Areerachakul, N, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH & Kandasamy, J 2007, 'Granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption-photocatalysis hybrid system in the removal of herbicide from water', SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 206-211.
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The performance of the granular activated carbon (GAC) fixed bed adsorption, the continuous photocatalysis systems and a combination of the two were studied to evaluate their capabilities in removing the herbicide of metsulfuron-methyl (MM) from waste wa
Bishop, MJ, Kelaher, BP, Alquezar, R, York, PH, Ralph, PJ & Skilbeck, CG 2007, 'Trophic cul-de-sac, Pyrazus ebeninus, limits trophic transfer through an estuarine detritus-based food web', OIKOS, vol. 116, no. 3, pp. 427-438.
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The importance to food-webs of trophic cul-de-sacs, species that channel energy flow away from higher trophic levels, is seldom considered outside of the pelagic systems in which they were first identified. On intertidal mudflats, inputs of detritus from saltmarshes, macroalgae or microphytobenthos are generally regarded as a major structuring force underpinning food-webs and there has been no consideration of trophic cul-de-sacs to date. A fully orthogonal three-factor experiment manipulating the density of the abundant gastropod, Pyrazus ebeninus, detritus and macrobenthic predators on a Sydney mudflat revealed large deleterious effects of the gastropod, irrespective of detrital loading or the presence of predators. Two months after experimental manipulation, the standing-stock of microphytobenthos in plots with high (44 per m2) densities of P. ebeninus was 20% less than in plots with low (4 per m2) densities. Increasing densities of P. ebeninus from low to high halved the abundance of macroinvertebrates and the average number of species. In contrast, the addition of detritus had differing effects on microphytobenthos (positively affected) and macroinvertebrates (negatively affected). Over the two-months of our experiment, no predatory mortality of P. ebeninus was observed and high densities of P. ebeninus decreased impacts of predators on macroinvertebrate abundances. Given that the dynamics of southeast Australian mudflats are driven more by disturbance than seasonality in predators and their interactions with prey, it is likely that Pyrazus would be similarly resistant to predation and have negative effects on benthic assemblages at other times of the year, outside of our study period. Thus, in reducing microphytobenthos and the abundance and species richness of macrofauna, high abundances of the detritivore P. ebeninus may severely limit the flow of energy up the food chain to commercially-important species. This study therefore suggests that trop...
Collier, CJ, Lavery, PS, Masini, RJ & Ralph, PJ 2007, 'Morphological, growth and meadow characteristics of the seagrass Posidonia sinuosa along a depth-related gradient of light availability', MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES, vol. 337, pp. 103-115.
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Morphological and growth characteristics of the meadow-forming seagrass Posidonia sinuosa (Cambridge et Kuo), were measured along a depth-related gradient of light to infer its response to long-term differences in light availability. Morphometric measurements were carried out at 6 depths between 1.6 and 9.0 m in summer and winter at Cockburn Sound and summer only at Warnbro Sound in south-western Australia. The minimum light requirement for P. sinuosa of 8.5 % sub-surface light was among the lower range reported for seagrasses. Its slow growth rate (0.5-1.5 mgdry shoot-1 d -1), relative to similarly sized species, may contribute to the low light requirements of this species. Shoot density, leaf area index and biomass showed pronounced and consistent differences among depths (up to 88-fold reduction of above-ground biomass from shallow to deep sites). At the deeper sites, the reduced shoot density probably reduces respiratory demand and alleviates self-shading. Morphological differences (leaf length, width and thickness and number of leaves per shoot) did not follow a clear and consistent trend with depth. Despite a 70 % reduction in light availability at the canopy level between the shallowest and deepest sites, leaf growth rate was unaffected by depth during summer, and in winter differed between only a few depths. We propose that the reduction in shoot density partially alleviates the effects of self-shading and permits comparable leaf growth rates across the depth range. These results suggest that for interpreting long-term responses to light availability, shoot density is the most sensitive of the morphological characteristics measured here. © Inter-Research 2007.
Doblin, MA, Coyne, KJ, Rinta-Kanto, JM, Wilhelm, SW & Dobbs, FC 2007, 'Dynamics and short-term survival of toxic cyanobacteria species in ballast water from NOBOB vessels transiting the Great Lakes - implications for HAB invasions', HARMFUL ALGAE, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 519-530.
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We measured the presence, viability and potential toxicity of cyanobacteria in ships' ballast tanks during three domestic voyages through the North American Great Lakes. Using molecular methods, the toxin-producing forms of Microcystis and Anabaena were monitored in ballast water after ships' ballast tanks were filled at their first port of call, and at subsequent ports as ships transited the Great Lakes. Microcystis weas detected in ballast water at intermidiate and final ports of call in all three experiemnts, but the presence of Anabaena was more variable, suggesting low abundance or patchy distribution in ballast tanks. Both species were detected in ballast water up to 11 days old. Detection of the mucrocystin synthetase gene, mcyE, in ballst tanks indicated entrained cells were capable of producing mycrocystin, and further analyses of RNA indicated the toxin was being expressed by Microcystis, even after 11 days in dark transit. These data demonstrate within-basin transport and delivery of planktonic harmful algal bllom (HAB) species to distant ports in the world's largest freshwater resevoir, with potential implications for drinking water quality. These implications are discussed with respect to management of microbial invasions and the fate of introduced phytoplankton in their receiving environment.
Drake, LA, Doblin, MA & Dobbs, FC 2007, 'Potential microbial bioinvasions via ships' ballast water, sediment, and biofilm', MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN, vol. 55, no. 7-9, pp. 333-341.
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A prominent vector of aquatic invasive species to coastal regions is the discharge of water, sediments and biofilm from ships' ballast-water tanks. During eight years of studying ships arriving to the lower Chesapeake Bay, we developed an undertsnading of th mechanisms by which invasive microorganisms might arrive to the region via ships. Within a given ship, habitats included ballast water, unpumpable water and sediment (collectively known as residuals) and biofilms formed on internal surfaces of ballast-water tanks. We sampled 69 vessels arriving from foreign and domestic ports, largely from Western Europe and Mediterranean region and the US East and Gulf coasts. All habitats contained bacteria and viruses. By extrapolating the measured concentration of a microbial metric to the estimated volume of ballast water, biofilm or residual sediment and water within an average vessel, we calculated the potential total number of microorganisms contained by each habitat, thus creating a hierarchy of risk of delivery. The estimated concentration of microorganisms was greatest in ballast water >> sediment and water residuals >> biofilms. From these results, it is clear microorganisms may be transported within ships ina varierty of ways. Using temperature tolerence as a measure of survivability and the temperature difference between ballst-water samples and the water into which the ballast water was discharged, we estimated 56% of microorganisms could survive in the lower Bay. Extrapolated delivery and survival of microorganisms to thePort of Hampton Roads in lower Chesapeake Bay shows on the order of 10 20 microorganisms are discharged annually into the region.
Dunphy, A, Beecham, S, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH, McLaughlan, R & Collins, A 2007, 'Development of a confined Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) system using engineered soils', WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 211-218.
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Innovative Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) systems are being investigated at three locations to the north and south of Sydney, Australia. These systems contain porous concrete pipes that are designed so that stormwater exfiltrates through the permeable walls of the pipes into the surrounding substrate media material. The porous pipes and media material treat the passing stormwater. The primary aim of the overall project is to develop a model to describe the treatment effectiveness of confined WSUD systems. This paper focuses on the system located at the Weathertex Industrial Site, Heatherbrae. Due to wood processing operations that occur at this site, it is recognised that the surface runoff will carry a heavy organics loading. Granulated Activated Carbon (GAC) is recognised for its ability to reduce the concentration of dissolved organics present in both wastewater and stormwater. GAC was therefore chosen as a filtration medium to be investigated at this site. To maximise the effectiveness of the GAC, extensive laboratory batch studies were undertaken prior to the field system being constructed to determine the optimum GAC/sand ratio. The purpose of the experimental work was to assess the dissolved organic removal potential through sorption of various concentrations of GAC. The aim of this paper is to describe these laboratory experiments and discuss how they related to the field system. Through these experiments it was determined that a sand/GAC ratio of 25:1 was ideal for the media material at the Heatherbrae site.
Fatahi, B, Indraratna, B & Khabbaz, H 2007, 'Soft soil improvement induced by tree root suction', Australian Geomechanics Journal, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 13-18.
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Bioengineering aspects of native vegetation are currently being evolved to improve soil stiffness, slope stabilisation, and erosion control. Tree roots provide three stabilising functions: (a) reinforcement of the soil, (b) dissipation of excess pore pressures and (c) establishing sufficient matric suction to increase the shear strength. The effects of vegetation on soil matric suction, shrinkage and ground settlement are discussed in this paper. A mathematical model for the rate of root water uptake that considers ground conditions, type of vegetation and climatic parameters has been developed. A conical shape is considered to represent the geometry of the tree root zone. Based on this proposed model, the distribution of the moisture and the matric suction profile adjacent to the tree are numerically analysed. Field measurements taken from literature published previously are compared with the authors' numerical model. The predicted results, calculated based on soil, plant, and atmospheric parameters contained in the numerical model, compared favourably with the measured results, justifying the assumptions upon which the model has been developed. The findings of this study indicate that due to significant changes in soil moisture content induced by tree roots, the shear strength of the soil will be enhanced. It is desirable to consider the influence zone of tree roots and the improved soil properties in modern geotechnical designs, benefiting from native vegetation.
Gatidou, G, Thomaidis, NS & Zhou, JL 2007, 'Fate of Irgarol 1051, diuron and their main metabolites in two UK marine systems after restrictions in antifouling paints', Environment International, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 70-77.
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Two major antifouling biocides used worldwide, Irgarol 1051 and diuron, and their degradation products in Shoreham Harbour and Brighton Marina, UK were studied during 2003-2004. The highest concentrations of Irgarol 1051 were 136 and 102 ng L- 1 in water and 40 and 49 ng g- 1 dry weight in sediments for Shoreham Harbour and Brighton Marina, respectively. As the degradation product of Irgarol 1051, M1 was also widespread, with the highest concentration of 59 ng L- 1 in water and 23 ng g- 1 in sediments in Shoreham Harbour, and 37 ng L- 1 in water and 5.6 ng g- 1 in sediments in Brighton Marina. The target compounds showed enhanced concentrations during the boating season (May-July), when boats were being re-painted (January-February), and where the density of pleasure crafts was high. Overall, the concentration of Irgarol 1051 decreased significantly from late 2000 to early 2004, indicating the effectiveness of controlling its concentrations in the marine environment following restricted use. Diuron was only detected in 14% of water samples, and mostly absent from sediment samples. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Guo, WS, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH & Xing, W 2007, 'Experimental investigation on acclimatized wastewater for membrane bioreactors', DESALINATION, vol. 207, no. 1-3, pp. 383-391.
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The inoculation and acclimatization of activated sludge (AS) is one of the vital components to provide preferably suspended aerobic growth and desired treatment mechanism for a treated wastewater using MBR. The performance of a floating media biofilter-s
Hill, R & Ralph, PJ 2007, 'Post-bleaching viability of expelled zooxanthellae from the scleractinian coral Pocillopora damicornis', MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES, vol. 352, pp. 137-144.
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Coral bleaching events have been linked to elevated seawater temperatures in combination with intense light and can be characterised by the loss of symbionts (zooxanthellae, genus Symbiodinium) from the host tissue, as well as a reduction in photosynthetic pigments in these zooxanthellae. The long-term (days) viability of expelled zooxanthellae in the water column from the scleractinian coral Pocillopora damicornis was explored in this study through measurements of photosynthetic health and morphological condition. After initial expulsion, zooxanthellae were found to be photosynthetically competent and structurally intact. However, within 6 to 12 h following this time, photosystem II photochemical efficiency dramatically declined in these cells and photosynthetic damage was gradually manifested in the loss of structural integrity of the cell. The time of expulsion during bleaching exposure, as well as ambient water temperature, greatly influenced survivorship. Expelled zooxanthellae were collected at 4 different time intervals (0-6, 6-12, 12-24 and 24-36 h) following the onset of exposure to bleaching conditions (32°C and 400 μmol photons m-2 s-1) and then maintained at 28, 30 or 32°C and 100 μmol photons m-2 s-1 for up to 96 h. Those cells expelled within the first 6 h of bleaching and held at 28°C (lagoon temperature) had the greatest longevity, although even in this treatment, long-term photosynthetic viability was restricted to 5 d in the water column. This suggests that unless expelled zooxanthellae inhabit other environments of coral reefs (such as sediments) which may be more favourable for survival, their capacity for persistence in the environment is extremely limited. © Inter-Research 2007.
Huang, Z, Calka, A & Liu, H 2007, 'Effects of milling conditions on hydrogen storage properties of graphite', Journal of Materials Science, vol. 42, no. 14, pp. 5437-5441.
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Huang, ZG, Guo, ZP, Calka, A, Wexler, D & Liu, HK 2007, 'Effects of carbon black, graphite and carbon nanotube additives on hydrogen storage properties of magnesium', Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 427, no. 1-2, pp. 94-100.
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Huang, ZG, Guo, ZP, Calka, A, Wexler, D & Liu, HK 2007, 'Improvement in hydrogen cycling properties of magnesium through added graphite', Materials Letters, vol. 61, no. 14-15, pp. 3163-3166.
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Huang, ZG, Guo, ZP, Calka, A, Wexler, D, Wu, J, Notten, PHL & Liu, HK 2007, 'Noticeable improvement in the desorption temperature from graphite in rehydrogenated MgH2/graphite composite', Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 447, no. 1-2, pp. 180-185.
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Indraratna, B, Raut, AK & Khabbaz, H 2007, 'Constriction-based retention criterion for granular filter design', JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL AND GEOENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, vol. 133, no. 3, pp. 266-276.
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The filter design criteria in practice are currently based on laboratory tests that were carried out on uniform base soil and filter materials. These criteria mostly involve specific particle size ratios, where the system of base soil and filter is represented by some characteristic particle sizes. Consequently, these criteria have limitations when applied to nonuniform materials. In filters, it is the constriction size rather than the particle size that affects filtration. In this paper, a mathematical procedure to determine the controlling constriction size is introduced, and subsequently, a constriction-based retention criterion for granular filters is presented. The model also incorporates the effect of nonuniformity of base soil in terms of its particle size distribution, considering the surface area of the particles. The proposed retention criterion is verified based on experimental data taken from past studies plus large-scale filtration tests carried out by the authors. The model successfully and distinctly demarcates the boundary between effective and ineffective filters in the case of cohensionless base soils. © 2007 ASCE.
Jahirul, MI, Saidur, R, Hasanuzzaman, M, Masjuki, HH & Kalam, MA 2007, 'A comparison of the air pollution of gasoline and CNG driven car for Malaysia', International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 130-138.
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In order for saving the constrained resources and preservation of environment, the natural gas is a proven low cost and low emission alternative fuel to petroleum fuels for all types of motor vehicles. It is being widely used throughout the globe. In Malaysia, still millions of vehicles are plying on use of petroleum fuels. These fuels release huge emissions to the environment. Definitely, this adversely affects the natural ecosystem. In this backdrop, a study is felt important to predict the trend of emissions of anti-body gases released by cars in Malaysia for use of liquid fuels and natural gas between 2006 and 2020. The growth of vehicles demand has been considered alongside. The study reveals that current emission levels of different anti-body gases are huge and these can be significantly reduced by converting liquid fuel based engine into the natural gas based engine.
Kannapiran, A, Chanan, AP, Singh, G, Tambosis, P, Jeyakumaran, JM & Kandasamy, JK 2007, 'An innovative model for sustainable cost effective management of stormwater drainage assets', Water Asset Management International, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 4-11.
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Stormwater drainage is one of the important infrastructures of any modern urban city. A well planned, operated and maintained stormwater system should drain stormwater runoff effectively during normal periods and during floods. However, with rapidly expanding cities, unanticipated problems from changinf land usage, system overloading, pollution and deteriorating environment cause problems to stormwater assets and contribute to its failure. These issues are more problematic in larger and older cities where replacement is costly. Kogarah Council, a local government authority in Sydney, Australia, is anticipated to face many of the challenges this problem poses as it manages the urban water cycle system in an integrated manner to protect, restore and enhance the stormwater assets. The council owns a significant part of these assets that were constructed back in the 1930s.
Khiadani, MH, Kandasamy, J & Beecham, S 2007, 'Velocity Distributions in Spatially Varied Flow with Increasing Discharge', Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, vol. 133, no. 7, pp. 721-735.
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The experimental study presented in this paper explores the distribution of the mean velocities for a channel receiving spatially varied (SV) inflow from directly above the centerline of the channel via sets of nozzles. The velocity components u, 1), and
Kim, S-H & Ngo, H-H 2007, 'Adsorption characteristics and pH-dependence of metsulfuron-methyl onto activated carbons', SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 42, no. 8, pp. 1731-1745.
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The adsorption characteristics of metsulfuron-methyl (MM) onto powdered activated carbon (PAC) and granular activated carbon (GAC) were studied at varying solution pHs (49) and temperatures (20408C). The dependence of pH was observed in aqueous solution with MM. The film mass transfer and intraparticle diffusion coefficients were estimated from concentration decay curves obtained in the batch adsorber. The maximum adsorption capacity decreased with increasing pH and temperature. Among the PAC used, the coconut based PAC had the best adsorption capacity. The adsorption isotherms could be plotted using the Freundlich and Toth models with a reasonable degree of accuracy. The overall adsorption isotherm such as the modified-Toth model should be applied. The performances of the fixed-bed GAC system was also simulated by a model developed. The objective of the present study was to investigate the adsorption and pH dependence behavior of MM onto PAC and GAC in order to diminish the environmental risk of MM pollution.
King, AJ, Readman, JW & Zhou, JL 2007, 'Behaviour of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in dissolved, colloidal, and particulate phases in sedimentary cores', International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 211-225.
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Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) has been successfully used for extracting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from porewater samples from the Mersey Estuary, UK. The majority of the PAHs in porewater samples are associated with colloids due to the high DOC concentrations. The truly dissolved PAH concentrations varied from 66 to 1050 ng L-1 in core 2 and from 95 to 740 ng L-1 in core 3, and were dominated by naphthalene, fluoranthene, and pyrene. Although absent in the dissolved phase, the high-molecular-mass compounds were found in the colloid-associated fraction of porewater. PAHs in sediments arose from a range of compounds with 4- and 5-ring PAHs dominating. The partitioning of PAHs between sediment and porewater shows that PAHs are enriched in the sediment phase. When the soot carbon content was considered, predictions of the partition behaviour were found to agree more closely with the observed distribution. The results reiterate the importance of evaluating the speciation of organic pollutants in both porewater and sediments in order to accurately predict their environmental fate and potential toxicity. © 2007 Taylor & Francis.
Mahlia, TMI, Taufiq, BN, Ismail & Masjuki, HH 2007, 'Correlation between thermal conductivity and the thickness of selected insulation materials for building wall', Energy and Buildings, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 182-187.
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Maskaoui, K, Hibberd, A & Zhou, JL 2007, 'Assessment of the Interaction between Aquatic Colloids and Pharmaceuticals Facilitated by Cross-Flow Ultrafiltration', Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 41, no. 23, pp. 8038-8043.
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Interactions between pharmaceuticals and aquatic colloids are a key process regulating their environmental fate, but poorly understood. A validated cross-flow ultrafiltration (CFUF) system was used to isolate river colloids and to determine the partition of selected pharmaceuticals between colloidal (>1 kDa but <0.7 μm) and dissolved phases (<1 kDa) by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). The kinetics of pharmaceutical binding to colloids was rapid, reaching equilibrium within 5 min. The mass balance of chosen pharmaceuticals through CFLUF system was satisfactory for propranolol, sulfamethoxazole, meberverine, carbamazepine, indomethacine, diclofenac, and meclofenamic acid. The partition coefficient normalized to colloidal organic carbon content (Kcoc) varied from 5.45 × 104 to 7.54 × 105 mL/g for the chosen pharmaceuticals, which are greater than those for endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), suggesting substantially stronger colloidal interactions with pharmaceuticals than with EDCs. Linear relationships were demonstrated between log-Kcoc and pharmaceutical properties such as log Kow (octanol-water partition coefficient), highlighting the importance of compound hydrophobicity in controlling their binding with colloids. Such a finding is in contrast to that for EDCs whose Kcoc values were independent of their Kow values. The CFUF-LC-MS technique has the potential to become a widely applicable tool for quantifying the distribution of emerging organic pollutants between nanoparticles and the dissolved phase. © 2007 American Chemical Society.
Maskaoui, K, Hu, Z, Zhou, J & Han, Y 2007, 'Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in main aquacultural areas in Guangdong, China', Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 166-173.
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The environmental quality status of Daya Bay (22.56-22.77°N, 114.51-114.73°E), a main aquaculture area in Guangdong of China, was investigated using 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) sediment samples of the bay. The total concentrations of 16 PAHs varied from 115 to 1 134 ng/g dry weight. The PAH composition pattern in sediments suggest dominance of 4-ring PAHs in Sites 2 and 4, and the ratio of certain related PAHs indicated important pyrolytic and petrogenic sources. The results enhance the understanding of current contamination levels and make a better assessment of likely impacts of organic contamination on ecosystems and the sustainability of local aquaculture in the area especially after the establishment of the Nuclear Power Station by the bay. © 2007 Science Press.
McMinn, A, Ryan, KG, Ralph, PJ & Pankowski, A 2007, 'Spring sea ice photosynthesis, primary productivity and biomass distribution in eastern Antarctica, 2002-2004', MARINE BIOLOGY, vol. 151, no. 3, pp. 985-995.
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While it is known that Antarctic sea ice biomass and productivity are highly variable over small spatial and temporal scales, there have been very few measurements from eastern Antarctic. Here we attempt to quantify the biomass and productivity and relate patterns of variability to sea ice latitude ice thickness and vertical distribution. Sea ice algal biomass in spring in 2002, 2003 and 2004 was low, in the range 0.01-8.41 mg Chl a m-2, with a mean and standard deviation of 2.08 ± 1.74 mg Chl a m-2 (n = 199). An increased concentration of algae at the bottom of the ice was most pronounced in thicker ice. There was little evidence to suggest that there was a gradient of biomass distribution with latitude. Maximum in situ production in 2002 was approximately 2.6 mg C m-2 h-1 with assimilation numbers of 0.73 mg C (mg Chl a)-1 h-1. Assimilation numbers determined by the 14C incubations in 2002 varied between 0.031 and 0.457 mg C (mg Chl a)-1 h-1. Maximum fluorescence quantum yields of the incubated ice samples in 2002 were 0.470 ± 0.041 with Ek indices between 19 and 44 μmol photons m-2 s-1. These findings are consistent with the shade-adapted character of ice algal communities. In 2004 maximum in situ production was 5.9 mg C m-2 h-1 with an assimilation number of 5.4 mg C (mg Chl a)-1 h-1. Sea ice biomass increased with ice thickness but showed no correlation with latitude or the time the ice was collected. Forty-four percent of the biomass was located in bottom communities and these were more commonly found in thicker ice. Surface communities were uncommon. © 2006 Springer-Verlag.
Memon, LA, Mahlia, TMI & Masjuki, HH 2007, 'A Review on Fuel Economy Standards and Labels for Motor Vehicles: Implementation Possibility in Pakistan', Journal of Applied Sciences, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 626-632.
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This research investigates the possibilities of potential savings and reduction in Green House Gas (GHG) emissions caused by road transport in general and private cars in particular. Private cars use a large share of the transport fuel, thus these are the major and ever increasing contributor to the GHG emissions. An extensive review of international experiences on fuel economy standards and labels, in order to encounter the problem, is carried. The possibilities of the implementation of fuel economy standards and labels for motor vehicles in Pakistan are examined. Based on the studies carried out in developed countries, results have shown that the implementation of fuel economy standards and labels for motor vehicles in developing countries like Pakistan would be beneficial for the society, government as well as environment. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.
Nghiem, LD & Hawkes, S 2007, 'Effects of membrane fouling on the nanofiltration of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs): Mechanisms and role of membrane pore size', Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 176-184.
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Ni, B-J & Yu, H-Q 2007, 'A new kinetic approach to microbial storage process', Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 76, no. 6, pp. 1431-1438.
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Ni, B-J & Yu, H-Q 2007, 'Model-based analysis on growth of activated sludge in a sequencing batch reactor', Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 723-731.
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Ralph, PJ, Durako, MJ, Enriquez, S, Collier, CJ & Doblin, MA 2007, 'Impact of light limitation on seagrasses', JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY, vol. 350, no. 1-2, pp. 176-193.
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Seagrass distribution is controlled by light availability, especially at the deepest edge of the meadow. Light attenuation due to both natural and anthropogenically-driven processes leads to reduced photosynthesis. Adaptation allows seagrasses to exist under these sub-optimal conditions. Understanding the minimum quantum requirements for growth (MQR) is revealed when light conditions are insufficient to maintain a positive carbon balance, leading to a decline in seagrass growth and distribution. Respiratory demands of photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic tissues strongly influence the carbon balance, as do resource allocations between above- and below-ground biomass. Seagrass light acclimation occurs on varying temporal scales, as well as across spatial scales, from the position along a single leaf blade to within the canopy and finally across the meadow. Leaf absorptance is regulated by factors such as pigment content, morphology and physical properties. Chlorophyll content and morphological characteristics of leaves such as leaf thickness change at the deepest edge. We present a series of conceptual models describing the factors driving the light climate and seagrass responses under current and future conditions, with special attention on the deepest edge of the meadow. Crown Copyright © 2007.
Ralph, PJ, Larkum, AWD & Kuehl, M 2007, 'Photobiology of endolithic microorganisms in living coral skeletons: 1. Pigmentation, spectral reflectance and variable chlorophyll fluorescence analysis of endoliths in the massive corals Cyphastrea serailia, Porites lutea and Goniastrea australensis', MARINE BIOLOGY, vol. 152, no. 2, pp. 395-404.
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We used microscopy, reflectance spectroscopy, pigment analysis, and photosynthesis-irradiance curves measured with variable fluorescence techniques to characterise the endolithic communities of phototrophic microorganisms in the skeleton of three massive
Ralph, PJ, Ryan, KG, Martin, A & Fenton, G 2007, 'Melting out of sea ice causes greater photosynthetic stress in algae than freezing in', JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 948-956.
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Sea ice is the dominant feature of polar oceans and contains significant quantities of microalgae. When sea ice forms and melts, the microalgal cells within the ice matrix are exposed to altered salinity and irradiance conditions, and subsequently, their photosynthetic apparatuses become stressed. To simulate the effect of ice formation and melting, samples of sea-ice algae from Cape Hallett (Antarctica) were exposed to altered salinity conditions and incubated under different levels of irradiance. The physiological condition of their photosynthetic apparatuses was monitored using fast and slow fluorescence-induction kinetics. Sea-ice algae exhibited the least photosynthetic stress when maintained in 35‰ and 51‰ salinity, whereas 16, 21, and 65‰ treatments resulted in significant photosynthetic stress. The greatest photosynthetic impact appeared on PSII, resulting in substantial closure of PSII reaction centers when exposed to extreme salinity treatments. Salinity stress to sea-ice algae was light dependent, such that incubated samples only suffered photosynthetic damage when irradiance was applied. Analysis of fast-induction curves showed reductions in J, I, and P transients (or steps) associated with combined salinity and irradiance stress. This stress manifests itself in the limited capacity for the reduction of the primary electron receptor, QA, and the plastoquinone pool, which ultimately inhibited effective quantum yield of PSII and electron transport rate. These results suggest that sea-ice algae undergo greater photosynthetic stress during the process of melting into the hyposaline meltwater lens at the ice edge during summer than do microalgae cells during their incorporation into the ice matrix during the process of freezing. © 2007 Phycological Society of America.
Ralph, PJ, Smith, RA, Macinnis-Ng, CMO & Seery, CR 2007, 'Use of fluorescence-based ecotoxicological bioassays in monitoring toxicants and pollution in aquatic systems: Review', Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, vol. 89, no. 4, pp. 589-607.
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Chlorophyll a fluorescence has the potential to become a valuable ecotoxicological endpoint, which could be used with a range of aquatic phototrophs. Chlorophyll a fluorescence bioassays have been applied in the assessment of heavy metals, herbicides, petrochemicals and nutrients. The strengths of this endpoint are that it is rapid, non-invasive and non-destructive, while the major weakness is the lack of clear ecological relevance. We provide an overview of chlorophyll a fluorescence applications in ecotoxicology. We reviewed test conditions, parameters and protocols used to date and found standardised protocols to be lacking. The most favoured fluorescence parameters were maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) and effective quantum yield (ΦPSII); microalgae were the most widely used tested organism, herbicides the most commonly tested toxicant, while most studies lacked a summary statistic (such as EC50). We recommend that future research in aquatic chlorophyll a fluorescence ecotoxicology focus on standardisation of test protocols and statistical techniques. © 2007 Taylor & Francis.
Shon, H, Vigneswaran, S, Kim, JH & Ngo, H 2007, 'Application of a Photocatalysis System to Wastewater: A Detailed Organic Removal of different fractions', Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, vol. 172, pp. 559-560.
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A removal of detailed organic matter by photocatalysis was investigated in terms of molecular weight (MW) distribution and fraction (hydrophobic (HP), transphilic (TP) and hydrophilic (HL)). The photooxidation with TiO, removed the majority of MW (263 daltons, 580, 865, and 43109). Effluent organic matter (EfOM) removal in wastewater was high (80%) for HP and TP components. EfOM removal from the HL fraction was however minimum, suggesting that the HL fraction may be the fraction of low activity in photocatalytic degradation. Thus, the HL fraction has to be removed from BTSE in the application of photocatalysis for the purpose of wastewater reuse
Shon, HK, Smith, PJ, Vigneswaran, S & Ngo, HH 2007, 'Effect of a hydrodynamic cleaning of a cross-flow membrane system with a novel automated approach', DESALINATION, vol. 202, no. 1-3, pp. 351-360.
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The effect of different hydraulic cleaning methods was investigated in terms of flux decline and resistance using the cross-flow UF unit. The use of varied production intervals, varied ratios of periodic relaxation and the use of a periodic high-rate cro
Shon, HK, Vigneswaran, S, Kim, IS, Cho, J, Kim, GJ, Kim, JB & Kim, J-H 2007, 'Preparation of titanium dioxide (TiO2) from sludge produced by titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) flocculation of wastewater', ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 1372-1377.
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Sludge disposal is one of the most costly and environmentally problematic challenges of modern wastewater treatment worldwide. In this study, a new process was developed, which has a significant potential for lower cost of waste disposal, protection of the environment and public health, and yield of economically useful byproducts. Titanium oxide (TiO2), which is the most widely used metal oxide, was produced from the wastewater sludge generated by the flocculation of secondary wastewater with titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4). Detailed analyses were conducted to compare TiCl 4, ferric chloride (FeCl3), and aluminum sulfate (Al 2(SO4)3) flocculation. Removal of organic matter and different molecular sizes by Ti-salt flocculation was similar to that of the most widely used Fe- and Al-salt flocculation. The mean size of Ti-, Fe-, and Al-salt flocs was 47.5, 42.5, and 16.9 μm, respectively. The decantability of the settled flocs by TiCl4 coagulant was similar to that by FeCl3 coagulant and much higher than that of Al 2(SO4)3. The photocatalyst from wastewater (PFW) produced by TiCl4 flocculation was characterized by X-ray diffraction, BET surface area, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray, transmission electron microscopy, photocatalytic activity, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The resulting PFW was found to be superior to commercial TiO2 (P-25) in terms of photocatalytic activity and surface area. The PFW was also found to be mainly doped with C and P atoms. The atomic percentage of the PFW was TiO1.42C0.44P 0.14. © 2007 American Chemical Society.
Shon, HK, Vigneswaran, S, Kim, J-H & Ngo, HH 2007, 'Application of hybrid photocatalysis systems coupled with flocculation and adsorption to biologically treated sewage effluent for organic removal', KOREAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 618-623.
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The application of a photocatalysis hybrid system coupled with flocculation and adsorption in treating biologically treated sewage effluent (BTSE) was investigated. The removal of organic matter was studied in terms of dissolved organic matter (DOC), removal of hydrophobic (HP), transphilic (TP) and hydrophilic (HL) fractions, and molecular weight (MW) distribution. The photooxidation removed the majority of MW (263, 580, 865, and 43109 daltons) within the first 30 minutes of operation. The removal of MW range of organic matter of 330 daltons was low. DOC removal of HP and TP was high (80%). DOC removal from HL fraction was, however, minimum. The photocatalytic system with simultaneous PAC adsorption and FeCl3 flocculation removed the effluent organic matter (EfOM) up to 90%. Therefore, photocatalysis with the ferric chloride (FeCl3) flocculation and PAC adsorption hybrid system can be a possible option in the removal of DOC from BTSE for water reuse. © 2007 Springer.
Shon, HK, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH, Kim, J-H & Kandasamy, J 2007, 'Effect of flocculation as a pretreatment to photocatalysis in the removal of organic matter from wastewater', SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 388-391.
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Effects of different flocculants (chloride-based salts and ferric and ferrous salts) and initial organic concentration of wastewater on flocculation-photocatalysis hybrid process were investigated. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) adsorption alone, flocculation a
Taufiq, BN, Masjuki, HH, Mahlia, TMI, Saidur, R, Faizul, MS & Niza Mohamad, E 2007, 'Second law analysis for optimal thermal design of radial fin geometry by convection', Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 27, no. 8-9, pp. 1363-1370.
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Tijing, LD, Pak, BC, Baek, BJ, Lee, DH & Cho, YI 2007, 'An experimental study on the bulk precipitation mechanism of physical water treatment for the mitigation of mineral fouling', International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 673-681.
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Ulstrup, KE, van Oppen, MJH, Kuehl, M & Ralph, PJ 2007, 'Inter-polyp genetic and physiological characterisation of Symbiodinium in an Acropora valida colony', MARINE BIOLOGY, vol. 153, no. 2, pp. 225-234.
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Corals harbouring genetically mixed communities of endosymbiotic algae (Symbiodinium) often show distribution patterns in accordance with differences in light climate across an individual colony. However, the physiology of these genetically characterised communities is not well understood. Single stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analyses were used to examine the genetic diversity of the Symbiodinium community in hospite across an individual colony of Acropora valida at the spatial scale of single polyps. The physiological characteristics of the polyps were examined prior to sampling with a combined O2 microelectrode with a fibre-optic microprobe (combined sensor diameter 50-100 μm) enabling simultaneous measurements of O2 concentration, gross photosynthesis rate and photosystem II (PSII) quantum yield at the coral surface as a function of increasing irradiances. Both sun- and shade-adapted polyps were found to harbour either Symbiodinium clade C types alone or clades A and C simultaneously. Polyps were grouped in two categories according to (1) their orientation towardps light, or (2) their symbiont community composition. Physiological differences were not detected between sun- and shade-adapted polyps, but O2 concentration at 1,100 μmol photons m-2 s-1 was higher in polyps that harboured both clades A and C symbionts than in polyps that harboured clade C only. These results suggest that the acclimatisation of zooxanthellae of individual polyps of an A. valida colony to ambient light levels may not be the only determinant of the photosynthetic capacity of zooxanthellae. Here, we found that photosynthetic capacity is also likely to have a strong genetic basis and differs between genetically distinct Symbiodinium types.
Vigneswaran, S 2007, 'Organic matter in water and wastewater: Constituents and analysis', Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 3-5.
Vigneswaran, S, Guo, WS, Smith, P & Ngo, HH 2007, 'Submerged membrane adsorption hybrid system (SMAHS): process control and optimization of operating parameters', DESALINATION, vol. 202, no. 1-3, pp. 392-399.
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This study is to investigate the effect of operating parameters of submerged membrane adsorption hybrid system (SMAHS) such as preadsorption and powdered activated carbon requirement, aeration, filtration flux; There is an optimum value for each of the o
Vigneswaran, S, Shon, HK, Kandasamy, J & Shim, WG 2007, 'Performance of granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption and Biofiltration in the treatment of biologically treated sewage effluent', SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 42, no. 14, pp. 3101-3116.
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In this study, the performance of GAC adsorption and biofiltration systems in treating biological treated sewage effluent (BTSE) was evaluated in terms of organic removal efficiency, organic fractions, and molecular weight distribution (MW) of organic matter (OM) removed. The GAC biofilter removed 23.5% and 61% of the hydrophobic fractions and hydrophilic fractions of OM in the BTSE respectively. MW distribution studies of GAC filter and GAC adsorption revealed the following: Hydrophobic fraction of the effluent showed a peak at 345 dalton after GAC biofiltration and 256 dalton after GAC adsorption, whereas, with hydrophilic fractions, peaks at 46,178 and 345 daltons were observed after GAC biofiltration and peaks at 46,178 and 256 daltons after GAC adsorption. Transphilic fraction showed the peaks at 12,783 dalton with GAC biofiltration, and 1,463 dalton with GAC adsorption. The performance of the GAC biofilter was successfully mathematically modelled.
Zhang, R, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, H & Nguyen, H 2007, 'A submerged membrane hybrid system coupled with magnetic ion exchange (MIEX®) and flocculation in wastewater treatment', Desalination, vol. 216, no. 1-3, pp. 325-333.
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Wastewater treated by conventional secondary and tertiary processes cannot be reused directly without further treatment. The membrane process can achieve a high quality effluent, but membrane fouling caused by organic matter affects membrane performance and operating cost. MIEX® resin can effectively remove the majority of small MW dissolved organic in wastewater (345-688 Dalton). Flocculation with an optimum dose of ferric chloride (24 mg/L as Fe) gave a higher removal of DOC, especially for removing the middle range of MW organics in wastewater (688-1421 Dalton). MIEX® and flocculation followed by submerged membrane system led to a very high DOC removal of more than 90-95% UVabs. This membrane hybrid system could maintain a transmembrane pressure of less than 8 kPa even after 8 h of operation thus reducing membrane fouling. © 2007.
Zhang, Y, Zhou, JL & Ning, B 2007, 'Photodegradation of estrone and 17β-estradiol in water', Water Research, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 19-26.
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The TiO2-assisted photodegradation of two natural female hormones, estrone (E1) and 17β-estradiol (E2), was investigated in two UV-photo-reactors, followed by solid-phase extraction and analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The degradation of E1 and E2 in both reactors followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics. In reactor 1 (150 W), 97% of compounds were degraded within 4 h of irradiation. Even more rapid degradation was observed in reactor 2 (15 W) where 98% of both compounds disappeared within 1 h, due to the shorter wavelength of UV-light in reactor 2 (fixed at 253 nm) than reactor 1 (238-579 nm). The influences of different initial chemical concentrations, pH value, the presence of dissolved organic matter and hydrogen dioxide, and the catalyst concentration on the degradation rate of E1 and E2 in aqueous solutions were investigated. The results show that the extent of photo-induced degradation of E1 and E2 strongly depends on the water constituents in solution. The degradation rate was increased when pH value was increased from 2 to 7.6, beyond which the degradation rate started to decrease. The presence of humic acid enhanced the degradation of E1 and E2 in both reactors as a result of photosensitisation effect of humic acid chromophore. The degradation rate increased with an increase in H2O2 concentration. The degradation rate was also enhanced by increasing catalyst concentration up to 2 g/l. The findings therefore suggest that photocatalysis can be a very effective method of rapidly removing certain EDCs from water. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Zhang, ZL & Zhou, JL 2007, 'Simultaneous determination of various pharmaceutical compounds in water by solid-phase extraction–liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry', Journal of Chromatography A, vol. 1154, no. 1-2, pp. 205-213.
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A solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS-MS) method was developed and validated for simultaneous analysis of 11 pharmaceutical residues (propranolol, sulfamethoxazole, meberverine, thioridazine, carbamazepine, tamoxifen, mecoprop, indomethacine, diclofenac, meclofenamic acid and monensin) in environmental water samples. The collision energy chosen for the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) experiment was optimised. A number of parameters that may affect the recovery of the pharmaceuticals, such as the type of SPE cartridges, eluents, as well as water properties including pH value, salinity and concentration of colloid and surfactant were investigated. It is shown that the Oasis HLB SPE cartridge produced the best recoveries of the target pharmaceuticals while methanol was efficient in eluting pharmaceuticals from SPE cartridges. The recovery of some target compounds was enhanced with increasing salinity, but reduced by increasing pH value, and unaffected by surfactant concentration (0-10 μg/l). The recovery of most compounds was slightly increased by the presence of colloids (0-10 mg/l), which however caused a reduction in recovery for sulfamethoxazole and meberverine. The optimised method was further verified by performing spiking experiments in river water and seawater matrices, with good recovery and reproducibility for all except two compounds. The established method was successfully applied to environmental water samples from East Sussex, UK, for the determination of the target pharmaceuticals. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Zhou, JL, Liu, R, Wilding, A & Hibberd, A 2007, 'Sorption of Selected Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals to Different Aquatic Colloids', Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 206-213.
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The sorption of seven endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) to aquatic colloids was determined by cross-flow ultrafiltration (CFUF) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results show that the colloidal organic carbon normalized sorption coefficient (Kcoc) of EDCs to different aquatic colloids varies by a factor of 6-12 because such colloids are of different origin. Through characterization of colloidal samples, a significant relationship was established between Kcoc values and the molar extinction coefficient of colloids at 280 nm, whereas no other colloidal properties such as elemental ratios were correlated with Kcoc values. The results are consistent with other reports of the importance of the quality of sorbents such as their aromatic carbon content in sorbing various organic pollutants. The presence of a surfactant was found to increase Kcoc values for estrone (E1) and 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2). The method was subsequently applied for determining EDC concentrations in field samples, where both conventional and truly dissolved EDCs showed higher concentrations close to sewage outfalls than either upstream or downstream, confirming the source-concentration relationship. In addition, the truly dissolved EDC concentrations were lower than the conventional dissolved concentrations, confirming that there were interactions between aquatic colloids and EDCs. It is estimated that between 10 and 29% of EDCs are associated with aquatic colloids. As colloids are highly abundant in rivers and ocean, they will therefore play a significant role in the environmental behavior and fate of EDCs. © 2007 American Chemical Society.
Dempsey, T, Ngo, H, Palmer, CG & Guo, W 1970, 'Application of Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) to a Typical Nursery Industry in Australia', Proceedings of International Conference on Cleaner Technologies and Environmental Management, International Conference on Cleaner Technologies and Environmental Management, Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd., India, pp. 15-20.
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Fatahi, B, Indraratna, B & Khabbaz, H 1970, 'Analysing Soft Ground Improvement Caused by Tree Root Suction', Advances in Measurement and Modeling of Soil Behavior, Geo-Denver 2007, American Society of Civil Engineers, Denver, Colorado, USA, pp. 6-10.
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Bioengineering aspects of native vegetation are currently being evolved to improve soil stiffness, slope stabilisation, and erosion control. Vegetation contributes to weak soil stabilisation through reinforcement of the soil, dissipation of excess pore pressures, and increasing the shear strength by induced matric suction. This paper looks at the way that vegetation influences soil matric suction, shrinkage, and ground settlement. A theoretical model previously developed by the authors for the rate of tree root water uptake together with an associated numerical simulation is used in this study. A conical shape is considered to represent the geometry of the tree root zone. Based on this proposed model, the distribution of moisture and the matric suction profile adjacent to the tree are numerically analysed. Field measurements taken from previously published literature are compared with numerical predictions for further validation. The predicted results compared favourably with the measured results, justifying the assumptions upon which the model was developed. It is desirable to consider the influence zone of tree roots and the improved soil properties in modern geotechnical designs, benefiting from native vegetation. Copyright ASCE 2007.
Fatahi, B, Indraratna, B & Khabbaz, H 1970, 'Enhanced numerical analysis of ground behaviour influenced by tree root suction', Common Ground: Proceedings of the 10th Australia and New Zealand Conference on Geomechanics, Australia New Zealand Geomechanics conference, Coffey Geotechnics, Brisbane, Australia, pp. 142-147.
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Tree roots provide three stabilising functions: (a) reinforcement of the soil, (b) dissipation of excess pore pressures, (c) establishing sufficient matric suction to increase the shear strength. This paper looks at the way that vegetation influences soil moisture content distribution, and ground settlement. A theoretical model previously developed by the authors for the rate of tree root water uptake together with an associated numerical simulation is used in this study. Field measurements taken from literature published previously are compared with the authors' numerical model. The predicted results obtained from the numerical analysis, compared favourably with the field measurements, justifying the assumptions upon which the model was developed.
Kalam, MA, Masjuki, HH, Haseeb, ASMA, Redzuan, MA & Syazly, M 1970, 'Friction and wear characteristics of biodiesel contaminated lubricants', Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers - 62nd Annual Meeting of the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers 2007, pp. 1001-1003.
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Three samples were explicitly prepared as Sample A - normal lubricant SAE4O grade, Sample B - consists of SAE4O grade with 0.5% additive (Amine phosphate), and Sample C - consists of SAE4O grade with 0.5% additive (octylated/butylated diphenylamine). Each of the samples was contaminated with biodiesel from 1 to 5% and evaluated as a biodegradable lubricant to be used for biodiesel fuelled engines. Based on four ball testing, palm oil diesel based lubricant showed promising result as compared to conventional lubricant. For sample C, coefficient of friction (COF) increased from 0.8 to 0.24 with the increase of load from 50 to 90 kg. However, the samples A and B showed lower COF throughout the load range. The additive (0.5% octylated/butylated diphenylamine) had an adverse effect on COF. Increasing percentage of POD did not have much affect on COF as all the samples showed almost constant level of COF in their individual trend. Thus, palm oil diesel could be used as additive in the developing of new biodegradable lubricant. The sample C showed some fluctuation of COF as compared to samples A and B. This is an abstract of a paper presented at the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers - 62nd Annual Meeting of the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers 2007 (Philadelphia, PA 5/6-10/2007).
Kandasamy, JK & Vigneswaran, S 1970, 'Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater and Stormwater Management', Current Issues on Wetland Conservation in Asia: In View of the Upcoming COP10, International Symposium on Regional Wetlands Issues In Asia, Daewoong, Bugok, South Korea, pp. 60-70.
Kannapiran, A, Jeyakumaran, JM, Chanan, AP, Kandasamy, JK, Singh, G, Tambosis, P & Al-Jumaily, A 1970, 'Asset Management of Stormwater System using Fuzzy Logic', The Eighth International Conference on Intelligent Technologies (InTech-07), International Conference on Intelligent Technologies, University of Technology, Sydney, Sydney, Australia, pp. 182-188.
Kim, S, Nguyen, V, Vigneswaran, S & Ngo, H 1970, 'Adsorption Equilibrium, Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Iron-coated Sponge (IOCSp) for Removal of As (III)', Proceedings of International Conference on Cleaner Technologies and Environmental Management (ICCTEM 200), International Conference on Cleaner Technologies and Environmental Management, Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd., India, pp. 44-50.
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Ngo, H, Guo, W, Vigneswaran, S & Xing, W 1970, 'Potential of submerged membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment and reuse', Proceedings of International Conference on Cleaner Technologies and Environmental Management, International Conference on Cleaner Technologies and Environmental Management, Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd., India, pp. 800-805.
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The use of membrane bioreaetor (MBR) has been an increasing issue in replacing the conventional water and wastewater treatment processes to produce high quality treated water. In MBR systems design,the submergedmembranebioreactor (SMBR)can assist in significantlyreducingpower consumptionas the entire treatment activity (such as adsorption/biodegradation,liquid-solid separation, andsludgeaccumulationandwithdrawal)canbe carriedout in a singleunit. In this study, the performance of conventional 5MBR and non-eonventional submerged membrane adsorption bioreactor (SMABR) was evaluated in terms of organic and bacterial removal efficiencies,biomassgrowthvia specificoxygen uptake rate (SOUR) and mixed liquor suspendedsolids (MLSS), and membrane fouling through the development of transmembrane pressure (TMP) and sustainableflux.Theresults indicatethat both ofSMBRand5MBARproducedvery high effiuentquality. However,SMABRappeared to have a better performance as it achieved nearly 100%ofTOC andCOD removalswhile having lowerTMPdevelopment and higher SOUR,The MLSSkept constant (around 10 gIL) after 10 days operation in 5MBAR compared to about 4 gILofMLSS in 5MBR case. In order 10 enhancethe sustainableflux, an idea ofadding a predeterminedamountof spongeinto 5MBRreactor was proposedand tested, The results show that 10% of volume fraction of sponge addition could increase 2 folds of sustainablefluxofSMBRsystemat an air flow rate of9 L/min.
Petrou, K, Shelly, K, Hassler, CS, Schoemann, V, Doblin, MA & Ralph, PJ 1970, 'Ocean productivity in a changing world: Iron-limitation of Southern Ocean phytoplankton and implication for Antarctic meltwater productivity', Australia.
Tijing, LD, Pak, BC, Baek, BJ, Lee, DH & Cho, YI 1970, 'USING LOW-VOLTAGE-HIGH-FREQUENCY ELECTRIC FIELD TO MITIGATE MINERAL FOULING IN A HEAT EXCHANGER', 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회, pp. 1683-1688.
Zhang, Z & Zhou, JL 1970, 'ENVR 50-Determination of estrogenic and pharmaceutical chemicals in sewage effluent and receiving river water by spot and passive sampling', ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, AMER CHEMICAL SOC.
Zhou, JL, Maskaoui, K & Hibberd, A 1970, 'ENVR 197-Colloid-facilitated transport of pharmaceuticals in wastewater and natural waters', ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, AMER CHEMICAL SOC.
