Loss', IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION MAGAZINE, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 166-167.
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Bird, TS 2009, 'Editorial', IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 1306-1308.
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Canning, J 2009, 'Properties of specialist fibres and bragg gratings for optical fiber sensors', Journal of Sensors, vol. 2009.
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The advent of optical fibres based on air holes running along their entirety opens up new directions in addressing various properties relevant to sensing, including the temperature/strain challenge of optical fibre sensors. This paper looks at the measurement challenges associated with temperature and strain, examines the potentially unique functionality structured fibre designs with and without gratings open up, and briefly describes some current research directions within conventional fibre and grating technologies. © 2009 John Canning.

Canning, J, Bandyopadhyay, S, Stevenson, M, Biswas, P, Fenton, J & Aslund, M 2009, 'Regenerated gratings', JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN OPTICAL SOCIETY-RAPID PUBLICATIONS, vol. 4.
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Canning, J, Kristensen, M, Skivesen, N, Martelli, C, Tetu, A & Frandsen, LH 2009, 'Spectrally narrow polarisation conversion in a slow-light photonic crystal waveguide', JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN OPTICAL SOCIETY-RAPID PUBLICATIONS, vol. 4.
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Du, C, Yang, J, Wu, Q & Zhang, TT 2009, 'Face Recognition Using Message Passing Based Clustering Method', Journal of Visual Communication, vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 608-613.
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Traditional subspace analysis methods are inefficient and tend to be affected by noise as they compare the test image to all training images, especifically when there are large numbers of training images. To solve such problem, we propose a fast face recognition (FR) technique called APLDA by combining a novel clustering method affinity propagation (AP) with linear discriminant analysis (LDA). By using AP on the reduced features derived from LDA, a representative face image for each subject can be reached. Thus, our APLDA uses only the representative images rather than all training images for identification. Obviously, APLDA is much more computationally efficient than Fisherface. Also, unlike Fisherface who uses pattern classifier for identification, APLDA performs the identification using AP once again to cluster the test image into one of the representative images. Experimental results also indicate that APLDA outperforms Fisherface in terms of recognition rate.

Franson, SJ & Ziolkowski, RW 2009, 'Confirmation of zero-N behavior in a high gain grid structure at millimeter-wave frequencies', IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 8, pp. 387-390.
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A multilayer grid structure that has been used previously to create an antenna with high directivity and gain and that has been explained as having a near zero index of refraction is extended to millimeter-wave frequencies. Alternate explanations for the associated phenomena are examined. Further confirmation of this "zero-n" behavior is presented. © 2009 IEEE.

Franson, SJ & Ziolkowski, RW 2009, 'Gigabit per Second Data Transfer in High-Gain Metamaterial Structures at 60 GHz', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, vol. 57, no. 10, pp. 2913-2925.
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Greegor, RB, Parazzoli, CG, Nielsen, JA, Tanielian, MH, Vier, DC, Schultz, S, Holloway, CL & Ziolkowski, RW 2009, 'Demonstration of impedance matching using a mu-negative (MNG) metamaterial', IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 8, pp. 92-95.
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A mu-negative (MNG) metamaterial hemisphere was used to demonstrate impedance matching for a magnetic loop. The metamaterial was comprised of copper spirals deposited on an alumina substrate. The spirals, hemisphere, and magnetic loop were designed to operate at ∼450 MHz. The effect of the metamaterial hemisphere was to improve the match of the electrically small loop antenna to the power source impedance increasing the overall radiated power. Results show a 17-dB increase in total radiated power relative to the bare loop. This was lower than anticipated due to losses in the MNG hemisphere. © 2009 IEEE.

Groothoff, N, Jovanovic, N, Marshall, GD, Canning, J & Withford, MJ 2009, 'Femtosecond laser writing of fibre Bragg gratings in large diameter air-clad optical fibre', GLASS TECHNOLOGY-EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF GLASS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PART A, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 75-78.

Gunes, H & Piccardi, M 2009, 'Automatic Temporal Segment Detection and Affect Recognition From Face and Body Display', IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetic..., vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 64-84.
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Psychologists have long explored mechanisms with which humans recognize other humans' affective states from modalities, such as voice and face display. This exploration has led to the identification of the main mechanisms, including the important role played in the recognition process by the modalities' dynamics. Constrained by the human physiology, the temporal evolution of a modality appears to be well approximated by a sequence of temporal segments called onset, apex, and offset. Stemming from these findings, computer scientists, over the past 15 years, have proposed various methodologies to automate the recognition process. We note, however, two main limitations to date. The first is that much of the past research has focused on affect recognition from single modalities. The second is that even the few multimodal systems have not paid sufficient attention to the modalities' dynamics: The automatic determination of their temporal segments, their synchronization to the purpose of modality fusion, and their role in affect recognition are yet to be adequately explored. To address this issue, this paper focuses on affective face and body display, proposes a method to automatically detect their temporal segments or phases, explores whether the detection of the temporal phases can effectively support recognition of affective states, and recognizes affective states based on phase synchronization/alignment. The experimental results obtained show the following: 1) affective face and body displays are simultaneous but not strictly synchronous; 2) explicit detection of the temporal phases can improve the accuracy of affect recognition; 3) recognition from fused face and body modalities performs better than that from the face or the body modality alone; and 4) synchronized feature-level fusion achieves better performance than decision-level fusion.

Guo, YJ, Liu, D & Bird, NC 2009, 'Guest editorial for the special issue on antennas and propagation aspects of 60-90 GHz wireless communications', IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 57, no. 10 PART 1, pp. 2817-2819.
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Hohn, N, Papagiannaki, K & Veitch, D 2009, 'Capturing router congestion and delay', IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON), vol. 17, pp. 789-802.

Holdsworth, J, Cook, K, Canning, J, Bandyopadhyay, S & Stevenson, M 2009, 'Rotationally Variant Grating Writing in Photonic Crystal Fibres!', The Open Optics Journal, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 19-23.
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Husain, SI, Yuan, J, Zhang, J & Martin, RK 2009, 'Time domain equalizer design using bit error rate minimization for UWB systems', EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, vol. 2009, pp. 9-9.

Huyang, G, Canning, J, Gibson, BC, Khoury, T, Sum, TJ, Neto, C & Crossley, MJ 2009, 'Focused ion beam processing and engineering of devices in self-assembled supramolecular structures', NANOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 20, no. 48.
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Jin, P & Ziolkowski, RW 2009, 'Low-Q, electrically small, efficient near-field resonant parasitic antennas', IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 57, no. 9, pp. 2548-2563.
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Metamaterial-inspired electrically small Z, stub and canopy antennas are reported. They are near-field, resonant parasitic designs. Different Z and stub antenna configurations and the effect on their Q values are studied. Their behavior led to the canopy antenna design. At the size of ka ∼ 0.046, the canopy antenna is an electric-based antenna with high overall efficiency (over 90%) and low Q-ratio value and whose input resistance is almost completely matched to a 50 Ω source. The resonant frequency, ∼300 MHz, in the UHF band is selected for the designs. The canopy antenna is studied extensively to explore the lowest achievable Q values. Various coupling configurations, canopy shapes, and metal-air ratios are investigated. Circuit models are also introduced to explain the radiation mechanism. Numerical simulation results are analyzed and compared with previously derived Q value limits for electrically small antennas that are based on the standard circuit models of spherical wave multipoles. The Q value of the canopy antenna for the lowest order, single electric resonance is shown to reach a fundamental limit of approximately 1.75 times the Chu value. © 2009 IEEE.

Kielpinski, D, Pullen, MG, Canning, J, Stevenson, M, Westbrook, PS & Feder, KS 2009, 'Mode-locked picosecond pulse generation from an octave-spanning supercontinuum', OPTICS EXPRESS, vol. 17, no. 23, pp. 20833-20839.
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Lancry, M, Groothoff, N, Poumellec, B & Canning, J 2009, 'Photo-induced densification in Er3+/Al doped silica preform plates using 193-nm laser light', APPLIED PHYSICS B-LASERS AND OPTICS, vol. 94, no. 4, pp. 589-597.
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Li, Y, Archer, JW, Tello, J, Rosolen, G, Ceccato, F, Hay, SG, Hellicar, A & Guo, YJ 2009, 'Performance evaluation of a passive millimeter-wave imager', IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 57, no. 10, pp. 2391-2405.
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A cross-correlating 186-GHz passive millimeter-wave imager has been built. The key components in the signal processing hardware are two 186-GHz receivers and a broadband complex correlator. To evaluate the performance of this imager, its point-spread function, beam pattern, baseline vector, and their variations with the scanning direction have been experimentally measured and derived. Some of these results are needed for optimizing the imager’s parameter settings. Others are required for implementing the modulated-beam and modulated-scene algorithms proposed in a previous paper dealing with the imager’s fringe in its point-spread function. These results will also reveal any problems in the construction process of the imager. The theoretical bases for these measurements are analyzed. Novel algorithms for deriving each antenna’s point-spread function and beam pattern, as well as the imager’s baseline vector from the measurement results of the imager’s point-spread function and beam pattern are proposed and successfully applied in the measurements. Experimental results are presented and discussed. © 2009 IEEE.

Liu, RP, Rosberg, Z, Collings, IB, Wilson, C, Dong, AY & Jha, S 2009, 'Energy efficient reliable data collection in wireless sensor networks with asymmetric links', International Journal of Wireless Information Networks, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 131-141.
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Field measurements reveal that radio link asymmetry has a severe impact on reliable data delivery. We analyze the energy efficiencies of selected reliability schemes for asymmetric radio links using theoretical models. The analysis provides guidelines for retransmission control so as to balance between reliability and energy consumption. We also design two enhancements to the "implicit" ARQ scheme addressing the negative effects of asymmetric radio links. The energy efficiencies of these algorithms are explicitly derived using our theoretical model and validated by simulations and field trials. Based on the analysis of the two enhanced algorithms, we propose an improvement, referred to as Energy Efficient Reliable Data Collection (EERDC) that controls the retransmissions of the enhanced ARQ schemes. Simulations and field trials confirm our theoretical findings and demonstrate that our proposed EERDC algorithm alleviates the impact of link asymmetry and achieves energy savings. © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

Liu, Y, Nie, Z & Zhao, Z 2009, 'An iterative frequency estimation algorithm using generalized fourier interpolation', Chinese Journal of Electronics, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 564-568.
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Motivated by the iterative estimation approach based on Fourier interpolation in a recent literature, this paper proposes a generalized interpolation on Fourier coefficients and an iterative frequency estimation algorithm based on the generalized interpolation. Both theoretical analysis and simulation tests show that the iterative generalized Fourier interpolation algorithm converges in two iterations with the estimation variance only marginally above the Asymptotical Cramer-Rao bound (ACRB) over the entire frequency estimation range. Moreover, the proposed algorithm allows setting different values for its initial parameter. An approach on how to choose the initial parameter is also presented. By using a suggested initial value, the proposed algorithm is much more efficient than the original algorithm in the literature while maintains totally the same estimation accuracy.

Liu, YH, Liu, QH & Nie, ZP 2009, 'A new efficient FDTD time-to-frequency-domain conversion algorithm', Progress in Electromagnetics Research, vol. 92, pp. 33-46.
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The time-to-frequency-domain conversion is often required in many applications of the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. This paper presents a new FDTD time-to-frequency- domain conversion algorithm based on the optimization of nonuniform fast Fourier transform (NUFFT) with several redundancy-reduction techniques. The proposed algorithm can perform the FDTD conversion at multiple desired frequencies without the limitation of uniformly spaced frequencies in the fast Fourier transform (FFT). In addition, with a very low storage cost, the algorithm can be much more efficient than other FDTD conversion techniques if a moderate number of frequencies or more are of interest. This algorithm is very useful for some FDTD applications.

Liu, YH, Nie, ZP & Zhao, ZQ 2009, 'Cascaded approach for correcting ionospheric frequency modulation in HF sky-wave radars', Dianzi Keji Daxue Xuebao/Journal of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 17-20.
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Ionospheric frequency modulation causes spreading of the surface clutter in Doppler domain which greatly limits the detection performance of HF sky-wave radars. This paper proposes a cascaded approach to correct the ionospheric frequency modulation. This approach consists of two correction steps. At the first step, time-frequency distribution (spectrogram or pseudo Wigner-Ville distribution) of the time-varying signal is adopted and a peak-tracking scheme is designed to obtain a coarse ionosperic modulation estimation from the time-frequency distribution. At the second correction step, a parametric method based on piecewise polynomial phase model is exploited to eliminate the residual contamination. Simulation results show the effectiveness of this cascaded approach even for very serious cases where broadened Bragg lines are overlapped.

LU, SIJUN, ZHANG, JIAN & FENG, DAVIDDAGAN 2009, 'DETECTING GHOST AND LEFT OBJECTS IN SURVEILLANCE VIDEO', International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, vol. 23, no. 07, pp. 1503-1525.
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Luo, L, Zhang, J & Shi, Z 2009, 'Advanced receiver design for quadrature OFDMA systems', EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, vol. 2009, pp. 10-10.

Martelli, C, Canning, J, Reimers, JR, Sintic, M, Stocks, D, Khoury, T & Crossley, M 2009, 'Evanescent-Field Spectroscopy Using Structured Optical Fibers: Detection Of Charge-Transfer At The Porphyrin-Silica Interface', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 131, no. 8, pp. 2925-2933.
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The fabrication of porphyrin thin films derived from dichloro[5,10,15,20-tetra(heptyl)porphyrinato]tin(IV) [Cl-Sn(THP)-Cl] in the holes of photonic crystal fibers over 90 cm in length is described. Evanescent field spectroscopy (EFS) is used to investigate the interfacial properties of the films, with the high surface optical intensity and the long path length combining to produce significant absorption. By comparison with results obtained for similar films formed from Cl-Sn(THP)-Cl inside fused-silica cuvettes and on glass slides, the film is shown to be chemisorbed as a surface Si-O-Sn(THP)-X (X = Cl or OH) species. In addition to the usual porphyrin Q and Soret bands, new absorptions in the in-fiber films are observed by EFS at 445 nm and between 660-930 nm. The 660-930 nm band is interpreted as a porphyrin to silicon charge-transfer transition and postulated to arise following chemisorption at mechanical-strain induced defect sites on the silica surface. Such defect sites are caused by the optical fiber production process and are less prevalent on other glass surfaces. EFS within optical fibers therefore offers new ways for understanding interface phenomena such as surface adsorbates on glass. Such understanding will benefit all devices that exploit interface phenomena, both in optical fibers and other integrated waveguide forms. They may be directly exploited to create ultrasensitive molecular detectors and could yield novel photonic devices.

Moulton, BD, Chaczko, ZC & Karatovic, M 2009, 'Data Fusion and Aggregation Methods for Pre-Processing Ambulatory Monitoring and Remote Sensor Data for Upload to Personal Electronic Health Records', International Journal of Digital Content Technology a..., vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 120-127.
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Several countries including Australia are developing standards for personal electronic health records, and in many cases the standards provide ways for patients to upload data from their own sensor systems to their electronic health records. This article explores issues relating to the design of systems where electronic medical records are updated with data or meta-data from in-home or on-body health monitoring sensor systems. A prototype system was designed, implemented and subsequently evaluated in a way intended to further understanding regarding collection and transfer of sensor data to an electronic health record. A key issue that arose was the extent to which levels of confidence in the data may be affected by the type, quality, installation, maintenance and calibration of the sensors.

Moulton, BD, Chaczko, ZC & Karatovic, M 2009, 'Updating Electronic Health Records with Information from Sensor Systems: Considerations Relating To Standards and Architecture Arising From the Development of a Prototype System', Journal of Convergence Information Technology, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 21-26.
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Several countries around the globe are moving towards national and international standards for Electronic Health Records (EHRs). One function of the standards is to guide the long-term convergence of local systems into integrated evolving national health information systems. The Australian commonwealth government is implementing a nationwide EHR system whereby every Australian will be able to upload data to his or her EHR. Thus Australians, if they wish, will eventually be able to upload data from on-body sensors and in-home monitoring systems to their EHRs. This article explores issues associated with the architecture of systems which allow medical records to be updated with information from monitoring/sensor systems. A prototype was developed to determine some of the key architectural considerations. A sensor simulator was implemented for testing purposes which allows a user of the simulator to impersonate a bed or group of in-home or on-body sensors connected with a person who is in a hospital, retirement home or private home. Findings are discussed relating to key architectural considerations including security, maintainability and modularity.

Moulton, BD, Chaczko, ZC & Pradhan, G 2009, 'Voice Operated Guidance Systems for Vision Impaired People: Investigating a User-Centered Open Source Model', International Journal of Digital Content Technology and its Applications, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 60-68.
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People who have impaired vision regularly use white canes and/or guide dogs to assist in obstacle avoidance. Several electronic devices are currently available for providing guidance to a remote location, but these tend to be expensive, or make use of a Braille interface. This project investigated the suitability of a user centered client server approach for the development of a talking GPS system intended to fill a niche for outdoor wayfinding. The work resulted in a working prototype proof-of-concept system that uses a speech-recognition speech-synthesis interface. The prototype solution includes a custom web application which accesses the Google maps API. The system is intended to be scalable and extensible with additional features such as sensors for obstacle avoidance and access to web-based information such as weather, train or bus timetable information. The client server approach was found to be suitable for the development of this type of application.

Qin, PY, Shi, XL, Liang, CH & Wu, B 2009, 'Novel X-band dual-mode bandpass filter based on the substrate integrated waveguide', Xi'an Dianzi Keji Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Xidian University, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 831-834.
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This paper presents a novel dual-mode filter with symmetric transmission zeros based on the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW). This filter contains two dual-mode SIW rectangular cavities. By making use of the inductive discontinuities in an SIW cavity, two coupling degenerate modes can be excited. Due to the phase difference between the two modes in each cavity, two transmission zeros on each side of the passband are created, so the out-of-band rejection of the filter is significantly increased. An SIW dual-mode filter with a center frequency of 12 GHz has been fabricated and measured using the proposed method. Experimental results agree well with the simulation results.

QIN, P-Y, SHI, X-L, LIANG, C-H & WU, B 2009, 'Novel X-band dual-mode bandpass filter based on the substrate integrated waveguide [J]', Journal of Xidian University, vol. 5, pp. 012-012.

Ridoux, J & Veitch, D 2009, 'Ten microseconds over LAN, for free (extended)', Instrumentation and Measurement, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 58, pp. 1841-1848.

Ridoux, J, Veitch, D & BROOMHEAD, T 2009, 'Counter availability and characteristics for feed-forward based synchronization', Proc. of International IEEE Symposium on Precision Clock Synchronization for Measurement, Control and Communication, pp. 29-34.

Rollinson, CM, Orbons, SM, Huntington, ST, Gibson, BC, Canning, J, Love, JD, Roberts, A & Jamieson, DN 2009, 'Metal-free scanning optical microscopy with a fractal fiber probe', OPTICS EXPRESS, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 1772-1780.
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Shang, FJ, Abolhasan, M & Wysocki, T 2009, 'Distributed energy efficient unequal clustering algorithm for wireless sensor networks', Tongxin Xuebao/Journal on Communications, vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 34-43.
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A distributed energy-efficient unequal clustering (DEEUC) algorithm was proposed for wireless sensor networks by research current routing algorithms. The core of DEEUC has three parts. Firstly, when tentative clusterheads are selected, an average energy factor was introduced to balance the residual energy of the whole network nodes so that it may improve the network energy efficiency. Secondly, an energy consumption ratio function was proposed to balance energy-efficient of each node. Finally, an unequal clustering algorithm was proposed for single-hop homogeneous networks. Through both theoretical analysis and numerical results, it is shown that DEEUC prolongs the network lifetime significantly against the other clustering protocols such as LEACH-C and EECS. Under general instance, DEEUC may prolong the lifetime up to 30% against EECS.

Sharp, I, Yu, K & Guo, YJ 2009, 'GDOP analysis for positioning system design', IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 58, no. 7, pp. 3371-3382.
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Geometric dilution of precision (GDOP) has been widely used as an accuracy metric for navigation and tracking systems. Since high accuracy in a positioning system requires both accurate measurement of the range and a good geometric relationship between the mobile device and the measuring points, the analysis of GDOP is an essential feature in determining the performance of a positioning system. In this paper, we perform GDOP analysis to obtain concise analytical expressions for a number of scenarios, which are generally applicable to geometries where the mobile device is surrounded by base stations. Comparison of the analytical results with simulations using the typical geometries of indoor positioning systems shows good agreement, except when the mobile position is close to a base station. This effect is a consequence of the ranging errors being a significant proportion of the range in short-range tracking systems and discontinuities in GDOP at the base station. The results provide useful information for the design and testing of tracking systems, as well as for the determination of the geometric deployment of base stations for good GDOP in the coverage area. © 2009 IEEE.

Sharp, I, Yu, K & Guo, YJ 2009, 'Peak and leading edge detection for time-of-arrival estimation in band-limited positioning systems', IET Communications, vol. 3, no. 10, pp. 1616-1627.
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The performance of the peak and leading edge detection methods for time-of-arrival (TOA) estimation in band-limited systems is examined. Analytical expressions for the detection performance in the presence of both random noise and multipath interference are derived. A dimensionless performance factor is presented that allows simple comparisons of the TOA estimation algorithms. These equations allow the performance tradeoff analysis to be undertaken without the need for simulations. It is shown that the leading edge detection method has significantly better multipath mitigation characteristics than the peak detection one, but at the expense of inferior noise performance. © 2009, The Institution of Engineering and Technology.

Smith, DB, Zhang, JA, Hanlen, LW, Miniutti, D, Rodda, D & Gilbert, B 2009, 'Temporal correlation of dynamic on-body area radio channel', Electronics letters, vol. 45, pp. 1212-1213.

Song, J, Liu, Y, Gewalt, SL, Cofer, G, Johnson, GA & Liu, QH 2009, 'Least-square NUFFT methods applied to 2-D and 3-D radially encoded MR image reconstruction', IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1134-1142.
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Radially encoded MRI has gained increasing attention due to its motion insensitivity and reduced artifacts. However, because its samples are collected nonuniformly in the k-space, multidimensional (especially 3-D) radially sampled MRI image reconstruction is challenging. The objective of this paper is to develop a reconstruction technique in high dimensions with on-the-fly kernel calculation. It implements general multidimensional nonuniform fast Fourier transform (NUFFT) algorithms and incorporates them into a k-space image reconstruction framework. The method is then applied to reconstruct from the radially encoded k-space data, although the method is applicable to any non-Cartesian patterns. Performance comparisons are made against the conventional Kaiser-Bessel (KB) gridding method for 2-D and 3-D radially encoded computer-simulated phantoms and physically scanned phantoms. The results show that the NUFFT reconstruction method has better accuracy-efficiency tradeoff than the KB gridding method when the kernel weights are calculated on the fly. It is found that for a particular conventional kernel function, using its corresponding deapodization function as a scaling factor in the NUFFT framework has the potential to improve accuracy. In particular, when a cosine scaling factor is used, the NUFFT method is faster than KB gridding method since a closed-form solution is available and is less computationally expensive than the KB kernel (KB griding requires computation of Bessel functions). The NUFFT method has been successfully applied to 2-D and 3-D in vivo studies on small animals. © 2006 IEEE.

Tang, X, Ma, M, Ostry, DI, Jiao, B & Guo, YJ 2009, 'Characterizing impulsive network traffic using truncated α-stable processes', IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 13, no. 12, pp. 980-982.
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It has been recently recognized that aggregated traffic in a variety of networks exhibits a similar impulsiveness over a wide range of aggregation levels, but approaches a Gaussian distribution in the limit as the aggregation level grows. Although several traffic models have been proposed in the past decade, their accuracy in simultaneously characterizing the above properties still needs to be further improved. In this letter, we propose a truncated α-stable process model which is able to capture the impulsiveness of observed network traffic as well as its tendency toward the Gaussian distribution with aggregation. An inherent physical mechanism is also proposed to give insight into the underlying meaning of the proposed model. Simulation results show that the proposed process achieves close agreement with real traffic and outperforms previous models. © 2006 IEEE.

Tu, P, Huang, X & Dutkiewicz, E 2009, 'Performance of an interleaved spread spectrum OFDM system over multipath fading channels', Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1-13.
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Veitch, D, Ridoux, J & Korada, SB 2009, 'Robust synchronization of absolute and difference clocks over networks', IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON), vol. 17, pp. 417-430.

Wang, L, Wu, Q, Li, M, Gonzàlez, J & Geng, X 2009, 'Editorial: Video analysis and understanding for surveillance applications', International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 1221-1222.
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Wang, L, Wu, Q, Wang, H, Geng, X & Li, M 2009, 'Image/video-based pattern analysis and HCI applications', PATTERN RECOGNITION LETTERS, vol. 30, no. 12, pp. 1047-1047.
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Weily, AR & Guo, YJ 2009, 'Circularly polarized ellipse-loaded circular slot array for millimeter-wave WPAN applications', IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 57, no. 10 PART 1, pp. 2862-2870.
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A circularly polarized slot array suitable for millimeter wave WPAN applications is presented. The array uses a new type of circularly polarized element, comprising a circular slot loaded with an elliptical patch, and is fed by a microstrip line. The array is implemented on liquid crystal polymer (LCP), which is both low-loss and low-cost. A total of 8 array elements are used in a 4 × 2 configuration to achieve a maximum gain target of greater than 14 dBic. Sequential rotation of the elements within each of the 2 × 2 sub-arrays is used to increase the axial ratio bandwidth. Other novel features of the array are the finite ground plane, and open cavity structure used to support the LCP substrate of the slot array above a reflector plate. Measured and computed results presented for the packaged array confirm its wide impedance, axial ratio, and gain bandwidths. The effect of the packaged array back-short on the measured axial ratio is also discussed. © 2009 IEEE.

Wen, H, Lin, C, Chen, ZJ, Yin, H, He, T & Dutkiewicz, E 2009, 'An improved markov model for IEEE 802.15.4 slotted CSMA/CA mechanism', Journal of Computer Science and Technology, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 495-504.
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IEEE 802.15.4 protocol is proposed to meet the low latency and energy consumption needs in low-rate wireless applications, however, few analytical models are tractable enough for comprehensive evaluation of the protocol. To evaluate the IEEE 802.15.4 slotted CSMA/CA channel access mechanism in this paper, we propose a practical and accurate discrete Markov chain model, which can dynamically represent different network loads. By computing the steady-state distribution probability of the Markov chain, we obtain an evaluation formula for throughput, energy consumption, and access latency. Then we further analyze the parameters that influence performance including packet arrival rate, initial backoff exponent and maximum backoff number. Finally, NS2 simulator has been used to evaluate the performance of the 802.15.4 CSMA/CA mechanism under different scenarios and to validate the accuracy of the proposed model. © 2009 Springer.

Yang, S, Liu, Y & Liu, QH 2009, 'Combined strategies based on matrix pencil method and tabu search algorithm to minimize elements of non-uniform antenna array', Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, no. 18, pp. 259-277.
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The minimization of elements in a non-uniform antenna array is critical in some practical engineering applications such as satellite and mobile communications. However, due to the complexity in the synthesis of an antenna array, the available techniques are not equally successful for reducing the element number of a non-uniform antenna array with as few elements as possible with respect to both solution quality and solution efficiency. In this point of view, a combined strategy based on the matrix pencil method and tabu search algorithm is proposed with the goal of integrating the advantages of the high solution efficiency of the matrix pencil method and the strong global searching ability of the tabu search algorithm when solving an antenna array design problem. In the proposed strategies, the desired radiation pattern is firstly sampled to form a discrete pattern data set. The matrix pencil method is then employed to optimize the excitations and location distributions of the antenna array elements to reduce the element number. Finally, the excitation and location distributions of antenna array elements are (repeatedly) re-optimized by using a tabu search algorithm by starting from the solution of the matrix pencil method to efficiently find the global solution of the design problem. To make the tabu search algorithm suitable for solving antenna array designs, some innovative approaches such as the elimination of the tabu list, systematic diversification as well as intensification processes for neighborhood creations are made. Numerical examples have shown the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed combined strategies.

Yang, T, Yuan, J & Shi, Z 2009, 'Rate Optimization for IDMA Systems with Iterative Joint Multi-User Decoding', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 1148-1153.
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Yang, T, Yuan, J & Shi, Z 2009, 'Rate optimization for IDMA systems with iterative joint multi-user decoding', IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 1148-1153.
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In this letter, we develop a rate allocation scheme for interleave-division multiple-access (IDMA) systems with iterative decoding. We use a fully-analytical approach to predict the performance of the scheme. Then, we propose a modified linear programming method to find the best rate profile for the scheme. Numerical results show that with just repetition coding and optimal rate allocation, the performance of the scheme is only about 5 dB away from the capacity for a wide range of SNR, provided that the number of users is sufficiently large. Compared with power allocation schemes for IDMA, the proposed rate allocation scheme achieves a similar performance at a moderate spectral efficiency and the requirement of sophisticated power amplifiers can be relaxed. © 2006 IEEE.

Ying, C, Zhang, JA & ADS, J 2009, 'Low-complexity estimation of CFO and frequency independent I/Q mismatch for OFDM systems', EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, vol. 2009.

Yu, K & Guo, YJ 2009, 'Anchor global position accuracy enhancement based on data fusion', IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 1616-1623.
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The location information of sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks is crucial for various applications such as emergency rescue operations, environmental monitoring, home automation, and traffic control. In this paper, a new method to improve the anchor location accuracy in wireless sensor networks is proposed based on fusion of Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements and anchor-to-anchor parameter estimates. Novel algorithms are derived to increase the accuracy of anchor locations using both anchor-to-anchor distance and angle-of-arrival (AOA) estimates for both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-LOS (NLOS) scenarios. When using anchor-to-anchor distance estimates in LOS conditions, an optimization-based algorithm is developed. The Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) is derived to benchmark positioning accuracy in 3-D environments with both GPS measurements and anchor-to-anchor parameter estimates, which has not been studied in the literature. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms can substantially improve anchor position accuracy, and the performance of the proposed algorithms approaches the CRLB. © 2008 IEEE.

Yu, K & Guo, YJ 2009, 'Anchor-free localisation algorithm and performance analysis in wireless sensor networks', IET Communications, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 549-560.
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A hybrid anchor-free localisation scheme for multihop wireless sensor networks is presented. First, a relatively dense group of nodes is selected as a base, which are localised by using the multidimensional scaling method. Secondly, the robust quads (RQ) method is employed to localise other nodes, following which the robust triangle and radio range (RTRR) approach is used to perform the localisation task. The RQ and the RTRR methods are used alternately until no more nodes can be localised by the two approaches. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid localisation algorithm performs well in terms of both accuracy and the success rate of localisation. To evaluate the accuracy of anchor-free localisation algorithms, the authors derive two different accuracy measures: the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) to benchmark the coordinate estimation errors and the approximate lower bound to benchmark the distance errors. Simulation results demonstrate that both the CRLB and the distance error lower bound provide references for the accuracy of the location algorithms. © 2009 The Institution of Engineering and Technology.

Yu, K & Guo, YJ 2009, 'Statistical NLOS identification based on AOA, TOA, and signal strength', IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 274-286.
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Nonline-of-sight (NLOS) propagation is one of the challenges in radio positioning. Significant attention has been drawn to the mitigation of the NLOS effect in recent years. This paper focuses on the identification of NLOS conditions by employing the statistical decision theory. A Neyman-Pearson (NP) test method is first derived for scenarios where either 1-D or 2-D angular measurements are provided. A time-of-arrival (TOA) based method is then developed under idealized conditions to provide a performance reference. In the presence of both TOA and received signal strength (RSS) measurements, a joint identification method is derived to efficiently exploit the TOA and RSS measurements. Analytical expressions of the probability of detection (POD) and the probability of false alarm (PFA) are derived for all the scenarios considered. Two theorems and one corollary regarding the line-of-sight (LOS) conditions based on the angle of arrival (AOA) are also presented, and the proofs are provided. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed methods perform well, and the joint TOA- and RSS-based method considerably outperforms the TOA-based methods. The proposed methods are robust to the model errors, as demonstrated through simulations. It is also shown that the analytical results agree well with the simulated ones. © 2009 IEEE.

Yu, K, Guo, YJ & Hedley, M 2009, 'TOA-based distributed localisation with unknown internal delays and clock frequency offsets in wireless sensor networks', IET Signal Processing, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 106-118.
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Locating sensor nodes in an ad hoc wireless sensor network (WSN) is a challenging task. In general, the network nodes are not synchronised and the internal delays within the nodes are unknown. Here, time-of-arrival (TOA)-based localisation is investigated when practical parameters such as clock time offset, clock frequency offset and system internal delay are all involved. The TOA measurements are made between each pair of nodes that are within radio range. First, an efficient frequency offset (FO) estimation algorithm is derived. Then, a two-stage localisation scheme is proposed. In the first stage, localisation starts from the nodes with the largest numbers of neighbouring anchors and priority is always given to nodes with more neighbouring anchors and/or localised nodes. In the second stage, the locations of all neighbouring nodes are exploited to improve location accuracy. Two iterative algorithms are developed: the Taylor series-based least squares (TS-LS) method and the sequential quadratic programming (SQP) optimisation method. During the localisation process, a number of measures are taken to ensure the reliability of each location estimate to avoid abnormal errors and reduce error propagation. The Cramer-Rao lower bound is also derived to benchmark the location accuracy. © The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009.

Zhang, J, Luo, L & Shi, Z 2009, 'Quadrature OFDMA systems based on layered FFT structure', Communications, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 57, pp. 850-860.

Zhang, J, Smith, DB, Hanlen, LW, Miniutti, D, Rodda, D & Gilbert, B 2009, 'Stability of narrowband dynamic body area channel', Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, IEEE, vol. 8, pp. 53-56.

Ziolkowski, RW, Jin, P, Nielsen, JA, Tanielian, MH & Holloway, CL 2009, 'Experimental Verification of Z Antennas at UHF Frequencies', IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, vol. 8, pp. 1329-1333.
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Ziolkowski, RW, Lin, C-C, Nielsen, JA, Tanielian, MH & Holloway, CL 2009, 'Design and Experimental Verification of a 3D Magnetic EZ Antenna at 300 MHz', IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, vol. 8, pp. 989-993.
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Abolhasan, M & Hagelstein, B 2013, 'Real-world performance of current proactive multi-hop mesh protocols', Real-world performance of current proactive multi-hop mesh protocols, IEEE APCC Wireless Communication Systems (IEEE APCC), Shanghai, Shanghai, China, pp. 44-47.
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The proliferation of mesh or ad hoc network protocols has lead to a push for protocol standardisation. While there are a number of both open-source and proprietary mesh routing protocols being developed, there is only a small amount of literature available that shows relative strengths and weaknesses of different protocols. This paper investigates the performance of a number of available routing protocols using a real-world testbed. Three routing protocols - optimised link state routing (OLSR), better approach to mobile ad hoc network (B.A.T.M.A.N.) and BABEL - were chosen for this study. Our investigations focus on the multi-hopping performance and the ability of each routing protocol to recover from link failures. Our results show that B.A.T.M.A.N. and BABEL outperform OLSR both in terms of multi-hopping performance and in route re-discovery latency.

Agbinya, JI, Chaczko, ZC & Aboura, K 2009, 'Radio Frequency Pollution Mapping', Selected Papers on the 4th International Conference on Broadband Communication, Information Technology & Biomedical Applications, BroadBandCom '09, International Conference of Broadband Communication, Information Technology and Biomedical Applications, BroadBandCom '09, Wroclaw, Poland, pp. 177-182.
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Electromagnetic Fields radiation has raised concerns within several segments of the population in the past three decades. Many studies proved inconclusive mainly due to the scarcity of the data. We propose an architecture for a geographical model based radiation pollution database, and discuss its benefits to the community at large.

Agbinya, JI, Lee, V, Aboura, K & Chaczko, ZC 2009, 'Recognition of Radio Signal Pollution Levels and Signatures', Selected Papers on the 4th International Conference on Broadband Communication, Information Technology & Biomedical Applications, BroadBandCom '09, International Conference of Broadband Communication, Information Technology and Biomedical Applications, BroadBandCom '09, Wroclaw, Poland, pp. 183-188.
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Radio frequency spectrum mapping allows determining the radio frequency signatures prevalent within an environment. We address the primary frequency bands used for cellular, wireless LAN, UMTS and ultra wideband communications. The purpose of this paper is to map the detected radio frequencies within an environment and display the collated data on a graphical user interface. The program identifies the presence of the aforementioned radio frequency signatures and recognizes signal levels which exceed the exposure standards enforced by the Australian Communication and Media Authority. The results assist in the understanding of the ramifications of long-term exposure to radio frequency radiation associated with the continued proliferation of wireless devices.

Al Aamri, H., Abolhasan, M., Wysocki, T. & IEEE 2009, 'On Optimising Route Discovery in Absence of Previous Route Information in MANETs', 2009 IEEE VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-5, pp. 63-67.

Alsmairat, I, Shankaran, R, Orgun, M & Dutkiewicz, E 2009, 'Securing session initiation protocol in voice over IP domain', 8th IEEE International Symposium on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing, DASC 2009, pp. 78-83.
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Voice service is vulnerable to a number of attacks that can compromise the confidentiality, integrity and authenticity of voice communication. This paper describes the design of communication protocols for securing SIP based VOIP communication. It presents the architectural principles involved and the overall security solution comprising the design of secure extensions to SIP messages. Finally it evaluates the performance of the proposed scheme and presents some results. © 2009 IEEE.

Amri, HA & Abolhasan, M 2009, 'Routing metric for multi-interface and power-aware nodes in heterogeneous MANETs', Communications, 2009. APCC 2009. 15th Asia-Pacific Conference on, APCC 2009, IEEE, Shanghai, Shanghai, China, pp. 372-375.
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This paper presents heterogeneity ratio (HR) as a new routing metric for heterogeneous MANETs. This metric is the ratio of number of powerful nodes to hop count that is used to select the best path to destination. Node heterogeneity is modeled in terms of: types and number of different interfaces, power, and transmission ranges. Our proposed routing metric is based on developing route discovery algorithm that is implemented on the top of on-demand tree-based routing protocol (OTRP)[2] to accommodate nodes heterogeneity. Simulation results show that using HR with OTRP heterogeneity aware outperforms other metrics like minimal hop count and maximal number of powerful nodes.

Amri, HA, Abolhasan, M & Wysocki, T 2009, 'On Optimising Route Discovery in Absence of Previous Route Information in MANETs', 2009 IEEE 69th Vehicular Technology Conference Proceedings, IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, IEEE, Barcelona, Spain, pp. 1-5.
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This paper present a new routing protocol for Ad hoc networks, called On-demand Tree-based Routing Protocol (OTRP). This protocol combines the idea of hop-by-hop routing such as AODV with an efficient route discovery algorithm called Tree-based Optimized Flooding (TOF) to improve scalability of Ad hoc networks when there is no previous knowledge about the destination. To achieve this in OTRP, route discovery overheads are minimized by selectively flooding the network through a limited set of nodes, referred to as branching-nodes. The theoretical analysis and simulation results showed that OTRP outperforms AODV, DYMO, and OLSR and it reduces overheads as number of nodes and traffic increase.

Aslund, ML, Canning, J, Stevenson, M & Cook, K 2009, 'Tailored thermal stabilisation of type I gratings', 2009 IEEE LEOS ANNUAL MEETING CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1AND 2, 22nd Annual Meeting of the IEEE-Photonics-Society, IEEE, Belek, TURKEY, pp. 418-419.
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Aslund, ML, Jovanovic, N, Jackson, SD, Canning, J, Marshall, GD, Fuerbach, A, Withford, MJ & Cook, K 2009, 'Photo-erasure of Type-II femtosecond laser written Bragg gratings employed as high reflectors in moderate power Q-switch fibre laser', OPTICAL SENSORS 2009, Conference on Optical Sensors, SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, Prague, CZECH REPUBLIC.
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Bandyopadhyay, S, Canning, J, Biswas, P, Chakraborty, R & Dasgupta, K 2009, 'Regeneration of complex Bragg gratings', Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering.
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Complex regenerated Bragg gratings, seeded by complex type-I gratings in H2 loaded germanosilicate optical fibre is reported. By this means, dual channel grating filters which are stable beyond 1000°C are produced. These high temperature stable co-located dual gratings have potential application in sensing and multi-wavelength high power lasers. © 2009 SPIE.

Benter, A, Xu, R, Moore, W, Antolovich, M & Gao, J 2009, 'Fragment size detection within homogeneous material using ground penetrating radar', 2009 International Radar Conference "Surveillance for a Safer World", RADAR 2009.
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Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) offers the ability to observe the internal structure of a pile of rocks. Large fragments within the pile may not be visible on the surface. Determining these large fragment sizes before collection can improve mine productivity. This research has examined the potential to identify objects where the background media and the object exhibit the same dielectric properties. Preliminary results are presented which show identification is possible using standard GPR equipment.

Bird, TS, Rypkema, N & Smart, KW 2009, 'Antenna impedance matching for maximum power transfer in wireless sensor networks', Proceedings of IEEE Sensors, pp. 916-919.
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The conditions for maximum power transfer from a source antenna to a receiving antenna are examined when the two antennas are in close proximity. As an example, computed and measured results are described for the power transfer efficiency for two-element Yagi antennas. These results can be used to design matching networks between the antenna and a load such as a voltage multiplier for power transfer in a wireless sensor network. It is concluded that maximum PTE could be obtained by continuously tuning the antenna and matching network as the antenna separation and load conditions change. ©2009 IEEE.

Braun, RM, Chaczko, ZC & Chiang, F 2009, 'Towards a New Information-Centric View of Wireless Sensor Networks', Selected Papers on the 4th International Conference on Broadband Communication, Information Technology & Biomedical Applications, BroadBandCom '09, International Conference of Broadband Communication, Information Technology and Biomedical Applications, BroadBandCom '09, Wroclaw, Poland, pp. 229-232.
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This paper presents a new paradigm for viewing the work of Wireless Sensor Networks. The Observed Field (OF) is described as a multi-dimensional âInformation Space❠(ISp). The Wireless Sensor Network is described as a âTransformation Space❠(TS), while the information collector is a single point consumer of information, described as an "Information Sink" (ISi). Formal mathematical descriptions are suggested for the OF and the ISp. Mathematical descriptions for the TS and the ISi, based on the notion of Path Mutual Information, are proposed. Information flows from ISp to ISi via TS. TS can be formally thought of as a multi-dimensional transform function between ISp and ISi. It can be aggregated into a notional multidimensional value. This formal mathematical description can be used to create numerical optimization routines for generating TSs, against cost functions such as power consumption, and constraints such as maximum distance between sensors.

Broomhead, T, Ridoux, J & Veitch, D 2009, 'Counter availability and characteristics for feed-forward based synchronization', Precision Clock Synchronization for Measurement, Control and Communication, 2009. ISPCS 2009. International Symposium on, IEEE, pp. 1-6.

Canning, J 2009, 'Structured fibres and gratings for sensing', 2009 Asia Communications and Photonics Conference and Exhibition, ACP 2009.
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The advent of optical fibres based on air holes running along their entirety opens up new directions in addressing various properties relevant to sensing, including the temperature/strain challenge of optical fibre sensors and as well the incorporation of new materials that were previously not possible. Combining these channels with new materials that exploit the localisation of light at the interface to enhance sensitivity with laser processed components offers an unprecedented level of device complexity, including potential labin-a-fibre technology. © 2009 Optical Society of America.

Canning, J 2009, 'Structured fibres and gratings for sensing', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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The advent of optical fibres based on air holes running along their entirety opens up new directions in addressing various properties relevant to sensing, including the temperature/strain challenge of optical fibre sensors and as well the incorporation of new materials that were previously not possible. Combining these channels with new materials that exploit the localisation of light at the interface to enhance sensitivity with laser processed components offers an unprecedented level of device complexity, including potential lab-in-a-fibre technology. " 2009 Optical Society of America.

Canning, J, Bandyopadhyay, S, Stevenson, M, Biswas, P, Fenton, J, Chakraborty, R, Aslund, M & IEEE 2009, 'Thermal preparation of highly stable glass periodic changes with nano-scale resolution using a laser-inscribed hydrogen loaded seed template', 2009 IEEE LEOS ANNUAL MEETING CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1AND 2, pp. 30-31.
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Canning, J, Fenton, J & Stevenson, M 2009, 'Ultra-strong regenerated gratings', 2009 14TH OPTOELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE (OECC 2009), 14th OptoElectronics and Communications Conference, IEEE, Hong Kong, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 710-711.

Canning, J, Gibson, B, Huyang, G, Khoury, T, Sum, TJ, Neto, C & Crossley, MJ 2009, 'Processing waveguide photonic components into self-assembled organic films', 2009 14th OptoElectronics and Communications Conference, OECC 2009.
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A focused ion beam (FIB) is used to process 2-D self-assembled photonic porphyrin film flats to fabricate couplers in 2-D porphyrin slabs. These self-assembled structures have an initial root mean squared (rms) values for surface roughness < 0.5 nm as measured by atomic force microscopy. Under appropriate FIB processing and cutting conditions, the rms value for surface roughness falls to < 0.4 nm. © 2009 IEEE.

Canning, J, Huyang, G, Gibson, BC, Neto, C, Khoury, T, Martelli, C, Skivesen, N, Sum, TJ, Kristensen, M, Crossley, MJ & IEEE 2009, 'Supramolecular porphyrin wires and post-processing', 2009 14TH OPTOELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE (OECC 2009), pp. 288-289.

Canning, J, Stevenson, M, Cook, K, Aslund, M, Ecke, W, Willsch, R, Bartelt, H, Kalinowski, HJ, Grabarski, L, Oliveira, V, Martelli, C, Braga, A, Groothoff, N & Peng, GD 2009, 'Optical fibre Bragg gratings for high temperature sensing', Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering.
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The development of new techniques for writing and tailoring the properties of Bragg gratings has generated a suite of distinct grating types that are optimised for performance within different temperature windows. These cover gratings produced by recipes such as hypersensitisation, thermal processing and single and multiphoton writing. In this paper, we review four types of high temperature gratings that offer comprehensive coverage of temperature space for most applications of interest. Up to 1200°C novel processing methods allow standard silica-based optical fibres to be used. However, beyond these temperatures, optical fibres made from other materials, such as sapphire, need consideration. © 2009 SPIE.

Canning, J, Stevenson, M, Fenton, J, Åslund, M & Bandyopadhyay, S 2009, 'Strong regenerated gratings', Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering.
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Strong regenerated gratings are reported, with a maximum grating strength exceeding (40-50) dB. Further annealing between 1000 and 1100°C leads to a stabilised grating ∼18dB in strength. This suffers no further degradation at 1100°C for the period monitored, over 4 hrs. © 2009 SPIE.

Chaczko, ZC, Chiu, CC, Kohli, AS & Mahadevan, V 2009, 'Patient information management: application of performance theories for healthcare', Information and Multimedia Technology, 2009. ICIMT '09, Information and Multimedia Technology, International Association of Computer Science and Information Technology, Jeju Island, South Korea, pp. 173-178.
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This paper conceptualises the development of a Patient Information Management system to assist health care professionals and carers in providing an enhanced level of support to patients. By focusing on throughput analysis and mission criticality the system designers can make valued judgement on the needs of the professional and system's long term requirements.

Chaczko, ZC, Moses, P & Chiu, CC 2009, 'Co-operative Extended Kohonen Mapping (EKM) for Wireless Sensor Networks', Computer Aided Systems Theory, Eurocast 2009, International Conference Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain February 15-20, 2009, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Spain, pp. 897-904.
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This paper discusses a methodology to manage wireless sensor networks (WSN) with self-organising feature maps, using co-operative Extended Kohonen Maps (EKMs). EKMs have been successfully demonstrated in other machine-learning contexts such as learning sensori-motor control and feedback tasks. Through a quantitative analysis of the algorithmic process, an indirect-mapping EKM can self-organise from a given input space, such as theWSNs external factors, to administer theWSNs routing and clustering functions with a control parameter space. Preliminary results demonstrate indirect mapping with EKMs provide an economical control and feedback mechanism by operating in a continuous sensory control space when compared with direct mapping techniques. By training the control parameter, a faster convergence is made with processes such as the recursive least squares method. The management of a WSNs clustering and routing procedures are enhanced by the co-operation of multiple self-organising EKMs to adapt to actively changing conditions in the environment.

Chen, Y, Zhang, J & Jayalath, D 2009, 'Clipping Noise Compensation for OFDMA Systems', Communications Theory Workshop, 2009. AusCTW 2009. Australian, IEEE, pp. 100-104.

Chiang, F & Braun, RM 2005, 'A Biologically Inspired Service Architecture in Ubiquitous Computing Environments', Active and Programmable Networks - Proceedings of IFIP International Federation for Information Processing 2009 - Lecture Notes In computer Science, International Working Conference on Active and Programmable Networks, Springer, Sophia Antopolis, France, pp. 253-258.
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This paper describes the design of a scalable bio-mimetic framework in the management domain of complex Ubiquitous Service-Oriented Networks. An autonomous network service management platform - SwarmingNet is proposed. In this SwarmingNet architecture, the required network service processes are implemented by a group of highly diverse and autonomic objects. These objects are called TeleService Solons as elements of TeleService Holons, analogue to individual insects as particles of the whole colony. A group of TSSs have the capabilities of fulfilling the complex tasks relating to service discovery and service activation. We simulate a service configuration process for Multimedia Messaging Service, and a performance comparison is made between the bio-agents scheme and normal multi-agents scheme.

Chiu, CC, Chaczko, ZC & Moses, P 2009, 'Advanced Extended Kohonen Mapping Modelling Techniques for Sensor Actor Networks', 4th International Conference on Broadband Communications, Information Technology & Biomedical Applications, International Conference of Broadband Communication, Information Technology and Biomedical Applications, IEEE CPS, Wroclaw, Poland, pp. 245-250.
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This paper discusses the results of utilising advanced EKM modelling techniques to manage Sensor-Actor networks (SANETs) such as wireless sensor networks. EKMs allow a quantitative analysis of an algorithmic artificial neural network process by using an indirect-mapping EKM to self-organise from a given input space to administer SANET routing and clustering functions with a control parameter space.

Clarke, J, Lethbridge, J, Liu, RP & Terhorst, A 2009, 'Integrating Mobile Telephone Based Sensor Networks into the Sensor Web', 2009 IEEE SENSORS, VOLS 1-3, 8th IEEE Conference on Sensors, IEEE, Christchurch, NEW ZEALAND, pp. 1010-+.
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Cook, K, Canning, J, Pohl, AAP, Holdsworth, J, Stevenson, M, Bandyopadhyay, S & Groothoff, N 2009, 'Bragg grating writing in photonic crystal fibres', PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBERS III, Conference on Photonic Crystal Fibers III, SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, Prague, CZECH REPUBLIC.
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Cook, K, Canning, J, Poon, CK & Pohl, AAP 2009, 'Tuneable ring-DFB PCF laser for ultra-high resolution spectroscopy', Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering.
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A stable, tunable, CW, narrow-linewdith ring distributed feedback (DFB) fibre laser fabricated in erbium-doped photonic crystal fibre is demonstrated. Wavelength tuning of this device using a piezoelectric transducer was utilized to probe the P11 molecular absorption band of acetylene (C2H2) with a resolution of 0.45pm. Furthermore, by applying an AC voltage this absorption band could be continually-swept, allowing square-wave modulation of the DFB output at repetition rate of 500Hz. © 2009 SPIE.

Cook, K, Ducros, N, Fevrier, S, Aslund, M, Canning, J & Kar, AK 2009, 'Bragg Gratings in Chalcogenide Optical Fibre written with a frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser', 2009 IEEE LEOS ANNUAL MEETING CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1AND 2, 22nd Annual Meeting of the IEEE-Photonics-Society, IEEE, Belek, TURKEY, pp. 416-+.
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Cook, K, Poon, CK, Pohl, AAP & Canning, J 2009, 'Acetylene line-width measurement using a piezo-tuned, erbium-doped ring DFB-PCF laser', 2009 IEEE LEOS ANNUAL MEETING CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1AND 2, 22nd Annual Meeting of the IEEE-Photonics-Society, IEEE, Belek, TURKEY, pp. 264-+.
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Cuicui, Z, Jinlong, H, Jihua, Z, Jinglin, S & Dutkiewicz, E 2009, 'Channel quality dependent rate-limited scheduling algorithm for IEEE 802.16 wireless networks', Proceedings - 2009 WRI International Conference on Communications and Mobile Computing, CMC 2009, pp. 402-406.
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The WiMAX technology based on IEEE 802.16 is expected to support multimedia services with guaranteed quality of service (QoS). In this paper, a scheduler structure with priority classes is designed for IEEE 802.16 wireless networks, and a channel quality dependent rate-limited (CD-RL) algorithm is proposed. CD-RL provides promised data rates while taking throughput into account. With a carefully designed "order changing" method, CD-RL can be implemented with low complexity, which makes it feasible in practical systems. Simulation results reveal that CD-RL has good performances in fairness, minimum reserved traffic rate and average packet delay. © 2009 IEEE.

Davis, DJ & Chaczko, ZC 2009, 'Environmental Monitoring System', Selected Papers on the 4th International Conference on Broadband Communication, Information Technology & Biomedical Applications, BroadBandCom '09, International Conference of Broadband Communication, Information Technology and Biomedical Applications, BroadBandCom '09, Wroclaw, Poland, pp. 215-221.
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The Environmental Monitoring System`s (EMS) main purpose is to monitor key environmental factors utilising incorporated wireless sensor networks (WSN) technology. While the system discussed in this paper is intended to be an integrated turnkey solution for Chemical Manufacturing Plants it is flexible enough to be adapted to static or dynamic situations that warrant environmental monitoring. Principally the discussion looks at various issues that confront the deployment of a supervisory system employing a WSN.

Du, R, Wu, Q, He, S, Jia, W & Wei, D 2009, 'Facial Expression Recognition Using Histogram Variances Faces', Proceedings of the Ninth IEEE Computer Society Workshop on Application of Computer Vision (WACV 2009), IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision, IEEE, Snowbird, USA, pp. 341-347.
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In human's expression recognition, the representation of expression features is essential for the recognition accuracy. In this work we propose a novel approach for extracting expression dynamic features from facial expression videos. Rather than utilising statistical models e.g. Hidden Markov Model (HMM), our approach integrates expression dynamic features into a static image, the Histogram Variances Face (HVF), by fusing histogram variances among the frames in a video. The HVFs can be automatically obtained from videos with different frame rates and immune to illumination interference. In our experiments, for the videos picturing the same facial expression, e.g., surprise, happy and sadness etc., their corresponding HVFs are similar, even though the performers and frame rates are different. Therefore the static facial recognition approaches can be utilised for the dynamic expression recognition. We have applied this approach on the well-known Cohn-Kanade AUCoded Facial Expression database then classified HVFs using PCA and Support Vector Machine (SVMs), and found the accuracy of HVFs classification is very encouraging.

Dyadyuk, V, Bunton, JD & Guo, YJ 2009, 'Study on high rate long range wireless communications in the 71-76 and 81-86 GHz bands', European Microwave Week 2009, EuMW 2009: Science, Progress and Quality at Radiofrequencies, Conference Proceedings - 39th European Microwave Conference, EuMC 2009, pp. 1315-1318.
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Performance of high data rate wireless line-of-sight communications in the E-band is analysed using an example of the spectrally efficient multi-gigabit system reported earlier. This paper discussed available technologies, potentials of a further increase of the communication range and challenges in development of the future multi-gigabit wireless networks. © 2009 EuMA.

Dyadyuk, V, Guo, YJ & Bunton, JD 2009, 'Multi-gigabit wireless communication technology in the E-band', Proceedings of the 2009 1st International Conference on Wireless Communication, Vehicular Technology, Information Theory and Aerospace and Electronic Systems Technology, Wireless VITAE 2009, pp. 137-141.
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The enabling technologies and challenges in development of multi-gigabit wireless communication systems in the E-band are discussed. Potentials of the further improvement of the fixed wireless links performance and feasibility of development of the future ad-hoc or mobile wireless networks in the E-band are evaluated. © 2009 IEEE.

Dyadyuk, V, Guo, YJ & Bunton, JD 2009, 'Multi-Gigabit Wireless Communication Technology in the E-band', 2009 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATION, VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, INFORMATION THEORY AND AEROSPACE & ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY, VOLS 1 AND 2, 1st International Conference on Wireless Communication, Vehicular Technology, Information Theory and Aerospace and Electronic Systems Technology, IEEE, Aalborg, DENMARK, pp. 142-146.

Eyal, A & Braun, RM 2005, 'A Model for Scalable and Autonomic Network Management', Seventh Annual International Working Conference on Active and Programmable Networks, International Working Conference on Active and Programmable Networks, Springer, Nice, France, pp. 1-6.
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Current telecommunication network management systems rely extensively on human intervention. They are also prone to fundamental changes as the managed network evolves. These two attributes, combined with the growing complexity of networks and services, make the cost of network management very high. In recent years, we have witnessed the emergence of artificial intelligence applications. Some are aimed at the creation of autonomic network management systems. This paper offers a novel approach to the design of a network management system that incorporates intelligent agents. As a benchmark to this model, we use two approaches most widely in use in network management systems today. The focus of this paper is on synchronization issues, service discovery and policy enforcement.

Fang, G & Dutkiewicz, E 2009, 'BodyMAC: Energy efficient TDMA-based MAC protocol for wireless body area networks', 2009 9th International Symposium on Communications and Information Technology, ISCIT 2009, pp. 1455-1459.
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Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) enable placement of tiny biomedical sensors on or inside the human body to monitor vital body signs. The IEEE 802.15.6 task group is developing a standard to optimize WBAN performance by defining the physical layer (PHY) and media access control (MAC) layer specifications. In this paper an energy efficient MAC protocol (BodyMAC) is proposed. It uses flexible bandwidth allocation to improve node energy efficiency by reducing the possibility of packet collisions and by reducing radio transmission times, idle listening and control packets overhead. BodyMAC is based on a Downlink and Uplink scheme in which the Contention Free Part in the Uplink subframe is completely collision free. Three types of bandwidth allocation mechanisms allow for flexible and efficient data and control communications. An efficient Sleep Mode is introduced to reduce the idle listening duration, especially for low duty cycle nodes in the network. Simulation results show superior performance of BodyMAC compared to that of the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC. ©2009 IEEE.

Gannapathy, VR, Ahmad, MR, Suaidi, MK, Johal, MS & Dutkiewicz, E 2009, 'Concurrent MAC with short signaling for multi-hop wireless mesh networks', 2009 International Conference on Ultra Modern Telecommunications and Workshops.
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The IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol continues to suffer from throughput degradation when directly applied in multi-hop Wireless Mesh Network (WMN). The Request-to-Send/Clear-to-Send (RTS/CTS) signaling partially solved hidden node problems however the exposed node problems remain unaddressed. The IEEE 802.11 MAC does not allow the exposed nodes to initiates its transmission for the entire duration of ongoing transmission over multi-hop network leads to throughput degradation. Moreover, the amount of needed signaling packets takes place at every hop reduces the overall multi-hop throughput significantly. This project proposes a set of enhancement to the existing IEEE 802.11 DCF MAC by enabling concurrent transmission by the exposed nodes and reduces the amount of signaling packets (CMAC-SS) required at every hop until the data packet reaches its destination. Analytical models are developed and simulated over quasi-static Rayleigh fading channel. The multi-hop network performances are evaluated in terms of throughput and delay. The CMAC-SS protocol outperforms the existing IEEE DCF MAC with more than 14% increase in overall throughput of multi-hop WMN. ©2009 IEEE.

Ge, Y, Essellel, KP & Bird, TS 2009, 'Designing a partially reflective surface with increasing reflection phase for wide-band EBG resonator antennas', IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International Symposium (Digest).
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A simple method is proposed for obtaining a partially reflective surface with increasing reflection phase for use in wideband, low-profile electromagnetic band-gap resonator antennas. Using the proposed types of partially reflective surfaces and a perfect electric conductor ground, a wideband resonant cavity can be formed and hence a wideband resonant cavity antenna can be designed. The method to design the partially reflective surface is described and examples are given. © 2009 IEEE.

Ge, Y, Sun, Y, Lu, S & Dutkiewicz, E 2009, 'ADSD: An automatic distributed spectrum decision method in cognitive radio networks', 2009 1st International Conference on Future Information Networks, ICFIN 2009, pp. 253-258.
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With the development of Cognitive Radio networks, in order to fully utilize the scarce spectrum resources, secondary users are capable of exploiting the available spectrum of primary users. However, when there are several spectrum options available, how to select an appropriate one for the secondary user according to the spectrum quality and the QoS requirements of different kinds of applications is a new challenge. In this paper, we propose a new Automatic Distributed Spectrum Decision (ADSD) method to solve this problem. ADSD considers multiple characterization parameters, in particular, the primary users' arrival probability, to estimate the quality of the available spectrum options. A weight self-generation mechanism is included to automatically determine the weights of different parameters, thus avoiding the difficulty and irrationality when relying on the users to specify the weights directly. In addition, in conjunction with the reconfiguration mechanism, ADSD can reduce the rate of spectrum handoffs by reconfiguring the transmission parameters rather than making a new decision for the existing transmission. Simulation results show that without any users' interference, ADSD can automatically select the appropriate spectrum for transmission and significantly improve the Cognitive Radio network performance in terms of throughput and the spectrum handoff rate. ©2009 IEEE.

Gill, AQ & Henderson-Sellers, B 2009, 'Agile Software Solution Framework: an analysis of practitioners' perspectives', Information Systems: Modeling, Development, and Integration. UNISCON 2009, Procs., Information Systems: Modeling, Development, and Integration, Springer-Verlag, Campbelltown, NSW, pp. 41-52.
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We have developed an agile software solution framework (ASSF) to create and tailor situation-specific agile methods by using a method engineering approach. Here, we report on a questionnaire-based survey with thirty-three experts in order to determine the relevance and importance of the aspects or elements of agile software development methodology specified in ASSF. We have analysed the relevance and importance that each respondent places on the identified elements of the ASSF.

Granet, C, Khaikin, V & Bird, TS 2009, 'A high-efficiency spline-profile smooth-walled 34-38 GHz horn as an array feed for the long-focus optics of the RATAN-600 radio telescope', European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, EuCAP 2009, Proceedings, pp. 1811-1813.
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The design of a high-efficiency spline-profile smooth- walled circular horn covering the 34-38 GHz band is described. This horn is proposed for an array feed for the RATAN-600 radio telescope. Across the band the horn has a predicted aperture efficiency > 96% and a cross-polarization <-23dB.

Hanharr, SM, Bird, TS, Johnston, BF, Hellicar, AD & Minasian, RA 2009, 'A 600 GHz dielectric rod antenna', European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, EuCAP 2009, Proceedings, pp. 1645-1647.
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Dielectric rod antennas have advantages as elements of focal plane arrays for imaging applications at terahertz frequencies. As well as good directivity and moderate bandwidth they are readily integrated with diode detectors. To demonstrate these attributes we describe the fabrication of a prototype antenna by laser ablation. Theoretical and measured results are presented for a dielectric rod antenna operating at 600 GHz.

Hanlen, LW, Smith, D, Zhang, JA & Lewis, D 2009, 'Key-sharing via channel randomness in narrowband body area networks: Is everyday movement sufficient?', Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Body Area Networks, ICST (Institute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering), pp. 17-17.

He, S, Li, J, Wei, D, Jia, W & Wu, Q 2009, 'Canny edge detection on a virtual hexagonal image structure', 2009 Joint Conferences on Pervasive Computing (JCPC2009), IEEE, Taipei, Taiwan, pp. 167-172.
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Canny edge detector is the most popular tool for edge detection and has many applications in the areas of image processing, multimedia and computer vision. The Canny algorithm optimizes the edge detection through noise filtering using an optimal function approximated by the first derivative of a Gaussian. It identifies the edge points by computing the gradients of light intensity function based on the fact that the edge points likely appear where the gradient magnitudes are large. Hexagonal structure is an image structure alternative to traditional square image structure. Because all the existing hardware for capturing image and for displaying image are produced based on square structure, an approach that uses linear interpolation described for conversion between square and hexagonal structures. Gaussian filtering together with gradient computation is performed on the hexagonal structure. The pixel edge strengths on the square structure are then estimated before the thresholds of Canny algorithm are applied to determine the final edge map. The experimental results show the edge detection on hexagonal structure using static and video images, and the comparison with the results using Canny algorithm on square structure.

Holloway, CL, Ziolkowski, RW, Jin, P, Lin, CC & Ladbury, J 2009, 'Measurements of metamaterial-inspired, electrically small antenna systems', 2009 IEEE International Workshop on Antenna Technology, iWAT 2009.
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The paper discusses analysis and measurements of electrically small antennas. The antennas discussed here are based on antennas designed from metamaterial inspired concepts. An electromagnetic reverberation chamber is used for the tests of the antennas. A reverberation chamber is basically a shielded room (metallic wall) with an arbitrarily shaped metallic rotating paddle and is an ideal environment for measuring the total radiated power of an antenna. Simulations and measurements of various antennas will be presented. ©2009 IEEE.

Huang, J, He, Y, Sun, Y, Zhao, W & Zhu, X 2009, 'A new SoC video ghost canceller', Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, pp. 1143-1146.
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A video ghost canceller, which reduces the effect of multi-path signal echoes (ghosts), is described in this paper. An adaptive LMS algorithm was used to improve the received image quality of PAL or NTSC broadcasts. The internal 576-tap digital filter, which is comprised of a 144-tap FIR and a 430-tap IIR filter, cancels ghosts occurring from -6.15μS before to +41.6μS after the main signal. In order to reduce the chip area occupied by the filter, an algorithm that combines the error threshold and the error accumulation methods is applied for reducing the coefficients word-length. Also, a tap-decimated equalizer is proposed, which can greatly reduce the number of the multipliers in the adaptive filter. The system on chip (SoC) device performs all the functions required for ghost cancellation, eliminating the need for external DSP controllers, memory, sync detection, D/A converters, A/D converters, and user programming. From chip tests, the canceller can remove the ghost whose power is lower than -6dB compared to that of the main signal and make ghost residue down to -40 dB. When operating at a rate of 14.318 MHz (4Fsc), it dissipates 1.3W from a 3.3V power supply. © 2009 IEEE.

Huang, X & Guo, Y 2009, 'Achieving higher throughput for OFDM systems with parallel packet transmission', Australia communications theory workshop, Sydney, Australia.
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Huang, X & Guo, YJ 2009, 'Frequency and space precoded MIMO OFDM with substream adaptation', IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, WCNC.
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A new frequency and space precoding scheme for multiple input multiple output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems is presented. For frequency precoding, the data symbols to be transmitted are divided into multiple substreams, and a predefined unitary matrix is applied to each substream to obtain different linear combinations of data symbols in the substream to gain frequency diversity. For space precoding, different precoding matrices selected from a predefined orthogonal matrix are used to allocate each frequency precoded data symbol to all transmit antennas to gain spatial diversity. The number of substreams and the corresponding data symbol mapping scheme are also adaptively determined at the receiver under varying received signal strength and MIMO channel conditions, and are made available to the transmitter through a low-rate feedback channel. Simulation results show that the proposed MIMO OFDM system with adaptive substream selection can effectively exploit both frequency and spatial diversity, and deliver the maximum system throughput. © 2009 IEEE.

Huang, X & Guo, YJ 2009, 'MSE bounds for phase estimation in presence of recursive nuisance parameters', GLOBECOM - IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference.
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The mean squared error (MSE) is commonly used to measure and compare the performance of various phase estimation techniques in communications and signal processing systems. When the received signal contains recursive nuisance parameters, the MSE is extremely difficult to obtain and even the conventional modified Cramér-Rao bound (MCRB) can not be readily applied. In this paper, a recursive MSE bound and its simplified calculation method are proposed to solve the problem. As an application example, an adaptive hybrid antenna array and its associated angle-of-arrival (AoA) estimation technique are presented. The MSE of the AoA estimation is simulated and compared with the recursive MSE bound and MCRB. The results show that the proposed recursive MSE bound provides a tighter lower MSE bound than the recursive MCRB.

Huang, X & Guo, YJ 2009, 'Parallel packet transmission based on OFDM', IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, WCNC.
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This paper proposes a parallel packet transmission (PPT) scheme based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). The principle of the PPT scheme is to divide a packet into a number of smaller parallel packets, and transmit each smaller packet over an individual subcarrier of the OFDM symbols instead of spreading the data bits in a packet across a number of different subcarriers. It is proved theoretically that the proposed PPT scheme has higher average throughput than the conventional serial packet transmission without precoding. Furthermore, simulation results show that the OFDM system with PPT outperforms the precoded OFDM system with minimum mean squared error equalization in both uncoded and coded cases in terms of average throughput. The PPT scheme provides an alternative and simpler means to combat frequency-selective fading. © 2009 IEEE.

Huang, X, Guo, YJ & Bunton, J 2009, 'Adaptive AoA estimation and beamforming with hybrid antenna arrays', IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference.
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A new type of hybrid antenna array consisting of analogue subarrays followed by a digital beamformer is proposed for practical implementation of long range high data rate millimetre wave communications systems. An adaptive algorithm, referred to as the differential beam search (DBS), is proposed for the angle of arrival (AoA) estimation to control the phase shifters in the analogue subarrays and to perform digital beamforming. This algorithm does not need the knowledge of a reference signal and effectively solves the phase ambiguity problem in AoA estimation inherent to the practical subarray configuration. The performance of the proposed DBS algorithms is demonstrated by simulations. © 2009 IEEE.

Jamdagni, A, Tan, T, Liu, R, Nanda, P & He, S 2009, 'A Frame Work for Geometrical Structure Anomaly Detection Model', The sixth annual CSIRO ICT Centre Science and Engineering Conference, Centre Science and Engineering Conference, CSIRO, Australian Technology Park, NSW, Australia, pp. 109-110.
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The growth of Internet offers quality and convenience to human life, but at the same time provides a platform for hackers and criminals. The Internet security hence becomes an important issue. Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is designed to detect intrusion and also to prevent a system from being compromised. In this paper, we present a novel Geometrical Structure Anomaly Detection (GSAD) model. GSAD employs pattern recognition techniques previously used in human detection [2}.

Jamdagni, A, Tan, T, Nanda, P, He, S & Liu, R 2009, 'Intrusion Detection Using Geometrical Structure', Proceeding of 2009 International Conference on Frontier of Computer Science and Technology, International Conference on Frontier of Computer Science and Technology, IEEE Computer Society, Shanghai, China, pp. 327-333.
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Geometrical Structure Anomaly Detection (GSAD) model to detect intrusion using the packet payload in the network. GSAD takes into account the correlations among the packet payload features arranged in a geometrical structure. The representation is based on statistical analysis of Mahalanobis distances among payload features, which calculate the similarity of new data against precomputed profile.

Jewart, CM, Chen, KP, Avdeev, I, Michie, A, Hambley, P & Canning, J 2009, 'Torsion of air-hole microstructured fiber devices under large defection', Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering.
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This paper studies torsion of air-hole microstructured fibers induced by fiber packaging. The twist of two-hole optical fiber induced while the fibers were coiled into a helix along the surface of a cylinder was experimentally observed and simulated using the Finite Element Analysis. Both experiment and simulation reveal periodic twisting patterns when two holes fibers were coiled along the surface of a cylinder. © 2009 SPIE.

Jin, P & Ziolkowski, RW 2009, 'Metamaterial-inspired electrically small canopy antenna with active internal element for bandwidth enhancement', IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International Symposium (Digest).
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Jin, P & Ziolkowski, RW 2009, 'Z antenna designs and testing', 2009 IEEE International Workshop on Antenna Technology, iWAT 2009.
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Various efficient electrically small antennas have been designed based on metamaterial shells and metamaterial-inspired structures. Several metamaterial-inspired antennas have been fabricated and the results have confirmed the design predictions. The Z antenna, a simplified version of the metamaterial-inspired 2D electric EZ antenna, has been designed and tested successfully. The experimentally tested design of this resonant near-field parasitic element, coax-fed monopole antenna will be discussed; its predicted performance and comparisons with experimental results will be reviewed and presented. ©2009 IEEE.

Jin, X, Yang, Y, Tian, L, Pang, D, Shi, J & Dutkiewicz, E 2009, 'QoS-aware optimal power allocation with channel inversion regularization precoding in MU-MIMO', IEEE International Conference on Communications.
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In multiuser MIMO systems, the Channel Inversion Regularization (CIR) precoding outperforms Zero-Forcing (ZF) in the case of a small number of users and low SNR. However, unlike the zero-interference ZF, the optimal power allocation issue using CIR is a nonconvex optimization problem which will become more intractable with nonconvex QoS constraints. In this paper we focus on the challenging QoS-aware optimal power allocation problem, aiming to maximize the system sum rate and guarantee the users' minimum data rates. As a result, an "Iterative Geometric Programming" (IGP) strategy is proposed which transforms the underlying problem to a series of tractable Geometric Programming (GP) problems through an iterative convex approximation. Extensive simulations have been conducted and the results indicate that IGP is quite suitable to tackle the problem, which can achieve a good balance between the system sum rate and the individual QoS requirements. ©2009 IEEE.

Khan, MAY & Veitch, D 2009, 'Isolating physical PER for smart rate selection in 802.11', INFOCOM 2009, IEEE, IEEE, pp. 1080-1088.

Kumar, J, Chaczko, ZC, Moulton, BD & Mahdevan, V 2009, 'Investigating the Suitability of a .NET/SQL Server approach for developing a remotely accessible information system for vehicle inspectors, International Conference on Information and Network Technology', International Conference on Information and Network Technology 2009, International Conference on Information and Network Technology, ICINT 2009, Perth, Australia, pp. 1-7.
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Vehicle inspectors using current systems typically make mental or brief written notes while inspecting a vehicle, to be entered into a computer system at a later date. We propose a paperless system for vehicle inspection, and investigate some software engineering tools and methods for its development. The work was initiated as part of a final year computer system engineering thesis project. The research project involved analyses of the requirements and functional specifications, and included the design, implementation and analysis of a working prototype system. Preliminary evaluation of the approach suggests that it appears to be suitable for the development of the specified vehicle inspection information system. The approach is intended to be scalable, but questions remain as to the extent to which the approach is suitable for the development of a larger scale deployment.

Kusakunniran, W, Li, H & Zhang, J 2009, 'A direct method to self-calibrate a surveillance camera by observing a walking pedestrian', 2009 Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications, Digital Image Computing Techniques and Applications, IEEE, Melbourne, VIC, pp. 250-255.
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Recent efforts show that it is possible to calibrate a surveillance camera simply from observing a walking human. This procedure can be seen as a special application of the camera self-calibration technique. Several methods have been proposed along this

Kusakunniran, W, Wu, Q, Li, H & Zhang, J 2009, 'Automatic gait recognition using weighted binary pattern on video', Proceedings of Sixth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance, Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance, IEEE Computer Society, Genoa, Italy, pp. 49-54.
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Human identification by recognizing the spontaneous gait recorded in real-world setting is a tough and not yet fully resolved problem in biometrics research. Several issues have contributed to the difficulties of this task. They include various poses, different clothes, moderate to large changes of normal walking manner due to carrying diverse goods when walking, and the uncertainty of the environments where the people are walking. In order to achieve a better gait recognition, this paper proposes a new method based on Weighted Binary Pattern (WBP). WBP first constructs binary pattern from a sequence of aligned silhouettes. Then, adaptive weighting technique is applied to discriminate significances of the bits in gait signatures. Being compared with most of existing methods in the literatures, this method can better deal with gait frequency, local spatial-temporal human pose features, and global body shape statistics. The proposed method is validated on several well known benchmark databases. The extensive and encouraging experimental results show that the proposed algorithm achieves high accuracy, but with low complexity and computational time.

Kusakunniran, W, Wu, Q, Li, H & Zhang, J 2009, 'Multiple Views Gait Recognition using View Transformation Model Based on Optimized Gait Energy Image', Proceedings of 2009 IEEE 12th International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops, IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops, IEEE, Kyoto, Japan, pp. 1058-1064.
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Gait is one of well recognized biometrics that has been widely used for human identification. However, the current gait recognition might have difficulties due to viewing angle being changed. This is because the viewing angle under which the gait signature database was generated may not be the same as the viewing angle when the probe data are obtained. This paper proposes a new multi-view gait recognition approach which tackles the problems mentioned above. Being different from other approaches of same category, this new method creates a so called View Transformation Model (VTM) based on spatial-domain Gait Energy Image (GEI) by adopting Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) technique. To further improve the performance of the proposed VTM, Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) is used to optimize the obtained GEI feature vectors. When implementing SVD there are a few practical problems such as large matrix size and over-fitting. In this paper, reduced SVD is introduced to alleviate the effects caused by these problems. Using the generated VTM, the viewing angles of gallery gait data and probe gait data can be transformed into the same direction. Thus, gait signatures can be measured without difficulties. The extensive experiments show that the proposed algorithm can significantly improve the multiple view gait recognition performance when being compared to the similar methods in literature.

Lancry, M, Groothoff, N, Guizard, S, Yang, W, Poumellec, B, Kazansky, PG & Canning, J 2008, 'Femtosecond laser direct processing in wet and dry silica glass', JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS, 7th Symposium on SiO(2), Advanced Dielectriece and Related Devices, ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, St Etienne, FRANCE, pp. 1057-1061.
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Lee, C, Chaczko, ZC & Moulton, BD 2009, 'Bio-inspired Agent-based System for Cooperative Decision-making and Control of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles', Selected Papers on the 4th International Conference on Broadband Communication, Information Technology & Biomedical Applications, BroadBandCom '09, International Conference of Broadband Communication, Information Technology and Biomedical Applications, BroadBandCom '09, Wroclaw, Poland, pp. 105-110.
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Lin, CC & Ziolkowski, RW 2009, 'A dual-band low frequency metamaterial-inspired magnetic-based antennas', IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International Symposium (Digest).
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Lin, CC & Ziolkowski, RW 2009, 'Lower frequency metamaterial-inspired magnetic-based EZ antennas', 2009 IEEE International Workshop on Antenna Technology, iWAT 2009.
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Several 2D and 3D magnetic-based EZ efficient electrically-small antennas will be discussed. Measurement results for both the 2D and 3D cases will be presented. Very good agreement between the simulation and measured results will be reported. ©2009 IEEE.

Lin, C-C & Ziolkowski, RW 2009, 'A Dual-band Low Frequency Metamaterial-inspired Magnetic-based Antennas', 2009 IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM AND USNC/URSI NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE MEETING, VOLS 1-6, IEEE Antennas and Propagation International Symposium /USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, IEEE, N Charleston, SC, pp. 896-899.
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Liu, RP, Sutton, G & Collings, IB 2009, 'A 3-D Markov Chain Queueing Model of IEEE 802.11 DCF with Finite Buffer and Load', 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOLS 1-8, IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC 2009), IEEE, Dresden, GERMANY, pp. 5320-+.

Liu, Y, Nie, Z, Zhao, Z & Liu, QH 2009, 'A cascaded correction method to reduce the contamination of ionospheric frequency modulation for hf skywave radars', IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International Symposium (Digest).
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Luo, L, Zhang, J & Shi, Z 2009, 'MIMO quadrature-OFDMA systems', Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, 2009 IEEE 20th International Symposium on, IEEE, pp. 2739-2743.

Luo, S, Hu, Q, He, S, Li, J, Jin, J & Park, M 2009, 'Automatic Liver Parenchyma Segmentation from Abdominal CT Images Using Support Vector Machines', 2009 IEEE/ICME International Conference on Complex Medical Engineering, IEEE, Tempe, AZ, USA, pp. 1-5.
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This paper presents an automatic liver parenchyma segmentation algorithm that can segment liver in abdominal CT images. There are three major steps in the proposed approach. Firstly, a texture analysis is applied to input abdominal CT images to extract pixel level features. In this step, wavelet coefficients are used as texture descriptors. Secondly, support vector machines (SVMs) are implemented to classify the data into pixel-wised liver area or non-liver area. Finally, integrated morphological operations are designed to remove noise and finally delineate the liver. Our unique contributions to liver segmentation are twofold: one is that it has been proved through experiments that wavelet features present good classification result when SVMs are used; the other is that the combination of morphological operations with the pixel-wised SVM classifier can delineate volumetric liver accurately. The algorithm can be used in an advanced computer-aided liver disease diagnosis and liver surgical planning system. Examples of applying the proposed algorithm on real CT data are presented with performance validation based on the comparison between the automatically segmented results and manually segmented ones.

Ma, X, Pan, R, Wang, L & He, S 2009, 'A Method Based on Orientation Field for Skew Correction of License Plate', 2009 Second Asia-Pacific Conference on Computational Intelligence and Industrial Applications, Asia-Pacific Conference on Computational Intelligence and Industrial Applications, IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Wuhan, China, pp. 308-311.
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Character recognitions are generally very sensitive to skew in the automatic license plate recognition (ALPR) system. The skew correction of license plate thus is an important step in ALPR. In this paper, we propose an orientation-based method for skew detection. The license plate image is firstly divided into a set of 5x5 non-overlapping blocks. The local orientation of each black is estimated by gradients of pixels in the block. Next, the direction histogram which can reveal the overall orientation information in the license plate image is counted. The skew angle of license plate is detected by the local maximum of the direction histogram. The experimental results demonstrate the great robustness and efficiency of our method.

Milczewski, MS, Stevenson, M, Canning, J, Martelli, C & Kalinowski, HJ 2009, 'Sensitivity of silica and polymer microstructured fibres to transversal pressure', GLASS TECHNOLOGY-EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF GLASS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PART A, Annual Conference of the Society-of-Glass-Technology, SOC GLASS TECHNOLOGY, Lancaster Univ, Lancaster, ENGLAND, pp. 211-213.

Moghaddam, Z & Piccardi, M 2009, 'Deterministic Initialization of Hidden Markov Models for Human Action Recognition', DICTA (Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications) 2009, Digital Image Computing Techniques and Applications, IEEE Computer Society, Conference Publishing Services (CPS), Melbourne, Australia, pp. 188-195.
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Human action recognition is often approached in terms of probabilistic models such as the hidden Markov model or other graphical models. When learning such models by way of Expectation- Maximisation algorithms, arbitrary choices must be made for their initial parameters. Often, solutions for the selection of the initial parameters are based on random functions. However, in this paper, we argue that deterministic alternatives are preferable, and propose various methods. Experiments on a video dataset prove that the deterministic initialization is capable of achieving an accuracy that is comparable to or above the average from random initializations and suffers from no deviation thanks to its deterministic nature. The methods proposed naturally extend to be used with other graphical models such as dynamic Bayesian networks and conditional random fields.

Mohamed Mowjoon, D, Agbinya, JI & Chaczko, ZC 2009, 'Replicating Cytokines in Modelling Signal Exchange between Nodes in Wireless Mesh Networks', The International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists 2009, IAENG International Conference on Communication Systems and Applications, Newswood Limited, International Association of Engineers, Regal Kowloon Hotel, Kowloon, Hong Kong, pp. 315-318.
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In recent years wireless mesh network (WMN) technologies and their applications have been actively researched and developed as the promising solution for future wireless mobile networks. Conversely security of WMN is often a secondary reflection in development. In our previous work we proposed Artificial Immune System model to employ in secure routing in WMN. This paper proposes an emerging perception to model danger signal exchange between nodes in WMN by emulating the function of Cytokines in Human Immune System (HIS).

Mudugamuwa, D, He, S, Ahn, C & Yang, J 2009, 'Higher order prediction for sub-pixel motion estimation', IEEE 16th International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP2009), IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, IEEE, Cairo, Egypt, pp. 1585-1588.
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Estimating motion between two frames of a video sequence, up to sub-pixel accuracy, is a critical task for many image processing applications. Efficient block matching algorithms were proposed for motion estimation up to pixel accuracy. Applying these fast block search algorithms to up-sampled and interpolated frames can produce good results but with significant increase in computations. To reduce the number of search points, and therefore the computational cost, quadratic prediction was proposed earlier to predict the location of minimum block matching error, and then to limit the search window to the vicinity of the predicted location. In this paper we investigate the typical behavior of block matching error surface and propose an improved higher order prediction that models the error surface more accurately, utilizing additional local image behavior. Initial experiments have proved promising results of about 50% more improvement in PSNR compared to quadratic prediction with only a marginal increase in the computational cost

Mudugamuwa, D, He, S, Wei, D & Ahn, C 2009, 'Super-Resolution by Prediction Based Sub-pel Motion Estimation', Proceedings of Image and Vision Computing New Zealand 2009 (IVCNZ2009), Image and Vision Computing Conference, IEEE, Wellington, New Zealand, pp. 282-287.
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Super-resolution reconstruction produces highresolution images from a set of low-resolution images of the same scene. In the last two and a half decades, many super-resolution algorithms have been proposed. These algorithms are usually very sensitive to their assumed models of data and noise, and also computationally expensive for many practical applications. In this paper we adopt computationally efficient prediction based sub-pel motion estimation to produce a fast super-resolution reconstruction that can also accommodate generic motion patterns. The proposed algorithm adaptively exploits the available high frequency content in adjacent video frames to generate high resolution video frames. Initial experiments showed promising results of around 2dB, PSNR improvement, over single frame bi-linear interpolation.

Nikodem, J, Klempous, R, Nikodem, M, Woda, M & Chaczko, Z 2009, 'Modeling a spatial communication activity in wireless sensors network', International Workshop on Modeling and Applied Simulation, MAS 2009, Held at the International Mediterranean and Latin American Modeling Multiconference, I3M 2009, pp. 50-55.
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This paper presents a novel method of modeling spatial communication activity in wireless sensor network (WSN). We define native aspects of communication in WSN. Focusing on local/global activity dilemma, cooperation, interference, network topology, and optimization aspects. A neighborhood abstraction is defined and we involve three binary relations: subordination, tolerance and collision to describe the cooperation in WSN. Using digital terrain model tools we model communication activity aspects as surfaces, stretched over WSN network. A network topology features are modeled using bare drainage surface. It is a component of a topographic map, which gives a direction towards the base station, determined by a slope of the modeled surface. Modeling node's instant energy level, we construct another surface represents node's instant level of consumed energy. Finally, we construct a drainage surface spread over each node neighborhood as superposition of bare drainage surface, energy consumed and relational surfaces.

Nikodem, J, Klempous, R, Nikodem, M, Woda, M & Chaczko, ZC 2009, 'Multihop Communication in Wireless Sensors Network Based on Directed Cooperation', Selected Papers on the 4th International Conference on Broadband Communication, Information Technology & Biomedical Applications, BroadBandCom '09, International Conference of Broadband Communication, Information Technology and Biomedical Applications, BroadBandCom '09, Wroclaw, Poland, pp. 239-241.
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We consider a Wireless Sensor Network where, due to limited radio link range, only some nodes have a direct contact with the base station and transmission is carried out in a multihop way. We propose a relation that represents cooperation between nodes and takes advantages of topological properties of the network. Based on the hop-distance from the BS any node k can determine a set N<(k) that consist of nodes to which k should send messages in order to retain a data-flow direction towards the BS.

Oliveira, RA, Marques, CAF, Nogueira, RN, Canning, J & Pohl, AAP 2009, 'Fast Acousto-Optic Add-Drop based on Fiber Bragg Grating', 2009 IEEE LEOS ANNUAL MEETING CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1AND 2, 22nd Annual Meeting of the IEEE-Photonics-Society, IEEE, Belek, TURKEY, pp. 573-+.
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Oliveira, RA, Marques, CAF, Nogueira, RN, Canning, J & Pohl, AAP 2009, 'Fast acousto-optic add-drop based on fiber Bragg grating', Conference Proceedings - Lasers and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting-LEOS, pp. 573-574.
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A fast add-drop multiplexer based on the acousto-optic effect is demonstrated. The measured switching time is 61 us, obtained with a fiber-horn structure arranged along the fiber axis. © 2009 IEEE.

Otoom, AF, Concha, OP, Gunes, H & Piccardi, M 2009, 'Mixtures of Normalized Linear Projections', Proceedings of 11th International Conference on Advanced Concepts for Intelligent Vision Systems, ACIVS 2009, Advanced Concepts for Intelligent Vision Systems, Springer, Bordeaux, France, pp. 66-76.
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High dimensional spaces pose a challenge to any classification task. In fact, these spaces contain much redundancy and it becomes crucial to reduce the dimensionality of the data to improve analysis, density modeling, and classification. In this paper, we present a method for dimensionality reduction in mixture models and its use in classification. For each component of the mixture, the data are projected by a linear transformation onto a lower-dimensional space. Subsequently, the projection matrices and the densities in such compressed spaces are learned by means of an Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm. However, two main issues arise as a result of implementing this approach, namely: 1) the scale of the densities can be different across the mixture components and 2) a singularity problem may occur. We suggest solutions to these problems and validate the proposed method on three image data sets from the UCI Machine Learning Repository. The classification performance is compared with that of a mixture of probabilistic principal component analysers (MPPCA). Across the three data sets, our accuracy always compares favourably, with improvements ranging from 2.5% to 35.4%.

Paisitkriangkrai, S, Shen, C & Zhang, J 2009, 'Efficiently training a better visual detector with sparse eigenvectors', 2009 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, CVPR Workshops 2009, IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, IEEE, Miami, FL, pp. 1129-1136.
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Face detection plays an important role in many vision applications. Since Viola and Jones [1] proposed the first real-time AdaBoost based object detection system, much ef- fort has been spent on improving the boosting method. In this work, we first show

Pang, D, Tian, L, Hu, J, Zhou, J, Shi, J & Dutkiewicz, E 2009, 'Downlink scheduling for QoS-guaranteed services in multi-user MIMO systems with limited feedback', IEEE International Conference on Communications.
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Significant throughput gains and system fairness can be obtained by employing scheduling schemes based on precoding techniques. However, QoS guarantee requirements are seldom taken into account. In this paper, we propose a downlink scheduling algorithm for QoS-guaranteed services in multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems with limited feedback. The proposed algorithm combines stream selection with multi-user packet scheduling. To maximize the overall capacity and reduce co-channel interference, streams are selected in accordance with precoding matrices. In multi-user packet scheduling, the base station first determines the SDMA region size for the primary streams. In addition, packet scheduling for the secondary streams is performed to completely exploit spatial multiplexing gains. Numerical results show that, at the cost of slightly lower system fairness, the proposed algorithm can achieve higher spectrum efficiency, and have a noticeable improvement in guaranteeing QoS requirements in terms of data rates and delay. ©2009 IEEE.

Park, M, Jin, JS, Xu, M, Wong, WSF, Luo, S & Cui, Y 2009, 'Microscopic image segmentation based on color pixels classification', 1st International Conference on Internet Multimedia Computing and Service, ICIMCS 2009, pp. 53-59.
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The computer-assisted microscopy systems can increase the accuracy of the analysis. To guarantee correct results in computer-assisted microscopy, accurate nuclei segmentation is crucially important since images segmentation is the first step towards image understanding and image analysis. In this paper, we present clustering techniques to segment homogeneous clusters in RGB color space and then label each cluster as a different region. According to the evaluation process, 97% of nuclei pixels were correctly delineated with our algorithm and on average 90% of nuclei were correctly detected. Our methods could be of value to computer-based systems designed to objectively interpret microscopic images by accurate nuclei segmentation. Copyright 2009 ACM.

Qian, M, Huang, Y, Shi, J, Yuan, Y, Tian, L & Dutkiewicz, E 2009, 'A novel radio admission control scheme for multiclass services in LTE systems', GLOBECOM - IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference.
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In this paper, a novel radio admission control (RAC) scheme is proposed for handling multiclass services in Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems. An objective function of maximizing the number of admitted users is proposed to evaluate the system capacity. To solve the optimization problem, we present a combined complete sharing (CS) and virtual partitioning (VP) resource allocation model and develop a service degradation scheme in case of resource limitations in the proposed RAC scheme. Call blocking probability, system resource utilization and system capacity are used as performance metrics and are evaluated by using a K-dimensional Markov Chain model. Numerical results show that an optimal proportion of resource deployment for different service groups can be identified to maximize system capacity while at the same time maintaining quality of service (QoS) constraints of all admitted users.

Qin, PY, Weily, AR, Guo, YJ & Liang, CH 2009, 'A reconfigurable quasi-Yagi folded dipole antenna', Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 2009. APSURSI’09. IEEE, IEEE, pp. 1-4.

Qin, PY, Weily, AR, Guo, YJ & Liang, CH 2009, 'A Reconfigurable Quasi-Yagi Folded Dipole Antenna', 2009 IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM AND USNC/URSI NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE MEETING, VOLS 1-6, IEEE Antennas and Propagation International Symposium /USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, IEEE, N Charleston, SC, pp. 2092-+.

Ricciato, F, Coluccia, A, D Alconzo, A, Veitch, D, Borgnat, P & Abry, P 2009, 'On the role of flows and sessions in internet traffic modeling: an explorative toy-model', Global Telecommunications Conference, 2009. GLOBECOM 2009. IEEE, IEEE, pp. 1-8.

Shi, J, Jin, X, Dong, J, Huang, Y, Zhou, J & Fang, G 2009, 'A QoS-aware interference balancing scheme for multiuser MIMO systems', IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference.
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In multiuser MIMO systems, the achievable system data rate as well as quality of service (QoS) of individual users is limited by the inter-user interference (IUI). The interference balancing issue via power allocation can be usually formulated as a nonconvex optimization problem which will become more intractable with nonconvex QoS constraints. In this paper we focus on the challenging QoS-aware optimal power allocation problem, aiming to maximize the system sum rate and guarantee the users' minimum data rates. As a result, a "Posynomial Approximations based on Single Condensation" (PASC) strategy is proposed which transforms the underlying problem to a series of tractable Geometric Programming (GP) problems through single condensation scheme. Extensive simulations have been conducted and the results indicate that PASC is quite suitable to tackle the problem, which can achieve a good balance between the system sum rate and the individual QoS requirements. © 2009 IEEE.

Sinha, SN & Chaczko, ZC 2009, 'Socio-economic (Banking) model based algorithm for energy efficient routing in Wireless Sensor Networks', Selected Papers on4th International Conference on Broadband Communication, Information Technology & Biomedical Applications, BroadBandCom '09, International Conference of Broadband Communication, Information Technology and Biomedical Applications, BroadbandCom '09, Wroclaw, Poland, pp. 195-201.
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Wireless Sensor Networks are typically characterized by very low-powered nodes performing data gathering, aggregation and routing tasks for very specific targets. The goal of such distributed network of nodes is essentially to work intelligently in data gathering, processing and routing in order to maximise the life-time of the network as a whole. Since these nodes are usually distributed in fairly inaccessible domains, such as a battlefield, bridges, tunnels, and other critical areas, it is not always easy to re-energize the nodes by replacing their battery source. So, the only other way to improve the service of such nodes is to minimize exchange of radio messages by optimizing routing and clustering algorithms. This paper introduces a new routing and clustering algorithm based on a popular and very familiar socioeconomic model â the Banking Model.

Smith, D, Hanlen, L, Zhang, J, Miniutti, D, Rodda, D & Gilbert, B 2009, 'Characterization of the dynamic narrowband on-body to off-body area channel', Communications, 2009. ICC’09. IEEE International Conference on, IEEE, pp. 1-6.

Smith, D, Hanlen, L, Zhang, JA, Miniutti, D, Rodda, D & Gilbert, B 2009, 'Characterization of the Dynamic Narrowband On-Body to Off-Body Area Channel', 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOLS 1-8, IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC 2009), IEEE, Dresden, GERMANY, pp. 4207-+.

Smith, D, Zhang, J, Hanlen, L, Miniutti, D, Rodda, D & Gilbert, B 2009, 'A simulator for the dynamic on-body area propagation channel', IEEE Intern. Symp. Antennas and Propagation Society, pp. 1-4.

Sun, Y, Ge, Y, Lu, S, Dutkiewicz, E & Zhou, J 2009, 'Automatic flow distribution and management in heterogeneous networks', GLOBECOM - IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference.
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With the development of heterogeneous networks, multimode terminals are becoming more and more popular. However, when there are several different kinds of sessions requiring transmission simultaneously, how to distribute these sessions among the available access networks according to the different features of the flows and the current link conditions of the candidate networks is a new challenge. In this paper, we propose a new solution to the flow distribution problem for multimode terminals. Our proposal, Automatic Flow Distribution (AFD), includes a network selection algorithm located at the terminals and an admission control algorithm located at the access points of the networks. Consequently, the terminals and the networks can cooperate with each other and realize automatic flow distribution among the different available access networks. We utilize the notion of priority, ensuring that the more important sessions have preferential use of the network resources. In addition, in order not to excessively deteriorate the transmission performance of the lower priority flows, a probabilistic suspension scheme is introduced. Finally, the AFD method utilizes the concept of "entropy" to automatically compute the weights of different attributes which influence the flow distribution decision making, thus avoiding the users' difficulty to specify the weights manually.

Tan, T, He, S & Nanda, P 2009, 'Web Service Locating Unit in RFID-centric Anti-counterfeit System', Proceeding of 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing with Applications, IEEE International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing with Applications, IEEE Computer Society, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, pp. 389-393.
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Web Service Locating Unit (WSLU) is able to simplify the deployment of RFID-centric anti-counterfeit system over the Internet.

Thi, T, Lu, S, Zhang, J, Cheng, L & Wang, L 2009, 'Human body articulation for action recognition in video sequences', 6th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance, AVSS 2009, IEEE International Conference on Video and Signal Based Surveillance (AVSS), IEEE, Genova, pp. 92-97.
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This paper presents a new technique for action recognition in video using human body part-based approach, combining both local feature description of each body part, and global graphical model structure of the human action. The human body is divided into

Tran, LC, Mertins, A, Dutkiewicz, E & Huang, X 2009, 'Unitary differential space-time-frequency codes for MB-OFDM UWB', 2009 9th International Symposium on Communications and Information Technology, ISCIT 2009, pp. 1161-1166.
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In a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) multiband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) ultra-wideband (UWB) system, coherent detection where the channel state information (CSI) is assumed to be exactly known at the receiver requires the transmission of a large number of symbols for channel estimation, thus reducing the bandwidth efficiency. This paper examines the use of unitary differential space-time frequency codes (DSTFCs) in MB-OFDM UWB, which increases the system bandwidth efficiency due to the fact that no CSI is required for differential detection. The proposed DSTFC MB-OFDM system would be useful when the transmission of multiple channel estimation symbols is impractical or uneconomical. Simulation results show that the application of DSTFCs can significantly improve the bit error performance of conventional differential MB-OFDM system (without MIMO). ©2009 IEEE.

Vafi, S, Abolhasan, M & Wysocki, T 2009, 'Serially Concatenated Turbo Codes', Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, 2009. WiCom '09. 5th International Conference on, WiCom '09, IEEE, Beijing, China, pp. 1-4.
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The paper presents a new scheme of concatenated codes, referred to as serially concatenated turbo (SCT) codes. The code is constructed as the serial combinations of two turbo codes, i.e. turbo recursive systematic convolutional (RSC) codes and turbo Bose Ray Chaudhuri Hocquenghem (BCH) codes, linked by a pseudo-random interleaver. In comparison with the conventional turbo RSC codes, SCT codes have higher minimum distance values. Based on conducted simulations, it is found that SCT codes outperform turbo RSC codes at the waterfall and error floor regions, while they require reasonable number of iterations at their iterative decoding structure to achieve good performance.

Vafi, S., Wysocki, T., Abolhasan, M. & IEEE 2009, 'Serially Concatenated Turbo Codes', 2009 5TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, NETWORKING AND MOBILE COMPUTING, VOLS 1-8, pp. 521-524.

Veitch, D, Augustin, B, Teixeira, R & Friedman, T 2009, 'Failure control in multipath route tracing', INFOCOM 2009, IEEE, IEEE, pp. 1395-1403.

Vezzani, R, Piccardi, M & Cucchiara, R 2009, 'An Efficient Bayesian Framework For On-Line Action Recognition', Proceedings of the 16th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), 2009, IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, IEEE, Cairo, Egypt, pp. 3553-3556.
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On-line action recognition from a continuous stream of actions is still an open problem with fewer solutions proposed compared to time-segmented action recognition. The most challenging task is to classify the current action while finding its time boundaries at the same time. In this paper we propose an approach capable of performing on-line action segmentation and recognition by means of batteries of HMM taking into account all the possible time boundaries and action classes. A suitable Bayesian normalization is applied to make observation sequences of different length comparable and computational optimizations are introduce to achieve real-time performances. Results on a well known action dataset prove the efficacy of the proposed method.

Wang, J, Abolhasan, M, Franklin, DR & Safaei, F 2009, 'OLSR-R3: Optimised link state routing with reactive route recovery', Communications, 2009. APCC 2009. 15th Asia-Pacific Conference on, APAC 2009, IEEE, Shanghai, pp. 359-362.
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The optimised link state routing (OLSR) is a proactive routing protocol which relies on periodical broadcast of routing packets. However, due to the one-to-many relationship of broadcast traffic, the delivery of these packets can not be guaranteed by underlying MAC protocol, particularly in a congested condition. In this paper, the possible routing pathologies and failures of OLSR in a congested network are explored. In addition, a hybrid routing protocol which integrates OLSR with Reactive Route Recovery (OLSR-R3) is proposed to rectify the erratic routing behaviour described in this paper. Simulation studies are presented which show that the proposed solution is effective in addressing the underlining problems.

Wang, JC, Abolhasan, M, Franklin, DR & Safaei, F 2009, 'Characterising the Behaviour of IEEE 802.11 Broadcast Transmissions in Ad Hoc Wireless LANs', Proceedings of 2009 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC 2009), IEEE International Confernece on Communications, IEEE, Dresden, Germany, pp. 1-5.
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This paper evaluates the performance of the IEEE 802.11 broadcast traffic under both saturation and non-saturation conditions. The evaluation highlights some important characteristics of IEEE 802.11 broadcast traffic as compared to corresponding unicast traffic. Moreover, it underlines the inaccuracy of the broadcast saturation model proposed by Ma and Chen due to the absence of backoff counter freeze process when channel is busy. Computer simulations are used to validate the accuracy of the new model and demonstrate the importance of capturing the freezing of backoff counter in the analytical study of IEEE 802.11 broadcast.

Wang, JC, Abolhasan, M, Franklin, DR & Safaei, F 2009, 'End-to-End path stability of reactive routing protocols in IEEE 802.11 ad hoc networks', Proceedings of 2009 IEEE 34th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN 2009), IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks, IEEE, Zurich, Switzerland, pp. 499-505.
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Over the years, a considerable research effort has been applied to the design of ad hoc network routing protocols. However, there is still a lack of understanding of the subtle interactions between routing protocols and lower layers in the protocol stack. In this paper, the instability which may arise when reactive routing protocols interact with the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol is investigated. In particular, several erratic behaviours of the Ad hod On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in a congested IEEE 802.11 ad hoc network are demonstrated. A cross-layer solution is proposed based on an Adaptive Bulk Trigger policy and a Dynamic Window Selection scheme. Simulation studies are presented which show that the proposed solution is effective in alleviating erratic behaviour of AODV and improving the end-to-end path stability.

Wang, W, Shen, C, Zhang, J & Paisitkriangkrai, S 2009, 'A two-layer night-time vehicle detector', 2009 Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications, Digital Image Computing Techniques and Applications, IEEE, Melbourne, VIC, pp. 162-167.
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We present a two-layer night time vehicle detector in this work. At the first layer, vehicle headlight detection [1, 2, 3] is applied to find areas (bounding boxes) where the possible pairs of headlights locate in the image, the Haar feature based AdaBoo

Xu, M, Luo, S, Jin, JS & Park, M 2009, 'Affective content analysis by mid-level representation in multiple modalities', 1st International Conference on Internet Multimedia Computing and Service, ICIMCS 2009, pp. 201-207.
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Movie affective content detection attracts ever-increasing research efforts. However, the affective content analysis is still a challenging task due to the gap between low-level perceptual features and high-level human perception of the media. Moreover, clues from multiple modalities should be considered for affective analysis, since they were used in movies to represent emotions and romance emotional atmosphere. In this paper, mid-level representations are generated from low-level features. These mid-level representations are from multiple modalities and used for affective content inference. Besides video shots which is commonly used for video content analysis, audio sounds, dialogue and subtitle are explored to contribute to detect affective content. Since affective analysis rely on movie genres, experiments are implemented in respective genres. The results shows that audio sounds, dialogues and subtitles are effective and efficient for affective content detection. Copyright 2009 ACM.

Xu, RYD & Kemp, M 2009, 'Multiple curvature based approach to human upper body parts detection with connected ellipse model fine-tuning', Proceedings - International Conference on Image Processing, ICIP, pp. 2577-2580.
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In this paper, we discuss an effective method for detecting human upper body parts from a 2D image silhouette using curvature analysis and ellipse fitting. First we smooth the silhouette so that we can determine just the global features: the head, hands and armpits. Next we reduce the smoothing to detect the local features of the neck and elbows. We model the human upper body by multiple connected ellipses. Thus we segment the body by the extracted features. Ellipses are fitted to each segment. Lastly, we apply a non-linear least square method to minimize the differences between the connected ellipse model and the edge of the silhouette. ©2009 IEEE.

Yang, T & Yuan, J 2009, 'Iterative decoding for superposition modulation-based cooperative transmission', IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory - Proceedings, pp. 689-693.
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We propose a new superposition modulation-based cooperative diversity scheme and investigate receivers with iterative detection and decoding for the scheme, where we focus on a interference cancellation (IC) detector. We analyze the bit-errorprobability (BEP) of the scheme and find the optimal powerallocation. Simulation results are shown to be very close to the analytical results for a wide range of signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). It is also demonstrated that the proposed scheme is about 2-3.5 dB better than the system previously proposed in the literature. © 2009 IEEE.

Yang, T, Yuan, J & Shi, Z 2009, 'Rate optimization for IDMA systems with iterative multi-user decoding', GLOBECOM - IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference.
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In this paper, we develop a rate allocation scheme for interleave-division multiple-access (IDMA) systems with iterative decoding. We use a fully-analytical approach to predict the performance of the scheme and propose a modified linear programming method to design the rate profile. Numerical results show that with just repetition coding and rate allocation, the performance of the scheme is only about 5 dB away from the capacity for a wide range of SNR, provided that the number of users is sufficiently large. Compared with power allocation schemes for IDMA, the proposed rate allocation scheme achieves a similar performance at a moderate spectral efficiency and the requirement of sophisticated power amplifiers can be relaxed. ©2009.

Ye, Y, He, X, Li, J, Jia, W & Wu, Q 2009, 'Image transformation on hexagonal structure based on conversion between 1d and 2d coordinates', Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), pp. 571-578.
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Spiral Architecture, a hexagonal image structure is a novel and powerful approach to machine vision system. The pixels on Spiral architecture are geometrically arranged using a 1D (Spiral) addressing scheme in an ascending order along a spiral-like curve. Spiral addition and Spiral multiplication are defined based on the Spiral addresses on Spiral Architecture. These two fundamental operations result in fast and easy translation, rotation and separation on images, and hence play very important roles for image processing on Spiral Architecture. Moreover, 2D coordinates according to rows and columns defined on Spiral Structure provide a good mapping to the ordinary 2D coordinates defined on the common square image structure. Therefore, how to convert the 1D Spiral addresses from and to the 2D coordinates on Spiral Architecture has become very important to apply the theory developed on a hexagonal image structure for image processing (e.g., rotation). In this paper, we perform a fast way to correctly locate any hexagonal pixel when its Spiral address is known, and compute the Spiral address of any hexagonal pixel when its location is known. As an illustration of the use of conversions, we demonstrate the accurate image translation and rotation using experimental results. © 2009 Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Zhang, H, Xin, H & Ziolkowski, RW 2009, 'Designs of metamaterials that enable electromagnetic cloaks for dual-frequency application', IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International Symposium (Digest).
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Zhang, H, Xin, H & Ziolkowski, RW 2009, 'Electromagnetic invisibility cloak with circular-elliptical shaped boundary', IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International Symposium (Digest).
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Zhang, H, Ziolkowski, RW & Xin, H 2009, 'A compact metamaterial-inspired mmW CPW-fed antenna', 2009 IEEE International Workshop on Antenna Technology, iWAT 2009.
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A uni-planar, easy for integration and compact antenna for millimeter wave applications is presented in this paper. The concept of metamaterials is employed to realize the antenna miniaturization. For the designed antenna, a small rectangular semi-loop performs as the radiating element. Metamaterial-inspired parallel strips are introduced that are coupled to the original antenna. It is found that, with this modification, the total size of the antenna is reduced and the impedance matching of the whole antenna system is improved. To further show the impact of ground plane size, the proposed antenna is simulated with different ground plane sizes. In addition, by using the Wheeler-cap method and fullwave electromagnetic simulations, it is found the proposed antenna exhibits high radiation efficiency at the working frequencies. ©2009 IEEE.

Zhang, J & Hanlen, LW 2009, 'Non-coherent receiver with fractional sampling for impulsive UWB systems', IEEE Int. Commun. Conf, pp. 1-5.

Zhang, J, Hanlen, D, Rodda, D & Gilbert, B 2009, 'Interference in Body Area Networks: Are signal-links and interference-links independent?', PIMRC 2009, IEEE.

Zhang, J, Paisitkriangkrai, S & Shen, C 2009, 'An overview of fast pedestrian detection: Feature selection and cascade framework of boosted features', Proceedings - 2009 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, ICME 2009, pp. 1566-1567.
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Efficiently and accurately detecting pedestrians plays a crucial role in many vision applications such as video surveillance, multimedia retrieval and smart car etc. In order to find the right feature for this task, we first present a comprehensive experimental study on pedestrian detection using state-of-the-art locally-extracted features. Building upon our findings, we propose a new, simpler pedestrian detecting framework based on the covariance features. We conduct feature selection and weak classifier training in the Euclidean space for faster computation. To this end, two machine learning algorithms have been designed: AdaBoost with weighted Fisher linear discriminant analysis (WLDA) based weak classifiers and Greedy Sparse Linear Discriminant Analysis (GSLDA). To further accelerate the detection, we employ a faster strategy, multiple cascade layers with heterogeneous features, to exploit the efficiency of the Haar-like features and the discriminative power of the covariance features. Experimental results shown on different datasets prove that the new pedestrian detection is not only comparable to the performance of the state-of-the-art pedestrian detectors but it also performs at a faster speed. ©2009 IEEE.

Zhang, Z, Gunes, H & Piccardi, M 2009, 'Head Detection For Video Surveillance Based On Categorical Hair And Skin Colour Models', Proceeings of the 16th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), 2009, IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, IEEE, Cairo, Egypt, pp. 1137-1140.
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We propose a new robust head detection algorithm that is capable of handling significantly different conditions in terms of viewpoint, tilt angle, scale and resolution. To this aim, we built a new model for the head based on appearance distributions and shape constraints. We construct a categorical model for hair and skin, separately, and train the models for four categories of hair (brown, red, blond and black) and three categories of skin representing the different illumination conditions (bright, standard and dark). The shape constraint fits an elliptical model to the candidate region and compares its parameters with priors based on human anatomy. The experimental results validate the usability of the proposed algorithm in various video surveillance and multimedia applications.

Zhao, W, Sun, Y, Zhu, X & He, Y 2009, 'A multiple loop feedback Gm-C bandpass filter for wavelet transform implementation', Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, pp. 106-109.
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A general method for analogue implementation of high-frequency wavelet transform is proposed in which the wavelet transform is synthesized by a bank of Gm-C bandpass filters whose impulse responses are the mother wavelet and its dilations. The proposed approach employs the inverse follow-the-leader-feedback multiple loop feedback structure for filter design to lower the magnitude sensitivity and facilitate the arbitrary rational function realization. The Marr wavelet is used as an example in this paper to illustrate design details. The wavelet filter is simulated using TSMC 1.8V 0.18μm CMOS technology. Simulation results show performance values obtained. © 2009 IEEE.

Zhao, W, Sun, Y, Zhu, X & He, Y 2009, 'Design of high-frequency Gm-C wavelet filters', ECCTD 2009 - European Conference on Circuit Theory and Design Conference Program, pp. 121-124.
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A high-frequency wavelet filter which employs Gm-C blocks based on leap-frog (LF) multiple-loop feedback (MLF) structure is presented. The proposed method is well suitable for high-quality high-frequency operation since the Gm-C based filter can achieve high frequency, whilst LF MLF configuration has the characteristics of lower magnitude sensitivity and capability of realizing arbitrary rational functions. The Marr wavelet is selected as an example in this paper, and the design for a 100MHz frequency operation is elaborated. The wavelet filter is simulated using TSMC 1.8V 0.18μm CMOS technology. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method is feasible for high frequency operation with relatively low power consumption. ©2009 IEEE.

Ziolkowski, RW 2009, 'Metamaterial-inspired Engineering of Antenna Systems', 2009 13TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ANTENNA TECHNOLOGY AND APPLIED ELECTROMAGNETICS AND THE CANADIAN RADIO SCIENCES MEETING (ANTEM/URSI 2009), 13th International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics/Canadian Radio Science Meeting, IEEE, Univ Calgary, Banff, CANADA, pp. 349-349.

Ziolkowski, RW, Jin, P & Jin, C-C 2009, 'Electrically Small Metamaterial-Inspired Antennas: Designs and Measurements, Efficiency and Bandwidth Performance', 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON ANTENNA TECHNOLOGY: SMALL ANTENNAS AND NOVEL METAMATERIALS (IWAT), IEEE International Workshop on Antenna Technology, IEEE, Santa Monica, CA, pp. 429-432.

Miniutti, D, Hanlen, L, Smith, D, ZHANG, J, Rodda, D, Gilbert, B & GENGFA, F 2009, NICTA proposal, pp. 15-09.

Ye, T, Veitch, DN, Iannaccone, G & Bhattacharyya, S 2009, 'System and method for trace replay using parallelized streams'.

Ye, T, Veitch, DN, Iannaccone, G & Bhattacharyya, S 2009, 'System and method for trace replay using parallelized streams'.