Aitken, MJ & Wood, RE 1989, 'Employee Stock Ownership Plans: Issues and Evidence', Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 147-168.
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Employee stock ownership schemes have been gaining increased attention in Australia. Recent statements by the opposition federal coalition concerning their industrial relations policy, as well as initiatives by the employee ownership lobby, have contributed to the re-emergence of the idea of employee owned or managed business enterprises as a viable form of organization. However, unlike the situation in countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom, the taxation laws in Australia do not provide any real financial advantages for either sponsoring companies or participating employees. A review of analytical models shows that employee stock ownership plans are hypothesized to affect the motivational states, morale and job effort of participating employees and that these effects are expected to lead to improvements in organizational performance and reductions in absenteeism, turnover and grievances. Available evidence, from a variety of countries, shows only limited support for the hypothesized motivational and organizational performance effects. The implications for the adoption of employee stock ownership plans by Australian organizations are discussed. © 1989, Sage Publications. All rights reserved.
Apps, P & Savage, EJ 1989, 'Labour supply, welfare rankings and the measurement of inequality', Journal Of Public Economics, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 335-364.
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This paper presents an analysis of inequality using utility-based measures of welfare derived from different approaches to modelling household labour supplies. The almost Ideal Demand System specification of preferences is selected for the estimation of a neoclassical household model and of individual decision models which incorporate different assumptions concerning the intra-household distribution of income using the Rosen (1976) tax perception methodology. The study also explores the implications of a model which does not constrain time at home to leisure. Welfare rankings and inequality measures defined on equivalent income are compared for each type of model. The analysis uses Australian unit record data on 3,352 households drawn from the Australian Bureau of Statistics 1981-82 Income and Housing Sample Survey file. The results indicate the sensitivity of welfare orderings and inequality measures to the choice of decision model and to the specification of lump-sum transfers between family members. A comparative study of equivalent incomes and selected money income variables also illustrates the limitations of observed household and individual incomes as welfare indicators for the analysis of inequality and for policy design
ARRINGTON, CE & FRANCIS, JR 1989, 'LETTING THE CHAT OUT OF THE BAG - DECONSTRUCTION, PRIVILEGE AND ACCOUNTING RESEARCH', ACCOUNTING ORGANIZATIONS AND SOCIETY, vol. 14, no. 1-2, pp. 1-28.
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BANDURA, A & WOOD, R 1989, 'EFFECT OF PERCEIVED CONTROLLABILITY AND PERFORMANCE STANDARDS ON SELF-REGULATION OF COMPLEX DECISION-MAKING', JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 805-814.
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Baxter, J, Boreham, P, Clegg, SR, Emmison, J, Gibson, DM, Marks, GM, Western, J & Western, M 1989, 'The Australian Class-structure - Some Preliminary-results From The Australian Class Project', Australian And New Zealand Journal Of Sociology, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 100-120.
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This paper describes the class structure of the Australian workforce in terms of the theoretical approaches developed by Erik Olin Wright. The two class profiles presented and discussed are Wright's contradictory class location schema and his second schema based on the exploitation of assets. The distributions of class according to occupational group, gender and age are also discussed
Boreham, P, Clegg, SR, Emmison, J, Marks, GM & Western, J 1989, 'Semi-peripheries Or Particular Pathways - The Case Of Australia, New-zealand And Canada As Class Formations', International Sociology, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 67-90.
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CHUA, WF & CLEGG, S 1989, 'CONTRADICTORY COUPLINGS - PROFESSIONAL IDEOLOGY IN THE ORGANIZATIONAL LOCALES OF NURSE TRAINING', JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 103-127.
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Clegg, SR 1989, 'Radical revisions: Power, discipline And organizations', Organization Studies, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 97-115.
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CLEGG, SR 1989, 'THE END OF ORGANIZED CAPITALISM - LASH,S, URRY,J', CONTEMPORARY SOCIOLOGY-A JOURNAL OF REVIEWS, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 48-49.
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CLEGG, SR & HIGGINS, W 1989, 'BETTER EXPERT THAN ORTHODOX - REPLY', ORGANIZATION STUDIES, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 253-258.
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Dowling, GR & Cooper, JA 1989, 'Simulating the life cycles of products and services', Behavioral Science, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 291-304.
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Dwyer, L 1989, 'Proficiency of New Product Development Activities in U.K. Manufacturing Firms', Management Research News, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 22-25.
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Dwyer, L 1989, 'Proficiency of New Product Development Activities in UK Manufacturing Firms', Management Research News, vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 19-22.
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Dwyer, L 1989, 'The impact of the 150 per cent tax concession for industrial research and development in australia — a preliminary assessment', Prometheus, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 316-332.
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The paper has two main objectives. First, it provides the background and rationale for Australia’s introduction of the 150 per cent tax concession for IR&D in order to appreciate some of the problems of its implementation. Secondly, it assesses the effectiveness of the concession in promoting IR&D. The latter requires estimation of the impact of the concession on the user cost of IR&D and the responsiveness of the demand for IR&D to changes in its user cost. © 1989, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.
Earley, PC 1989, 'Social Loafing and Collectivism: A Comparison of the United States and the People's Republic of China', Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 565-565.
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Earley, PC & Stubblebine, P 1989, 'Intercultural Assessment of Performance Feedback', Group & Organization Management, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 161-181.
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A field study was conducted in the United States (n = 269) and England (n = 254) to identify key characteristics of feedback and culture in determining an individual's performance. Relevant hypotheses were tested using hierarchical regression analyses conducted on survey data collected in each country from production workers. The results demonstrate that feedback is more strongly related to the performances of American than English production workers. Indirect support for the moderating influence of the cultural dimensions of uncertainty avoidance and power distance in the relation of supervisor-provided feedback to performance was also demonstrated. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for the use of feedback in multicultural settings. © 1989, Sage Publications. All rights reserved.
Earley, PC, Connolly, T & Ekegren, G 1989, 'Goals, Strategy Development, and Task Performance: Some Limits on the Efficacy of Goal Setting', Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 24-33.
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Specific, difficult goals enhance performance in many tasks. We hypothesize, however, that this effect disappears or reverses for novel tasks that allow multiple alternative strategies. We report findings from three laboratory experiments using a stock market prediction task with these characteristics. In the first study, 34 students made predictions concerning the value of 100 companies' stock based on three manipulated cues after receiving either a "do your best" or a specific, difficult goal (come within $10 of the actual stock price) concerning the accuracy of their predictions. In the second study, 88 students making stock market predictions received one of the following goals: do your best, specific-easy (come within $30), specific-moderate (come within $20), specific-hard (come within $10), or a tapering, specific goal (decreasing from $30 to $10 in $5 increments every 20 predictions). Finally, the third study (n = 30) replicated the first study by using a different prediction algorithm for the stock market simulation. The results of repeated measures multivariate analyses of variance conducted on indexes of prediction accuracy and predictor weightings supported the hypothesis that specific, difficult goals (prediction accuracy) increase an individual's strategy search activity and reduce prediction accuracy for the stock predictions.
Earley, PC, Connolly, T & Lee, C 1989, 'Task Strategy Interventions in Goal Setting: The Importance of Search in Strategy Development', Journal of Management, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 589-602.
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In contrast to a large body of goal-setting research, recent findings suggest that challenging goals may not be beneficial when effective task strategies are not readily identifiable. In such settings goals may stimulate excessive strategy search, degrading overall performance. Two alternative aids to developing effective task strategies (restricting search or providing training in search methods) were examined in a laboratory study. Ninety-four subjects performed a stock prediction task under conditions of specific, challenging, or “do your best” goals and different task strategy interventions. The results of analyses demonstrated that the benefits of the strategy interventions were realized only if subjects were given also a specific challenging goal. Implications for goal setting theory and research are discussed. © 1989, Sage Publications. All rights reserved.
Earley, PC, Schoorman, FD & Schneider, B 1989, 'Facilitating Work Effectiveness.', Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 511-511.
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Francis, JR 1989, 'The Credibility and Legitimation of Science: A Loss of Faith in the Scientific Narrative', Accountability in Research, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 5-22.
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The presence of scientific misconduct challenges the authority of science to regulate itself. This paper examines the basis for scientific self-regulation, a basis which forms an ideology of science that has served to publicly legitimate the authority and autonomy of science. It is argued that the conventional scientific narrative overstates quality control and, as a consequence, that there is a potential crisis of legitimation in science. In particular, the dichotomy that is constructed between (1) the structure of science and (2) the individual scientist, is seen as problematic and cannot be used to shift the responsibility for misconduct onto individuals while at the same time preserving the sanctity of the structure of scientific practices—the two are inseparable. This analysis helps to locate the data audit/quality assurance movement and to clarify its role within the structure of scientific practices. The continued public support and legitimation of science requires that the scientific community critically examine and strengthen the structure of scientific practices. The re-examination should not focus overtly on controlling individual scientists. Rather, given the communal nature of science, the appropriate focus is on the social units that constitute and control the structure of scientific practices: laboratories, institutions, scientific societies and journals, and funding agencies. The First International Conference on Scientific Data Audit Policies and Quality Assurance should be viewed, then, as the beginning of a serious and difficult conversation among scientists on how to improve quality control in science and achieve public accountability while at the same time retaining the vitality of scientific practices. © 1989, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.
Lee, M 1989, 'Mechanics of spinal joint manipulation in the thoracic and lumbar spine: a theoretical study of posteroanterior force techniques', Clinical Biomechanics, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 249-251.
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Posteroanterior (PA) forces applied to the vertebrae are commonly used for the clinical assessment and treatment of vertebral column disorders. Three strategies for applying PA force in the thoracic and lumbar spine regions were studied. The components of the manipulative force which were directed along, and transverse to, the axis of the vertebra were calculated, and also the sagittal plane moment generated about the centre of the vertebra was determined. The three different strategies produced quite different loads on the vertebrae and all three strategies showed substantial variations across vertebral levels in at least one of the load components. © 1989.
MIDGLEY, DF, DOWLING, GR & MORRISON, PD 1989, 'CONSUMER TYPES, SOCIAL-INFLUENCE, INFORMATION SEARCH AND CHOICE', ADVANCES IN CONSUMER RESEARCH, vol. 16, pp. 137-143.
Northcraft, GB & Earley, PC 1989, 'Technology, credibility, and feedback use', Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 83-96.
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This paper extends the literature of feedback use through an empirical examination of two central issues in the use of feedback: feedback credibility and technology as a feedback source. In a laboratory study, 55 subjects received performance feedback from one of four sources (organization, supervisor, and self-generated with or without the aid of a computer) while participating in a stock market simulation. The results of repeated-measures MANOVAs demonstrated that self-generated feedback (with or without the use of a computer) significantly influenced credibility of feedback, strategy acquisition, and performance. There was no support for the contention that technology-based feedback sources foster "technomindlessness.". © 1989.
Veal, AJ 1989, 'Leisure, lifestyle and status: A pluralist framework for analysis', Leisure Studies, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 141-153.
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In contrast to the Marxist view of society and leisure, with its basis of class division and conflict, analyses of leisure based on the pluralist defence of the liberal democratic market system seem to lack both a satisfactory classificatory system of society and an adequate sociological explanation of the dynamic forces shaping leisure and society. This leads in turn to an inadequate agenda for the study of leisure in its wider social context. This paper suggests that Weber’s concepts of status, status groups and lifestyle offer a way forward for pluralist analysis. It examines how research on ‘status politics’, or the ‘politics of lifestyle concern’, and existing research on lifestyle might be incorporated into such an approach. © 1989 E. and F.N. Spon Ltd.
Veal, AJ 1989, 'Lifestyle, leisure and pluralism — a response', Leisure Studies, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 213-218.
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It is flattering and somewhat daunting to find that my paper ‘Leisure, lifestyle and status - a pluralist framework for analysis’ (Leisure Studies, 8, 2, 1989) was of sufficient interest to have attracted comment from Chas Critcher, Sheila Scraton and Margaret Talbot and that the editors have seen fit to publish those comments. I welcome the comments and have found them stimulating and helpful in developing my own views. I am grateful for the opportunity to reply.© 1989 E. and F.N. Spon Ltd.
Veal, AJ 1989, 'The doubtful contribution of economics to leisure management: Analysis of a paradox', Loisir et Societe, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 147-155.
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Economies is widely seen as the senior social science discipline and as a key ingredient in management training. Leisure and tourism have become significant components of developed market economies, accounting for between 20 and 30 per cent of consumer expenditure. Economics should therefore be an important discipline in the study of leisure and tourism. While macro-economic theory has been widely applied in the leisure and tourism field through economic impact studies and the tourism multiplier, micro-economic applications have been almost entirely concerned with non-market, public sector leisure phenomena or quasi-market phenomena such as professional team sports. The paper raises the question as to why so few examples exist of the application of micro-economics to leisure markets. © Presses de l’ Université du Québec.
WOOD, R & BANDURA, A 1989, 'IMPACT OF CONCEPTIONS OF ABILITY ON SELF-REGULATORY MECHANISMS AND COMPLEX DECISION-MAKING', JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 407-415.
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