DOWLING, GR & STAELIN, R 1994, 'A MODEL OF PERCEIVED RISK AND INTENDED RISK-HANDLING ACTIVITY', JOURNAL OF CONSUMER RESEARCH, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 119-134.
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Lee, M & Liversidge, K 1994, 'Posteroanterior stiffness at three locations in the lumbar spine.', J Manipulative Physiol Ther, vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 511-516.
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OBJECTIVE: One commonly used clinical procedure involves the assessment of stiffness during the application of a posteroanterior force to the spinous process of a vertebra. The clinician commonly applies a force normal to the sagittal spinal curve and attempts to evaluate whether the stiffness of the response is also normal. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the stiffness of posteroanterior movements in normal subjects significantly differed when the force was applied to L3, L4 or L5 and when the rate of application changed from quasistatic to cyclical loading. DESIGN: Experimental investigation of characteristics of normal subjects. SETTING: University biomechanics laboratory. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Posteroanterior stiffness at L3, L4 and L5 during quasistatic and cyclical loading. RESULTS: The posteroanterior response was found to be stiffest at L5, least at L3 and intermediate at L4. Quasistatic loading produced lower stiffness than cyclical loading at .5 Hz. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical assessment of the low lumbar spine through manual loading requires a knowledge of the likely variations of posteroanterior stiffness. This study has established that in normal subjects there are systematic effects due to the location of load and the rate of loading.
Lee, M, Hill, S & Scullin, J 1994, 'Ribcage compressibility in living subjects', Clinical Biomechanics, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 379-380.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the responses of normal living subjects to the application of anteroposterior forces to the ribcage. Seventeen subjects aged between 25 and 37 years were tested during slow oscillatory loading while breath-holding at the end of a normal expiration. The mean stiffness coefficient was found to be 9.4 N mm-1 (SD 2.9) and the mean gradient of the force-strain relation was 1888 N (SD 646). Comparison with previously published cadaver data indicates that the embalmed cadaver ribcage stiffness is in the order of three times stiffer than living subjects, while fresh cadavers showed comparable stiffness to living subjects. A number of studies have used models to predict and understand the behaviour of the thoracic spine. Validation of the behaviour of models which include the thoracic spine and ribcage depends on comparison of model response predictions with observed responses of human subjects. The present study provides data on the anteroposterior compressibility of the ribcage of living subjects which may be suitable for use in model validation studies. © 1994.
Lee, M, Lau, H & Lau, T 1994, 'Sagittal plane rotation of the pelvis during lumbar posteroanterior loading.', J Manipulative Physiol Ther, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 149-155.
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OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent of sagittal plane rotation of the pelvis during lumbar spine posteroanterior loading. DESIGN: Quantitative study. SETTING: Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney. PARTICIPANTS: Ten male and female subjects with no recent history of significant low back pain. INTERVENTION: A mechanical device was used to apply forces to the L3 spinous process. Data were collected during slow cyclical loading. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The stiffness of the posteroanterior movement at the point of loading was measured, together with the sagittal plane rotation of the pelvis and the resistance to rotation provided by the bed on which the subject lay. RESULTS: Mean pelvic rotation was 2.1 degrees per 100 N applied force (SD 1.01 degrees/100 N). Mean posteroanterior stiffness was 13.4 N/mm (SD 3.13 N/mm) and resistance to pelvic rotation was 2.71 Nm/degree of pelvic rotation (SD 0.84 Nm/degree). CONCLUSION: During posteroanterior force application there is pelvic rotation of a magnitude that may be sufficient to have clinical significance. Abnormalities found during lumbar posteroanterior force application may originate in tissues caudad to the lumbar spine itself.
Refshauge, K, Goodsell, M & Lee, M 1994, 'Consistency of cervical and cervicothoracic posture in standing', Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 235-240.
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Refshauge, KM, Goodsell, M & Lee, M 1994, 'The Relationship Between Surface Contour and Vertebral Body Measures of Upper Spine Curvature', Spine, vol. 19, no. 19, pp. 2180-2185.
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