Bailey, PE, Henry, JD & Reed, EJ 2009, 'Schizophrenia and the display of embarrassment', Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 545-552.
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Bakker, EWP, Verhagen, AP, van Trijffel, E, Lucas, C & Koes, BW 2009, 'Spinal Mechanical Load as a Risk Factor for Low Back Pain', Spine, vol. 34, no. 8, pp. E281-E293.
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Bakker, EWP, Verhagen, AP, van Trijffel, E, Lucas, C, Koning, HJCMF & Koes, BW 2009, 'Individual advice in addition to standard guideline care in patients with acute non-specific low back pain: A survey on feasibility among physiotherapists and patients', Manual Therapy, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 68-74.
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Balandin, S, Hemsley, B, Hanley, L & Sheppard, JJ 2009, 'Understanding mealtime changes for adults with cerebral palsy and the implications for support services', Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 197-206.
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Banks, E, Jorm, L, Lujic, S & Rogers, K 2009, 'Erratum to: Health, ageing and private health insurance: baseline results from the 45 and Up Study cohort', Australia and New Zealand Health Policy, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 17.
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COOKE, GM, CHAO, NL & BEHEREGARAY, LB 2009, 'Phylogeography of a flooded forest specialist fish from central Amazonia based on intron DNA: the cardinal tetra Paracheirodon axelrodi', Freshwater Biology, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 1216-1232.
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Summary1. Historic and extant landscape structures and environmental conditions are known to influence phylogeographic patterns and population histories in organisms from Amazonia. Recent work suggests that events of the Tertiary Period have played a significant role in generating biodiversity in this exceptionally rich but understudied region. However, species distributions and population structures are also affected by recent environmental and physical changes, especially within highly dynamic ecosystems.2. The cardinal tetra is a small luminous fish native to the dynamic flooded forest ecosystems of the Rio Negro and Orinoco basins of South America. This very popular aquarium fish represents the single most important species in the ornamental fishery of the Rio Negro, an activity of high socio‐economic value for local riverine communities. Here we use a fine‐scale sampling regime and sequence data from the second intron of the Ribosomal protein S7 (S7 2) to investigate population structure, colonisation history and genealogical relationships in cardinal tetras of the Rio Negro.3. High levels of S7 2 polymorphisms revealed phylogeographic patterns across several temporal settings that appear associated with the complex dynamics of the region. Our results suggest a long history of isolation and persistence of cardinal tetra populations in the headwaters and upper regions of the Rio Negro and recent events of colonisation within the incipient Rio Negro floodplain. These colonisation events were followed by recent population expansions likely facilitated by the establishment of the extensive Rio Negro floodplain, an anabranching ecosystem of Holocene age.4. Our reconstruction of the phylogeographic history of cardinal tetras based on S7 2 intron sequence data reflects the complex influence of both geomorphological and climatic events through time in the Rio Negro basin. O...
Cream, A, O'Brian, S, Onslow, M, Packman, A & Menzies, R 2009, 'Self‐modelling as a relapse intervention following speech‐restructuring treatment for stuttering', International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 587-599.
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Background: Speech restructuring is an efficacious method for the alleviation of stuttered speech. However, post‐treatment relapse is common.Aims: To investigate whether the use of video self‐modelling using restructured stutter‐free speech reduces stuttering in adults who had learnt a speech‐restructuring technique and subsequently relapsed.Methods & Procedures: Participants were twelve adults who had previously had speech‐restructuring treatment for stuttering and relapsed. They were video recorded for 1 hour within the clinic, practising their speech‐restructuring technique. The videos were then edited to remove all observable stuttering. Participants then viewed the resulting video of themselves using restructured stutter‐free speech each day for 1 month and were instructed to speak as they did on the video. Beyond‐clinic speech samples and self‐report severity data were collected before and after the intervention.Outcomes & Results: Very large effect sizes were found. The mean per cent syllables stuttered was 7.7 pre‐intervention and 2.3 post‐intervention. For all but one participant there was a reduction in stuttering from pre‐intervention to post‐intervention. These results were verified with self‐report data. Speech naturalness was not compromised by the video self‐modelling procedure.Conclusion & Implications: Video self‐modelling as a relapse management tool does not involve excessive time expenditure by the clinician or the client. The study indicates video self‐modelling is potentially useful for managing relapse after speech‐restructuring treatment for stuttering, and in some cases may be a stand‐alone procedure to manage relapse. Phase II and III trials are warranted to determine the size and duration of the effect. It i...
Di Marco, S, Nguyen, VA, Bisti, S & Protti, DA 2009, 'Permanent Functional Reorganization of Retinal Circuits Induced by Early Long-Term Visual Deprivation', The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 29, no. 43, pp. 13691-13701.
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Early sensory experience shapes the functional and anatomical connectivity of neuronal networks. Light deprivation alters synaptic transmission and modifies light response properties in the visual system, from retinal circuits to higher visual centers. These effects are more pronounced during a critical period in juvenile life and are mostly reversed by restoring normal light conditions. Here we show that complete light deprivation, from birth to periods beyond the critical period, permanently modifies the receptive field properties of retinal ganglion cells. Visual deprivation reduced both the strength of light responses in ganglion cells and their receptive field size. Light deprivation produced an imbalance in the ratio of inhibitory to excitatory inputs, with a shift toward larger inhibitory conductances. Ganglion cell receptive fields in visually deprived animals showed a spatial mismatch of inhibitory and excitatory inputs and inhibitory inputs were highly scattered over the receptive field. These results indicate that visual experience early in life is critical for the refinement of retinal circuits and for appropriate signaling of the spatiotemporal properties of visual stimuli, thus influencing the response properties of neurons in higher visual centers and their processing of visual information.
Fikri-Benbrahim, N, García-Cárdenas, V, Sáez-Benito, L, Gastelurrutia, MA & Faus, MJ 2009, 'Adherence: a review of education, research, practice and policy in Spain', Pharmacy Practice (Internet), vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 125-138.
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Aims: To describe medication adherence education, practice, research and policy efforts carried out by pharmacists in Spain in the last decade. Methods: A literature review using Medline and Embase was conducted covering the last ten years. Additional pharmaceutical bibliographic sources in Spain were consulted to retrieve articles of interest from the last decade. Articles were included if a pharmacist was involved and if medication adherence was measured or there was any direct or indirect pharmacist intervention in monitoring and/or improving adherence. Articles focusing on the development of tools for adherence assessment were collected. Pre- and post-graduate pharmacy training programs were also reviewed through the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science website. Information regarding policy issues was gathered from the Spanish and Autonomous Communities of Education and Health Ministries websites. Results: Pharmacists receive no specific training focused on adherence. There is no specific government policies for pharmacists in Spain related to medication adherence regardless of their practice setting. A total of 24 research studies met our inclusion criteria. Of these, 10 involved pharmacist intervention in monitoring and/or improving adherence and 14 assessed only adherence. Ten studies involved hospital pharmacists working in collaboration with another healthcare professional. Conclusions: At present in Spain, the investigative role of the pharmacist is not well developed in the area of medication adherence. Adherence improvement services provided to patients by pharmacists are not implemented in a systematic way. However, recent efforts to implement new initiatives in this area may provide the basis for offering new cognitive services aimed at improving patient adherence in the near future.
Gratton, S & Kneebone, I 2009, 'Assessing the psychological needs of patients on a GP-managed, step up, step down ward in a community hospital', Clinical Psychology Forum, no. 199, pp. 33-37.
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Assessment established high levels of anxiety, depression, cognitive impairment and low confidence in activities of daily living (ADLs) in a service mainly utilised by older people. Staff identified the need for support in managing challenging behavior and assessing decision making capacity.
Helgadóttir, FD, Menzies, RG, Onslow, M, Packman, A & O'Brian, S 2009, 'Online CBT I: Bridging the Gap Between Eliza and Modern Online CBT Treatment Packages', Behaviour Change, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 245-253.
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AbstractReviews have demonstrated large effect sizes when using computerised cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) protocols for treating anxiety, depression and health related concerns. However, the amount of therapist contact per user seems to be the most significant prognostic indicator. Thus, in some ways current online interventions can be viewed primarily as an extension of one-on-one therapy. The present article provides guidelines for targeting this limitation of online psychological interventions. The goal is to mimic the therapeutic relationship using a computer, without having any therapist involved. Consequently, thousands of users would be able to receive treatment simultaneously, reaching a wider audience, which was the initial goal of the online model. The development of a treatment program using file audit data is suggested as an alternative to having an individual therapist for each user. This is done by allowing the ‘computer psychologist’ to tailor individualised treatments for each user based on their psychological profile. The user is provided with individualised corrective feedback based on a set of prewritten responses to common faulty thoughts. A new paradigm is proposed for online treatment delivery.
Helgadóttir, FD, Menzies, RG, Onslow, M, Packman, A & O'Brian, S 2009, 'Online CBT II: A Phase I Trial of a Standalone, Online CBT Treatment Program for Social Anxiety in Stuttering', Behaviour Change, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 254-270.
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AbstractThis paper introduces a novel approach to internet treatment for social anxiety. The goal of this treatment was to address key limitations of current standalone treatments (Helgadottir, Menzies, Onslow, Packman, & O'Brian, 2009). The ‘computer psychologist’ designed for this study used fully automated, prewritten individualised sample answers in order to simulate a human–human interaction through a human–computer interface. Two males who sought treatment for stuttering and met the diagnosis for social phobia according to the DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria were selected for this study. After receiving the treatment, both users no longer met criteria for social phobia. Also, significant improvements were observed on other psychometric tests, including measures of unhelpful cognitions, behavioural avoidance, quality of life, and low mood. The quality of the interaction appeared to be similar to face-to-face therapy, indicating that the ‘computer psychologist’ established an effective therapeutic relationship, and the automated techniques used were sufficiently engaging to prompt users to log on regularly and complete the treatment program.
Iverach, L, Jones, M, O’Brian, S, Block, S, Lincoln, M, Harrison, E, Hewat, S, Cream, A, Menzies, RG, Packman, A & Onslow, M 2009, 'Corrigendum to “The relationship between mental health disorders and treatment outcomes among adults who stutter” [J. Fluency Disorders 34 (2009) 29–43]', Journal of Fluency Disorders, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 301-301.
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Iverach, L, Jones, M, O’Brian, S, Block, S, Lincoln, M, Harrison, E, Hewat, S, Cream, A, Menzies, RG, Packman, A & Onslow, M 2009, 'The relationship between mental health disorders and treatment outcomes among adults who stutter', Journal of Fluency Disorders, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 29-43.
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The ability to reduce stuttering in everyday speaking situations is the core component of the management plan of many who stutter. However, the ability to maintain the benefits of speech-restructuring treatment is known to be compromised, with only around a third of clients achieving this [Craig, A. R., & Hancock, K. (1995). Self-reported factors related to relapse following treatment for stuttering. Australian Journal of Human Communication Disorders, 23, 48-60; Martin, R. (1981). Introduction and perspective: Review of published research. In E. Boberg (Ed.), Maintenance of fluency. New York: Elsevier]. The aim of this study was to determine whether the presence of mental health disorders contributes to this failure to maintain fluency after treatment. Assessments for mental health disorders were conducted with 64 adults seeking speech-restructuring treatment for their stuttering. Stuttering frequency, self-rated stuttering severity and self-reported avoidance were measured before treatment, immediately after treatment and 6 months after treatment. Stuttering frequency and situation avoidance were significantly worse for those participants who had been identified as having mental health disorders. The only subgroup that maintained the benefits of the treatment for 6 months was the third of the participants without a mental health disorder. These results suggest that prognosis for the ability to maintain fluency after speech restructuring should be guarded for clients with mental health disorders. Further research is needed to determine the benefits of treating such disorders prior to, or in combination with, speech-restructuring. Educational objectives: The reader will (1) evaluate the impact of one or more mental health disorders on medium-term outcomes from speech-restructuring treatment for stuttering, (2) describe how this finding affects prognosis for certain groups of stuttering clients, (3) evaluate how these finding are consistent with estimates of post-...
Iverach, L, Jones, M, O’Brian, S, Block, S, Lincoln, M, Harrison, E, Hewat, S, Menzies, RG, Packman, A & Onslow, M 2009, 'Screening for personality disorders among adults seeking speech treatment for stuttering', Journal of Fluency Disorders, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 173-186.
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Stuttering is frequently associated with negative consequences which typically begin in early childhood. Despite this, no previous studies have investigated the presence of personality disorders among adults who stutter. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to screen for personality disorders among adults who stutter, and to compare these screening estimates with matched controls from a national population sample. Using a matched case-control design, participants were 94 adults seeking treatment for stuttering, 92 of whom completed the International Personality Disorders Examination Questionnaire (IPDEQ) as a first-stage screener, and 920 age- and gender-matched controls from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being (ANSMHWB). A conditional logistic regression model was used to estimate odds ratios for the primary outcome: first-stage presence of any personality disorder; as well as specific personality disorders. Based on first-stage screening, the presence of any personality disorder was significantly higher for adults in the stuttering group than matched controls, demonstrating almost threefold increased odds. This difference between groups remained significant for all specific personality disorders, with four- to sevenfold increased odds found for Dissocial, Anxious, Borderline, Dependent and Paranoid personality disorders, and two- to threefold increased odds found for Histrionic, Impulsive, Schizoid and Anankastic personality disorders. In conclusion, stuttering appears to be associated with a heightened risk for the development of personality disorders. These results highlight the need for research regarding the assessment and treatment of personality disorders among adults who stutter. Educational objectives: The reader will be able to: (1) describe the nature of personality disorders, including factors thought to contribute to their development; (2) identify some of the negative consequences associated with stuttering which...
Iverach, L, O’Brian, S, Jones, M, Block, S, Lincoln, M, Harrison, E, Hewat, S, Menzies, RG, Packman, A & Onslow, M 2009, 'Prevalence of anxiety disorders among adults seeking speech therapy for stuttering', Journal of Anxiety Disorders, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 928-934.
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The present study explored the prevalence of anxiety disorders among adults seeking speech therapy for stuttering. Employing a matched case-control design, participants included 92 adults seeking treatment for stuttering, and 920 age- and gender-matched controls from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-being. A conditional logistic regression model was used to estimate odds ratios for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) anxiety disorders. Compared with matched controls, the stuttering group had six- to seven-fold increased odds of meeting a 12-month diagnosis of any DSM-IV or ICD-10 anxiety disorder. In terms of 12-month prevalence, they also had 16- to 34-fold increased odds of meeting criteria for DSM-IV or ICD-10 social phobia, four-fold increased odds of meeting criteria for DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder, and six-fold increased odds of meeting criteria for ICD-10 panic disorder. Overall, stuttering appears to be associated with a dramatically heightened risk of a range of anxiety disorders. © 2009.
James Kehoe, E, Bednall, TC, Yin, L, Olsen, KN, Pitts, C, Henry, JD & Bailey, PE 2009, 'Training adult novices to use computers: Effects of different types of illustrations', Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 275-283.
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Jones, M, Dobson, A, Onslow, M & Carey, B 2009, 'Negative binomial mixed models for analysis of stuttering rates', Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, vol. 53, no. 12, pp. 4590-4600.
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Stuttering involves disruptions to normal verbal behavior. The rate that these disruptions occur within individuals who stutter varies across time and also with speaking situation. Therefore multiple samples of speech are commonly taken from individuals, in an attempt to obtain a realistic estimate of the severity of their condition. Stuttering rates are commonly reported as the proportion of syllables stuttered. Traditionally, general linear models have been used to analyze and compare stuttering rates. However, the distribution of this type of data is not normal, the duration of the individual speech samples is not usually taken into account, and repeated measurements on individuals are often aggregated prior to analysis. We propose that these issues can be resolved by using a negative binomial mixed model approach. In this paper, we argue why this is sensible and then show that the model is practical to implement, drawing on data from two randomized controlled trials of interventions for treatment of stuttering. We also show how to estimate sample size for our proposed model based on a negative binomial distribution. © 2009 Elsevier B.V.
Kelly, FS, Williams, KA & Benrimoj, SI 2009, 'Does Advice from Pharmacy Staff Vary According to the Nonprescription Medicine Requested?', ANNALS OF PHARMACOTHERAPY, vol. 43, no. 11, pp. 1877-1886.
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Background: Community Pharmacy Has Long Been Advocated As An Appropriate Gateway Of Supply For Nonprescription Medicines And Health-Related Advice. Consumers Sometimes Self-Treat The Symptoms Of Minor Illness, Yet There Is Conflicting Evidence Over Their
Keuter, EJW, Minderhoud, JM, Verhagen, AP, Valk, M & Rosenbrand, CJGMK 2009, '[The multidisciplinary guideline 'Diagnosis and treatment of people with whiplash-associated disorder I or II'].', Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd, vol. 153, p. B7.
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A multidisciplinary guideline for the intake and treatment of whiplash patients has been developed with regard to the impact of whiplash on public health and social security. This guideline is restricted to uncomplicated whiplash, which is defined as the sudden acceleration and deceleration of the skull with energy transfer to the neck without neurological sequelae or fractures. In whiplash victims who are not alert, have pain of the neck, diminished cervical mobility or pain on palpation of the cervical vertebrae, an X ray of the cervical spine should be carried out to exclude fractures. Following whiplash if complications have been excluded, active neck exercise treatment is the correct approach. The patient should start this as soon as possible. After uncomplicated whiplash, rest and immobilisation are undesirable.
Kneebone, II & Hull, SL 2009, 'Cognitive behaviour therapy for post-traumatic stress symptoms in the context of hydrocephalus: A single case', Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 86-97.
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Koushik, S, Shenker, R & Onslow, M 2009, 'Follow-up of 6–10-year-old stuttering children after Lidcombe Program treatment: A Phase I trial', Journal of Fluency Disorders, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 279-290.
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Purpose: This Phase I trial sought to establish (1) whether the Lidcombe Program is viable for school-age children, (2) whether there is any indication that it requires modification for school-age children, (3) whether treatment effects are durable, (4) how many treatment sessions appear to be required to significantly reduce stuttering frequency and (5) whether there is an association between follow-up period and relapse tendency. Method: Twelve children were treated, and one required an addition to the Lidcombe Program. The results for this child were excluded from group analysis, leaving a group of 6-10 year-olds. A retrospective method was used using routine pre-treatment clinic recordings. At follow-up, all children were telephoned and audio-recorded three times at random times during the day within a 7-10-day period. Results: A blinded observer's mean percent syllables stuttered score pre-treatment was 9.2 and 1.9 at follow-up. No association was found between follow-up period and stuttering rates. The mean syllables per minute score pre-treatment was 145.8 and 179.3 at follow-up. These results were attained in a median of eight clinic visits with a range of 6-10 visits. Conclusions: Procedurally, the Lidcombe Program is viable for school-age children and parents report enjoyment in administering it. There appears to be a treatment effect that can be attained in a reasonable number of clinical hours. These results compel continued exploration with young school-aged children in subsequent Phase II and III studies. Educational objectives: The reader will be able to: (1) summarize the status of clinical trials for stuttering school-age children, (2) describe the phases of clinical trial development, (3) evaluate outcomes the Lidcombe Program for a school-age population in terms of stuttering reduction and treatment time, (4) evaluate the suitability of the Lidcombe Program with population of school-age stuttering children, and (5) provide an interpretation of ...
Langevin, M, Kleitman, S, Packman, A & Onslow, M 2009, 'The Peer Attitudes Toward Children who Stutter (PATCS) scale: an evaluation of validity, reliability and the negativity of attitudes', International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 352-368.
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Background:Persistent calls for school‐based education about stuttering necessitate a better understanding of peer attitudes toward children who stutter and a means to measure outcomes of such educational interventions. Langevin and Hagler in2004developed the Peer Attitudes Toward Children who Stutter scale (PATCS) to address these needs and gave preliminary evidence of reliability and construct validity.Aims:To examine further the psychometric properties of PATCS and to examine the negativity of attitudes.Methods & Procedures:PATCS was administered to 760 Canadian children in grades 3–6. Measures included reliability, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), a known groups analysis, convergent validity with the Pro‐Victim Scale of Rigby and Slee, and the negativity of attitudes.Outcomes & Results:PATCS appears to tap a second‐order general attitude factor and three first‐order factors representing the constructs of Positive Social Distance (PSD), Social Pressure (SP), and Verbal Interaction (VI). In the known groups analysis, participants who had contact with someone who stutters had higher scores (more positive attitudes) than those who had not, and girls had higher scores than boys. PATCS correlated moderately (0.43,p<0.01) with the Pro‐Victim scale. Finally, one‐fifth (21.7%) of participants had scores that were somewhat to very negative.Conclusions & Implications:Results provide evidence of the validity and reliability of PATCS and confirm the need for school‐based education about stuttering. The PSD and SP factors suggest that education include discussions about (1) similarities and differences among children wh...
Langevin, M, Packman, A & Onslow, M 2009, 'Peer Responses to Stuttering in the Preschool Setting', American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 264-276.
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Purpose This study investigated peer responses to preschoolers' stuttering in preschool and sought to determine whether specific characteristics of participants' stuttering patterns elicited negative peer responses. Method Four outdoor free-play sessions of 4 preschoolers age 3–4 years who stutter were videotaped. Stutters were identified on transcripts of the play sessions. Peer responses to stuttered utterances were judged to be negative or neutral/positive. Thereafter, participants' stuttering behaviors, durations of stutters, and judgments of the meaningfulness of peer-directed stuttered utterances were analyzed. Results Between 71.4% and 100% of peer responses were judged to be neutral/positive. In the negative responses across 3 participants, peers were observed to react with confusion or to interrupt, mock, walk away from, or ignore the stuttered utterances. Utterances that elicited negative responses were typically meaningless and contained stutters that were behaviorally complex and/or of longer duration. Other social interaction difficulties also were observed—for example, difficulty leading peers in play, participating in pretend play, and resolving conflicts. Conclusions Results indicate that the majority of peer responses to stuttered utterances were neutral/positive; however, results also indicate that stuttering has the potential to elicit negative peer responses and affect other social interactions in preschool.
Logghe, I, Zeeuwe, P, Verhagen, A, Wijnen-Sponselee, R, Rademaker, A, Willemsen, S, Bierma-Zeinstra, S, van Rossum, E, Faber, M & Koes, B 2009, 'Tai Chi Chuan vermindert het valrisico van ouderen niet', Huisarts en Wetenschap, vol. 52, no. 11, pp. 536-541.
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Logghe, IHJ, Zeeuwe, PEM, Verhagen, AP, Wijnen‐Sponselee, RMT, Willemsen, SP, Bierma‐Zeinstra, SMA, Van Rossum, E, Faber, MJ & Koes, BW 2009, 'Lack of Effect of Tai Chi Chuan in Preventing Falls in Elderly People Living at Home: A Randomized Clinical Trial', Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 70-75.
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OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of Tai Chi Chuan in fall prevention in elderly people living at home with a high risk of falling.DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial.SETTING: Two industrial towns in the western part of the Netherlands.PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred sixty‐nine elderly people (average age 77) living at home with a high risk of falling.INTERVENTIONS: The intervention group received Tai Chi Chuan training for 1 hour twice a week for 13 weeks; the control group received usual care. Both groups received a brochure containing general information on how to prevent fall incidents.MEASUREMENTS: Primary outcome was the number of falls over 12 months. Secondary outcomes were balance, fear of falling, blood pressure, heart rate at rest, forced expiratory volume during the first second, peak expiratory flow, physical activity, and functional status.RESULTS: After 12 months, no lower fall risk in the Tai Chi Chuan group was observed than in the control group (adjusted hazard ratio=1.16; 95% confidence interval=0.84–1.60), and there were no significant intervention effects on the secondary outcome measures.CONCLUSION: These results suggest that Tai Chi Chuan may not be effective in elderly people at a high risk of falling who live at home.
Lovibond, PF, Mitchell, CJ, Minard, E, Brady, A & Menzies, RG 2009, 'Safety behaviours preserve threat beliefs: Protection from extinction of human fear conditioning by an avoidance response', Behaviour Research and Therapy, vol. 47, no. 8, pp. 716-720.
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A laboratory autonomic conditioning procedure was used to establish fear conditioning in human participants by pairing neutral stimuli with electric shock. Participants were also trained to make a button-press response to avoid shock. A target fear stimulus was then extinguished by presenting it without shock. The experimental group was given the opportunity to make the avoidance response during extinction whereas the control group was not. When the fear stimulus was tested without the response available, the control group showed normal extinction of both shock expectancy ratings and skin conductance responses, but the experimental group showed "protection from extinction": they continued to give high expectancy ratings and strong skin conductance responses. We interpret this effect as analogous to the role of within-situation safety behaviours in preserving threat beliefs during exposure therapy for anxiety disorders. The results support a cognitive account of learning and anxiety. The procedure provides a potential laboratory model for further examination of the cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying anxiety and its reduction. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Masilamani, K, Jolles, S, Huddart, S & Tuthill, DP 2009, 'Successful dietary treatment of recurrent intussusception', Archives of Disease in Childhood, vol. 94, no. 3, pp. 248-249.
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McDonald, JS, Seymour, KJ, Schira, MM, Spehar, B & Clifford, CWG 2009, 'Orientation-specific contextual modulation of the fMRI BOLD response to luminance and chromatic gratings in human visual cortex', Vision Research, vol. 49, no. 11, pp. 1397-1405.
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Menzies, RG, Onslow, M, Packman, A & O’Brian, S 2009, 'Cognitive behavior therapy for adults who stutter: A tutorial for speech-language pathologists', Journal of Fluency Disorders, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 187-200.
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This paper explores the relationships between anxiety and stuttering and provides an overview of cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) strategies that can be applied by speech-language pathologists. There is much support for the idea that adults who stutter (AWS) may need CBT. First, approximately 50% of AWS may be suffering from social anxiety disorder. A difficult developmental history marked by problematic peer relationships and bullying may contribute to this. Stereotypes in the general community lead AWS to have occasional experiences that confirm their fears of negative evaluation. This can leave AWS with significant social and occupational avoidance and can impact on their quality of life. Second, in a recent large study of behavioral treatment for AWS, participants who had a mental health disorder, including social anxiety, failed to maintain the benefits of treatment. Available evidence supports the contention that CBT can effectively decrease anxiety and social avoidance, and increase engagement in everyday speaking situations for AWS. The components of CBT presented here are drawn from a model widely used in clinical psychology, and existing supportive data reviewed. Worksheets for speech-language pathologists undertaking CBT in this population are provided. CBT procedures, in their essentials, are straightforward to implement. Hence, the present authors suggest that speech-language pathologists who have had training in conducting CBT should be able to apply the techniques described in this paper. Educational objectives: The reader will be able to explain: (1) the relation between stuttering and anxiety; (2) the nature of Social Anxiety Disorder; (3) why those who stutter are often diagnosed with Social Anxiety Disorder; (4) the four components of cognitive behavior therapy; (5) how cognitive behavior therapy is adapted for the management of speech-related anxiety in those who stutter. © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Reilly, S, Onslow, M, Packman, A, Wake, M, Bavin, EL, Prior, M, Eadie, P, Cini, E, Bolzonello, C & Ukoumunne, OC 2009, 'Predicting Stuttering Onset by the Age of 3 Years: A Prospective, Community Cohort Study', Pediatrics, vol. 123, no. 1, pp. 270-277.
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OBJECTIVES. Our goals were to document (1) the onset of stuttering and (2) whether specific child, family, or environmental factors predict stuttering onset in children aged up to 3 years. METHODS. Participants included a community-ascertained cohort of 1619 2-year-old Australian children recruited at 8 months of age to study the longitudinal development of early language. The main outcome measure was parental telephone report of stuttering onset, verified by face-to-face expert diagnosis. Preonset continuous measures of the child's temperament (approach/withdrawal) and language development were available. Information on a range of predictor measures hypothesized to be associated with stuttering onset was obtained (maternal mental health and education levels, gender, premature birth status, birth weight, birth order, twinning, socioeconomic status, family history of stuttering). RESULTS. By 3 years of age, the cumulative incidence of stuttering onset was 8.5%. Onset often occurred suddenly over 1 to 3 days (49.6%) and involved the use of word combinations (97.1%). Children who stuttered were not more shy or withdrawn. Male gender, twin birth status, higher vocabulary scores at 2 years of age, and high maternal education were associated with stuttering onset. The multivariable model, however, had low predictive strength; just 3.7% of the total variation in stuttering onset was accounted for. CONCLUSIONS. The cumulative incidence of stuttering onset was much higher than reported previously. The hypothesized risk factors for stuttering onset together explained little of the variation in stuttering onset up to 3 years of age. Early onset was not associated with language delay, social and environmental factors, or preonset shyness/withdrawal. Health professionals can reassure parents that onset is not unusual up to 3 years of age and seems to be associated...
Roberts, TV, Hodge, C, Graham, SL, Burlutsky, G & Mitchell, P 2009, 'Prevalence of Nocturnal Oxygen Desaturation and Self-reported Sleep-disordered Breathing in Glaucoma', Journal of Glaucoma, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 114-118.
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PURPOSE: To evaluate the prevalence of nocturnal oxygen desaturation and sleep-disordered breathing symptoms within a glaucoma population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred and twelve subjects (glaucoma=52, control=60) aged between 45 and 80 years were recruited for the study. Clinical assessment included overnight ambulatory pulse oximetry monitoring and administration of a self-reported sleep-disordered breathing questionnaire. RESULTS: There were no differences in age, sex, body mass index, or prevalence of systemic hypertension between the groups. The mean oxygen desaturation index of the glaucoma group (8.6) did not differ significantly from that of the control group (9.6) (P=0.715). The prevalence of moderate to severe respiratory dysfunction (oxygen desaturation index >20) in the glaucoma group (17%) was similar to that in the control group (12%) (P=0.463). The severity of sleep-disordered breathing symptoms was similar between the groups (P=0.157). CONCLUSIONS: No statistically significant association was found between glaucoma and either nocturnal oxygen desaturation or sleep-disordered breathing. Although this study cannot exclude the possibility of either impaired optic nerve head autoregulation or hypoxic damage occurring secondary to sleep apnea syndrome, the findings do not support the routine use of pulse oximetry in the workup of individuals with glaucoma. © 2009 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.
Schellingerhout, J, Verhagen, A, Heymans, M, Pool, J, Vonk, F, Koes, B & de Vet, H 2009, 'Een beslismodel voor aspecifieke nekpijn', Huisarts en Wetenschap, vol. 52, no. 8, pp. 384-390.
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Schellingerhout, JM, Heymans, MW, de Vet, HCW, Koes, BW & Verhagen, AP 2009, 'Categorizing continuous variables resulted in different predictors in a prognostic model for nonspecific neck pain', Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, vol. 62, no. 8, pp. 868-874.
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Schindeler, SK, Muscatello, DJ, Ferson, MJ, Rogers, KD, Grant, P & Churches, T 2009, 'Evaluation of alternative respiratory syndromes for specific syndromic surveillance of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus: a time series analysis', BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES, vol. 9.
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Background: Syndromic surveillance is increasingly being evaluated for its potential for early warning of increased disease activity in the population. However, interpretation is hampered by the difficulty of attributing a causative pathogen. We described the temporal relationship between laboratory counts of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) detection and alternative groupings of Emergency Department (ED) respiratory diagnoses. Methods: ED and laboratory data were obtained for the south-eastern area of Sydney, NSW for the period 1 June 2001 - 1 December 2006. Counts of ED visits and laboratory confirmed positive RSV and influenza cases were aggregated by week. Semi-parametric generalized additive models (GAM) were used to determine the association between the incidence of RSV and influenza and the incidence of respiratory syndrome ED presentations while controlling for temporal confounders. Results: For every additional RSV laboratory count, ED diagnoses of bronchiolitis increased by 3.1% (95%CI: 2.7%-3.5%) in the same week. For every additional influenza laboratory count, ED diagnoses of influenza-like illness increased by 4.7% (95%CI: 4.2%-5.2%) one week earlier. Conclusion: In this study, large increases in ED diagnoses of bronchiolitis and influenza-like illness were independent and proxy indicators for RSV and influenza activity, respectively. © 2009 Schindeler et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
Seymour, K, Clifford, CWG, Logothetis, NK & Bartels, A 2009, 'The Coding of Color, Motion, and Their Conjunction in the Human Visual Cortex', Current Biology, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 177-183.
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Seymour, KJ, Scott McDonald, J & Clifford, CWG 2009, 'Failure of colour and contrast polarity identification at threshold for detection of motion and global form', Vision Research, vol. 49, no. 12, pp. 1592-1598.
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Sitharthan, G, Sitharthan, T & Hough, MJ 2009, 'Alcohol versus placebo drinks in reducing feelings of sadness: Pilot study', Australian Psychologist, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 248-252.
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Spencer, E, Packman, A, Onslow, M & Ferguson, A 2009, 'The effect of stuttering on communication: A preliminary investigation', Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 473-488.
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This paper describes a study in which Systemic Functional Linguistics was applied to describe how people who stutter use language. The aim of the study was to determine and describe any differences in language use between a group of 10 adults who stutter and 10 matched normally-fluent speakers. In addition to formal linguistic analyses, analyses drawn from Systemic Functional Linguistics were used to further investigate the expression of both syntactic and semantic complexity. The findings from this study replicated previous findings of Packman et al. in which they found that the language used by people who stutter was significantly less complex than the control group. Another major finding was that adults who stuttered used the linguistic resource of modality significantly less than the normally-fluent matched peers. The implications these strategies have on communication and social participation will be discussed.
St Clare, T, Menzies, RG, Onslow, M, Packman, A, Thompson, R & Block, S 2009, 'Unhelpful thoughts and beliefs linked to social anxiety in stuttering: development of a measure', International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 338-351.
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Background: Those who stutter have a proclivity to social anxiety. Yet, to date, there is no comprehensive measure of thoughts and beliefs about stuttering that represent the cognitions associated with that anxiety.Aims: The present paper describes the development of a measure to assess unhelpful thoughts and beliefs about stuttering.Methods & Procedures: The Unhelpful Thoughts and Beliefs about Stuttering (UTBAS) self‐report measure contains 66 items that assess the frequency of unhelpful thoughts and beliefs. Items were constructed from a comprehensive file audit of all stuttering cases seen in a cognitive–behavior therapy based treatment programme over a ten‐year period.Outcomes & Results: Preliminary investigations indicate that the UTBAS has high levels of test–retest reliability (r = 0.89) and internal consistency (Chronbach's alpha = 0.98). It has good known‐groups validity, being able to discriminate between stuttering and non‐stuttering participants on items that contain no reference to stuttering [t(38) = 8.06, p<0.0001], with a large effect size (d = 2.3). It has good convergent validity (r = 0.53–0.72) and discriminant validity (r = 0.24–0.27). The UTBAS sensitivity to change was supported by improvements in thoughts and beliefs related to social anxiety following cognitive–behavioural treatment for anxiety in stuttering [t(25) = 10.13, p<0.0001]. The effect size was large (d = 2.5).Conclusions & Implications: Implications for the use of the UTBAS as an outcome measure and a cli...
Starcevic, V, Berle, D, Fenech, P, Milicevic, D, Lamplugh, C & Hannan, A 2009, 'Distinctiveness of Perceived Health in Panic Disorder and Relation to Panic Disorder Severity', Cognitive Therapy and Research, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 323-333.
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Stubbs, PW & Mrachacz-Kersting, N 2009, 'Short-Latency Crossed Inhibitory Responses in the Human Soleus Muscle', Journal of Neurophysiology, vol. 102, no. 6, pp. 3596-3605.
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Even though interlimb coordination is critical in bipedal locomotion, the role of muscle afferent mediated feedback is unknown. The aim of this study was to establish if ipsilateral muscle generated afferent feedback can influence contralateral muscle activation patterns in the human lower limb and to elucidate the mechanisms involved. The effect of ipsilateral tibial nerve stimulation on contralateral soleus (cSOL) responses were quantified. Three interventions were investigated, 1) electrical stimulation applied to the tibial nerve at stimulation intensities from 0 to 100% of maximal M-wave (M-max) with the cSOL contracted from 5 to 15% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and 15 to 30% MVC, 2) ispsilateral tibial nerve stimulation at 75% M-max prior to, during, and following the application of ischemia to the ipsilateral thigh. 3) Electrical stimulation applied to the ipsilateral sural (SuN) and medial plantar nerves at stimulation intensities from 1 to 3 times perceptual threshold. A short-latency depression in the cSOL electromyogram (EMG; onset: 37–41 ms) was observed following ipsilateral tibial nerve stimulation. The magnitude of this depression increased ( P = 0.0005 and P = 0.000001) with increasing stimulus intensities. Ischemia delayed the time of the minimum of the cSOL depression ( P = 0.04). SuN and medial plantar nerve stimulation evoked a longer latency depression [average; 91.2 ms (SuN); 142 ms (medial plantar nerve)] and therefore do not contribute to the response. This is the first study to demonstrate a short-latency depression in the cSOL following ipsilateral tibial nerve stimulation. Due to its short latency, the response is spinally mediated. The involvement of crossed spinal interneurons receiving input from low-threshold muscle afferents is discussed.
Taylor, SJ, Maharaj, P, Williams, K & Sheldrake, C 2009, 'Pharmacy students' intention to practise in a rural setting: Measuring the impact of a rural curriculum, rural campus and rural placement on a predominantly metropolitan student cohort', Australian Journal of Rural Health, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 305-309.
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AbstractObjective: To compare pharmacy students' intention to practise in a rural setting expressed in their first year of university with that expressed during their final year. Design: Longitudinal survey of students in their first and final years. Setting: Tertiary educational institution. Participants: Predominantly metropolitan pharmacy students. Interventions: Students were exposed to a rural curriculum, rural campus and rural placement or rural placement alone during their degree. Main outcome measure: Change in proportion of students expressing an intention to practise in a rural setting following registration. Results: The proportion of respondents who indicated an intention to practise in a rural setting was 21.6% (27/125) in 2006 compared with 11.2% (14/125) in 2003. This was a statistically significant increase of 10.4% (P = 0.001) over the four years. Positive influences on students' intention to practise in a rural setting were: rural background (P = 0.012); rural placement (either two weeks or 12 weeks) (P = 0.002); having been enrolled in the BPharm (Rural) (P = 0.001).Conclusions: This study confirmed the work of others in that the students most likely to express an intention to practise in a rural setting were those from a rural background who elected to undertake and complete a rural d...
Togher, L, McDonald, S, Tate, R, Power, E & Rietdijk, R 2009, 'Training Communication Partners of People With Traumatic Brain Injury: Reporting the Protocol for a Clinical Trial', Brain Impairment, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 188-204.
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AbstractThis article reports on the design of a three-arm, nonrandomised controlled trial of interventions targeting social communication skills following traumatic brain injury (TBI) in adult participants. People with severe TBI were allocated to one of the three groups: the TBI group, where only the person with TBI was trained, the JOINT group where both the everyday communication partner (ECP) and the person with TBI were trained together, and a delayed treatment control condition. The trial is comparing whether including everyday communication partners in the training process provide additional benefit when compared to training the person with TBI alone; and additionally, whether training the person with TBI alone is more effective than no training. A range of primary and secondary outcome measures will be used to evaluate outcomes. Publishing the protocol prior to the results of the trial being available has several important benefits (Godlee, 2001). The original hypotheses and intentions of the research are made explicit to ensure that the process of conducting this clinical trial is transparent to readers, and so that comments may be made before results are finalised. It provides the opportunity to outline a detailed description of this intervention and methodology, or to acknowledge changes to methodology, which may assist with eventual clinical application of the intervention. This article also informs the research community of the work that is underway to promote opportunities for collaboration and reduce unnecessary duplication of research. The protocol for this trial has previously been registered on Current Controlled Trials (http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN57815281).
Trajkovski, N, Andrews, C, Onslow, M, Packman, A, O’Brian, S & Menzies, R 2009, 'Using syllable-timed speech to treat preschool children who stutter: A multiple baseline experiment', Journal of Fluency Disorders, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 1-10.
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This report presents the results of an experimental investigation of the effects of a syllable-timed speech treatment on three stuttering preschool children. Syllable-timed speech involves speaking with minimal differentiation in linguistic stress across syllables. Three children were studied in a multiple baseline across participants design, with percent syllables stuttered (%SS) as the dependent variable. In the week following the initial clinic visit, each child decreased their beyond-clinic stuttering by 40%, 49% and 32%, respectively. These reductions are only evident in the time series after the introduction of the syllable-timed speech treatment procedure. Participants required a mean of six clinic visits, of approximately 30-60 min in duration, to reach and sustain a beyond-clinic %SS below 1.0. The results suggest that clinical trials of the treatment are warranted. Educational objectives: The reader will be able to summarize, discuss and evaluate: (1) The nature, impact and treatment options available for early stuttering. (2) The syllable-timed speech treatment protocol administered. (3) The advantages of syllable-timed speech treatment for early stuttering. (4) The questions that further research needs to answer about the syllable-timed speech treatment. © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Vassallo, S, Cooper, SL & Douglas, JM 2009, 'Visual scanning in the recognition of facial affect: Is there an observer sex difference?', Journal of Vision, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 11-11.
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Verhagen, AP, Damen, L, Berger, MY, Passchier, J & Koes, BW 2009, 'Behavioral Treatments of Chronic Tension‐Type Headache in Adults: Are They Beneficial?', CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 183-205.
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To assess the efficacy of behavioral treatments in patients with tension headache. Medline, Cinahl, EMBASE, and the Cochrane library were searched from inception to October 2007 and reference lists were checked. We selected randomized trials evaluating behavioral treatments (e.g., relaxation, electromyographic [EMG] biofeedback, and cognitive behavioral training) in patients with tension‐type headache (TTH). We assessed the risk of bias using the Delphi list and extracted data from the original reports. A qualitative analysis was carried out. We found 44 trials (2618 patients), which were included in this review, of which only 5 studies (11.4%) were considered to have low risk of bias. Most trials lacked adequate power to show statistical significant differences, but frequently, recovery/improvement rates did not reach clinical relevance. In 8 studies, relaxation treatment was compared with waiting list conditions, and in 11 studies, biofeedback was compared with waiting list conditions, both showing inconsistent results. On the basis of the available literature, we found no indications that relaxation, EMG biofeedback, or cognitive behavioral treatment is better than no treatment, waiting list, or placebo controls.
Verhagen, AP, Karels, CC, Bierma-Zeinstra, SMA, Burdorf, LL, Feleus, A, Dahaghin, SSD, de Vet, HCW & Koes, BW 2009, 'Ergonomic and physiotherapeutic interventions for treating work-related complaints of the arm, neck or shoulder in adults', Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, vol. 2010, no. 1.
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Verhagen, AP, van Ruiven, S & Thomas, S 2009, '[Diagnosis and treatment of neck pain].', Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd, vol. 153, no. 12, pp. 558-561.
Verna, A, Davidson, B & Rose, T 2009, 'Speech-language pathology services for people with aphasia: A survey of current practice in Australia', International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 191-205.
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Vonk, F, Pool, JJM, Ostelo, RWJG & Verhagen, AP 2009, 'Physiotherapists' treatment approach towards neck pain and the influence of a behavioural graded activity training: An exploratory study', Manual Therapy, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 131-137.
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Vonk, F, Verhagen, AP, Twisk, JW, Köke, AJA, Luiten, MWCT & Koes, BW 2009, 'Effectiveness of a behaviour graded activity program versus conventional exercise for chronic neck pain patients', European Journal of Pain, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 533-541.
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ABSTRACTChronic neck pain is a common complaint in the Netherlands with a point prevalence of 14.3%. Patients with chronic neck pain are often referred to physiotherapy and, nowadays, are mostly treated with exercise therapy. It is, however, unclear which type of exercise therapy is to be preferred. Therefore, this study evaluates the effectiveness of behaviour graded activity (BGA) compared with conventional exercise (CE) for patients with chronic neck pain.Eligible patients with non‐specific chronic neck were randomly allocated to either BGA or CE. Primary treatment outcome is the patient's global perceived effect concerning recovery from complaint and daily functioning. Outcome assessment was performed at baseline, and at 4, 9, 26, and 52 weeks after randomization. Effectiveness was examined with general estimating equations analyses.Baseline demographics and patient characteristics were well balanced between the two groups. Mean age was 45.7 (SD 12.4) years and the median duration of complaints was 60 months. The mean number of treatments was 6.6 (SD 3.0) in BGA and 11.2 (SD 4.1) in CE. No significant differences between treatments were found in their effectiveness of managing patients with chronic neck pain. In both BGA and CE some patients reported recovery from complaints and daily function but the proportion of recovered patients did not exceed 50% during the 12‐month follow‐up period. Both groups showed clinically relevant improvements in physical secondary outcomes. International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number: ISRCTN88733332.
Vos, CJ, Verhagen, AP & Koes, BW 2009, 'The Ability of the Acute Low Back Pain Screening Questionnaire to Predict Sick Leave in Patients With Acute Neck Pain', Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 178-183.
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White, FA, Wootton, B, Man, J, Diaz, H, Rasiah, J, Swift, E & Wilkinson, A 2009, 'Adolescent racial prejudice development: The role of friendship quality and interracial contact', International Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 524-534.
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Williams, K 2009, 'Strategies to reduce the impact of osteoarthritis', Australian Journal of Pharmacy, vol. 90, no. 1067, pp. 71-73.
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Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic progressive disease of the synovial joints, characterised by destruction of joint cartilage leading to eventual joint destruction. It is the most common form of arthritis and a major cause of chronic pain and disability. 1 As there is currently no cure for OA, management is focused on reducing pain, maintaining or improving function and mobility of affected joints, and increasing the quality of life of the patien
