Publications

Abbott, B, Abbott, R, Adhikari, R, Agresti, J, Ajith, P, Allen, B, Amin, R, Anderson, SB, Anderson, WG, Arain, M, Araya, M, Armandula, H, Ashley, M, Aston, S, Aufmuth, P, Aulbert, C, Babak, S, Ballmer, S, Bantilan, H, Barish, BC, Barker, C, Barker, D, Barr, B, Barriga, P, Barton, MA, Bayer, K, Belczynski, K, Betzwieser, J, Beyersdorf, PT, Bhawal, B, Bilenko, IA, Billingsley, G, Biswas, R, Black, E, Blackburn, K, Blackburn, L, Blair, D, Bland, B, Bogenstahl, J, Bogue, L, Bork, R, Boschi, V, Bose, S, Brady, PR, Braginsky, VB, Brau, JE, Brinkmann, M, Brooks, A, Brown, DA, Bullington, A, Bunkowski, A, Buonanno, A, Burmeister, O, Busby, D, Byer, RL, Cadonati, L, Cagnoli, G, Camp, JB, Cannizzo, J, Cannon, K, Cantley, CA, Cao, J, Cardenas, L, Casey, MM, Castaldi, G, Cepeda, C, Chalkley, E, Charlton, P, Chatterji, S, Chelkowski, S, Chen, Y, Chiadini, F, Chin, D, Chin, E, Chow, J, Christensen, N, Clark, J, Cochrane, P, Cokelaer, T, Colacino, CN, Coldwell, R, Conte, R, Cook, D, Corbitt, T, Coward, D, Coyne, D, Creighton, JDE, Creighton, TD, Croce, RP, Crooks, DRM, Cruise, AM, Cumming, A, Dalrymple, J, D'Ambrosio, E, Danzmann, K, Davies, G, DeBra, D, Degallaix, J, Degree, M, Demma, T, Dergachev, V, Desai, S, DeSalvo, R, Dhurandhar, S, Diaz, M, Dickson, J, Di Credico, A, Diederichs, G, Dietz, A, Doomes, EE, Drever, RWP, Dumas, J-C, Dupuis, RJ, Dwyer, JG, Ehrens, P, Espinoza, E, Etzel, T, Evans, M, Evans, T, Fairhurst, S, Fan, Y, Fazi, D, Fejer, MM, Finn, LS, Fiumara, V, Fotopoulos, N, Franzen, A, Franzen, KY, Freise, A, Frey, R, Fricke, T, Fritschel, P, Frolov, VV, Fyffe, M, Galdi, V, Garofoli, J, Gholami, I, Giaime, JA, Giampanis, S, Giardina, KD, Goda, K, Goetz, E, Goggin, LM, Gonzalez, G, Gossler, S, Grant, A, Gras, S, Gray, C, Gray, M, Greenhalgh, J, Gretarsson, AM, Grosso, R, Grote, H, Grunewald, S, Guenther, M, Gustafson, R, Hage, B, Hammer, D, Hanna, C, Hanson, J, Harms, J, Harry, G, Harstad, E, Hayler, T, Heefner, J, Heng, IS, Heptonstall, A, Heurs, M, Hewitson, M, Hild, S, Hirose, E, Hoak, D, Hosken, D, Hough, J, Howell, E, Hoyland, D, Huttner, SH, Ingram, D, Innerhofer, E, Ito, M, Itoh, Y, Ivanov, A, Jackrel, D, Johnson, B, Johnson, WW, Jones, DI, Jones, G, Jones, R, Ju, L, Kalmus, P, Kalogera, V, Kasprzyk, D, Katsavounidis, E, Kawabe, K, Kawamura, S, Kawazoe, F, Kells, W, Keppel, DG, Khalili, FY, Kim, C, King, P, Kissel, JS, Klimenko, S, Kokeyama, K & et al. 2008, 'All-sky search for periodic gravitational waves in LIGO S4 data', PHYSICAL REVIEW D, vol. 77, no. 2.
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Alvarez, GA, Wang, XL, Peleckis, G, Dou, SX, Zhu, JG & Lin, ZW 2008, 'Magnetotransport and magnetic properties of weak ferromagnetic semiconductors: Ca doped LaCrO3', Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 103, no. 7, pp. 07B916-07B916.
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We report the magnetic and magnetotransport properties of Ca doped La1−xCaxCrO3 (x=0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3). Both the magnetic and transport properties are very sensitive to Ca substitution. The Néel temperature TN decreases substantially with increasing calcium doping concentration from 290to160K. A weak ferromagnetic state with large coercive fields of up to 3T is present for the Ca doped LaCrO3. The temperature dependence of the resistivity shows that all the Ca doped compounds are semiconducting and their resistivities decrease with increasing Ca for low doping levels. The resistivity curves show thermally activated behavior and a variable range hopping behavior at high temperatures. The magnetotransport measurements show a negative magnetoresistance. Furthermore, an anomalous peak was observed in the field dependence of magnetoresistance for the LCCO materials.

Bertinshaw, J, Kirkup, L, Phillips, M & Placido, F 2008, 'A system for supplying constant electrical power for postprocessing tin-doped indium oxide films', REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS, vol. 79, no. 7, pp. 1-3.
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Annealing tin doped indium oxide (ITO) thin films by self-heating shows potential for reducing the crystallization temperature required to optimize the optical and electrical properties of the films. It also shows promise as a cost effective method of studying the heat treatment process in situ. A computer based solution was developed to allow for a precise control over the annealing process. To anneal at a fixed temperature, a feedback loop senses changes in the resistance of the sample and adjusts the current across the load accordingly to ensure constant delivery of power to an ITO film. © 2008 American Institute of Physics.

Bhosale, SV, Bissett, MA, Forsyth, C, Langford, SJ, Neville, SM, Shapter, JG, Weeks, L & Woodward, CP 2008, 'Designing Functionalized Porphyrins Capable of Pseudo-2D Self-Assembly on Surfaces', Organic Letters, vol. 10, no. 14, pp. 2943-2946.
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Bhosale, SV, Chong, C, Forsyth, C, Langford, SJ & Woodward, CP 2008, 'Investigations of rotamers in diaxial Sn(IV)porphyrin phenolates—towards a molecular timepiece', Tetrahedron, vol. 64, no. 36, pp. 8394-8401.
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Chen, J, Guo, Y, Zhu, JG & Lin, ZW 2008, 'A general electromagnetic field-circuit coupling method based on time-stepping finite element analysis for performance analysis of pulse-width modulated switching converters considering hysteresis effects', Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 103, no. 7, pp. 1-3.
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Considering the special characteristics existing in the pulse-width modulated (PWM) switching converter, a general method for the time-stepping finite element analysis based electromagnetic field coupling with its feeding circuit used in the analysis of PWM switching converter considering hysteresis effects is introduced in this paper. Comparing with the electromagnetic field-circuit indirect coupling method (ICM), the proposed method has overcome the drawback that the ICM cannot take the hysteresis effects into account. Compared with the electromagnetic field-circuit direct coupling method (DCM), the proposed method has the similar accuracy but higher efficiency. Furthermore, like the ICM, the proposed method also divides the system with higher state dimensions produced by the DCM into two subsystems with lower state dimensions; this may reduce the algorithm convergence problem which often happens in high dimensional systems. © 2008 American Institute of Physics.

Chen, JX, Zhu, JG & Guo, YG 2008, 'A unified discrete model for PWM switching DC to DC converters with current-mode control', Australian Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 63-71.
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This paper presents a unified discrete model for pulse-width modulated (PWM) switching DC to DC converters. The major achievement is that, without any topology modification, the proposed model can be used for performance analysis of the buck, boost and buck-boost converters with any of the two current-mode controls: peak current-mode control and average current-mode control. Three important factors are considered: parasitical effects of circuit elements, non-linear inductance dependent on the current flowing through it, and control time delay, such that the accuracy of performance prediction is greatly improved. Magnetic field finite element analysis (FEA) is conducted to calculate the non-linear differential inductance. By implementing the proposed model into Matlab/Simulink, a simulation model is built. The model has been used for the performance analysis of an existing flyback converter with the peak current-mode control. The simulation results are in good agreement with the actual performance, validating the proposed model.

Choi, MJ, McBean, KE, Ng, PHR, McDonagh, AM, Maynard, PJ, Lennard, C & Roux, C 2008, 'An evaluation of nanostructured zinc oxide as a fluorescent powder for fingerprint detection', JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 732-737.
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Zinc oxide is evaluated as a fluorescent powder for the detection of fingermarks on non-porous surfaces. Pure and lithium-doped nanostructured zinc oxide powders were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The zinc oxide powders were applied to fresh and aged fingermarks deposited on non-porous surfaces such as glass, polyethylene and aluminium foil. Zinc oxide was found to produce clear fluorescent impressions of the latent fingermarks when illuminated with long-wave UV light. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

Choi, MJ, McDonagh, AM, Maynard, P & Roux, C 2008, 'Metal-containing nanoparticles and nano-structured particles in fingermark detection', Forensic Science International, vol. 179, no. 2-3, pp. 87-97.
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This article reviews the application of metal-containing nanoparticles and nano-structured particles to fingermark detection. This area of research is attracting significant interest as advances in nanoscience are being incorporated into the field of forensic fingermark detection. Although more research is needed before some of the techniques presented can be implemented in routine casework, nanotechnology is likely to play a major role in the future to deliver more selective and more sensitive ways to detect and enhance fingermarks. © 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Eichhammer, Y, Roeck, J, Moelans, N, Iacopi, F, Blanpain, B & Heyns, M 2008, 'CALCULATION OF THE Au-Ge PHASE DIAGRAM FOR NANOPARTICLES', ARCHIVES OF METALLURGY AND MATERIALS, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1133-1139.

Eslava, S, Baklanov, MR, Neimark, AV, Iacopi, F, Kirschhock, CEA, Maex, K & Martens, JA 2008, 'Evidence of Large Voids in Pure‐Silica‐Zeolite Low‐k Dielectrics Synthesized by Spin‐on of Nanoparticle Suspensions', Advanced Materials, vol. 20, no. 16, pp. 3110-3116.
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Eslava, S, Delahaye, S, Baklanov, MR, Iacopi, F, Kirschhock, CEA, Maex, K & Martens, JA 2008, 'Reaction of trimethylchlorosilane in spin-on silicalite-1 zeolite film', LANGMUIR, vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 4894-4900.
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Eslava, S, Eymery, G, Marsik, P, Iacopi, F, Kirschhock, CEA, Maex, K, Martens, JA & Baklanov, MR 2008, 'Optical property changes in low-k films upon ultraviolet-assisted curing', JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY, vol. 155, no. 5, pp. G115-G120.
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Eslava, S, Iacopi, F, Urbanowicz, AM, Kirschhock, CEA, Maex, K, Martens, JA & Baklanov, MR 2008, 'Ultraviolet-Assisted Curing of Organosilicate Glass Low-k Dielectric by Excimer Lamps', Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 155, no. 11, pp. G231-G231.
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Eslava, S, Urrutia, J, Busawon, AN, Baklanov, MR, Iacopi, F, Aldea, S, Maex, K, Martens, JA & Kirschhock, CEA 2008, 'Zeolite-Inspired Low-k Dielectrics Overcoming Limitations of Zeolite Films', JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, vol. 130, no. 51, pp. 17528-17536.
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Foley, M, Ton-That, C & Phillips, MR 2008, 'Cathodoluminescence inhomogeneity in ZnO nanorods', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 93, no. 24, pp. 1-3.
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Luminescence properties of vertically aligned, crystalline ZnO nanorods are studied by cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy and microscopy. Results show that luminescence characteristics vary dramatically with location on the nanorod as well as CL excitation depth. CL inhomogeneity is observed between the nanorod tip and sidewalls, accompanied by a variation in the chemical environment of surface oxygen ions as probed by photoemission spectroscopy. Our findings demonstrate that CL can provide useful information on the local optical properties of nanostructured materials, which is simply beyond the capability of other methods. © 2008 American Institute of Physics.

Ford, MJ, Hoft, RC, McDonagh, AM & Cortie, MB 2008, 'Rectification in donor-acceptor molecular junctions', JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER, vol. 20, no. 37.
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Fu, S & Lewis, J 2008, 'Novel automated extraction method for quantitative analysis of urinary 11-nor-Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH)', JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 292-297.
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An automated extraction method for extracting the major urinary metabolite of cannabis, 11-nor-?9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH) was developed on the four-probe Gilson ASPEC XL4? solid-phase extraction (SPE) system. The method works on liquid-liquid extraction principles but does not require the use of SPE cartridges. The limits of detection and quantitation and the upper limit of linearity (ULOL) of the developed method were found to be 1, 2, and 1500 ng/mL, respectively. There was no detectable carry over after 10,000 ng/mL analyte. For a batch of 76 samples, the process uses less than 100 mL methanol, 450 mL extracting solvent hexane/ethyl acetate (5:1, v/v) and 1 L rinsing solvent, 30% methanol in water. The automated extraction process takes 5 h to complete. Precision and accuracy of the method are comparable to both manual liquid-liquid extraction and automated SPE methods. The method has proven to be a simple, speedy, and economical alternative to the currently popular automated SPE method for the quantitative analysis of urinary THC-COOH.

Gou, X, Wang, G, Yang, J, Park, J & Wexler, D 2008, 'Chemical synthesis, characterisation and gas sensing performance of copper oxide nanoribbons', Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 965-965.
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Single crystalline copper oxide nanoribbons were synthesized via a surfactant-assisted hydrothermal route. The resulting CuO nanoribbons contain substantial amounts of nanorings and nanoloops. High resolution TEM analysis identified CuO nanoribbons growing along the [010] direction. CuO nanoribbons exhibited excellent sensing performance towards formaldehyde and ethanol vapours with rapid response and high sensitivity at low operating temperatures. We found that the loading of a small amount of Au or Pt nanoparticles on the surface of CuO nanoribbons can effectively enhance and functionalize the gas sensing performance of CuO nanoribbons. © The Royal Society of Chemistry.

Guo, Y, Zhu, JG, Lin, ZW, Lu, H, Wang, X & Chen, J 2008, 'Influence of inductance variation on performance of a permanent magnet claw pole soft magnetic composite motor', Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 103, no. 7, pp. 07F118-07F118.
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Winding inductance is an important parameter in determining the performance of electrical machines, particularly those with large inductance variation. This paper investigates the influence of winding inductance variation on the performance of a three-phase three-stack claw pole permanent magnet motor with soft magnetic composite (SMC) stator by using an improved phase variable model. The winding inductances of the machine are computed by using a modified incremental energy method, based on three-dimensional nonlinear time-stepping magnetic field finite element analyses. The inductance computation and performance simulation are verified by the experimental results of an SMC claw pole motor prototype.

Haiwei Lu, Jianguo Zhu, Zhiwei Lin & Youguang Guo 2008, 'A Miniature Short Stroke Linear Actuator—Design and Analysis', IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 497-504.
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We report a newly developed miniature short stroke tubular linear permanent-magnet actuator for robotic applications. Compared to a rotary-to-linear mechanism, the linear actuator has the advantages of efficiency, thrust control, and compact size in gene

Harris, N, Ford, MJ, Mulvaney, P & Cortie, MB 2008, 'Tunable infrared absorption by meta nanoparticles: The case for gold rods and shells', GOLD BULLETIN, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 5-14.
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Nanoparticles of elements such as Au, Al or Ag have optical extinction cross-section that considerably surpass their geometric cross-sections at certain wavelengths of light. While the absorption and scattering maxima for nanospheres of these elements are relatively insensitive to particle diameter, the surface plasmon resonance of Au nanoshells and nanorods can be readily tuned from the visible into the infrared by changing the shape of the particle. Here we compare nanoshells and nanorods in terms of their ease of synthesis, their optical properties, and their longer term technological prospects as tunable 'plasmonic absorbers'. While both particle types are now routinely prepared by wet chemistry, we submit that it is more convenient to prepare rods. Furthermore, the plasmon resonance and peak absorption efficiency in nanorods may be readily tuned into the infrared by an increase of their aspect ratio, whereas in nanoshells such tuning may require a decrease in shell thickness to problematic dimensions.

Hoft, RC, Ford, MJ, Garcia-Suarez, VM & Lambert, CJ 2008, 'The effect of stretching thiyl- and ethynyl-Au molecular junctions', JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 1-9.
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We perform density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the stretching of Au(111)-X-Au(111) molecular junctions where X is either a thiyl or ethynyl biradical. The equilibrium geometries for the radicals adsorbing on the surface are first calculated and the radicals then placed in the junction geometry. The unit cell is stepwise increased in length and the geometry relaxed at each step. When stretching the ethynyl junction, a single gold atom is detached from the rest of the surface and the gold-carbon bond does not break. In contrast, the gold-sulfur bond in the thiyl junction breaks without detaching any gold atoms. This behaviour can be attributed to the enhanced strength of the Au-C interaction over the Au-S interaction. In both junctions the conductance calculated using the non-equilibrium Green's function formalism (NEGF) decreases as the junction is stretched. After breakage of the Au-S bond, the thiyl radical contains an unpaired electron on the sulfur atom and the system is in a spin doublet state. Transmission spectra were calculated for the spin-unpolarized case only; evaluation of the spin-polarized density of states suggests that an enhanced conductance for electrons of one spin type may be observed after the Au-S bond is broken. © 2008 IOP Publishing Ltd.

Hutchison, JA, Bell, TDM, Ganguly, T, Ghiggino, KP, Langford, SJ, Lokan, NR & Paddon-Row, MN 2008, 'Photoinduced electron transfer dynamics in porphyrin donor dyads', Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, vol. 197, no. 2-3, pp. 220-225.
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Iacopi, F, Elia, C, Fournier, T, Sinapi, F & Travaly, Y 2008, 'Stress corrosion of organosilicate glass films in aqueous environments: Role of pH', JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 862-868.
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Iacopi, F, Richard, O, Eichhammer, Y, Bender, H, Vereecken, PM, De Gendt, S & Heyns, M 2008, 'Size-dependent characteristics of indium-seeded Si nanowire growth', ELECTROCHEMICAL AND SOLID STATE LETTERS, vol. 11, no. 9, pp. K98-K100.
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Lei, G, Shao, KR, Guo, Y, Zhu, J & Lavers, JD 2008, 'Sequential Optimization Method for the Design of Electromagnetic Device', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, vol. 44, no. 11, pp. 3217-3220.
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Three sequential optimization methods, sequential least square method, sequential Kriging method, and sequential linear Bayesian method, are presented for the optimization design of electromagnetic device. Sequential optimization method (SOM) is composed of coarse optimization process and fine optimization process. The main purpose of the former is to reduce the design space; while the target of the latter is to update the optimal design parameters. To illustrate the performance of the proposed methods, an analytic test function and the TEAM Workshop Problem 22 are investigated. Experimental results of test function demonstrate that SOM can obtain satisfactory solutions; and practical application illustrates that the number of finite element sample points is less than 1/10 compared with that by direct optimization method, while the optimal results are even better than that by direct optimization method.

Liu, H, Li, C, Cao, Q, Wu, YP & Holze, R 2008, 'Effects of heteroatoms on doped LiFePO(4)/C composites', JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE ELECTROCHEMISTRY, vol. 12, no. 7-8, pp. 1017-1020.
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A series of supervalent cation doped Li(1-x) M(0.01)Fe(0.99)PO(4)/C composites (M=Ti, Zr, V, Nb, and W) were synthesized by solid-state reaction. The effects of the heteroatoms were studied by X-ray diffraction, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance measurement. After doping, the lattice structure of LiFePO(4) is not destroyed and the reversibility of lithium ion intercalation and deintercalation is improved. The diffusion coefficient of lithium ions depends on the radius of the heteroatoms. As the radius of the heteroatom is larger, the diffusion coefficient increases.

Liu, H, Wang, G, Wang, J & Wexler, D 2008, 'Magnetite/carbon core-shell nanorods as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries', ELECTROCHEMISTRY COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 10, no. 12, pp. 1879-1882.
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Carbon coated magnetite (Fe3O4) core-shell nanorods were synthesized by a hydrothermal method using Fe2O3 nanorods as the precursor. Transmission electron spectroscopy (TEM) and high resolution TEM (HRTEM) analysis indicated that a carbon layer was coated on the surfaces of the individual Fe3O4 nanorods. The electrochemical properties of Fe3O4/carbon nanorods as anodes in lithium-ion cells were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, ac impedance spectroscopy, and galvanostatic charge/discharge techniques. The as-prepared Fe3O4/C core-shell nanorods show an initial lithium storage capacity of 1120 mAh/g and a reversible capacity of 394 mAh/g after 100 cycles, demonstrating better performance than that of the commercial graphite anode material. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Liu, H, Wang, GX, Wexler, D, Wang, JZ & Liu, HK 2008, 'Electrochemical performance of LiFePO4 cathode material coated with ZrO2 nanolayer', ELECTROCHEMISTRY COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 165-169.
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ZrO2 nanolayer coated LiFePO4 particles were successfully prepared by a chemical precipitation method. Nanolayer structured ZrO2 was found on the surface of LiFePO4 particles by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The coating does not affect the crystal structure of the LiFePO4 core, as determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) on individual particles. The ZrO2 coating can remarkably improve the electrochemical performance at high charge/discharge rate. This improvement may be due to the amelioration of the electrochemical dynamics on the LiFePO4 electrode/electrolyte interface resulting from the effects of the ZrO2 nanolayer coating. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Liu, H, Zhang, P, Li, GC, Wu, Q & Wu, YP 2008, 'LiFePO(4)/C composites from carbothermal reduction method', JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE ELECTROCHEMISTRY, vol. 12, no. 7-8, pp. 1011-1015.
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Using the cheap raw materials lithium carbonate, iron phosphate, and carbon, LiFePO4/C composite can be obtained from the carbothermal reduction method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) observations were used to investigate the structure and morphology of LiFePO4/C.

Liu, X, Tripathy, U, Bhosale, SV, Langford, SJ & Steer, RP 2008, 'Photophysics of Soret-Excited Tetrapyrroles in Solution. II. Effects of Perdeuteration, Substituent Nature and Position, and Macrocycle Structure and Conformation in Zinc(II) Porphyrins', The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, vol. 112, no. 38, pp. 8986-8998.
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Maaroof, AL, Cortie, MB, Harris, N & Wieczorek, L 2008, 'Mie and Bragg Plasmons in Subwavelength Silver Semi-Shells', SMALL, vol. 4, no. 12, pp. 2292-2299.
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Malguth, E, Hoffmann, A & Phillips, MR 2008, 'Fe in III-V and II-VI semiconductors', PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI B-BASIC SOLID STATE PHYSICS, vol. 245, no. 3, pp. 455-480.
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Many theoretical and experimental studies deal with the realization of room-temperature ferromagnetism in dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMS). However, a detailed quantitative understanding of the electronic properties of transition metal doped semiconductors has often been neglected. This article points out which issues concerning electronic states and charge transfers need to be considered using Fe as an example. Methods to address these issues are outlined, and a wealth of data on the electronic properties of Fe doped III-V and II-VI compound semiconductors that have been obtained over a few decades is reviewed thoroughly. The review is complemented by new results on the effective-mass-like state consisting of a hole bound to Fe2+ forming a shallow acceptor state. The positions of established Fe3+/2+ and Fe2+/1+ charge transfer levels are summarized and predictions on the positions of further charge transfer levels are made based on the internal reference rule. The Fe3+/4+ level has not been identified unambiguously in any of the studied materials. Detailed term schemes of the observed charge states in tetrahedral and trigonal crystal field symmetry are presented including hyperfine structure, isotope effects and Jahn-Teller effect. Particularly, the radiative transitions Fe3+(4T 1 → 1A1) and Fe2+(5E → 5T2) are analyzed in great detail. An effective-mass-like state [Fe2+, h] consisting of a hole bound to Fe2+ is of great significance for a potential realization of spin-coupling in a DMS. New insights on this shallow acceptor state could be obtained by means of stress dependent and temperature dependent absorption experiments in the mK range. The binding energy and effective Bohr radius were determined for GaN, GaP, InP and GaAs and a weak exchange interaction between the hole and the Fe2+ center was detected. With regard to the Fe 3+ ground state, 6A1, in GaP and InP, the hyperfine structure level Γ8 was found to be above the Γ7 level. All results a...

Malguth, E, Hoffmann, A & Phillips, MR 2008, 'Structural and optical inhomogeneities of Fe doped GaN grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy', JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 104, no. 12.
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Mokkapati, S, Wong-Leung, J, Tan, HH, Jagadish, C, McBean, KE & Phillips, MR 2008, 'Tuning the bandgap of InAs quantum dots by selective-area MOCVD', JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 41, no. 8, pp. 0-0.
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In-plane bandgap energy control of InAs quantum dots (QDs) grown on GaAs substrates is demonstrated using selective-area epitaxy. Transmission electron microscopy and cathodoluminescence are used for characterization of the selectively grown dots. A single-step growth of a thin InAs quantum well and InAs QDs emitting at 1010 and 1100 nm (at 77 K) on the same wafer is demonstrated. Non-uniform growth profile is reported for the selectively grown QDs in the mask openings. Surface migration of adatoms from higher order facets to (1 0 0) facets results in enhanced deposition rates closer to the edge of the openings and vapour phase diffusion of adatoms results in density variations across the openings over length scales greater than the surface migration length of the adatoms. © 2008 IOP Publishing Ltd.

Morgan, SW & Phillips, MR 2008, 'High bandwidth secondary electron detection in variable pressure scanning electron microscopy using a Frisch grid', JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1-6.
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The bandwidth and contrast of secondary electron (SE) images obtained using variable pressure scanning electron microscopy are enhanced when a grounded Frisch grid is placed between the SE detecting anode and the negatively biased stage. The improvement in SE image quality occurs as a consequence of the grounded Frisch grid electrostatically screening the 'slow' induced ion current signal, generated below the grid, from the induced current detected above the grid by the anode. Ion induced artefacts, such as image smearing at fast scan rates, are virtually eliminated using a Frisch grid. Gas amplification data are presented to illustrate that gas gain can be optimized by varying the Frisch grid-stage (amplification region) separation Frisch grid-anode (drift region) separation and stage bias. © 2008 IOP Publishing Ltd.

Perchyonok, V, Tuck, K, Ryan, S, Langford, S & Hearn, M 2008, 'Facile and Selective Deallylations of Esters under ‘Aqueous’ Free-Radical Conditions', Synlett, vol. 2008, no. 8, pp. 1233-1235.
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Perchyonok, VT, Tuck, KL, Langford, SJ & Hearn, MW 2008, 'On the scope of radical reactions in aqueous media utilizing quaternary ammonium salts of phosphinic acids as chiral and achiral hydrogen donors', Tetrahedron Letters, vol. 49, no. 32, pp. 4777-4779.
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Pissuwan, D, Valenzuela, SM & Cortie, MB 2008, 'Prospects for Gold Nanorod Particles in Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications', BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING REVIEWS, VOL 25, vol. 25, pp. 93-112.
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Rod-shaped gold nanoparticles ('nanorods') have recently attracted widespread attention due to their unique optical properties and facile synthesis. In particular, they can support a longtudinal surface plasmon, which results in suspensions of themhaving a strong extinction peak in the upper visible or near-infrared parts of the spectrum. The position of this peak can be readily tuned by controlling the shape of the rods. In addition, the surface of the nanorods can be functionalised by a very wide variety of molecules. This has led to interest in their use as selctive biomarkers in biodiagnostics or for selective targeting in photothermal therapeutics. Here we review the recent advances in the use of gold nanoparticles in these applications. additionally the information available regarding their biocompatibility in discussed.

Rawling, T, McDonagh, AM & Colbran, SB 2008, 'Synthesis, electrochemistry and spectroscopic properties of ruthenium phthalocyanine and naphthalocyanine complexes with triphenylarsine ligands', Inorganica Chimica Acta, vol. 361, no. 1, pp. 49-55.
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The synthesis, electrochemistry and spectroscopic properties of [PcRu(AsPh3)2] (1) and [{(tBu)4Nc}Ru(AsPh3)2] (2), where Pc = phthalocyanine and Nc = naphthalocyanine are reported. These complexes are the first examples of metal phthalocyanine and naphthalocyanine complexes with axially-coordinated arsine ligands. The AsPh3 ligands readily dissociate in non-coordinating solvents with 2 showing more rapid dissociation. In cyclic voltammetry experiments, 1 displayed three macrocycle-centred redox processes; one reduction and two oxidation processes. One reduction and three oxidation processes were observed for 2. The reduction and first oxidation are assigned to macrocycle-centred processes. The UV-Vis spectra of both complexes recorded over time showed macrocycle-centred oxidation. The oxidation was hindered by removing dioxygen from the solvent or adding excess AsPh3. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Smith, GB, Maaroof, AI & Cortie, MB 2008, 'Percolation in nanoporous gold and the principle of universality for two-dimensional to hyperdimensional networks', PHYSICAL REVIEW B, vol. 78, no. 16, pp. 1-1.
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Percolation in nanoporous gold can be achieved with as little as 8% by volume of gold. Samples of nanoporous gold of various morphologies are analyzed with a combination of electrical and optical data. Growing thin films and complex multiply connected th

Supansomboon, S, Maaroof, A & Cortie, MB 2008, ''Purple glory': The optical properties and technology of AuAl2 coatings', GOLD BULLETIN, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 296-304.
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"Purple glory": the optical properties and technology of AuAi2 coatings

Ton-That, C, Foley, M & Phillips, MR 2008, 'Luminescent properties of ZnO nanowires and as-grown ensembles', NANOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 19, no. 41, pp. 1-5.
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Vertically aligned ZnO nanowires were synthesized on a sapphire (1120) substrate by vapour deposition and their light-emitting properties were characterized using photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence spectroscopies. Besides the nanowires, there exists a mosaic ZnO film on the substrate surface. Comparison of the luminescent properties of the as-grown ensemble and the nanowires extracted from it shows that the mosaic film is the major source of the defect-related green emission while the nanowires possess highly crystalline quality with virtually no defects. Photoemission spectroscopy shows that the valence band states associated with O 2p from the as-grown sample are diminished compared with those from the extracted nanowires. These findings suggest that the green emission partly arises from oxygen vacancies located on the surface of the mosaic film. © IOP Publishing Ltd.

Ton-That, C, Foley, M & Phillips, MR 2008, 'Luminescent properties of ZnO nanowires and as-grown ensembles.', Nanotechnology, vol. 19, no. 41, p. 415606.
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Vertically aligned ZnO nanowires were synthesized on a sapphire ([Formula: see text]) substrate by vapour deposition and their light-emitting properties were characterized using photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence spectroscopies. Besides the nanowires, there exists a mosaic ZnO film on the substrate surface. Comparison of the luminescent properties of the as-grown ensemble and the nanowires extracted from it shows that the mosaic film is the major source of the defect-related green emission while the nanowires possess highly crystalline quality with virtually no defects. Photoemission spectroscopy shows that the valence band states associated with O 2p from the as-grown sample are diminished compared with those from the extracted nanowires. These findings suggest that the green emission partly arises from oxygen vacancies located on the surface of the mosaic film.

Ton-That, C, Phillips, MR & Nguyen, T-P 2008, 'Blue shift in the luminescence spectra of MEH-PPV films containing ZnO nanoparticles', JOURNAL OF LUMINESCENCE, vol. 128, no. 12, pp. 2031-2034.
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Luminescence properties of nanocomposites consisting of ZnO nanoparticles in a conjugated polymer, poly [2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethyl hexyloxy)-phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV), were investigated. Photoluminescence measurements reveal a blue shift in the emission spectrum of MEH-PPV upon incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles into the polymer film while the emission is increasingly quenched with increasing ZnO concentration. In contrast, the structure of the polymer and its conjugation length are not affected by the presence of ZnO nanoparticles (up to 16 wt% ZnO) as revealed by Raman spectroscopy. The blue shift and photoluminescence quenching are explained by the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs at the MEH-PPV/ZnO interface and the charging of the nanoparticles. Crown Copyright © 2008.

Ton-That, C, Phillips, MR, Foley, M, Moody, SJ & Stampfl, APJ 2008, 'Surface electronic properties of ZnO nanoparticles', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 92, no. 26, pp. 1-3.
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The surface electronic structure of ZnO nanoparticles has been studied with photoemission and x-ray absorption spectroscopies. Contrary to expectation, ZnO:Zn phosphor nanoparticles were found to contain a lower oxygen vacancy density on the surface than undoped ZnO counterparts, but oxygen vacancies are in different chemical environments. Cathodoluminescence shows intense green luminescence from the ZnO:Zn surface, while the undoped nanoparticles exhibit only the near-band-edge emission. The results indicate the roles of surface oxygen vacancies and their environment in the previously unexplained green luminescence from the ZnO:Zn material. © 2008 American Institute of Physics.

Ton-That, C, Stockton, G, Phillips, MR, Nguyen, T-P, Huang, CH & Cojocaru, A 2008, 'Luminescence properties of poly-(phenylene vinylene) derivatives', POLYMER INTERNATIONAL, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 496-501.
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Background: Conjugated polymers, especially those of the poly(phenylene vinylene) (PPV) family, are promising candidates as emission material in light-emitting devices. The aim of this work was to investigate the dependence of the luminescence properties of PPV-based derivatives on their polymer structure, especially side groups. Results: Three PPV derivatives, BEHPPV, MEHPPV and MEHSPPV, were synthesised and characterised by photoluminescence (PL) and cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopies in the temperature range 10-300K. PL and CL spectra of the polymers exhibit similar luminescence peaks, which undergo a blue shift with increasing temperature. The shift in wavelength is accompanied by variations in the relative intensities of emission peaks. Both BEHPPV and MEHPPV display emission characteristics of the PPV backbone, but the peak of MEHPPV shifts to a longer wavelength in comparison with the corresponding peak of BEHPPV at the same temperature. The luminescence spectra of MEHSPPV, which has a sulfanyl incorporated in the side chain, are considerably different from those of the two other derivatives. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that the luminescence properties depend strongly on the chain conformations of the conjugated backbone, which are affected by polymer side chains. © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry.

Wang, G, Gou, X, Horvat, J & Park, J 2008, 'Facile Synthesis and Characterization of Iron Oxide Semiconductor Nanowires for Gas Sensing Application', The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 112, no. 39, pp. 15220-15225.
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We report a facile and efficient synthesis technique for the preparation of iron oxide semiconductor nanowires in large quantity by using nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) as a chelating agent to form polymeric chains, followed by heat treatment. This technique can also be applied for preparing other transition metal oxide nanowires such as MnO2 nanowires and NiO nanowires. The as-prepared α-Fe2O3 nanowires have exhibited a blue shift of bandgap, peculiar magnetic properties, and high sensitivities toward ethanol and acetic acid gases. © 2008 American Chemical Society.

Wang, G, Yang, J, Park, J, Gou, X, Wang, B, Liu, H & Yao, J 2008, 'Facile synthesis and characterization of graphene nanosheets', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C, vol. 112, no. 22, pp. 8192-8195.
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Graphene nanosheets were produced in large quantity via a soft chemistry synthetic route involving graphite oxidation, ultrasonic exfoliation, and chemical reduction. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations show that graphene nanosheets were produced with sizes in the range of tens to hundreds of square nanometers and ripple-like corrugations. High resolution TEM (HRTEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) analysis confirmed the ordered graphite crystal structure of graphene nanosheets. The optical properties of graphene nanosheets were characterized by Raman spectroscopy. © 2008 American Chemical Society.

Williams, DBG & Lawton, MC 2008, 'Highly atom efficient aluminium triflate catalysed acetal formation', Green Chemistry, vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 914-914.
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Williams, DBG & Pretorius, M 2008, 'Synthesis and evaluation of phosphine–N ligands in transition metal-catalysed CC bond forming reactions', Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, vol. 284, no. 1-2, pp. 77-84.
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Williams, DBG, Shaw, ML, Green, MJ & Holzapfel, CW 2008, 'Aluminum Triflate as a Highly Active and Efficient Nonprotic Cocatalyst in the Palladium‐Catalyzed Methoxycarbonylation Reaction', Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 560-563.
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Wuhrer, R, Moran, K & Phillips, MR 2008, 'Multi-Detector X-Ray Mapping and Generation of Correction Factor Images for Problem Solving', Microscopy and Microanalysis, vol. 14, no. S2, pp. 1108-1109.
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2008 in Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA, August 3 – August 7, 2008

Xinying Liu, Shuhong Wang, Jie Qiu, Jian Guo Zhu, Youguang Guo & Zhi Wei Lin 2008, 'Robust Optimization in HTS Cable Based on Design for Six Sigma', IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 978-981.
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The nonuniform ac current distribution among the multilayer conductors in a high-temperature superconducting (HTS) cable reduces the current capacity and increases the ac loss. Various numerical simulation techniques and optimization methods have been applied in structural optimization of HTS cables. While the existence of fluctuation in design variables or operation conditions has a great influence on the cable quality, in order to eliminate the effects of parameter perturbations in design and to improve the design efficiency, a robust optimization method based on design for six sigma (DFSS) is presented in this paper. The optimization results show that the proposed optimization procedure can not only achieve a uniform current distribution, but also improve significantly the reliability and robustness of the HTS cable quality, comparing with those by using the particle swarm optimization. © 2008 IEEE.

Yan, Y, Zhu, JG & Guo, YG 2008, 'Initial rotor position estimation and sensorless direct torque control of surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motors considering saturation saliency', IET Electric Power Applications, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 42-48.
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For a practical direct torque-controlled (DTC) permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive system, the information of the initial rotor position, which is usually obtained by a mechanical position sensor, is essential for starting under the full load

Yang, J, Li, S, Li, ZW, McBean, K & Phillips, MR 2008, 'Origin of excitonic emission suppression in an individual ZnO nanobelt', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C, vol. 112, no. 27, pp. 10095-10099.
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The near band edge emissions of an individual ZnO nanobelt were investigated by cathodoluminescence spectroscopy, which has unique advantages in higher spatial resolution, orientation, and environmental independence over the conventional photoluminescence spectroscopy. The results show that the presence of a large surface-to-volume ratio is the determinant to suppress the formation of excitons in ZnO nanobelts. Ab initio calculations show that a drastic decrease of density-of-state in the conduction band and increase in the valence band upon size reduction are the key consequence of the large surface-to-volume ratio, revealing the possible fundamental physical origin of exciton suppression. The weak exciton polarity also reduces the likelihood for an exciton to couple with longitudinal phonons. This causes a reduction in the first longitudinal phonon replica intensity and then a complete suppression of the second replica. Understanding the effect of large surface ratio upon the physical properties of ZnO nanomaterials may provide new insights into the fundamental science of nanotechnology for the development of optoelectronics. © 2008 American Chemical Society.

Yang, J, Wang, G, Liu, H, Park, J, Gou, X & Cheng, X 2008, 'Solvothermal synthesis and characterization of ZnSe nanoplates', JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH, vol. 310, no. 15, pp. 3645-3648.
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ZnSe nanoplates were synthesized by a solvothermal method using ethylenediamine (EN) as the liganding solvent. The crystal structures, morphologies and optical properties of the precursor and ZnSe products were systematically characterized. Results reveal that precursor ZnSe(en)1/2 with a layered structure was initially obtained through solvothermal synthesis, which can be converted into hexagonal wurtzite structured ZnSe by heat-treatment in Ar atmosphere. The as-prepared ZnSe was composed of stacked nanoplates. The field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) results reveal that every nanoplate was made up of plenty of tiny single crystals. The room temperature ultraviolet-visible (UV/vis) measurements indicate that the bandgap of the obtained ZnSe is 2.7 eV and a large blue shift about 1.3 eV was observed in precursor ZnSe(en)1/2. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Youguang Guo, Jian Guo Zhu, Jinjiang Zhong, Haiyan Lu & Jian Xun Jin 2008, 'Measurement and Modeling of Rotational Core Losses of Soft Magnetic Materials Used in Electrical Machines: A Review', IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 279-291.
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In many situations, for example, in the cores of a rotating electrical machine and the T-joints of multiphase transformers, the magnetic flux varies with time in terms of both magnitude and direction, i.e., the local flux density vector rotates with varying magnitude and varying speed. Therefore, it is important that the magnetic properties of the core materials under various rotational magnetizations be properly investigated, modeled, and applied in the design and analysis of electromagnetic devices with rotational flux. Drawing from the huge amount of papers published by various researchers in the past century, this paper presents an extensive survey on the measurement and modeling of rotational core losses of soft magnetic materials used in electrical machines, particularly from the view of practical engineering application. The paper aims to provide a broad picture of the historical development of measuring techniques, measuring apparatus, and practical models of rotational core losses. © 2008 IEEE.

Zareie, HM, Morgan, SW, Moghaddam, M, Maaroof, AI, Cortie, MB & Phillips, MR 2008, 'Nanocapacitive circuit elements', ACS NANO, vol. 2, no. 8, pp. 1615-1619.
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'Natural' lithography was used to prepare arrays of nanoscale capacitors on silicon. The capacitance was verified by a novel technique based on the interaction of a charged substrate with the electron beam of a scanning electron microscope. The 'nanocapacitors' possessed a capacitance of ∼1 × 10-16F and were observed to hold charge for over an hour. Our results indicate that fabricating nanostructures using natural lithography may provide a viable alternative for future nanoelectronic devices. © 2008 American Chemical Society.

Zhan, Y, Guo, Y, Zhu, J & Wang, H 2008, 'Intelligent uninterruptible power supply system with back-up fuel cell/battery hybrid power source', Journal of Power Sources, vol. 179, no. 2, pp. 745-753.
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This paper presents the development of an intelligent uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system with a hybrid power source that comprises a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and a battery. Attention is focused on the architecture of the UPS hybr

Chen, G, Chen, J, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 1970, 'Synthetic design of the transformer in flyback switching AC-DC converters', Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, ICEMS 2008, World Publishing Corporation, Wuhan, China, pp. 1871-1874.
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This paper presents the synthetic design of the transformer in flyback switching AC-DC converters. Firstly, the maximal power transferred by a standard size magnetic core such as EE-20 or EE-25 is theoretically determined. To obtain accurate analysis, a method based on the nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) of electromagnetic field is employed. Secondly, from the view of reducing the maximal magnetic flux density in the transformer with the same power, it is proved that the discontinuous conducting mode has more advantages than the continuous conducting mode. Several rules for designing the transformer are presented. As an example, the transformer of an existing converter is re-designed by using the proposed approach. With a nonlinear 2-D FEA field-circuit coupled switching detailed model built in Matlab/Simulink surrounding, the performance of the new converter is obtained.

Chen, J, Chen, G, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 1970, 'Comprehensive analysis of power loss in the output diode of flyback switching converter operating in DCM and CCM', Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, ICEMS 2008, International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, World Publishing Corporation, Wuhan, China, pp. 1865-1870.
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This paper analyzes the maximal power loss in the output diode of flyback switching converter operating in both continuous conducting mode (CCM) and discontinuous conducting mode (DCM). Comparing with the previous work, this paper extends the condition, under which the maximal power loss of the output diode occurs, from the CCM to the DCM. Three correlative tasks are included. Firstly, through an analytical analysis, the condition under which the maximal power is consumed by the output diode is obtained. Secondly, to verify the analytical analysis and acquire more accurate results, based on nonlinear finite element analysis, a detailed field-circuit indirect coupling model of flyback switching AC to DC converter is built, where several nonlinear factors such as the saturation of magnetic ferrite core, control delay and switching characteristic are included. Finally, the above analysis results are applied to control the maximal power loss in the output diode of flyback switching AC-DC converter to be an approximate minimum; this would improve the converter reliability and power efficiency.

Chen, X, Jin, J, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 1970, 'Design and analysis of a 10 kVA HTS transformer', Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, ICEMS 2008, 11th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, WORLD PUBLISHING CORPORATION, Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Wuhan, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 4302-4304.
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With the improvement of high temperature superconductor (HTS) practical performance, research and development concerning the applications of HTS transformers have been progressed actively in the world. This work presents a single-phase 10 kVA (220V/24V) HTS transformer prototype design to validate HTS for practical transformer applications. The physical designs of the HTS transformer and 2-D electromagnetic analysis have been presented in the paper. A LabVIEW-based test and control system has also been developed to form a whole HTS transformer system.

Chen, X, Jin, J, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 1970, 'Prototype Design of a 10 kVA HTS Transformer', Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), ICEMs2008, World Publishing Corporation, Wuhan, China, pp. 4302-4304.
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With the improvement of high temperature superconductor (HTS) practical performance, research and development concerning the applications of HTS transformers have been progressed actively in the world. This work presents a single-phase 10 kVA (220 V/24 V) HTS transformer prototype design to validate HTS for practical transformer applications. The physical designs of the HTS transformer and 2-D electromagnetic analysis have been presented in the paper. A LabVIEW-based test and control system has also been developed to form a whole HTS transformer system.

Chotikadachanaron, K, Dheeranupattana, S, Jatisatienr, A, Jatisatienr, C, Pyne, SG, Ung, AT & Sastraruji, T 1970, 'Secondary compound production in root cultures of Stemona curtisii Hook. f', PLANTA MEDICA, pp. 1166-1166.

Cortie, M 1970, 'Rainbow’s End: Gold-themed papers at the 2008 International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology', Gold Bulletin, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, pp. 209-209.
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Dowd, AR, Armstrong, NG, Ton-That, C, Johansson, B & Phillips, M 1970, 'Cathodoluminescence for High Resolution Non-Destructive Luminescence Depth Profiling.', IUMRS-ICEM 2008 | COMMAD 2008, A-MRS, Sydney, Australia.

Edyar, JA, Zareie, HM, Blaber, M, Dowd, A, Cortie, MB & IEEE 1970, 'Synthesis of Hollow Gold Nanoparticles and Rings Using Silver Templates', 2008 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY, IEEE International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, IEEE, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 36-39.
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Gold nanoshells have gained attention recently due to their versatile optical properties. In particular, their spectrally selective extinction has been exploited for experimental medical applications, functional coatings and contrast enhancement for analytical techniques. Here we discuss nanoshells and the formation of gold nanorings by the galvanic replacement of Ag nanosphere template particles. Hollow Au/Ag nanoshells can be converted to nanorings upon addition of excess HAuCl4. Nanorings present a distinct particle geometry, with optical properties exhibiting characteristics of both nanorods and nanoshells.

Guo, Y, Dou, Y, Zhu, J, Lu, H & Jin, J 1970, 'Numerical magnetic field analysis and parameter computation of a PM synchronous generator', Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, ICEMS 2008, 11th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, WORLD PUBLISHING CORPORATION, Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Wuhan, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 2866-2869.
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This paper presents the parameter computation and performance prediction of a permanent magnet (PM) synchronous generator based on numerical magnetic field analyses. The finite element method is employed to accurately determine the magnetic field distribution and key parameters of the machine, such as the winding flux, back electromotive force, winding inductance and core loss. An equivalent electrical circuit is applied to predict the generator performance such as the external characteristic.

Guo, Y, Dou, Y, Zhu, J, Lu, H & Jin, J 1970, 'Numerical Magnetic Field Analysis and Performance Computation of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator', Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), World Publishing Corporation, Wuhan, China, pp. 2866-2869.

Guo, Y, Wang, X, Zhu, JG & Lu, H 1970, 'Development of a Wound Rotor Brushless Doubly Fed Machine Based on Slot MMF Harmonics', 2008 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, 2008 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting (IAS), IEEE, Edmonton, Canada, pp. 1-5.
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In the rotor winding magnetomotive force (MMF) of an ac machine, there exist so-called slot harmonics which appear in pairs and the lower order harmonic of each pair rotates in the opposite direction against the fundamental component. In addition, the slot harmonics have the same winding factor as the fundamental component. Based on these properties, this paper develops a brushless doubly fed machine (BDFM) with wound rotor. The machine consists of two stator windings with p1 and p2 pole-pairs, respectively. The rotor has a normal symmetrical multi-phase winding, in which rotating MMFs with p1 and p2 pole-pairs are induced by their stator counterparts. When the number of rotor slots equals the sum p1 and p2, the two MMFs rotate in opposite directions with respect to the rotor, satisfying the requirement of a BDFM. The major advantage of such a machine is that for both p1 and p2 pole-pair MMFs the winding factor is as high as that of the fundamental component, leading to high utilization of rotor winding and electrical efficiency.

Guo, Y, Zhu, J, Chen, J, Su, SW, Lu, H & Jin, J 1970, 'Performance Analysis of a Claw Pole PM Motor', Proceedings of Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference 2008, Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-5.
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This paper presents the performance analysis of a three-phase three-stack permanent magnet (PM) claw pole motor by using an improved phase variable model, which has been developed for accurate and efficient performance simulation of PM brushless dc motors. The improved model can take into account the effect of magnetic saturation and rotor position dependence of key parameters including back electromagnetic force, winding inductance, cogging torque and core loss, which are obtained from time-stepping nonlinear magnetic field finite element analysis (FEA). The presented model has been implemented in Simulink environment and employed to simulate the dynamic and steady-state performance of the three-phase three-stack PM claw pole motor with soft magnetic composite stator. Parameter computation and performance simulation are validated by experiments on the motor prototype.

Iacopi, F, Eichhammer, Y, Massy, C, Vereecken, PM, Moelans, N, Richard, O, Smeets, D, Blanpain, B, De Gendt, S & Heyns, M 1970, 'Indium-assisted Growth of Si Nanowires: Perspectives on Controlled Growth for CMOS Applications', MRS Proceedings, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, pp. 77-82.
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ABSTRACTSemiconductor nanowires are attractive nano- building blocks for microelectronics. However, the requirements for their manufacturing and application in the microelectronics industry are very demanding. Beyond compatibility with Si technology, full control on the characteristics of the grown wires (diameter, location, crystallinity, etc..), homogeneity on wafer –scale and reproducibility are essential. In this study we review critically important challenges for a controlled process of In –mediated growth of Si nanowires. First, we stress the importance of surface type for both particle catalysts and growth substrates. Both selection and preparation of such surfaces have large impact on growth, as they influence the initiation and the driving forces for the VLS growth mechanism. Moreover, wire characteristics such as morphology, crystalline quality and growth orientation appear more difficult to control when growing from particles with sizes below 40-50nm. This limitation arises as a result of both fundamental mechanisms and more specific constrains linked to the In-Si system.A few perspectives are given for the achievement of a controlled Si nanowire growth in a Si –technology compatible fashion.

Jin Jianxun, Chen Xiaoyuan, Guo Youguang, Zhan Yuedong & Zhu Jianguo 1970, 'HTS transformer and its related loss measurement and quench protection techniques', 2008 27th Chinese Control Conference, 2008 Chinese Control Conference (CCC), IEEE, Kunming, China, pp. 292-296.
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Recently research and development concerning applications of high temperature superconducting (HTS) transformers have been progressed actively in the world. Besides the HTS rated current capability, it is also essential to develop the relevant and precise performance test and protection systems for HTS transformers. This paper mainly presents elementary test and protection methods of HTS transformers including AC loss measurement, and quench detection and protection. A new integrated measurement system for HTS transformers is also proposed by using the Labview virtual instrument software.

Lin, Z, Zhu, J & Guo, Y 1970, 'Three-Dimensional Magnetic Properties of Soft Magnetic Composite Materials', Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Condensed Matter and Materials Meeting Website, Annual Condensed Matter and Materials Meeting, AIP, Wagga Wagga, Australia, pp. 1-4.
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This paper studies the relationship between the B and H loci, and the power losses features of a soft magnetic composite in 3-D space when the B loci are controlled to be circles with increasing magnitudes and ellipses evolving from a straight line to a circle in three orthogonal planes. It is found that the B and H loci lie in the same magnetization plane, but the H loci and power losses strongly depend on the orientation, position, and process of magnetization. On the other hand, the H vector evolves into a unique locus, and the power loss approaches a unique value, respectively, when the B vector evolves into a round locus with the same magnitude from either a series of circles or ellipses.

Liu, J, Cankurtaran, B, Wuhrer, R, Cortie, M & IEEE 1970, 'Fabrication of double nano-cup assemblies and their anomalous plasmon absorption', COMMAD: 2008 CONFERENCE ON OPTOELECTRONIC AND MICROELECTRONIC MATERIALS & DEVICES, COMMAD, IEEE, Sydney, pp. 228-231.
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Double-cup assemblies of nanoscale gold semi-shells have been synthesized using a combination of thermal evaporation and chemical etching. The optical extinction of these structures peaked at 740 nm, but there was also evidence of additional extinction maxima at 560, 940 and 1110 nm. Numerical simulations of the optical properties revealed that the extinction was due mainly to scattering rather than to absorption In contrast, the extinction in simple single-shell nanocups was strongly absorptive in nature. Multiple plasmon resonances were identified in the double-cup structures, including an interesting quadrupole resonance in which oscillations of the inner and outer shells should operate 180deg out-of-phase.

Rahman, SA, Zhang, N & Zhu, J 1970, 'Modeling and simulation of an energy management system for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles', 2008 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, AUPEC 2008, Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-6.
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This paper presents modeling, control strategy and simulation results of an energy management strategy (EMS) for a specific Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV). A good control strategy is required among components, such as the Energy Storage System, an Electric Motor, a Power Control Unit, and an Internal Combustion Engine in order to ensure that the vehicle achieve an improvement in energy efficiency, reduction in emissions, fuel use, weight and cost. In this work, firstly, through a power flow analysis, the vehicle components are sized to meet the expected power and energy requirements of a typical 5- passenger car. Then, the model is tested numerically in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment using the Highway Fuel Economy Test drive cycle with the proposed EMS. The accuracy of the model is verified by a comparison between the simulation results from a specific PHEV code and Advanced Vehicle Simulator (ADVISOR) Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) model. The simulation results of the two different HEV models are compared and the pros and cons discussed. © 2008 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC'08).

Wang Zhengguang, Jin Jianxun, Guo Youguang, Zhan Yuedong & Zhu Jianguo 1970, 'Modeling and simulation of PMSM control system based on SVPWM', 2008 27th Chinese Control Conference, 2008 Chinese Control Conference (CCC), IEEE, Kunming, China, pp. 724-728.
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The paper introduces the basic principle of space vector pulse width modulation simply and expatiates a method for implementing space vector pulse width modulation in detail based on MATLAB/SIMULINK, designs modeling and simulation of AC servo system with PMSM (Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor), the simulation results show that the model is effective, and the method provides a base for both software and hardware design of an actual PMSM.

Wang, S, Guo, N, Ren, Z, Qiu, J, Zhu, JG, Guo, Y & Wang, Y 1970, 'Development of finite element analysis package for induction machines', 2008 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, AUPEC 2008, Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-6.
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In this paper, a software package of finite element (FE) analysis for induction machines is presented. The back-EMF in windings is expressed by magnetic vector potential, which is used to couple with transient finite element analysis. The equations of drive circuit and rotor bars are described by loop circuit equations. The pre-processing and post-processing of this package are developed based on AutoCAD. The FE model and some machine parameters can be input by friendly graphical user interfaces. The calculated magnetic field distribution and transient results can be shown in AutoCAD or graphical interfaces. © 2008 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC'08).

Wang, S, Liu, X, Qiu, J, Zhu, JG, Guo, Y & Lin, ZW 1970, 'Robust Optimization in HTS Cable Based on DEPSO and Design for Six Sigma', 2008 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, 2008 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting (IAS), IEEE, Edmonton, Canada, pp. 1-5.
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The non-uniform AC current distribution among the multi-layer conductors in a high-temperature superconducting (HTS) cable reduces the current capacity and increases the AC loss. In this paper, Particle swarm optimization coupled with differential evolution operator (DEPSO) has been applied in structural optimization of HTS cables. While the existence of fluctuation in design variables or operation conditions has a great influence on the cable quality, in order to eliminate the effects of parameter perturbations in design and improve the design efficiency, a robust design method based on design for six sigma (DFSS) is applied in this paper. The optimization solutions show that the proposed optimization procedure can not only achieve a uniform current distribution, but also improve significantly the reliability and robustness of the HTS cable quality. © 2008 IEEE.

Wang, S, Liu, X, Qiu, J, Zhu, JG, Guo, Y & Lin, ZW 1970, 'Robust Optimization in HTS Cable Based on DEPSO and Design for Six Sigma', 2008 IEEE INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS SOCIETY ANNUAL MEETING, VOLS 1-5, IEEE Industry-Applications-Society Annual Meeting, IEEE, Alberta, CANADA, pp. 2507-+.

Wang, Y & Zhu, J 1970, 'Modelling and implementation of an improved DSVM scheme for PMSM DTC', Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, ICEMS 2008, 11th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, WORLD PUBLISHING CORPORATION, Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Wuhan, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 1042-1046.
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The basic direct torque control (DTC) scheme may cause undesired torque, flux and current ripples because of the small number of applicable voltage vectors. The discrete space vector modulation (DSVM) method was proposed for DTC to overcome this problem by applying more vectors in one interval. In this paper, after a brief review of the primary concept of DSVM DTC technique, a new scheme of DSVM DTC for PMSM is proposed with a new set of switching tables taking into account the motor speed and the absolute values of torque and flux feedback errors. In one fixed sampling time interval, three vectors are applied to the motor including the two null vectors. The vector application sequence is investigated and an optimal algorithm is developed to reduce the switching loss and torque ripple. Simulation and experiments on the improved DSVM DTC are carried out and compared with those on the basic DTC scheme.

Yan Ying, Zhu Jianguo, Guo Youguang & Jin Jianxun 1970, 'Numerical simulation of a PMSM model considering saturation saliency for initial rotor position estimation', 2008 27th Chinese Control Conference, 2008 Chinese Control Conference (CCC), IEEE, Kunming, China, pp. 114-118.
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With the wide application of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs), particularly the surface mounted type, the limitations of the conventional PMSM model have become apparent, in which no saturation saliency is incorporated. As a result, the numerical simulation is not applicable for the initial rotor position estimation, which is vital for sensorless motor operation. To avoid the difficulty for developing new initial rotor position estimation techniques through the process of experimental trial and error, a new PMSM model is presented in this paper. The presented model considers both structural and saturation saliencies, enabling fast and cost-effective numerical trial and error for new initial rotor position detection methods. Unlike the constant apparent inductances in the conventional model, the nonlinear self and mutual incremental inductances in the proposed model are expressed by Fourier series and experimentally determined by a specific method to reflect the structural and saturation saliencies, which exist in both salient- and nonsalient-pole PMSMs. Based on the proposed model and the measured inductance patterns, an initial rotor position estimation scheme is numerically simulated and experimentally tested.

Zhan Yuedong, Guo Youguang, Zhu Jianguo & Wang Hua 1970, 'Comprehensive control of proton exchange membrane fuel cell as backup power supply for UPS', 2008 27th Chinese Control Conference, 2008 Chinese Control Conference (CCC), IEEE, Kunming, China, pp. 646-651.
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To improve the performance of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack, it is important to avoid the hydrogen and oxygen/air starvation of electrochemical reaction, prevent the dehydration and drying of the membrane, and track the output power. This paper conducts research in a comprehensive control strategy of the operation parameters of an uninterruptible power system (UPS) with backup PEMFC and battery power sources, such as the thermal management and control of operating temperature, pressures and mass flows of hydrogen and air for the PEMFC stack, switch of the power supply between PEMFC and battery for UPS, and the output power tracking of PEMFC. Based on the dynamic model of the anode and cathode flow system, the models of manifold and the performance curve, a detail model analysis is presented. A comprehensive control method is proposed and applied to the PEMFC system employed for the power source of UPS. The experimental results show that the comprehensive control method can effectively keep constant pressures of the inlet hydrogen and air, automatically switch the power supply between PEMFC and battery, reasonably improve the performance of the PEMFC through thermal management and control of operating temperature, and track the real-time changes of the output power and the distribution of the mass flows of hydrogen and oxygen/air.

Zhan, Y, Guo, Y, Zhu, J & Wang, H 1970, 'Design and analysis of control system of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell directly connected with a DC motor', Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, ICEMS 2008, International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, World Publishing Corporation, Wuhan, China, pp. 1706-1710.
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This paper presents the design and analysis of comprehensive control system of a fuel cell which is directly connected to a DC motor. The fuel cell system consists of a 63-cell 300 W proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), a 3-cell lead-acid battery and a conventional DC machine. The comprehensive controller design and analysis of the fuel cell are presented, including the design of the PEMFC generating system, the comprehensive control technique of the PEMFC based on advanced data acquisition hardware and LabVIEW software. Experimental results show that the fuel cell-based DC motor drive system can produce satisfactory performance.

Zhan, Y, Guo, Y, Zhu, J & Wang, H 1970, 'Power Converters and Controllers for UPS Applications with Backup PEM Fuel Cell', 2008 IEEE INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS SOCIETY ANNUAL MEETING, VOLS 1-5, IEEE Industry-Applications-Society Annual Meeting, IEEE, Alberta, CANADA, pp. 2383-+.

Zhan, Y, Guo, Y, Zhu, JG & Wang, H 1970, 'Power Converters and Controllers for UPS Applications with Backup PEM Fuel Cell', 2008 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, 2008 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting (IAS), IEEE, Edmonton, Canada, pp. 1-8.
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This paper studies the practical cost-effective DC/DC converter, DC/AC inverter and AC/DC rectifier for an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system with backup proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Furthermore, a comprehensive controller for the PEMFC is designed according to the change of the load, while the energy storage elements, such as battery and ultracapacitor, are chosen in order to compensate the slow dynamic response of PEMFC and to meet the sudden peak load energy demand. The designed power converters can supply high quality power with flexible conversion functions, leading to the establishment of reliable power management for UPS applications. Finally, a suitable control strategy and technique, capable of coping with the change of the load for PEMFC and realizing the energy managements of UPS hybrid system, is implemented. The performances of the proposed power converters and controllers are evaluated by experimental results, showing that the developed UPS system with backup PEMFC and battery power sources is suitable for industry applications.

Zhan, Y, Zhu, J, Guo, Y & Wang, H 1970, 'Performance analysis and evaluation of proton membrane exchange fuel cells', 2008 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, AUPEC 2008, Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, University of New South Wales, Sydney, pp. 2378-2383.
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This paper presents the performance analysis of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and evaluation of the fuel cells by using a current density extent (D) and a steady-state error rate (S) as the steady-state performance indexes based on the effects and sensitivity of the fuel cell parameters on the polarization curve. Excluding the non-linear parts of the curve, which are the activation polarization loss and the concentration polarization loss, the steady-state performance indexes, i.e. D and S, are defined and their application for both theoretical analysis and engineering practice are discussed. The presented steady-state performance indexes have been applied for analysis and evaluation of two typical fuel cells and they are found as suitable for evaluating the performance of the fuel cells. © 2008 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC'08).

Zhan, Y, Zhu, J, Guo, Y & Wang, H 1970, 'Performance analysis and improvement of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell using comprehensive intelligent control', Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, ICEMS 2008, 11th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, WORLD PUBLISHING CORPORATION, Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Wuhan, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 2378-2383.
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To analyze and improve the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack, this paper conducts research in intelligent comprehensive control of the operational parameters, such as the operating temperature, pressure, mass flows of hydrogen and air for the PEMFC stack, current density, the exhaust emission quantity of reactant gas, and humidity of the hydrogen and air/oxygen. A detailed analysis is presented about the factors which affect the performance of PEMFC stack, including the operating temperature and pressure, the activation polarization loss, Ohmic loss, concentration polarization loss and the influences of the leakage loss, gas crossover, internal current, exchange current density, limiting current density, and internal structures of the stack. An intelligent comprehensive control strategy is proposed and applied to a 500 W PEMFC system for an uninterruptible power system with backup PEMFC and battery power sources. The experimental results show that the current-voltage performance for the PEMFC stack has been improved comparing with the normal performance using the conventional PI control.

Zhan, Y, Zhu, J, Guo, Y & Wang, H 1970, 'Performance Analysis and Improvement of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Using Intelligent Comprehensive Control', Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, World Publishing Corporation, Wuhan, China, pp. 2578-2583.
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To analyze and improve the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack, this paper conducts research in intelligent comprehensive control of the operational parameters, such as the operating temperature, pressure, mass flows of hydrogen and air for the PEMFC stack, current density, the exhaust emission quantity of reactant gas, and humidity of the hydrogen and air/oxygen. A detailed analysis is presented about the factors which affect the performance of PEMFC stack, including the operating temperature and pressure, the activation polarization loss, Ohmic loss, concentration polarization loss and the influences of the leakage loss, gas crossover, internal current, exchange current density, limiting current density, and internal structures of the stack. An intelligent comprehensive control strategy is proposed and applied to a 500 W PEMFC system for an uninterruptible power system with backup PEMFC and battery power sources. The experimental results show that the current-voltage performance for the PEMFC stack has been improved comparing with the normal performance using the conventional PI control.

Zheng, L, Jin, J, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 1970, 'Electromagnetic Analysis of High Temperature Superconducting Linear Synchronous Motor', Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, World Publishing Corporation, Wuhan, China, pp. 3453-3458.
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This paper presents the design and electromagnetic characteristics analysis of a permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM). The PMLSM is composed of a primary stator and a secondary mover, which are made up of three-phase copper windings and permanent magnets, respectively. The technical and economic targets of linear motor are directly related to the electromagnetic characteristics. However, the magnetic circuit structure of PMLSM is complex, and the traditional methods, such as magnetic circuit method and graphic method, can not calculate the electromagnetic field distribution accurately. In recent years, the electromagnetic numerical calculation method is increasing of peoplepsilas attention. In order to accurately calculate the magnetic field characteristics and electromagnetic parameters of the PMLSM, finite element analysis (FEA) method based on ANSYS is used to analyze the no-load characteristics and basic load characteristics of the PMLSM. Finally, the actual motor operating characteristics are tested, which proved the validity of the motor design and the analysis method. The work will be to the important basis for the optimization design of a PMLSM and development of a high temperature superconducting (HTS) LSM in the near future.

Zhou, P, He, Y, Sun, D & Zhu, JG 1970, 'Control and Protection of a DFIG-Based Wind Turbine under Unbalanced Grid Voltage Dips', 2008 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, 2008 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting (IAS), IEEE, Edmonton, Canada, pp. 1-8.
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This paper proposes a new direct power control (DPC) strategy and a novel crowbar protection technique for the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used in the wind power generation systems. The main difficulty for a DFIG to ride through severe unbalanced grid voltage dips is the large transient currents induced in the rotor windings, which may damage the ac excitation converter. The proposed DPC is capable of suppressing the transient oscillations of fault currents and electromagnetic torque. The crowbar protection is able to limit the peak values of the fault rotor currents under a preset threshold. Simulation results of a 2MW DFIG system prove that with this control scheme the DFIG is capable of riding through the severe unbalanced grid voltage dips.

Zhu, J, Lu, H, Guo, Y & Lin, Z 1970, 'Development of electromagnetic linear actuators for micro robots (invited)', Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, ICEMS 2008, International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, World Publishing Corporation, Wuhan, China, pp. 3673-3679.
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For micro robotic applications, piezoelectric actuators are widely used, whereas electromagnetic actuators are not favored because of the complex structures and difficult fabrication. On the other hand, electromagnetic actuators have many merits that are suitable for robotic applications, such as relatively large displacement or stroke and no need of high voltage power supply. With the recent fast development of micro precision machining techniques, the fabrication of complex structures is no longer a problem. This paper presents our recent study of developing electromagnetic actuators for micro robotic applications, including a comparison between piezoelectric and electromagnetic actuators, design of two types of electromagnetic actuators, and fabrication and testing of a moving magnet tubular linear actuator.