Cole, FH, Cole, FH, Khandekar, A, Maxwell, JM, Pate, JW & Walker, WA 1995, 'Video-assisted thoracic surgery: Primary therapy for spontaneous pneumothorax?', The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 931-935.
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Eve, CL, Onslow, M, Andrews, C & Adams, R 1995, 'Clinical Measurement of Early Stuttering Severity: The Reliability of a 10-point Scale', Australian Journal of Human Communication Disorders, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 26-39.
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Harris, LM, Adams, RD, Menzies, RG & Hayes, BK 1995, 'Identification and memory for fear-relevant stimuli: Implicit memory performance of insect fearfuls favours fear-relevant pictures', Australian Journal of Psychology, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 105-109.
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This study examined the relationship between fear level and memory for fear‐relevant and fear‐irrelevant stimuli. Memory was assessed with an explicit measure (verbal free recall) and an implicit measure (priming on picture identification). Ten nonclinical volunteers high on reported insect fear were compared to ten individuals selected for low reported insect fear. No performance advantage for material congruent with the fear was observed among high insect fearfuls on free recall. However, an interaction between fear level and material type emerged in the repetition priming data. Insect fearfuls identified degraded pictures of insects most readily on their second presentation, while nonfearfuls displayed an advantage for recognising pictures of animals on their second presentation. The results from this analogue study are consistent with the model of cognition and emotion proposed by Williams, Watts, MacLeod, and Mathews (1988), which proposes that anxiety will be associated with changes in the process of integration considered to underlie performance on implicit memory tests. 1995 Australian Psychological Society
Jones, MK & Menzies, RG 1995, 'The etiology of fear of spiders', Anxiety, Stress & Coping, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 227-234.
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The origins of fear of spiders in an undergraduate student sample was investigated. Spider-fearful (n = 19) and non-fearful (n = 19) groups were formed on the basis of extreme scores to the spider item on the FSS-III (Wolpe & Lang, 1969). Spider-fearful subjects completed Menzies and Clarke's (1993a,) recently constructed Origins Questionnaire (OQ), while non-fearful subjects completed a modified version of this measure. No cases of spider fear were found to originate with direct conditioning, vicarious conditioning, or information/instruction. In contrast, 63% of the sample claimed to have always been afraid of spiders, i.e., from their first encounter. These data question the significance of simple associative-learning events in the origin of fear of spiders, and are taken to support the recently proposed non-associative account of Menzies and Clarke (1993a, 1993b). Inconsistencies with some earlier studies in which high frequencies of classical conditioning have been found are explained in terms of the differences between the various origins questionnaires used. Finally, problems associated with research relying on retrospective data are examined. © 1995, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.
Kirkby, KC, Menzies, RG, Daniels, BA & Smith, KL 1995, 'Aetiology of spider phobia: classificatory differences between two origins instruments', Behaviour Research and Therapy, vol. 33, no. 8, pp. 955-958.
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The origins of fear of spiders was investigated in 33 spider phobic Ss entering a treatment study. All Ss completed Menzies and Clarke's (1993a) Origins Questionnaire (OQ) (Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 355-365) and Öst and Hugdahl's (1981) Phobic Origins Questionnaire (POQ) (Behaviour Research and Therapy, 19, 439-447). The results for the individual questionnaires were similar to those reported in previous studies. However a comparison of assignments of origin category for the two questionnaires showed widely discrepant results. The POQ returned 17 positive responses for classical conditioning, the OQ only 2. By contrast the OQ returned 10 origins as 'non-conditioning traumatic event', 9 of which returned positive responses for classical conditioning on the POQ. A further 15 Ss on the OQ were categorised as 'always been this way', the preponderance of these being classified as vicarious or informational in origin on the POQ. The POQ does not have a specific question or category for non-associative acquisition of phobias. The results of the origins assignments are detailed and their relation to the structure and questions of the questionnaires is outlined. Past studies using the POQ have produced results supporting acquisition of a substantial proportion of phobias by classical conditioning. The findings of this study suggest that such results mainly reflect inherent bias in that instrument. © 1995.
Menzies, RG 1995, 'The uneven distribution of fears and phobias: A nonassociative account', Behavioral and Brain Sciences, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 305-306.
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AbstractA review of data concerning the uneven distribution of phobias suggests that nonassociative, ethological models can account for most of tile important findings that cannot be attributed to expectancy biases. The origin of a variety of fears that appear in fixed developmental patterns across divergent cultures and species can best be explained by biological models.
Menzies, RG & Clarke, JC 1995, 'Danger expectancies and insight in acrophobia', Behaviour Research and Therapy, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 215-221.
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Differences between phobic and normal subject perceptions of danger were examined. Fifty-nine height phobic patients and a matched set of normal controls gave danger ratings before and during a height avoidance test on a triple extension ladder. Before the test acrophobic patients: (1) gave higher estimates of the probability of falling from the ladder than normals did; (2) gave higher estimates of the injuries that would result from falling, and; (3) believed their excessive levels of anticipated anxiety were more reasonable and appropriate to the demands of the situation than did normals. In addition, during the height avoidance test the differences between the two groups grew as phobic danger estimates increased while control group estimates did not. Finally, moderate, but inconsistent, relationships were obtained between phobic danger ratings and anxiety and avoidance. The implications of these findings for expectancy models of anxiety are discussed. The results challenge the view that phobic patients have complete insight into the inappropriateness of their own distress. © 1995.
Menzies, RG & Clarke, JC 1995, 'Individual response patterns, treatment matching, and the effects of behavioural and cognitive interventions for acrophobia', Anxiety, Stress & Coping, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 141-160.
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The relationship of individual response patterns to cognitive-behavioural treatment outcome with acrophobics was investigated. Sixty acrophobic subjects were initially tested with a battery of measures including a Height Avoidance Test that allowed direct physiological (heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure), verbal-cognitive (subjective anxiety, danger expectancies), and behavioural (avoidance) assessment. Subjects were then randomly allocated to a physiologically-focussed (progressive muscle relaxation), cognitively-focussed (cognitive restructuring), or behaviourally-focussed (in vivo exposure) treatment. All subjects were treated individually in eight, one-hour sessions. All pre-treatment measures were readministered at post-treatment and at a nine-month follow-up. After follow-up assessment subjects were divided into physiological, cognitive, and behavioural responders on the basis of their standardized pre-treatment Height Avoidance Test scores. Subjects who had been treated consonantly (i.e., with the procedure designed to target their primary response), had not experienced any greater improvement, on any of the eleven outcome measures, than subjects who had been treated non-consonantly. That is, at post-treatment and follow-up no support for the treatment matching hypothesis could be found. Supplementary analyses showed that in vivo exposure produced significantly greater treatment benefits than relaxation or cognitive restructuring which were equally, but less, effective. Differences between the present results and previous positive findings with treatment matching are discussed in terms of the many methodological differences across studies. © 1995, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.
menzies, RG & Clarke, JC 1995, 'The etiology of acrophobia and its relationship to severity and individual response patterns', Behaviour Research and Therapy, vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 795-803.
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The acquisition of acrophobia in a large clinical sample was investigated. 148 patients from a university-based height phobia clinic and 148 age and sex matched non-phobic controls served as Ss. Subjects were assessed with a battery of measures including the Acrophobia Questionnaire [Cohen, D. C. (1977), Behavior Therapy, 18, 17-23], self-rating of severity [Marks, I. M. & Mathews, A. M. (1979) Behaviour Research and Therapy, 17, 263-267] global rating of severity [Michelson, L. (1986), Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 263-275], origins questionnaire [Menzies, R. G. & Clarke, J. C. (1993a) Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 355-365], and a height avoidance test. Results obtained question the significance of simple associative-learning events in the acquisition of fear of heights. Only 11.5% of fearful Ss were classified as directly conditioned cases. Furthermore, no differences between groups were found in the proportion of Ss who knew other height-fearfuls, had experienced relevant associative-learning events, or the ages at which these events had occurred. Finally, no relationships between mode of acquisition and severity or individual response patterns were obtained. In general, the data were consistent with the non-associative, Darwinian accounts of fear acquisition that continue to attract theorists from a variety of backgrounds [e.g. Bowlby, J. (1975) Attachment and Loss; Clarke, J. C. & Jackson, J. A. (1983) Hypnosis and behavior therapy: the treatment of anxiety and phobia; Marks, I. M. (1987) Fears, phobias and rituals: panic, anxiety and their disorders; Menzies, R. G. & Clarke, J. C. (1993a), (1993b) Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 499-501; Menzies, R. G. & Clarke, J. C. (1995)]. © 1995.
Menzies, RG & Clarke, JC 1995, 'The etiology of phobias: a nonassociative account', Clinical Psychology Review, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 23-48.
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Theories of the origin and maintenance of fears and phobias have had a profound influence on the kinds of treatments employed in the phobic disorders. In view of this influence, the present review considers the considerable controversy surrounding the major etiological models. First, the various forms of the associative learning account are examined. It is argued that each of these approaches has failed to provide a comprehensive account of the onset of the phobic disorders. Second, evidence for a nonassociative account is considered. It is argued that this latter model can more adequately account for the majority of experimental and clinical findings in most phobic conditions. Future directions for research on the etiology of phobias are discussed. © 1995.
Newton-John, TRO, Spence, SH & Schotte, D 1995, 'Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy versus EMG Biofeedback in the treatment of chronic low back pain', Behaviour Research and Therapy, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 691-697.
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ONSLOW, M, ANDREWS, C & LINCOLN, M 1995, 'A CONTROL EXPERIMENTAL TRIAL OF AN OPERANT TREATMENT FOR EARLY STUTTERING - (VOL 37, PG 1255, 1994)', JOURNAL OF SPEECH AND HEARING RESEARCH, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 386-386.
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Packman, A & Onslow, M 1995, 'Reliability of Listeners' Stuttering Counts: The Effects of Instructions to Count Agreed Stuttering', Australian Journal of Human Communication Disorders, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 35-47.
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PATE, JW 1995, 'PENNSYLVANIA PHYSICIANS KNOWLEDGE OF THE NATIONAL PRACTITIONER DATA-BANK - REPLY', ANNALS OF THORACIC SURGERY, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 1045-1045.
Pate, JW, Fabian, TC & Walker, WA 1995, 'Acute traumatic rupture of the aortic isthmus: Repair with cardiopulmonary bypass', The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 90-99.
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Rao, BN, Hayes, FA, Thompson, EI, Kumar, APM, Fleming, ID, Green, AA, Austin, BA, Pate, JW & Hustu, HO 1995, 'Chest wall resection for ewing's sarcoma of the rib: an unnecessary procedure', The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, vol. 60, no. 5, pp. 1454-1455.
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Spence, SH, Sharpe, L, Newton-John, T & Champion, D 1995, 'Effect of EMG biofeedback compared to applied relaxation training with chronic, upper extremity cumulative trauma disorders', Pain, vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 199-206.
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