Aaron, JE, Oliver, B, Clarke, N & Carter, DH 1999, 'Calcified microspheres as biological entities and their isolation from bone', Histochemical Journal, vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 455-470.
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Ammit, AJ, Kane, SA & Panettieri, RA 1999, 'Activation of K-p21ras and N-p21ras, but Not H-p21ras, Is Necessary for Mitogen-Induced Human Airway Smooth-Muscle Proliferation', American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 719-727.
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Center, JR, Nguyen, TV, Sambrook, PN & Eisman, JA 1999, 'Hormonal and Biochemical Parameters in the Determination of Osteoporosis in Elderly Men*', The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 84, no. 10, pp. 3626-3635.
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Abstract The extent to which changes in several hormonal and biochemical parameters are involved in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis in men remains controversial. This study examined the roles of free testosterone (T), estradiol (E2), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), 25-hydroxyvitamin D, PTH, and insulin-like growth factor I in the determination of bone mineral density (BMD) in 437 community-dwelling elderly men. Age, height, weight, quadriceps strength, and femoral neck (FN) and lumbar spine (LS) BMD were also obtained. In multiple regression analysis, after adjusting for age and weight, low E2 (P = 0.01), and high SHBG (P = 0.0002) levels were common determinants of FN and LS BMD. In addition, high PTH (P = 0.03) was an independent predictor of FN BMD, and low free T (P = 0.02) was an independent predictor of LS BMD. Low free T was associated with FN BMD in univariate analysis only. The hormonal measurements collectively accounted for 5% and 7% of the age- and weight-adjusted variance of FN and LS BMD, respectively. The sex steroids, SHBG and insulin-like growth-I were found to be interrelated using a technique of path analysis that examines the intercorrelation between these variables. A subject with any one abnormal serum parameter had a 4-fold increase in the risk of osteoporosis, whereas three abnormal parameters were associated with an 11-fold increased risk, although the latter group only applied to 1% of the study population. Although the precise causal effects these biochemical parameters may have on the development of osteoporosis remains to be determined, the present findings support an important interrelated role for these hormonal and biochemical parameters on changes in bone density in elderly men.
Center, JR, Nguyen, TV, Schneider, D, Sambrook, PN & Eisman, JA 1999, 'Mortality after all major types of osteoporotic fracture in men and women: an observational study', The Lancet, vol. 353, no. 9156, pp. 878-882.
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Chai, CS & Ben-Nissan, B 1999, 'Bioactive nanocrystalline sol-gel hydroxyapatite coatings', Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 465-469.
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Sol-gel technology offers an alternative technique for producing bioactive surfaces for improved bone attachment. Previous work indicated that monophasic hydroxyapatite coatings were difficult to produce. In the present work hydroxyapatite was synthesize
De Abreu Lourenco, R 1999, 'Health Care Reform - An International Perspective', CHERE Health Economics Review, no. 11.
De Abreu Lourenco, R 1999, 'How much does it cost to remember? Costing a scalds prevention campaign', Health Promotion Journal of Australia, vol. 9, no. 1.
De Abreu Lourenco, R 1999, 'The Australian Health Care System', CHERE Discussion Paper Series, Number 38.
De Abreu Lourenco, R 1999, 'Using Cost Information', CHERE Health Economics Review, no. 13.
Delatycki, MB, Paris, DBBP, Gardner, RJM, Nicholson, GA, Nassif, N, Storey, E, MacMillan, JC, Collins, V, Williamson, R & Forrest, SM 1999, 'Clinical and genetic study of Friedreich ataxia in an Australian population', American Journal of Medical Genetics, vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 168-174.
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Delatycki, MB, Paris, DBBP, Gardner, RJMK, Nicholson, GA, Nassif, N, Storey, E, Macmillan, JC, Collins, V, Williamson, R & Forrest, SM 1999, 'Clinical and genetic study of friedreich ataxia in an Australian population', American Journal of Medical Genetics, vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 168-174.
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Friedreich ataxia is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the FRDA gene that encodes a 210-amino acid protein called frataxin. An expansion of a GAA trinucleotide repeat in intron 1 of the gene is present in more than 95% of mutant alleles. Of the 83 people we studied who have mutations in FRDA, 78 are homozygous for an expanded GAA repeat; the other five patients have an expansion in one allele and a point mutation in the other. Here we present a detailed clinical and genetic study of a subset of 51 patients homozygous for an expansion of the GAA repeat. We found a correlation between the size of the smaller of the two expanded alleles and age at onset, age into wheelchair, scoliosis, impaired vibration sense, and the presence of foot deformity. There was no significant correlation between the size of the smaller allele and cardiomyopathy, diabetes mellitus, loss of proprioception, or bladder symptoms. The larger allele size correlated with bladder symptoms and the presence of foot deformity. The duration of disease is correlated with wheelchair use and the presence of diabetes, scoliosis, bladder symptoms and impaired proprioception, and vibration sense but no other complications studied.
Endo, MM, Barbour, PS, Barton, DC, Wroblewski, BM, Fisher, J, Tipper, JL, Ingham, E & Stone, MH 1999, 'A comparison of the wear and debris generation of GUR 1120 (compression moulded) and GUR 4150HP (ram extruded) ultra high molecular weight polyethylene.', Biomed Mater Eng, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 113-124.
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The wear debris generated from UHMWPE (ultra high molecular weight polyethylene) has been recognised as one of the major causes of failure in THR (total hip replacement). GUR 1120 (compression moulded) and GUR 4150HP (ram extruded) which are currently the most frequently used materials in THR were studied in pin-on-plate wear test. The wear particles generated from this test were observed by scanning electron micrograph and analysed by image analysis. The results from this study showed that GUR 4150HP had superior wear resistance than GUR 1120 under relatively high wear factor conditions. These results also highlighted the importance of multidirectional motion and its effect on the wear rates of UHMWPE. The multidirectional motion tended to show a higher wear factor than previous studies using unidirectional motion conducted under otherwise similar conditions. The wear debris analysis conducted with the wear particles collected from unidirectional (relatively rough) pin-on-plate wear tests (GUR 1120 and GUR 4150HP) showed that the greatest number of particles had a size range of 0.1-0.5 micron followed by 0.5-1.0 micron, 1.0-5.0 microns and 5.0-10.0 microns, in both GUR 1120 and GUR 4150HP. However, comparing the masses of the wear particles, the bigger size range of greater than 10 microns, had the highest percent mass followed by 1.0-5.0 microns, 0.5-1.0 micron, 0.1-0.5 micron and 5.0-10.0 microns.
Ensrud, KE, Stone, K, Cauley, JA, White, C, Zmuda, JM, Nguyen, TV, Eisman, JA & Cummings, SR 1999, 'Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms and the Risk of Fractures in Older Women', Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 1637-1645.
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Fulton, RR, Eberl, S, Meikle, SR, Hutton, BF & Braun, M 1999, 'A practical 3D tomographic method for correcting patient head motion in clinical SPECT', IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 667-672.
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Patient motion during brain SPECT studies can degrade resolution and introduce distortion. We have developed a correction method which incorporates a motion tracking system to monitor the position and orientation of the patient's head during acquisition. Correction is achieved by spatially repositioning projections according to measured head movements and reconstructing these projections with a fully three-dimensional (3D) algorithm. The method has been evaluated in SPECT studies of the Hoffman 3D brain phantom performed on a triple head camera with fan beam collimation. Movements were applied to the phantom and recorded by a head tracker during SPECT acquisition. Fully 3D reconstruction was performed using the motion data provided by the tracker. Correction accuracy was assessed by comparing the corrected and uncorrected studies with a motion free study, visually and by calculating mean squared error (MSB). In all studies, motion correction reduced distortion and improved MSB by a factor of 2 or more. We conclude that this method can compensate for head motion under clinical SPECT imaging conditions. © 1999 IEEE.
Fulton, RR, Eberl, S, Meikle, SR, Hutton, BF & Braun, M 1999, 'Practical 3D tomographic method for correcting patient head motion in clinical SPECT', IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, vol. 3, pp. 1770-1775.
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Patient motion during brain SPECT studies can degrade resolution and introduce distortion. We have developed a correction method which incorporates a motion tracking system to monitor the position and orientation of the patient's head during acquisition. Correction is achieved by spatially repositioning projections according to measured head movements and reconstructing these projections with a fully three-dimensional (3D) algorithm. The method has been evaluated in SPECT studies of the Hoffman 3D brain phantom performed on a triple head camera with fan beam collimation. Movements were applied to the phantom and recorded by a head tracker during SPECT acquisition. Fully 3D reconstruction was performed using the motion data provided by the tracker. Correction accuracy was assessed by comparing the corrected and uncorrected studies with a motion free study, visually and by calculating mean squared error (MSE). In all studies, motion correction reduced distortion and improved MSE by a factor of 2 or more. We conclude that this method can compensate for head motion under clinical SPECT imaging conditions.
Gabrys, B & Bargiela, A 1999, 'Neural Networks Based Decision Support in Presence of Uncertainties', Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, vol. 125, no. 5, pp. 272-280.
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Garrett, Q, Garrett, RW & Milthorpe, BK 1999, 'Lysozyme sorption in hydrogel contact lenses', INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 897-903.
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To examine the processes involved in formation of protein deposits on hydrogel contact lenses. METHODS: The adsorption and/or penetration of lysozyme on or into three types of contact lenses, etafilcon A, vifilcon A, and tefilcon, were investigated in vitro using a radiolabel-tracer technique, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and laser scanning confocal microscopy. RESULTS: Binding of lysozyme to high-water-content, ionic contact lenses (etafilcon A and vifilcon A) was dominated by a penetration process. The extent of this penetration was a function of charge density of the lenses, so that there was a higher degree of penetration of lysozyme in etafilcon A than in vifilcon A lenses. In contrast, the binding of lysozyme to tefilcon lenses was a surface adsorption process. The adsorption and desorption kinetics showed similar trends to those found in human serum albumin (HSA) adsorption on lens surfaces. However, the extent of lysozyme adsorption on tefilcon is much higher than HSA adsorption, probably because of the self-association of lysozyme on the tefilcon lens surface. Furthermore, either penetration or adsorption of lysozyme involved reversible and irreversible processes and were both time dependent. CONCLUSIONS: Binding of lysozyme to hydrogel lenses involves surface adsorption or matrix penetration. These processes may be reversible or irreversible. The properties of the lens materials, such as charge density (ionicity) and porosity (water content) of the lenses, determine the type and rates of these processes.
Garrett, Q, Griesser, HJ, Milthorpe, BK & Garrett, RW 1999, 'Irreversible adsorption of human serum albumin to hydrogel contact lenses: a study using electron spin resonance spectroscopy', BIOMATERIALS, vol. 20, no. 14, pp. 1345-1356.
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Gorrie, C, Duflou, J, Brown, J & Waite, PME 1999, 'Fatal head injury in children: a new approach to scoring axonal and vascular damage', Child's Nervous System, vol. 15, no. 6-7, pp. 322-328.
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As part of a multidisciplinary study of brain damage in children fatally injured in motor vehicle accidents, a simple method to quantify and visualise the distribution and extent of injury has been developed. Vascular and axonal injury were assessed usin
Hall, J, Lourenco, RD & Viney, R 1999, 'Carrots and sticks - The fall and fall of private health insurance in Australia', HEALTH ECONOMICS, vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 653-660.
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Heness, GL, Ben-Nissan, B, Gan, LH & Mai, YW 1999, 'Development of a finite element micromodel for metal matrix composites', COMPUTATIONAL MATERIALS SCIENCE, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 259-269.
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A finite element micromodel has been developed based on real microstructures. The method of modelling is unique in that displacements calculated from large-specimen models are used as boundary conditions to model more accurately at the microstructural le
Jarrard, DF, Sarkar, S, Shi, Y, Yeager, TR, Magrane, G, Kinoshita, H, Nassif, N, Meisner, L, Newton, MA, Waldman, FM & Reznikoff, CA 1999, 'p16/pRb pathway alterations are required for bypassing senescence in human prostate epithelial cells.', Cancer Res, vol. 59, no. 12, pp. 2957-2964.
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The cell cycle regulatory genes p16/CDKN2 and RB are frequently deleted in prostate cancers. In this study, we examined the role of alterations in p16 and pRb during growth, senescence, and immortalization in vitro of human prostate epithelial cells (HPECs). HPECs are established from normal prostate tissues and cultured on collagen-coated dishes. Our results show that p16 is reproducibly elevated at senescence in HPECs. HPECs are immortalized using human papilloma virus 16 E6 and/or E7 as molecular tools to inactivate p53 and/or pRb, respectively. Immortalization occurs infrequently in this system and only after a latent period during which additional genetic/epigenetic changes are thought to occur. Notably, all of the E6-immortalized HPEC lines but none of the E7 lines show inactivation of p16/CDKN2 (by deletion, methylation, or mutation) in association with immortalization. In contrast, E7 lines, in which pRb function is abrogated by E7 binding, retain the high levels of p16 observed at senescence. Thus, all lines show either a p16 or pRb inactivation. Analysis of six independent lines from metastatic prostate cancers reveals a similar loss of either p16 or pRb. Comparative genomic hybridization of HPECs shows that gains of chromosomes 5q, 8q, and 20 are nonrandomly associated with bypassing senescence (probability = 0.95). These results suggest that high levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16 mediate senescence G1 arrest in HPECs and that bypassing this block by a p16/pRb pathway alteration is required for immortalization in vitro and possibly tumorigenesis in vivo. Our results further indicate that inactivation of the p16/pRb pathway alone is not sufficient to immortalize HPECs and that additional genetic alterations are required for this process.
Johnson, KA, Rogers, GJ, Roe, SC, Howlett, CR, Clayton, MK, Milthorpe, BK & Schindhelm, K 1999, 'Nitrous acid pretreatment of tendon xenografts cross-linked with glutaraldehyde and sterilized with gamma irradiation', BIOMATERIALS, vol. 20, no. 11, pp. 1003-1015.
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Jones, PM & George, AM 1999, 'Subunit interactions in ABC transporters: towards a functional architecture', FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol. 179, no. 2, pp. 187-202.
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Keatinge, D, Cadd, AL, Henssen, M, O'Brien, L, Parker, D, Rohr, Y, Schneider, J & Thompson, J 1999, 'Nurses' use of patient notes to chart bowel care management for the palliative care patient.', Aust J Adv Nurs, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 36-41.
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Little is known about nurses' knowledge base and practice in the provision of Bowel Care Management (BCM). Recently, a study designed to investigate both factors was conducted in two hospices, one in New South Wales and the other in South Australia. Twenty-four nurses and 100 palliative care patients participated in the study. The audit of patients' medical records, one of several research methods used in the study, will be discussed here. The research identified that in all but two cases, patients' information about their BCM practices used in the home environment was not documented on their admission to the hospice. Further, the considerable number of charts used in each hospice to record BCM generally asked for information related to bowel function and the use of pharmaceutical preparations, to the exclusion of other methods of management.
Knoblich, BP, Rivers, EP, Nguyen, HB, Mullen, MT, Rittinger, B, Hays, G, Muzzin, AM, Sheridan, B, Jankowski, M & Tomlonovich, MC 1999, 'LACTIC ACID CLEARANCE IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT PROGNOSTICATES MULTISYSTEM ORGAN FAILURE AND DEATH', Critical Care Medicine, vol. 27, no. Supplement, pp. A141-A141.
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Background: Lactic acid (LA) indicates anaerobic metabolism (global tissue hypoxia). While single LA levels are helpful diagnostically and therapeutically; the change in LA levels over time (LA-clearance) has beter prognostic value in predicting morbidity or multi-system organ failure (MSOF) and death in the intensive care unit (ICU). Objective: To examine the relationship of LA-clearance in the Emergency Department (ED) and the development of MSOF and death. Methods: This was a prospective cohort of critically ill patients presenting to a large urban ED in shock (systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg for thirty minutes after a 40cc/kg volume challenge) or a LA >2 mM/L on arrival. Patients presenting in hemorrhagic shock, trauma, requiring immediate surgery, do not resuscitate orders, seizures or end stage disease not benefiting from ICU care were excluded. Patients were managed by ED physicians by standard ED management. LA and multi-system organ dysfunction scores (MODS) were obtained on ED arrival, discharge and every 12 hours for 72 hours. Patients were grouped by LA clearance during the ED stay: Group 1 (no clearance, <0mM/L/hr, actual increase in lactic acid), Group 2 (intermediate clearance, >0andlmM/hr). Student's T-test and ANOVA were used to compare the MODS score and LA over time, with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Results: A total of 142 patients were studied. The mean age was 65.9 ± 17.2 years. The LA clearances for groups 1, 2, and 3 were -0.45 ± 0.55, 0.48 ± 0.48, 1.44 ± 0.38 mM/L/hr respectively p<0.0001. The mean MODS scores over 72 hours were 8.63 ± 3.35, 6.16 ± 4.23, 5.12 ± 3.76 for groups 1, 2, and 3 respectively p<0.02. The in-hospital mortality was 50%, 23%, 12% in groups 1,2 and 3, respectively, p<0.045. Conclusions: The duration of global tissue hypoxia or decreased LA clearance in the ED is associated with MSOF and death. This pathogenic link suggests that diagnostic and therapeutic ...
Lee, DK, Nguyen, T, O'Neill, GP, Cheng, R, Liu, Y, Howard, AD, Coulombe, N, Tan, CP, Tang-Nguyen, A-T, George, SR & O'Dowd, BF 1999, 'Discovery of a receptor related to the galanin receptors', FEBS Letters, vol. 446, no. 1, pp. 103-107.
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We report the isolation of a cDNA clone named GPR54, which encodes a novel G protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR). A PCR search of rat brain cDNA retrieved a clone partially encoding a GPCR. In a library screening this clone was used to isolate a cDNA with an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a receptor of 396 amino acids long which shared significant identities in the transmembrane regions with rat galanin receptors GalR1 (45%), GalR3 (45%) and GalR2 (44%). Northern blot and in situ hybridization analyses revealed that GPR54 is expressed in brain regions (pons, midbrain, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, cortex, frontal cortex, and striatum) as well as peripheral regions (liver and intestine). In COS cell expression of GPR54 no specific binding was observed for 125I‐galanin. A recent BLAST search with the rat GPR54 ORF nucleotide sequence recovered the human orthologue of GPR54 in a 3.5 Mb contig localized to chromosome 19p13.3.
Lee, DK, Nguyen, T, Porter, CA, Cheng, R, George, SR & O'Dowd, BF 1999, 'Two related G protein-coupled receptors: The distribution of GPR7 in rat brain and the absence of GPR8 in rodents', Molecular Brain Research, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 96-103.
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GPR7 and GPR8, orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes, expressed in the brain and periphery share highest sequence identity to each other and significant similarity with opioid and somatostatin receptors. To further our knowledge of GPR7's physiological function, we performed in situ hybridization analyses of rat brain to reveal specific patterns of expression in the brain. GPR7 mRNA was found to be discretely localized in areas of the amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus and cortex. We previously reported that GPR7 was highly conserved in both human and rodent orthologs while GPR8 was not found in the rodent . We speculated that GPR8 originated after the divergence of the human and rodent. Using primers designed from human GPR8, we isolated lemur GPR8 and subsequently aligned human, monkey, and lemur GPR8 orthologs to design primers recognizing highly conserved regions of GPR8. Using these primers, orthologs of GPR7 and GPR8 were isolated by the PCR from rabbit, tree shrew, and flying lemur, as well as GPR7 in the rat. Subsequent analysis of the clones obtained demonstrated that both GPR7 and GPR8 sequences were highly conserved amongst the species studied, but a rodent GPR8 was not isolated. The absence of a GPR8 gene in the rodent suggests that GPR8 originated from gene duplication of GPR7 after the rodent line diverged from the rabbit, tree shrew, flying lemur, lemur, monkey and human lines. In addition, the taxonomic distribution of GPR8 is consistent with molecular studies grouping rabbits with primates, tree shrews and flying lemurs rather than with rodents. Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V.
Lovatt, HC & Watterson, PA 1999, 'Energy stored in permanent magnets', IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 35, no. 1 PART 2, pp. 505-507.
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There has been some confusion over the energy stored in a permanent magnet, with many texts and some finite element packages giving incorrect values. We demonstrate the correct formulation, under both normal operation and partial demagnetization, and discuss the physical meaning of stored energy in a permanent magnet. © 1999 IEEE.
Lovatt, HC & Watterson, PA 1999, 'Energy stored in permanent magnets', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 505-507.
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There has been some confusion over the energy stored in a permanent magnet, with many texts and some finite element packages giving incorrect values. We demonstrate the correct formulation, under both normal operation and partial demagnetization, and dis
Marchese, A, Sawzdargo, M, Nguyen, T, Cheng, R, Heng, HHQ, Nowak, T, Im, D-S, Lynch, KR, George, SR & O'Dowd, BF 1999, 'Discovery of Three Novel Orphan G-Protein-Coupled Receptors', Genomics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 12-21.
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We have discovered three novel human genes, GPR34, GPR44, and GPR45, encoding family A G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The receptor encoded by GPR34 is most similar to the P2Y receptor subfamily, while the receptor encoded by GPR44 is most similar to chemoattractant receptors. The receptor encoded by GPR45 is the mammalian orthologue of a putative lysophosphatidic acid receptor from Xenopus laevis. Partial sequence of GPR34 was discovered during a search of the GenBank database of expressed sequence tags (ESTs). This sequence information was used both to isolate the full-length translational open reading frame from a human genomic library and to assemble a contig from additional GPR34 EST cDNAs. Northern blot and in situ hybridization analyses revealed GPR34 mRNA transcripts in several human and rat brain regions. Also, we used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify human genomic DNA using degenerate oligonucieotides designed from sequences encoding transmembrane domains 3 and 7 of opioid and somatostatin receptors. Two PCR products partially encoding novel GPCRs, named GPR44 and GPR45, were discovered and used to isolate the full-length translational open reading frames from a human genomic library. Both GPR44 and GPR45 are expressed in the central nervous system and periphery. For chromosomal localization, fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis was performed to assign GPR34 to chromosomes 4p12 and Xp11.3, GPR44 to chromosome 11q12-q13.3, and GPR45 to chromosome 2q11.1-q12.
Melander, A, Olsson, J, Lindberg, G, Salzman, A, Howard, T, Stang, P, Lydick, E, Emslie-Smith, A, Boyle, DIR, Evans, JMM, Macdonald, TM, Bain, J, Sullivan, F, Juhl, C, Pørksen, N, Sturis, J, Hollingdal, M, Pincus, S, Veldhuis, J, Dejgaard, A, Schmitz, O, Kristensen, JS, Frandsen, KB, Bayer, T, Müller, P, Dunning, BE, Paladini, S, Gutierrez, C, Deacon, R, Valentin, M, Grunberger, G, Weston, WM, Patwardhan, R, Rappaport, EB, Sargeant, LA, Wareham, NJ, Khaw, KT, Zethelius, B, Lithell, H, Hales, CN, Berne, C, Lakka, H-M, Oksanen, L, Tuomainen, T-P, Kontula, K, Salonen, JT, Dekker, JM, de Boks, P, de Vegt, F, Stehouwer, CDA, Nijpels, G, Bouter, LM, Heine, RJ, Bruno, G, Cavallo-Perin, P, Bargero, G, D’Errico, N, Borra, M, Macchia, G, Pagano, G, Newton, RW, Ruta, DA, New, JP, Wallace, C, Roxburgh, MA, Young, RJ, Vaughan, NJA, Elliott, P, Brennan, G, Devers, M, MacAlpine, R, Steinke, D, Lawson, DH, Decallonne, B, Casteels, K, Gysemans, C, Bouillon, R, Mathieu, C, Linn, T, Strate, C, Schneider, K, Funda, DP, Jirsa, M, Kozáková, H, Kaas, A, Kofronová, O, Tlaskalová-Hogenová, H, Buschard, K, Wanka, H, Hartmann, A, Kuttler, B, Rasmussen, SB, Sørensen, TS, Markholst, H, Petersen, JS, Karounos, D, Dyrberg, T, Mabley, JG, Haskó, G, Szabó, C, Seissler, J, Nguyen, TBT, Steinbrenner, H, Scherbaum, WA, Cipriani, R, Gabriele, A, Sensi, M, Guidobaldi, L, Pantellini, F, Cerrito, MG, Scarpa, S, Di Mario, U, Morano, S, Ceolotto, G, Iori, E, Baritono, E, Del Prato, S, Semplicini, A, Trevisan, R, Zerbini, G, Meregalli, G, Asnaghi, V, Tentori, F, Maestroni, A, Mangili, R, Marescotti, C, Vedovato, M, Tiengo, A, Tadjieva, J, Mankovsky, BN, Van Aken, S, Raes, A, Vande Walle, J, Matthys, D, Craen, M, Hansen, HP, Lund, SS, Rossing, P, Jensen, T, Parving, H-H, Andersen, S, Tarnow, L, Hansen, BV, Trautner, C, Haastert, B, Ennenbach, N, Willich, S, Tabák, ÁG, Orchard, TJ, Spranger, J, Preissner, KT, Schatz, H, Pfeiffer, A, Cantón, A, Burgos, R, Hernández, C, Lecube, A, Mesa, J, Segura, RM, Mateo, C, Simó, R, Fathallah, L, Greene, DA, Obrosova, I, Gilbert, RE, Kelly, DJ, Cox, AJ, Berka-Wilkinson, JL, Taylor, HR, Panagiotopoulos, S, Lee, V, Jerums, G, Cooper, ME, Hitman, GA, Aganna, E, Ogunkolade, WB, Rema, M, Deepa, R, Shanthi-Rani, CS, Barakat, K, Kumarajeewa, TR, Cassell, PG, McDermott, MF, Mohan, V, Ways, K, Bursell, S, Devries, T, Woodworth, J, Alatorre, C & et al. 1999, '35th Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes', Diabetologia, vol. 42, no. S1, pp. A1-A330.
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Nassif, NT, Kok, C, Lobo, GP & Nicholson, GA 1999, 'Prostate cancer risk and repeat (CAG and GGN) polymorphism of the androgen receptor gene in an Australian population.', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. A312-A312.
Nguyen, HB, Rivers, EP, Havstad, S, Knoblich, B, Ressler, J, Talos, EL, Rittinger, WJ, Tomlanovich, MC & Horst, HM 1999, 'PHYSIOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE CRITICALLY ILL IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT', Critical Care Medicine, vol. 27, no. Supplement, pp. 69A-69A.
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Introduction: Physiologic scoring systems such as the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) and the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) measure illness severity and provides mortality risk probabilities for intensive care unit (ICU) patients. The Emergency Department (ED) is a major contributor of ICU admissions who frequently require critical care in the ED. This study evaluates the use of APACHE II and SAPS II in assessing the impact of critical care delivery in the ED. Methods: In a prospective, consecutive case series, adult patients presenting to a large urban ED and admitted to the medical ICU over a 12-month period were studied. APACHE II and SAPS II scores and predicted mortality (pred. mort.) were calculated at ED admission. ED discharge, and after 24 hours in the ICU. Group average scores and pred. mort. was compared using 2-tailed, paired student's t-test. Results: Eighty-one patients were enrolled with a mean age of 62.8 ±19.3 years. ED length of stay was 6.4 ± 2.2 hours and the total hospital length of stay was 297.7 ± 312.6 hours. The actual in-hospital mortality was 28.0%. Score Δ Pred. Mort. (%) Δ P value APACHE II ED admission 24.4 ± 6.6 - 50.5 ± 20.6 - ED discharge 18.9 ± 6.7 -5.5 ± 1.8 36.4 ± 21.3 -14.2 ± 15.4 <0.001 24-hour ICU 15.2 ± 7.6 -3.7 ± 1.2 26.7 ± 21.7 -8.5 ± 11.2 0.04 SAPS II ED admission 50.0 ± 11.9 45.8 ± 22.6 - ED discharge 43.7 ± 14.7 -6.3 ± 2.1 35.1 ± 24.3 -10.8 ± 16.0 <0.001 24-hour ICU 39.0 ± 14.3 -4.7 ± 1.6 27.9 ± 22.5 -5.5 ± 12.3 0.02 Conclusions: There is a significant decrease in physiologic scores and predicted in-hospital mortality during ED stay. Mortality predictions at ED admission, ED discharge and after 24 hours in the ICU progressively approximate actual in-hospital mortality. In the treatment of critically ill patients. ED intervention may have the greatest impact on outcome in some institutions.
Nguyen, HB, Rivers, EP, Havstad, S, Knoblich, BP, Hays, G, Ressler, J, Rittinger, W & Tomlanovich, MC 1999, 'CENTRAL VENOUS OXYGEN SATURATION/LACTIC ACID INDEX AS A PROGNOSTICATOR OF SURVIVAL IN SHOCK', Critical Care Medicine, vol. 27, no. Supplement, pp. A156-A156.
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Introduction: While central venous oxygenation (ScvO2) and lactic acid are independently helpful in the prognosis and resuscitation of hemodynamically unstable patients, their value when used together has not been studied. The objective of this study is to examine and compare ScvO2, lactic acid and the ScvO2/lactic acid index in survivors and non-survivors presenting to the emergency department (ED) and admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) in shock. Methods: In a prospective case cohort, adult patients arriving to a large urban ED in clinical shock were enrolled over an 18-month period. Patients requiring immediate surgery, with acute myocardial infarction or do not resuscitate status were excluded. Initial management of shock was performed by ED physicians and continued in the ICU by intensive care physicians. ScvO2 and arterial lactic acid were measured upon ED presentation (hour 0), ED discharge (hour 6), and at intervals in the ICU (hour 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72). ScvO2, lactic acid, and ScvO2/lactic acid index were compared at each time point between survivors and non-survivors using student's t-test (significance at p < 0.05). Results: One hundred forty two patients with a mean age of 66 ± 18, 105 survivors and 37 non-survivors, were enrolled. The mean ED length of stay was 6.9 ± 2.6 hours. There was no significant difference in the ScvO2 measurements between survivors and non-survivors. Lactic acid was significantly lower in the survivors throughout the study period but remained elevated at ED discharge (3.02 ± 2.80 mM/L) until 24 hours in the ICU (1.98 ± 1.67 mM/L). The ScvO2/lactic acid index however was normalized (46.0 ± 45.1 %/mM/L) at ED discharge in the survivors and significantly distinguished them from non-survivors. Conclusion: While ScvO2 and lactic acid are useful parameters to guide resuscitation of patients in shock, the Scvo2/lactic acid index is a better and earlier discriminator of survival than either value alone. This study suggests t...
O'Dowd, BF, Marchese, A, Lee, D, Nguyen, T & George, SR 1999, 'Novel orphan g protein-coupled receptors', Proceedings of the Western Pharmacology Society, vol. 42, p. 135.
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G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) belong to the gene family that forms 80% of all receptors. Cloning experiments have demonstrated a multiplicity of receptors which exceeds the number predicted on the basis of the pharmacological data alone. Using various strategies, novel receptor systems not known to exist previously have been identified. These receptors are known as orphans (oGPCRs), and over 70 have been identified. Recently, the natural ligands for four orphan receptors have been discovered, namely nociceptin, orexin, prolactin-releasing peptide and apelin. In our laboratory we isolated DNA encoding 36 novel oGPCRs, many of which are expressed in the CNS. We searched the expressed sequence tag (EST) DNA collections and also used degenerate oligos in the polymerase chain reaction, to identify partial cDNA or genomic clones. These clones were used to isolate DNAs that encompass the open reading frame of the novel GPCRs. Our approach combines bioinformatics expertise, molecular characterization and anatomic mapping, as well as a systematic approach to generating full-length, expressible GPCRs to generate novel receptor targets suitable for candidate ligand screening. Our interest is the discovery of novel cellular signaling systems, as well as developing a broad view of the evolution and genetics of these diverse gene families. The pursuit of cloning and identifying an individual receptor as a therapeutic target is a challenging task. However, the combined approach and expertise from our laboratory and collaborating scientists utilizing these technologies with many novel receptors has a high probability of identifying ligands for these targets and thus will allow the receptors to be used in the development of novel therapeutic agents.
Parker, D & De Bellis, A 1999, 'A profile of dying residents in South Australian nursing homes', International Journal of Palliative Nursing, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 162-170.
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Most residents in Australian nursing homes end their life in these settings and therefore palliative care, death and dying are a major concern within these institutions. However, to date, a detailed profile of dying residents in Australian nursing homes has not been undertaken. This study describes the profile of 45 residents in 10 South Australian nursing homes who were identified as dying by nursing home staff. These residents were highly dependent on nursing staff for their day-to-day needs; they had deteriorating mental states and experienced symptoms such as weakness, fatigue, pain, anorexia, constipation and dysphagia. The main difficulties experienced by nursing home staff in providing palliative care for these residents included pain management issues and the lack of time available to care for residents and their relatives. This was compounded by the care needs of these dying residents. The study findings demonstrate that the provision of good palliative care requires adequate time, skill-mix, staff development and support, and the provision of palliative care education for staff and GPs.
Parker, D, Maddocks, I & Stern, LM 1999, 'The role of palliative care in advanced muscular dystrophy and spinal muscular atrophy', Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 245-250.
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Patiag, D, Qu, X, Wilkes, M, Gray, S, Seale, JP & Donnelly, R 1999, 'Effects Of Angiotensin Ii And At(1) & At(2) Receptor Blockade On Glucose And Lipid Metabolism In Vivo And In Vitro.', Diabetologia, vol. 42, pp. 1-1.
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Qu, X, Seale, JP & Donnelly, R 1999, 'Tissue and isoform-selective activation of protein kinase C in insulin-resistant obese Zucker rats - effects of feeding', JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY, vol. 162, no. 2, pp. 207-214.
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The mechanisms of insulin resistance in the obese Zucker rat have not been clearly established but increased diacylglycerol-protein kinase C (DAG-PKC) signalling has been associated with decreased glucose utilisation in states of insulin resistance and n
QU, X, SEALE, JP & DONNELLY, R 1999, 'Tissue- and isoform-specific effects of aging in rats on protein kinase C in insulin-sensitive tissues', Clinical Science, vol. 97, no. 3, pp. 355-355.
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The mechanisms responsible for the age-related decline in insulin sensitivity have not been clearly identified, but activation of the diacylglycerol/protein kinase C (PKC) signalling pathway (often confined to individual isoforms of PKC) has recently bee
QU, X, SEALE, JP & DONNELLY, R 1999, 'Tissue- and isoform-specific effects of aging in rats on protein kinase C in insulin-sensitive tissues', Clinical Science, vol. 97, no. 3, pp. 355-361.
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The mechanisms responsible for the age-related decline in insulin sensitivity have not been clearly identified, but activation of the diacylglycerol/protein kinase C (PKC) signalling pathway (often confined to individual isoforms of PKC) has recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of other insulin-resistant states in both humans and animal models. Fasting serum glucose, insulin and triacylglycerol (triglyceride) concentrations, and results of oral glucose tolerance tests, were compared in groups of 6-week-old (n = 8) and 6-month-old (n = 8) Sprague–Dawley rats. Insulin-responsive tissues (liver, soleus muscle and epididymal fat pad) were collected to compare levels of diacylglycerol, PKC enzyme activity and protein expression of individual PKC isoforms in cytosol and membrane fractions. The older group were heavier (556±14 g, compared with 188±7 g) and relatively insulin-resistant and hyperinsulinaemic (477±73 pM compared with 293±51 pM; P < 0.05) compared with young rats; they also had greater areas under the serum glucose (old, 20.3±1.1; young, 17.3±0.7 mmol·h-1·l-1) and insulin (old, 1254±76; young, 721±113 mmol·h-1·l-1) profiles following an oral glucose tolerance test, and significantly higher fasting triacylglycerol levels (old, 1.24±0.06 mM; young, 0.92±0.07 mM; P < 0.01). There were no age-related differences in diacylglycerol levels or PKC activity in muscle and liver, but membrane-associated PKC activity was 2.5-fold higher in the adipose tissue of older rats (101±19 compared with 40±5 pmol·min-1·mg-1 protein; P < 0.05) due to increased translocation of PKC-βI, -βII and -ε. Thus insulin resistance due to normal aging is associated with tissue- and isoform-specific changes in diacylglycerol/PKC signalling. In contrast with diabetes and dietary-induced insulin resistance, there were no changes in diacylglycerol/PKC signalling in skeletal muscle and liver, but isoform-specific translocation and higher PKC activity in adipose tissue ma...
Samaras, K, Nguyen, TV, Jenkins, AB, Eisman, JA, Howard, GM, Kelly, PJ & Campbell, LV 1999, 'Clustering of insulin resistance, total and central abdominal fat: same genes or same environment?', Twin Research, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 218-225.
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AbstractObesity, insulin resistance and disturbed glucose metabolism cluster within the Insulin Resistance Syndrome (IRS). Whether this reflects shared genetic or environmental factors detectable in ‘normal’ populations (not selected for IRS features) is unknown. This study estimated (i) genetic influences on IRS traits and (ii) shared and specific genetic and environmental factors on the relationships between these traits in healthy female twins. Fasting insulin, glucose, total and central fat were measured in 59 monozygotic (MZ) and 51 dizygotic (DZ) female twin pairs aged ( ± SD) 52 ± 13 years. Body fat was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, insulin resistance and secretion by a modified homeostasis model assessment. Using intraclass correlation coefficients and univariate model-fitting analyses, genetic influences were found in total fat, central fat, insulin resistance, fasting glucose and insulin secretion, with genetic factors explaining 64, 57, 59, 75 and 68% of their variance, respectively, using the latter technique. In matched analysis intra-pair differences in total and central fat related to intra-pair differences in insulin resistance (r2 = 0.19, P < 0.001). Multivariate model-fitting showed a close genetic relationship between total and central fat (r = 0.88). The genetic correlation between IR and central fat (0.41) was significantly greater than that for total fat (0.24), suggesting that central fat is not only a predictor of, but shares considerable genetic influence with, insulin resistance. In Cholesky analysis, these genetic influences were separate from those shared between central and total fat. In conclusion, both shared and specific genetic factors regulate components of the IRS in healthy females. However, there were discrete genetic influences on -cell insulin secretion, not shared with other IRS components, suggesting that a separate genetic propensity exists for Type2 diabetes. ...
Sawzdargo, M, Nguyen, T, Lee, DK, Lynch, KR, Cheng, R, Heng, HHQ, George, SR & O'Dowd, BF 1999, 'Identification and cloning of three novel human G protein-coupled receptor genes GPR52, ΨGPR53 and GPR55: GPR55 is extensively expressed in human brain', Molecular Brain Research, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 193-198.
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The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family share a structural motif of seven transmembrane segments with large numbers of conserved residues in those regions. Here, we report the identification and cloning of two novel human intronless GPCR genes, GPR52, GPR55 and a pseudogene ΨGPR53. GPR55 was identified from the expressed sequence tags (EST) database whereas GPR52 and pseudogene ΨGPR53 originated from the high throughput genome (HTG) database. A partial cDNA clone obtained from the IMAGE Consortium of GPR55 was used to screen a human genomic library to acquire the full length gene. GPR52 and ΨGPR53 were amplified from human genomic DNA using primers based on the HTG sequences. GPR55 and GPR52 encode receptors of 319 and 361 amino acids, respectively. GPR55 gene was mapped to chromosome 2q37, using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and its mRNA transcripts have been detected in the caudate nucleus and putamen, but not in five other brain regions. Human receptors showing the highest amino acid identity to GPR55 include P2Y5 (29%), GPR23 (30%), GPR35 (27%) and CCR4 (23%). GPR52 gene localized to chromosome 1q24 shares the highest identity with GPR21 (71%), histamine H2 (27%) and 5-HT4 (26%) human receptors. ΨGPR53 is a pseudogene mapped to chromosome 6p21 that demonstrates the highest similarity to the MRG (35%), MAS (28%) and C5a (24%) human receptor genes.
Simpson, AM, Szymanska, B, Tuch, BE & Marshall, GM 1999, 'Secretion and storage of insulin from a human hepatoma cell line (HUH7-INS)', TRANSPLANTATION PROCEEDINGS, vol. 31, no. 1-2, pp. 812-812.
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Tipper, JL 1999, 'Quantitative analysis of the wear and wear debris from low and high carbon content cobalt chrome alloys used in metal on metal total hip replacements', Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 353-362.
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Tuch, BE, Wright, DC, Martin, TE, Keogh, GW, Deol, HS, Simpson, AM, Roach, W & Pinto, AN 1999, 'DIFFERENTIATION OF FETAL PIG ENDOCRINE CELLS AFTER ALLOGRAFTING INTO THE THYMUS GLAND1', Transplantation, vol. 67, no. 8, pp. 1184-1187.
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Background. The thymus of large animals, such as the pig, is thought to be an appropriate site for transplanting adult islets, which contain numerous beta cells, for the purpose of reversing diabetes, Whether fetal islet-like cell clusters (ICCs), which
Tuch, BE, Wright, DC, Martin, TE, Keogh, GW, Deol, HS, Simpson, AM, Roach, W & Pinto, AN 1999, 'Fetal pig endocrine cells develop when allografted into the thymus gland', Transplantation Proceedings, vol. 31, no. 1-2, pp. 670-670.
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Urrunaga, JJ, Rivers, EP, Karriem-Norwood, VA, Mullen, MT & Nguyen, HB 1999, 'HEMODYNAMIC EVALUATION OF THE CRITICALLY ILL IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT: A COMPARISON OF CLINICAL IMPRESSION VERSUS TRANSESOPHAGEAL DOPPLER MEASUREMENT (EDM).', Critical Care Medicine, vol. 27, no. Supplement, pp. A89-A89.
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Introduction: Accurate hemodynamic assessment of the critically is important in the Emergency Department (ED) for appropriate diagnosis and therapeutic intervention. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare hemodynamic assessment of the clinician to EDM in critically ill patients presenting to the ED. Methods: This was a prospective case series of adult critically ill patients presenting a large urban ED and admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Patients were included if they were intubated, sedated, mechanically ventilated with arterial and central venous catheterization (CVP). The ED attending physician was asked to assess preload (volume status), cardiac output, contractility, and systemic vascular resistance (afterload) based on clinical assesment and hemodynamic data obtained from the arterial blood pressure and CVP. These variables were recorded as high, normal or low. The EDM was placed and measurements were obtained after a steady state reading for 30 seconds. This hemodynamic data was provided to the ED attending physician.Therapy before and after EDM was compared. Results: There were 34 patients enrolled with a mean age of 62.5±12 years, a mean duration of ED stay of 6.2±3.0 hours and a 27% in hospital mortality. The clinicians' agreement with the EDM was 48% for volume status,50% for cardiac output, 39% for contractility, and 48% for afterload. There was a 36% change in fluid therapy, 40% for diuretic therapy, 39% for inotropic therapy, and 38% for vasodilator therapy (p≤0.05). Conclusion: EDM is a less invasive alternative to pulmonary artery catheterization feasible for ED use in the treatment of the critically il. It provides more accurate information than clinician assessment in the ED even with invasive hemodynamic monitoring. It further leads to a significant change in therapy. Further study is warranted to determine outcome significance of these findings.
Veal, AJ, White, J, Ravinder, R, Darcy, S, Taylor, T & Veal, AJ 1999, 'Book Reviews', Annals of Leisure Research, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 138-151.
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WEARING, S & DARCY, S 1999, 'Ecotourism options in coastal protected area management: A case study of North Head Quarantine Station, Australia', The Environmentalist, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 239-249.
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The challenges faced by coastal protected areas in both promoting highly attractive sites and preserving the natural attributes of these sites have been given a new dimension with the opportunities presented by ecotourism. Realising the market potential of a protected area and, at the same time, conserving the unique features of an area is a difficult task. This paper explores the possibilities that backpacker tourism may offer the Quarantine Station in Sydney Harbour National Park, in Australia. The Quarantine Station is a significant cultural heritage site that is located in a sensitive coastal national park within Sydney's metropolitan area.
Wei, M, Ruys, AJ, Milthorpe, BK & Sorrell, CC 1999, 'Solution ripening of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles: Effects on electrophoretic deposition', JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 11-19.
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Electrophoretic deposition is a low-cost, simple, and flexible coating method for producing hydroxyapatite (Hap) coatings on metal implants. However, densification requires heating the coated metal to high temperatures, which, for commercial HAp powders, generally means at least 1200°C. At such temperatures, the metal tends to react with the HAp coating, inducing decomposition, and the strength of titanium and stainless steel implants is severely degraded. With the use of raw uncalcined nanoparticulate Hap, densification can occur at 900°-1050°C; however, such coatings are prone to cracking due to the high drying shrinkage. This problem was solved by precipitating nanoparticulate HAp by the metathesis process [10Ca(NO3)2 + 6NH4H2PO4 + 8NH4OH] and optimizing the 30 nm of nanoprecipitates by an Ostwald ripening approach, that is, by boiling and/or ambient aging in the mother liquor. While the as-precipitated nanoparticles produced severely cracked coatings, 2 h of boiling or 10 days of ambient aging ripened the gel-like mass into unagglomerated nanoparticles, which produced crack-free coatings. Since boiling enhanced particle size but ambient aging did not, crack elimination probably was due to the transition from the highly agglomerated gel-like state to the dispersed nanoparticulate state rather than to particle growth. Furthermore, boiling only reduced the amount of cracking whereas aging completely eliminated cracking.
Wei, M, Ruys, AJ, Swain, MV, Kim, SH, Milthorpe, BK & Sorrell, CC 1999, 'Interfacial bond strength of electrophoretically deposited hydroxyapatite coatings on metals', JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE-MATERIALS IN MEDICINE, vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 401-409.
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