Publications

Street, D & Burgess, LB 2007, The Construction of Optimal Stated Choice Experiments: Theory and Methods, 1, John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey.
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Teerawattananon, Y, Rattanavipapong, W, Santatiwongchai, B, Bussabawalai, T, Thiboonboon, K & Dabak, S 2007, 'POLICYMAKER COMMENTARY More than a List: Reforming a Country’s Health Benefits Package—A Rigorous Approach to Tackling Costly Overutilization' in Glassman, A, Giedion, U & Smith, P (eds), What's In, What's Out: Designing Benefits for Universal Health Coverage, Brookings Institution Press, Washington DC, pp. 253-267.

Anderson, R, Allen, K, Nisselle, A, Gurrin, L, Hall, JP, Powell, L & Delatycki, M 2007, 'Exploring The Cost-effectiveness Of Community Genetic Screening For Hereditary Haemochromatosis A Life-time Simulation Using A Markov Model', American Journal Of Hematology, vol. 82, no. 6, pp. 579-579.
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Birch, S, Haas, MR, Savage, EJ & Van Gool, K 2007, 'Targeting services to reduce social inequalities in utilisation: An analysis of breast cancer screening in New South Wales', Australia and New Zealand Health Policy, vol. 4:12, pp. 1-9.
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Many jurisdictions have used public funding of health care to reduce or remove price at the point of delivery of services. Whilst this reduces an important barrier to accessing care, it does nothing to discriminate between groups considered to have greater or fewer needs. In this paper, we consider whether active targeted recruitment, in addition to offering a 'free' service, is associated with a reduction in social inequalities in self-reported utilization of the breast screening services in NSW, Australia.

De Abreu Lourenco, R, Houltram, J & Pearce, G 2007, 'Assessment of the cost-effectiveness in Australia of cetuximab in the treatment of patients with locally advanced squamous cell cancers of the head and neck', VALUE IN HEALTH, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. A326-A326.

Gallego, G & Van Gool, K 2007, 'Can we deny patients expensive drugs?', Australian Prescriber, vol. 30, pp. 59-60.

Haas, MR, Chaplin, M, Joy, P, Wiley, V, Black, C & Wilcken, B 2007, 'Healthcare use and costs of medium-chain acyl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency in Australia: Screening versus no screening', Journal of Pediatrics, vol. 151, no. 2, pp. 121-126.
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Objective To describe and analyze the use and costs of hospital services for children diagnosed with medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency either with newborn screening or clinical diagnosis in Australia between 1994 and 2002. MCAD deficiency is a potentially lethal disorder of fatty-acid oxidation. Study design We conducted a retrospective audit of medical records supplemented by a parental survey. Results A total of 59 children with MCAD deficiency were identified, 24 by using newborn screening. In the first 4 years of life, screening children cost an average of $A1676 (US$1297) per year for inpatient, emergency department, and outpatient visits, compared with $A1796 (US$1390) for children in whom a clinical diagnosis was made. Forty-two percent of the children who underwent screening were admitted to the hospital, compared with 71% of children who did not undergo screening. Children who did not undergo screening used significantly more inpatient services and cost significantly more in emergency services. There were also some significant differences in use on a year-by-year basis. Conclusions Children who do not undergo screening may be more likely to be admitted to the hospital and to incur higher emergency department costs than children who underwent screening, and children seem more likely to attend hospital outpatient clinics. Screening does not result in higher costs from a hospital perspective.

King, MT, Hall, JP, Lanscar, E, Fiebig, DG, Hossain, I, Louviere, JJ, Reddel, H & Jenkins, CR 2007, 'Patient preferences for managing asthma: results from a discrete choice experiment', Health Economics, vol. 16, no. 7, pp. 703-717.
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Effective control of asthma requires regular preventive medication. Poor medication adherence suggests that patient preferences for medications may differ from the concerns of the prescribing clinicians. This study investigated patient preferences for preventive medications across symptom control, daily activities, medication side-effects, convenience and costs, using a discrete choice experiment embedded in a randomized clinical trial involving patients with mild–moderate persistent asthma. The present data were collected after patients had received 6 weeks’ treatment with one of two drugs. Three choice options were presented, to continue with the current drug, to change to an alternative, hypothetical drug, or to take no preventive medication. Analysis used random parameter multinomial logit. Most respondents chose to continue with their current drug in most choice situations but this tendency differed depending on which medication they had been allocated. Respondents valued their ability to participate in usual daily activities and sport, preferred minimal symptoms, and were less likely to choose drugs with side-effects. Cost was also significant, but other convenience attributes were not. Demographic characteristics did not improve the model fit. This study illustrates how discrete choice experiments may be embedded in a clinical trial to provide insights into patient preferences.

Lancsar, E, Hall, JP, King, MT, Kenny, PM, Louviere, JJ, Fiebig, DG, Hossain, I, Thien, FC, Reddel, H & Jenkins, CR 2007, 'Using discrete choice experiments to investigate subject preferences for preventive asthma medication', Respirology, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 127-136.
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Background and objective: Long-term adherence to inhaled corticosteroids is poor despite the crucial role of preventer medications in achieving good asthma outcomes. This study was undertaken to explore patient preferences in relation to their current inhaled corticosteroid medication, a hypothetical preventer or no medication. Methods: A discrete choice experiment was conducted in 57 adults with mild–moderate asthma and airway hyper-responsiveness, who were using inhaled corticosteroid =500 µg/day (beclomethasone equivalent). In the discrete choice experiment, subjects evaluated 16 hypothetical scenarios made up of 10 attributes that described the process and outcomes of taking asthma medication, with two to four levels for each attribute. For each scenario, subjects chose between the hypothetical medication, the medication they were currently taking and no asthma medication. A random parameter multinomial logit model was estimated to quantify subject preferences for the aspects of taking asthma medication and the influence of attributes on medication decisions. Results: Subjects consistently made choices in favour of being able to do strenuous and sporting activities with or without reliever, experiencing no side-effects and never having to monitor their peak flow. Frequency of collecting prescriptions, frequency of taking the medication, its route of administration and the strength of the doctor recommendation about the medication were not significant determinants of choice. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that patients prefer a preventer that confers capacity to maximize physical activity, has no side-effects and does not require daily peak flow monitoring.

Osborne, R, De Abreu Lourenco, R, Dalton, A, Houltram, JA, Dowton, D, Joshua, D & Lindeman, R 2007, 'Quality of life related to oral versus subcutaneous iron chelation: a time trade off study', Value in Health, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 451-456.
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Owen, K, Haas, MR & Viney, R 2007, 'Expectations of outcomes and individuals' framing of the benefits and effort required in diet and exercise', International Journal of Obesity, vol. 31, no. Suppl 1, pp. S147-S147.

Salisbury, C, Goodall, S, Montgomery, A, Pickin, M, Sampson, F, Edwards, S, Simons, L & Lattimer, V 2007, 'Does Advanced Access improve access to primary health care? Questionnaire survey of patients', British Journal of General Practice, vol. 57, no. 541, pp. 615-621.
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Background: General practices in England have been encouraged to introduce Advanced Access, but there is no robust evidence that this is associated with improved access in ways that matter to patients. Aim: To compare priorities and experiences of patients consulting in practices which do or do not operate Advanced Access. Design of study: Patient questionnaire survey. Setting: Forty-seven practices in 12 primary care trust areas of England. Method: Questionnaire administered when patients consulted. Results: Of 12 825 eligible patients, 10 821 (84%) responded. Most (70%) were consulting about a problem they had had for at least 'a few weeks'. Patients obtained their current appointment sooner in Advanced Access practices, but were less likely to have been able to book in advance. They could usually see a doctor more quickly than those in control practices, but were no more satisfied overall with the appointment system. The top priority for patients was to be seen on a day of choice rather than to be seen quickly, but different patient groups had different priorities. Patients in Advanced Access practices were no more or less likely to obtain an appointment that matched their priorities than those in control practices. Patients in both types of practice experienced problems making contact by telephone.

Salisbury, C, Montgomery, A, Simons, L, Sampson, F, Edwards, S, Baxter, H, Goodall, S, Smith, H, Lattimer, V & Pickin, M 2007, 'Impact of Advanced Access on access, workload and continuity: Controlled before-and-after study and simulated patient study', British Journal of General Practice, vol. 57, no. 541, pp. 608-614.
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BACKGROUND: Case studies from the US suggest that Advanced Access appointment systems lead to shorter delays for appointments, reduced workload, and increased continuity of care. AIM: To determine whether implementation of Advanced Access in general practice is associated with the above benefits in the UK. DESIGN OF STUDY: Controlled before-and-after and simulated-patient study. SETTING: Twenty-four practices that had implemented Advanced Access and 24 that had not. METHOD: Anonymous telephone calls were made monthly to request an appointment. Numbers of appointments and patients consulting were calculated from practice records. Continuity was determined from anonymised patient records. RESULTS: The wait for an appointment with any doctor was slightly shorter at Advanced Access practices than control practices (mean 1.00 day and 1.87 days respectively, adjusted difference -0.75; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -1.51 to 0.004 days). Advanced Access practices met the NHS Plan 48-hour access target on 71% of occasions and control practices on 60% of occasions (adjusted odds ratio 1.61; 95% CI = 0.78 to 3.31; P = 0.200). The number of appointments offered, and patients seen, increased at both Advanced Access and control practices over the period studied, with no evidence of differences between them. There was no difference between Advanced Access and control practices in continuity of care (adjusted difference 0.003; 95% CI = -0.07 to 0.07). CONCLUSION: Advanced Access practices provided slightly shorter waits for an appointment compared with control practices, but performance against NHS access targets was considerably poorer than officially reported for both types of practice. Advanced Access practices did not have reduced workload or increased continuity of care.

Van Gool, K, Gallego, G, Haas, MR, Viney, RC, Hall, JP & Ward, R 2007, 'Economic evidence at the local level: Options for making it more useful', Pharmacoeconomics, vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 1055-1062.
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Like other countries, Australia has had some success in incorporating economic evidence into national healthcare decisions. However, it has been recognised that this coverage does not extend to the local hospital or health region level. An extensive body of research has identified barriers to the use of economic evidence at the local level, leading some commentators to suggest that economic evaluation should only be targeted at national decision-making bodies. Yet, local decision makers in Australia and elsewhere make important choices about the uptake and diffusion of healthcare technologies. We propose a number of interrelated options to address the barriers that currently prohibit the use of economic evaluation by local decision makers in many jurisdictions. These include wider dissemination of user friendly models, inclusion of assessments of the cost impact of interventions on various budgets, and the establishment of an authoritative body that ensures the production of high quality economic models. It is argued that these options can have a significant impact on the way economic evaluations are conducted, reported, disseminated and used.

Wilcken, B, Haas, MR, Joy, P, Wiley, V, Chaplin, M, Black, C, Fletcher, J, McGill, J & Boneh, A 2007, 'Outcome of neonatal screening for medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency in Australia: a cohort study', Lancet, vol. 369, no. 9555, pp. 37-42.
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Background Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency is the disorder thought most to justify neonatal screening by tandem-mass spectrometry because, without screening, there seems to be substantial morbidity and mortality. Our aim was to asse

Wise, S 2007, 'Wanted: The next generation of nurse and midwifery managers', International Journal of Public Sector Management, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 473-483.
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Purpose – To explore whether ward management is an aspiration for junior nurses and midwives in the National Health Service in Scotland (NHSS) in the context of service redesign that is expanding career options in clinical practice. Design/methodology/approach – The findings are drawn from research conducted in a large acute NHSS Trust. The fieldwork involved face-to-face interviews with 64 nurses and midwives and 1,084 survey returns (29 per cent response rate). Logistic regression was used to predict the characteristics of those who wanted to move into their line manager's role. Findings – Moving into their line manager's job was a career aspiration for only 10 per cent of nurses and midwives and current managers reported there were already difficulties recruiting to senior posts. Those who wanted vertical progression preferred the clinical specialist/advanced practitioner route. By comparison, the ward manager (charge nurse) role was perceived to be very unattractive because of: too little patient contact; the stress involved in meeting the workload demands of multiple roles; and poor pay and rewards. Research limitations/implications – The research and policy review covers the devolved NHSS though similar trends have been noted elsewhere in the UK and internationally. The paper is of broader interest to those interested in the impact of managerial responsibility on healthcare professionals. Practical implications – The paper highlights the need for reform in the ward leadership role since it is pivotal in the operation of hospital services. Originality/value – Previous research has examined the role of nurses in managing healthcare services. The paper extends this retrospective work by exploring the perceptions and career intentions of the nurses and midwives serving under the current generation of nurse managers. © 2007, Emerald Group Publishing Limited

Wise, S, Smith, C, Valsecchi, R, Mueller, F & Gabe, J 2007, 'Controlling working time in the ward and on the line', Employee Relations, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 352-366.
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Purpose - The purpose of this article is to assess whether tele-nursing in Scotland (NHS24), when compared with traditional face-to-face nursing, facilitates greater employee control over working time and therefore a potentially better work-life balance. Design/methodology/approach - The article draws on evidence from two independent research projects; a survey of 64 ward nurses and midwives, which involved face-to-face interviews; and a field study of tele-nursing in a large site in Scotland, using interviews and observations of 15 nurse advisors or tele-nurses. Findings - Three elements of work organisation are central in shaping nurses' working hours and their control over the balance between their work and their home life: the management of working hours; the degree of mutual dependency of nurses within teams; and the nature of patient care. Research limitations/implications - The two pieces of research reported offer a strong basis for comparative study. However, the two projects were designed independently, though research questions overlapped and one researcher conducted the field work in both settings; there is an imbalance in the number of interviews conducted in each setting; and the nurse advisor interviewees are of the same clinical grade, whereas a variety of grades and clinical areas are represented among the hospital nurse interviewees. Originality/value - This is the first study of work-life balance amongst tele-nurses. The research demonstrates that call centre work has rationalised, depersonalised and yet enabled more "control" by nurses over their work-life balance, while paradoxically offering less autonomy in their task environment. In conventional work settings professional values make it difficult for nurses to disengage from the workplace. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Zapart, S, Kenny, PM, Hall, JP, Servis, B & Wiley, S 2007, 'Home-based palliative care in Sydney, Australia: the carer's perspective on the provision of informal care', Health & Social Care In The Community, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 97-107.
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The provision of home-based palliative care requires a substantial unpaid contribution from family and friends (i.e. informal care). The present cross-sectional descriptive study, conducted between September 2003 and April 2004, describes this contributi

Fiebig, DG, Haas, MR & Viney, RC 2007, 'Preferences for new and alternative cervical cancer screening technologies: Results from a discrete choice experiment with nested choices', Australian Conference of Health Economists, Brisbane.

Fiebig, DG, Hossain, I & Viney, RC 2007, 'Decisions About Pap Tests: What Influences Women And Providers', iHEA 6th World Congress on Health Economics, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Gallego, G. & Van Gool, K. 2007, 'Using the ethical framework of accountability for reasonableness to evaluate priority-setting decisions at the local level', Clinical Decisions, Ethical Challenges, Cairns.

Gallego, G., Van Gool, K. & Hall, J.P. 2007, 'Setting priorities at the local level: criteria, processes and considerations for success', 5th Health Services & Policy Research Conference, Auckland.

Goodall, S, King, MT, Ewing, JE & Smith, NF 2007, 'What support services do adolescents and young adults with a life threatening illness prefer? A discrete choice experiment of patients and their families', Australian Conference of Health Economists, Brisbane.

Hall, J.P., Louviere, J.J. & Kenny, P.M. 2007, 'Understanding the preferences of informal caregivers providing palliative care at home', iHEA 6th World Congress on Health Economics, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Hall, JP, Kenny, PM & Hossain, I 2007, 'The provision of informal care in terminal illness: an analysis of carersâ needs using a discrete choice experiment', Brisbane.

Kenny, P.M., Hall, J.P., Zapart, S., Davis, P. & Hossain, I. 2007, 'Informal care and home-based palliative care: the carersâ preferences for support', 5th Health Services & Policy Research Conference, Auckland.

King, MT, Chenoweth, L, Brodaty, H, Jeon, Y, Stein-Parbury, MJ, Haas, MR, Luscombe, G & Norman, R 2007, 'Can we improve well-being for people with dementia by providing person-centred nursing care?', 14th Annual Conference of the International Society for Quality of Life Research, International Society for Quality of Life Research, Toronto, Canada.
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To test the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the two models of nursing care, person-centred care (PCC) and Dementia Care Mapping (DCM), relative to usual care (UC), in improving well-being and quality of care and reducing agitation and other behavioural disturbances, for people with dementia in residential care facilities.

King, MT, Smith, DP, Hossain, I, Fowler, S, Viney, RC & Armstrong, B 2007, 'Men's preferences for treatment of early stage prostate cancer: Results from a discrete choice experiment.', BJU International 2007: 99 (Suppl 2)., Urological Society of Australia and New Zealand, Blackwell Publishing, Adelaide, pp. 3-4.

Mitchell, A & Viney, RC 2007, 'Learning from experience: revision of the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee Guidelines', iHEA 6th World Congress on Health Economics, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Norman, R, Cronin, PA, Viney, RC, King, MT, Street, D, Brazier, JE & Ratcliffe, J 2007, 'Issues in the valuation of health using multi-attribute utility measures; the EQ-5D', Australian Conference of Health Economists, Brisbane.

Tomkin, DF, Thomas, LE, Day, MB, Burke, PF, Franklin, J, Smith, G, Louviere, JJ & Street, D 2007, 'Solar Light for rooms without windows', Sustainable Innovation 07, Farnham, Surrey, UK.

Van Gool, K, Gallego, G, Haas, MR & Fisher, K 2007, 'Economic Evaluation of Early childhood intervention programs: How hard is it to make rational investments for the future?', 29th Australian Conference for Health Economists, Brisbane.

Van Gool, K, Vu, M, Savage, EJ, Haas, MR & Birch, S 2007, 'Equitable use of breast screening services in NSW: The role of income, age and locality', 29th Australian Conference for Health Economists, Brisbane.

Viney, RC, Savage, EJ, King, MT & Hossain, I 2007, 'Using choice experiments to estimate QALYs: An application to prostate cancer', iHEA 6th World Congress on Health Economics, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Viney, RC, Savage, EJ, King, MT & Hossain, I 2007, 'Using choice experiments to estimate QALYs: An application to prostate cancer', Australian Conference of Health Economists, Brisbane.

Vu, M, Van Gool, K, Savage, EJ, Haas, MR & Birch, S 2007, 'The role of income and locality in breast screening participation', 5th Health Services & Policy Research Conference, Auckland.

Duffield, CM, Roche, MA, O'Brien-Pallas, L, Diers, D, Aisbett, C, King, MT, Aisbett, K & Hall, JP Centre for Health Services Management, UTS 2007, Glueing it together: nurses, their work environment and patient safety., pp. 1-243, Sydney.

Goodall, S, Norman, R & Gallego, G CHERE 2007, Cost-effectiveness analysis of alternate strategies to address iodine deficiency in Australia, CHERE Project Report for the Department of Health and Ageing, Australian Government, pp. 1-99, Sydney.

Sansoni, J., Marosszeky, N., Jeon, Y., Chenoweth, L., Hawthorne, G., King, M.T., Budge, M., Zapart, S., Sansoni, E., Senior, K., Kenny, P.M. & Low, L. Centre for Health Service Development, University of Wollongong 2007, Dementia Outcomes Measurement Suite (DOMS) Project: Final Report, pp. 1-523, Wollongong, Australia.
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The purpose of this project is to develop a set of recommended measures/tools for routine use in the assessment, diagnosis, screening and outcomes monitoring of dementia conditions and the evaluation of treatments that are applicable for the Australian health care context. By developing a set of recommended measures it is hoped to standardise the assessment and evaluation procedures used in this field to enhance comparability of findings across research and practice settings. Put simply, we a trying to create a tool-kit of measures for clinicians and researchers to use with people with dementia, in order to assist with communication across the field. A related aim is to make recommendations concerning the clarification and standardization of the clinical terminology applicable in this field. To enhance comparisons between studies it is important that standardized approaches to diagnosis and patient classification be undertaken.

Bird, A, Norman, R & Goodall, S 2007, 'Economic Evaluation of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) in Non Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC), CHERE Working Paper 2007/6', CHERE Working Paper.

Fiebig, DG, Haas, MR, Hossain, I & Viney, RC 2007, 'Decisions about Pap tests: What influences women and providers?, CHERE Working Paper 2007/11', CHERE Working Paper.
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Despite the success internationally of cervical screening programs debate continues about optimal program design. This includes increasing participation rates among under-screened women, reducing unnecessary early re-screening, improving accuracy of and confidence in screening tests, and determining the cost-effectiveness of program parameters, such as type of screening test, screening interval and target group. For all these issues, information about consumer and provider preferences and insight into the potential impact of any change to program design on consumer and provider behaviour are essential inputs into evidence-based health policy decision making. This paper reports the results of discrete choice experiments to investigate womenâs choices and providersâ recommendations in relation to cervical screening in Australia. Separate experiments were conducted with women and general practitioners, with attributes selected to allow for investigation of interaction between womenâs and providersâ preferences and to determine how women and general practitioners differ in their preferences for common attributes. The results provide insight into the agency relationship in this context. Our results indicate a considerable commonality in preferences but the alignment was not complete. Women put relatively more weight on cost, chance of a false positive and if the recommended screening interval were changed to one year.

Haas, MR, Shanahan, M & Anderson, R 2007, 'Assessing the costs of organised health programs: The case of the National Cervical Screening Program, CHERE Working Paper 2007/2', CHERE Working Paper.

Haas, MR, Viney, RC & Zapart, S 2007, 'Patients' perceptions of the value of PET in diagnosis and management of non-small call lung cancer, CHERE Working Paper 2007/5', CHERE Working Paper.

Hall, J.P., Kenny, P.M. & Hossain, I. 2007, 'The provision of informal care in terminal illness: An analysis of carers' needs using a discrete choice experiment. CHERE Working paper 2007/12', CHERE Working Paper.

King, MT, Winstanley, J, Kenny, PM, Viney, RC, Zapart, S & Boyer, M 2007, 'Validity, reliability and responsiveness of the EORTC QLQ-C30 and the EORTC QLQ-LC13 in Australians with early stage non-small cell lung cancer, CHERE Working Paper 2007/13', CHERE Working Paper.

Norman, R, Cronin, PA, Viney, RC, King, MT, Street, D, Brazier, JE & Ratcliffe, J 2007, 'Valuing EQ-5D health states: A review and analysis, CHERE Working Paper 2007/9', CHERE Working Paper.

Ting, HJ, Martin, DK & Haas, MR 2007, 'A Markov model of Diabetic Retinopathy Progression for the Economic Evaluation of a novel DR prognostic device, CHERE Working Paper 2007/14', CHERE Working Paper.
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The initial diagnosis of Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is often in the advance stages of the condition, as patients are only promoted for an examination when sight has been affected. An innovative prognostic technique has recently been made available which can non-invasively detect the damaging effects of high blood glucose before the development of clinical symptoms. This innovation offers the opportunity to patients to make the necessary behavioural and medicinal modification to prevent further progress of the disease. This paper reports the development of a Markov model which emulates the natural progression of Diabetic Retinopathy based on data from clinical trials. The purpose of such a model is to estimate the chronic cost and health outcomes of DR, and it may be modified to reflect the potential changes in current practice or condition changes, hence allowing for an economic evaluation of the DR prognostic test. The implications and limitations of the model were also discussed in the paper.

Van Gool, K, Gallego, G, Haas, MR, Viney, RC, Hall, JP & Ward, R 2007, 'Incorporating economic evidence into cancer care: searching for the missing link, CHERE Working Paper 2007/3', CHERE Working Paper.

Van Gool, K, Haas, MR, Sainsbury, P & Gilbert, R 2007, 'When is an ounce of prevention worth a pound of cure? The case of cardiovascular disease, CHERE Working Paper 2007/1', CHERE Working Paper.

Vu, M, Van Gool, K, Savage, EJ, Haas, MR & Birch, S 2007, 'The use of breast screening services in NSW: Are we moving towards greater equity? [Draft - not for quotation or citation], CHERE Working Paper 2007/7', CHERE Working Paper.