Publications

Carr, R 2002, thought lines.

Buchanan, J & Briggs, C 2002, 'Work Councils and Inequality at Work in Australia' in Gollan, P, Markey, R & Ross, I (eds), Works Councils in Australia: Future Prospects and Possibilities, Federation, Sydney.

Briggs, C 2002, 'The Paradox Of ACTU Hegemony', Labour & Industry: a journal of the social and economic relations of work, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 77-102.
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Briggs, C, Cole, M & Buchanan, J 2002, 'Where are the Non-Members? Challenges and Opportunities in the Heartlands for Union Organising', International Journal of Employment Studies, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 1-10.

Carew, AL & Mitchell, CA 2002, 'Characterizing undergraduate engineering students' understanding of sustainability', European Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 349-361.
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Engineering professionals in Australia and internationally are coming under increased pressure to practise engineering more sustainably. In response to this pressure, the Institution of Engineers, Australia, has updated the procedure for accreditation of the engineering baccalaureate to ensure inclusion of sustainability learning. In order to graduate, Australian engineering students must now 'understand sustainability'. This paper reports on a theoretical synthesis of the literature on sustainability and understanding, and an empirical investigation into sustainability conceptions held by a group of chemical engineering undergraduate students at the University of Sydney. During the theoretical synthesis we examined what it might mean for a student to understand sustainability by deriving a suite of sustainability principles and describing the component parts of an expert-like understanding of sustainability. In the empirical investigation, students' written responses to the question 'In your own words, what is sustainability?' were analysed using a modified version of the Structure of Observed Learning Outcomes (SOLO) taxonomy. The SOLO analysis revealed broad structural variation in the way our students understood sustainability.

Carson, L, White, S, Hendriks, C & Palmer, J 2002, 'Community consultation in environmental policy making', Drawing Board, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1-13.

Fane, SA, Ashbolt, NJ & White, SB 2002, 'Decentralised urban water reuse: The implications of system scale for cost and pathogen risk', Water Science and Technology, vol. 46, no. 6-7, pp. 281-288.
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The non-potable reuse of treated sewage in urban areas provides significant conservation of potable supplies beyond that available through water use efficiency. Effluent reuse is also an inevitable requirement in novel decentralised wastewater systems. At present, urban water reuse, where pursued, usually involves large-scale schemes based on new or existing centralised sewage treatment plants. This is despite the diseconomy of scale inherent in pipe networks that balances economies of scale in sewage treatment and negates any cost advantage for wastewater systems with more than around 1,000 connections. In light of this, the theoretical relationship between effluent reuse system scale and pathogen risks was examined at various effluent qualities. Waterborne disease was seen to be a significant factor when reusing effluent in urban areas and smaller systems were found to pose a lower risk of waterborne infection, all other things being equal. Pathogen risks were then included within an economic analysis of system scale. It was concluded that with the inclusion of pathogen risks as a costed externality, taking a decentralised approach to urban water reuse would be economically advantageous in most cases. This conclusion holds despite an exact evaluation of increased waterborne disease due to effluent reuse remaining problematic.

Holt, PK, Barton, GW & Mitchell, CA 2002, 'Mathematical analysis of a batch electrocoagulation reactor', Water Supply, vol. 2, no. 5-6, pp. 65-71.
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Electrocoagulation treats water by delivering coagulant from a sacrificial anode (aluminium) in an electrochemical cell. Hydrogen is evolved from the inert cathode. In the batch electrocoagulation reactor numerous interactions occur with settling and flotation identified as the dominant removal paths. Current determines both coagulant dosage and bubble production rate. The bubbles influence the mixing, and hence mass diffusion within the reactor. Rate of flotation and settling were experimentally determined for currents 0.25-2.0 A and pollutant loading 0.1-1.7 g/L. The performance of the electrocoagulation reactor was quantified by analysis of experimental results. First-order ordinary differential equations were developed to describe the pollutant's settling and flotation behaviour. Kinetic rate constants were calculated considering this pair of irreversible reactions. At low current (0.25A), sedimentation dominates with slow release of coagulant and gentle agitation provided by low bubble production. Removal is slow and hence the low rate constants calculated were appropriate. At high currents (1.0 and 2.0 A) faster removal occurs due to greater bubble density. This resulted in greater mass floated to the surface and higher rate constants were observed. Thus the developed rate equations successfully quantified the reactor's performance over a variety of conditions.

Holt, PK, Barton, GW, Wark, M & Mitchell, CA 2002, 'A quantitative comparison between chemical dosing and electrocoagulation', COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS, vol. 211, no. 2-3, pp. 233-248.
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A renewed interest in electrocoagulation has been spurred by the search for reliable, cost-effective water treatment processes. This technology delivers the coagulant in situ as the sacrifcial anode corrodes, due to an applied potential, while the simultaneous evolution of hydrogen at the cathode allows for pollutant removal by flotation. By comparison, conventional chemical dosing typically adds a salt of the coagulant, with settling providing the primary pollutant removal path. This paper provides a quantitative comparison of these two approaches based on turbidity removal associated with a clay pollutant. Chemical coagulation was evaluated via jar tests using aluminium sulphate (alum). This proved more effective than electrocoagulation under acidic conditions (pH ∼4) and low coagulant levels (4 mg-Al l-1 being the minimum able to effectively destabilise the colloidal clay particles). Highly effective coagulation was observed at intermediate alum dosage levels (4-20 mg-Al l-1), where the isoelectric point occurred at pH ∼7.8. Three operating stages (lag, reactive and stable) were identified in a batch electrocoagulation reactor with the operating current determining the pollutant removal rate. At the isoelectric point, which occurs during the reactive stage, the greatest turbidity reduction occurs, indicating aggregation by a sorption mechanism (compared to the charge neutralisation as in the case of chemical coagulation). During the stable stage, continued precipitation of aluminium hydroxide and a decrease in turbidity indicated a sweep coagulation mechanism. The highest current (2 A) reduced the pollutant level in the shortest time, 1% residual turbidity after 30 min, though the highest efficiency (in terms of pollutant removed per unit of aluminium added) was achieved at the lowest current (0.25 A). © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Lakota, A, Jazbec, M & Levec, J 2002, 'Impact of structured packing on bubble column mass transfer charasteristics. Part 2. Analysis of gas-liquid mass transfer measurements', Acta Chimica Slovenica, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 587-604.
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The impact of the Sulzer SMV 16 packing elements on mass transfer characteristics in a packed column was studied. The gas phase (oxygen) and the liquid phase (tap water) passed the device in a concurrent upflow mode. The measurements of physical absorption of the oxygen into the liquid were taken in both hydrodynamic regimes, partly in the homogeneous and partly in the heterogeneous. Also, the experiments were doubled in an empty column for comparison. In the calculation of the volumetric gas-liquid mass transfer coefficients, kLa, axial dispersion model (ADM) and plug flow model (PFM) were tested. It is systematically shown, that ADM gives far more reliable interpretation of the recorded data than PFM. For both modifications of the column the gas velocity affects the mass transfer coefficients the most. Higher values of kLa were found in the packed bed, and the impact of internals increases progressively with the gas velocity. For an empty column the correlation of Akita and Joshida5 gives the coefficients close to ours within 18.5%.

White, SB & Fane, SA 2002, 'Designing cost effective water demand management programs in Australia', Water Science and Technology, vol. 46, no. 6-7, pp. 225-232.
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This paper describes recent experience with integrated resource planning (IRP) and the application of least cost planning (LCP) for the evaluation of demand management strategies in urban water. Two Australian case studies, Sydney and Northern New South Wales (NSW) are used in illustration. LCP can determine the most cost effective means of providing water services or alternatively the cheapest forms of water conservation. LCP contrasts to a traditional approach of evaluation which looks only at means of increasing supply. Detailed investigation of water usage, known as end-use analysis, is required for LCP. End-use analysis allows both rigorous demand forecasting, and the development and evaluation of conservation strategies. Strategies include education campaigns, increasing water use efficiency and promoting wastewater reuse or rainwater tanks. The optimal mix of conservation strategies and conventional capacity expansion is identified based on levelised unit cost. IRP uses LCP in the iterative process, evaluating and assessing options, investing in selected options, measuring the results, and then re-evaluating options. Key to this process is the design of cost effective demand management programs. IRP however includes a range of parameters beyond least economic cost in the planning process and program designs, including uncertainty, benefit partitioning and implementation considerations.

Day, D & White, S 1970, 'Minimum performance standards for showerheads in Australia-the benefits and the barriers', A unique approach to a unique environment, Enviro 2002 & IWA 3rd World Water Conference, AWA Bookshop, Melbourne, Australia, p. e21723a.

Fane, SA, Robinson, J & White, S 1970, 'The use of levelised cost in comparing supply and demand side options', A unique approach to a unique environment, Enviro 2002 & IWA 3rd World Water Conference, AWA Bookshop, Melbourne, Australia, p. e20605a.

Halbwirth, S, Henninger, M & Houghton, JM 1970, 'The New Literacy: A Human Dimension of Knowledge Management', KM Challenge 2002: Advanced Models of Knowledge Management - Practical approaches for implementation, KM Challenge 2002, Standards Australia International Ltd., Sydney, Australia, pp. 209-222.

Holt, PK, Barton, GW, Mitchell, CA, COMMITTEE, IWAP, COMMITTEE, IWAP & COMMITTEE, IWAP 1970, 'Mathematical analysis of a batch electrocoagulation reactor', 3RD WORLD WATER CONGRESS: DRINKING WATER TREATMENT, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 65-71.

Houghton, JM & Halbwirth, S 1970, 'Knowledge management and information literacy: A new partnership in the workplace?', Continuing professional education for the information society, Proceedings of the Fifth World conference on Continuing Professional Education for the Library and Information Science Professions, Saur, Munchen, pp. 70-79.

Jazbec, M, Bromly, JH, Barnes, FJ & Haynes, BS 1970, 'The effect of NO on CH3OH oxidation', International Symposium on Combustion Abstracts of Works-in-Progress Posters, p. 247.
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The experimental and modeling kinetic study of the low temperature CH3OH oxidation was presented. The experiments were performed at 1 atm isothermal plug-flow reactor at 400°-760°C and residence times 0.5-3 sec. Oxidation of 75-300 ppm CH3 OH with O2 (0-20%) was carried out with and without NO (0-650 ppm) present. The experimental results were modeled with a previously developed methane oxidation mechanism for lean fuels and low temperatures. Chemical-kinetic modeling was performed with the Sandia ChemkinII/Senkin chemical kinetic packages using plug flow reactor model. The addition of NO to identify the branching ratio of Rl was discussed and the chemistry of CH3OH reactions was revealed. Original is an abstract.

Petrie, J, Stewart, M, Basson, L & Giurco, D 1970, 'Decision making for sustainability: a support framework for mining and minerals processing', Green Processing Conference, Green Processing Conference, The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Cairns.

Sendt, K, Jazbec, M & Haynes, BS 1970, 'Chemical kinetic modeling of the H/S system: H2S thermolysis and H2 sulfidation', International Symposium on Combustion Abstracts of Accepted Papers, p. 75.
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A detailed chemical mechanism was developed to describe reactions in the H2-S2-H2S system. The mechanism consisted 21 reactions among the species H2S, S2, H2, HSSH, HSS, SH, S, and H. The mechanism was validated against a diverse collection of published data for H2S thermolysis in a static cell or in flow reactors, at 873-1423 K; 0.04-3 bar; and H2S mole fractions of 0.02-1. The predictions of the mechanism were sensitive only on the rates of the processes responsible for S-S bond formation. Data for the reverse, hydrogen sulfidation reaction (H2 + S2) were also modeled very accurately. This comprehensive chemical kinetic mechanism for the H/S system describes a wide range of experimental data and provides the basis for the construction of accurate models for H2S oxidation in combustion and related systems. Original is an abstract.

Sendt, K, Jazbec, M & Haynes, BS 1970, 'Chemical kinetic modeling of the H/S system: H2S thermolysis and H2 sulfidation', Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 29th International Combustion Symposium, Elsevier BV, HOKKAIDO UNIV, SAPPORO, JAPAN, pp. 2439-2446.
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Berry, T & McGee, CM Institute for Sustainable Futures 2002, Developing strategies for mainstreaming sustainability, pp. 1-29, Sydney.
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The objective of this project was to progress the process of mainstreaming sustainable residential development. For the purpose of this report, mainstreaming is defined as the increased acceptance and adoption of sustainable design strategies and technologies by the majority of the building industry and its consumers, the broader community. To achieve this objective the report aims to identify and verify where possible the barriers to mainstreaming sustainable residential development and to recommend solutions to overcome such barriers. The project focussed on three areas Greenfield residential development rather than urban renewal. Institutional constraints (process, people, regulatory etc) more than socio-cultural (education, perception, etc) or technological. The four service areas of Water, Waste and Materials, Transport, and Social sustainability. Interviews of a broad and representative cross section of the development community were combined with other research and related work. This research and consultation was then built on and tested at a workshop involving a similarly representative group. In this report there are four levels of detail related to the key project findings Constraint categories and sub-categories (Shown in Figure 1). For each category, priority constraints, key findings and recommendations (Shown overleaf and in the relevant report section). For each category, all identified and verified constraints (Shown in the summary matrices in the relevant report section). For each identified and verified constraint, contextual detail including ideas for solutions, examples of where the constraints have been overcome and remaining questions surrounding each constraint (Shown in Appendix A). Four major categories of constraint emerged from the interviews and initial research along with associated subcategories.

Cantley-Smith, R Clingendael International Energy Programme 2002, Changing the Game: Emerging Law and New Stakeholders in Traditional Energy Markets, The Netherlands.

Dunstan, C Sustainable Energy Development Authority (SEDA) 2002, Distributed energy solutions: Cost and capacity estimates for decentralised options for meeting electricity demand in NSW, Sydney.

Maring, L, Plant, R, Sinke, A, Wassing, B, Weerts, H, Van Vliet, M, Kriekaard, MH, Herbschleb, J, Van der Wal, L & Fisser, R Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) 2002, Kansen voor de ondegrond (Challenges for the Subsurface, IN DUTCH), pp. 1-55, Apeldoorn.
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Report No. R 2002/705, TNO-MEP, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands. 55 pp.

Mitchell, CA, McGee, CM & Carew, A Institute for Sustainable Futures, UTS 2002, Training in the Building and Construction Industry Stage II Final Report, pp. 1-40, Sydney.
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Stage II of the Australian Building Energy Council (ABEC) project on Training in the Australian Building and Construction Industry focuses on enabling education deliverers to create sustainable change. This report has been created as a resource for tertiary education deliverers who wish to develop and deliver training aimed at enabling more sustainable practices in the building and construction industry. The report has been written by the Institute for Sustainable Futures (ISF) for ABEC, with input from representatives from the building industry, University and TAFE. Formative learning experiences (University and TAFE) are the focus of this report, although we have included a brief description of âbest practiceâ continuing professional development (CPD) courses that we came across during our research. In this report, we assemble a set of principles and criteria for developing best practice education for the building industry, identify existing best practice examples of education, and review these against the criteria. We then examine likely barriers to the implementation of best practice and outline a draft communications strategy to ensure the outcomes of this study are communicated and taken forward.

Mitchell, CA, McGee, CM, Reardon, CC & Hawke, GA Institute for Sustainable Futures 2002, Survey of education, training and continuing professional development, pp. 1-33, Sydney.
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The intent of the study, in keeping with ABEC and AGO requirements, was to provide an indication of the extent to which the major providers currently address these issues both generally and with respect to specific topics. Industry and Professional Associations, Universities and TAFE Institutes across Australia were been surveyed to assess the level of energy efficiency and greenhouse related education being offered to building industry practitioners (including both future graduates and those currently practicing).

Robinson, J & Cordell, DJ Institute for Sustainable Futures, UTS 2002, A pilot toilet and shower water use study: A follow-up to the Perth domestic water use study, Sydney.

Toohey, KM & Halbwirth, S Olympic Studies Centre Universitat Autonome de Barcelona 2002, Information & Documentation in the Olympic Games, pp. 1-20.

Turner, AJ & White, S Institute for Sustainable Futures, UTS 2002, Burnett Region Least Cost Planning Study, pp. 1-110, Sydney.
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The aim of the Burnett Region Least Cost Planning (LCP) Study is to develop a framework for meeting water related needs on a whole of catchment basis (irrigated agriculture, town water supplies, industry and environmental needs). The use of an LCP approach involves considering a range of options including investment in supply augmentation, recycling and water efficiency. Therefore allowing the development of an integrated 'triple bottom line' solution, which provides the services that water users require at the minimum economic, environmental and social cost. This document provides the findings of the Study and includes details on the background of the Study, studies already undertaken, regional physical and economic details, methodology used, current water supply and projected water demand. It then considers possible water demand/management efficiency measures possible (under various end-use sectors) and alternative reuse and smaller supply options other then the currently proposed Paradise Dam. Using these costed options a Hybrid Option has been developed, which achieves the requirements of the Paradise Dam but with significant additional financial, social and environmental benefits. The Study has been conducted in such as way as to provide a framework for considering LCP principles within other areas of Queensland. The Burnett Region has specifically been chosen as a pilot study to examine LCP principles due to the a wide range of complex water related issues that apply to this region.

Young, E & Cordell, DJ Institute for Sustainable Futures, UTS 2002, Waste minimisation and management strategy, Sydney.

Standards, A 2002, 'AS/NZS 4777.1:2002 Grid connection of energy systems via inverters. Part 1. Installation requirements', Standards Australia.

Standards, A 2002, 'AS/NZS 4777.2:2002 Grid connection of energy systems via inverters. Part 2. Inverter requirements', Standards Australia.

Standards, A 2002, 'AS/NZS 4777.3:2002 Grid connection of energy systems via inverters. Part 3. Grid protection requirements', Standards Australia.