Attanasio, JS, Onslow, M & Menzies, R 1996, 'Australian and United States Perspectives on Stuttering in Preschool Children', Australian Journal of Human Communication Disorders, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 55-61.
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Freeman, AW, Nguyen, VA & Jolly, N 1996, 'Components of visual acuity loss in strabismus', Vision Research, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 765-774.
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Harris, LM & Menzies, RG 1996, 'Origins of specific fears: A comparison of associative and nonassociative accounts', Anxiety, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 248-250.
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Jones, MK, Whitmont, S & Menzies, RG 1996, 'Danger expectancies and insight in spider phobia', Anxiety, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 179-185.
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Differences between phobic and normal subject perceptions of danger were examined. Nineteen spider-fearful subjects and a matched set of controls gave danger ratings before and during a spider-avoidance test. When detached from the phobic stimulus, spider-fearful subjects: (1) gave higher estimates of the probability of being bitten than did controls, (2) gave higher estimates of the injuries that would result from being bitten, and (3) believed their high levels of anticipated anxiety were more reasonable and appropriate to the demands of the situation than did controls. These findings are inconsistent with both the traditional account and Beck and Emery's (1985) more recent view that, when detached from the phobic situation, patients can accurately evaluate the danger of potential phobic encounters. The present results question the view that phobic individuals have complete insight into the inappropriateness of their own distress © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Lincoln, M, Onslow, M & Menzies, RG 1996, 'Beliefs about Stuttering and Anxiety: Research and Clinical Implications', Australian Journal of Human Communication Disorders, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 3-10.
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Lincoln, M, Onslow, M, Lewis, C & Wilson, L 1996, 'A Clinical Trial of an Operant Treatment for School-Age Children Who Stutter', American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 73-85.
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The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effectiveness of a nonprogrammed, operant treatment for school-age children who stutter. The treatment was administered by clinicians and parents to 11 children between the ages of 7 and 12 years. A median of 12 one-hour treatment sessions was required to achieve less than 1.5% syllables stuttered during within-clinic and beyond-clinic speaking situations. The children’s speech was assessed in three everyday speaking situations over a 12-month post-treatment period. All children maintained decreased stuttering rates at 12 months post-treatment. In addition, surveys found that parents were “satisfied” or “very satisfied” with their children’s speech post-treatment. These results suggest that a nonprogrammed operant treatment for stuttering may be effective with school-age children who stutter.
Menzies, RG 1996, 'Individual response patterns and treatment matching in the phobic disorders: A review', British Journal of Clinical Psychology, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 1-10.
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Studies using response profile treatment matching in the phobic disorders are reviewed. It is argued that the research effort to date is plagued by a multitude of methodological problems which bring into question the validity of the major findings. While there have clearly been some encouraging data, too many inconsistent results exist to offer unqualified endorsement of the procedure. At this point, the optimum strategy for clinicians would appear to involve the inclusion of a treatment component consistent with the dominant response system of the individual patient, but not at the expense of well‐established procedures (e.g. graduated in vivo exposure).
Menzies, RG 1996, 'The origins of specific phobias in a mixed clinical sample: Classificatory differences between two origins instruments', Journal of Anxiety Disorders, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 347-354.
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The origins of 41 cases of specific phobia at an outpatient anxiety clinic were investigated. All subjects completed Menzies and Clarke's Origins Questionnaire (OQ) and Ost and Hugdahl's Phobic Origins Questionnaire (POQ). Results for the individual questionnaires were similar to those reported in previous studies. However, a comparison of assignments to origin categories for the two questionnaires showed widely discrepant results. The POQ returned 20 positive responses for classical conditioning, the OQ only 4. By contrast the OQ returned 11 origins as 'non-conditioning traumatic event,' all of which returned positive responses for classical conditioning on the POQ. A further 18 subjects on the OQ were categorized as 'always been this way,' the preponderance of these being classified as vicarious or mixed pathway in origin on the POQ. The POQ does not have questions or categories for the nonassociative acquisition of phobias. Other difficulties in the interpretation of POQ-based results are described. It is suggested that use of the POQ in the past has led to a substantial overestimate of frequency of direct conditioning events in onset of the phobic disorders.
Onslow, M, Costa, L, Andrews, C, Harrison, E & Packman, A 1996, 'Speech Outcomes of a Prolonged-Speech Treatment for Stuttering', Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 734-749.
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It has been shown that people who stutter can speak with greatly reduced stuttering after treatments that use variations of Goldiamond's (1965) prolonged-speech (PS). However, outcome research to date has not taken account of several important issues. In particular, speech outcome measures in that research have been insufficient to show that lasting relief from stuttering has been achieved by clients outside the clinic for meaningful periods. The present study used extensive speech outcome measures across a variety of situations in evaluating the outcome of an intensive PS treatment (Ingham, 1987). The speech of 12 clients in this treatment was assessed on three occasions prior to treatment and frequently—on eight occasions—after discharge from the residential setting. For 7 clients, a further assessment occurred at 3 years posttreatment. Concurrent dependent measures were percent syllables stuttered, syllables per minute, and speech naturalness. The dependent measures were collected in many speaking situations within and beyond the clinic. Dependent measures were based on speech samples of substantive duration, and covert assessments were included in the study. Detailed data were presented for individual subjects. Results showed that 12 subjects who remained with the entire 2-3-year program achieved zero or near-zero stuttering. The majority of subjects did not show a regression trend in %SS or speech naturalness scores during the posttreatment period, either within or beyond the clinic. Some subjects showed higher posttreatment %SS scores during covert assessment than during overt assessment. Results also showed that stuttering was eliminated without using unusually slow and unnatural speech patterns. This treatment program does not specify a target speech rate range, and many clients maintained stutter-free speech using speech rates that were higher than the range typically specified in intensive PS programs. A significant correlation was fou...
Packman, A & Onslow, M 1996, 'Linguistic perspectives on stuttering', Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 167-168.
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Packman, A, Onslow, M, Richard, F & Doorn, JV 1996, 'Syllabic stress and variability: A model of stuttering', Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 235-263.
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Wingate suggested that prosody has an important role in stuttering, particularly in treatment for the disorder. Results of recent research by the authors indicate that alteration of one aspect of prosody, namely syllabic stress, is a feature of some behavioural stuttering treatments and that this may contribute to stuttering reduction. It is thought that people who stutter have unstable speech systems that may be disrupted by variability, and it is suggested that the production of stress contrasts is a source of such variability. We present a model that suggests that stuttering decreases when people who stutter decrease the variability with which they typically produce syllabic stress. As well as explaining the role of syllabic stress in stuttering reduction, the model implies that the development of variable stress induces stuttering in those children whose motor systems are susceptible to variability. The model also explains some of the phenomenology of stuttering and challenges some long-held beliefs about the disorder.
Scholz, J, Steinfath, M & Schulz, M 1996, 'Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Alfentanil, Fentanyl and Sufentanil', Clinical Pharmacokinetics, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 275-292.
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Verhagen, AP, Lanser, K, de Bie, RA & de Vet, HC 1996, 'Whiplash: assessing the validity of diagnostic tests in a cervical sensory disturbance.', J Manipulative Physiol Ther, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 508-512.
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OBJECTIVE: To determine the ability of two diagnostic tests that examine sensory disturbance in whiplash patients to discriminate between 'extreme' groups. BACKGROUND: The neuromuscular theories have been accepted as explanations of the symptoms after a whiplash injury. Dutch manual therapists often use the diagnostic tests under study to diagnose and treat sensory disturbances after such an injury. The validity of a test needs to be assessed before its efficacy as a treatment in whiplash patients can be tested. The aim of this study was to validate two diagnostic tests and to initiate further research on the efficacy of a treatment of a sensory disturbance in whiplash patients. METHOD: Twelve subjects with chronic symptoms (> 3 months) after a whiplash injury (patient group) and 18 subjects without any head or neck problems (control group) were studied. The tests under study were the extension test and the coordination test. All researchers were blind to the characteristics of the subjects. RESULTS: The extension test and the coordination test were able to discriminate adequately between subjects with symptoms after a whiplash injury (patients) and subjects without any head or neck complaints (control subjects). Patients clearly show a smaller degree of extension compared with the control subjects and an increase of extension movement with external fixation. The sensitivity as well as the specificity of the coordination test were good (both > .80). CONCLUSION: These diagnostic tests seemed to be valid instruments for discriminating between whiplash patients with symptoms and healthy people.
Walker, WA, Evans, BJ, Pate, JW, Weiman, DS & Riddle, JC 1996, 'Coronary operations in patients with spinal cord injury', The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 789-794.
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WEIMAN, DS, WALKER, WA, BROSNAN, KM, PATE, JW & FABIAN, TC 1996, 'Combined Tracheal and Esophageal Trauma From Gunshot Wounds', Southern Medical Journal, vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 208-211.
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Williams, K & Benrimoj, SI 1996, 'Pharmacoepidemiological studies of non-prescription products', Australian Journal of Pharmacy, vol. 77, pp. 184-184.
