Arnold, JF, Frater, MR & Zhang, J 1999, 'Error resilience in the MPEG-2 video coding standard for cell based networks – A review', Signal Processing: Image Communication, vol. 14, no. 6-8, pp. 607-633.
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The MPEG-2 video coding standard is being extensively used worldwide for the provision of digital video services. Many of these applications involve the transport of MPEG-2 video over cell-based (or packet) networks. Examples include the broadband integr
Betensky, RA, Lindsey, JC, Ryan, LM & Wand, MP 1999, 'Local EM estimation of the hazard function for interval-censored data', BIOMETRICS, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 238-245.
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We propose a smooth hazard estimator for interval-censored survival data using the method of local likelihood. The model is fit using a local EM algorithm. The estimator is more descriptive than traditional empirical estimates in regions of concentrated information and takes on a parametric flavor in regions of sparse information. We derive two different standard error estimates for the smooth curve, one based on asymptotic theory and the other on the bootstrap. We illustrate the local EM method for times to breast cosmesis deterioration (Finkelstein, 1986, Biometrics 42, 845-854) and for times to HIV-1 infection for individuals with hemophilia (Kroner et al., 1994, Journal of AIDS 7, 279-286). Our hazard estimates for each of these data sets show interesting structures that would not be found using a standard parametric hazard model or empirical survivorship estimates.
Brumback, BA, Holmes, LB & Ryan, LM 1999, 'Adverse effects of chorionic villus sampling: a meta-analysis', STATISTICS IN MEDICINE, vol. 18, no. 16, pp. 2163-2175.
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Meta-analysis is a popular tool for combining evidence from several related studies. The technique is usually used to combine randomized clinical trials, case-control studies or prospective studies where each study has its own exposed and unexposed group
Chedid, A, Ryan, LM, Dayal, Y, Wolf, BC & Falkson, G 1999, 'Morphology and Other Prognostic Factors of Hepatocellular Carcinoma', Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, vol. 123, no. 6, pp. 524-528.
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Abstract Objective.—Hepatocellular carcinoma is a malignancy found worldwide that has typically poor prognosis despite treatment. Although several studies have dealt with prognostic factors, just a few detailed analyses of large series correlating the pathology of hepatocellular carcinoma with prognosis are available. The present study was undertaken to address this limitation. Patients and Methods.—Our prior clinical study described 432 patients, but sufficient tissue was available for evaluation in only 299 patients. Of these, 224 samples contained primary hepatocellular carcinoma, while the remainder contained only metastatic tumor. Characteristics evaluated included degree of tumor differentiation, associated cirrhosis or hepatitis, presence of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies, and blood vessel invasion by the neoplasm. Results.—Of the 224 patients, 71% were male, 65% white, and 73% over the age of 45 years. Ninety-one percent were from North America. A total of 42 patients were found to have cirrhosis. Thirty-five percent had cytoplasmic inclusion bodies, and 25% showed evidence of blood vessel invasion. Tumor response rates (tumor shrinkage) were low (8%) regardless of treatment. Presence of cytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies and blood vessel invasion were not associated with increased survival. Some histopathologies (pelioid, spindle cell, fibrolamellar) were associated with a better prognosis. Patients with a predominant trabecular pattern (43%) did particularly poorly. Although sex was significantly associated with survival using a univariate analysis, this effect disappeared in a multivariate Cox model that adjusted simultaneously for other factors. Conclusion.—This investigation suggests that histologic subtype and clinical features may provide useful prognostic information in hepatocellular carcin...
Chengqi Zhang*, Ling Guan** & Chi, Z 1999, 'Introduction to the Special Issue on Learning in Intelligent Algorithms and Systems Design', Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 439-440.
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Learning has long been and will continue to be a key issue in intelligent algorithms and systems design. Emulating the behavior and mechanisms of human learning by machines at such high levels as symbolic processing and such low levels as neuronal processing has long been a dominant interest among researchers worldwide. Neural networks, fuzzy logic, and evolutionary algorithms represent the three most active research areas. With advanced theoretical studies and computer technology, many promising algorithms and systems using these techniques have been designed and implemented for a wide range of applications. This Special Issue presents seven papers on learning in intelligent algorithms and systems design from researchers in Japan, China, Australia, and the U.S. <B>Neural Networks:</B> Emulating low-level human intelligent processing, or neuronal processing, gave birth of artificial neural networks more than five decades ago. It was hoped that devices based on biological neural networks would possess characteristics of the human brain. Neural networks have reattracted researchers' attention since the late 1980s when back-propagation algorithms were used to train multilayer feed-forward neural networks. In the last decades, we have seen promising progress in this research field yield many new models, learning algorithms, and real-world applications, evidenced by the publication of new journals in this field. <B>Fuzzy Logic:</B> Since L. A. Zadeh introduced fuzzy set theory in 1965, fuzzy logic has increasingly become the focus of many researchers and engineers opening up new research and problem solving. Fuzzy set theory has been favorably applied to control system design. In the last few years, fuzzy model applications have bloomed in image processing and pattern recognition. <B>Evolutionary Algorithms:</B> Evolutionary optimization algorithms have been studied over three decades, emulating natural evolut...
Cho, S-I, Li, Q, Yang, J, Chen, C, Padungtod, C, Ryan, L, Christiani, DC & Xu, X 1999, 'Drinking Water Source and Spontaneous Abortion: A Cross-sectional Study in a Rural Chinese Population', International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 164-169.
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The authors examined the association between the risk of spontaneous abortion and the type of drinking water source in a rural Chinese population. Information about pregnancy outcomes and various exposures was collected by means of a detailed interview questionnaire. 2,876 pregnancies occurring in 1989-1993 among 2,201 nonsmoking and non-alcohol-drinking women were analyzed by logistic regression. Generalized estimating equations were used to adjust for correlations between multiple pregnancies in the same woman. The use of pond water as a drinking water source was associated with a higher risk of spontaneous abortion than the use of well or river water (odds ratio, 1.63; 95% confidence interval, 1.11 to 2.39), adjusting for potential confounders. More studies are needed to identify the agents responsible for the observed association. The results of this study emphasize the importance of monitoring potential drinking-water contamination in communities.
Christiani, DC, Ye, T, Zhang, S, Wegman, DH, Eisen, EA, Ryan, LA, Olenchock, SA, Pothier, L & Dai, H 1999, 'Cotton dust and endotoxin exposure and long-term decline in lung function: Results of a longitudinal study', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 321-331.
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Background: To evaluate the relationship between long-term exposure to cotton dust and Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin on lung function, we conducted an 11-year follow-up study of cotton textile workers in Shanghai, China. Methods: Workers at a nearby silk-thread manufacturing mill were used as a referent population. Ninety percent of the original cohort of 445 cotton and 467 silk textile workers - both active and retired - were identified for testing in the 11th year. Questionnaires and spirometric testing were performed, as well as cotton dust and endotoxin sampling at three points over the 11-year follow-up period: at baseline, at Year 5, and at Year 11. After excluding deaths and subjects on sick-leave, 84% of the original cohort had complete health and environmental data. Results: The data were reanalyzed using generalized estimating equations feedback model which allow for subject transfer over time between work areas, various exposure levels to dust and endotoxin, and FEV1. Cotton workers had a larger loss of FEV1 during the first 5 years of study (-40 mls/yr) as compared with the second 6 years of follow-up (-18 mls/yr). During the same periods, the average decline among silk workers was slightly higher in the first period, but was more consistent (-30 mls/yr vs. -27 mls/yr), and these differences could not be explained by worker selection or dropout. When cumulative exposure to dust and endotoxin were estimated and used in a multivariate model (GEE) for FEV1 loss, cumulative dust, but not endotoxin, was associated with 11-year loss in FEV1 after adjustments for confounders. There was evidence of feedback between dust-exposure levels and FEV1, indicating the existence of a healthy-worker survivor effect. After accounting for a healthy-worker survivor effect, we found a significant relationship between dust exposure and FEV1 decline. Conclusions: Our results suggest that cotton dust is more strongly associated with chronic airflow limitation th...
Cucchiara, R & Piccardi, M 1999, 'Eliciting visual primitives for detection of elongated shapes', Image and Vision Computing, vol. 17, no. 5-6, pp. 347-355.
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This paper deals with the problem of eliciting visual primitives for visual search with the aim of detecting 2D objects characterized, primarily, by an elongated shape. The paper proposes a new visual primitive obtained by combining in a suitable correla
Cucchiara, R, Piccardi, M & Mello, P 1999, 'Image analysis and rule-based reasoning for a traffic monitoring system', Proceedings 199 IEEE/IEEJ/JSAI International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (Cat. No.99TH8383), pp. 758-763.
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The paper describes a system for detecting vehicles in urban traffic scenes in daytime and at night by means of image analysis and rule-based reasoning. The strength of the proposed approach is its formal separation between the low-level image processing modules (detecting moving vehicles under day and night light) and the high-level module, which provides a single framework for tracking vehicles in the scene. The image processing modules perform spatio-temporal analysis on moving templates in daytime images, and morphological analysis of headlight pairs in night images. The high-level module is designed as a forward chained production rule system, working on symbolic data, i.e. vehicles and their attributes (area, pattern, direction...) and exploiting a set of heuristic rules tuned to urban traffic conditions. The synergy between the artificial intelligence techniques of the high level and the low-level image analysis techniques provides the system with flexibility and robustness.
Cucchiara, R, Piccardi, M & Prati, A 1999, 'Exploiting cache in multimedia', Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems, pp. 345-350.
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Frater, MR, Arnold, JF & Zhang, J 1999, 'MPEG 2 video error resilience experiments:', Signal Processing: Image Communication, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 269-275.
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With increasing interest in the transport of video traffic over lossy networks, several techniques for improving the quality of video services in the presence of loss have been proposed, often using the MPEG 2 video coding algorithm as a basis. Many of t
Gabrys, B & Bargiela, A 1999, 'Neural Networks Based Decision Support in Presence of Uncertainties', Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, vol. 125, no. 5, pp. 272-280.
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Geys, H, Molenberghs, G & Ryan, LM 1999, 'Pseudolikelihood Modeling of Multivariate Outcomes in Developmental Toxicology', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 94, no. 447, pp. 734-734.
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Geys, H, Molenberghs, G & Ryan, LM 1999, 'Pseudolikelihood modeling of multivariate outcomes in developmental toxicology', JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION, vol. 94, no. 447, pp. 734-745.
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The primary goal of this article is to determine benchmark doses based on the ethylene glycol study, which comprises data from a developmental toxicity study in mice. Because the data involve a vector of malformation indicators, a flexible model for multivariate clustered data is required. An exponential family model is considered and pseudolikelihood-based inferential tools are proposed, hence avoiding excessive computational requirements.
Ku, CH, Burge, HA, Ryan, LM, Pai, L, Liou, SH & Christiani, DC 1999, 'Rice field fungal exposures in young male workers: Short-term exposure assessment for fungi', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE, vol. 159, no. 3, pp. A298-A298.
Lindsey, JC 1999, 'Correction', Statistics in Medicine, vol. 18, no. 7, pp. 890-890.
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Lindsey, JC & Ryan, L 1999, 'Tutorial in biostatistics: methods for interval-censored data (vol 17, pg 219, 1998)', STATISTICS IN MEDICINE, vol. 18, no. 7, pp. 890-890.
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Luo, X & Zhang, C 1999, 'An Axiom Foundation for Uncertain Reasonings in Rule-Based Expert Systems: NT-Algebra', Knowledge and Information Systems, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 415-433.
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Mitchell, G, Russell, W & Stoianoff, N 1999, 'Franken Foods or Smart Foods? A New Language for Biotechnology?', Nature Biotechnology, vol. 17, no. S5, pp. 46-46.
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Molenberghs, G & Ryan, LM 1999, 'An exponential family model for clustered multivariate binary data', ENVIRONMETRICS, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 279-300.
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This paper focuses on the analysis of clustered multivariate binary data that arise from developmental toxicity studies. In these studies, pregnant mice are exposed to chemicals to assess possible adverse effects on developing fetuses. Multivariate binary outcomes arise when each fetus in a litter is assessed for the presence of malformations and/or low birth weight. We analyse the data using a multivariate exponential family model which is flexible in terms of allowing response rates to depend on duster size. Maximum likelihood estimation of model parameters and the construction of score tests for dose effect are discussed. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novik, Y, Ryan, LM, Haller, DG, Asbury, R, Dutcher, JP & Schutt, A 1999, 'Phase II protocol for the evaluation of new treatments in patients with advanced gastric carcinoma: results of ECOG 5282', Medical Oncology, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 261-266.
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Padungtod, C, Hassold, TJ, Millie, E, Ryan, LM, Savitz, DA, Christiani, DC & Xu, X 1999, 'Sperm aneuploidy among Chinese pesticide factory workers: Scoring by the FISH method', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 230-238.
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Background: A study of the prevalence of sperm aneuploidy among pesticide factory workers was conducted in Anhui, China. Methods: We recruited 75 men: 32 subjects from a large pesticide-manufacturing plant and 43 subjects from a nearby textile factory free of pesticide exposure. Each subject met the following criteria: age of 20-40 years; continuous work in the plant for 3 months prior to the study, no congenital anomalies or acquired disease of the external genitalia and no history of recent febrile illness or mumps. Within one hour after collection firm each subject, semen was evaluated in terms of several parameters and smear slides were prepared. Results: Exposure assessment revealed that workers in the pesticide plant were exposed to ethyl parathion or methamidophos, each of which is a potent organophosphate pesticide, at a median level of 0.02 mg/m3 (8-hour time weighted average as measured by personal pump) while workers in the control plant had no such occupational exposure. Twenty-nine semen slides (13 from the exposed group and 16 from the unexposed group) were randomly chosen for aneuploidy scoring by the three-color fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) method with scorers being unaware of exposure status. Median semen parameters were as follows for exposed (and unexposed) men: abstinence period, 3 days (4 days): sperm concentration, 52.8 x 106/ml (53.1 x 106/ml), proportion of sperm with normal motility 50.5% (61.3%); and proportion of sperm with normal morphology, 59% (61.5%). The specific chromosome abnormalities of interest were disomy for chromosome 18 and the three different types of sex chromosome disomy (i.e. XX, XY, YY disomy). The crude proportion of all aneuploidy combined was 0.30% and 0.19% for sperm from exposed and unexposed men, respectively. Poisson regression with overdispersion adjustment yielded significantly different crude risks of alleuploidy - 3.03 and 1.94 per 1,000 sperm from exposed and unexposed men, respectiv...
Padungtod, C, Niu, TH, Wang, ZX, Savitz, DA, Christiani, DC, Ryan, LM & Xu, XP 1999, 'Paraoxonase polymorphism and its effect on male reproductive outcomes among Chinese pesticide factory workers', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 379-387.
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Background: Serum paraoxonase has been associated with the metabolism of organophosphate pesticides in humans. Molecular analysis of the human paraoxonase gene (PON1) has revealed that Arg192 homozygotes have a greater detoxifying capability than Gln192 homozygotes. We examined the effects of PON1 genotypes on male reproductive outcomes and its interaction with exposure to organophosphate pesticides. Methods: We studied 60 Chinese pesticide-factory workers and 89 textile-factory workers who were unexposed to pesticides. The respective allele frequencies of Arg192 and Gln192 were 0.62 and 0.38. Pesticide exposure among 36 exposed subjects and 12 unexposed subjects, regardless of gender, was assessed by personal measurement of pesticide residues over an entire 8-hr shift and measurement of urinary p-nitrophenol level over a 24-hr period. We analyzed semen and hormone data collected from male subjects. Results: When the three PON1 genotypes were analyzed separately, a gene dose effect was not detected. We used the unexposed Arg192 homo/heterozygotes as the reference group, and re-analyzed the data. Exposed Arg192 homo/heterozygotes had significantly lower sperm count (χ2 = 9.01, P < 0.01) and lower percentage of sperm with normal morphology (χ2 = 4.18, P < 0.05) than the reference group. Both unexposed Gln192 homozygotes (χ2 = 4.90, P < 0.05) and exposed Arg192 homo/heterozygotes (χ2 = 10.00, P < 0.01) showed significantly lower sperm concentrations than the reference group. In addition, exposed Arg192 homo/heterozygotes had significantly higher serum LH levels (χ2 = 7.94, P < 0.01) than the reference group. Conclusions: Because of a small sample size, our findings are highly preliminary. Nevertheless, it calls for further investigation of the interaction between the PON1 genotype and organophosphate pesticide exposure on male reproductive outcomes.
Ryan, L & Molenberghs, G 1999, 'Statistical methods for developmental toxicity - Analysis of clustered multivariate binary data', UNCERTAINTY IN THE RISK ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS, vol. 895, pp. 196-211.
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This paper discusses some of the statistical issues that arise from developmental toxicity studies, wherein pregnant mice are exposed to chemicals in order to assess possible adverse effects on developing fetuses. We begin with a review of some current approaches to risk assessment, based on NOAELs, and provide justification for the use of methods based on dose-response models. Due to the hierarchical nature of the data, such models are more complicated in the present context than, say, in cancer studies. For example, multivariate binary outcomes arise when each fetus in a litter is assessed for the presence of malformations and/or low birth weight. We describe a multivariate exponential family model that works well for these data and that is flexible in terms of allowing response rates to depend on cluster size. Maximum likelihood estimation of model parameters and the construction of score tests for dose effect are briefly discussed. Results are illustrated with data from several NTP studies.
Sammel, M, Lin, XH & Ryan, L 1999, 'Multivariate linear mixed models for multiple outcomes', STATISTICS IN MEDICINE, vol. 18, no. 17-18, pp. 2479-2492.
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We propose a multivariate linear mixed (MLMM) for the analysis of multiple outcomes, which generalizes the latent variable model of Sammel and Ryan. The proposed model assumes a flexible correlation structure among the multiple outcomes, and allows a global test of the impact of exposure across outcomes. In contrast to the Sammel-Ryan model, the MLMM separates the mean and correlation parameters so that the mean estimation will remain reasonably robust even if the correlation is misspecified. The model is applied to birth defects data, where continuous data on the size of infants who were exposed to anticonvulsant medications in utero are compared to controls.
Stoler, JM, McGuirk, CK, Lieberman, E, Ryan, L & Holmes, LB 1999, 'Malformations reported in chorionic villus sampling exposed children: A review and analytic synthesis of the literature', GENETICS IN MEDICINE, vol. 1, no. 7, pp. 315-322.
Weller, E, Long, N, Smith, A, Williams, P, Ravi, S, Gill, J, Henessey, R, Skornik, W, Brain, J, Kimmel, C, Kimmel, G, Holmes, L & Ryan, L 1999, 'Dose-rate effects of ethylene oxide exposure on developmental toxicity', TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 259-270.
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In risk assessment, evaluating a health effect at a duration of exposure that is untested involves assuming that equivalent multiples of concentration (C) and duration (T) of exposure have: the same effect. The limitations of this approach (attributed to F. Haber, Zur Geschichte des Gaskrieges [On the history of gas warfare], in Funf Vortrage aus den Jahren 1920-1923 [Five lectures from the years 1920-1923], 1924, Springer, Berlin, pp. 76-92), have been noted in several studies. The study presented in this paper was designed to specifically look at dose-rate (C x T) effects, and it forms an ideal case study to implement statistical models and to examine the statistical issues in risk assessment. Pregnant female C57BL/6J mice were exposed, on gestational day 7, to ethylene oxide (EtO) via inhalation for 1.5, 3;, or 6 h at exposures that result in C x T multiples of 2100 or 2700 ppm-hi EtO was selected because of its short half-life, documented developmental toxicity, and relevance to exposures that occur in occupational settings. Concurrent experiments were run with animals exposed to air for similar periods. Statistical analysis using models developed to assess dose-rate effects revealed significant effects with respect to fetal death and resorptions, malformations, crown-to-rump length, and fetal weight. Animals exposed to short, high exposures of EtO on day 7 of gestation were found to have more adverse effects than animals exposed to the same C x T multiple but at longer, lower exposures. The implication for risk assessment is that applying Haber's Law could potentially lead to an underestimation of risk at a shorter duration of exposure and an overestimation of risk at a longer duration of exposure. Further research, toxicological and statistical, are required to understand the mechanism of the dose-rate effects, and how to incorporate the mechanistic information into the risk assessment decision process.
Zhang, S & Zhang, C 1999, 'IMC: A Method for Interval Calculus in Matrix', Knowledge and Information Systems, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 257-268.
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Chengqi Zhang & Yuefeng Li 1970, 'Horizontal cooperation under uncertainties in distributed expert systems', Proceedings Third International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Multimedia Applications. ICCIMA'99 (Cat. No.PR00300), Third International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Multimedia Applications. ICCIMA'99, IEEE Comput. Soc, pp. 230-234.
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© 1999 IEEE. A model of horizontal cooperation under uncertainty in distributed expert systems is presented. This model uses the synthesis of solutions under uncertainty and decision-making to fulfil horizontal cooperation. Firstly, a Boolean algebra is used in order to represent the solution synthesis hypothesis space in the model. Then, a generalization of evidence theory is used as a mathematical model to synthesize all conclusions which come from other expert systems. Finally, a competing mechanism is introduced to make the decisions.
Cucchiara, R, Lamma, E, Mello, P, Milano, M & Piccardi, M 1970, '3D object recognition by VC-graphs and interactive constraint satisfaction', Proceedings 10th International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing, ICIAP '99 - 10th International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing, IEEE Comput. Soc, pp. 508-513.
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We propose a novel approach for recognizing 3D CAD-made objects in complex range images containing several overlapped and different objects. Objects are modeled by a graph whose nodes are surfaces and arcs are surface relations. We propose an object-centered graph model, called visual constraint graph (VC-graph), with special visual constraints modeling occlusions between object surfaces. The VC-graph is used for recognizing objects from each possible point of view, instead of evaluating many different single-view graphs. The reasoning engine is based on an original extension of the constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) paradigm, called interactive CSP (ICSP). CSP requires the acquisition of all surfaces before starting constraint propagation; instead, ICSP guides the acquisition of new surfaces only on-demand, without computing useless information and focusing attention only on significant image parts. © 1999 IEEE.
Cucchiara, R, Piccardi, M, Prati, A & Scarabottolo, N 1970, 'Real-time detection of moving vehicles', Proceedings 10th International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing, ICIAP '99 - 10th International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing, IEEE Comput. Soc, pp. 618-623.
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Computer vision-based traffic flow monitoring is of major importance for enforcing traffic management policies. Information such as the number of vehicles passing on a road per time unit, or vehicles' turning rates at intersections are exploited by traffic management policies to supervise traffic-light timings. Computer vision-based traffic flow monitoring requires extraction of moving vehicles from traffic scenes in real time. To accomplish this task, efficient algorithms must be used and effective, low-cost hardware implementation must be pursued. This paper first describes the algorithms used in the VTTS (vehicular traffic tracking system) to achieve segmentation of moving vehicles. Then, hardware implementation on a re-programmable FPGA-based board is described in detail. © 1999 IEEE.
Lamma, E, Mello, P, Milano, M, Cucchiara, R, Gavanelli, M & Piccardi, M 1970, 'Constraint propagation and value acquisition: Why we should do it Interactively', IJCAI International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 16th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI 99), MORGAN KAUFMANN PUB INC, STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN, pp. 468-473.
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In Constraint Satisfaction Problems (CSPs) values belonging to variable domains should be completely known before the constraint propagation process starts. In many applications, however, the acquisition of domain values is a computational expensive process or some domain values could not be available at the beginning of the computation. For this purpose, we introduce an Interactive Constraint Satisfaction Problem (ICSP) model as extension of the widely used CSP model. The variable domain values can be acquired when needed during the resolution process by means of Interactive Constraints, which retrieve (possibly consistent) information. Experimental results on randomly generated CSPs and for 3D object recognition show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Li, J, Zhang, X, Dong, G, Ramamohanarao, K & Sun, Q 1970, 'Efficient Mining of High Confidence Association Rules without Support Thresholds', PRINCIPLES OF DATA MINING AND KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY, 3rd European Conference on Principles of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery in Databases (PKDD 99), Springer Berlin Heidelberg, UNIV ECON, LAB INTELLIGENT SYST, PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC, pp. 406-411.
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Lin, AE, Herring, AH, Amstutz, KS, Westgate, MN, Lacro, RV, Al-Jufan, M, Ryan, L & Holmes, LB 1970, 'Cardiovascular malformations: Changes in prevalence and birth status, 1972-1990', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS, 37th Annual Meeting of the Teratology-Society, WILEY-LISS, PALM BEACH, FL, pp. 102-110.
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Liu, L, Wang, S & Zheng, S 1970, 'Preface.', Ann. Oper. Res., INT UNION PURE APPLIED CHEMISTRY, pp. 0-0.
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Morales, KH, Ryan, LM, Brown, KG, Kuo, TL, Chen, CJ & Wu, MM 1970, 'Model sensitivity in an analysis of arsenic exposure and bladder cancer in southwestern Taiwan', ARSENIC EXPOSURE AND HEALTH EFFECTS, 3rd International Conference on Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects, Elsevier Science Bv, SAN DIEGO, CA, pp. 207-215.
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The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is under congressional mandate to revise its current standards for arsenic in drinking water. This chapter addresses issues surrounding model choice in a quantitative risk assessment. The data used were collected
Zhang, Z & Zhang, C 1970, 'Approaches to incorporating soft computing technologies into software agents', ICONIP'99. ANZIIS'99 & ANNES'99 & ACNN'99. 6th International Conference on Neural Information Processing. Proceedings (Cat. No.99EX378), ICONIP'99. ANZIIS'99 & ANNES'99 & ACNN'99. 6th International Conference on Neural Information Processing. Proceedings, IEEE, pp. 952-957.
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© 1999 IEEE. Many papers have been published on soft computing and software agents respectively, but few involved in how to incorporate soft computing into software agents in practice. The approaches to incorporating soft computing technologies into individual software agents as well as multiagent systems are presented. The benefits and limitations of each approach are also discussed. We tested the multiagent model using JATLite.
