Afzal, S, Daoud, WA & Langford, SJ 2013, 'Photostable Self-Cleaning Cotton by a Copper(II) Porphyrin/TiO2 Visible-Light Photocatalytic System', ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 4753-4759.
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Afzal, S, Daoud, WA & Langford, SJ 2013, 'Visible-light self-cleaning cotton by metalloporphyrin-sensitized photocatalysis', Applied Surface Science, vol. 275, pp. 36-42.
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Bera, A & Pal, AJ 2013, 'Molecular rectifiers based on donor/acceptor assemblies: effect of orientation of the components' magnetic moments', Nanoscale, vol. 5, no. 14, pp. 6518-6518.
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We perform density functional theory (DFT) calculations on molecular junctions consisting of a single molecule between two Au(111) electrodes. The molecules consist of an alkane or aryl bridge connecting acceptor, donor or thiol endgroups in various combinations. The molecular geometries are optimized and wavefunctions and eigenstates of the junction calculated using the DFT method, and then the electron transport properties for the junction are calculated within the non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) formalism. The currentvoltage or i(V) characteristics for the various molecules are then compared. Rectification is observed for these molecules, particularly for the donorbridgeacceptor case where the bridge is an alkane, with rectification being in the same direction as the original findings of Aviram and Ratner (1974 Chem. Phys. Lett. 29 27783), at least for relatively large negative and positive applied bias. However, at smaller bias rectification is in the opposite direction and is attributed to the lowest unoccupied orbital associated with the acceptor group.
Browne, EC, Langford, SJ & Abbott, BM 2013, 'Synthesis and effects of conjugated tocopherol analogues on peptide nucleic acid hybridisation', Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, vol. 11, no. 39, pp. 6744-6744.
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Chen, H, Dorrigan, A, Saad, S, Hare, DJ, Cortie, MB & Valenzuela, SM 2013, 'In Vivo Study of Spherical Gold Nanoparticles: Inflammatory Effects and Distribution in Mice', PLOS ONE, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 1-8.
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Objectives: Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) of 21 nm have been previously well characterized in vitro for their capacity to target macrophages via active uptake. However, the short-term impact of such AuNPs on physiological systems, in particular resident macrophages located in fat tissue in vivo, is largely unknown. This project investigated the distribution, organ toxicity and changes in inflammatory cytokines within the adipose tissue after mice were exposed to AuNPs. Methods: Male C57BL/6 mice were injected intraperitoneally (IP) with a single dose of AuNPs (7.85 μg AuNPs/g). Body weight and energy intake were recorded daily. Tissues were collected at 1 h, 24 h and 72 h post-injection to test for organ toxicity. AuNP distribution was examined using electron microscopy. Proinflammatory cytokine expression and macrophage number within the abdominal fat pad were determined using real-time PCR. Results: At 72 hours post AuNP injection, daily energy intake and body weight were found to be similar between Control and AuNP treated mice. However, fat mass was significantly smaller in AuNP-treated mice. Following IP injection, AuNPs rapidly accumulated within the abdominal fat tissue and some were seen in the liver. A reduction in TNFα and IL-6 mRNA levels in the fat were observed from 1 h to 72 h post AuNP injection, with no observable changes in macrophage number. There was no detectable toxicity to vital organs (liver and kidney). Conclusion: Our 21 nm spherical AuNPs caused no measurable organ or cell toxicity in mice, but were correlated with significant fat loss and inhibition of inflammatory effects. With the growing incidence of obesity and obesity-related diseases, our findings offer a new avenue for the potential development of gold nanoparticles as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of such disorders. © 2013 Chen et al.
Chen, Y, Liu, L, Wang, M, Wang, C, Hu, X & Wang, G 2013, 'Self-made non-enzymatic silver electrode from recordable CDs for fast detection of glucose in blood', Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol. 177, pp. 555-561.
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An electrochemical sensor based on a self-made electrode from recordable CDs was developed for the non-enzymatic detection of glucose by chronoamperometry. We discussed the amperometric current response of glucose with the change of potential, pH and electrode area, and determined the optimum detection conditions. The current response measurements were performed in a phosphate buffered solution (pH 6.5) with a potential of -0.50 V, and presented a linearity over the range of 0.5-13 mmol/L (r = 0.996). The experimental results of the designed sensor demonstrate that this method has merits such as simple operation, low cost and rapid responses. The results of detecting glucose in blood samples were satisfactory. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.
Choi, S, Ton-That, C, Phillips, MR & Aharonovich, I 2013, 'Observation of whispering gallery modes from hexagonal ZnO microdisks using cathodoluminescence spectroscopy', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 103, no. 17.
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Zinc oxide hexagonal microdisks with diameters ranging from 3 μm up to 15 μm were fabricated by thermal chemical vapour deposition. Optical characterisation of ZnO microdisks was performed using low temperature (80 K) cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging and spectroscopy. The microdisks exhibited green luminescence locally distributed near the hexagonal boundary of the ZnO microdisks. High resolution CL spectra of the ZnO microdisks revealed whispering gallery modes (WGMs) emission. The experimentally observed WGMs were in excellent agreement with the predicted theoretical positions calculated using a plane wave model. This work could provide the means for ZnO microdisk devices operating in the green spectral range. © 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.
Cortie, MB, Coutts, MJ, Ton-That, C, Dowd, A, Keast, VJ & McDonagh, AM 2013, 'On the Coalescence of Nanoparticulate Gold Sinter Ink', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C, vol. 117, no. 21, pp. 11377-11384.
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We examine the mechanism by which thiol-protected gold nanoparticle inks can sinter at surprisingly low temperatures. At room temperature the sample is comprised of randomly close-packed gold nanoparticles of about 2.3 nm diameter with a ligand shell of about 0.2 nm effective thickness. As the particles are heated through 80 C they begin to coarsen, reaching about 10 nm diameter at 180 C. Upon further heating, rapid sintering and grain growth occurs at a temperature that depends on environment and heating rate. Sintering in vacuum requires a higher temperature than in oxidizing environments. Mass spectrometry in the former case is consistent with volatile species such as C 4H9, C2SH, and C2H4 being displaced, whereas XPS shows that the exposed surface of the Au is rich in C and S. However, when sintering is performed in the presence of even trace O 2, it is the Au-S bond that is cleaved, and the sintering temperature is lowered by up to 50 C. In this case mass spectrometry shows the generation of alkane and thiol fragments, some S2 and H2S, and oxidized sulfur-containing species, whereas XPS shows that C and S on the Au surface is much reduced. © 2013 American Chemical Society.
Cortie, MB, Nafea, EH, Chen, H, Valenzuela, SM, Ting, SRS, Sonvico, F & Milthorpe, B 2013, 'Nanomedical research in Australia and New Zealand', NANOMEDICINE, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 1999-2006.
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Although Australia and New Zealand have a combined population of less than 30 million, they have an active and interlinked community of nanomedical researchers. This report provides a synopsis and update on this network with a view to identifying the main topics of interest and their likely future trajectories. In addition, our report may also serve to alert others to opportunities for joint projects. Australian and New Zealand researchers are engaged in most of the possible nanomedical topics, but the majority of interest is focused on drug and nucleic acid delivery using nanoparticles or nanoporous constructs. There are, however, smaller programs directed at hyperthermal therapy and radiotherapy, various kinds of diagnostic tests and regenerative technologies. © 2013 Future Medicine Ltd.
Davis, J, Short, K, Wuhrer, R, Phillips, MR, Lumpkin, GR & Whittle, KR 2013, 'Electron backscatter diffraction characterization of plasma immersion ion implantation effects in stainless steel', NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS, vol. 295, pp. 38-41.
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In these experiments plasma immersion ion implantation is utilised to simulate some of the radiation effects in a nuclear reactor environment. Scanning electron microscopy using the angular selective backscatter detector has revealed observable changes in crystallographic contrast after irradiation with helium ions. Further studies using electron backscatter diffraction in both plan and cross section view allow us to visualize the extent and depth of damage and observe differences in the behavior of different crystalline phases present in several grades of stainless steel. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Evans, SJ, Renison, CA, Williams, DBG & Muller, A 2013, 'P,P-Bis[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-N,N-bis(propan-2-yl)phosphinic amide', Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. o195-o195.
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The molecular structure of the title compound, C22H34N3OP, adopts a distorted tetrahedral geometry at the P atom, with the most noticeable distortion being for the O—P—N angle [117.53 (10)°]. An effective cone angle of 187° was calculated for the compound. In the crystal, weak C—H...O interactions create infinite chains along [100], whereas C—H...π interactions propagating in [001] generate a herringbone motif.
Evans, SJ, Renison, CA, Williams, DBG & Muller, A 2013, 'rac-[2-(Dicyclohexylphosphanyl)phenyl](phenyl)phosphinic diisopropylamide–borane hemihydrate', Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. o282-o283.
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In the title compound, C30H48BNOP2·0.5H2O, the water molecule is disordered about an inversion centre. Both phosphorus atoms shows distortions in their tetrahedral environments with the cyclohexyl substituents disordered over two orientations in a 0.851 (3):0.149 (3) occupancy ratio. The crystal structure is assembledviaO—H...O interactions between pairs of phosphininc amide molecules and water molecules, creating hydrogen-bonded dimers with graph-setR24(8) along [001]. Weak C—H...O interactions are also observed.
Frederiksen, M, Bochenkov, VE, Cortie, MB & Sutherland, DS 2013, 'Plasmon Hybridization and Field Confinement in Multilayer Metal-Dielectric Nanocups', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C, vol. 117, no. 30, pp. 15782-15789.
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Large-area arrays of dispersed multilayer gold-dielectric nanocups were fabricated by colloidal lithography and studied by extinction spectroscopy. Hybridization of the elemental plasmons of the individual nanocups gave rise to new resonance peaks in the visible and near-infrared regions of the extinction spectrum. Transmission electron microscopy was used to confirm the fabricated structure geometry, and the optical properties of the arrays were studied by UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations. The nature of the resonances was elucidated from Efield plots and charge plots showing clear hybridized modes. We observe a dominant hybridized dipolar mode combining a bonding and antibonding mode at the two caps. A high-energy antibonding (antisymmetric) quadrupolar mode of an individual nanocup is revealed through hybridization with an elemental mode on the second nanocup. A lowenergy tunable cavity mode with a very small mode volume is observed in the near-IR range.
Gao, C, Jin, X, Yan, X, An, P, Zhang, Y, Liu, L, Tian, H, Liu, W, Yao, X & Tang, Y 2013, 'A small molecular fluorescent sensor for highly selectivity of zinc ion', Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol. 176, pp. 775-781.
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Gogova, D, Petrov, PP, Buegler, M, Wagner, MR, Nenstiel, C, Callsen, G, Schmidbauer, M, Kucharski, R, Zajac, M, Dwilinski, R, Phillips, MR, Hoffmann, A & Fornari, R 2013, 'Structural and optical investigation of non-polar (1-100) GaN grown by the ammonothermal method', JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 113, no. 20, pp. 203513-203513.
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We studied the structural and optical properties of state-of-the-art non-polar bulk GaN grown by the ammonothermal method. The investigated samples have an extremely low dislocation density (DD) of less than 5 × 104cm-2, which results in very narrow high-resolution x-ray rocking curves. The a and c lattice parameters of these stress-free GaN samples were precisely determined by using an x-ray diffraction technique based on the modified Bond method. The obtained values are compared to the lattice parameters of free-standing GaN from different methods and sources. The observed differences are discussed in terms of free-electron concentrations, point defects, and DD. Micro Raman spectroscopy revealed a very narrow phonon linewidth and negligible built-in strain in accordance with the high-resolution x-ray diffraction data. The optical transitions were investigated by cathodoluminescence measurements. The analysis of the experimental data clearly demonstrates the excellent crystalline perfection of ammonothermal GaN material and its potential for fabrication of non-polar substrates for homoepitaxial growth of GaN based device structures. © 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.
He, R, Tang, B, Ton-That, C, Phillips, M & Tsuzuki, T 2013, 'Physical structure and optical properties of Co-doped ZnO nanoparticles prepared by co-precipitation', JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH, vol. 15, no. 11.
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Higginbotham, HF, Cox, RP, Sandanayake, S, Graystone, BA, Langford, SJ & Bell, TDM 2013, 'A fluorescent “2 in 1” proton sensor and polarity probe based on core substituted naphthalene diimide', Chemical Communications, vol. 49, no. 44, pp. 5061-5061.
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Hu, J, Zhu, J, Lei, G, Platt, G & Dorrell, DG 2013, 'Multi-Objective Model-Predictive Control for High-Power Converters', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 652-663.
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This paper presents a multi-objective model-predictive control (MOMPC) strategy for controlling converters in high-power applications. The controller uses the system model to predict the system behavior in each sampling interval for each voltage vector,
Hu, J, Zhu, J, Zhang, Y, Platt, G, Ma, Q & Dorrell, DG 2013, 'Predictive Direct Virtual Torque and Power Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generators for Fast and Smooth Grid Synchronization and Flexible Power Regulation', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 3182-3194.
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Predictive direct torque control of the electric motors has been well developed. It is simple and has excellent steady state and transient performance. However, further developments are still under investigation for applications in the field of power generation. This paper presents a predictive direct virtual torque and power control strategy for a doubly fed induction generator, which allows fast and smooth grid synchronization, and flexible active and reactive power regulation. In the no-load mode, predictive direct virtual torque control is employed to meet the grid synchronization conditions. In the grid-connected mode, predictive direct power control is utilized to achieve flexible active and reactive power regulation. To simplify the control system structure and improve the reliability, a sensorless rotor position scheme is proposed. Furthermore, a model-based predictive scheme is introduced to compensate for a one-step delay in the digital implementation. The proposed control strategy is very simple and robust. There is constant switching frequency, while the requirement of smooth and fast grid synchronization is fulfilled. The transition from no load to flexible power regulation is achieved without changing the switching table. The proposed control strategy was tested by simulation using MATLAB/Simulink and experimentally validated on a 20-kW laboratory prototype.
Huang, X, Sun, B, Li, K, Chen, S & Wang, G 2013, 'Mesoporous graphene paper immobilised sulfur as a flexible electrode for lithium-sulfur batteries', JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A, vol. 1, no. 43, pp. 13484-13489.
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Free-standing flexible mesoporous graphene-sulfur nanocomposite electrodes have been prepared by a sulfur vapor treatment approach. Amorphous sulfur homogeneously was distributed in the mesoporous architectures of porous graphene paper, in which sulfur was immobilized. The as-prepared mesoporous graphene-sulfur papers can be directly applied as electrodes in lithium-sulfur batteries without using a binder, conductive additives or an extra current collector. The conductive flexible porous graphene networks can effectively facilitate electron transfer and electrolyte diffusion. The free-standing sulfur-graphene nanocomposite electrodes achieved a high discharge capacity of 1393 mA h g-1 with an enhanced cycling stability and good rate performance. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013.
Huang, Z, Eagles, M, Porter, S, Sorte, EG, Billet, B, Corey, RL, Conradi, MS & Zhao, J-C 2013, 'Thermolysis and solid state NMR studies of NaB3H8, NH3B3H7, and NH4B3H8', Dalton Trans., vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 701-708.
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Huang, Z, Lingam, HK, Chen, X, Porter, S, Du, A, Woodard, PM, Shore, SG & Zhao, J-C 2013, 'Synthesis, structural analysis, and thermal decomposition studies of [(NH3)2BH2]B3H8', RSC Advances, vol. 3, no. 20, pp. 7460-7460.
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Huyang, G, Canning, J, Petermann, I, Bishop, D, McDonagh, A & Crossley, MJ 2013, 'Room temperature sol-gel fabrication and functionalization for sensor applications', Photonic Sensors, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 168-177.
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The structure and physical properties of a thin titania sol-gel layer prepared on silicon and silica surfaces were examined. Spectroscopic (FTIR, UV-VIS spectroscopy), refractive index (ellipsometry) and microscopic (light microscopy and SEM/EDS) tools were used to examine both chemical uniformity and physical uniformity of the sol-gel glass layers. The conditions for the fabrication of uniform layers were established, and room temperature dopant incorporation was examined. The absorption bands of porphyrin-containing titania sol-gel layers were characterized. By addition of a metal salt to the titania layer, it was possible to metallate the free-base porphyrin within and change the UV-VIS absorbance of the porphyrin, the basis of metal detection using porphyrins. The metalloporphyrins were detected by localized laser ablation inductive coupled mass spectroscopy (LA-ICP-MS), indicating fairly uniform distribution of metals across the titania surface.
Iacopi, F, Brock, RE, Iacopi, A, Hold, L & Dauskardt, RH 2013, 'Evidence of a highly compressed nanolayer at the epitaxial silicon carbide interface with silicon', Acta Materialia, vol. 61, no. 17, pp. 6533-6540.
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Iacopi, F, Walker, G, Wang, L, Malesys, L, Ma, S, Cunning, BV & Iacopi, A 2013, 'Orientation-dependent stress relaxation in hetero-epitaxial 3C-SiC films', Applied Physics Letters, vol. 102, no. 1, pp. 011908-011908.
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Residual stresses in epitaxial 3C-SiC films on silicon, for chosen growth conditions, appear determined by their growth orientation. Stress evaluation locally with Raman spectroscopy, and across a 150 mm wafer with curvature measurements, indicate that thin films can be grown on Si(100) with residual tensile stresses as low as 150 MPa. However, films on Si(111) retain a considerably higher stress, around 900 MPa, with only minor decrease versus film thickness. Stacking faults are indeed geometrically a less efficient relief mechanism for the biaxial strain of SiC films grown on Si(111) with 〈111〉 orientation. Residual stresses can be tuned by the epitaxial process temperatures.
Islam, MR, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 2013, 'A medium frequency transformer with multiple secondary windings for medium voltage converter based wind turbine power generating systems', Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 113, no. 17, pp. 17A324-17A324.
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Recent advances in magnetic materials have led to the development of compact and light weight, medium and high frequency transformers, which would be a possible solution to reducing the size and weight of wind turbine power generating systems. This paper presents the overall design and analysis of a Metglas amorphous alloy 2605SA1 based medium frequency transformer to generate the isolated balanced multiple DC supplies for medium voltage converter systems. A comprehensive electromagnetic analysis is conducted on the proposed design based on experimental results. The test stand, data analysis, and test results are discussed.
Keast, VJ, Zwan, B, Supansomboon, S, Cortie, MB & Persson, POA 2013, 'AuAl2 and PtAl2 as potential plasmonic materials', JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS, vol. 577, no. 1, pp. 581-586.
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The dielectric functions of PtAl2, AuAl2 and hypothetical intermediate alloys of the two in the form of Aux- Pt1-xAl 2 were calculated from first principles using density functional theory (DFT) and the random phase approximation (RPA). From these, the reflectivity, electron energy-loss spectra (EELS) and small sphere extinction spectra are predicted. The experimental reflectivity and EELS were measured for PtAl2 and showed good agreement with the theoretical spectra. The yellow color of PtAl2 is associated with a bulk plasmon at 3 eV. We predict that the optical properties of hypothetical intermediate alloys would show a smooth evolution with composition. The details of this change can be understood by examination of the underlying density of states (DOS). The predicted small sphere extinction spectra and quality factors show a strong surface plasmon resonance for these materials, with PtAl2 having the optimum performance. The results indicate that these materials are good candidates for applications in plasmonics. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Khachadorian, S, Papagelis, K, Ogata, K, Hofmann, S, Phillips, MR & Thomsen, C 2013, 'Elastic Properties of Crystalline-Amorphous Core-Shell Silicon Nanowires', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C, vol. 117, no. 8, pp. 4219-4226.
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The pressure behavior of Raman frequencies and line widths of crystalline core-amorphous shell silicon nanowires (SiNWs) with two different core-to-shell ratio thicknesses was studied at pressures up to 8 GPa. The obtained isothermal compressibility (bulk modulus) of SiNWs with a core-to-shell ratio of about 1.8 is ∼20% higher (lower) than reported values for bulk Si. For SiNWs with smaller core-to-shell ratios, a plastic deformation of the shell was observed together with a strain relaxation. A significant increase in the full width at half-maximum of the Raman LTO-peak due to phonon decay was used to determine the critical pressure at which LTO-phonons decay into LO + TA phonons. Our results reveal that this critical pressure in strained core-shell SiNWs (∼4 GPa) is different from the reported value for bulk Si (∼7 GPa), whereas no change is observed for relaxed core-shell SiNWs. © 2013 American Chemical Society.
Kuzhiumparambil, U & Fu, S 2013, 'Effect of hydrogen peroxide oxidation systems on human urinary steroid profiles', ANALYTICAL METHODS, vol. 5, no. 17, pp. 4402-4408.
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In sports drug testing the steroid profile is the most versatile and informative screening tool for the detection of steroid abuse. Despite the introduction of observed urine collection procedures by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), chemical manipulation of urine specimens by athletes to conceal drug use still occurs and poses an ongoing challenge for doping control laboratories worldwide. In vitro urine adulteration using highly oxidative chemicals have been reported several times in the past. In this study we report the effect of two oxidising agents, Fenton's reagent and peroxidase-peroxide system on the human urinary steroid profile. Varying concentrations of these oxidants were reacted with urine and the reactions monitored by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A significant decrease in the absolute concentrations of androsterone, etiocholanolone, 5α-androstane-3α, 17β-diol, 5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol and epitestosterone was observed with consequent alteration of the steroid profile ratios. Adulteration of urine sample with these oxidants can thus mask the abnormality in a steroidal profile following steroid abuse. Drug testing authorities should take into account the effects of these oxidizing adulterants while interpreting the steroid profile data for doping control purposes. © The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Lei, G, Zhu, JG, Guo, YG, Hu, JF, Xu, W & Shao, KR 2013, 'Robust Design Optimization of PM-SMC Motors for Six Sigma Quality Manufacturing', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, vol. 49, no. 7, pp. 3953-3956.
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In our previous work, soft magnetic composite (SMC) material was employed to design cores for two kinds of permanent magnet (PM) motors, namely transverse flux machine (TFM) and claw pole motor. Compared with motors designed by traditional silicon steel
Liu, C, Zhu, J, Li, J, Wang, S, Qiu, J, Shi, Q, Liu, J, Zhong, L & Zhu, J 2013, 'Functional Magnetic Stimulation System and Pulsed Magnetic-Field Effect on Peripheral Nerve', IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1853-1856.
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This paper studies a pulsed magnetic-field generator which provides a noncontact way for functional nerve stimulation. Each component of the device, such as charging circuit, discharging circuit, and control circuit, is described in detail. The feasibili
Ma, S, Wang, S, Iacopi, F & Huang, H 2013, 'A resonant method for determining the residual stress and elastic modulus of a thin film', Applied Physics Letters, vol. 103, no. 3, pp. 031603-031603.
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By measuring the resonant frequencies of the first two symmetric vibration modes of a circular thin-film diaphragm and solving the Rayleigh-Ritz equation analytically, the residual stress and elastic modulus of the film were determined simultaneously. The results obtained employing this method are in excellent agreement with those obtained numerically in finite element modelling when tested using freestanding circular SiC diaphragms with residual tensile stress. The stress and modulus values are also in reasonably good agreement with those obtained from nanoindentation and wafer curvature measurements, respectively.
Martin, AA, Phillips, MR & Toth, M 2013, 'Dynamic Surface Site Activation: A Rate Limiting Process in Electron Beam Induced Etching', ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES, vol. 5, no. 16, pp. 8002-8007.
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We report a new mechanism that limits the rate of electron beam induced etching (EBIE). Typically, the etch rate is assumed to scale directly with the precursor adsorbate dissociation rate. Here, we show that this is a special case, and that the rate can instead be limited by the concentration of active sites at the surface. Novel etch kinetics are expected if surface sites are activated during EBIE, and observed experimentally using the electron sensitive material ultra nanocrystalline diamond (UNCD). In practice, etch kinetics are of interest because they affect resolution, throughput, proximity effects, and the topography of nanostructures and nanostructured devices fabricated by EBIE. © 2013 American Chemical Society.
Moezzi, A, Cortie, M & McDonagh, AM 2013, 'Formation of Zinc Hydroxide Nitrate by H+-Catalyzed Dissolution-Precipitation', EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 1326-1335.
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The formation of zinc hydroxide nitrate, Zn5(OH)8(NO3)2·2H2O, by reaction between zinc oxide and aqueous zinc nitrate solution was examined. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis were used to analyze the conversion of nanoscale ZnO particles into much larger crystals of the hydroxide nitrate. The rate of the reaction displayed sigmoidal behavior with the maximum conversion rate at ca. 75 min. The reaction stoichiometry involves a 1:1 ZnO/Zn(NO3)2 molar ratio. The data indicate that an amorphous zinc-containing intermediate phase is formed during the transition, and that the zinc hydroxide nitrate crystals nucleate and grow from this phase. The crystals of zinc hydroxide nitrate are several µm in size, but are formed from zinc oxide crystals of only a few hundred nanometers in size, indicating that mass transfer in the aqueous phase plays an important role. We propose that H+-catalyzed dissolution/precipitation is the key process in the mechanism of the reaction. The zinc hydroxide nitrate is stable to about 110 °C, but decomposes above that temperature to a series of less hydrated phases, with associated loss of mass, until zinc oxide is formed at about 190 °C. The solubility product, Ksp, of Zn5(OH)8(NO3)2·2H2O in water was measured by two independent techniques and found to be in the range of 7.48.5?×?1011
Moezzi, A, Cortie, MB & McDonagh, AM 2013, 'Zinc hydroxide sulphate and its transformation to crystalline zinc oxide', DALTON TRANSACTIONS, vol. 42, no. 40, pp. 14432-14437.
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The thermal transformation of zinc hydroxide sulphate hydrate to zinc oxide has been examined using synchrotron X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and surface area measurements. By collecting X-ray diffraction da
Moezzi, A, Cortie, MB, Shimmon, R & McDonagh, AM 2013, 'On the Reactivity of Zinc Hydroxide Acetate Dihydrate in Ethanol', EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, vol. 2013, no. 29, pp. 5133-5137.
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Zinc hydroxide acetate dihydrate, Zn-5(OH)(8)(CH3CO2)(2)2H(2)O, reacts in ethanol at room temperature to yield a mixture of zinc oxide and anhydrous zinc acetate. The process is driven by dehydration of the starting salt. Dehydration of Zn-5(OH)(8)(CH3CO
Moezzi, A, McDonagh, A, Dowd, A & Cortie, M 2013, 'Zinc Hydroxyacetate and Its Transformation to Nanocrystalline Zinc Oxide', INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 95-102.
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The synthesis of nanocrystalline ZnO by thermal decomposition of zinc hydroxyacetate, Zn-5(OH)(8)(CH3CO2)(2)center dot nH(2)O, was investigated. The decomposition process was examined using X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, mass spectrometry
Mondal, AK, Su, D, Wang, Y, Chen, S & Wang, G 2013, 'Hydrothermal Synthesis of Nickel Oxide Nanosheets for Lithium-Ion Batteries and Supercapacitors with Excellent Performance', CHEMISTRY-AN ASIAN JOURNAL, vol. 8, no. 11, pp. 2828-2832.
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Nickel oxide nanosheets have been successfully synthesized by a facile ethylene glycol mediated hydrothermal method. The morphology and crystal structure of the nickel oxide nanosheets were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field-emission SEM, and TEM. When applied as electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors, nickel oxide nanosheets exhibited a high, reversible lithium storage capacity of 1193 mA h g-1 at a current density of 500 mA g-1, an enhanced rate capability, and good cycling stability. Nickel oxide nanosheets also demonstrated a superior specific capacitance of 999 F g-1 at a current density of 20 A g-1 in supercapacitors. Between the sheets: NiO nanosheets were synthesized by a facile ethylene glycol mediated hydrothermal method (see picture). The NiO nanosheets exhibited a high, reversible lithium storage capacity of 1193 mA h g-1 at a current density of 500 mA g-1 for lithium-ion batteries and a superior specific capacitance of 999 F g-1 at a current density of 20 A g-1 in supercapacitors. Copyright © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Pham, AQN, Kelly, T & Fu, S 2013, 'Urine adulteration: can bleach be used to mask MDMA use?', ANALYTICAL METHODS, vol. 5, no. 16, pp. 3948-3955.
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Concerns regarding specimen integrity have long been a major issue of urine drug testing due to acts of urine adulteration. At a high concentration, in vitro urine adulteration using sodium hypochlorite (bleach) produced false-negative results for 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in CEDIA immunoassay screening with strong negative readings. However, these strong negative readings may act as a warning sign for further investigation of the sample where the detection of a unique marker in the form of N-chloroMDMA will suggest urine adulteration via bleach. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identi?ed N-chloroMDMA is a major product formed between hypochlorite and MDMA in urine. N-ChloroMDMA was found stable at 4 C for at least 10 h, but decomposed over time at room temperature (20 C) with MDMA being identified as one of its main decomposition products
Philp, M, Shimmon, R, Stojanovska, N, Tahtouh, M & Fu, S 2013, 'Development and validation of a presumptive colour spot test method for the detection of piperazine analogues in seized illicit materials', ANALYTICAL METHODS, vol. 5, no. 20, pp. 5402-5410.
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The increasingly large quantities of potentially illicit samples received for confirmatory analysis highlights the importance and demand for preliminary testing procedures that are simple, rapid, selective, inexpensive and able to be used in the field. C
Pushpamalar, V, Langford, SJ, Ahmad, M, Hashim, K & Lim, YY 2013, 'Absorption characterization of Ca2+, Na+, and K+ on irradiation crosslinked carboxymethyl sago pulp hydrogel', Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 128, no. 3, pp. 1828-1833.
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AbstractHydrogel of carboxymethyl sago pulp (CMSP) of various degree of substitution (DS) was prepared by electron beam irradiation of various radiation doses. The CMSP hydrogels were subjected to swelling in different ionic strength solutions of KCl, NaCl, and CaCl2. The CMSP hydrogels, due to its polyelectrolyte nature, were found to be highly sensitive to ionic strength of the medium. All the CMSP hydrogels showed the absorption of K+ and Ca2+ increases with the increase in the concentrations of the respective cation solutions. The cation absorption also decreases with DS and % gel fraction (%GF) of the CMSP hydrogels. Subjecting the CMSP hydrogels in NaCl results in deswelling and releases Na+ to swelling medium where the Na+ release increases with the increase of DS and %GF. The sorption capacity depends on the extent of crosslinking and decreases with the increase in the extent of crosslinking. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Pushpamalar, V, Langford, SJ, Ahmad, M, Hashim, K & Lim, YY 2013, 'Preparation of carboxymethyl sago pulp hydrogel from sago waste by electron beam irradiation and swelling behavior in water and various pH media', Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 128, no. 1, pp. 451-459.
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AbstractSolutions of carboxymethyl sago pulp (CMSP) of various degree of substitution were irradiated with electron beam of various radiation doses. The gelation dose (Dg) and po/qo ratio (po is degradation density, qo is crosslinking density) is dependent on CMSP concentration and degree of substitution. In the range of concentrations of 10% to 80% (w/v) CMSP with degree of substitutions of 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8, the po/qo ratio decreases with increasing %CMSP showing that crosslinking processes are dominating and increasing the gel network of the CMSP hydrogel. The fourier transform infrared spectra of CMSP hydrogels of degree of substitutions of 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 with percentage of gel fractions 25, 35, and ≥ 40 show differences in the intensity of the absorption bands at 1020–1100, 1326, and 1422 cm−1 with different degree of substitutions and percentage of gel fraction (%GF) that correspond to different extents of chain scission and crosslinking. The swelling behavior in water shows that CMSP hydrogels could absorb 3500–5300% of water by 1 g of CMSP hydrogel. The ability to absorb water increases with the decrease of degree of substitution and %GF of the CMSP hydrogels. It is also observed that the optimum pH for swelling CMSP hydrogel is at pH 7. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2013
Robotham, B, Lastman, KA, Langford, SJ & Ghiggino, KP 2013, 'Ultrafast electron transfer in a porphyrin-amino naphthalene diimide dyad', Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, vol. 251, pp. 167-174.
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Roseblade, A, Luk, F, Rawling, T, Ung, A, Grau, GER & Bebawy, M 2013, 'Cell-Derived Microparticles: New Targets in the Therapeutic Management of Disease', JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 238-253.
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Intercellular communication is essential to maintain vital physiological activities and to regulate the organisms phenotype. There are a number of ways in which cells communicate with one another. This can occur via autocrine signaling, endocrine signaling or by the transfer of molecular mediators across gap junctions. More recently communication via microvesicular shedding has gained important recognition as a significant pathway by which cells can coordinate the spread and dominance of selective traits within a population. Through this communication apparatus, cells can now acquire and secure a survival advantage, particularly in the context of malignant disease. This review aims to highlight some of the functions and implications of microparticles in physiology of various disease states, and present a novel therapeutic strategy through the regulation of microparticle production.
Ryu, HS, Park, JW, Park, J, Ahn, J-P, Kim, K-W, Ahn, J-H, Nam, T-H, Wang, G & Ahn, H-J 2013, 'High capacity cathode materials for Li–S batteries', J. Mater. Chem. A, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 1573-1578.
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To enhance the stability of sulfur cathode for a high energy lithium-sulfur battery, sulfur-activated carbon (S-AC) composite was prepared by encapsulating sulfur into micropores of activated carbon using a solution-based processing technique. In the analysis using the prepared specimen of S-AC composite by the focused ion beam (FIB) technique, the elemental sulfur exists in a highly dispersed state inside the micropores of activated carbon, which has a large surface area and a narrow pore distribution. The S-AC composite was characterized through X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, selected area electron diffraction (SAED), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). A lithium-sulfur cell using the S-AC composite has a high first discharge capacity over 800 mA h g -1 S even at a high current density such as 2C (3200 mA g -1 S) and has good cycleability around 500 mA h g-1 S discharge capacity at the 50th cycle at the same current density. © 2013 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Stauss, S, Mori, S, Muneoka, H, Terashima, K & Iacopi, F 2013, 'Ashing of photoresists using dielectric barrier discharge cryoplasmas', Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B, Nanotechnology and Microelectronics: Materials, Processing, Measurement, and Phenomena, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 061202-061202.
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Su, D & Wang, G 2013, 'Single-Crystalline Bilayered V2O5 Nanobelts for High-Capacity Sodium-Ion Batteries', ACS Nano, vol. 7, no. 12, pp. 11218-11226.
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Single-crystalline bilayered vanadium oxide nanobelts were synthesized by a simple solvothermal method. FESEM and AFM analyses identified the nanobelt morphology of the as-prepared vanadium oxide with a rectangular cross-section and a thickness of approximately 50 nm. XRD and TEM characterizations revealed the presence of a large (001) interlayer spacing (∼11.53 Å), which can accommodate Na-ion insertion and extraction. When applied as cathode materials in Na-ion batteries, vanadium oxide nanobelts exhibited a high capacity of 231.4 mA h g-1 at a current density of 80 mA g-1. This corresponds to the theoretical capacity to form Na2V 2O5 on Na-ion insertion. Vanadium oxide nanobelts also demonstrated an excellent high-rate performance and a satisfactory cyclability. These superior electrochemical performances could be ascribed to the unique bilayered vanadium oxide nanobelts with dominantly exposed {100} crystal planes, which provide large interlayer spacing for facile Na-ion insertion/extraction. Single-crystalline bilayered vanadium oxide nanobelts could be promising cathode materials for high-performance Na-ion batteries. © 2013 American Chemical Society.
Su, D, Ahn, H-J & Wang, G 2013, 'Hydrothermal synthesis of alpha-MnO2 and beta-MnO2 nanorods as high capacity cathode materials for sodium ion batteries', JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A, vol. 1, no. 15, pp. 4845-4850.
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Two types of MnO2 polymorphs, α-MnO2 and β-MnO2 nanorods, have been synthesized by a hydrothermal method. Their crystallographic phases, morphologies, and crystal structures were characterized by XRD, FESEM and TEM analysis. Different exposed crystal planes have been identified by TEM. The electrochemical properties of α-MnO 2 and β-MnO2 nanorods as cathode materials in Na-ion batteries were evaluated by galvanostatic charge/discharge testing. Both α-MnO2 and β-MnO2 nanorods achieved high initial sodium ion storage capacities of 278 mA h g-1 and 298 mA h g-1, respectively. β-MnO2 nanorods exhibited a better electrochemical performance such as good rate capability and cyclability than that of α-MnO2 nanorods, which could be ascribed to a more compact tunnel structure of β-MnO2 nanorods. Furthermore, the one-dimensional architecture of nanorods could also contribute to facile sodium ion diffusion in the charge and discharge process. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013.
Su, D, Ahn, H-J & Wang, G 2013, 'One-dimensional magnetite Fe3O4 nanowires as electrode material for Li-ion batteries with improved electrochemical performance', Journal of Power Sources, vol. 244, no. 1, pp. 742-746.
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One-dimensional magnetite (3O4) nanowires were synthesized by the low temperature hydrothermal method. The as-prepared 3O4 nanowires were systematically characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy have confirmed the cubic structure of 3O4 nanowires with a space group of Fd3m. Electrochemical properties of 3O4 nanowires were tested as anodes in lithium-ion cells by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge. 3O4 nanowires exhibited an excellent reversible lithium storage capacity and a satisfactory cycling performance. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Su, D, Ahn, H-J & Wang, G 2013, 'SnO2@graphene nanocomposites as anode materials for Na-ion batteries with superior electrochemical performance', Chemical Communications, vol. 49, no. 30, pp. 3131-3131.
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An in situ hydrothermal synthesis approach has been developed to prepare SnO2@graphene nanocomposites. The nanocomposites exhibited a high reversible sodium storage capacity of above 700 mA h g-1 and excellent cyclability for Na-ion batteries. In particular, they also demonstrated a good high rate capability for reversible sodium storage. © 2013 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Su, D, Ahn, H-J & Wang, G 2013, 'β-MnO2 nanorods with exposed tunnel structures as high-performance cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries', NPG Asia Materials, vol. 5, no. 11, pp. e70-e70.
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Sodium-ion batteries are being considered as a promising system for stationary energy storage and conversion, owing to the natural abundance of sodium. It is important to develop new cathode and anode materials with high capacities for sodium-ion batteries. Herein, we report the synthesis of β-MnO2 nanorods with exposed tunnel structures by a hydrothermal method. The as-prepared β-MnO2 nanorods have exposed {111} crystal planes with a high density of (1 × 1) tunnels, which leads to facile sodium ion (Na-ion) insertion and extraction. When applied as cathode materials in sodium-ion batteries, β-MnO2 nanorods exhibited good electrochemical performance with a high initial Na-ion storage capacity of 350 mAh g-1. β-MnO2 nanorods also demonstrated a satisfactory high-rate capability as cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries.
Su, D, Fu, H, Jiang, X & Wang, G 2013, 'ZnO nanocrystals with a high percentage of exposed reactive facets for enhanced gas sensing performance', Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol. 186, pp. 286-292.
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Zinc oxide single crystals with a high percentage of exposed {4 2̄ 2̄ 3̄} reactive facet were prepared by a facile hydrothermal route. X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and high resolution transmission microscopy confirmed the faceted single crystal structure. Through the density functional theory (DFT) calculations, it is validated that the {4 2̄ 2̄ 3̄} surface of ZnO crystals has high surface energy. When used as a sensing material in gas sensors, ZnO crystals with dominating exposed {4 2̄ 2̄ 3̄} planes exhibited a superior sensitivity toward toxic and flammable gases. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.
Su, D, Kim, H-S, Kim, W-S & Wang, G 2013, 'A study of PtxCoy alloy nanoparticles as cathode catalysts for lithium-air batteries with improved catalytic activity', Journal of Power Sources, vol. 244, pp. 488-493.
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A series of PtxCoy (x:y = 4, 2, 1, and 0.5) alloy nanoparticles deposited on Vulcan XC-72 carbon was prepared through a chemical reduction method. The structures and morphologies of the as-prepared nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, which revealed the formation of Pt-Co alloys during the co-reduction process. PtxCo y alloy nanoparticles were applied as catalysts in lithium-air batteries. Through electrochemical testing, we found that the Pt based alloy nanocatalysts significantly increased the specific capacity of lithium-air batteries and the increase of Co content in PtxCoy alloy nanoparticles further enhanced the catalytic activity. This result illustrated that PtxCoy alloy nanoparticles could be used as an efficient catalyst material for lithium-air batteries with the feature of much reduced cost, but drastically increased catalytic activity. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Su, D, Wang, C, Ahn, H & Wang, G 2013, 'Octahedral tin dioxide nanocrystals as high capacity anode materials for Na-ion batteries', Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol. 15, no. 30, pp. 12543-12543.
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Single crystalline SnO2 nanocrystals (∼60 nm in size) with a uniform octahedral shape were synthesised using a hydrothermal method. Their phase and morphology were characterized by XRD and FESEM observation. TEM and HRTEM analyses identified that SnO2 octahedral nanocrystals grow along the [001] direction, consisting of dominantly exposed {221} high energy facets. When applied as anode materials for Na-ion batteries, SnO2 nanocrystals exhibited high reversible sodium storage capacity and excellent cyclability (432 mA h g-1 after 100 cycles). In particular, SnO 2 nanocrystals also demonstrated a good high rate performance. Ex situ TEM analysis revealed the reaction mechanism of SnO2 nanocrystals for reversible Na ion storage. It was found that Na ions first insert into SnO2 crystals at the high voltage plateau (from 3 V to ∼0.8 V), and that the exposed (1 × 1) tunnel-structure could facilitate the initial insertion of Na ions. Subsequently, Na ions react with SnO2 to form NaxSn alloys and Na2O in the low voltage range (from ∼0.8 V to 0.01 V). The superior cyclability of SnO 2 nanocrystals could be mainly ascribed to the reversible Na-Sn alloying and de-alloying reactions. Furthermore, the reduced Na2O 'matrix' may help retard the aggregation of tin nanocrystals, leading to an enhanced electrochemical performance. This journal is © the Owner Societies 2013.
Su, D, Wang, C, Ahn, H & Wang, G 2013, 'Single Crystalline Na0.7MnO2 Nanoplates as Cathode Materials for Sodium‐Ion Batteries with Enhanced Performance', Chemistry – A European Journal, vol. 19, no. 33, pp. 10884-10889.
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AbstractSingle crystalline rhombus‐shaped Na0.7MnO2 nanoplates have been synthesized by a hydrothermal method. TEM and HRTEM analyses revealed that the Na0.7MnO2 single crystals predominantly exposed their (100) crystal plane, which is active for Na+‐ion insertion and extraction. When applied as cathode materials for sodium‐ion batteries, Na0.7MnO2 nanoplates exhibited a high reversible capacity of 163 mA h g−1, a satisfactory cyclability, and a high rate performance. The enhanced electrochemical performance could be ascribed to the predominantly exposed active (100) facet, which could facilitate fast Na+‐ion insertion/extraction during the discharge and charge process.
Su, DW, Liu, H, Ahn, HJ & Wang, GX 2013, 'Synthesis of Highly Ordered Mesoporous Co3O4 for Gas Sensing', JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 3354-3359.
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Highly ordered mesoporous Co3O4 nanostructures were prepared using SBA-15 silica as hard templates. The mesoporous structures were characterized by X-ray diffraction, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, and N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm analysis. The results demonstrated that the as-prepared mesoporous Co3O4 has an ordered P6mm symmetric mesoporous structure. The optical absorption properties of the mesoporous Co3O4 were investigated by UV-Vis spectroscopy and the results indicate that the mesoporous Co 3O4 materials are semiconducting with direct band gaps of 2, 1.385 and 0.38 eV. The gas-sensing performance of the mesoporous Co 3O4 was tested towards a series of typical solvents. They demonstrated a good sensing performance towards these vapour with rapid response and high sensitivity at low operating temperature. Copyright © 2013 American Scientific Publishers.
Sun, B, Munroe, P & Wang, G 2013, 'Ruthenium nanocrystals as cathode catalysts for lithium-oxygen batteries with a superior performance', SCIENTIFIC REPORTS, vol. 3.
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The key factor to improve the electrochemical performance of Li-O 2 batteries is to find effective cathode catalysts to promote the oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions. Herein, we report the synthesis of an effective cathode catalyst of ruthenium nanocrystals supported on carbon black substrate by a surfactant assisting method. The as-prepared ruthenium nanocrystals exhibited an excellent catalytic activity as cathodes in Li-O 2 batteries with a high reversible capacity of about 9,800 mAh g -1, a low charge-discharge over-potential (about 0.37 V), and an outstanding cycle performance up to 150 cycles (with a curtaining capacity of 1,000 mAh g-1). The electrochemical testing shows that ruthenium nanocrystals can significantly reduce the charge potential comparing to carbon black catalysts, which demonstrated that ruthenium based nanomaterials could be effective cathode catalysts for high performance lithium-O2 batteries.
Sun, B, Wang, Y, Wang, B, Kim, H-S, Kim, W-S & Wang, G 2013, 'Porous LiFePO4/C Microspheres as High-Power Cathode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries', JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 3655-3659.
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Porous LiFePO4/C microspheres were synthesized by a novel hydrothermal reaction combined with high-temperature calcinations. The morphology of the prepared material was investigated by fieldemission scanning electron microscopy. Porous microspheres with diameters around 1-3 μm were obtained, which consisting of primary LiFePO4 nanoparticles. The electrochemical performances of the as-prepared LiFePO4 microspheres were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling. The carbon coated LiFePO4 microspheres showed lower polarization, higher rate capability, and better cycling stability than that of pristine LiFePO4 microspheres, indicating the potential application as the cathode material for high-power lithium ion batteries. Copyright © 2013 American Scientific Publishers.
Sun, B, Zhang, J, Munroe, P, Ahn, H-J & Wang, G 2013, 'Hierarchical NiCo2O4 nanorods as an efficient cathode catalyst for rechargeable non-aqueous Li-O-2 batteries', ELECTROCHEMISTRY COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 31, pp. 88-91.
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NiCo2O4 nanorods were synthesized by a hydrothermal method followed by low temperature calcination. FESEM and TEM analyses confirmed that the as-prepared materials consist of a hierarchical nanorod structure. When applied as cathode catalysts in rechargeable Li-O2 batteries, NiCo2O4 nanorods exhibited a superior catalytic activity, including low charge over-potential, high discharge capacity and high-rate capability. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.
Sun, D, Deng, L, Sun, S & Zhu, J 2013, 'XModified predictive direct power control of doubly fed induction generators', Diangong Jishu Xuebao/Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, vol. 28, no. 11.
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In this paper, a modified predictive direct power control(P-DPC) strategy is presented for doubly fed induction generators(DFIGs). The basic principles of the conventional P-DPC are expounded for DFIGs. A serious drawback of the conventional P-DPC is that the predicted time duration for the active voltage vectors may be less than zero, resulting in significant low order current harmonics. Based on a deep study on the causes to this phenomenon, a modified time duration predicting strategy is proposed. A comparative study by numerical simulation and experimental testing of the modified P-DPC, conventional P-DPC, vector control and look-up table direct power control (LUT-DPC) shows that the modified P-DPC strategy presents much better steady-state and transient performance in comparison with the conventional P-DPC with reduced low-order harmonic currents while it can still maintain the inherent merits of excellent dynamic performance of the conventional LUT-DPC.
Sun, D, Fang, Y, Sun, S & Zhu, J 2013, 'XDead-beat direct power control of doubly fed induction generators with delay compensation', Diangong Jishu Xuebao/Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, vol. 28, no. 11.
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This paper presents a dead-beat direct power control(DB-DPC) strategy for doubly fed induction generators(DFIGs) in order to overcome the power ripples, current harmonics and inconstant switching frequency of the conventional look-up table direct power control(LUT-DPC). The proposed DPC strategy employs a simple dead-beat control scheme so as to eliminate the instantaneous errors of active and reactive powers without involving any rotating coordinate transformations. A fixed switching frequency can be achieved by using the space vector modulation(SVM) technique. Furthermore, in order to alleviate the power oscillation, improve the dynamic performance and reduce the steady state errors of active and reactive powers, a two-step prediction compensation method is proposed in practical systems for both power errors and angular shifts caused by sampling delays. The effectiveness and fesibility of the proposed DB-DPC and the delay compensation strategy in the DFIG system are verified by both the simulation and experimental results.
Teng, Q, Bai, J, Zhu, J & Sun, Y 2013, 'Fault tolerant model predictive control of three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motors', WSEAS Transactions on Systems, vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 385-397.
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A new fault tolerant model predictive control (FTMPC) strategy is proposed for three-phase magnetically isotropic permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) with complete loss of one phase (LOP) or loss of one leg (LOL) of the inverter. The dynamic model of PMSM with LOP or LOL is derived in abc- System. The principle of FTMPC is investigated, its predictive model for remaining two stator phase currents is established after LOP or LOL occurs, and the flux estimator based on current model is employed in order to calculate the stator flux & its corresponding torque. Extra-leg extra-switch inverter is used as power unit. The PI controller is put to use for regulating rotor speed and generating reference torque. Dynamic responses of healthy MPC and unhealthy FTMPC for PMSM systems are given to compare their performance via simulation and some analysis is presented. The simulation results show that the proposed FTMPC strategy not only allows for continuous and disturbance-free operation of the unhealthy PMSM with LOP or LOL but also preserves satisfactory torque and speed control. And then the effectiveness of the proposed schemes in this paper is demonstrated.
Umsumarng, S, Pintha, K, Pitchakarn, P, Sastraruji, K, Sastraruji, T, Ung, AT, Jatisatienr, A, Pyne, SG & Limtrakul, P 2013, 'Inhibition of P-Glycoprotein Mediated Multidrug Resistance by Stemofoline Derivatives', CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 399-404.
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Resistance to chemotherapy in cancer patients has been correlated to the overexpression of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug transporters including P-glycoprotein (P-gp) that actively efflux chemotherapeutic drugs from cancer cells. We examined the mutidrug resistance reversing property of stemofoline derivatives in drug-resistance human cervical carcinoma (KB-V1) and human leukemic (K562/Adr) cell lines that overexpress P-gp. Didehydrostemofoline and eleven of its derivatives were synthesized and the cytotoxicity and their effect on doxorubicin, vinblastine and paclitaxel sensitivity in drug resistant (KB-V1 and K562/Adr) and drug sensitive (KB-3-1 and K562) cell lines by a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay were determined. We found that three out of the twelve stemofoline derivatives including OH-A1, NH-B6 and NH-D6 showed commitment efficiency to increase sensitivity to doxorubicin, vinblastine and paclitaxel in KB-V1 cells and increase sensitivity to doxorubicin, and paclitaxel in K562/Adr cells whereas the effects have not been seen in their parental sensitive cancer cell lines (KB-3-1 and K562). These results indicate that stemofoline derivatives reversed P-gp-mediated multidrug resistance in vitro, and thus could be developed as effective. chemosensitizers to treat multidrug-resistant cancers. The molecular mechanism of modulation of P-gp would be further determined.
Ung, AT, Pyne, SG, Bischoff, F, Lesage, ASJ, Skelton, BW & White, AH 2013, 'Synthesis and inhibitory activities at mGluRs of 3-alkylated and N-alkylated cyclopentyl-glutamate analogues', TETRAHEDRON, vol. 69, no. 12, pp. 2577-2587.
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The conformationally restricted glutamate analogues, 3-alkyl-1-amino-2-cyclopentene-1,3-dicarboxylates and N-alkylated analogues have been prepared in a regioselective and diastereoselective manner. From the biological studies of the 3-alkylated analogue
Wagner, MR, Callsen, G, Reparaz, JS, Kirste, R, Hoffmann, A, Rodina, AV, Schleife, A, Bechstedt, F & Phillips, MR 2013, 'Effects of strain on the valence band structure and exciton-polariton energies in ZnO', PHYSICAL REVIEW B, vol. 88, no. 23.
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The uniaxial stress dependence of the band structure and the exciton-polariton transitions in wurtzite ZnO is thoroughly studied using modern first-principles calculations based on the HSE+G0W0 approach, k·p modeling using the deformation potential framework, and polarized photoluminescence measurements. The ordering of the valence bands [A(Γ7), B(Γ9), C(Γ7)] is found to be robust even for high uniaxial and biaxial strains. Theoretical results for the uniaxial pressure coefficients and splitting rates of the A, B, and C valence bands and their optical transitions are obtained including the effects of the spin-orbit interaction. The excitonic deformation potentials are derived and the stress rates for hydrostatic pressure are determined based on the results for uniaxial and biaxial stress. In addition, the theory for the stress dependence of the exchange interaction and longitudinal-transversal splitting of the exciton polaritons is developed using the basic exciton functions of the quasicubic approximation and taking the interaction between all exciton states into account. It is shown that the consideration of these effects is crucial for an accurate description of the stress dependence of the optical spectra in ZnO. The theoretical results are compared to polarized photoluminescence measurements of different ZnO substrates as function of uniaxial pressure and experimental values reported in the literature demonstrating an excellent agreement with the computed pressure coefficients. © 2013 American Physical Society.
Wang, B, Wang, Y, Sun, B, Munroe, P & Wang, G 2013, 'Coral-like V2O5 nanowhiskers as high-capacity cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries', RSC ADVANCES, vol. 3, no. 15, pp. 5069-5075.
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Coral-like V2O5 nanowhiskers were prepared by a direct electrolytic synthesis method. The as-prepared V2O5 nanowhiskers are approximately 1 μm in length and 50-60 nm in width, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis. When applied as cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries and combined with an ionic liquid electrolyte, the V2O5 nanowhiskers exhibited an initial capacity of 461 mAh g-1, which is a significant enhancement compared to commercial V2O5 powders. The high rate performance of the V2O5 nanowhiskers was further improved at an elevated working temperature of 50 °C. The V2O5 nanowhiskers demonstrated a high specific capacity and an excellent high-rate performance at elevated temperatures. © 2013 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Wang, L, Dimitrijev, S, Walker, G, Han, JS, Iacopi, A, Tanner, P, Hold, L, Zhao, Y & Iacopi, F 2013, 'Color Chart for Thin SiC Films Grown on Si Substrates', Materials Science Forum, vol. 740-742, pp. 279-282.
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In this paper, a color chart was defined for thin SiC films grown on Si substrates. For SiC films thinner than 500 nm, the surface color was observed using an optical microscope with the incident light normally illuminated on the SiC surface. An image of the surface was then taken by a camera attached to the optical microscope and the surface color was defined using RGB code. For SiC films thicker than 500 nm, the image taken by the camera did not represent the real color of the SiC film. Therefore, for these thicker SiC films, the colors were defined by observing the films under daylight fluorescent lighting by naked eyes. It was found that the colors of the SiC films vary periodically as the thickness increased. No color saturation was found for SiC films up to 1185 nm thick.
Wang, Y, Sharma, N, Su, D, Bishop, D, Ahn, H & Wang, G 2013, 'High capacity spherical Li[Li0.24Mn0.55Co0.14Ni0.07]O2 cathode material for lithium ion batteries', Solid State Ionics, vol. 233, pp. 12-19.
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Li[Li0.24Mn0.55Co0.14Ni 0.07]O2 cathode materials with controlled spherical morphology and particle size in the range of 5-10 μm were synthesized by a modified co-precipitation method. The crystal structure of Li[Li 0.24Mn0.55Co0.14Ni0.07]O 2 was investigated by Rietveld analysis of structural models using X-ray and neutron powder diffraction data, indicating the presence of Li 2MnO3 in the final product. Li[Li0.24Mn 0.55Co0.14Ni0.07]O2 shows low initial irreversible capacity loss (47.2 mAh/g), high reversible capacity (264.6 mAh/g), good capacity retention (90.4% over 50 cycles) and satisfactory rate capability when used as the cathode material in lithium ion batteries. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of the pristine, charged and discharged electrodes of Li[Li0.24Mn0.55Co0.14Ni 0.07]O2 reveals that the Mn4 +/Mn3 + redox couple participates in the delithiation/lithiation process. Overall, the improved electrochemical performance of the Li[Li0.24Mn 0.55Co0.14Ni0.07]O2 electrode can be ascribed to the controlled and specially designed morphology and the composition of the sample that is produced by the co-precipitation method. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.
Wang, Y, Su, D & Wang, G 2013, 'The Effect of Carbon Coating on the Electrochemical Performance of Nanosized Li2FeSiO4 Cathode Materials', ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA A, vol. 123, no. 2, pp. 279-282.
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Carbon-coated Li2FeSiO4/C cathode materials have been synthesized through a modified ball-milling pro- cess. The physical characterizations of Li2FeSiO4 were conducted by using X-ray powder diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy techniques. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images revealed that Li2FeSiO4/C consists of nanosized parti- cles coated with an amorphous carbon layer. The electrochemical performances of Li2FeSiO4/C cathode materials were evaluated through fully assembled lithium batteries via cyclic voltammetry, charge/discharge test and electro- chemical impedance spectroscopy. The Li2FeSiO4/C cathode materials showed a much improved electrochemical performance in terms of higher specific capacity, better cycling performance and less charge transfer resistance than that of the pristine Li2FeSiO4.
Wang, Y, Su, D, Wang, C & Wang, G 2013, 'SnO2@MWCNT nanocomposite as a high capacity anode material for sodium-ion batteries', Electrochemistry Communications, vol. 29, pp. 8-11.
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We report the synthesis and characterization of SnO2@multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) nanocomposite as a high capacity anode material for sodium-ion battery. SnO2@MWCNT nanocomposite was synthesized by a solvothermal method. SEM and TEM analyses show the uniform distribution of SnO2 nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes. When applied as anode materials in Na-ion batteries, SnO2@MWCNT nanocomposite exhibited a high sodium storage capacity of 839 mAh g- 1 in the first cycle. SnO2@MWCNT nanocomposite also demonstrated much better cycling performance than that of bare SnO2 nanoparticles and bare MWCNTs. Furthermore, the nanocomposite electrode also showed a good cyclability and an enhanced Coulombic efficiency on cycling. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.
Yeap, KB, Iacopi, F, Geisler, H, Hangen, U & Zschech, E 2013, 'Nanoindentation for reliability assessment of ULK films and interconnects structures', Microelectronic Engineering, vol. 106, pp. 182-187.
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© 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. The structural integrity of interconnect structures containing ultra-low-k (ULK) dielectrics is highly dependent on the mechanical properties of the porous dielectrics, e.g. fracture toughness elastic modulus and adhesion as well. Four-point-bending (FPB) and double-cantilever-beam (DCB) methods for the evaluation of fracture properties require out-of-fab sample preparation and testing. The reliable characterization of interfacial adhesion is important for in-line/at-line process development and control in microelectronics manufacturing. The ability to detect an out-of-spec or defective ULK film at an early process step could potentially save processing and materials cost. Therefore, the development of quick turnaround experimental methodologies for monitoring in-line/at-line mechanical stability of ULK films and ULK-containing interconnects is of great interest for semiconductor industry. This study presents two novel experimental approaches for the evaluation of interface adhesion and mechanical robustness of on-chip interconnects structures based on nanoindentation and nanoscratch, (a) wedge indentation and (b) bump assisted BEOL stability indentation (BABSI) tests, respectively. Wedge indentation tests on ULK films with increasing porosity show a decrease of adhesion values. Correspondingly, BABSI tests show increasing failure rates for Cu/ULK interconnect structures containing mechanically weaker dielectrics.
Zeng, J, Guo, Y, Li, Y, Zhu, J & Li, J 2013, 'Two-dimensional magnetic property measurement for magneto-rheological elastomer', JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 113, no. 17.
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Zhang, J, Sun, B, Ahn, H-J, Wang, C & Wang, G 2013, 'Conducting polymer-doped polyprrrole as an effective cathode catalyst for Li-O-2 batteries', MATERIALS RESEARCH BULLETIN, vol. 48, no. 12, pp. 4979-4983.
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Polypyrrole conducting polymers with different dopants have been synthesized and applied as the cathode catalyst in Li-O2 batteries. Polypyrrole polymers exhibited an effective catalytic activity towards oxygen reduction in lithium oxygen batteries. It was discovered that dopant significantly influenced the electrochemical performance of polypyrrole. The polypyrrole doped with Cl- demonstrated higher capacity and more stable cyclability than that doped with ClO4-. Polypyrrole conducting polymers also exhibited higher capacity and better cycling performance than that of carbon black catalysts. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Zhang, J, Xu, W, Gao, C, Wang, S, Qiu, J, Zhu, JG & Guo, Y 2013, 'Analysis of Inter-Turn Insulation of High Voltage Electrical Machine by Using Multi-Conductor Transmission Line Model', IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1905-1908.
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In this paper, the inter-turn insulation of stator winding is comprehensively discussed. An equivalent circuit model and a multi-conductor transmission line (MTL) theory are established for the inter-turn voltage evaluation under the switching-impulse voltage, respectively. The distributed inductances are calculated by using small-signal analysis in finite element method (FEM) and the ac resistances of coils are analyzed considering the skin effect. The distributed capacitances of the coils are determined by using both electric field FEM and analytic equations. The electric potential distribution of inter-turn is calculated by the above two methods. The incident and reflect voltages are calculated by using the MTL model. The electric field of inter-turn calculated by using the FEM is presented. The FEM is used for the calculation of the inter-turn electric field distribution. The position where the inter-turn insulation may be more prone to breakdown is determined according to the result. Finally, the impact factors of inter-turn insulation including insulation materials and positions of failure in winding are analyzed in detail.
Zhang, Q, Wang, S, Qiu, J, Jing, X, Gao, C, Zhu, JG & Guo, Y 2013, 'Application of an Improved Multi-Conductor Transmission Line Model in Power Transformer', IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 2029-2032.
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In this paper, a new multi-conductor transmission line (MTL) method is introduced to analyze the voltage distribution of power transformer windings, including inserted capacitance continuous winding and duplex winding, under lightning overvoltage excitation. This new MTL model may take into account electromagnetic induction between windings. The influences of copper screen tapes on the MTL parameters are discussed. The terminal conditions of single winding including screen tape differ from those of duplex windings, which have to be carefully considered. The results are compared with the traditional equivalent circuit model, revealing that the new model may provide detailed accurate voltage distribution on each turn of the windings.
Zhang, Y, Wang, C, Yao, F, Zhu, X, Qu, Q, Hu, X & Wang, G 2013, 'Determination of alkylamine carbonate nonionic–anion oil displacement agent in oil-field water using HPLC after derivatization with 4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl fluoride', Anal. Methods, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 729-734.
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In this study, a method for the determination of alkylamine carbonate (AAC) nonionic-anion oil displacement agent in oil-field water was developed for the first time, involving pre-column derivatization using a novel labeling agent and HPLC with diode-array detection. The derivatization and chromatographic separation conditions were investigated thoroughly. The analyte was labeled with 4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl fluoride at 50 °C for 20 min. When the method was applied in the determination of C18A5C (an AAC oil displacement agent containing eighteen alkyl and five amino groups) a linear calibration curve was obtained from 1.0 to 100.0 μg mL-1 with a correlation coefficient of more than 0.999 and a detection limit of 0.05 μg mL-1. In the determination of real oil-field water samples, the recovery range of C18A5C was 91.8% to 96.2%, and the intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations were 2.9-3.5% and 3.8-4.3%, respectively. The experimental results demonstrate that this method, with its merits of simplicity in pretreatment, rapidity in derivatization, and stability of the derivatives, can be employed in the analysis of C18A5C and has potential application in the detection of other oil displacement surfactants containing amino groups. It is of great significance to develop a fast, easy-to-operate, sensitive and reliable method for environmental impact assessment. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013.
Zhu, L, Ton-That, C & Phillips, MR 2013, 'Nitrogen incorporation in ZnO nanowires using N2O dopant gas', MATERIALS LETTERS, vol. 99, no. 1, pp. 42-45.
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Aligned nitrogen-doped ZnO nanowires were grown by chemical vapour deposition using Au catalyst. N incorporation was achieved through the introduction of N2O gas as a dopant source and confirmed by Raman spectroscopy, which reveals additional N-related modes at 275, 580 and 642 cm-1. The nanowires have a hexagonal faceted shape and are predominantly grown along the [001] direction. The nanowire morphology is unaffected by N incorporation. The luminescence peak at 3.24 eV was monitored as a function of N2O content. Intensity analysis of this band reveals that it can be partly attributed to donor-acceptor pair (DAP) emission originating from the N doping. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Zhu, L, Yang, Q, Yan, R, Li, Y, Zhang, X, Yan, W & Zhu, J 2013, 'Numerical computation for a new way to reduce vibration and noise due to magnetostriction and magnetic forces of transformer cores', Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 113, no. 17, pp. 17A333-17A333.
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Magnetostriction (MS) caused by the global magnetization of limbs and yokes and magnetic forces are the undisputed causes of the vibration and noise in power transformer cores. This paper presents a novel way to reduce the vibration and noise, in which nanocrystalline soft magnetic composite (NSMC) material with high permeability is used to fill the step-lap joint gaps of the power transformer magnetic cores. In order to numerically predict the effectiveness of the proposed method, a 3-D magneto-mechanical strong coupled model including MS and magnetic anisotropy of steel sheet was founded. Then, the numerical model was applied to analyze the step-lap joint region of the corner of magnetic cores. The analysis results illustrated that the deformation and noise of core with NSMC are lower than with the traditional epoxy damping material. Moreover, the validity of the proposed new way was verified by the simplified step-lap joint cores, which were achieved based on Epstein Frames.
