Arthur, N, Garvey, G, Swan, P & Taylor, S 1993, 'Agency Theory and “Management Research” A Comment', Australian Journal of Management, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 93-102.
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Bhar, R & Hunt, BF 1993, 'Predicting the short term forward interest rate structure using a parsimonius model', Review of Futures Markets, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 577-590.
Bhar, R & Hunt, BF 1993, 'Predicting the short term forward interest rate structure using a parsimonius model', Review of Futures Markets, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 577-590.
Chan, K, McColough, DW & Skully, MT 1993, 'Dividend Reinvestment Plans in Australia', Global Finance Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 79-99.
CLEGG, S 1993, 'Book Reviews', Sociology, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 551-552.
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Clegg, SR & Ahrne, G 1993, 'Agency and Organization: Towards an Organizational Theory of Society', The British Journal of Sociology, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 542-542.
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Clegg, SR & Dandeker, C 1993, 'Surveillance, Power and Modernity', The British Journal of Sociology, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 363-363.
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Cushman, G & Veal, AJ 1993, 'The New Generation of Leisure Surveys—Implications for Research on Everyday Life', Loisir et Société / Society and Leisure, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 210-220.
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This paper has examined the new generation of leisure participation surveys and their potential for research on leisure in every day life. The new generation of leisure surveys are remedying various problems in their design and in their approach to the study of leisure. As national leisure surveys in Australia and New Zealand demonstrate, leisure surveys are acquiring features which enable a broader understanding of leisure and its contexts. Just as research methodology in general is constantly changing and evolving so is leisure survey methodology. It is anticipated that as new questions are asked about leisure behaviour new ideas concerning survey methods will emerge. © Presses de I’Université du Québec.
Dalton, B 1993, 'Economic liberalisation in the republic of Korea', Asian Studies Review, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 63-79.
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DOWLING, GR 1993, 'DEVELOPING YOUR COMPANY IMAGE INTO A CORPORATE ASSET', LONG RANGE PLANNING, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 101-109.
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Dunphy, D & Stace, D 1993, 'The Strategic Management of Corporate Change', Human Relations, vol. 46, no. 8, pp. 905-920.
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To investigate the controversy between universal and contingent approaches to corporate change, a study was undertaken of 13 service sector organizations. The study used the Dunphy/Stace contingency model of organizational change strategies, developing measures to place the organizations within the model. Results indicate that universal models of change management are inadequate to describe the diversity of approaches actually used by these organizations. In particular, the traditional Organizational Development model is unrepresentative of how change in many contemporary organizations is actually made. The traditional OD model prescribes incremental change combined with a participative management style but most organizations in the study made rapid transformative change using a directive leadership style. The OD model is also inadequate as a prescriptive model because very different change strategies, some dramatically different from OD, resulted in successful financial performance. Four case studies are presented to illustrate how each of the major contingencies in the model can operate to create effective organizational performance.
Dwyer, L & Forsyth, P 1993, 'Assessing the benefits and costs of inbound tourism', Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 751-768.
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Inbound tourism brings both benefits and costs to a destination country. For policy reasons, it is necessary that the net benefits of inbound tourism be accurately assessed for different countries. With specific reference to Australia, this paper first presents reasons why gross expenditure by foreign tourists exaggerates the benefits from inbound tourism. Second, the paper identifies some distortions which, to varying degrees, exist in all economies and which affect the net national benefits from inbound tourism. These distortions arise from the presence of taxes and subsidies, market power, externalities, terms of trade effects, government revenue effects, labor market effects, and foreign exchange effects. © 1993.
Dwyer, L & Forsyth, P 1993, 'Government Support for Inbound Tourism Promotion: Some Neglected Issues.', Australian Economic Papers, vol. 32, no. 61, pp. 355-374.
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Dwyer, L & Mellor, R 1993, 'Product Innovation Strategies and Performance of Australian Firms', Australian Journal of Management, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 159-180.
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This study investigates the relationship between product innovation strategies and new product success for N = 108 Australian firms. Five different types of strategies were identified. Interestingly, the different strategies had quite similar levels of reported success, suggesting that firms adapt their product innovation strategies to allow for industry and market conditions. Overall, however, the best-performing strategy appeared to consist of technical fit, attention to customer needs, and aggressive marketing.
Hunt, BF & Bhar, R 1993, 'Exploiting volatility movements in the Sydney futures exchange's bank bill contract', International Review of Economics & Finance, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 403-415.
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An appropriate stochastic model was fitted to one year of data on the implied volatility of options on 90 day bank accepted bill futures contracts traded in the Sydney Futures Exchange. The model used was ARIMA augmented with day of the week variables, an option time to maturity variable, and recent values of historic volatility. The high ex-post predictive accuracy of the model was then employed as the central element of a strategy of buy low/sell high volatility. We employed two trading schemes with suitably constructed Delta neutral portfolios comprising bill futures and call and put options on those futures over a period of six months, to test whether speculative trading profit could be earned. The existence of trading profits before transaction costs validated the potential of the buy low/sell high volatility strategies to generate speculative profits. The absence of any such trading profits after transaction costs however, showed that the market pricing of these securities is such that the dependencies within implied volatility cannot be profitably exploited. This result may be interpreted as evidence supporting an hypothesis of a semi-strong form of market efficiency. © 1993.
Lee, M & Svensson, NL 1993, 'Effect of loading frequency on response of the spine to lumbar posteroanterior forces.', J Manipulative Physiol Ther, vol. 16, no. 7, pp. 439-446.
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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this investigation was to study the spinal deformations produced by applying a force to a lumbar vertebra and to compare the deformation responses at three different loading rates. SETTING: The study was conducted in a laboratory setting using a mechanical device to simulate the manipulative procedure being studied. SUBJECTS: Twelve volunteers (mean age 28.1 yr) formed a convenience sample for testing. All subjects had no significant history of low back pain. INTERVENTIONS: During loading the displacements of the skin were measured at the point of loading, as well as over the spinous processes of L1, T11, T8, and S1 and 30 mm caudad to S1. The loading rates were 1.0 Hz, 0.5 Hz and a very slow 'quasistatic' rate. The order of presentation of the loading rates was systematically varied between subjects to minimize the effect of order on the responses. Between 20 and 100 N, the force-displacement relations were highly linear and were characterized by the coefficients of the equation of the line of best fit. MAIN RESULTS: At all three loading rates there were displacements throughout the entire region studied. Changing from quasistatic loading to cyclical loading produced a significant reduction in displacements. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that when a force was applied over L3 there was generalized movement of the whole lumbar and lower thoracic spine. Therefore, a diversity of tissues would be expected to contribute to the resistance to lumbar posteroanterior movements.
Lee, M, Esler, M-A, Mildren, J & Herbert, R 1993, 'Effect of extensor muscle activation on the response to lumbar posteroanterior forces', Clinical Biomechanics, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 115-119.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the responses of normal subjects to the application of cyclical lumbar posteroanterior forces which simulated a manipulative therapy technique known as mobilization. The specific aim was to determine whether increases in spinal extensor muscle activity could modify the stiffness of lumbar posteroanterior movements. The lumbar posteroanterior stiffness was measured in eleven asymptomatic subjects in the prone position, both in the relaxed condition and during maximal voluntary isometric muscle contractions. The electromyographic activity of lumbar extensor muscles was measured in the relaxed and maximal contraction conditions during the application of mobilization. The posteroanterior stiffness was found to be significantly greater during maximum activation of the extensor muscles. The results indicate that muscle activity can significantly alter lumbar posteroanterior stiffness. Clinicians often apply posteroanterior forces over a spinous process of a vertebra to assess the resistance to movement. Information about the degree and nature of perceived resistance to posteroanterior movement is used to help make a diagnosis and select treatment techniques. This study has shown that increased activity of the spinal extensor muscles can increase the stiffness of lumbar posteroanterior movements, compared with the case where the subject is relaxed. When interpreting the posteroanterior responses of patients, clinicians should be aware that spinal extensor mucle activity can influence resistance to posteroanterior movement. © 1993.
Lee, M, Latimer, J & Maher, C 1993, 'Manipulation: investigation of a proposed mechanism', Clinical Biomechanics, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 302-306.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate whether spinal manipulation alters the posteroanterior stiffness of the manipulated region. Thirty subjects with no history of thoracic pain or contraindication to manipulation participated. The manipulation studied was a posteroanterior thrust applied to the T4-5 spinal level. The effect of the manipulation was compared to a control intervention of supine lying. The posteroanterior stiffness of all subjects was measured at the T4 and T5 levels initially, and remeasured after both the manipulation and control interventions. Change scores relating to the change in posteroanterior stiffness due to manipulation and due to the control intervention were computed. A t-test comparing the change scores between interventions revealed no significant difference. However, the posteroanterior stiffness at T5 was found to be significantly greater than at T4. It was concluded that in the case of asymptomatic subjects these results did not provide support for the hypothesis that posteroanterior stiffness is altered by manipulation. © 1993.
Lee, P, Taylor, S, Yee, C & Yee, M 1993, 'P rospectus E arnings F orecasts : E vidence A nd E xplanations', Australian Accounting Review, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 21-32.
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Recent changes to prospectus regulations have generated considerable controversy. While the legally enforceable definition of “required information” may be uncertain, it seems clear that earnings forecasts are expected to play an important role. However, we find that the accuracy of these forecasts is questionable, as are many of the explanations offered for differences with the actual results. This calls into question the methods used for estimating future earnings and, ultimately, the usefulness of such forecasts. Laws relating to liability for prospectus information make this an issue of some concern for investors, as well as accountants and other professional advisers. © 1993 CPA Australia
Lee, PJ, Taylor, SL, Yee, C & Yee, M 1993, 'IPO earnings forecasts: accuracy and explanations', Australian Accounting Review, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 21-32.
MIDGLEY, DF & DOWLING, GR 1993, 'A LONGITUDINAL-STUDY OF PRODUCT FORM INNOVATION - THE INTERACTION BETWEEN PREDISPOSITIONS AND SOCIAL MESSAGES', JOURNAL OF CONSUMER RESEARCH, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 611-625.
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Shirley, D & Lee, M 1993, 'A Preliminary Investigation of the Relationship Between Lumbar Postero-anterior Mobility and Low Back Pain', Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 22-25.
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It is widely assumed that there is a relationship between pain, stiffness and muscle activity in patients with low back pain. This preliminary study was designed to begin an investigation of the existence of this relationship. Two subjects with low back pain and six normal subjects participated. The postero- anterior mobility of L3 and L4 was measured together with lumbar extensor muscle EMG. All normal subjects showed negligible muscle activity whereas both low back pain subjects demonstrated elevated EMG levels. In addition, both low back pain subjects were found to have relatively low mobility of L3 and L4 as compared to the normal subjects. Further research to investigate the relationship between these variables is indicated. © 1993 Maney Publishing.
Veal, AJ 1993, 'The concept of lifestyle: a review', Leisure Studies, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 233-252.
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The paper is a review of literature and an analysis of the concept of lifestyle and its relationship to leisure. In the first part of the paper the review is divided into nine sections covering Weberian, sub-cultural, psychological, market research and psychographics, leisure/tourism styles, spatial, socialist lifestyles, consumer culture, gender, and miscellaneous approaches. In the second part of the paper a number of themes are identified and their roles in defining lifestyle are discussed; these are: Activities/behaviour; values and attitudes; individuals versus groups; group interaction, coherence, recognisability and choice. In conclusion, a definition of lifestyle is offered and a brief indication of a research agenda is presented. © 1993 E. and F.N. Spon.
Wearing, S 1993, 'Ecotourism: The Santa Elena rainforest project', The Environmentalist, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 125-135.
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This paper outlines an ecotourism project undertaken in the Santa Elena community in the Monteverde region of Costa Rica. The community is seeking to establish a rainforest reserve on a parcel of land that has been permanently leased to their high school by the Costa Rican Government. The Community and Youth Challenge International are developing an ecotourism project that will provide a wider economic basis for the area and employment for students graduating from the high school. This project seeks to achieve sustainable development and fulfil the development requirements of the population surrounding the project. This is in the belief that it is only when conservation projects benefit local communities, and are set up with an infrastructure that vests control within local communities, that genuine ecotourism is achieved. © 1993 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
