Publications

Al-Zubi, MM 2010, SMART MICROCONTROLLERS, 2, Dar Al Tatbeekeya for Publishing & Distribution, Jordan.

Ling, SS 2010, Genetic Algorithm and Variable Feed-Forward Neural Networks: Theory and Application, 1, Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany.
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This thesis focuses on the real-coded genetic algorithm and different topologies of feedforward neural networks. Results in the following areas will be reported: (1) a real-coded genetic algorithm with new crossover and mutation operations, and its applications; (2) three different topologies of variable feed-forward neural networks, and their applications to shortterm electric load forecasting in Hong Kong and hand~written graffiti recognition.

Al-Ani, A & Atiya, A 2010, 'Pattern Classification using a Penalised Likelihood Method' in Schwenker, F & El Gayar, N (eds), Artificial Neural Networks in Pattern Recognition. Fourth IAPR TC3 Workshop., Springer, Germany, pp. 1-12.
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Penalized likelihood is a well-known theoretically justified approach that has recently attracted attention by the machine learning society. The objective function of the Penalized likelihood consists of the log likelihood of the data minus some term penalizing non-smooth solutions. Subsequently, maximizing this objective function would lead to some sort of trade-off between the faithfulness and the smoothness of the fit. There has been a lot of research to utilize penalized likelihood in regression, however, it is still to be thoroughly investigated in the pattern classification domain. We propose to use a penalty term based on the Knearest neighbors and an iterative approach to estimate the posterior probabilities. In addition, instead of fixing the value of K for all pattern, we developed a variable K approach, where the number of neighbors can vary from one sample to another. The chosen value of K for a given testing sample is influenced by the K values of its surrounding training samples as well as the most successful K value of all training samples. Comparison with a number of well-known classification methods proved the potential of the proposed method.

Khushaba, RN, Al-Ani, A & Al-Jumaily, A 2010, 'Swarm based Fuzzy Discriminant Analysis for Multifunction Prosthesis Control' in Goebel, R, Siekmann, JR, WolfgangWahlster, Schwenker, F & Gayar, NE (eds), Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 5998 - Artificial Neural Networks in Pattern Recognition, Springer, Germany, pp. 197-206.
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In order to interface the amputeeâs with the real world, the myoelectric signal (MES) from human muscles is usually utilized within a pattern recognition scheme as an input to the controller of a prosthetic device. Since the MES is recorded using multi channels, the feature vector size can become very large. In order to reduce the computational cost and enhance the generalization capability of the classifier, a dimensionality reduction method is needed to identify an informative moderate size feature set. This paper proposes a new fuzzy version of the well known Fisherâs Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) feature projection technique. Furthermore, based on the fact that certain muscles might contribute more to the discrimination process, a novel feature weighting scheme is also presented by employing Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for the weights calculation. The new method, called PSOFLDA, is tested on real MES datasets and compared with other techniques to prove its superiority.

Nguyen, TV & Eisman, JA 2010, 'Individualized Prognosis of Fracture in Men' in Osteoporosis in Men, pp. 361-373.
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Osteoporosis and its consequence of fracture in men are increasingly recognized as a major men's health issue with public health significance. Among those aged 60 years or above, approximately one-third of all fractures in the general population occur in men. Men with an initial fracture are at increased risk of subsequent fracture. Although the risk of an initial fracture in men is lower than that in women, the absolute risk of subsequent fracture in men is comparable to that in women. It is well known that men with a fracture have a greater risk of premature mortality than women. For instance, the relative risk of one-year mortality in men with a hip fracture was 4.2, which was higher than that in women (relative risk 3.3) and it appears that most of the excess death occurs within 6 months after the fracture. These facts collectively suggest that fracture in men is a serious medical condition and novel thinking about prevention should be high on the agenda of research and development. One important component of fracture prevention is the development of effective prognostic models for identifying men at high-risk of fragility fracture. This chapter contends that the prognosis of fracture should be individualized by making use of multiple risk factors to which an individual is uniquely exposed. © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Al-Hajjar, M, Leslie, IJ, Tipper, J, Williams, S, Fisher, J & Jennings, LM 2010, 'Effect of cup inclination angle during microseparation and rim loading on the wear of BIOLOX (R) delta ceramic-on-ceramic total hip replacement', JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART B-APPLIED BIOMATERIALS, vol. 95B, no. 2, pp. 263-268.
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Baig, DEZ, Su, H, Cheng, TM, Savkin, AV, Su, SW & Celler, BG 2010, 'Modeling of human Heart Rate response during walking, cycling and rowing.', Conference proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference, pp. 2553-2556.
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The aim of this paper is to study the human Heart Rate (HR) response during walking, cycling and rowing exercises using linear time varying (LTV) models. We used the frequency of exercise locomotion as the input to the model. This frequency characterizes the stride rate, cadence rate and strokes rate of the walking, cycling and rowing exercises respectively. The time varying parameters in the LTV models were estimated by the Kalman Filter (KF). The results in this study demonstrate that HR responses to these exercises exhibit some degree of time varying nature.

Basiri, M, Bishop, AN & Jensfelt, P 2010, 'Distributed control of triangular formations with angle-only constraints', Systems and Control Letters, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 147-154.
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This paper considers the coupled, bearing-only formation control of three mobile agents moving in the plane. Each agent has only local inter-agent bearing knowledge and is required to maintain a specified angular separation relative to both neighbor agents. Assuming that the desired angular separation of each agent relative to the group is feasible, a triangle is generated. The control law is distributed and accordingly each agent can determine their own control law using only the locally measured bearings. A convergence result is established in this paper which guarantees global asymptotic convergence of the formation to the desired formation shape. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Bishop, AN, Fidan, B, Anderson, BDO, Doǧançay, K & Pathirana, PN 2010, 'Optimality analysis of sensor-target localization geometries', Automatica, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 479-492.
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The problem of target localization involves estimating the position of a target from multiple noisy sensor measurements. It is well known that the relative sensor-target geometry can significantly affect the performance of any particular localization algorithm. The localization performance can be explicitly characterized by certain measures, for example, by the Cramer-Rao lower bound (which is equal to the inverse Fisher information matrix) on the estimator variance. In addition, the Cramer-Rao lower bound is commonly used to generate a so-called uncertainty ellipse which characterizes the spatial variance distribution of an efficient estimate, i.e. an estimate which achieves the lower bound. The aim of this work is to identify those relative sensor-target geometries which result in a measure of the uncertainty ellipse being minimized. Deeming such sensor-target geometries to be optimal with respect to the chosen measure, the optimal sensor-target geometries for range-only, time-of-arrival-based and bearing-only localization are identified and studied in this work. The optimal geometries for an arbitrary number of sensors are identified and it is shown that an optimal sensor-target configuration is not, in general, unique. The importance of understanding the influence of the sensor-target geometry on the potential localization performance is highlighted via formal analytical results and a number of illustrative examples. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Bishop, AN, Savkin, AV & Pathirana, PN 2010, 'Vision-based target tracking and surveillance with robust set-valued state estimation', IEEE Signal Processing Letters, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 289-292.
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Tracking a target from a video stream (or a sequence of image frames) involves nonlinear measurements in Cartesian coordinates. However, the target dynamics, modeled in Cartesian coordinates, result in a linear system. We present a robust linear filter based on an analytical nonlinear to linear measurement conversion algorithm. Using ideas from robust control theory, a rigorous theoretical analysis is given which guarantees that the state estimation error for the filter is bounded, i.e., a measure against filter divergence is obtained. In fact, an ellipsoidal set-valued estimate is obtained which is guaranteed to contain the true target location with an arbitrarily high probability. The algorithm is particularly suited to visual surveillance and tracking applications involving targets moving on a plane. © 2010 IEEE.

Bjornerem⁎, A, Ghasem-Zadeh, A, Bui, M, Wang, X, Rantzau, C, Nguyen, TV, Hopper, JL & Seeman, E 2010, 'Bone's structural design determines its own decay', Bone, vol. 47, pp. S33-S34.
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Bjornerem, A, Johnsen, S, Nguyen, T, Kiserud, T & Seeman, E 2010, 'The Shifting Trajectory Of Growth In Femur Length During Gestation', Journal Of Bone And Mineral Research, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 1029-1033.
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Bone size is a determinant of bone strength and tracks in its percentile of origin during childhood and adolescence. We hypothesized that the ranking of an individual's femur length (FL) is established in early gestation and tracks thereafter. Fetal FL was measured serially using 2D ultrasound in 625 Norwegian fetuses. Tracking was assessed using Pearson correlation, a generalized estimating equation model, and by calculating the proportion of fetuses whose FL remained within the same quartile. Baseline FL Z-score (weeks 10 to 19) and later measurements correlated, but more weakly as gestation advanced: r = 0.59 (weeks 20 to 26); r = 0.45 (weeks 27 to 33); and r = 0.32 (weeks 34 to 39) (p < 0.001). Tracking within the same quartile throughout gestation occurred in 13% of fetuses. Of the 87% deviating, 21% returned to the quartile of origin, so 34% began and ended in the same quartile, 38% deviated by one quartile, and 28% deviated by two or more quartiles by the end of gestation. A standard deviation higher baseline FL Z-score, placental weight (150 g), maternal height (5 cm), and weight (10 kg), was associated with a 0.25, 0.15, 0.10, and 0.05 SD higher FL Z-score at the end of gestation, respectively (p ranging from <0.001 to 0.02). Tracking within the same percentile throughout the whole of gestation, as suggest by growth charts, is uncommon. Deviation from tracking is more common and is the result of changes in growth velocity within and between fetuses and is partly influenced by maternal, fetal, and placental factors

Chan, KY, Chan, KW, Pong, GT, Aydin, ME, Fogarty, TC & Ling, SS 2010, 'A statistics-based genetic algorithm for quality improvements of power supplies', European Journal of Industrial Engineering, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 468-492.
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This paper presents a new statistics-based evolutionary algorithm to improve the qualities of power supplies, in which operational costs and the stability of the power supply are optimised to provide a highly smooth but low-cost power supply service to customers. The proposed method is incorporated with the characteristics of the stochastic method, evolutionary algorithm and a more systematical statistical method, orthogonal design. It intends to compensate for the built-in randomness of the stochastic method and, at the same time, overcome the limitations of local search methods that are not suitable for handling multi-optima problems. Case studies on the WSCC 9-bus and New England 39-bus systems indicate that the proposed approach outperforms the existing method in terms of robustness in solution and convergence speed while the solution quality that can offer a more stable and cheaper power supply to customers is achieved.

Chen, L, Warkiani, ME, Liu, HB & Gong, HQ 2010, 'Polymeric micro-filter manufactured by a dissolving mold technique', Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, vol. 20, no. 7.
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For filtration applications, we developed a process involving a 'dissolving mold technique' to fabricate polymeric filter membranes which have high aspect ratio pores with narrow pore size distribution. The dissolving mold technique has some advantages over the existing membrane microfabrication methods. Firstly, it resolves thoroughly the demolding problem by dissolving an interim polymer pillar mold, and secondly, it solves the membrane-folding (curling) problem upon releasing the membrane from the mold by integrating a support mesh bonding layer before dissolving of the interim pillar mold. This process is capable of fabricating filter membranes having micrometer and potentially nanometer pore sizes. The fabricated membranes have good mechanical properties, high porosity, smooth surface and uniform pore size distribution. © 2010 IOP Publishing Ltd.

Chou, J, Green, DW & Ben-Nissan, B 2010, 'New slow drug delivery materials and systems for biomedical applications', Materials Australia, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 37-41.
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Csorba, T, Lozsa, R, Hutvagner, GJ & Burgyan, J 2010, 'Polerovirus protein P0 prevents the assembly of small RNA-containing RISC complexes and leads to degradation of ARGONAUTE1', Plant Journal, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 463-472.
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P>RNA silencing plays an important role in plants in defence against viruses. To overcome this defence, plant viruses encode suppressors of RNA silencing. The most common mode of silencing suppression is sequestration of double-stranded RNAs involved in

Fairweather, KA, Sayyadi, N, Luck, IJ, Clegg, JK & Jolliffe, KA 2010, 'Synthesis of All-L Cyclic Tetrapeptides Using Pseudoprolines as Removable Turn Inducers', ORGANIC LETTERS, vol. 12, no. 14, pp. 3136-3139.
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Fairweather, KA, Sayyadi, N, Roussakis, C & Jolliffe, KA 2010, 'Synthesis of the cyclic heptapeptide axinellin A', TETRAHEDRON, vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 935-939.
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Fleming, PA, Argraves, WS, Gentile, C, Neagu, A, Forgacs, G & Drake, CJ 2010, 'Fusion of uniluminal vascular spheroids: A model for assembly of blood vessels', Developmental Dynamics, vol. 239, no. 4, pp. spcone-spcone.
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Fleming, PA, Argraves, WS, Gentile, C, Neagu, A, Forgacs, G & Drake, CJ 2010, 'Fusion of Uniluminal Vascular Spheroids: A Model for Assembly of Blood Vessels', DEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, vol. 239, no. 2, pp. 398-406.
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Gallagher, IJ, Scheele, C, Keller, P, Nielsen, AR, Remenyi, J, Fischer, CP, Roder, K, Babraj, J, Wahlestedt, C, Hutvagner, GJ, Pedersen, BK & Timmons, JA 2010, 'Integration of microRNA changes in vivo identifies novel molecular features of muscle insulin resistance in Type 2 Diabetes', Genome Medicine, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 1-18.
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Galvin, AL, Jennings, LM, Tipper, JL, Ingham, E & Fisher, J 2010, 'Wear and creep of highly crosslinked polyethylene against cobalt chrome and ceramic femoral heads', PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PART H-JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE, vol. 224, no. H10, pp. 1175-1183.
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Hain, D, Bettencourt, B, Okamura, K, Csorba, T, Meyer, W, Jin, Z, Biggerstaff, J, Siomi, H, Hutvagner, GJ, Lai, E, Welte, M & Muller, H 2010, 'Natural Variation of the Amino-Terminal Glutamine-Rich Domain in Drosophila Argonaute2 Is Not Associated with Developmental Defects', PLoS ONE, vol. 5, no. 12, pp. 1-14.
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The Drosophila argonaute2 (ago2) gene plays a major role in siRNA mediated RNA silencing pathways. Unlike mammalian Argonaute proteins, the Drosophila protein has an unusual amino-terminal domain made up largely of multiple copies of glutamine-rich repea

Ho-pham, L, Lai, T, Nguyen, N, Barrett-connor, E & Nguyen, T 2010, 'Similarity In Percent Body Fat Between White And Vietnamese Women: Implication For A Universal Definition Of Obesity', Obesity, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 1242-1246.
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It has been widely assumed that for a given BMI, Asians have higher percent body fat (PBF) than whites, and that the BMI threshold for defining obesity in Asians should be lower than the threshold for whites. This study sought to test this assumption by comparing the PBF between US white and Vietnamese women. The study was designed as a comparative cross-sectional investigation. In the first study, 210 Vietnamese women ages between 50 and 85 were randomly selected from various districts in Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam). In the second study, 419 women of the same age range were randomly selected from the Rancho Bernardo Study (San Diego, CA). In both studies, lean mass (LM) and fat mass (FM) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (QDR 4500; Hologic). PBF was derived as FM over body weight. Compared with Vietnamese women, white women had much more FM (24.8 +/- 8.1 kg vs. 18.8 +/- 4.9 kg; P < 0.0001) and greater PBF (36.4 +/- 6.5% vs. 35.0 +/- 6.2%; P = 0.012). However, there was no significant difference in PBF between the two groups after matching for BMI (35.1 +/- 6.2% vs. 35.0 +/- 5.7%; P = 0.87) or for age and BMI (35.6 +/- 5.1% vs. 35.8 +/- 5.9%; P = 0.79). Using the criteria of BMI = 30, 19% of US white women and 5% of Vietnamese women were classified as obese. Approximately 54% of US white women and 53% of Vietnamese women had their PBF >35% (P = 0.80). Although white women had greater BMI, body weight, and FM than Vietnamese women, their PBF was virtually identical. Further research is required to derive a more appropriate BMI threshold for defining obesity for Asian women.

Ho-pham, L, Nguyen, N, Lai, T & Nguyen, T 2010, 'Contributions Of Lean Mass And Fat Mass To Bone Mineral Density: A Study In Postmenopausal Women', Bmc Musculoskeletal Disorders, vol. 11.
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Background: The relative contribution of lean and fat to the determination of bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women is a contentious issue. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that lean mass is a better determinant of BMD than fat mass. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 210 postmenopausal women of Vietnamese background, aged between 50 and 85 years, who were randomly sampled from various districts in Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam). Whole body scans, femoral neck, and lumbar spine BMD were measured by DXA (QDR 4500, Hologic Inc., Waltham, MA). Lean mass (LM) and fat mass (FM) were derived from the whole body scan. Furthermore, lean mass index (LMi) and fat mass index (FMi) were calculated as ratio of LM or FM to body height in metre squared (m2). Results: In multiple linear regression analysis, both LM and FM were independent and significant predictors of BMD at the spine and femoral neck. Age, lean mass and fat mass collectively explained 33% variance of lumbar spine and 38% variance of femoral neck BMD. Replacing LM and FM by LMi and LMi did not alter the result. In both analyses, the influence of LM or LMi was greater than FM and FMi. Simulation analysis suggested that a study with 1000 individuals has a 78% chance of finding the significant effects of both LM and FM, and a 22% chance of finding LM alone significant, and zero chance of finding the effect of fat mass alone. Conclusions: These data suggest that both lean mass and fat mass are important determinants of BMD. For a given body size -- measured either by lean mass or height --women with greater fat mass have greater BMD.

Ho-pham, L, Nguyen, N, Nguyen, T, Nguyen, D, Bui, P, Nguyen, V & Nguyen, T 2010, 'Association Between Vitamin D Insufficiency And Tuberculosis In A Vietnamese Population', Bmc Infectious Diseases, vol. 10.
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Background: Recent in vitro evidence suggests a link between vitamin D status and the risk of tuberculosis (TB). This study sought to examine the association between vitamin D status, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and the risk of TB in a Vietnamese population. Methods: The study was designed as a matched case-control study, which involved 166 TB patients (113 men and 53 women), who were age-and-sex matched with 219 controls (113 men and 106 women). The average age of men and women was 49 and 50, respectively. TB was diagnosed by the presence of acid-fast bacilli on smears from sputum, and the isolation of M. tuberculosis. All patients were hospitalized for treatment in a TB specialist hospital. Controls were randomly drawn from the general community within the Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam. 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH) D] and PTH was measured prior to treatment by an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) on a Roche Elecsys. A serum level of 25(OH) D below 30 ng/mL was deemed to be vitamin D insufficient. Results: The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency was 35.4% in men with TB and 19.5% in controls (P = 0.01). In women, there were no significant differences in serum 25(OH) D and serum PTH levels between TB patients and controls. The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in women with TB (45.3%) was not significantly different from those without TB (47.6%; P = 0.91). However, in both genders, serum calcium levels in TB patients were significantly lower than in non-TB individuals. Smoking (odds ratio [OR] 1.25; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10 - 14.7), reduced 25(OH) D (OR per standard deviation [SD]: 1.14; 95% CI 1.07 - 10.7) and increased PTH (OR per SD 1.13; 95% CI 1.05 - 10.4) were independently associated with increased risk of TB in men. Conclusion: These results suggest that vitamin D insufficiency was a risk factor for tuberculosis in men, but not in women. However, it remains to be established whether the association is a causal relationship.

Johnston, MB, Geoffroy, M, Sobala, A, Hay, R & Hutvagner, GJ 2010, 'HSP90 Protein Stabilizes Unloaded Argonaute Complexes and Microscopic P-bodies in Human Cells', Molecular Biology Of The Cell, vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 1462-1469.
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Key components of the miRNA-mediated gene regulation pathway are localized in cytoplasmic processing bodies (P-bodies). Mounting evidence suggests that the presence of microscopic P-bodies are not always required for miRNA-mediated gene regulation. Here

Kabli, N, Martin, N, Fan, T, Nguyen, T, Hasbi, A, Balboni, G, O'dowd, BF & George, SR 2010, 'Agonists at the δ-opioid receptor modify the binding of μ-receptor agonists to the μ-δ receptor hetero-oligomer', British Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 161, no. 5, pp. 1122-1136.
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BACKGROUNd AND PURPOSE μ- and δ-opioid receptors form heteromeric complexes with unique ligand binding and G protein-coupling profiles linked to G protein α z-subunit (Gα z) activation. However, the mechanism of action of agonists and their regulation of the μ-δ receptor heteromer are not well understood. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Competition radioligand binding, cell surface receptor internalization in intact cells, confocal microscopy and receptor immunofluorescence techniques were employed to study the regulation of the μ-δ receptor heteromer in heterologous cells with and without agonist exposure. KEY RESULTS Gα z enhanced affinity of some agonists at μ-δ receptor heteromers, independent of agonist chemical structure. δ-Opioid agonists displaced μ-agonist binding with high affinity from μ-δ heteromers, but not μ receptor homomers, suggestive of δ-agonists occupying a novel μ-receptor ligand binding pocket within the heteromers. Also, δ-agonists induced internalization of μ-opioid receptors in cells co-expressing μ- and δ-receptors, but not those expressing μ-receptors alone, indicative of μ-δ heteromer internalization. This dose-dependent, Pertussis toxin-resistant and clathrin- and dynamin-dependent effect required agonist occupancy of both μ- and δ-opioid receptors. In contrast to μ-receptor homomers, agonist-induced internalization of μ-δ heteromers persisted following chronic morphine exposure. CONCLUSIONS ANd IMPLICATIONS The μ-δ receptor heteromer may contain a novel δ-agonist-detected, high-affinity, μ-receptor ligand binding pocket and is regulated differently from the μ-receptor homomer following chronic morphine exposure. Occupancy of both μ- and δ-receptor binding pockets is required for δ-agonist-induced endocytosis of μ-δ receptor heteromers. δ-Opioid agonists target μ-δ receptor heteromers, and thus have a broader pharmacological specificity than previously identified. © 2010 The Authors. British Journal of Pharmacology © 2010 The British Pharmacolo...

Khushaba, RN, Al-Ani, A & Al-Jumaily, A 2010, 'Orthogonal Fuzzy Neighborhood Discriminant Analysis for Multifunction Myoelectric Hand Control', IEEE Transactions On Biomedical Engineering, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 1410-1419.
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Developing accurate and powerful electromyogram (EMG) driven prostheses controllers that can provide the amputees with effective control on their artificial limbs, has been the focus of a great deal of research in the past few years. One of the major challenges in such research is extracting an informative subset of features that can best discriminate between the different forearm movements. In this paper, a new dimensionality reduction method, referred to as orthogonal fuzzy neighborhood discriminant analysis (OFNDA), is proposed as a response to such a challenge. Unlike existing attempts in fuzzy linear discriminant analysis, the objective of the proposed OFNDA is to minimize the distance between samples that belong to the same class and maximize the distance between the centers of different classes, while taking into account the contribution of the samples to the different classes. The proposed OFNDA is validated on EMG datasets collected from seven subjects performing a range of 5 to 10 classes of forearm movements. Practical results indicate the significance of OFNDA in comparison to many other feature projection methods (including locality preserving and uncorrelated variants of discriminant analysis) with accuracies ranging from 97.66% to 87.84% for 5 to 10 classes of movements, respectively, using only two EMG electrodes.

Lee, M, Hinder, MR, Gandevia, SC & Carroll, TJ 2010, 'The ipsilateral motor cortex contributes to cross-limb transfer of performance gains after ballistic motor practice', Journal of Physiology, vol. 588, no. 1, pp. 201-212.
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Although it has long been known that practicing a motor task with one limb can improve performance with the limb opposite, the mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we tested the hypothesis that improved performance with the untrained limb on a fastest possible (i.e. ballistic) movement task depends partly on cortical circuits located ipsilateral to the trained limb. The idea that crossed effects, which are important for the learning process, might occur in the 'untrained' hemisphere following ballistic training is based on the observation that tasks requiring strong descending drive generate extensive bilateral cortical activity. Twenty-one volunteers practiced a ballistic index finger abduction task with their right hand, and corticospinal excitability was assessed in two hand muscles (first dorsal interosseus, FDI; adductor digiti minimi, ADM). Eight control subjects did not train. After training, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS; 15 min at 1 Hz) was applied to the left (trained) or right (untrained) motor cortex to induce a 'virtual lesion'. A third training group received sham rTMS, and control subjects received rTMS to the right motor cortex. Performance and corticospinal excitability (for FDI) increased in both hands for training but not control subjects. rTMS of the left, trained motor cortex specifically reduced training-induced gains in motor performance for the right, trained hand, and rTMS of the right, untrained motor cortex specifically reduced performance gains for the left, untrained hand. Thus, cortical processes within the untrained hemisphere, ipsilateral to the trained hand, contribute to early retention of ballistic performance gains for the untrained limb. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 The Physiological Society.

Monk, CE, Hutvagner, GJ & Arthur, JS 2010, 'Regulation of miRNA Transcription in Macrophages in Response to Candida albicans', PLoS ONE, vol. 5, no. 10, pp. 1-12.
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Macrophages detect pathogens via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which trigger several intracellular signaling cascades including the MAPK and NFkB pathways. These in turn mediate the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines that are essential t

Nguyen, TH, Truong, AL, Ngo, MB, Bui, CT, Dinh, QV, Doan, TC, Nguyen, LT, Phan, TC, Phan, MV, Nguyen, T & Le, TV 2010, 'Patients with thrombolysed stroke in Vietnam have an excellent outcome: results from the Vietnam Thrombolysis Registry', European Journal of Neurology, vol. 17, no. 9, pp. 1188-1192.
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Background and purpose: We present the early experience in thrombolysis in three major centers of Ho Chi Minh city, namely 115 People Hospital, Gia Dinh Hospital, and An Binh Hospital. Methods: A prospective study of consecutive patients treated with intravenous tPA with a treatment protocol similar to that of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) trial. National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores on admission and Modified Rankin Scale (MRS) scores at 3 months were measured for all patients. Intracranial and systemic hemorrhagic complications were recorded. Result: A total of 121 of 6171 (2%) patients with acute IS received thrombolysis over 3 years. Mean age was 57 years (range 18-78) and initial median NIHSS score was 12 (range 5-23). The mean delay between symptom onset and treatment was 143 min (range 50-210). Seventy-three (60.3%) patients received the standard dose with the remaining 48 patients (36.9%) treated with a lower dose, a mean calculated dose of 0.62 mg/kg (range, 0.6-0.86 mg/kg). Over half (56.3%) of the patients receiving low dose achieved functional independence (mRS score 0-1) at 3 months compared with 34.2% in the standard-dose group (P = 0.01). The 3-month mortality rate was also higher in the standard-dose group (2.1% vs. 12.5% with standard-dose tPA; P = 0.04). Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage was noted in four patients of standard-dose group and one patient of low-dose group (P = 0.36). Conclusion: Intravenous thrombolysis, particularly in a lower dose, is safe and feasible in the treatment of acute IS in our selected Vietnamese population.

Nguyen, TH, Truong, ATL, Ngo, MB, Bui, CTQ, Dinh, QV, Doan, TC, Nguyen, LTK, Phan, TC, Phan, MV, Nguyen, TV & Le, TV 2010, 'Intravenous thrombolysis', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF STROKE, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 516-516.
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Nguyen, TV, Dalman, C, Le, TC, Nguyen, TV, Tran, NV & Allebeck, P 2010, 'Suicide attempt in a rural area of Vietnam: Incidence, methods used and access to mental health care', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH SYSTEMS, vol. 4.
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Pathirana, PN, Bishop, AN, Savkin, AV, Ekanayake, SW & Black, TJ 2010, 'A method for stereo-vision-based tracking for robotic applications', Robotica, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 517-524.
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Vision-based tracking of an object using perspective projection inherently results in non-linear measurement equations in the Cartesian coordinates. The underlying object kinematics can be modelled by a linear system. In this paper we introduce a measurement conversion technique that analytically transforms the non-linear measurement equations obtained from a stereo-vision system into a system of linear measurement equations. We then design a robust linear filter around the converted measurement system. The state estimation error of the proposed filter is bounded and we provide a rigorous theoretical analysis of this result. The performance of the robust filter developed in this paper is demonstrated via computer simulation and via practical experimentation using a robotic manipulator as a target. The proposed filter is shown to outperform the extended Kalman filter (EKF). Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009.

Remenyi, J, Hunter, CJ, Cole, C, Ando, H, Impey, S, Monk, CE, Martin, KJ, Barton, GJ, Hutvagner, GJ & Arthur, JS 2010, 'Regulation of the miR-212/132 locus by MSK1 and CREB in response to neurotrophins', Biochemical Journal, vol. 428, no. Part 2, pp. 281-291.
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Neurotrophins are growth factors that are important in neuronal development and survival as well as synapse formation and plasticity. Many of the effects of neurotrophins are mediated by changes in protein expression as a result of altered transcription

Sandhu, SK, Nguyen, ND, Center, JR, Pocock, NA, Eisman, JA & Nguyen, T 2010, 'Prognosis of fracture: evaluation of predictive accuracy of the FRAX™ algorithm and Garvan nomogram', Osteoporosis International, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 863-871.
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We evaluated the prognostic accuracy of fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX¿) and Garvan algorithms in an independent Australian cohort. The results suggest comparable performance in women but relatively poor fracture risk discrimination in men by FRAX¿. These data emphasize the importance of external validation before widespread clinical implementation of prognostic tools in different cohorts. Introduction: Absolute risk assessment is now recognized as a preferred approach to guide treatment decision. The present study sought to evaluate accuracy of the FRAX¿ and Garvan algorithms for predicting absolute risk of osteoporotic fracture (hip, spine, humerus, or wrist), defined as major in FRAX¿, in a clinical setting in Australia. Methods: A retrospective validation study was conducted in 144 women (69 fractures and 75 controls) and 56 men (31 fractures and 25 controls) aged between 60 and 90 years. Relevant clinical data prior to fracture event were ascertained. Based on these variables, predicted 10-year probabilities of major fracture were calculated from the Garvan and FRAX¿ algorithms, using US (FRAX-US) and UK databases (FRAX-UK). Area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) was computed for each model. Results: In women, the average 10-year probability of major fracture was consistently higher in the fracture than in the nonfracture group: Garvan (0.33 vs. 0.15), FRAX-US (0.30 vs. 0.19), and FRAX-UK (0.17 vs. 0.10). In men, although the Garvan model yielded higher average probability of major fracture in the fracture group (0.32 vs. 0.14), the FRAX¿ algorithm did not: FRAX-US (0.17 vs. 0.19) and FRAX-UK (0.09 vs. 0.12). In women, AUC for the Garvan, FRAX-US, and FRAX-UK algorithms were 0.84, 0.77, and 0.78, respectively, vs. 0.76, 0.54, and 0.57, respectively, in men.

Shames, I & Bishop, AN 2010, 'Relative clock synchronization in wireless networks', IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 348-350.
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© 2010 IEEE. This letter introduces a simple convex, constraint based, optimization protocol for the problem of relative clock synchronization in wireless (sensor) networks.

Sobala, A & Hutvágner, G 2010, 'Small RNAs and their effects on gene expression', Bio Tech International, vol. 22, no. SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER, pp. 19-22.
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The cellular spectrum of small RNAs, and processes regulated by them, is very diverse. This article summarises the wide variety of endogenous small RNAs in mammals and explains how they regulate gene expression.

Su, SW, Chen, W, Liu, D, Fang, Y, Kuang, W, Yu, X, Guo, T, Celler, BG & Nguyen, HT 2010, 'Dynamic Modelling of Heart Rate Response Under Different Exercise Intensity', The Open Medical Informatics Journal, vol. 4, pp. 81-85.
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Heart rate is one of the major indications of human cardiovascular response to exercises. This study investigates human heart rate response dynamics to moderate exercise. A healthy male subject has been asked to walk on a motorised treadmill under a predefined exercise protocol. ECG, body movements, and oxygen saturation (SpO2) have been reliably monitored and recorded by using non-invasive portable sensors. To reduce heart rate variation caused by the influence of various internal or external factors, the designed step response protocol has been repeated three times. Experimental results show that both steady state gain and time constant of heart rate response are not invariant when walking speed is faster than 3 miles/hour, and time constant of offset exercise is noticeably longer than that of onset exercise.

Su, SW, Huang, S, Wang, L, Celler, BG, Savkin, AV, Guo, Y & Cheng, TM 2010, 'Optimizing Heart Rate Regulation For Safe Exercise', Annals Of Biomedical Engineering, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 758-768.
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Safe exercise protocols are critical for effective rehabilitation programs. This paper aims to develop a novel control strategy for an automated treadmill system to reduce the danger of injury during cardiac rehabilitation. We have developed a control-or

Ta, MT, Nguyen, KT, Nguyen, ND, Campbell, LV & Nguyen, T 2010, 'Identification of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes by systolic blood pressure and waist-to-hip ratio', Diabetologia, vol. 53, no. 10, pp. 2139-2146.
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We estimated the current prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the Vietnamese population and developed simple diagnostic models for identifying individuals at high risk of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes. The study was designed as a cross-sectional investigation with 721 men and 1,421 women, who were aged between 30 and 72 years and were randomly sampled from Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon) in Vietnam. A 75 g oral glucose tolerance test to assess fasting and 2 h plasma glucose concentrations were determined for each individual. The ADA diagnostic criteria were used to determine the prevalence of type 2 diabetes. WHR and blood pressure were also measured in all individuals. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes was 10.8% in men and 11.7% in women. Higher WHR and blood pressure were independently associated with a greater risk of type 2 diabetes. Compared with participants without central obesity and hypertension, the odds of diabetes was increased by 6.4-fold (95% CI 3.2-13.0) in men and 4.1-fold (2.2-7.6) in women with central obesity and hypertension. Two nomograms were developed that help identify men and women at high risk of type 2 diabetes. The current prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the Vietnamese population is high. Simple field measurements such as waist-to-hip ratio and systolic blood pressure can identify individuals at high risk of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes.

Tran, NT, O'Brien, C, Clark, J & Rose, B 2010, 'Potential Role Of Micro-RNAs In Head And Neck Tumorigenesis', Head and Neck - Journal of the Sciences and Speci..., vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 1099-1111.
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A new class of regulatory molecules known as microRNAs (miRNAs) is redefining our understanding of the molecular pathways associated with tumorigenesis. These miRNAs are small noncoding RNA (ncRNA) sequences with potent regulatory potential. The aberrant

Vicars, R, Hyde, PJ, Brown, TD, Tipper, JL, Ingham, E, Fisher, J & Hall, RM 2010, 'The effect of anterior-posterior shear load on the wear of ProDisc-L TDR', EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 1356-1362.
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Visconti, RP, Kasyanov, V, Gentile, C, Zhang, J, Markwald, RR & Mironov, V 2010, 'Towards organ printing: engineering an intra-organ branched vascular tree', EXPERT OPINION ON BIOLOGICAL THERAPY, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 409-420.
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Wroe, S, Ferrara, TL, McHenry, CR, Curnoe, D & Chamoli, U 2010, 'The craniomandibular mechanics of being human', PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, vol. 277, no. 1700, pp. 3579-3586.
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Abedin, MJ & Sanagavarapu, AM 2009, 'Maximum likelihood near field localisation using concentric circular ring array', Proceedings - 2010 12th International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications, ICEAA'10, International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications, IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 533-536.
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This paper proposes a technique to estimate signal parameters for the localization of near-field sources by using concentric circular ring antenna array. The concentric ring array has the property of frequency invariance over certain band of frequencies

Abedin, MJ & Sanagavarapu, AM 2010, 'ML based time reversal microwave imaging for the localisation of breast tissue malignancies', 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and CNC-USNC/URSI Radio Science Meeting - Leading the Wave, AP-S/URSI 2010, International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, IEEE, Toronto, ON, Canada, pp. 1-4.
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Imaging of malignant tissues at early stage is a challenging problem because of higher tissue heterogeneities create clutter signature very similar to the response from tumour. This requires a powerful imaging algorithm which can perform well even when t

Ahmad, MY & Sanagavarapu, AM 2010, 'Techniques to Improve RFID Reader Localization for Indoor Navigation', Asia Pacific Symposium on Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 2010., Asia Pacific Symposium on Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, Japan Society of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics., Hotel Isnata, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA., pp. 156-157.

Alsukker, A, Khushaba, RN & Al-Ani, A 2010, 'Enhancing the diversity of genetic algorithm for improved feature selection', 2010 IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics (SMC), IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, IEEE, Istanbul, Turkey, pp. 1325-1331.
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Genetic algorithm (GA) is one of the most widely used population-based evolutionary search algorithms. One of the challenging optimization problems in which GA has been extensively applied is feature selection. It aims at finding an optimal small size subset of features from the original large feature set. It has been found that the main limitation of the traditional GA-based feature selection is that it tends to get trapped in local minima, a problem known as premature convergence. A number of implementations are presented in the literature to overcome this problem based on fitness scaling, genetic operator modification, boosting genetic population diversity, etc. This paper presents a new modified genetic algorithm based on enhanced population diversity, parents' selection and improved genetic operators. Practical results indicate the significance of the proposed GA variant in comparison to many other algorithms from the literature on different datasets.

Alsukker, AS, Khushaba, RN & Al-Ani, A 2010, 'Optimising the K-NN Metric Weights Using Differential Evolution', International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Information Technology (MCIT-2010), International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Information Technology, IEEE, U.A.E., pp. 89-92.
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Traditional k-NN classifier poses many limitations including that it does not take into account each class distribution, importance of each feature, contribution ofeach neighbor, and the number ofinstances for each class. A Differential evolution (DE) optimization technique is utilized to enhance the performance of kNN through optimizing the metric weights offeatures, neighbors and classes. Several datasets are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed DE based metrics and to compare it to some k-NN variants from the literature. Practical experiments indicate that in most cases, incorporating DE in k-NN classification can provide more accurate performance.

Aydemir, A, Bishop, AN & Jensfelt, P 2010, 'Simultaneous object class and pose estimation for mobile robotic applications with minimalistic recognition', Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, pp. 2020-2027.
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In this paper we address the problem of simultaneous object class and pose estimation using nothing more than object class label measurements from a generic object classifier. We detail a method for designing a likelihood function over the robot configuration space. This function provides a likelihood measure of an object being of a certain class given that the robot (from some position) sees and recognizes an object as being of some (possibly different) class. Using this likelihood function in a recursive Bayesian framework allows us to achieve a kind of spatial averaging and determine the object pose (up to certain ambiguities to be made precise). We show how inter-class confusion from certain robot viewpoints can actually increase the ability to determine the object pose. Our approach is motivated by the idea of minimalistic sensing since we use only class label measurements albeit we attempt to estimate the object pose in addition to the class. ©2010 IEEE.

Badaoui, R & Al-Jumaily, A 2010, 'Fuzzy logic based human detection for CCTV recording application', Proceeding 6th International Conference on Advanced Information Management and Service (IMS 2010), International Conference on Advanced Information Management and Service, IEEE, Seoul, Korea, pp. 336-341.
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utilizing CCTV cameras based on fuzzy logic model. The propose system aiming to has a capability of identifying certain objects in line of sight and determine if the object is a human or not. The propose system is a real time system for human detection, tracking, and verification in such challenging environments. The system integrates several computer vision techniques in order to design an algorithm that is capable of processing the digital images to perform its functions that include human detection, object tracking, and motion analysis. The testing results provide very encouraging outcome for the proposed system.

Baig, D, Su, H, Cheng, TM, Savkin, AV, Su, SW & Celler, BG 2010, 'Modeling of Human Heart Rate Response during Walking, Cycling and Rowing', Proceedings of the 32nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society 'Merging Medical Humanism and Technology', IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Annual Conference, The Printing House, Inc., Buenos Aires, Argentina, pp. 2553-2556.
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The aim of this paper is to study the human Heart Rate (HR) response during walking, cycling and rowing exercises using linear time varying (LTV) models. We used the frequency of exercise locomotion as the input to the model. This frequency characterizes the stride rate, cadence rate and strokes rate of the walking, cycling and rowing exercises respectively. The time varying parameters in the LTV models were estimated by the Kalman Filter (KF). The results in this study demonstrate that HR responses to these exercises exhibit some degree of time varying nature.

Bishop, AN 2010, 'A Tutorial on Constraints for Positioning on the Plane', 2010 IEEE 21ST INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PERSONAL INDOOR AND MOBILE RADIO COMMUNICATIONS (PIMRC), 21st Annual IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), IEEE, Istanbul, TURKEY, pp. 1689-1694.
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Bishop, AN 2010, 'A tutorial on indoor wireless positioning with anonymous beacons using random-finite-set statistics', IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC, pp. 228-232.
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The problem of global positioning using a rigorous Bayesian framework based on the theory of random finite sets and their corresponding density functions is covered in this condensed tutorial. The positioning scenario considered involves a number of anonymous beacons with known position relative to which the agent can measure its position. Since the beacons are anonymous, determining the agents position relative to a single (and even multiple in some cases) beacon is ambiguous. However, by exploiting the mobility of the agent through the environment, it is shown that it is possible to converge to an unambiguous position estimate. Random sets allow one to naturally develop a complete model of the underlying problem which accounts for the statistics of missed detections (due to signal weakness/blocking etc) and of spurious/erroneously detected beacons (due to potentially unmodeled beacons and/or reflected/multi-path signals). Following the derivation of a complete Bayesian solution, we outline a first-order statistical moment approximation, the so called probability hypothesis density filter. ©2010 IEEE.

Bishop, AN 2010, 'Gaussian-sum-based probability hypothesis density filtering with delayed and out-of-sequence measurements', 18th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation, MED'10 - Conference Proceedings, pp. 1423-1428.
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The problem of multiple-sensor-based multipleobject tracking is studied for adverse environments involving clutter (false positives), missing measurements (false negatives) and random target births and deaths (a priori unknown target numbers). Various (potentially spatially separated) sensors are assumed to generate signals which are sent to the estimator via parallel channels which incur independent delays. These signals may arrive out of order, be corrupted or even lost. In addition, there may be periods when the estimator receives no information. A closed-form, recursive solution to the considered problem is detailed that generalizes the Gaussian-mixture probability hypothesis density (GM-PHD) filter previously detailed in the literature. This generalization allows the GM-PHD framework to be applied in more realistic network scenarios involving not only transmission delays but rather more general irregular measurement sequences where particular measurements from some sensors can arrive out of order with respect to the generating sensor and also with respect to the signals generated by the other sensors in the network. © 2010 IEEE.

Bishop, AN 2010, 'Probability hypothesis density filtering with sensor networks and irregular measurement sequences', 13th Conference on Information Fusion, Fusion 2010.
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The problem of multi-object tracking with sensor networks is studied using the probability hypothesis density filter. The sensors are assumed to generate signals which are sent to an estimator via parallel channels which incur independent delays. These signals may arrive out-of-order (out-of-sequence), be corrupted or even lost due to, e.g., noise in the communication medium and protocol malfunctions. In addition, there may be periods when the estimator receives no information. A closed-form, recursive solution to the considered problem is detailed that generalizes the Gaussian-mixture probability hypothesis density (GM-PHD) filter previously detailed in the literature.

Bishop, AN 2010, 'Random-Set-Based Estimation in Networked Environments and a Relationship to Kalman Filtering with Intermittent Observations', IFAC Proceedings Volumes (IFAC-PapersOnline), pp. 97-102.
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Firstly, an exposition of random-set-based estimation in general networked control systems is examined. This provides a background for the work introduced in this paper. This exposition is also aimed at highlighting the advantages of the random-set-based estimator formulation. Then, the case of state estimation across packet-dropping networks (but with instantaneous transmission times) is shown to be a special case of the standard random-set-based system/measurement model. A well-known result in the control literature concerning the convergence of the Kalman filter's covariance estimate is related to a simplified random-set-based algorithm for this packet-dropping scenario. Finally, a novel algorithm for random-set-based estimation across general networks with irregular measurement sequences (delayed and out-of-sequence measurements) is developed. This is the first attempt to extend random-set-based estimation to accommodate realistic, networked, scenarios. © 2010 IFAC.

Bishop, AN & Basiri, M 2010, 'Bearing-Only Triangular Formation Control on the Plane and the Sphere', 18TH MEDITERRANEAN CONFERENCE ON CONTROL AND AUTOMATION, 18th Annual International Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation (MED), IEEE, Marrakech, MOROCCO, pp. 790-795.
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Bishop, AN & Jensfelt, P 2010, 'Global robot localization with random finite set statistics', 13th Conference on Information Fusion, Fusion 2010.
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We re-examine the problem of global localization of a robot using a rigorous Bayesian framework based on the idea of random finite sets. Random sets allow us to naturally develop a complete model of the underlying problem accounting for the statistics of missed detections and of spurious/erroneously detected (potentially unmodeled) features along with the statistical models of robot hypothesis disappearance and appearance. In addition, no explicit data association is required which alleviates one of the more difficult sub-problems. Following the derivation of the Bayesian solution, we outline its first-order statistical moment approximation, the so called probability hypothesis density filter. We present a statistical estimation algorithm for the number of potential robot hypotheses consistent with the accumulated evidence and we show how such an estimate can be used to aid in re-localization of kidnapped robots. We discuss the advantages of the random set approach and examine a number of illustrative simulations.

Bishop, AN & Shames, I 2010, 'A model for optimal and robust control with time-varying computing constraints', Proceedings of the 2010 6th International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing, ISSNIP 2010, pp. 217-222.
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We introduce a discrete-time Markov switching system control model for a control algorithm that is executed on a device with time-varying computing resources. We outline the stability expressions for a number of linear control scenarios and we illustrate their dependence on the time-varying computing power transition probabilities. © 2010 IEEE.

Bishop, AN & Smith, M 2010, 'Remarks on the Cramer-Rao inequality for Doppler-based target parameter estimation', Proceedings of the 2010 6th International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing, ISSNIP 2010, pp. 199-204.
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This paper outlines the problem of multi-static Doppler-based target position and velocity estimation. The Fisher information matrix is derived given a separate target illuminator and then given a target-based isotropic signal emission. Some remarks concerning the Cramer-Rao inequality and its relationship to the estimation problem are given. Some results concerning the placement of the receivers are given and some open problems are discussed. © 2010 IEEE.

Bjornerem, A, Ghasem-Zadeh, A, Bui, M, Wang, X, Rantzau, C, Nguyen, TV, Hopper, JL & Seeman, E 2010, 'BONE'S STRUCTURAL DESIGN DETERMINES ITS OWN DECAY', OSTEOPOROSIS INTERNATIONAL, IOF World Congress on Osteoporosis/10th European Congress on Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis, SPRINGER LONDON LTD, Florence, ITALY, pp. 117-118.

Chan, KY, Ling, SS, Dillon, TS & Nguyen, HT 2010, 'Classification of Hypoglycemic Episodes for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus based on Neural Networks', IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC) - 2010 IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence, IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, IEEE, Barcelona, Spain, pp. 1444-1448.
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Hypoglycemia is dangerous for Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients. Based on the physiological parameters, we have developed a classification unit with hybridizing the approaches of neural networks and genetic algorithm to identify the presences of hypoglycemic episodes for TIDM patients. The proposed classification unit is built and is validated by using the real T1DM patients' data sets collected from Department of Health, Government of Western Australia. Experimental results show that the proposed neural network based classification unit can achieve more accurate results on both trained and unseen T1DM patients' data sets compared with those developed based on the commonly used classification methods for medical diagnosis including statistical regression, fuzzy regression and genetic programming.

Chan, KY, Zhu, HL, Lau, C, Dillon, TS & Ling, SS 2010, 'Determination of chemo-responses for osteosarcoma using a hybrid evolutionary algorithm', IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC) - 2010 IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence, IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, IEEE, Barcelona, Spain, pp. 1865-1869.
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In this paper, a hybrid evolutionary algorithm (HEA) based on the approaches of the evolutionary algorithm and a local search (LS) is proposed to determine the gene signatures for predicting histologic response of chemotherapy on osteosarcoma patients, which is one of the most common malignant bone tumor in children. The HEA consists of a population of individuals but the evolution of individuals is conducted by a LS, rather than the crossover and mutation used in the traditional evolutionary algorithms. The proposed HEA can simultaneously optimize the feature subset and the classifier through a common solution coding mechanism. Experimental results indicate that HEA can obtain more accurate signatures than the other existing approaches in determining chemoresponse for osteosarcoma.

Hamd, MH, Al-Jumaily, A & Mohamad, L 2010, 'Exploring in Face Recognition Approaches', Proceedings Of The 2010 International Conference On Image Processing, Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition, International Conference on Image Processing, Computer Vision, and Pattern Recognition, CSREA Press, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, pp. 910-916.
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Biometric recognition system refers to the automatic recognition of human beings based on their physiological and/or behavioral characteristics. First, a general Automatic Face Recognition (AFR) system framework is proposed to illustrate the processing stages of face images. The AFR includes two main phases: the enrolment phase and recognition/verification phase. Secondly, the main methods of human face recognition are presented, described and compared. Different popular and modern algorithms that have been applied on living persons to verify or recognize the identity based on his/her physiological characteristic are reviewed in this paper. Also, recent face dataset is tabulated to assist the researchers how to find proper database in their applications.

Khushaba, RN, Elliott, R, Alsukker, A, Al-Ani, A & McKinley, SM 2010, 'Orthogonal locality sensitive fuzzy discriminant analysis in sleep-stage scoring', Proceedings - 2010 International Conference on Pattern Recognition, International Conference on Pattern Recognition, IEEE, Istanbul, Turkey, pp. 165-168.
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Sleep-stage scoring plays an important role in analyzing the sleep patterns of people. Studies have revealed that Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients do not usually get enough quality sleep, and hence, analyzing their sleep patterns is of increased import

Lai, JC, Leung, FH & Ling, SS 2010, 'A new differential evolution with self-terminating ability using fuzzy control and k-nearest neighbors', IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC) - 2010 IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence, IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, IEEE, Barcelona, Spain, pp. 503-510.
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A new Differential Evolution (DE) that incorporates fuzzy control and k-nearest neighbors algorithm to determine the terminating condition is proposed. A technique called Iteration Windows is introduced to govern the number of iteration in each searching stage. The size of the iteration windows is controlled by a fuzzy controller, which uses the information provided by the k-nearest neighbors system to analyze the population during the searching process. The controller keeps controlling the iteration windows until the end of the searching process. The wavelet based mutation process is embedded in the DE searching process to enhance the searching performance of DE. The F weight of DE is also controlled by the fuzzy controller to further speed up the searching process. A suite of benchmark test functions is employed to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. It is shown empirically that the proposed method can terminate the searching process with a reasonable number of iteration.

Lai, JC, Leung, FH & Ling, SS 2010, 'Economic Load Dispatch using Differential Evolution with Double Wavelet Mutation Operations', IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC) - 2010 IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence, IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, IEEE, Barcelona, Spain, pp. 2013-2018.
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In this paper, a modified Differential Evolution (DE) that incorporates double wavelet-based operations is proposed to handle a load flow problem. The wavelet based operation is embedded in the DE mutation and crossover operation. In the DE mutation operation, the scaling factor is controlled by a wavelet function. In the DE crossover operation, a wavelet-based mutation operation is embedded in it. The trial population vectors are thus modified by the wavelet function. The double wavelet mutations are applied in order to enhance DE in exploring the high-dimension solution space more effectively for better solution quality and stability. The proposed DE algorithm is employed to solve the Economic Load Dispatch with Valve-Point Loading (ELD-VPL) Problem. It is shown empirically that the proposed method out-performs significantly the conventional methods in terms of convergence speed, solution quality and solution stability.

Ling, SH, Nuryani & Nguyen, HT 2010, 'Evolved fuzzy reasoning model for hypoglycaemic detection', 2010 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBC'10, pp. 4662-4665.
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Hypoglycaemia is a serious side effect of insulin therapy in patients with diabetes. We measure physiological parameters (heart rate, corrected QT interval of the electrocardiogram (ECG) signal) continuously to provide early detection of hypoglycemic episodes in Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients. Based on the physiological parameters, an evolved fuzzy reasoning model (FRM) to recognize the presence of hypoglycaemic episodes is developed. To optimize the fuzzy rules and the fuzzy membership functions of FRM, an evolutionary algorithm called hybrid particle swarm optimization with wavelet mutation operation is investigated. All data sets are collected from Department of Health, Government of Western Australia for a clinical study. The results show that the proposed algorithm performs well in terms of the clinical sensitivity and specificity. © 2010 IEEE.

Ling, SS, Nguyen, HT & Chan, KY 2010, 'Genetic algorithm based fuzzy multiple regression for the nocturnal hypoglycemic classification', IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC) - 2010 IEEE WORLD Congress on Computational Intelligence, IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, IEEE, Barcelona, Spain, pp. 2659-2664.
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Low blood glucose (Hypoglycaemia) is dangerous and can result in unconsciousness, seizures and even death. It has a common and serious side effect of insulin therapy in patients with diabetes. We measure physiological parameters (heart rate, corrected QT interval of the electrocardiogram (ECG) signal, change of heart rate, and the change of corrected QT interval) continuously to provide detection of hypoglycaemic. Based on these physiological parameters, we have developed a genetic algorithm based multiple regression model to determine the presence of hypoglycaemic episodes. Genetic algorithm is used to determine the optimal parameters of the multiple regression. The overall data were organized into a training set (8 patients) and a testing set (another 8 patient) which are randomly selected. The clinical results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve predictions with good sensitivities and acceptable specificities.

Ling, SS, Nuryani, N & Nguyen, HT 2010, 'Evolved Fuzzy Reasoning Model for Hypoglycaemic Detection', Proceedings of the 32nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society 'Merging Medical Humanism and Technology', IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Annual Conference, Piscataway, USA, Buenos Aires, Argentina, pp. 4662-4665.
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Hypoglycaemia is a serious side effect of insulin therapy in patients with diabetes. We measure physiological parameters (heart rate, corrected QT interval of the electrocardiogram (ECG) signal) continuously to provide early detection of hypoglycemic episodes in Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients. Based on the physiological parameters, an evolved fuzzy reasoning model (FRM) to recognize the presence of hypoglycaemic episodes is developed. To optimize the fuzzy rules and the fuzzy membership functions of FRM, an evolutionary algorithm called hybrid particle swarm optimization with wavelet mutation operation is investigated. All data sets are collected from Department of Health, Government of Western Australia for a clinical study. The results show that the proposed algorithm performs well in terms of the clinical sensitivity and specificity.

Ling, SS, Nuryani, N & Nguyen, HT 2010, 'Hypoglycaemia detection for Type 1 diabetic patients based on ECG parameters using fuzzy support vector machine', International Joint Conference on Neural Networks - 2010 IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence, International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, IEEE, Spain, pp. 2253-2259.
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Nocturnal hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetic patients can be dangerous in which symptoms may not be apparent while blood glucose level decreases to very low level, and for this reason, an effective detection system for hypoglycaemia is crucial. This research work proposes a detection system for the hypoglycaemia based on the classification of electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters. The classification uses a Fuzzy Support Vector Machine (FSVM) with inputs of heart rate, corrected QT (QT c) interval and corrected TpTe (TpTec) interval. Three types of kernel functions (radial basis function (RBF), exponential radial basis function (ERBF) and polynomial function) are investigated in the classification. Moreover, parameters of the kernel functions are tuned to find the optimum of the classification. The results show that the FSVM classification using RBF kernel function demonstrates better performance than using SVM. However, both classifiers result approximately same performance if ERBF and polynomial kernel functions are used.

Maali, Y & Al-Jumaily, A 2010, 'Soft computing based biosignals in human machine interaction for assistive devices', Proceedings 6th International Conference on Advanced Information Management and Service (IMS 2010), International Conference on Advanced Information Management and Service, IEEE, Seoul, Korea, pp. 330-335.
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Healthcare is a complex system, so effective technologies and algorithms required to obtaining optimal benefits and results. Also, healthcare has a very large domain but as an engineer we can see that many common algorithms are used for healthcare engineering today's. In this study, we want to review soft computing approaches used for analyze biosignals in healthcare technology issues and specially assistance devices. By attention to variety of assistance devices we can't mention to all published papers in this area. Actually, we will try to introduce some significant algorithms by order of time to provide a good perspective of this area. It must be noted that we don't select papers only based on the number of their citation. But also, some significant papers that are not mention too much, for any reason, are introduced.

Nguyen, J, Su, SW & Nguyen, HT 2010, 'Spherical Vision Cameras in a Semi-autonomous Wheelchair System', Proceedings of the 32nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society 'Merging Medical Humanism and Technology', IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Annual Conference, The Printing House, Inc., Buenos Aires, Argentina, pp. 4064-4067.
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This paper is concerned with the methods developed for extending the capabilities of a spherical vision camera system to allow detection of surrounding objects and whether or not they pose a danger for movement in that direction during autonomous navigation of a power wheelchair. A Point Grey Research (PGR) Ladybug2 spherical vision camera system was attached to the power wheelchair for surrounding vision. The objective is to use this Ladybug2 system to provide information about obstacles all around the wheelchair and aid the automated decision-making process involved during navigation. Through instantaneous neural network classification of individual camera images to determine whether obstacles are present, detection of obstacles have been successfully achieved with accuracies reaching 96%. This assistive technology has the purpose of automated obstacle detection, navigational path planning and decision-making, and collision avoidance during navigation.

Nuryani, Ling, S & Nguyen, HT 2010, 'Electrocardiographic T-wave peak-to-end interval for hypoglycaemia detection', 2010 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBC'10, pp. 618-621.
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Electrocardiographic T wave peak-to-end interval (TpTe) is one parameter of T wave morphology, which contains indicators for hypoglycaemia. This paper shows the corrected TpTe (TpTec) interval as one of the inputs contributing to detect hypoglycaemia. Support vector machine (SVM) and fuzzy support vector machine (FSVM) utilizing radial basis function (RBF) are used as the classification methods in this paper. By comparing with the classification systems using inputs of corrected QT interval (QTc) and heart rate only, the results indicate that the inclusion of TpTec in combination with QTc and heart rate performs better in the detection of hypoglycaemia in terms of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. © 2010 IEEE.

Nuryani, N, Ling, SS & Nguyen, HT 2010, 'Electrocardiographic T-wave Peak-to-end Interval for Hypoglycaemia Detection', Proceedings of the 32nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society - Merging Medical Humanism and Technology, IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Annual Conference, The Printing House, Inc., Buenos Aires, Argentina, pp. 618-621.
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Electrocardiographic T wave peak-to-end interval (TpTe) is one parameter of T wave morphology, which contains indicators for hypoglycaemia. This paper shows the corrected TpTe (TpTec) interval as one of the inputs contributing to detect hypoglycaemia. Support vector machine (SVM) and fuzzy support vector machine (FSVM) utilizing radial basis function (RBF) are used as the classification methods in this paper. By comparing with the classification systems using inputs of corrected QT interval (QTc) and heart rate only, the results indicate that the inclusion of TpTec in combination with QTc and heart rate performs better in the detection of hypoglycaemia in terms of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy.

Pronobis, A, Sjöö, K, Aydemir, A, Bishop, AN & Jensfelt, P 2010, 'Representing spatial knowledge in mobile cognitive systems', Intelligent Autonomous Systems 11, IAS 2010, pp. 133-142.
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A cornerstone for cognitive mobile agents is to represent the vast body of knowledge about space in which they operate. In order to be robust and efficient, such representation must address requirements imposed on the integrated system as a whole, but also resulting from properties of its components. In this paper, we carefully analyze the problem and design a structure of a spatial knowledge representation for a cognitive mobile system. Our representation is layered and represents knowledge at different levels of abstraction. It deals with complex, crossmodal, spatial knowledge that is inherently uncertain and dynamic. Furthermore, it incorporates discrete symbols that facilitate communication with the user and components of a cognitive system. We present the structure of the representation and propose concrete instantiations. © 2010 IOS Press.

Rivera, LR, Nguyen, TV, Thacker, M, Pontell, LJ & Furness, JB 2010, 'Changes in Electrophysiological Properties of Guinea-Pig Enteric Neurons Following Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury', GASTROENTEROLOGY, W B SAUNDERS CO-ELSEVIER INC, pp. S432-S432.

Su, SW, Nguyen, HT & Ha, QP 2010, 'Laboratory Demonstration for Model Predictive Multivariable Control with a Coupled Drive System', Proc. of the 11th International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision (ICARCV 2010), International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision, IEEE, Singapore, pp. 762-767.
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Teaching multivariable control usually involves a certain level of mathematical sophistication and hence requires some labaratorial exemplification of the material given in formal lectures. This paper reports on a hands-on approach to multivariable control education via the implementation of a model predictive controller on a two-input, two output coupled drive apparatus. This scaled-down system represents many industrial processes while provides an excellent set-up for demonstrating the cross-coupled effects in multi-input multi-output systems. Here, a model predictive controller (MPC) is developed and implemented on the basis of a constrained optimization problem to show control performance via the belt tension and velocity outputs, demonstrate the decoupling capability, and also illustrate such issues as control input saturation, the selection of operating point, reference inputs, and system robustness to external disturbance and varying parameters. The implementation is based on Labview and MATLAB Model Predictive Control Toolbox.

Weng, K, Turk, B, Dolores, L, Nguyen, N, Celler, BG, Su, SW & Nguyen, HT 2010, 'Fast tracking of a given heart rate profile in treadmill exercise', Proceedings of the 32nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society 'Merging Medical Humanism and Technology', IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Annual Conference, The Printing House, Inc., Buenos Aires, Argentina, pp. 2569-2572.
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This paper investigates the application of a multi-loop PID controller in an automated treadmill exercise machine. The approach is to design a computer-controlled treadmill control system for the regulation of heart rate (HR) during treadmill exercise. A single-input and multiple-output (SIMO) controller was implemented to fast track a given heart rate profile in treadmill exercise. Two separate single-input and single-output (SISO) PID control systems are initially implemented to modify either the treadmill speed or its angle of inclination in order to achieve a desired HR. The purpose of this paper is to apply a SIMO control system by implementing a control algorithm which includes the two PID controllers working simultaneously to track the desired HR profile. The performance of the SIMO and SISO control systems are compared through the closed loop responses recorded during experimentation. This would also help future development of safe treadmill exercise system.

Weng, K, Turk, B, Dolores, L, Nguyen, TN, Celler, B, Su, S & Nguyen, HT 2010, 'Fast tracking of a given heart rate profile in treadmill exercise', 2010 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBC'10, pp. 2569-2572.
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This paper investigates the application of a multi-loop PID controller in an automated treadmill exercise machine. The approach is to design a computer-controlled treadmill control system for the regulation of heart rate (HR) during treadmill exercise. A single-input and multiple-output (SIMO) controller was implemented to fast track a given heart rate profile in treadmill exercise. Two separate single-input and single-output (SISO) PID control systems are initially implemented to modify either the treadmill speed or its angle of inclination in order to achieve a desired HR. The purpose of this paper is to apply a SIMO control system by implementing a control algorithm which includes the two PID controllers working simultaneously to track the desired HR profile. The performance of the SIMO and SISO control systems are compared through the closed loop responses recorded during experimentation. This would also help future development of safe treadmill exercise system. © 2010 IEEE.

Yang, F & Mohan, AS 2010, 'Breast Cancer Detection: Comparison of Data-Dependent and Data-Independent Approaches', 2010 ASIA-PACIFIC MICROWAVE CONFERENCE, 22nd Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC), IEEE, Yokohama, JAPAN, pp. 271-274.

Yang, F & Mohan, AS 2010, 'Breast cancer imaging techniques using UWB microwave imaging', Proceedings - 2010 12th International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications, ICEAA'10, pp. 305-308.
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This paper proposes a method that combines a data-independent beamformer with Matrix Pencil (MP) method to take into consideration the morphological properties of the malignant tissue. The simulated results have shown the resonant frequency and damping factor of complex natural resonance (CNR) are capable of differentiating the malignant tissue from other significant interferers such as benign lesions. The investigations employed computational 2D breast models that are based on Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method. ©2010 IEEE.

Yang, F & Sanagavarapu, AM 2010, 'EM techniques for the detection of breast cancer', 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and CNC-USNC/URSI Radio Science Meeting - Leading the Wave, AP-S/URSI 2010, International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, IEEE, Toronto, ON, Canada, pp. 1-4.
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Radar based microwave imaging technique has great potential for breast cancer detection [1]. It has been demonstrated by recent experiments that the data-adaptive radar microwave imaging reveals good image resolution [4]. However, purely scattered energy