Al‐Hajjar, M, Leslie, IJ, Tipper, J, Williams, S, Fisher, J & Jennings, LM 2010, 'Effect of cup inclination angle during microseparation and rim loading on the wear of BIOLOX® delta ceramic‐on‐ceramic total hip replacement', Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, vol. 95B, no. 2, pp. 263-268.
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AbstractCeramic‐on‐ceramic (CoC) bearings in total hip replacements (THRs) have shown low wear volumes under standard gait in hip simulator studies. However, clinical reports have indicated variations in wear rates and formation of stripe‐like wear area on the ceramic femoral heads. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of cup inclination angle and microseparation on the wear of CoC bearings in THRs. The six station Leeds II Physiological Anatomical Joint Simulator was used to investigate the wear of 28 mm diameter alumina matrix composite ceramic bearings (BIOLOX®delta). It was shown that increasing the cup inclination angle from 55o to 65o had no significant effect on the wear rate of BIOLOX®delta CoC under both standard gait and microseparation conditions in this in vitro study. Under standard gait conditions, the mean wear rate for both cup inclination angle conditions was very low at 0.05 mm3/million cycles. The introduction of microseparation to the standard gait cycle increased the mean wear rates to 0.13 mm3/million cycles for the cup inclination angle of 55o and 0.11 mm3/million cycles for that of 65°. The level of increased wear with microseparation was not dependent on cup angle. A stripe of wear on the head also formed, with corresponding superior rim wear on the cup. The wear rates obtained were low compared to the HIPed third generation alumina ceramic (BIOLOX®forte) tested under the same adverse conditions (1.84 mm3/million cycles). BIOLOX®delta has shown lower wear than previous ceramic materials used in ...
Bjornerem⁎, A, Ghasem-Zadeh, A, Bui, M, Wang, X, Rantzau, C, Nguyen, TV, Hopper, JL & Seeman, E 2010, 'Bone's structural design determines its own decay', Bone, vol. 47, pp. S33-S34.
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Bjørnerem, Å, Johnsen, SL, Nguyen, TV, Kiserud, T & Seeman, E 2010, 'The shifting trajectory of growth in femur length during gestation', Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 1029-1033.
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Abstract Bone size is a determinant of bone strength and tracks in its percentile of origin during childhood and adolescence. We hypothesized that the ranking of an individual's femur length (FL) is established in early gestation and tracks thereafter. Fetal FL was measured serially using 2D ultrasound in 625 Norwegian fetuses. Tracking was assessed using Pearson correlation, a generalized estimating equation model, and by calculating the proportion of fetuses whose FL remained within the same quartile. Baseline FL Z-score (weeks 10 to 19) and later measurements correlated, but more weakly as gestation advanced: r = 0.59 (weeks 20 to 26); r = 0.45 (weeks 27 to 33); and r = 0.32 (weeks 34 to 39) (p < 0.001). Tracking within the same quartile throughout gestation occurred in 13% of fetuses. Of the 87% deviating, 21% returned to the quartile of origin, so 34% began and ended in the same quartile, 38% deviated by one quartile, and 28% deviated by two or more quartiles by the end of gestation. A standard deviation higher baseline FL Z-score, placental weight (150 g), maternal height (5 cm), and weight (10 kg), was associated with a 0.25, 0.15, 0.10, and 0.05 SD higher FL Z-score at the end of gestation, respectively (p ranging from <0.001 to 0.02). Tracking within the same percentile throughout the whole of gestation, as suggest by growth charts, is uncommon. Deviation from tracking is more common and is the result of changes in growth velocity within and between fetuses and is partly influenced by maternal, fetal, and placental factors. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Chen, L, Warkiani, ME, Liu, H-B & Gong, H-Q 2010, 'Polymeric micro-filter manufactured by a dissolving mold technique', Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 075005-075005.
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Csorba, T, Lózsa, R, Hutvágner, G & Burgyán, J 2010, 'Polerovirus protein P0 prevents the assembly of small RNA-containing RISC complexes and leads to degradation of ARGONAUTE1', The Plant Journal, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 463-472.
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RNA silencing plays an important role in plants in defence against viruses. To overcome this defence, plant viruses encode suppressors of RNA silencing. The most common mode of silencing suppression is sequestration of double-stranded RNAs involved in the antiviral silencing pathways. Viral suppressors can also overcome silencing responses through protein-protein interaction. The poleroviral P0 silencing suppressor protein targets ARGONAUTE (AGO) proteins for degradation. AGO proteins are the core component of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). We found that P0 does not interfere with the slicer activity of pre-programmed siRNA/miRNA containing AGO1, but prevents de novo formation of siRNA/miRNA containing AGO1. We show that the AGO1 protein is part of a high-molecular-weight complex, suggesting the existence of a multi-protein RISC in plants. We propose that P0 prevents RISC assembly by interacting with one of its protein components, thus inhibiting formation of siRNA/miRNA-RISC, and ultimately leading to AGO1 degradation. Our findings also suggest that siRNAs enhance the stability of co-expressed AGO1 in both the presence and absence of P0. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Deng, W, Jin, D, Drozdowicz-Tomsia, K, Yuan, J & Goldys, EM 2010, 'Europium Chelate (BHHCT-Eu3+) and Its Metal Nanostructure Enhanced Luminescence Applied to Bioassays and Time-Gated Bioimaging', Langmuir, vol. 26, no. 12, pp. 10036-10043.
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Diamond, T & White, C 2010, 'The fracture cascade: Managing individuals who continue to fracture on antiosteoporotic therapies', Medicine Today, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 56-66.
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The effective management of individuals with osteoporosis should include not only the prescribing of an antiosteoporotic agent but also regular encouragement to ensure drug persistence and adherence.
Emadi, R, Roohani Esfahani, SI & Tavangarian, F 2010, 'A novel, low temperature method for the preparation of ß-TCP/HAP biphasic nanostructured ceramic scaffold from natural cancellous bone', Materials Letters, vol. 64, no. 8, pp. 993-996.
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Emadi, R, Tavangarian, F & Esfahani, SIR 2010, 'Biodegradable and bioactive properties of a novel bone scaffold coated with nanocrystalline bioactive glass for bone tissue engineering', Materials Letters, vol. 64, no. 13, pp. 1528-1531.
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Emadi, R, Tavangarian, F, Esfahani, SIR, Sheikhhosseini, A & Kharaziha, M 2010, 'Nanostructured Forsterite Coating Strengthens Porous Hydroxyapatite for Bone Tissue Engineering', Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol. 93, no. 9, pp. 2679-2683.
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Many attempts have been focused on preparing highly porous scaffolds with appropriate mechanical strength. This paper has developed a new route to enhance the compressive strength of porous hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffold (porosity: ∼83%, mean pore size: ∼740 μm). Briefly, this route included a nanostructure coating of forsterite (Mg2SiO4) on struts of porous HA. The coating microstructure consisted of the grains with the range between 35 and 80 nm and nanosize pores that could be detected by scanning electron microscopy observation. This simple method improved the compressive strength of highly porous HA from 0.12 to 1.61 MPa. The scaffolds obtained provided a good mechanical support while maintaining bioactivity, and hence they could be used as tissue engineering scaffolds for low‐load‐bearing applications.
Fleming, PA, Argraves, WS, Gentile, C, Neagu, A, Forgacs, G & Drake, CJ 2010, 'Fusion of uniluminal vascular spheroids: A model for assembly of blood vessels', Developmental Dynamics, vol. 239, no. 3, pp. spcone-spcone.
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AbstractBlood vessel formation via vascular fusion. When placed into hanging drop culture, five uniluminal vascular spheroids fuse to form a single, larger diameter spheroid with an outer layer of smooth muscle alpha actin positive cells (red) and an inner PECAM‐1 positive endothelium (green) surrounding a large central lumen. From Fleming et al., Developmental Dynamics 239:398–406, 2010.
Fleming, PA, Argraves, WS, Gentile, C, Neagu, A, Forgacs, G & Drake, CJ 2010, 'Fusion of uniluminal vascular spheroids: A model for assembly of blood vessels', Developmental Dynamics, vol. 239, no. 4, pp. spcone-spcone.
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AbstractZebrafish Intrahepatic Biliary System: Confocal projection through the liver of a 5 day post‐fertilization zebrafish larva immunostained with antibodies raised against the human multidrug resistance protein‐1 (red), also known as Pglcyoprotein, an ABC transporter in the hepatocyte canalicular membrane, and a novel zebrafish epitope 2F11 (green) that recognizes biliary epithelial cells. Hepatocytes secrete bile through their canaliculus into the intrahepatic biliary duct network. 10 μm z‐stack. From Lorent et al., Developmental Dynamics 239:398‐406, 2010.
Fleming, PA, Argraves, WS, Gentile, C, Neagu, A, Forgacs, G & Drake, CJ 2010, 'Fusion of uniluminal vascular spheroids: A model for assembly of blood vessels', Developmental Dynamics, vol. 239, no. 2, pp. 398-406.
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AbstractWe evaluated the self‐assembly properties of uniluminal vascular spheroids having outer layers of vascular smooth muscle cells and a contiguous inner layer of endothelial cells lining a central lumen. We showed that while pairs of uniluminal vascular spheroids suspended in culture medium fused to form a larger diameter spheroidal structure, spheroids in collagen hydrogels formed elongated structures. These findings highlight the potential use of uniluminal vascular spheroids as modules to engineer blood vessels. We also demonstrate that uniluminal vascular spheroid fusion conforms to models describing the coalescence of liquid drops. Furthermore, the fusion of uniluminal vascular spheroids in vitro closely resembled the in vivo process by which the descending aorta forms from the fusion of the paired dorsal aortae during embryonic development. Together, the findings indicate that tissue liquidity underlies uniluminal vascular spheroid fusion and that in vivo anastomosis of blood vessels may involve a similar mechanism. Developmental Dynamics 239:398–406, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gallagher, IJ, Scheele, C, Keller, P, Nielsen, AR, Remenyi, J, Fischer, CP, Roder, K, Babraj, J, Wahlestedt, C, Hutvagner, G, Pedersen, BK & Timmons, JA 2010, 'Integration of microRNA changes in vivo identifies novel molecular features of muscle insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes', Genome Medicine, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 9-9.
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Background: Skeletal muscle insulin resistance (IR) is considered a critical component of type II diabetes, yet to date IR has evaded characterization at the global gene expression level in humans. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are considered fine-scale rheostats of protein-coding gene product abundance. The relative importance and mode of action of miRNAs in human complex diseases remains to be fully elucidated. We produce a global map of coding and non-coding RNAs in human muscle IR with the aim of identifying novel disease biomarkers.Methods: We profiled >47,000 mRNA sequences and >500 human miRNAs using gene-chips and 118 subjects (n = 71 patients versus n = 47 controls). A tissue-specific gene-ranking system was developed to stratify thousands of miRNA target-genes, removing false positives, yielding a weighted inhibitor score, which integrated the net impact of both up- and down-regulated miRNAs. Both informatic and protein detection validation was used to verify the predictions of in vivo changes.Results: The muscle mRNA transcriptome is invariant with respect to insulin or glucose homeostasis. In contrast, a third of miRNAs detected in muscle were altered in disease (n = 62), many changing prior to the onset of clinical diabetes. The novel ranking metric identified six canonical pathways with proven links to metabolic disease while the control data demonstrated no enrichment. The Benjamini-Hochberg adjusted Gene Ontology profile of the highest ranked targets was metabolic (P < 7.4 × 10-8), post-translational modification (P < 9.7 × 10-5) and developmental (P < 1.3 × 10-6) processes. Protein profiling of six development-related genes validated the predictions. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein was detectable only in muscle satellite cells and was increased in diabetes patients compared with controls, consistent with the observation that global miRNA changes were opposite from those found during myogenic differentiation.Conclusions: We provide eviden...
Galvin, AL, Jennings, LM, Tipper, JL, Ingham, E & Fisher, J 2010, 'Wear and Creep of Highly Crosslinked Polyethylene against Cobalt Chrome and Ceramic Femoral Heads', Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine, vol. 224, no. 10, pp. 1175-1183.
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The wear and creep characteristics of highly crosslinked ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) articulating against large-diameter (36 mm) ceramic and cobalt chrome femoral heads have been investigated in a physiological anatomical hip joint simulator for 10 million cycles. The crosslinked UHMWPE/ceramic combination showed higher volume deformation due to creep plus wear during the first 2 million cycles, and a steady-state wear rate 40 per cent lower than that of the crosslinked UHMWPE/cobalt chrome combination. Wear particles were isolated and characterized from the hip simulator lubricants. The wear particles were similar in size and morphology for both head materials. The particle isolation methodology used could not detect a statistically significant difference between the particles produced by the cobalt chrome and alumina ceramic femoral heads.
Guo, X, Lu, X, Fang, X, Mao, Y, Wang, Z, Chen, L, Xu, X, Yang, H & Liu, Y 2010, 'Lithium storage in hollow spherical ZnFe2O4 as anode materials for lithium ion batteries', Electrochemistry Communications, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 847-850.
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Hain, D, Bettencourt, BR, Okamura, K, Csorba, T, Meyer, W, Jin, Z, Biggerstaff, J, Siomi, H, Hutvagner, G, Lai, EC, Welte, M & Müller, H-AJ 2010, 'Natural Variation of the Amino-Terminal Glutamine-Rich Domain in Drosophila Argonaute2 Is Not Associated with Developmental Defects', PLoS ONE, vol. 5, no. 12, pp. e15264-e15264.
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The Drosophila argonaute2 (ago2) gene plays a major role in siRNA mediated RNA silencing pathways. Unlike mammalian Argonaute proteins, the Drosophila protein has an unusual amino-terminal domain made up largely of multiple copies of glutamine-rich repeats (GRRs). We report here that the ago2 locus produces an alternative transcript that encodes a putative short isoform without this amino-terminal domain. Several ago2 mutations previously reported to be null alleles only abolish expression of the long, GRR-containing isoform. Analysis of drop out (dop) mutations had previously suggested that variations in GRR copy number result in defects in RNAi and embryonic development. However, we find that dop mutations genetically complement transcript-null alleles of ago2 and that ago2 alleles with variant GRR copy numbers support normal development. In addition, we show that the assembly of the central RNAi machinery, the RISC (RNA induced silencing complex), is unimpaired in embryos when GRR copy number is altered. In fact, we find that GRR copy number is highly variable in natural D. melanogaster populations as well as in laboratory strains. Finally, while many other insects share an extensive, glutamine-rich Ago2 amino-terminal domain, its primary sequence varies drastically between species. Our data indicate that GRR variation does not modulate an essential function of Ago2 and that the amino-terminal domain of Ago2 is subject to rapid evolution. © 2010 Hain et al.
Ho-Pham, LT, Nguyen, ND, Lai, TQ & Nguyen, TV 2010, 'Contributions of lean mass and fat mass to bone mineral density: a study in postmenopausal women', BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, vol. 11, no. 1.
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Background: The relative contribution of lean and fat to the determination of bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women is a contentious issue. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that lean mass is a better determinant of BMD than fat mass. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 210 postmenopausal women of Vietnamese background, aged between 50 and 85 years, who were randomly sampled from various districts in Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam). Whole body scans, femoral neck, and lumbar spine BMD were measured by DXA (QDR 4500, Hologic Inc., Waltham, MA). Lean mass (LM) and fat mass (FM) were derived from the whole body scan. Furthermore, lean mass index (LMi) and fat mass index (FMi) were calculated as ratio of LM or FM to body height in metre squared (m2). Results: In multiple linear regression analysis, both LM and FM were independent and significant predictors of BMD at the spine and femoral neck. Age, lean mass and fat mass collectively explained 33% variance of lumbar spine and 38% variance of femoral neck BMD. Replacing LM and FM by LMi and LMi did not alter the result. In both analyses, the influence of LM or LMi was greater than FM and FMi. Simulation analysis suggested that a study with 1000 individuals has a 78% chance of finding the significant effects of both LM and FM, and a 22% chance of finding LM alone significant, and zero chance of finding the effect of fat mass alone. Conclusions: These data suggest that both lean mass and fat mass are important determinants of BMD. For a given body size -- measured either by lean mass or height --women with greater fat mass have greater BMD.
Ho-Pham, LT, Nguyen, ND, Nguyen, TT, Nguyen, DH, Bui, PK, Nguyen, VN & Nguyen, TV 2010, 'Association between vitamin D insufficiency and tuberculosis in a vietnamese population', BMC Infectious Diseases, vol. 10, no. 1.
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Background: Recent in vitro evidence suggests a link between vitamin D status and the risk of tuberculosis (TB). This study sought to examine the association between vitamin D status, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and the risk of TB in a Vietnamese population. Methods: The study was designed as a matched case-control study, which involved 166 TB patients (113 men and 53 women), who were age-and-sex matched with 219 controls (113 men and 106 women). The average age of men and women was 49 and 50, respectively. TB was diagnosed by the presence of acid-fast bacilli on smears from sputum, and the isolation of M. tuberculosis. All patients were hospitalized for treatment in a TB specialist hospital. Controls were randomly drawn from the general community within the Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam. 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH) D] and PTH was measured prior to treatment by an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) on a Roche Elecsys. A serum level of 25(OH) D below 30 ng/mL was deemed to be vitamin D insufficient. Results: The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency was 35.4% in men with TB and 19.5% in controls (P = 0.01). In women, there were no significant differences in serum 25(OH) D and serum PTH levels between TB patients and controls. The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in women with TB (45.3%) was not significantly different from those without TB (47.6%; P = 0.91). However, in both genders, serum calcium levels in TB patients were significantly lower than in non-TB individuals. Smoking (odds ratio [OR] 1.25; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10 - 14.7), reduced 25(OH) D (OR per standard deviation [SD]: 1.14; 95% CI 1.07 - 10.7) and increased PTH (OR per SD 1.13; 95% CI 1.05 - 10.4) were independently associated with increased risk of TB in men. Conclusion: These results suggest that vitamin D insufficiency was a risk factor for tuberculosis in men, but not in women. However, it remains to be established whether the association is a causal relationship.
Johnston, M, Geoffroy, M-C, Sobala, A, Hay, R & Hutvagner, G 2010, 'HSP90 Protein Stabilizes Unloaded Argonaute Complexes and Microscopic P-bodies in Human Cells', Molecular Biology of the Cell, vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 1462-1469.
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Key components of the miRNA-mediated gene regulation pathway are localized in cytoplasmic processing bodies (P-bodies). Mounting evidence suggests that the presence of microscopic P-bodies are not always required for miRNA-mediated gene regulation. Here we have shown that geldanamycin, a well-characterized HSP90 inhibitor, abolishes P-bodies and significantly reduces Argonaute and GW182 protein levels but does not affect the miRNA level and the efficiency of miRNA-mediated gene repression; however, it significantly impairs siRNA loading and the efficacy of exogenous siRNA. Our data suggests that HSP90 protein chaperones Argonautes before binding RNA and may facilitate efficient loading of small RNA.
Kabli, N, Martin, N, Fan, T, Nguyen, T, Hasbi, A, Balboni, G, O'Dowd, BF & George, SR 2010, 'Agonists at the δ‐opioid receptor modify the binding of µ‐receptor agonists to the µ–δ receptor hetero‐oligomer', British Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 161, no. 5, pp. 1122-1136.
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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEµ‐ and δ‐opioid receptors form heteromeric complexes with unique ligand binding and G protein‐coupling profiles linked to G protein α z‐subunit (Gαz) activation. However, the mechanism of action of agonists and their regulation of the µ–δ receptor heteromer are not well understood.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHCompetition radioligand binding, cell surface receptor internalization in intact cells, confocal microscopy and receptor immunofluorescence techniques were employed to study the regulation of the µ–δ receptor heteromer in heterologous cells with and without agonist exposure.KEY RESULTSGαzenhanced affinity of some agonists at µ–δ receptor heteromers, independent of agonist chemical structure. δ‐Opioid agonists displaced µ‐agonist binding with high affinity from µ–δ heteromers, but not µ receptor homomers, suggestive of δ‐agonists occupying a novel µ‐receptor ligand binding pocket within the heteromers. Also, δ‐agonists induced internalization of µ‐opioid receptors in cells co‐expressing µ‐ and δ‐receptors, but not those expressing µ‐receptors alone, indicative of µ–δ heteromer internalization. This dose‐dependent,Pertussistoxin‐resistant and clathrin‐ and dynamin‐dependent effect required agonist occupancy of both µ‐ and δ‐opioid receptors. In contrast to µ‐receptor homomers, agonist‐induced internalization of µ–δ heteromers persisted following chronic morphine exposure.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThe µ–δ receptor heteromer may contain a novel δ‐agonist‐detected, high‐affinity, µ‐receptor ligand binding pocket and is regulated differently from the µ‐receptor homomer following chronic morphine exposure. Occupancy of both µ‐ and δ‐receptor binding pockets is required for δ‐agonist‐induced endocytosis of µ–δ receptor heter...
Monk, CE, Hutvagner, G & Arthur, JSC 2010, 'Regulation of miRNA Transcription in Macrophages in Response to Candida albicans', PLoS ONE, vol. 5, no. 10, pp. e13669-e13669.
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Macrophages detect pathogens via pattern recognition receptors (PRRS), which trigger several intracellular signaling cascades including the MAPK and NFKB pathways. These in turn mediate the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines that are essential to combat the pathogen. However as the over-production of pro-inflammatory cytokines results in tissue damage or septic shock, precise control of these signaling pathways is essential and achieved via the induction of multiple negative feedback mechanisms. MIRNAS are small regulatory RNAS that are able to affect protein expression, via the regulation of either mRNA stability or translation. Up-regulation of specific MIRNAS could have the potential to modulate PRR signaling, as has been shown for both miR-146 and miR-155. Here we have analysed which MIRNAS are up-regulated in mouse macrophages in response to the fungal pathogen heat killed Candida albicans and compared the profile to that obtained with the TLR4 ligand LPS. We found that in addition to miR-146 and miR-155, both Candida albicans and LPS were also able to up-regulate miR-455 and miR-125a. Analysis of the signaling pathways required showed that NFKB was necessary for the transcription of all 4 pri-MIRNAS, while the ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK pathways were also required for pri-miR-125a transcription. In addition the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was found to be able to induce miR-146a and b, but inhibited miR-155 induction. These results suggest that miR-455, miR-125, miR-146 and miR-155 may play important roles in regulating macrophage function following PRR stimulation. © 2010 Monk et al.
Nguyen, TH, Truong, ATL, Ba Ngo, M, Bui, CTQ, Dinh, QV, Doan, TC, Nguyen, LTK, Phan, TC, Phan, MV, Nguyen, TV & Le, TV 2010, 'Intravenous Thrombolysis', International Journal of Stroke, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 516-516.
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Nguyen, TV, Dalman, C, Le, TC, Nguyen, TV, Tran, NV & Allebeck, P 2010, 'Suicide attempt in a rural area of Vietnam: Incidence, methods used and access to mental health care', International Journal of Mental Health Systems, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 3-3.
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Remenyi, J, Hunter, CJ, Cole, C, Ando, H, Impey, S, Monk, CE, Martin, KJ, Barton, GJ, Hutvagner, G & Arthur, JSC 2010, 'Regulation of the miR-212/132 locus by MSK1 and CREB in response to neurotrophins', BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL, vol. 428, no. 2, pp. 281-291.
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Neurotrophins are growth factors that are important in neuronal development and survival as well as synapse formation and plasticity. Many of the effects of neurotrophins are mediated by changes in protein expression as a result of altered transcription or translation. To determine whether neurotrophins regulate the production of microRNAs (miRNAs), small RNA species that modulate protein translation or mRNA stability, we used deep sequencing to identify BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor)-induced miRNAs in cultured primary cortical mouse neurons. This revealed that the miR-212/132 cluster contained the miRNAs most responsive to BDNF treatment. This cluster was found to produce four miRNAs: miR-132, miR-132*, miR-212 and miR-212*. Using specific inhibitors, mouse models and promoter analysis we have shown that the regulation of the transcription of the miR-212/132 miRNA cluster and the miRNAs derived from it are regulated by the ERK1/2 (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2) pathway, via bothMSK (mitogen and stress-activated kinase)-dependent and -independent mechanisms. © The Authors.
Roohani-Esfahani, S-I, Nouri-Khorasani, S, Lu, Z, Appleyard, R & Zreiqat, H 2010, 'The influence hydroxyapatite nanoparticle shape and size on the properties of biphasic calcium phosphate scaffolds coated with hydroxyapatite–PCL composites', Biomaterials, vol. 31, no. 21, pp. 5498-5509.
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Sandhu, SK, Nguyen, ND, Center, JR, Pocock, NA, Eisman, JA & Nguyen, TV 2010, 'Prognosis of fracture: evaluation of predictive accuracy of the FRAX™ algorithm and Garvan nomogram', Osteoporosis International, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 863-871.
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We evaluated the prognostic accuracy of fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX™) and Garvan algorithms in an independent Australian cohort. The results suggest comparable performance in women but relatively poor fracture risk discrimination in men by FRAX™. These data emphasize the importance of external validation before widespread clinical implementation of prognostic tools in different cohorts. Introduction: Absolute risk assessment is now recognized as a preferred approach to guide treatment decision. The present study sought to evaluate accuracy of the FRAX™ and Garvan algorithms for predicting absolute risk of osteoporotic fracture (hip, spine, humerus, or wrist), defined as major in FRAX™, in a clinical setting in Australia. Methods: A retrospective validation study was conducted in 144 women (69 fractures and 75 controls) and 56 men (31 fractures and 25 controls) aged between 60 and 90 years. Relevant clinical data prior to fracture event were ascertained. Based on these variables, predicted 10-year probabilities of major fracture were calculated from the Garvan and FRAX™ algorithms, using US (FRAX-US) and UK databases (FRAX-UK). Area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) was computed for each model. Results: In women, the average 10-year probability of major fracture was consistently higher in the fracture than in the nonfracture group: Garvan (0.33 vs. 0.15), FRAX-US (0.30 vs. 0.19), and FRAX-UK (0.17 vs. 0.10). In men, although the Garvan model yielded higher average probability of major fracture in the fracture group (0.32 vs. 0.14), the FRAX™ algorithm did not: FRAX-US (0.17 vs. 0.19) and FRAX-UK (0.09 vs. 0.12). In women, AUC for the Garvan, FRAX-US, and FRAX-UK algorithms were 0.84, 0.77, and 0.78, respectively, vs. 0.76, 0.54, and 0.57, respectively, in men. Conclusion: In this analysis, although both approaches were reasonably accurate in women, FRAX™ discriminated fracture risk poorly in men. These data support the conc...
Shi, B, Zhang, S, Wang, Y, Zhuang, Y, Chu, J, Zhang, S, Shi, X, Bi, J & Guo, M 2010, 'Expansion of mouse sertoli cells on microcarriers', Cell Proliferation, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 275-286.
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AbstractBackground: Sertoli cells (SCs) have been described as the ‘nurse cells’ of the testis whose primary function is to provide essential growth factors and create an appropriate environment for development of other cells [for example, germinal and nerve stem cells (NSCs), used here]. However, the greatest challenge at present is that it is difficult to obtain sufficient SCs of normal physiological function for cell transplantation and biological medicine, largely due to traditional static culture parameter difficult to be monitored and scaled up.Objective: Operational stirred culture conditions for in vitro expansion and differentiation of SCs need to be optimized for large‐scale culture.Materials and methods: In this study, the culturing process for primary SC expansion and maintaining lack of differentiation was optimized for the first time, by using microcarrier bead technology in spinner flask culture. Effects of various feeding/refreshing regimes, stirring speeds, seed inoculum levels of SCs, and concentrations of microcarrier used for expansion of mouse SCs were also explored. In addition, pH, osmotic pressure and metabolic variables including consumption rates of glucose, glutamine, amino acids, and formation rates of lactic acid and ammonia, were investigated in culture.Results: After 6 days, maximal cell densities achieved were 4.6 × 106 cells/ml for Cytodex‐1 in DMEM/FBS compared to 4.8 × 105 cells/ml in static culture. Improved expansion was achieved using an inoculum of 1 × 105 cells/ml and microcarrier concentration of 3 mg/ml at stirring speed of 30 rpm. Results indicated that medium replacement (50% changed everyday) resulted in supply of nutrients and removal of waste...
Sobala, A & Hutvágner, G 2010, 'Small RNAs and their effects on gene expression', Bio Tech International, vol. 22, no. SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER, pp. 19-22.
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The cellular spectrum of small RNAs, and processes regulated by them, is very diverse. This article summarises the wide variety of endogenous small RNAs in mammals and explains how they regulate gene expression.
Ta, MTT, Nguyen, KT, Nguyen, ND, Campbell, LV & Nguyen, TV 2010, 'Identification of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes by systolic blood pressure and waist-to-hip ratio', Diabetologia, vol. 53, no. 10, pp. 2139-2146.
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We estimated the current prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the Vietnamese population and developed simple diagnostic models for identifying individuals at high risk of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes. The study was designed as a cross-sectional investigation with 721 men and 1,421 women, who were aged between 30 and 72 years and were randomly sampled from Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon) in Vietnam. A 75 g oral glucose tolerance test to assess fasting and 2 h plasma glucose concentrations were determined for each individual. The ADA diagnostic criteria were used to determine the prevalence of type 2 diabetes. WHR and blood pressure were also measured in all individuals. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes was 10.8% in men and 11.7% in women. Higher WHR and blood pressure were independently associated with a greater risk of type 2 diabetes. Compared with participants without central obesity and hypertension, the odds of diabetes was increased by 6.4-fold (95% CI 3.2-13.0) in men and 4.1-fold (2.2-7.6) in women with central obesity and hypertension. Two nomograms were developed that help identify men and women at high risk of type 2 diabetes. The current prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the Vietnamese population is high. Simple field measurements such as waist-to-hip ratio and systolic blood pressure can identify individuals at high risk of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes.
TAVANGARIAN, F, EMADI, R & ROOHANI ESFAHANI, SI 2010, 'A NOVEL METHOD TO SYNTHESIS OF β-TCP/HA BIPHASIC NANOCRYSTALLINE POWDER BY USING BOVINE BONE', International Journal of Modern Physics B, vol. 24, no. 17, pp. 3365-3372.
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Nanocrystalline biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) powder was synthesized from natural bovine bone via a very economic process. The bovine bone was annealed at 900°C for 2 h and elemental compositions were qualitatively identified by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The calcined bovine bone was powdered and mixed with calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate ( CaHPO4·2 H2O , DCPD). After that, the prepared powder was uniaxially pressed into pellets. The pellets were annealed at 900–1200°C and then crushed to obtain nanocrystalline BCP powder. The morphology and microstructure of the BCP powder were studied by SEM. The results showed that the prepared powder consisted of small size and highly agglomerated particles. X-ray diffraction method was utilized to characterize the phase formation and crystallite size of prepared powder. The crystallite sizes of BCP powder calculated by using XRD data were in the range of 20–60 nm.
Tran, N, O'Brien, CJ, Clark, J & Rose, B 2010, 'Potential role of micro‐RNAs in head and neck tumorigenesis', Head & Neck, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 1099-1111.
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AbstractA new class of regulatory molecules known as microRNAs (miRNAs) is redefining our understanding of the molecular pathways associated with tumorigenesis. These miRNAs are small noncoding RNA (ncRNA) sequences with potent regulatory potential. The aberrant expression of miRNAs has been associated with the development of various tumors. It has been suggested that miRNAs can both regulate and act as tumor‐suppressor genes and oncogenes. Our understanding of the role of miRNAs in head and neck tumorigenesis is in its infancy. However, several recent studies have revealed extensive dysregulation of miRNA in head and neck tumors and have highlighted the potential of certain miRNAs to act as diagnostic and prognostic markers and targets for new therapeutic agents. The intent of this review is to discuss and summarize current findings that point to a significant role for miRNAs in head and neck tumorigenesis. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Vicars, R, Hyde, PJ, Brown, TD, Tipper, JL, Ingham, E, Fisher, J & Hall, RM 2010, 'The effect of anterior–posterior shear load on the wear of ProDisc-L TDR', European Spine Journal, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 1356-1362.
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Visconti, RP, Kasyanov, V, Gentile, C, Zhang, J, Markwald, RR & Mironov, V 2010, 'Towards organ printing: engineering an intra-organ branched vascular tree', Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 409-420.
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WHITE, C & DIXON, PM 2010, 'A study of the thickness of cheek teeth subocclusal secondary dentine in horses of different ages', Equine Veterinary Journal, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 119-123.
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SummaryReasons for performing study:There is limited knowledge on the thickness of subocclusal secondary dentine in equine cheek teeth (CT).Hypotheses:Subocclusal secondary dentine is of consistent thickness above different pulp horns in individual horses and its thickness increases with age.Methods:408 permanent CT were extractedpost mortemfrom 17 horses aged 4–30 years, with no history of dental disease. The CT were sectioned longitudinally in the medio‐lateral (bucco‐palatal/lingual) plane through each pulp horn, and the thickness of the secondary dentine overlying each pulp horn was measured directly.Results:The subocclusal thickness of secondary dentine above the pulp horns of CT varied from a mean thickness (above all pulp horns) of 12.8 mm (range 5–33 mm) in a 4‐year‐old to 7.5 mm (range 2–24 mm) in a 16‐year‐old horse. There was wide variation in the depth of subocclusal secondary dentine above different pulp horns, even within the same CT. In contrast to expectations, occlusal secondary dentine thickness did not increase with age. There were no significant differences in occlusal secondary dentine thickness between rostral and caudal, or medial and lateral aspects of the CT, or between contralateral CT. Mandibular CT had significantly thicker subocclusal secondary dentine than maxillary CT. Pink coloured secondary dentine was sometimes found 1–3 mm occlusal to the pulp horn in sectioned CT and this was likely caused by artefactual blood staining from the underlying pulp during sectioning.Conclusions:The thickness of subocclusal secondary dentine varies greatly between individual pulp horns, teeth and individual horses and can be as low as 2 mm over individual pulp horns.Potentia...
Xu, XX, Nie, FL, Zhang, JX, Zheng, W, Zheng, YF, Hu, C & Yang, G 2010, 'Corrosion and ion release behavior of ultra-fine grained bulk pure copper fabricated by ECAP in Hanks solution as potential biomaterial for contraception', Materials Letters, vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 524-527.
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Zhao, HY, Xu, XX, Zhang, JX, Zheng, W & Zheng, YF 2010, 'Carbon nanotube–hydroxyapatite–hemoglobin nanocomposites with high bioelectrocatalytic activity', Bioelectrochemistry, vol. 78, no. 2, pp. 124-129.
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Zheng, W, Zhao, HY, Zhang, JX, Zhou, HM, Xu, XX, Zheng, YF, Wang, YB, Cheng, Y & Jang, BZ 2010, 'A glucose/O2 biofuel cell base on nanographene platelet-modified electrodes', Electrochemistry Communications, vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 869-871.
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Zheng, W, Zhao, HY, Zhou, HM, Xu, XX, Ding, MH & Zheng, YF 2010, 'Electrochemistry of bilirubin oxidase at carbon nanotubes', Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 249-254.
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Zhu, Y, Yang, D & Ma, H 2010, 'One-step fabrication of porous polymeric microcage via electrified jetting', Nanoscale, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 910-910.
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