Publications

Chang, E, Dillon, T & Hussain, FK 2006, Trust and Reputation for Service-Oriented Environments: Technologies for Building Business Intelligence and Consumer Confidence.
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Trustworthiness technologies and systems for service-oriented environments are re-shaping the world of e-business. By building trust relationships and establishing trustworthiness and reputation ratings, service providers and organizations will improve customer service, business value and consumer confidence, and provide quality assessment and assurance for the customer in the networked economy. Trust and Reputation for Service-Oriented Environments is a complete tutorial on how to provide business intelligence for sellers, service providers, and manufacturers. In an accessible style, the authors show how the capture of consumer requirements and end-user opinions gives modern businesses the competitive advantage. Trust and Reputation for Service-Oriented Environments: Clarifies trust and security concepts, and defines trust, trust relationships, trustworthiness, reputation, reputation relationships, and trust and reputation models. Details trust and reputation ontologies and databases. Explores the dynamic nature of trust and reputation and how to manage them efficiently. Provides methodologies for trustworthiness measurement, reputation assessment and trustworthiness prediction. Evaluates current trust and reputation systems as employed by companies such as Yahoo, eBay, BizRate, Epinion and Amazon, etc. Gives ample illustrations and real world examples to help validate trust and reputation concepts and methodologies. Offers an accompanying website with lecture notes and PowerPoint slides. This text will give senior undergraduate and masters level students of IT, IS, computer science, computer engineering and business disciplines a full understanding of the concepts and issues involved in trust and reputation. Business providers, consumer watch-dogs and government organizations will find it an invaluable reference to establishing and maintaining trust in open, distributed, anonymous service-oriented network environments. © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Dyson, LE, Hendriks, M & Grant, S 2006, Information technology and indigenous people.
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Indigenous people around the world are becoming more interested in information technology because they see it as a way to preserve their traditional cultures for future generations as well as a way to provide their communities with economic and social renewal. However, the cost of the new technologies, geographic isolation, and a lack of computer literacy have made it difficult for indigenous people to adopt IT. Information Technology and Indigenous People provides theoretical and empirical information related to the planning and execution of IT projects aimed at serving indigenous people. It explores many cultural concerns with IT implementation, including language issues and questions of cultural appropriateness, and brings together cutting-edge research from both indigenous and non-indigenous scholars. © 2007 by Idea Group Inc. All rights reserved.

Dyson, LE, Robertson, TJ, Vernon, K, Robins, P, Fuller-Quinn, B, Bailey, P & Rule, R 2006, Treaty Talks : Talks given at the ESORA and NAIDOC Week Forums Treaty! Let's Get it Right!, Eastern Suburbs Organisation for Reconciling Australia, Edgecliff, Sydney.

IJsselsteijn, W, De Kort, Y, Midden, G, Eggen, B & Van Den Hoven, E 2006, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics): Preface.

Dyson, LE 2006, 'Remote indigenous Australian communities and ICT' in Marshall, S, Taylor, W & Yu, XH (eds), Encyclopedia of developing regional communities, Idea Group Reference, Hershey, USA, pp. 608-613.
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Dyson, LE, Hendriks, M & Grant, S 2006, 'Future Directions' in Information Technology and Indigenous People, pp. 314-315.
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IJsselsteijn, W, de Kort, Y, Midden, CJ, Eggen, B & van den Hoven, E 2006, 'Persuasive Technology for Human Well-Being: Setting the Scene' in IJsselsteijn, W, Kort, YD, Midden, CJH, Eggen, B & Hoven, EVD (eds), Proceedings of the First International Conference on Persuasive Technology for Human Well-Being (PER, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 1-5.
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In this short paper we aim to give a brief introduction to persuasive technology, especially as it pertains to human well-being. We discuss a number of current research opportunities in areas of healthcare, environmental conservation, and education. We conclude by highlighting what we regard as the key research challenges that need to be addressed, focusing on context sensing and appropriate feedback, the need for longitudinal user studies, and ethical concerns.

Redshaw, SJ 2006, 'Acceleration: The Limits of Speed' in McNaughton, H & Lam, A (eds), The Reinvention of Everyday Life: Culture in the Twenty-first Century, University of Canterbury Press, Christchurch.

[93]S. M., L, S. F., L & Lin, C 2006, 'A HVS-directed Neural-network-based Approach for Salt-pepper Impulse Noise Removal'.

Augar, N, Raitman, R & Zhou, W 2006, 'Developing wikis to foster web-based learning communities: an iterative approach', International Journal of Web Based Communities, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 302-317.
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This paper discusses ongoing research at Deakin University, which focuses on developing wikis to foster web-based learning communities. Research to date has used wikis to facilitate collaborative icebreaker exercises, discussions, and to create knowledge repositories. Student feedback has contributed to the iterative revision of the wiki interface, the icebreaker exercise and the development of new tasks for students to complete using the wiki. The analysis and discussion of the experiments presented in this paper focuses on usage trends such as the signature, viewing and editing patterns exhibited by the student cohort. The community building potential of wikis is discussed, highlighting the specific wiki features that can be used to foster a sense of community in a web-based learning environment. Finally, issues surrounding the development of web-based learning communities, which have emerged through the wiki study, are discussed and future directions are outlined. © 2006 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

Bergin, J, Lister, RF, Boucher Owens, B & McNally, M 2006, 'The first programming course: ideas to end the enrollment decline', ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 301-302.
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Chang, C-L, Fan, K-W, Chung, I-F & Lin, C-T 2006, 'A recurrent fuzzy coupled cellular neural network system with automatic structure and template learning', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS II-EXPRESS BRIEFS, vol. 53, no. 8, pp. 602-606.
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Chen, C & Zhou, W 2006, 'A solution for fault tolerance in replicated database systems', International Journal of Computational Science and Engineering, vol. 2, no. 1-2, pp. 64-71.
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A distributed database system is subject to site failure and link failure. This paper presents a reactive system approach to achieving fault tolerance in such a system. The reactive system concepts are an attractive paradigm for system design, development and maintenance because it separates policies from mechanisms. In the paper we give a solution using different reactive modules to implement the fault tolerant policies and the failure detection mechanisms. The solution shows that they can be separated without impact on each other; thus the system can adapt to constant changes in environments and user requirements. Copyright © 2006, Inderscience Publishers.

Conci, M, Gramann, K, Muller, HJ & Elliott, MA 2006, 'Electrophysiological correlates of similarity-based interference during detection of visual forms', JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 880-888.
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Coulin, CR, Zowghi, D & Sahraoui, A 2006, 'A situational method engineering approach to requirements elicitation workshops in the software development process', Software process improvement and practice, vol. 11, pp. 451-464.
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Curry, J, McGregor, C & Tracy, S 2006, 'A communication tool to improve the patient journey modeling process', Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings, pp. 4726-4730.
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Quality improvement is high on the agenda of Health Care Organisations (HCO) worldwide. Patient Journey Modeling is a relatively recent innovation in healthcare quality improvement that models the patient's movement through the HCO by viewing it from a patient centric perspective. Critical to the success of the redesigning care process is the involvement of all stakeholders and their commitment to actively participate in the process. Tools which promote this type of communication are a critical enabler that can significantly affect the overall process redesign outcomes. Such a tool must also be able to incorporate additional factors such as relevant policies and procedures, staff roles, system usage and measurements such as process time and cost. This paper presents a graphically based communication tool that can be used as part of the patient journey modeling process to promote stakeholder involvement, commitment and ownership as well highlighting the relationship of other relevant variables that contribute to the patient's journey. Examples of how the tool has been used and the framework employed are demonstrated via a midwife-led primary care case study. A key contribution of this research is the provision of a graphical communication framework that is simple to use, is easily understood by a diverse range of stakeholders and enables ready recognition of patient journey issues. Results include strong stakeholder buy-in and significant enhancement to the overall design of the future patient journey. Initial results indicate that the use of such a communication tool can improve the patient journey modeling process and the overall quality improvement outcomes. © 2006 IEEE.

Deyrich, M & Dyson, LE 2006, 'Integrating cultural language development with technology in curricular design', International journal of learning, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 103-112.
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Dyson, LE 2006, 'Indigenous Australian Cookery, Past and Present', JAS, Australia's Public Intellectual Forum, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 5-18.
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It can be claimed that Indigenous Australian cookery is the world's oldest living culinary tradition. How ancient a tradition it can be considered depends on whether one has a scientific or a spiritual worldview. Most anthropologists' estimates of when Aboriginal people first set foot in Australia vary from 45,000 to 55,000 years ago. (1) Many Indigenous Australians, on the other hand, believe that they have been in Australia from time immemorial and therefore their culinary culture also dates ab origine, 'from the beginning'. People, culture and place are inextricably intertwined and bound together as far back in the past as human memory or imagination will reach.

Dyson, LE & Koruth, S 2006, 'Improving business performance through supply chain intelligence: An Australian perspective', ICFAI journal of supply chain management, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 31-40.

Dyson, LE & Robertson, TJ 2006, 'Indigenous participation in information technology project: Achievements and challenges of the first 3 years', The Australian journal of indigenous education, vol. 35, pp. 11-20.
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Dyson, LE & Underwood, J 2006, 'Indigenous people on the web', Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 65-76.

Fincher, S, Lister, RF, Sheard, J, Tenenberg, J & Young, A 2006, 'Multi-institutional teaching communities in computer education', Australian computer sciences communications, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 7-10.

goldweber, M, Bergin, J, Lister, RF & McNally, M 2006, 'A comparison of different approaches to the introductory programming course', Australian computer science communications, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 11-13.

Gramann, K, Mueller, HJ, Schoenebeck, B & Debus, G 2006, 'The neural basis of ego- and allocentric reference frames in spatial navigation: Evidence from spatio-temporal coupled current density reconstruction', BRAIN RESEARCH, vol. 1118, pp. 116-129.
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Guo, Y, Zhu, J & Lu, H 2006, 'Accurate determination of parameters of a claw-pole motor with SMC stator core by finite-element magnetic-field analysis', IEE Proceedings-Electric Power Applications, vol. 153, no. 4, pp. 568-574.
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Effective and accurate prediction of key motor parameters, such as winding flux, back electromotive force, inductance and core losses, is crucial for design of high-performance motors. Particularly, for electrical machines with new materials and nonconve

Hagen, P, Robertson, TJ, Kan, N & Sadler, KA 2006, 'Accessing Data: Methods for understanding mobile technology use', Australian journal of information systems, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 135-149.
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Huang, M, Zhang, K & Qui, M 2006, 'Usability in mobile interface browsing', Web Intelligence & Agent Sytems, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 43-59.
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Hussain, O, Chang, E, Hussain, FK & Dillon, TS 2006, 'A methodology for Risk measurement in e-transactions', Computer Systems Science And Engineering, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 17-31.
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Risk is present in almost every activity. Alternately speaking, almost every activity may have some undesired outcomes which the person doing the activity hopes that they do not occur when it undertakes that particular activity. The quantification of tho

Kau, L-J, Lin, Y-P & Lin, C-T 2006, 'Lossless image coding using adaptive, switching algorithm with automatic fuzzy context modelling', IEE PROCEEDINGS-VISION IMAGE AND SIGNAL PROCESSING, vol. 153, no. 5, pp. 684-694.
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Kay, RJ & Dyson, LE 2006, 'Learning to collaborate and collaborating to learn: An experimental approach to teaching collaborative systems', Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 36-44.

Kazienko, P & Musial, K 2006, 'Recommendation framework for online social networks', ADVANCES IN WEB INTELLIGENCE AND DATA MINING, vol. 23, pp. 111-+.

Khoei, MT, Talaei-Khoei, A, Akbari, MK & Verdom, JF 2006, 'Strategic Planning to Implement Electronic Health Services in Iran as a Developing Country; Blueprint Design', International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, vol. 6, no. 2.
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Propose: Preliminary study for implementing electronic health services in Iran as a developing country, presented in previous paper from the authors led us to design a blueprint including feasibility study, priority study and infrastructure design. Methods and Results: Feasibility of proposed electronic health services in previous paper obtained from determining enhancing and restricting parameters and Iranian information technology professionals opinions about importance and effect of these parameters in implementing each service. Priority study prepared a prioritized list of feasible services by two criteria (strong-weak point and opportunity) decision making model. In priority study, we used analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method and Expert Choice, as its tool, to prioritize feasible services. Infrastructure design presented some guidelines for implementing feasible services, regarding functional requirements of a distributed system such as electronic health system. In this step we designed multiplied sides infrastructure for electronic health system, consisted of services (repository of feasible services) and layers (designed according to OSI network model). Conclusion: In preliminary study and blueprint design we presented an adapted strategic plan for implementing electronic health services in developing country such as Iran, regarding their requirements and limits obtained from surveys on their workers, clients and IT professionals opinions.

Kutay, C & Lister, RF 2006, 'Up close and pedagogical: Computing academics talk about teaching', Australian Computer Science Communications, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 125-134.
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This paper describes and enacts a process for bootstrapping a more systematic discussion of computing education within a school of computing at a research-intensive Australasian university. Thus far, the project has gone through three stages. In the first stage, some academics were interviewed about their approach to teaching. In the second stage, selected anonymous quotes from the interviews were presented and discussed by other interested members of the school at workshops. In the final stage, selected anonymous quotes from the interviews and workshops were placed on a web-based survey, to which interested members of the school responded. These forms of data will be used to drive further stages of debate within the school. The theoretical underpinnings of this project are Wenger's concept of a community of practice, phenomenography, and socially constructivism. The aim is not to instruct the academics in any "right way" to teach. Instead, the aim is to facilitate debate, where the teachers identify the problems, and in finding the solutions they construct their own "pedagogic reality". As facilitators of this process, the authors of this paper highlighted dialectically opposed views in quotes from the teachers, and then allow the teachers to synthesise those views into a more sophisticated view. Our ultimate project aim is to grow a teaching community that balances reified theories of teaching and learning with participation in a community of practice.

Larsen, L, Mandleco, B, Williams, M & Tiedeman, M 2006, 'Childhood obesity: Prevention practices of nurse practitioners', Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 70-79.
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Purpose: The purposes or this study were to (a) describe the prevention practices of nurse practitioners (NPs) regarding childhood obesity, (b) compare the practices of NPs by specialty, practice setting, and awareness of childhood obesity prevention guidelines, (c) identify relationships between prevention practices and demographic variables of NPs, and (d) examine the resources for and barriers to implementing prevention practices. Data sources: A convenience sample of 99 family NPs (FNPs) and pediatric NPs (PNPs) from the Intermountain area was used. Participants completed a questionnaire based on documented risk factors for childhood obesity as well as prevention guidelines developed by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). Conclusions: NPs working in family practice or general pediatric practice settings were not consistently using the BMI-for-age index to screen for childhood obesity, as recommended by the AAP. However, they were teaching parents to promote healthy food choices and physical activity in their families. PNPs and FNPs working in a pediatric practice setting and NPs who were aware of prevention guidelines were more likely to perform several prevention strategies than FNPs working in a family practice setting and those who were unaware of guidelines. Major barriers to implementing childhood obesity prevention strategies included parental attitudes, the American lifestyle, and lack of resources for both the NP and the family. The main resources NPs used in preventing childhood obesity were a dietician, journal articles, and Web sites. Implications for practice: Although the majority of the NPs in this study reported being aware of childhood obesity prevention guidelines (73.7%), most were not consistently using BMI for age or monitoring children at increased risk for obesity. Because childhood obesity is escalating at such a rapid rate, it is critical that NPs working in family practice and pediatric practice settings take the necessary steps...

Lin, C & C. L., C 2006, 'Using Fuzzy Inference and Cubic Curve to Detect and Compensate Backlight Image'.

Lin, CT 2006, 'We're from Taiwan, not from China [7]', Communications of the ACM, vol. 49, no. 7, p. 13.
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Lin, CT, Fan, KW, Yeh, CM, Pu, HC & Wu, FY 2006, 'High-accuracy skew estimation of document images', International Journal of Fuzzy Systems, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 119-126.
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This paper presents a new skew angle estimation algorithm for binary document images based on the FCRM (fuzzy c-regression models) clustering method with the aim to resolve the disadvantages of low accuracy and robustness of the existing approaches. This algorithm consists of four processes. The first process transfers the input image into parallel straight lines through image analysis. The second process uses the operating window selection to accelerate the executing time. The following process magnifies the image by fast interpolation to increase the accuracy of skew angle estimation. Finally, the FCRM method is applied to estimate the skew angle. A test set of 184 documents of different kinds is used to measure the performance of the proposed algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed method has a high precision rate for different document types; it is able to accurately estimate the skew angles that range between -89° and +89°. © 2006 TFSA.

Lin, C-T, Ko, L-W, Chung, I-F, Huang, T-Y, Chen, Y-C, Jung, T-P & Liang, S-F 2006, 'Adaptive EEG-based alertness estimation system by using ICA-based fuzzy neural networks', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS I-REGULAR PAPERS, vol. 53, no. 11, pp. 2469-2476.
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Lin, CT, Yeh, CM, Liang, SF, Chung, JF & Kumar, N 2006, 'Support-vector-based fuzzy neural network for pattern classification', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON FUZZY SYSTEMS, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 31-41.
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Lister, RF 2006, 'Call me Ishmael: Charles Dickens meets Moby Book', ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 11-13.
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Lister, RF 2006, 'One room four meetings', ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 11-13.
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Lister, RF, Beglund, A, Clear, T, Bergin, J, Garvin-Doxas, K, Hanks, B, Hitchner, L, Luxton-Reilly, A, Sanders, K, Schulte, C & Whalley, J 2006, 'Research perspectives on the objects-early debate', ACM SIGCSE, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 146-165.
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Lister, RF, Simon, B & Thompson, E 2006, 'Not seeing the forest for the trees: Novice programmers and the SOLO taxonomy', ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 118-122.
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This paper reports on the authors use of the SOLO taxonomy to describe differences in the way students and educators solve small code reading exercises. SOLO is a general educational taxonomy, and has not previously been applied to the study of how novice programmers manifest their understanding of code. Data was collected in the form of written and think-aloud responses from students (novices) and educators (experts), using exam questions. During analysis, the responses were mapped to the different levels of the SOLO taxonomy. From think-aloud responses, the authors found that educators tended to manifest a SOLO relational response on small reading problems, whereas students tended to manifest a multistructural response. These results are consistent with the literature on the psychology of programming, but the work in this paper extends on these findings by analyzing the design of exam questions.

Lu, J & Zhang, G 2006, 'A support vector machine based approach in situation assessment', Proceedings of 2006 Internatioanlaconference on intelligent systems and knowledge egineering, vol. 13, no. B52, pp. 41-45.
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Lu, J, Shi, C & Zhang, G 2006, 'On bilevel multi-follower decision making General framework and solutions', Information Sciences, vol. 176, no. 11, pp. 1607-1627.
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Within the framework of any bilevel decision problem, a leader's decision is influenced by the reaction of his or her follower. When multiple followers who may have had a share in decision variables, objectives and constraints are involved in a bilevel d

Lu, Z, Zhang, Z, Bai, C & Zhang, G 2006, 'Machine learning-based inference analysis for customer preference on e-services features', Proceedings of 2006 International conference on intelligent system and knowledge engineering, vol. 13, no. B52, pp. 61-65.
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McGregor, C, Schiefer, J & zur Muehlen, M 2006, 'A shareable web service-based intelligent decision support system for on-demand business process management', International Journal of Business Process Integration and Management, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 156-174.
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The monitoring of business processes for performance measurement is challenged by the variety of inter and intra organisational units and information systems involved in the execution of these processes. In this paper we present a shareable, web service-based Intelligent Decision Support System (IDSS) for on-demand business process management, that we call the Solution Manager Service (SMS). The SMS allows organisations to outsource the collection, accumulation and transformation of information about their business processes from multiple distributed systems across multiple organisations in a centralised repository and share them among authorised parties, such as supply chain partners, clients or government agencies. Copyright © 2006 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

Niazi, MK, Wilson, DN & Zowghi, D 2006, 'Critical success factors for software process improvement implementation: An empirical study', Software Process: Improvement & Practice, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 193-211.
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n this article, we present findings from our recent empirical study of the critical success factors (CSFs) for software process improvement (SPI) implementation with 34 SPI practitioners. The objective of this study is to provide SPI practitioners with sufficient knowledge about the nature of issues that play a positive role in the implementation of SPI programmes in order to assist them in effectively planning SPI implementation strategies. Through our empirical study we identified seven factors (higher management support, training, awareness, allocation of resources, staff involvement, experienced staff and defined SPI implementation methodology) that are generally considered critical for successfully implementing SPI. We also report on a literature survey of CSFs that impact SPI and identify six factors (senior management commitment, staff involvement, staff time and resources, training and mentoring, creating process action teams and reviews). We compared our empirical study results with the literature and confirmed the factors identified in the literature, and also identified two new CSFs (SPI awareness and defined SPI implementation methodology) that were not identified in the literature. Finally, we analyzed the CSFs identified by different groups of practitioners and found that they are aware of what is imperative for the successful implementation of SPI programmes.

Robertson, TJ 2006, 'Ethical issues in interaction design', Ethics and information technology, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 49-59.
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Shi, C, Lu, J, Zhang, G & Zhou, H 2006, 'An extended branch and bound algorithm for linear bilevel programming', Applied mathemetics and computation, vol. 180, no. 2, pp. 529-537.
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Shi, W & Zhou, W 2006, 'Frequency distribution of TATA Box and extension sequences on human promoters', BMC Bioinformatics, vol. 7, no. SUPPL.4.
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Background: TATA box is one of the most important transcription factor binding sites. But the exact sequences of TATA box are still not very clear. Results: In this study, we conduct a dedicated analysis on the frequency distribution of TATA Box and its extension sequences on human promoters. Sixteen TATA elements derived from the TATA Box motif, TATAWAWN, are classified into three distribution patterns: peak, bottom-peak, and bottom. Fourteen TATA extension sequences are predicted to be the new TATA Box elements due to their high motif factors, which indicate their statistical significance. Statistical analysis on the promoters of mice, zebrafish and drosophila melanogaster verifies seven of these elements. It is also observed that the distribution of TATA elements on the promoters of housekeeping genes are very similar with their distribution on the promoters of tissue specific genes in human. Conclusion: The dedicated statistical analysis on TATA box and its extension sequences yields new TATA elements. The statistical significance of these elements has been verified on random data sets by calculating their p values. © 2006 Shi and Zhou: licensee Biomed Central Ltd.

simon, S, Cutts, QI, Fincher, S, Haden, P, Robins, A, Sutton, K, Baker, B, Box, I, de, RM, Hamer, J, Hamilton, M, Lister, RF, Petre, M, Tolhurst, D & Tutty, J 2006, 'The ability to articulate strategy as a predictor of programming skills', Australian computer science communications, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 181-188.
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A multi-national, multi-institutional study investigating introductory programming courses drew on student participants from eleven institutions, mainly in Australasia, during the academic year of 2004. A number of diagnostic tasks were used to explore cognitive, behavioural, and attitudinal factors such as spatial visualisation and reasoning, the ability to articulate strategies for commonplace search and design tasks, and attitudes to studying. This paper reports in detail on the task that required participants to articulate a commonplace search strategy. The results indicate that increasing measures of richness of articulation of a search strategy are associated with higher marks in the course.

simon, S, Fincher, S, Robbins, A, Box, I, Cutts, QI, de, RM, Haden, P, Hamer, J, Hamilton, M, Lister, RF, Petre, M, Sutton, K, Tolhurst, D & Tutty, J 2006, 'Predictors of success in a first programming course', Australian Computer Science Communications, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 189-196.
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This paper describes a multi-national, multiinstitutional study that investigated introductory programming courses. Student participants were drawn from eleven institutions, mainly in Australasia, during the academic year of 2004. A number of diagnostic tasks were used to explore cognitive, behavioural, and attitudinal factors such as spatial visualisation and reasoning, the ability to articulate strategies for commonplace search and design tasks, and attitudes to studying. The results indicate that a deep approach to learning was positively correlated with mark for the course, while a surface approach was negatively correlated; spatial visualisation skills are correlated with success; a progression of map drawing styles identified in the literature has a significant correlation with marks; and increasing measures of richness of articulation of a search strategy are also associated with higher marks. Finally, a qualitative analysis of short interviews identified the qualities that students themselves regarded as important to success in programming.

Talaei-Khoei, A, Khoei, MT, Akbari, MK & Verdom, JF 2006, 'Strategic Planning to Implement Electronic Health Services in Iran as a Developing Country; Preliminary Study', International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, vol. 6, no. 2.
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Propose: In order to implement electronic health services in Iran with its own limits as a developing country, we performed preliminary study on the current status of Irans health system as a part of a strategic planning. Methods and Results: Mashhad health system (second populated city in Iran) was our case study. We defined four kinds of health units in the city including clinical units, laboratories, hospitals and management units of the system. List of problems were prepared through observing the system and face to face interviews with people in charge in those units. Problems were categorized by PIECES framework. Then a survey on clients and health workers opinions about found problem was performed to identify the importance and intensity of each problem in the each unit. The end results directed us to propose relevant electronic health services to satisfy system requirements. Conclusions: proposed requirement-based electronic health services, produced by preliminary study, open the way for second phase of our strategic planning for implementing electronic health services called blueprint design.

Tolhurst, D, Baker, B, Hamer, J, Box, I, Lister, RF, Cutts, QI, Petre, M, de, RM, Robins, A, Fincher, S, simon, S, Haden, P, Sutton, K, Hamilton, M & Tutty, J 2006, 'Do map drawing styles of novice programming predict success in programming? A multi-national, multi institutional Study.', Australian Computer Science Communications, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 213-222.
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Whalley, J, Lister, RF, Thompson, E, Clear, T, Robbins, P, Kumar, P & Prasad, C 2006, 'An Australasian study of reading and comprehension skills in novice programmers, using Bloom and SOLO taxonomies', Australin computer science communications, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 243-252.
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In this paper we report on a multiinstitutional investigation into the reading and comprehension skills of novice programmers. This work extends previous studies (Lister 2004, McCracken 2001) by developing a question set within two key pedagogical frameworks: the Bloom and SOLO taxonomies. From this framework of analysis some interesting emergent patterns relating the cognitive level of the questions to student performance have been identified.

Williams, SP, Scifleet, PA & Hardy, CA 2006, 'Online business reporting: An information management perspective', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFORMATION MANAGEMENT, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 91-101.
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Wu, F, Lu, J & Zhang, G 2006, 'A new approximate algorithm for solving multiple objective linear programming problems with fuzzy parameters', Applied Mathematics And Computation, vol. 174, no. 1, pp. 524-544.
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Many business decision problems involve multiple objectives and can thus be described by multiple objective linear programming (MOLP) models. When a MOLP problem is being formulated, the parameters of objective functions and constraints are normally assi

Xiang, Y & Zhou, W 2006, 'Protecting information infrastructure from DDoS attacks by MADF', International Journal of High Performance Computing and Networking, vol. 4, no. 5-6, pp. 357-367.
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Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks have become one of the most serious threats to the information infrastructure. In this paper, we propose a new approach, Mark-Aided Distributed Filtering (MADF), to find the network anomalies by using a back-propagation neural network. The marks in the IP header that are generated by a group of IP traceback schemes called Deterministic Packet Marking (DPM)/Flexible Deterministic Packet Marking (FDPM) assist this process of identifying and filtering attack packets. MADF can detect and filter DDoS attack packets with high sensitivity and accuracy, thus providing high legitimate traffic throughput and low attack traffic throughput. © 2006 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

Xiang, Y & Zhou, W 2006, 'Protecting Web applications from DDoS attacks by an active distributed defense system', International Journal of Web Information Systems, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 37-44.
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In the last a few yearsa number of highly publicized incidents of Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks against high-profile government and commercial websites have made people aware of the importance of providing data and services security to users. A DDoS attack is an availability attack, which is characterized by an explicit attempt from an attacker to prevent legitimate users of a service from using the desired resources. This paper introduces the vulnerability of web applications to DDoS attacks, and presents an active distributed defense system that has a deployment mixture of sub-systems to protect web applications from DDoS attacks. According to the simulation experiments, this system is effective in that it is able to defend web applications against attacks. It can avoid overall network congestion and provide more resources to legitimate web users. © troubador publishing ltd.

Zowghi, D & Davis, AM 2006, 'Good Requirements Practices are Neither Necessary nor Sufficient', Requirements Engineering, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1-3.
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Abbas, W & Saqib, MA 2006, 'Criteria for the detection of weak signals through a nonlinear Bi-stable system', 10th IEEE International Multitopic Conference 2006, INMIC, pp. 74-78.
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The dynamics of a nonlinear bistable system are analyzed in the presence of noise for detecting the weak signals. It is shown that suitable selection of such system parameters with optimal noise intensity values increases the spectral amplification of weak input signal. A criteria has been developed for evaluating the system's performance under various input conditions thus providing the system parameters and noise intensities for maximal performance. Necessary conditions for weak signal amplification are derived, leading to its efficient detection using this simple bistable system. The special case of threshold detection is also discussed using the same results. © 2006 IEEE.

Aloqaily, A & Kennedy, PJ 2006, 'Using a kernel-based approach to visualize integrated chronic fatigue syndrome datasets', proceedings of the fifth Australasian data mining conference (AUSDM06), Australian Data Mining Conference, ACS, Sydney Australia, pp. 53-61.
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Beauregard, M & Kennedy, PJ 2006, 'Robust simulation of Lamprey Tracking', Parallel problem solving from nature - PPSN, Parallel Problem Solving from Nature, Springer, Rejkavik, Iceland, pp. 641-650.
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Biologically realistic computer simulation of vertebrates is a challenging problem with exciting applications in computer graphics and robotics. Once the mechanics of locomotion are available it is interesting to mediate this locomotion with higher level behavior such as target tracking. One recent approach simulates a relatively simple vertebrate, the lamprey, using recurrent neural networks to model the central pattern generator of the spine and a physical model for the body. Target tracking behavior has also been implemented for such a model. However, previous approaches suffer from deficiencies where particular orientations of the body to the target cause the central pattern generator to shutdown. This paper describes an approach to making target tracking more robust.

Beauregard, M, Kennedy, PJ & Debenham, JK 2006, 'Fast simulation of animal locomotion: lamprey swimming', Professional Practice In Artificial Intelligence, World Computer Congress, Springer, Santiago, Chile, pp. 247-256.
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Biologically realistic computer simulation of vertebrate locomotion is an interesting and challenging problem with applications in computer graphics and robotics. One current approach simulates a relatively simple vertebrate, the lamprey, using recurrent

Beilharz, KA, Jakovich, J & Ferguson, S 2006, 'Hyper-shaku [Border-crossing]: Towards the multi-modal gesture-controlled hyper-instrument', NIME06: Sixth International Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression 2006, International Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression, Ircam - Centre Pompidou, Paris, France, pp. 352-357.
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Bergin, J, Lister, R, Owens, BB & McNally, M 2006, 'The first programming course: Ideas to end the enrollment decline', Working Group Reports on ITiCSE on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education 2006, pp. 301-302.
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This panel will discuss ways to engage undergraduates in computing and then to keep them as majors. A special emphasis will be on attracting females to computing. The panelists will discuss the relative strengths and weaknesses of four environments especially designed for the teaching of the first programming course.

Cabrera, D & Ferguson, S 2006, 'Auditory display of audio', Audio Engineering Society - 120th Convention Spring Preprints 2006, pp. 455-461.
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In this paper, we consider applications of auditory display for representing audio system and audio signal characteristics. Conventional analytic representations of system characteristics, such as impulse response or non-linear distortion, rely on numeric and graphic communication. Alternatively, simply listening to the system under test can also reveal important aspects of its performance. Given that auditioning systems is so effective, it seems useful to develop higher-level auditory representations (auditory displays) of system performance parameters to exploit these listening abilities. For this purpose, we consider ways in which audio signals can be further transformed for auditory display, beyond the simple act of playing the sound.

Cabrera, D, Ferguson, S & Maria, R 2006, 'Using sonification for teaching acoustics and audio', 1st Australasian Acoustical Societies' Conference 2006, ACOUSTICS 2006: Noise of Progress, pp. 383-390.
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In this paper we develop examples of how the understanding of acoustic and audio phenomena can be enhanced through sonification, especially with a view to application in education. The term sonification refers to the process of converting data into non-speech audio, and is distinct from auralization in that the process does not aim to simulate an actual or imagined sound environment. Measurements of audio and acoustical systems are most commonly represented numerically and graphically, and these two methods each have distinct advantages. However, display of such data using sound not only conveys important information, but also may provide an experience of important aspects of the phenomenon under consideration. When used in an education context, this method of data display should improve listening skills. We demonstrate various data transformations that allow a sonification of acoustical measurements or phenomena to bring out features of interest. We also demonstrate more abstract sonifications (auditory graphs) that can be usefully applied to this context. Copyright © (2006) by the Australian Acoustical Society.

Chang, E, Hussain, FK & Dillon, T 2006, 'Reputation ontology for reputation systems', Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), pp. 1724-1733.
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The growing development of web-based reputation systems in the 21 ^st century will have a powerful social and economic impact on both business entities and individual customers, because it makes transparent quality assessment on products and services to achieve customer assurance in the distributed web-based Reputation Systems. The web-based reputation systems will be the foundation for web intelligence in the future. Trust and Reputation help capture business intelligence through establishing customer trust relationships, learning consumer behavior, capturing market reaction on products and services, disseminating customer feedback, buyers' opinions and end-user recommendations. It also reveals dishonest services, unfair trading, biased assessment, discriminatory actions, fraudulent behaviors, and un-true advertising. The continuing development of these technologies will help in the improvement of professional business behavior, sales, reputation of sellers, providers, products and services. Given the importance of reputation in this paper, we propose ontology for reputation. In the business world we can consider the reputation of a product or the reputation of a service or the reputation of an agent. In this paper we propose ontology for these entities that can help us unravel the components and conceptualize the components of reputation of each of the entities. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006.

Chen, L, Bhowmick, SS & Li, J 2006, 'COWES: Clustering web users based on historical web sessions', DATABASE SYSTEMS FOR ADVANCED APPLICATIONS, PROCEEDINGS, 11th International Conference on Database Systems for Advanced Applications, SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN, Singapore, SINGAPORE, pp. 541-556.

Chen, L, Bhowmick, SS & Li, JY 2005, 'Mining temporal indirect associations', ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY AND DATA MINING, PROCEEDINGS, 10th Pacific-Asia Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN, Singapore, SINGAPORE, pp. 425-434.

Chen, X, Liu, W & Williams, MA 2006, 'ACM International Conference Proceeding Series: Preface', ACM International Conference Proceeding Series.

Chiou, JC, Ko, LW, Lin, CT, Hong, CT, Jung, TP, Liang, SF & Jeng, JL 2006, 'Using novel MEMS EEG sensors in detecting drowsiness application', IEEE 2006 Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference Healthcare Technology, BioCAS 2006, pp. 33-36.
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Electroencephalographic (EEG) analysis has been widely adopted for the monitoring of cognitive state changes and sleep stages because abundant information in EEG recording reflects changes in drowsiness, arousal, sleep, and attention, etc. In this study, Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) based silicon spiked electrode array, namely dry electrodes, are fabricated and characterized to bring EEG monitoring to the operational workplaces without requiring conductive paste or scalp preparation. An isotropic/anisotropic reactive ion etching with inductive coupled plasma (RIE-ICP) micromachining fabrication process was developed to manufacture the needle-like micro probes to pierce the stratum corneum of skin and obtain superior electrically conducting characteristics. This article reports a series of prosperity testing and evaluations of continuous EEG recordings. Our results suggest that the dry electrodes have advantages in electrode-skin interface impedance, signal intensity and size over the conventional (wet) electrodes. In addition, we also developed an EEG-based drowsiness estimation system that consists of the dry-electrode array, power spectrum estimation, Principal Component Analysis (PCA)-based EEG signal analysis, and multivariate linear regression to estimate driver's drowsiness level in a virtual-reality-based dynamic driving simulator to demonstrate the potential applications of the MEMS electrodes in operational environments. ©2006 IEEE.

Christen, P, Kennedy, PJ, Li, J, Simoff, SJ & Williams, G 2006, 'Data Mining 2006: Proceedings of the Australasian Data Mining Conference (AusDM 2006)', Data Mining 2006: Proceedings of the Australasian Data Mining Conference (AusDM 2006), Australian Data Mining Conference, Australian Computer Society, Sydney.

Christen, P, Kennedy, PJ, Li, J, Simoff, SJ & Williams, GJ 2006, 'Preface', Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology Series.

Curry, J, McGregor, C & Tracy, S 2006, 'A communication tool to improve the patient journey modeling process', 2006 28TH ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY, VOLS 1-15, 28th Annual International Conference of the IEEE-Engineering-in-Medicine-and-Biology-Society, IEEE, New York, NY, pp. 901-+.

Doss, RC, Chandra, D, Pan, L, Zhou, W & Chowdhury, M 2006, 'Lease based addressing for event-driven wireless sensor networks', Proceedings - International Symposium on Computers and Communications, pp. 251-256.
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Sensor Networks have applications in diverse fields. They can be deployed for habitat modeling, temperature monitoring and industrial sensing. They also find applications in battlefield awareness and emergency (first) response situations. While unique addressing is not a requirement of many data collecting applications of wireless sensor networks it is vital for the success of applications such as emergency response. Data that cannot be associated with a specific node becomes useless in such situations. In this work we propose an addressing mechanism for event-driven wireless sensor networks. The proposed scheme eliminates the need for network wide Duplicate Address Detection (DAD) and enables reuse of addresses. © 2006 IEEE.

Doyle, BJ & Lister, RF 2006, 'Apreliminary phenomenographic study concerning student experiences of UNIX', Proceedings of the 19th annual conference of the national advisory comittee on computing qualifications, National Advisory Committee on Computing Qualifications, National advisory comittee on computing qualifications, Wellington, pp. 73-78.
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Dyson, LE & Leggett, MG 2006, 'Towards a metadesign approach for building indigenous multimedia cultural archives', Proceedings of the 12th ANZSYS Conference, Sustaining Our Social and Natural Capital, Annual ANZSYS conference, ISCE Publishing, Katoomba, Australia, pp. 82-87.
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Dyson, LE, Salazar, F, Hendriks, M, Underwood, J & Kay, RJ 2006, 'ICTS for intercultural dialogue: an overview of UNESCO's indigenous communication project', Cultural attitudes towards technology and communication, Cultural Attitudes towards Technology and Communications, Murdoch University, Tartu, Estonia, pp. 340-359.
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Elliot, S, Williams, M & Bjorn-Anderson, N 2005, 'Strategic Management of technology-enabled disruptive innovation: Next generation web technologies', Proceedings of CIMCA 2005 jointly with International Conference on Intelligent Agents, Web Technologies, and Internet Commerce 2005, International Conference on Intelligent Agents, Web Technologies, and Internet Commerce, IEEE, Vienna, Australia, pp. 113-120.
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Technology-enabled business innovation presents the potential to structurally transform enterprise and industry practice, but uncertainty remains as to how such transformations might be managed. The search for higher returns from technology-enabled business innovation will inevitably lead to the adoption and exploitation of powerful, but disruptive technologies that bring with them higher levels of risk. Disruptive innovation is placed into context through the literature and through examples of past IT innovations with disruptive impact. This paper examines how organizations could obtain improved management of the adoption of potentially disruptive future generation Web technologies. The Business Innovation Technology Adoption Model (BITAM) is applied to emerging Web technologies to help identify the nature and extent of their potentially disruptive impact on business practice and management strategies so as to better enable mitigation of business risk.

Ferguson, S, Cabrera, D, Beilharz, KA & Song, H 2006, 'Using Psychoacoustical Models for Information Sonification', Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Auditory Display ICAD 2006, International Conference on Auditory Display, ICAD, London, UK, pp. 113-120.
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Gill, AQ & Henderson-Sellers, B 2006, 'A framework to support non-fragile agile agent-oriented software development', New trends in software methodologies and technologies, International Conference on Software Methods and Tools, IOS Press, Quebec, Canada, pp. 84-100.
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Gill, AQ & Henderson-Sellers, B 2006, 'Crystallization of agility back to basics', ICSOFT 2006, International Conference on Software and Data Technologies, INSTICC, Setubal, Portugal, pp. 121-126.
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Gill, AQ & Henderson-Sellers, B 2006, 'Measuring agility and adaptibility of agile methods: A 4 dimensional analytical tool', Proceedings of the IADIS international conference on applied computing 2006, The IADIS international conference on applied computing 2006, IADIS Press, San Sebastian Spain, pp. 503-507.
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Goyal, ML 2006, 'A framework of coalition in hostile dynamic settings', The proceedings of the 2006 international conference on artificial intelligence, International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, CSREA Press, Las Vegas, USA, pp. 104-110.
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Goyal, ML 2006, 'Decision making in multi agent coalitionsin a dynamic hostile world', Proceedings of the third international conference on autonomous robots and agents, International conference on autonomous robots and agents, Massey University, Palmerston, New Zealand, pp. 267-272.
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Goyal, ML, Lu, J & Zhang, G 2006, 'A novel fuzzy attitude based bidding strategy for multi-attribute auctions', Web intelligence and intelligent agent technology WI IAT 06 workshop proceedings, IEEE/WIC/ACM international Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology, Conference publicity services, Hong Kong, China, pp. 535-539.
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Auctions have recently commanded a lot of attention in the field of multi-agent systems. To be successful in open multi-attribute auctions, agents must be capable of adapting different strategies and tactics to their prevailing circumstances. This paper presents a software test-bed for studying autonomous bidding strategies in simulated auctions for procuring goods. It shows that agents' bidding strategy explore the attitudes and behaviors that help agents to manage dynamic assessment of alternative prices of goods given the different scenario conditions. Our agent also uses fuzzy techniques for the decision making: to make decisions about the outcome of auctions, and to alter the agent's bidding strategy in response to the different criteria and market conditions

Goyal, ML, Lu, J & Zhang, G 2005, 'Negotiating Multi-Issue e-Market negotiation through fuzzy attitudes', Proceedings of International Conference on Computational Intelligence for Modelling, Control and Automation 2004, International Conference on Computational Intelligence for Modelling, Control and Automation, IEEE, Vienna, Austria, pp. 922-927.
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The online auctions are one of the most effective ways of negotiation of salable goods over the Internet. To be successful in open multi-agent environments, agents must be capable of adapting different strategies and tactics to their prevailing circumstances. This paper presents a software test-bed for studying autonomous bidding strategies in simulated auctions for procuring goods. It shows that agents' bidding strategy explore the attitudes and behaviors that help agents to manage dynamic assessment of alternative prices of goods given the different scenario conditions

Gramann, K, Onton, J & Makeig, S 2006, 'Time-frequency analyses of oscillatory activity during spatial navigation', JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY, HOGREFE & HUBER PUBLISHERS, pp. 150-150.

Guo, Y, Chen, J, Zhu, J, Lu, H, Lu, H & Jin, J 2006, 'An Improved Phase Variable Model for Dynamic Performance Analysis of a PM Claw Pole SMC Motor with Brushless DC Control', Proceedings of the Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 1-6.
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Guo, Y, Jin, J, Zhu, J & Lu, H 2006, 'Design and Performance Evaluation of a PM Linear Synchronous Motor for Maglev Transportation', Proceedings of the Australasian Universities Power Engineering, Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, Victoria, University, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 1-5.
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Guo, YG, Zhu, JG, Lin, ZW, Zhong, JJ, Lu, HY & Wang, SH 2006, '3D magnetic reluctivity tensor of soft magnetic composite material', 12th Biennial IEEE Conference on Electromagnetic Field Computation, CEFC 2006.
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Soft magnetic composite (SMC) materials are particularly suitable for construction of electrical machines with complex structure and 3D magnetic flux. For design and analysis of such 3D flux machines, 3D magnetic properties of the magnetic materials should be properly determined, modeled and applied for calculating the magnetic field distribution, parameters and performance. This paper presents the 3D magnetic property measurement and determination of 3D reluctivity tensor of SMC. The reluctivity tensor is a key factor for the numerical analysis of magnetic field in a 3D flux SMC motor. ©2006 IEEE.

Huang, C-H & Lin, C-T 2006, 'Image enhancement algorithm for hexagonal cellular neural networks', 2006 IEEE ASIA PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems, IEEE, Singapore, SINGAPORE, pp. 386-+.

Huang, C-H, Koeppl, H & Lin, C-T 2006, 'A bio-inspired computer fovea model based on hexagonal-type cellular neural networks', 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL JOINT CONFERENCE ON NEURAL NETWORK PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-10, IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Network, IEEE, Vancouver, CANADA, pp. 5189-5195.

Huang, F, Jay, B & Skillicorn, D 2006, 'Programming with Heterogeneous Structures: Manipulating XML data Using \bf bondi', Twenty-Ninth Australasian Computer Science Conference (ACSC2006), pp. 287-296.
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Huang, FY, Jay, B & Skillicorn, D 2006, 'Adaptiveness in Well-Typed java bytecode verification', Proceedings of the CASCON 2006, Conference of the Center for Advanced Studies on Collaborative Research, ACM Press, Toronto, Canada, pp. 1-15.
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Research on security techniques for Java bytecode has paid little attention to the security of the implementations of the techniques themselves, assuming that ordinary tools for programming, verification and testing are sufficient for security. However, different categories of security policies and mechanisms usually require different implementations. Each implementation requires extensive effort to test it and/or verify it.We show that programming with well-typed pattern structures in a statically well-typed language makes it possible to implement static byte-code verification in a fully type-safe and highly adaptive way, with security policies being fed in as first-order parameters, reduces the effort required to verify security of an implementation itself and the programming need for new policies. Also bytecode instrumentation can be handled in exactly the same way. The approach aims at reducing the workload of building and understanding distributed systems, especially those of mobile code.

Huang, FY, Jay, CB & Skillicorn, DB 2006, 'Adaptiveness in well-typed Java bytecode verification', CASCON ’06: Proceedings of the 2006 conference of the Center for Advanced Studies on Collaborative research, ACM Press, pp. 19-19.

Huang, M & Huang, T 2006, 'Analysis and visualization of co-authorship networks for understanding academic collaboration & knowledge domain of individual reseach', Proceedings. International conference on computer graphics, imaging and visualisation, International Conference Computer Graphics, Imaging and Visualization, IEEE CS Press, Sydney, Australia, pp. 18-23.
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This paper proposed a new approach for collecting, analyzing and visualizing co-authoring data of individuals. This approach can be used for understanding the academic collaboration and knowledge domain of individual researchers in a past period through repetitive co-published works. Particularly we extracted the co-authoring data from the DBLP which is one of the largest on-line Computer Science bibliographic databases available on the Internet. To help users to understand the academic collaboration and knowledge domain of individuals, we developed an InterRing visualizer which shows not only the weight of co-authorship of an individual with other researchers in particular academic year, but also the knowledge domain of the individual that was covered by his/her publications published in a past period.

Huang, M & Pan, W 2006, 'A visual interface to assit learners to inspect learning plans', Proceedings of ED_MEDIA 2006 World conference on educational multi media, hyper media & telecommunications, World conference on educational multi media, hyper media & telecommunications, AACE, Orlando,USA, pp. 703-711.
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Huang, M, Kong, J, Song, G & Zhang, K 2006, 'A collaborative framework for designers and developers of software intensive systems', Proceedings of the 10 th international conference on computer supported cooperative work in design, International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design, IEEE Press, China, pp. 306-311.
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This paper presents a framework supporting collaborative efforts between the designer and developer of software-intensive systems. The framework realizes a two-layered meta-tool concept: a powerful specification language in the form of a grammar for the designer at the upper layer; and a generative mechanism for generating domain-specific design languages at the lower layer. The paper introduces the spatial graph grammar formalism as the specification language and the generation mechanism. We also describe successful and potential application domains of the two-layered framework

Huang, M, Nguyen, Q, Zhang, K & Qian, Y 2006, 'A technique for visualising dihedral of large protein sequences', International conference on computer graphics, imaging and visualization, International Conference Computer Graphics, Imaging and Visualization, IEEE cs press, Sydney, Australia, pp. 6-11.
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This paper presents a clustering and visualization technique for analyzing dihedral angles of large protein sequences. The clustering is used for discovering and grouping those similar dihedrals while the visualization can display and navigate sequences of dihedral angles of several proteins as well as their clustered property. In order to visualize a very large sequence of hundred thousands of dihedral signals, we plot them on a spiral coordinate system. This spiral visualization ensures the linear distribution without distortion or interruption of a very long sequence of points. A clustering algorithm is also provided to group those dihedral signals into different clusters so that it can enhance the analysis process. Our system can also zoom to display a number of selected proteins interactively

Huang, M, Nguyen, Q, Zhang, K & Yen, I 2006, 'A visualization model for web sitemaps', Proceeds of international conference of computer graphics, imaging and visualization, International Conference Computer Graphics, Imaging and Visualization, IEEE cs press, Sydney, Australia, pp. 12-17.
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This paper describes a space-efficient visualization model that automatically crawls through a website and visualizes its sitemap. This model can be used especially for displaying and navigating a very large website in a two-dimensional (2D) plane and/or a three-dimensional (3D) space. The 2D visualization employs EncCon layout algorithm to effectively visualize a very large number of pages and relations at once in which it utilizes the space to display more information. This technique also employs a focus+context navigation method to enable the exploration of large sites. Animation is provided to preserve the user's mental map while exploring the website hierarchy. The 3D visualization extends the 2D EncCon layout algorithm to a three-dimensional space which aims to provide a more realistic look and feel of the information.

Huang, M, Quan, W & Zhang, K 2006, 'A fast convergence layout algorithm for drawing progressive marching-graphs', Proceeding of the Asia-Pacific Workshop on Processing Visual Information Processing, Asia-Pacific Workshop on Visual Information Processing, IACAS Press, Beijing, China, pp. 42-49.

Hussain, FK, Chang, E & Dillon, T 2006, 'Defining trustworthiness in service oriented environment', Proceedings - 2006 International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies: From Theory to Applications, ICTTA 2006, pp. 3616-3621.
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© 2006 IEEE. In the existing literature we note that there has been no effort in proposing a definition of trustworthiness. In this paper, we propose a definition of trustworthiness with focus on service oriented environments. In addition, we propose and discuss in detail the various factors which can affect the trustworthiness assigned by the trusting agent to the trusted agent.

Hussain, FK, Chang, E & Dillon, TS 2006, 'Aspects influencing trustworthiness in service oriented environments', ICDEW 2006 - Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Data Engineering Workshops.
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© 2006 IEEE. Transactions have moved away from faceto- face encounters to more being on the Internet. The infrastructure for the business and information exchange activities could be client-server, peer-To-peer (P2P), or mobile networks. In this paper we refer to 'peer' as an entity involved in a transaction. Trust between two interacting peers involved in an electronic transaction is a major issue that needs to be addressed in order to make the internet a safe medium for carrying out transactions. In this paper, we propose the aspects that can influence the trustworthiness assigned to the trusted peer. Furthermore we catalogue these factors into three classes and discuss the relationship between these factors.

Hussain, FK, Chang, E & Dillon, TS 2006, 'Comparative analysis of trust and security', 2006 IEEE International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics, and Informatics, SOLI 2006, pp. 1019-1023.
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In the literature, there is a lot of confusion regarding the relationship between the 'trust' and 'security'. Most of the times, these terms are regarded as being synonymous with each other. The existing literature does not draw a clear line how and when the terms of 'trust' and 'security' are synonymous and when they are not synonymous. In this paper we address this issue and discuss when the distinct terms of 'trust' and 'security' can be regarded as being synonymous with each other and when they could be regarded as not being synonymous with each other. © 2006 IEEE.

Hussain, FK, Chang, E & Dillon, TS 2006, 'Defining reputation in service oriented environment', Proceedings of the Advanced International Conference on Telecommunications and International Conference on Internet and Web Applications and Services, AICT/ICIW'06, p. 177.
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Reputation has a profound impact on the Trusting Agent and Trusted Agent in business interactions. Moral, ethical and legal guidelines are implemented as a result of the promotion of fair trading practices, honesty from all parties, consumer protection legislation, service quality assessment, and assurance for customers, e-businesses and service-oriented environments. In this paper we propose a definition of reputation that is more suited to service oriented environments. Additionally we explain in detail, all the terms in the definition. © 2006 IEEE.

Hussain, FK, Chang, E & Dillon, TS 2006, 'Ontological manifestations of trust for service oriented environment', 2006 IEEE interenational cinference on industrial informatics, IEEE interenational cinference on industrial informatics, IEEE, Singapore, pp. 593-598.
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Trust and reputation are vital components for trusted e-business. In the literature however there has been no effort in proposing ontology for trust. The trusted agent in service oriented environment may trust a software agent or human agent or a service or a product. Based on this distinction, trust ontology could be proposed for different domains .The trust ontology for the individual domains is proposed and discussed.

Hussain, FK, Chang, E & Dillon, TS 2006, 'Quantification of the effectiveness of the Markov model for trustworthiness prediction', Advances in Soft Computing, pp. 191-200.
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In this paper we propose a method for determining the effectiveness of the Markov Model for predicting the future trustworthiness value of a given agent by utilizing simulation methods. This paper presents in detail the simulation method that we employed in order to determine the effectiveness of the Markov Model. Additionally the paper presents the results that we obtained form the simulation experiments.

Hussain, FK, Chang, E & Dillon, TS 2006, 'Quantification Of The Effectiveness Of The Markov Model For Trustworthiness Prediction', Computational Intelligence, Theory And Application, International Conference on Dortmund Fuzzy Days, Springer-verlag Berlin, Dortmund, GERMANY, pp. 191-200.
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In this paper we propose a method for determining the effectiveness of the Markov Model for predicting the future trustworthiness value of a given agent by utilizing simulation methods. This paper presents in detail the simulation method that we employed

Hussain, FK, Chang, E & Dillon, TS 2006, 'Reputation Relationship And Its Inner Relationships For Service Oriented Environments', 2006 IEEE International Conference On Computer Systems And Applications, Vols 1-3, IEEE/ACS International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications, IEEE, Sharjah, UAE, pp. 641-646.
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Trust and Reputation are vital components for trusted e-business. In this paper, we propose a definition of trust relationship. Additionally we discuss in depth about the concept of trust relationship. A definition for reputation relationship is proposed

Hussain, FK, Chang, E & Dillon, TS 2006, 'Trust issues in service oriented environment', 2006 IEEE International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics, and Informatics, SOLI 2006, pp. 790-793.
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Service Oriented Environment (SOE) is new paradigm for carrying out business activities on the internet. In this paper I give an introduction to the concept of service oriented environment and discuss the different activities carried out in the SOE and different entities involved in SOE. The issues related to trust in service oriented environment and proposed and explained. © 2006 IEEE.

Hussain, FK, Chang, E & Dillon, TS 2012, 'Trust Ontology For Service-oriented Environment', 2006 IEEE International Conference On Computer Systems And Applications, Vols 1-3, IEEE/ACS International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications, IEEE, Sharjah, UAE, pp. 320-325.
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Trust and Reputation are vital components for trusted e-business. In the literature however there has been no effort in proposing ontology for trust. The trusted agent in service oriented environment may trust a software agent or human agent or a service

Hussain, FK, Chang, E & Dillon, TS 2006, 'Trust Relationships And Reputation Relationships For Service Oriented Environments', 2006 IEEE International Conference On Computer Systems And Applications, Vols 1-3, IEEE/ACS International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications, IEEE, Sharjah, UAE, pp. 508-510.
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Trust and Reputation are vital components for trusted e-business. In this paper, we propose a definition of trust relationship. Additionally we discuss in depth about the concept of trust relationship. A definition for reputation relationship is proposed

Hussain, FK, Chang, E & Dillon, TS 2006, 'Trustworthiness Measurement Methodology For E-business', Advances In Web Intelligence And Data Mining, International Atlantic Web Intelligence Conference, Springer-verlag Berlin, Beer Sheva, ISRAEL, pp. 21-30.
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The purpose of the Trustworthiness Measure is to (a) to determine the quality of the Trusted Agents and (b) once the trusting agent has determined and recorded the trustworthiness of the trusted agent or the quality of the trusted agent, the trusting age

Hussain, FK, Sidhu, A, Dillon, TS & Chang, E 2006, 'Engineering Trustworthy Ontologies: Case Study Of Protein Ontology', 19th IEEE International Symposium On Computer-based Medical Systems, Proceedings, IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems, IEEE Computer Soc, Salt Lake City, UT, pp. 617-620.
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Biomedical Ontologies are huge. It is not possible for any one person to manage and engineer a complete ontology. They would need the help of Research Assistants and other people to develop and maintain the ontology. In the process of developing and main

Hussain, O, Chang, E, Hussain, FK & Dillon, TS 2006, 'A Fuzzy Approach to Risk Based Decision Making', Lecture Notes in Computer Science 4278 - On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems 2006: OTM 2006 W Part II, On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems Workshops, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Montpellier, France, pp. 1765-1775.
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Decision making is a tough process. It involves dealing with a lot of uncertainty and projecting what the final outcome might be. Depending on the projection of the uncertain outcome, a decision has to be taken. In a peer-to-peer financial interaction, the trusting agent in order to analyze the Risk has to consider the possible likelihood of failure of the interaction and the possible consequences of failure to its resources involved in the interaction before concluding whether to interact with the probable trusted agent or not. Further it might also have to choose and decide on an agent to interact with from a set of probable trusted agents. In this paper we propose a Fuzzy Risk based decision making system that would assist the trusting agent to ease its decision making process.

Hussain, O, Chang, E, Hussain, FK & Dillon, TS 2006, 'A Methodology For Determining The Creditability Of Recommending Agents', Knowledge-based Intelligent Information And Engineering Systems, Pt 3, Proceedings, International Conference on Knowledge-Based and Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, Springer-verlag Berlin, Bournemouth, ENGLAND, pp. 1119-1127.
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The trusting agent in order to analyze the Risk that could be present in its future interaction with a trusted agent might solicit for its recommendations from other agents. Based on the recommendations achieved the trusting agent can decide whether to i

Hussain, O, Chang, E, Hussain, FK & Dillon, TS 2006, 'A Methodology For Risk Based Decision Making In A Service Oriented Environment', IEEE International Conference On Sensor Networks, Ubiquitous, And Trustworthy Computing, Vol 1, Proceedings, IEEE International Conference on Sensor Networks, Ubiquitous, and Trustworthy Computing, IEEE Computer Soc, Tai Chung, TAIWAN, pp. 506-513.
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Decision making is a complex process. It involves in dealing with a lot of uncertainty and projecting in mind what the final outcome might be at the end. Based on the Projection of the final outcome a decision is taken. Decision making in a peer-to-peer

Hussain, O, Chang, E, Hussain, FK & Dillon, TS 2006, 'Quantifying risk in financial terms in an e-transaction', 2006 IEEE international conference on industrial informatics, International IEEE conference on industrial informatics, IEEE, Singapore, pp. 587-592.
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An outcome of risk is the possible loss that could incur in an interaction. In a peer-to-peer financial interaction, the possible loss that could incur is usually the financial loss in the resources of the trusting agent that are involved in the interaction. Hence, a consideration for the trusting agent to analyze the risk in interacting with any probable trusted agent in order to decide whether to interact with it or not, is to determine the potential loss in its resources that may occur. In this paper, we will propose a methodology by which the trusting agent can determine beforehand the possible loss that could be incurred to it as a result of interacting with a probable trusted agent.

Hussain, O, Chang, E, Hussain, FK & Dillon, TS 2006, 'Towards Ascertaining Risk In Digital Business Ecosystem Interactions', 2006 Innovations In Information Technology, Innovations in Information Technology Conference, IEEE, Dubai, U ARAB EMIRATES, pp. 227-231.
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In digital business ecosystem architecture, it is rational for the trusting agent to analyse the possible risk in interacting with a probable trusted agent beforehand. Doing so would assist the trusting agent in its decision process. The possible risk in

Hussain, O, Chang, E, Hussain, FK, Dillon, TS & Soh, B 2006, 'Context And Time Dependent Risk Based Decision Making', 20th International Conference On Advanced Information Networking And Applications, Vol 1, Proceedings, International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications, IEEE, Vienna, AUSTRIA, pp. 585-590.
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As there is a lack of central management in an e-commerce interaction carried out based on peer-to-peer architecture, it is obvious for the trusting peer to analyze the Risk beforehand that could be involved in dealing with a trusted peer in these types

Hussain, O, Chang, E, Hussain, FK, Dillon, TS & Soh, B 2006, 'Predicting The Dynamic Nature Of Risk', 2006 IEEE International Conference On Computer Systems And Applications, Vols 1-3, IEEE/ACS International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications, IEEE, Sharjah, UAE, pp. 500-507.
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The trusting peer in order to determine the likelihood of the loss in its resources might analyze the Risk before engaging in an interaction with any trusted peer. This likelihood of the loss in the resources is termed as Risk in the interaction. Risk an

Hussain, OK, Chang, E, Hussain, FK, Dillon, TS & Soh, B 2006, 'Context and time based riskiness assessment for decision making', Proceedings of the Advanced International Conference on Telecommunications and International Conference on Internet and Web Applications and Services, AICT/ICIW'06, p. 104.
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In an e-commerce interaction carried out in a Peer-to-Peer environment it is rational for the trusting peer to analyze the Risk that could be involved in dealing with a trusted peer as there is a lack of central management in these type of interactions. Risk analysis can be done by assimilating recommendations from other peers if there is no previous interaction history between the trusting peer and the trusted peer. But the assimilated recommendations might be according to the criteria of the recommending peer with the trusted peer, and it is not necessary for the trusting peer to have the same criteria in its interaction with the trusted peer as that of the recommending peer even thought it is interacting in the same context. Further it might interact in a different time as that of the recommending peer. The Risk that was present in a particular context and at a particular time might not be the same at a different time. Hence in this paper we discuss the process of the trusting peer assimilating the recommendations from the recommending peers according to the context, criteria and time of its interaction in order to determine the Riskiness value of the trusted peer, which would help it considerably in decision making. © 2006 IEEE.

IJsselsteijn, W, de Kort, Y, Midden, CJ, Eggen, B & van den Hoven, E 2006, 'Proceedings of the First International Conference on Persuasive Technology for Human Well-Being (PERSUASIVE 2006)', Proceedings of the First International Conference on Persuasive Technology for Human Well-Being (PERSUASIVE 2006), PERSUASIVE 2006, Springer-Verlag, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, pp. 1-214.
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Persuasive technology is the general class of technology that has the explicit purpose of changing human attitudes and behaviours. Persuasive technologies apply principles of social psychology in influencing people; principles of credibility, trust, reciprocity, authority and the like. Social psychologists have spent a great deal of effort over many years in trying to understand how attitude and behaviour change comes about, focusing on the effectiveness of human persuaders, and the persuasive power of messages delivered through non-interactive mass-media, such as newspapers or television. Harnessing the persuasive power of current interactive media, persuasive technology was recently identified as a separate research field, as evidenced by B.J. Foggâs first discussion of the domain1. Fogg characterises computers designed to persuade as the 5th major wave in computing2 . The scope of technologies that hold persuasive potential is broader than ICT alone, and includes persuasive product design and architectural design, yet the interactive nature of computers uniquely enables user-sensitive and user-adaptive responding, allowing persuasive messages to be tailored to the specific user in question, presented at the right place and at the right time, thereby heightening their likely persuasive impact.

Jay, B & Kesner, D 2006, 'Pure Pattern Calculus.', Programming Languages and Systems, 15th European Symposium on Programming, ESOP 2006, Held as Part of the Joint European Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2006, Vienna, Austria, March 27–28, 2006, Proceedings (ed: P. Sestoft), pp. 100-114.

Jay, CB 2006, 'Type variables simplify sub-typing', Higher-Order Rewriting, electronic proceedings.

Jay, CB 2006, 'Typing first-class patterns', Higher-Order Rewriting, electronic proceedings.

Johnston, AJ, Marks, B & Edmonds, EA 2006, 'Charmed circle - an interactive toy for musicians', ACM International Conference on Digital Interactive Media in Entertainment and Arts, ACM International Conference on Digital Interactive Media in Entertainment and Arts, Research Publishing Services, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 1-7.
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Johnston, AJ, Marks, B, Candy, L & Edmonds, EA 2006, 'Partial reflections: interactive environments for musical exploration', ENGAGE: Interaction, Art and Audience Experience, ENGAGE: Interaction, Art and Audience Experience, Creativity and Cognition Studios Press, Sydney, Australia, pp. 100-109.
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This paper describes an ongoing project to develop interactive environments for musicians that encourage musical exploration. A process of developing software such as this, where requirements are highly dynamic and unclear is outlined and two musical compositions and associated interactive environments entitled 'Partial Reflections' are described.

Karol, A & Williams, M 2005, 'Distributed sensor fusion for object tracking', Robocup 2005: Robot Soccer World Cup ix, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, Robot Soccer World Cup, Springer-Verlag Berlin, Japan, pp. 504-511.
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In a dynamic situation like robot soccer any individual player can only observe a limited portion of their environment at any given time. As such to develop strategies based upon planning and cooperation between different players it is imperative that th

Karol, A, Williams, M & Elliot, S 2006, 'The evolution of IS: Treasury decision support & management past, present & future', Past And Future Of Information Systems: 1976-2006 And Beyond, World Computer Congress, Springer, Santiago, CHILE, pp. 89-100.
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This paper contributes to the discipline of Information Systems (IS) by illustrating the continuing evolution of IS applications to a single, core business function. Historical developments in IS and the major global treasury activity, foreign exchange t

Kazienko, P & Musial, K 2006, 'Social capital in Online social networks', KNOWLEDGE-BASED INTELLIGENT INFORMATION AND ENGINEERING SYSTEMS, PT 2, PROCEEDINGS, 10th International Conference on Knowledge-Based and Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN, Bournemouth, ENGLAND, pp. 417-424.

Larssen, AT, Robertson, TJ & Edwards, J 2006, 'How it feels, not just how it looks: when bodies interact with technology', OZCHI 2006 Conference Proceedings, Australian Computer Human Interaction Conference, CHISIG, Sydney, Australia, pp. 329-332.
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This paper presents thoughts to extend our understanding of bodily aspects of technology interactions. The aim of the paper is to offer a way of looking at the role our kinaesthetic sense plays in human-computer interaction. We approach this issue by framing it around how our bodies establish relationships with things when interacting with technology. Five aspects of a conceptual tool, body-thing dialogue, potential for action, withinreach, out-of-reach and movement expression are introduced. We discuss the role this tool can play in our thinking about, further exploration and eventually our design for movement enabled technology interactions. The idea is that it can help us consider, not just how a design or a technology might look but also how it might feel to use.

Latu, S & Dyson, LE 2006, 'ICT-The perception of the Togan minority in New Zealand', Cultural attitudes towards technology and communication 2006, Cultural Attitudes towards Technology and Communications, Murdoch University, Tartu, Estonia, pp. 360-371.
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Leong, T 2006, 'Designing for Experiences: Randomness as a Resource', Designing Interactive Systems, ACM Press, University Park, pp. 346-347.

Leong, T, Vetere, F & Howard, S 2006, 'Randomness as a Resource for Design', Designing Interactive Systmes, ACM Press, University Park, pp. 132-139.

Lin, CT & Chin, CL 2006, 'Using fuzzy inference and cubic curve to detect and compensate backlight image', International Journal of Fuzzy Systems, pp. 2-13.
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This paper proposes a new algorithm method for detection and compensation of backlight images. The proposed technique attacks the weaknesses of conventional backlight image processing methods, such as over-saturation and diminished contrast. This proposed algorithm consists of two operational phases, the detection phase and the compensation phase. In the detection phase, we use the spatial position characteristic and the histogram of backlight images to obtain two image indices which can determine the backlight degree of an image. The fuzzy inference method is then used to integrate these two indices into a final backlight index which determines the final backlight degree of an image more precisely. The compensation phase is used to solve the over-saturation problem which usually exists in conventional image compensation methods. In this phase, we propose the adaptive cubic curve method to compensate and enhance the brightness of backlight images. The luminance of a backlight image is adjusted according to the cubic curve equation which adapts dynamically according to the backlight degree indicated by the backlight index estimated in the detection phase. The performance of the proposed technique was tested against 300 backlight images covering a variety of backlight conditions and degrees. A comparison of the results of previous experiments clearly shows the superiority of our proposed technique in solving over-saturation and backlight detection problems. © 2006 TFSA.

Lin, C-T, Chen, S-A, Cheng, Y-C & Chung, J-F 2006, 'CNN-based local motion estimation chip for image stabilization processing', 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, VOLS 1-11, PROCEEDINGS, IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, IEEE, Kos, GREECE, pp. 2645-+.

Lin, CT, Hsieh, HY, Ko, LW, Lin, M & Liang, SF 2006, 'Development of portable wireless brain computer interface with embedded systems', IEEE 2006 Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference Healthcare Technology, BioCAS 2006, pp. 226-229.
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In this paper, we propose an embedded multi-task scheduling system to make the wireless brain computer interface to real-time receive electroencephalogram signal more accurate. This method we propose also can increase the flexibility of the system. Base on the method, we can change the peripheral devices easily. And the tasks are taken as modules, so it also can increase the flexibility of system programs. The proposed system integrates electroencephalogram signal amplifier technique, wireless transmission technique, and embedded real-time system. The OMAP (Open Multimedia Architecture Platform) is used as a development platform and an embedded operating system is also used. © 2006 IEEE.

Lin, C-T, Liang, S-F, Chen, Y-C, Hsu, Y-C & Ko, L-W 2006, 'Driver's drowsiness estimation by combining EEG signal analysis and ICA-based fuzzy neural networks', 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, VOLS 1-11, PROCEEDINGS, IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, IEEE, Kos, GREECE, pp. 2125-2128.

Lin, C-T, Yu, Y-C & Van, L-D 2006, 'A low-power 64-point FFT/IFFT design for IEEE 802.11a WLAN application', 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, VOLS 1-11, PROCEEDINGS, IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, IEEE, Kos, GREECE, pp. 4523-4526.

Lister, R, Simon, B, Thompson, E, Whalley, JL & Prasad, C 2006, 'Not seeing the forest for the trees: Novice programmers and the SOLO taxonomy', Working Group Reports on ITiCSE on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education 2006, pp. 118-122.
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This paper reports on the authors use of the SOLO taxonomy to describe differences in the way students and educators solve small code reading exercises. SOLO is a general educational taxonomy, and has not previously been applied to the study of how novice programmers manifest their understanding of code. Data was collected in the form of written and think-aloud responses from students (novices) and educators (experts), using exam questions. During analysis, the responses were mapped to the different levels of the SOLO taxonomy. From think-aloud responses, the authors found that educators tended to manifest a SOLO relational response on small reading problems, whereas students tended to manifest a multistructural response. These results are consistent with the literature on the psychology of programming, but the work in this paper extends on these findings by analyzing the design of exam questions.

Lister, RF 2005, 'Computer Science Teachers as Amateurs, Students and Reseachers', Koli Calling 2005- Proceeding of the Fifth Koli Calling Conference on Computer Science Education, Baltic Sea Conference on Computing Education Research, Turku Centre for Computer Science, Koli NAtional Park Eastern Finland, pp. 3-12.
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Lister, RF 2006, 'Driving learning via criterion-referenced assessment using Bloom's taxonomy', UniServe Science 2006, Uniserve Science Symposium, UniServe Science, Sydney, Australia, pp. 80-88.
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Livolsi, D, O'Neill, T, Leaney, JR, Denford, M & Dunsire, K 2006, 'Guided architecture-based design optimisation of CBSs', 13th Annual IEEE International Symposium And Workshop On Engineering Of Computer Based Systems, Proceedings - Mastering The Complexity Of Computer-Based Systems, IEEE International Conference and Workshop on the Engineering of Computer Based Systems, IEEE Computer Soc, Potsdam, GERMANY, pp. 247-256.
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Computer-Based Systems (CBS) are becoming increasingly pervasive throughout society, continually increasing in complexity and cost as they are called upon to fulfil more and more complicated tasks. Unfortunately, multi-million dollar projects often fail

Lu, H, Zhu, J & Guo, Y 2006, 'Calculation of differential inductances for nonlinear dynamic analysis of a tubular linear PM actuator', INTERMAG 2006 - IEEE International Magnetics Conference, p. 766.
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Lu, J & Zhang, G 2006, 'Information integration based team situation assessment in an uncertain environment', Applied Artificial Intelligence, International Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent technologies in Nuclear Science Conference, World Scientific Publ Co Pte Ltd, Genova, ITALY, pp. 441-448.
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Understanding a situation requires integrating many pieces of information which can be obtained by a group of data collectors from multiple data sources. Uncertainty is involved in situation assessment. How to integrate multi-source multi-member uncertai

Lu, J, Zhang, G, Hao, Z, Wen, W & Yang, X 2006, 'A fast data processing procedure for support vector regression', Intelligent data engineering and automated learning 2006, International Conference on Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning, Springer-Verlag, BURJOS, Spain, pp. 48-56.
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A fast data preprocessing procedure (FDPP) for support vector regression (SVR) is proposed in this paper. In the presented method, the dataset is firstly divided into several subsets and then K-means clustering is implemented in each subset. The clusters are classified by their group size. The centroids with small group size are eliminated and the rest centroids are used for SVR training. The relationships between the group sizes and the noisy clusters are discussed and simulations are also given. Results show that FDPP cleans most of the noises, preserves the useful statistical information and reduces the training samples. Most importantly, FDPP runs very fast and maintains the good regression performance of SVR.

Lu, J, Zhang, G, Yan, X & Zhang, J 2006, 'An intergrated analysis method for bank customer clarification', Applied Artificial Intelligence - Proceedings of the 7th International Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Technologies in Nuclear Science Conference FLINS, International Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent technologies in Nuclear Science Conference, World Scientific, Genova, Italy, pp. 247-252.
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Lu, S-M, Liang, S-F & Lin, C-T 2006, 'A HVS-directed neural-network-based approach for salt-pepper impulse noise removal', JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, INST INFORMATION SCIENCE, pp. 925-939.

Lu, Z, Lu, J, Bai, C & Zhang, G 2006, 'Customer online shopping behaviours analysis using Bayesian networks', AI 2006: Advances in artificial intelligence, Australasian Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Springer, Hobart, Australia, pp. 1293-1297.
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This study applies Bayesian network technique to analyse the relationships among customer online shopping behaviours and customer requirements. This study first proposes an initial behaviour-requirement relationship model as domain knowledge. Through conducting a survey customer data is collected as evidences for inference of the relationships among the factors described in the model. After creating a graphical structure, this study calculates conditional probability distribution among these factors, and then conducts inference by using the Junction-tree algorithm. A set of useful findings has been obtained for customer online shopping behaviours and their requirements with motivations. These findings have potential to help businesses adopting more suitable online system development.

Luu, J & Kennedy, PJ 2006, 'Investigating the size and value effect in determining performance of Australian listed companies: a neural network approach', Proceedings of the 5th Australasian Data Mining Conference, Australian Data Mining Conference, ACS, Sydney, Australia, pp. 155-161.
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Maxwell, CI, Leaney, JR & O'Neill, T 2006, 'A framework for understanding heuristics in architectural optimisation', 13th Annual IEEE International Symposium and Workshop on Engineering Computer Based Systems, 2006 (ECBS2006), IEEE International Conference and Workshop on the Engineering of Computer Based Systems, IEEE, Potsdam, Germany, pp. 65-72.
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McBride, TM, Henderson-Sellers, B & Zowghi, D 2006, 'Managing outsourced software development', UKAIS 2006- Where theory meets practice, UK Academy of Information Systems Conference, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, UK, pp. 1-13.
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Memis, OG, Kong, SC, Katsnelson, A, Tomamichel, MP & Mohseni, H 2006, 'A novel avalanche free single photon detector', 2006 6th IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology, IEEE-NANO 2006, pp. 742-745.
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We have conceived a novel single photon detector for IR wavelengths above 1 μm. The detection mechanism is based on carrier focalization and nano-injection. Preliminary measured data from unpassivated devices show a very high internal gain and low dark current at 1.55 μm at room temperature © 2006 IEEE.

Muller, E, Robertson, TJ & Edmonds, EA 2006, 'Experience Workshops', Proceedings of "The object of interaction - the role of artefacts in interaction design" OZCHI 2006, Australian Computer Human Interaction Conference, ACID, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-5.
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This position statement describes a method called "Experience Workshops", developed by the authors for working with expert audiences in the design of an interactive artwork. Based around the participants' experience of a high-fidelity prototype, the workshop aims to generate experiential language. draw together the artist's goals and the participants' experiential actualities and provide a way to reflect together on the gaps and connections between them. We describe the research principles and needs which led to the development of the method and the models it draws from. We show how the method has been used, and reflect upon its effectiveness.

Murdaca, C & Jay, B 2006, 'A Relational Account of Objects', Proceedings of ACSC’06, pp. 297-302.
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Nataatmadja, I & Dyson, LE 2006, 'ICT and its impact on managing global virtual teams', Internet and Information systems in the digital age- challenges and solutions, International Business Information Management, IBIMA, Brescila, Italy, pp. 498-504.
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Nguyen, Q, Huang, M, I-Ling Yen, Y & Zhang, K 2006, 'CAVIS: A tool for collecting, analyzing and visualising scientific articles in information science', Proceeding of the Asia-Pacific workshop on visual information processing, Asia-Pacific Workshop on Visual Information Processing, IACAS Press, Beijing China, pp. 50-55.

Niazi, MK, Wilson, DN & Zowghi, D 2006, 'Implementing software process improvement initiatives An empirical study', Product-Focused Software Process Improvement, Proceedings, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Product Focused Software Process Improvement, Springer-Verlag Berlin, Netherlands, pp. 222-233.
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In this paper we present findings from our empirical study of software process improvement (SPI) implementation. We aim to provide SPI practitioners with insight into designing appropriate SPI implementation initiatives in order to achieve better results

Paryani, S 2006, 'A framework for evaluation of telemedicine', HEALTHCOM 2006: Mobile E-Health for Developing Countries - 2006 8th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services, pp. 202-205.
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Telemedicine is now made more feasible with the advent of modern information and telecommunication technologies. Telemedicine is used in a variety of medical situations in several countries. Its use is widespread. However these systems need to be evaluated so as to know how they are performing in comparison to the traditional ways of offering health care services. Health care providers and policy makers need to know the efficiency and effectiveness of these systems so that the available resources are used in efficient and cost effective alternatives of health services. People around the globe have been using different frameworks to evaluate telemedicine systems. Most people are evaluating telemedicine on ad hoc basis. Not one methodology or framework is popular or is widely used for evaluations. Hence the results are not comparable. There is clearly a need for standard methodology or a framework. Lack of evaluation standards can impact the costs, effectiveness, access and efficiency of care provided to patients. As a result this paper proposes a unified framework by synthesising existing methodological frameworks. The proposed framework provides various measures and criteria for evaluating various telemedicine applications. The framework also provides key indicators at a base level for each criterion. The most important measures in this framework are access, cost, effectiveness and acceptability of care. It is expected that this framework will be a step towards standardisation of frameworks and it will help new and experienced evaluators, health care providers and policy makers. The proposed framework is broad so that it can be applied to any application of telemedicine and depending on the setting in a given organisation; application specific base indicators may be added or deleted for each criterion. ©2006 IEEE.

Prior, JR, Robertson, TJ & Leaney, JR 2006, 'Programming Infrastructure and Code Production: An Ethnographic Study', Team Ethno-Online Journal, Issue 2 June 2006, Ethnographies of Code: Computer Programs as Lived Work of Computer Programming, TeamEthno-Online, Lancashire, UK, pp. 112-120.
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Prior, JR, Robertson, TJ & Leaney, JR 2006, 'Technology Designers as Technology Users: The Intertwining Of Infrastructure & Product', OZCHI 2006 Conference Proceedings Design: activities artefacts & environment, Australian Computer Human Interaction Conference, ACM, Sydney, Australia, pp. 353-356.
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This paper is about the developer as technical user interacting with computer technology as part of the infrastructure that makes possible their 'real work' of developing a large and complex software product. A longitudinal ethnographic study of work practice in a software development company that uses an Agile development approach found that the developers spend a large part of their working time designing, creating, modifying and interacting with infrastructure to enable and support their software development work. This empirical work-in-progress shows that an understanding of situated technology design may have implications for the future development of HCI methods, tools and approaches

Qumer, A & Henderson-Sellers, B 2006, 'Comparative evaluation of XP and scrum using the 4d analytical tool (4-DAT)', Proceedings of the European and Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems, EMCIS 2006.
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The emergence of agile software development methods provides a contribution to contemporary software engineering practices. Agile methods have several benefits over traditional plan-based methods, in particular their ability to handle projects where requirements are not fixed. In the last few years, a number of agile software development methods have been developed but a detailed evaluation (which is essential) of these methods is not available. This paper presents a detailed comparative analysis of two well known agile methods (XP and Scrum), using the previously published 4- Dimensional Analytical Tool (4-DAT), based on four characterization perspectives: those of scope, agility, agile values and software process. A report generated with the help of 4-DAT will assist organizations in making decisions about the selection or adoption of an agile method.

Riccobon, D & Gramann, K 2006, 'The effect of distinct reference frames on the encoding of spatial information: An electrophysiological investigation', JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY, HOGREFE & HUBER PUBLISHERS, pp. 134-134.

Robertson, T 2006, 'Design: Activities, artefacts and environments', ACM International Conference Proceeding Series.

Robertson, TJ, Mansfield, T & Loke, L 2006, 'Designing an immersive environment for public use', Proceedings of the Ninth Paticipatory Design Conference, Participatory Design Conference, CPSR/ACM, Trento, Italy, pp. 31-40.
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Sadler, KA, Robertson, TJ & Kan, MM 2006, 'It's always here, it's always on: Australia balances management of availability using mobile technologies', Mobile HCI 06, International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, ACM Press, Espoo, Finland, pp. 49-52.
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Sadler, KA, Robertson, TJ, Kan, MM & Hagen, P 2006, 'Balancing work, life and other concerns: A study of mobile technology use by Australian freelancers', Proceedings of the 4th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, Norwegian Computer Human Interaction, ACM Press, Oslo, Norway, pp. 413-416.
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In this paper we present initial findings from an empirical study of the mobile technology use and mobile work practices of freelancers in the domain of Film and Television. Our findings demonstrate that mobile phones were primarily used to manage other personal activities and concerns unrelated to the local work. They were used only intermittently to support local practice when that practice itself moved away from fixed resources. The fact that people were consistently using their mobile phones at work to attend to other concerns is an important feature of mobile technology use. This personal aspect of use in the work context has been largely overlooked within the Mobile HCI literature. In particular, our findings reveal the ways in which freelancers manage the blurring of contexts that is facilitated by mobile phones. We consider implications of these findings for the ways in which we currently talk and think about mobile technology use within Mobile HCI.

Sheridan-Smith, NB, O'Neill, T, Leaney, JR & Hunter, M 2006, 'A Policy-based Service Definition Language for Service Management', Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE/IFIP Network Operations & Management Symposium (NOMS), IEEE Network Operations and Management Symposium, IEEE, Vancouver, Canada, pp. 282-293.
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In a competitive environment, Service Providers wish to deliver services in a lean and agile manner, despite the rising complexity and heterogeneity within the network. The desire to support personalised customer experiences and differentiated services requires that management systems are increasingly flexible, adaptable and dynamic. Policy-based Management (PBM) systems can be helpful in reducing complexity and enhancing flexibility, but they have not typically been involved in end-to-end management of the services, leading to only the partial management of different network functions.

Shi, W & Zhou, W 2006, 'Using phylogenetic footprinting to discover putative cis-regulatory elements and analysing their coexistence and related gene ontology', 2006 IEEE International Workshop on Genomic Signal Processing and Statistics, GENSIPS 2006, pp. 67-68.
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This paper took advantage of phylogenetic footprinting and statistical analysis to identify putative cis-regulatory elements in the promoters of human genes. Three organisms were investigated including human, mouse and drosophila melanogaster. 124 putative regulatory elements of length 8 were yielded from this research and they were grouped into 20 clusters. The investigation on the coexistence of these clusters in human gene promoters revealed that SP1, EGR and NRF-1 were the dominant clusters appearing in the combinatorial combination of up to five clusters. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that many of GO categories of transcription factors binding to these elements matched the GO categories of genes whose promoters contain these elements. ©2006 IEEE.

Sidhu, AS, Dillon, TS, Hussain, FK & Chang, E 2006, 'Accomplishments and challenges of protein Ontology', Proceedings - International Computer Software and Applications Conference, pp. 71-76.
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Recent progress in proteomics, computational biology, and ontology development has presented an opportunity to investigate protein data sources from a unique perspective that is, examining protein data sources through structure and hierarchy of Protein Ontology (PO). Various data mining algorithms and mathematical models provide methods for analyzing protein data sources; however, there are two issues that need to be addressed: (1) the need for standards for defining protein data description and exchange and (2) eliminating errors which arise with the data integration methodologies for complex queries. Protein Ontology is designed to meet these needs by providing a structured protein data specification for Protein Data Representation. Protein Ontology is a standard for representing protein data in a way that helps in defining data integration and data mining models for Protein Structure and Function. We report here our development of PO; a semantic heterogeneity framework based on relationships between PO concepts; and analysis of resultant PO Data of Human Proteins. We also talk in this paper briefly about our ongoing work of designing a trustworthy framework around PO. © 2006 IEEE.

Simon, B, Lister, R & Fincher, S 2006, 'Multi-institutional computer science education research: A review of recent studies of novice understanding', Proceedings - Frontiers in Education Conference, FIE.
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There has been a recent proliferation of multi-national, multi-institutional computer science education research exploring issues surrounding novice computer science student understanding. The large numbers of students studied in these efforts and their breadth in terms of student background (both technically and culturally) has led to significant interest in the work. In this paper, we summarize each study, identifying the populations studied, the types of data collected, the analyses performed and review the primary results. We also report on current ongoing work related to and derived from these efforts. © 2006 IEEE.

Sixsmith, AJ, Dyson, LE & Nataatmadja, I 2006, 'Improving class participation in IT tutorial and small lectures', Thought Leadership in IS, Australasian Conference on Information Systems, Australasia Association of Informaton Systems, Adelaide, Australia, pp. 1-10.
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Solomon, AI, Santamaria, D & Lister, RF 2006, 'Automated testing of Unix command-line and scripting skills', Proceedings of the 7th international conference on information technology based higher education, international conference on information technology based higher education, UTS, Sydney, Australia, pp. 120-160.
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Stanton, CJ & Williams, M 2005, 'A novel and practical approach towards color constancy for mobile robots using overlapping color space signatures', Robocup 2005: Robot Soccer World Cup ix, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, Robot Soccer World Cup, Springer-Verlag Berlin, Osaka, Japan, pp. 444-451.
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Color constancy is the ability to correctly perceive an object's color regardless of illumination. Within the controlled, color-coded environments in which many robots operate (such as RoboCup), engineers have been able to avoid the color constancy probl

Thompson, E, Whalley, J, Lister, RF & Simon, B 2006, 'Code classification as a learning and asssessment exercise for novice programmers', Proceeding of the 19th annual conference of the ational advisory committee on computing qualifications, National Advisory Committee on Computing Qualifications, National advisory comittee on computing qualifications, Wellington, New Zealand, pp. 291-298.
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Toellner, T, Gramann, K, Mueller, H & Eimer, M 2006, 'Electrophysiological correlates of modality changes in vision and touch', PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY, 46th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Psychophysiological-Research, BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, Vancouver, CANADA, pp. S98-S98.

Toellner, T, Gramann, K, Mueller, H & Eimer, M 2006, 'The N2pc as a marker of visual dimension weighting', JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY, HOGREFE & HUBER PUBLISHERS, pp. 151-151.

Trieu, M & Williams, MA 2006, 'Grounded representation driven robot design', ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, pp. 63-72.
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Grounding robot perceptions is an important problem in Artificial Intelligence. In this paper we show how a new grounding framework guided the development of an improved locomotion engine [3] for the AIBO. The improvements stemmed from higher quality representations that were grounded better than those in the previous system [1]. Since the AIBO is more grounded under the new locomotion engine it makes better decisions and achieves its design goals more efficiently and effectively. Furthermore, a well grounded robot offers significant software engineering benefits since its behaviours can be developed with less effort, and even more importantly they can be debugged and tested on the fly. Copyright © held by author.

Wang, C, Lu, J & Zhang, G 2006, 'Integration of ontology data through learning instance matching', 2006 IEEE/WIC/ACM international Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology, IEEE/WIC/ACM international Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology, IEEE Computer Society, HK, China, pp. 536-539.
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Information integration with the aid of ontology can roughly be divided into two levels: schema level and data level. Most research has been focused on the schema level, i.e., mapping/matching concepts and properties in different ontologies with each other. However, the data level integration is equally important, especially in the decentralized semantic Web environment. Noticing that ontology data (in the form of instances of concepts) from different sources often have different perspectives and may overlap with each other, we develop a matching method that utilizes the features of ontology and employs the machine learning approach to integrate those instances. By exploring ontology features, this method performs better than other general methods, which is revealed in our experiments. Through the process that implements the matching method, ontology data can be integrated together to offer more sophisticated services

Xu, G, Zhang, Y & Begg, R 2006, 'Mining Gait Pattern For Clinical Locomotion Diagnosis Based On Clustering Techniques', Advanced Data Mining And Applications, Proceedings, 2nd International Conference on Advanced Data Mining and Applications, Springer-verlag Berlin, Xian, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 296-307.
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Scientific gait (walking) analysis provides valuable information about an individual's locomotion function, in turn, to assist clinical diagnosis and prevention, such as assessing treatment for patients with impaired postural control and detecting risk o

Xu, G, Zhang, Y & Zhou, X 2006, 'Discovering task-oriented usage pattern for web recommendation', Database Technologies 2006, Proceedings of the 17th Australasian Database Conference, 17th Australasian Database Conference, Australian Computer Society, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, pp. 167-174.
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Xu, K, Chen, X, Liu, W & Williams, M 2006, 'Legged Robot Gait Locus Generation Based on Genetic Algorithms', International Symposium on Practical Cognitive Agents and Robots (PCAR 2006) - Proceedings, International Symposium on Practical Cognitive Agents and Robots, ACM digital library, Perth, Australia, pp. 51-62.
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Achieving an effective gait locus for legged robots is a challenging task. It is often done manually in a laborious way due to the lack of research in automatic gait locus planning. Bearing this problem in mind, this article presents a gait locus planning method using inverse kinematics while incorporating genetic algorithms. Using quadruped robots as a platform for evaluation, this method is shown to generate a good gait locus for legged robots.

Yan, Y, Zhu, J, Guo, Y & Lu, H 2006, 'Modelling and Simulation of Direct Torque Controlled PMSM Drive System Incorporating Structural and Saturation Saliencies', Proceedings of the 41st IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, IEEE Industry Applications Society, IEEExplorer, pp. 76-83.
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The direct torque controlled (DTC) permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive has become competitive compared with other types of drive systems because of its simple and sensorless control algorithm. The application of the system, however, is handicapped by the difficulty of starting under full load due to the unknown initial rotor position. This paper presents a nonlinear model of PMSMs which incorporates both the structural and saturation saliencies to enable the numerical simulation of initial rotor position detection algorithms. In this model, the phase inductances are expressed by Fourier series as functions of the stator current and rotor position. The inductances of a surface mounted PMSM is measured with different rotor positions and DC offset currents, which emulate the effect of the three phase stator currents. By using the proposed model, the DTC PMSM is simulated and the results are compared with those obtained by the PMSM model in the Simulink library. With the model, an initial rotor position estimation scheme using voltage pulses is investigated by numerical simulation. The scheme is also experimentally tested and the results are compared with the inductance variation to verify the validity of the method. The effectiveness of the scheme to estimate the initial rotor position for the testing SPMSM is analyzed and verified by numerical simulation before physical implementation

Yusop, N, Lowe, DB & Zowghi, D 2006, 'A survey of issue resolution on the incremental refinement of the system scope in web system development', ICWE '06. The sixth international on web engineering, International Conference on Web Engineering, ACM Press, Palo Alto, CA, USA, pp. 313-320.
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Increasingly, IT systems and Web systems in particular, fall into the class of applications where the scope of the application to be developed cannot be clearly articulated a priori. This is for a range of reasons, but is at least in part due to the complex inter-dependencies which exist between different aspects of the problem domain. While Whereas the core system requirements might be clear, the domain inter-dependencies lead to ancillary requirements which are only identified as the emerging system and its relationship to the domain are understood. A key mechanism in supporting the development of this understanding is the exploration of application pilots or prototypes, and the subsequent identification of solution or problem domain issues. The resolution of these issues will often play a crucial role in supporting the development of domain understanding and hence project scope. In this paper we explore this phenomenon by analysing issue handling across a range of case studies. We describe a model of the issue resolution process and highlight those issues which are most likely to assist in clarification of project scope.

Yusop, N, Zowghi, D & Lowe, DB 2006, 'The impacts of non-functional requirements in web systems', EMCIS2006: Proceedings, European, Mediterranean and Middle Eastern Conference on Information Systems, Brunel University, Alicante, Spain, pp. 1-8.
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Zhang, G, Dillon, TS & Lu, J 2006, 'An approximation branch-and-bound algorithms for fuzzy bilevel decision making problems', Proceedings of the international multiconfernce computer science and information echnology, Autumn meeting point of Polish information processing society, PTI, Wisla, Poland, pp. 223-231.
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Zhang, G, He, Q, Lu, J, Shi, Z & Zheng, Z 2006, 'Rule sets based bilevel decision model', Australasian Computer Science Conference 2006, Australasian Computer Science Conference, ACM Digital Library, Hobart, Australia, pp. 113-120.
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Bilevel decision addresses the problem in which two levels of decision makers, each tries to optimize their individual objectives under constraints, act and react in an uncooperative, sequential manner. Such a bilevel optimization structure appears naturally in many aspects of planning, management and policy making. However, bilevel decision making may involve many uncertain factors in a real world problem. Therefore it is hard to determine the objective functions and constraints of the leader and the follower when build a bilevel decision model. To deal with this issue, this study explores the use of rule sets to format a bilevel decision problem by establishing a rule sets based model. After develop a method to construct a rule sets based bilevel model of a real-world problem, an example to illustrate the construction process is presented.

Zhang, G, Lu, H, Li, G & Hie, X 2006, 'A new hybrid real-coded gentetic algorithm and application in dynamic economic dispatch', Proceedings of sixth world congress on intelligent control, World congress on intelligent control and automation, IEEE, Dalian, China, pp. 3627-3631.
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Zhang, G, Lu, J & Dillon, TS 2006, 'An extended branch-and-bound algorithm for fuzzy linear bilevel programming', Applied Artificial Intelligence - Proceedings of the 7th International FLINS Conference, International Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent technologies in Nuclear Science Conference, World scientific, Genova, Italy, pp. 291-298.
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This paper presents an extended Branch-and-Bound algorithm for solving fuzzy linear bilevel programming problems. In a fuzzy bilevel programming model, the leader attempts to optimize his/her fuzzy objective with a consideration of overall satisfaction,

Zhang, G, Zhang, G, Lu, J & Lu, H 2006, 'Environmental/economic dispatch using genetic algorithm and fuzzy number ranking method', Applied Artificial Intelligence - Proceedings of the 7th International Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Technologies in Nuclear Science Conference FLINS, International Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent technologies in Nuclear Science Conference, World Scientific, Genova, Italy, pp. 59-65.
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Zhang, Y, Lin, X, Xu, J, Korn, F & Wang, W 2006, 'Space-efficient relative error order sketch over data streams', Proceedings - International Conference on Data Engineering, p. 51.
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We consider the problem of continuously maintaining order sketches over data streams with a relative rank error guarantee ε. Novel space-efficient and one-scan randomised techniques are developed. Our first randomised algorithm can guarantee such a relative error precision ε with confidence 1 - δ using O(1/ε 2 log 1/δ loge ε 2 N) space, where N is the number of data elements seen so far in a data stream. Then, a new one-scan space compression technique is developed. Combined with the first randomised algorithm, the one-scan space compression technique yields another one-scan randomised algorithm that guarantees the space requirement is O(1/∈ log(1/ε log 1/δ (1/ε log 1/δ) log 2+α εN/1-1/2 α) (for α > 0) on average while the worst case space remains O(1/ε 2 log 1/δ log ε 2 N). These results are immediately applicable to approximately computing quantiles over data streams with a relative error guarantee ε and significantly improve the previous best space bound O( 1/ε 3 log 1/δ log N). Our extensive experiment results demonstrate that both techniques can support an on-line computation against high speed data streams. © 2006 IEEE.

Zhao, N, Lu, H & Song, Y 2006, 'Risk assessment of strategies using total time on test transformation', Proceedings of IEEE power engineering society, IEEE Power engineering society, IEEE Power engineering society, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, pp. 1-8.
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Zheng, L, Jin, J, Guo, Y, Lu, H & Zhu, J 2006, 'Technology and Development of High Temperature Superconducting Linear Motors Conference', Proceedings of the Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, Victoria, University, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 1-6.
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Dyson, LE, Salazar, F, Hendriks, M, Underwood, J & Kay, RJ UNESCO 2006, ICTs for Intercultural Dialogue: An Overiew of UNESCO's Indigenous Communications Project, pp. 0-21, Paris.