Menzies, RG & Clarke, JC 1994, 'Retrospective studies of the origins of phobias: A review', Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 305-318.
View/Download from: Publisher's site
View description>>
Studies using retrospective subject reports to investigate etiological models of fears and phobias are reviewed. It is argued that the research effort to date has been plagued by a multitude of methodological problems which bring into question the validity of the major findings. In particular, it is shown that most investigators have begun with the assumption that all phobias are indebted to some traumatic experience with the object or situation and, as a result of this assumption, have predisposed themselves to support learning-based accounts of phobia onset. Other problems, including the lack of demonstrations of adequate levels of inter-rater reliability, test-retest reliability and construct validity are also discussed. Finally, recommendations for future research are made. © 1994, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.
Onslow, M, Andrews, C & Lincoln, M 1994, 'A Control/Experimental Trial of an Operant Treatment for Early Stuttering', Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 1244-1259.
View/Download from: Publisher's site
View description>>
A preliminary study (Onslow, Costa, & Rue, 1990) suggested that a parent-conducted program of verbal response-contingent stimulation would be an effective treatment for stuttering children younger than 5 years. The present study was designed to expand those preliminary findings by using a larger group of children and by comparing them to a control group of children. Twelve children in the experimental group achieved median percent syllables stuttered (%SS) scores below 1.0 for a 12-month posttreatment period. The children's treatments were completed in a median of 10.5 1-hour clinic sessions and a median of 84.5 days from the start of treatment. The majority of parents of the control children withdrew from the study and elected to have treatment begin for their child. These results suggest that the program may be a cost-effective method for managing a clinical caseload of stuttering children younger than 5 years. It is suggested that controlled clinical trials cannot be used validly or ethically to determine the number of cases of early stuttering who recover without formal intervention.
Packman, A, Onslow, M & Doorn, JV 1994, 'Prolonged Speech and Modification of Stuttering', Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 724-737.
View/Download from: Publisher's site
View description>>
Prolonged speech and its variants are a group of novel speech patterns that form the basis of a popular treatment for stuttering (Ingham, 1984). It is difficult to determine which features of prolonged speech are necessary for the elimination of stuttered speech because the speech pattern produces simultaneous changes in respiratory, laryngeal, and articulatory activity. Experimental studies have shown that the modification of phonation and of speech rate contributes to stuttering reduction, and increased duration of speech segments and reduced variability of vowel duration are known to occur as a result of prolonged-speech treatment programs. However, previous studies of prolonged speech have all instructed subjects to modify their customary speech patterns in a particular way. The aim of the present study was to investigate changes in the speech pattern of individual subjects when stuttering was modified with prolonged speech without specific instruction in how this should be done. In one experimental phase, 3 subjects showed clinically significant stuttering reductions when instructed to use whichever features of prolonged speech they needed to reduce their stuttering. The resulting perceptually stutter-free speech was judged to be natural sounding. Stuttering in a fourth subject reduced without experimental intervention. Recordings of acoustic and electroglottographic signals from the 4 subjects were analyzed. Changes in the variability of vowel duration occurred in all subjects. Theoretical and clinical implications of the results are discussed.
Packman, A, Van Doorn, J & Onslow, M 1994, 'The role of variability in the reduction of stuttering', Journal of Fluency Disorders, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 199-199.
View/Download from: Publisher's site
Pate, JW 1994, 'Is traumatic rupture of the aorta misunderstood?', The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 530-531.
View/Download from: Publisher's site
Pate, JW & Cutting, JA 1994, 'In defense of malpractice charges: A survey of the legal process', The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 1356-1361.
View/Download from: Publisher's site
Scholz, J, Bause, H, Schulz, M, Klotz, U, Krishna, DR, Pohl, S & Schulte am Esch, J 1994, 'Pharmacokinetics and effects on intracranial pressure of sufentanil in head trauma patients.', British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 369-372.
View/Download from: Publisher's site
View description>>
Ten patients with head trauma received an intravenous bolus of sufentanil (2 micrograms kg‐1) followed at 30 min by infusion of sufentanil (median 150 micrograms h‐1) and midazolam (median 9.0 mg h‐ 1) over 48 h. Median (range) values of pharmacokinetic parameters for sufentanil were: t1/2,z = 16 (7‐49) h; CL = 1215 (519‐2550) ml min‐1; CLR = 7 (2‐38) ml min‐1; Vss = 10.0 (6.8‐24.2) 1 kg‐1. Decreases in intracranial pressure (ICP) (from 16.1 +/‐ 1.7 to 10.8 +/‐ 1.3 mm Hg; P < 0.05) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) (from 85.5 +/‐ 3.9 to 80.2 +/‐ 4.9 mm Hg; P < 0.05) were observed within 15 min of the bolus injection of sufentanil and remained unchanged thereafter. Thus, cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP = MAP‐ICP) was stable.
