Publications

Field, CD 1996, Restoration of Mangrove Ecosystems.

Allen, JF & Raven, JA 1996, 'Free-radical-induced mutation vs redox regulation: Costs and benefits of genes in organelles', JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EVOLUTION, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 482-492.
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Brune, A & Kuhl, M 1996, 'pH profiles of the extremely alkaline hindguts of soil-feeding termites (Isoptera: Termitidae) determined with microelectrodes', Journal of Insect Physiology, vol. 42, no. 11-12, pp. 1121-1127.
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Franklin, LA, Seaton, GGR, Lovelock, CE & Larkum, AWD 1996, 'Photoinhibition of photosynthesis on a coral reef', Plant, Cell and Environment, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 825-836.
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Photoinhibition of macroalgae in the epilithic algal community (EAC) of coral reefs was studied using chlorophyll fluorescence techniques at One Tree Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Fv/Fm (variable to maximum fluorescence, darkened samples) of shallow macroalgae declined by 50% on fine summer and winter days, recovering in late afternoon. Within a species, thalli from low-light habitats were more photoinhibited (2h at 1400μmol m-2 s-1) than those from high-light habitats. The sensitivity of Lobophora variegata (Phaeophyta) and Chlorodesmis fastigiata (Chlorophyta) increased with depth (1 versus 20 m). However, shallow Halimeda tuna (Chlorophyta) plants growing between corals were more photoinhibited than those from deep, open areas. Photoinhibition and recovery were depth- and species-specific. Shallow Lobophora and Chlorodesmis maintained a greater degree of QA oxidation during photoinhibition. In deep thalli, reduced effective quantum yield of open photosystem II centres reflected lower proportions and excitation capture efficiencies of open centres. In Lobophora, zeaxanthin formation accompanied non-photochemical fluorescence quenching (NPQ), but in Chlorodesmis NPQ was limited and no zeaxanthin or antherxanthin formed. Higher photosynthetic efficiency in the lower storey of the EAC may compensate for photoinhibition in the upper storey, thereby reconciling photoinhibition of individual thalli with previous observations of no net inhibition of community productivity.

Fukshansky-Kazarinova, N, Fukshansky, L, Kuhl, M & Jørgensen, BB 1996, 'Theory of equidistant three-dimensional radiance measurements with optical microprobes', Applied Optics, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 65-73.
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Fiber-optic radiance microprobes, increasingly applied for measurements of internal light fields in living tissues, provide three-dimensional radiance distribution solids and radiant energy fluence rates at different depths of turbid samples. These data are, however, distorted because of an inherent feature of optical fibers: nonuniform angular sensitivity. Because of this property a radiance microprobe during a single measurement partly underestimates light from the envisaged direction and partly senses light from other directions. A theory of three-dimensional equidistant radiance measurements has been developed that provides correction for this instrumental error using the independently obtained function of the angular sensitivity of the microprobe. For the first time, as far as we know, the measurements performed with different radiance microprobes are comparable. An example of application is presented. The limitations of this theory and the prospects for this approach are discussed

James, PL & Larkum, AWD 1996, 'Photosynthetic inorganic carbon acquisition of Posidonia australis', AQUATIC BOTANY, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 149-157.
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Jeroschewski, P, Steuckart, C & Kuhl, M 1996, 'An Amperometric microsensor for the determination of H2S in aquatic environments', Analytical Chemistry, vol. 68, pp. 4351-4357.
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A new amperometric microsensor for detection of dissolved H2S in aquatic environments was developed. The design of the microsensor is based on the same principle as the Clark-type oxygen microsensor. The sensor is equipped with a glass-coated platinum working electrode and a platinum guard electrode positioned in an outer glass casing (tip diameter 20-100 µm). Both working electrode and guard electrode were polarized at a fixed value in the range from +85 to + 150 mV with respect to a counter electrode. The outer casing is sealed with a thin silicone membrane and filled with a buffered electrolyte solution containing ferricyanide (K3[Fe(CN)6]) as redox mediator. Hydrogen sulfide penetrates the silicone membrane and is oxidized by K3[Fe(CN)6], resulting in the formation of elemental sulfur and ferrocyanide (K4[Fe(CN)6]). The latter is electrochemically reoxidized at the exposed end of the platinum working electrode, thereby creating a current that is directly proportional to the dissolved H2S concentration at the sensor tip. The sensor was characterized and calibrated in a flow-through cell combined with a coulometric sulfide generator. Difficult studies including the determination of H2S with high spatial and temporal resolution seem to be possible.

Johnston, AM & Raven, JA 1996, 'Inorganic carbon accumulation by the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum', EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 285-290.
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Karsten, U & Kühl, M 1996, 'Die Mikrobenmatte - das kleinste Ökosystem der Welt', Biologie in Unserer Zeit, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 16-26.
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Korb, RE, Raven, JA, Johnston, AM & Leftley, JW 1996, 'Effects of cell size and specific growth rate on stable carbon isotope discrimination by two species of marine diatom', MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES, vol. 143, no. 1-3, pp. 283-288.
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Kubler, JE & Raven, JA 1996, 'Nonequilibrium rates of photosynthesis and respiration under dynamic light supply', JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 963-969.
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Kuhl, M, Glud, RN, Ploug, H & Ramsing, NB 1996, 'Microenvironmental control of photosynthesis and photosynthesis-coupled respiration in an epilithic cyanobacterial biofilm', Journal of Phycology, vol. 32, pp. 799-812.
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La Roche, J, Van Der Staay, GWM, Partensky, F, Ducret, A, Aebersold, R, Li, R, Golden, SS, Hiller, RG, Wrench, PM, Larkum, AWD & Green, BR 1996, 'Independent evolution of the prochlorophyte and green plant chlorophyll a/b light-harvesting proteins', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 93, no. 26, pp. 15244-15248.
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The prochlorophytes are oxygenic prokaryotes differing from other cyanobacteria by the presence of a light-harvesting system containing both chlorophylls (Chls) a and b and by the absence of phycobilins. We demonstrate here that the Chl a/b binding proteins from all three known prochlorophyte genera are closely related to IsiA, a cyanobacterial Chl a-binding protein induced by iron starvation, and to CP43, a constitutively expressed Chl a antenna protein of photosystem II. The prochlorophyte Chl a/b protein (pcb) genes do not belong to the extended gene family encoding eukaryotic Chl a/b and Chl a/c light-harvesting proteins. Although higher plants and prochlorophytes share common pigment complements, their light-harvesting systems have evolved independently.

Lockhart, PJ, Larkum, AWD, Steel, MA, Waddell, PJ & Penny, D 1996, 'Evolution of chlorophyll and bacteriochlorophyll: The problem of invariant sites in sequence analysis', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 93, no. 5, pp. 1930-1934.
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Competing hypotheses seek to explain the evolution of oxygenic and anoxygenic processes of photosynthesis. Since chlorophyll is less reduced and precedes bacteriochlorophyll on the modern biosynthetic pathway, it has been proposed that chlorophyll preceded bacteriochlorophyll in its evolution. However, recent analyses of nucleotide sequences that encode chlorophyll and bacteriochlorophyll biosynthetic enzymes appear to provide support for an alternative hypothesis. This is that the evolution of bacteriochlorophyll occurred earlier than the evolution of chlorophyll. Here we demonstrate that the presence of invariant sites in sequence datasets leads to inconsistency in tree building (including maximum-likelihood methods). Homologous sequences with different biological functions often share invariant sites at the same nucleotide positions. However, different constraints can also result in additional invariant sites unique to the genes, which have specific and different biological functions. Consequently, the distribution of these sites can be uneven between the different types of homologous genes. The presence of invariant sites, shared by related biosynthetic genes as well as those unique to only some of these genes, has misled the recent evolutionary analysis of oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthetic pigments. We evaluate an alternative scheme for the evolution of chlorophyll and bacteriochlorophyll.

Lockhart, PJ, Steel, MA & Larkum, AWD 1996, 'Gene duplication and the evolution of photosynthetic reaction center proteins', FEBS Letters, vol. 385, no. 3, pp. 193-196.
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We investigate the evolutionary relationships between photosynthetic reaction center proteins (D1, D2, L and M) and demonstrate that the pattern of nucleotide substitution in these is more complicated than has been assumed in previous phytogenetic analyses. We show that there are serious violations of methodological assumptions in previous published studies. We conclude that there is equal support for hypotheses indicating (i) a single gene duplication of an ancestral reaction center protein followed by diversification and (ii) two independent gene duplications giving rise to proteins in oxygenic and anoxygenic systems.

Lockhart, PJ, Steel, MA & Larkum, AWD 1996, 'Gene duplication and the evolution of photosynthetic reaction center proteins (vol 385, pg 193, 1996)', FEBS LETTERS, vol. 390, no. 2, pp. 242-242.
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Lukins, PB, Post, A, Walker, PJ & Larkum, AWD 1996, 'P680 ⁺ reduction in oxygen-evolving Photosystem II core complexes', Photosynthesis Research, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 209-221.
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The kinetics of P680 + reduction in oxygen-evolving spinach Photosystem II (PS II) core particles were studied using both repetitive and single- flash 830 nm transient absorption. From measurements on samples in which PS II turnover is blocked, we estimate radical-pair lifetimes of 2 ns and 19 ns. Nanosecond single-flash measurements indicate decay times of 7 ns, 40 ns and 95 ns. Both the longer 40 ns and 95 ns components relate to the normal S- state controlled Y(z) → P680 + electron transfer dynamics. Our analysis indicates the existence of a 7 ns component which provides evidence for an additional process associated with modified interactions involving the water- splitting catalytic site. Corresponding microsecond measurements show decay times of 4 μs and 90 μs with the possibility of a small component with a decay time of 20-40 μs. The precise origin of the 4 μs component remains uncertain but appears to be associated with the water-splitting center or its binding site while the 90 μs component is assigned to P680 + -Q(A) - recombination. An amplitude and kinetic analysis of the flash dependence data gives results that are consistent with the current model of the oxygen- evolving complex.

Poole, I, Weyers, JDB, Lawson, T & Raven, JA 1996, 'Variations in stomatal density and index: Implications for palaeoclimatic reconstructions', PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 705-712.
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Post, A, Lukins, PB, Walker, PJ & Larkum, AWD 1996, 'The effects of ultraviolet irradiation on P680⁺ reduction in PS II core complexes measured for individual S-states and during repetitive cycling of the oxygen-evolving complex', Photosynthesis Research, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 21-27.
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Flash-induced absorbance measurements at 830 nm on both nanosecond and microsecond timescales have been used to characterise the effect of ultraviolet light on Photosystem II core particles. A combination of UV-A and UV-B, closely simulating the spectrum of sunlight below 350 nm, was found to have a primary effect on the donor side of P680. Repetitive measurements indicated reductions in the nanosecond components of the absorbance decay with a concomitant appearance and increase in the amplitude of a component with a 10 μs time constant attributed to slow reduction of P680+ by Tyr(z) when the function of the oxygen evolving complex is inhibited. Single-flash measurements show that the nanosecond components have amplitudes which vary with S-state. Increasing UV irradiation inhibited the amplitude of these components without changing their S-state dependence. In addition, UV irradiation resulted in a reduction in the total amplitude, with no change in the proportion of the 10 μs contribution.

Raven, JA 1996, 'Inorganic carbon assimilation by marine biota', JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY, vol. 203, no. 1, pp. 39-47.
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Raven, JA 1996, 'Into the voids: The distribution, function, development and maintenance of gas spaces in plants', ANNALS OF BOTANY, vol. 78, no. 2, pp. 137-142.
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Raven, JA 1996, 'The bigger the fewer: Size, taxonomic diversity and the range of chlorophyll(ide)pigments in oxygen-evolving marine photolithotrophs', JOURNAL OF THE MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 211-217.
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Raven, JA, Beardall, J, Johnston, AM, Kuebler, JE & Mcinroy, SG 1996, 'Inorganic carbon acquisition by Xiphophora chondrophylla (Phaeophyta, Fucales)', PHYCOLOGIA, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 83-89.
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Ritchie, RJ, Nadolny, C & Larkum, AWD 1996, 'Driving forces for bicarbonate transport in the Cyanobacterium synechococcus R-2 (PCC 7942)', Plant Physiology, vol. 112, no. 4, pp. 1573-1584.
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Air-grown Synechococcus R-2 (PCC 7942) cultures grown in BG-11 medium are very alkaline (outside pH is 10.0) and use HCO3- as their inorganic carbon source. The cells showed a dependence on Na+ for photosynthesis, but low Na+ conditions (1 mol m-3) were sufficient to support saturating photosynthesis. The intracellular dissolved inorganic carbon in the light was greater than 20 mol m-3 in both low-Na+ conditions and in BG-11 medium containing the usual [Na+] (24 mol m-3, designated high-Na+ conditions). The electrochemical potential for HCO3- in the light was in excess of 25 kJ mol-1, even in high-Na+ conditions. The Na+-motive force was greater than -12 kJ mol-1 under both Na+ conditions. On thermodynamic grounds, an Na+- driven co-port process would need to have a stoichiometry of 2 or greater (≤2Na+(in)/HCO3-1(in)), but we show that Na+ or K+ fluxes cannot be linked to HCO3- transport. Na+ and K+ fluxes were unaffected by the presence or absence of dissolved inorganic carbon. In low-Na+ conditions, Na+ fluxes are too low to support the observed net 14C-carbon fixation rate. Active transport of HCO3- hyperpolarizes (not depolarizes) the membrane potential.

Schreiber, U, Kuhl, M, Klimant, I & Reising, H 1996, 'Measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence within leaves using a modified PAM Fluorometer with a fiber-optic microprobe', Photosynthesis Research, vol. 47, pp. 103-109.
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Skene, KR, Kierans, M, Sprent, JI & Raven, JA 1996, 'Structural aspects of cluster root development and their possible significance for nutrient acquisition in Grevillea robusta (Proteaceae)', ANNALS OF BOTANY, vol. 77, no. 5, pp. 443-451.
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STEPHENSON, KA, LEAN, IJ & O'MEARA, TJ 1996, 'The effect of monensin on the chemotactic function of bovine neutrophils', Australian Veterinary Journal, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 315-317.
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Yin, ZH, Kaiser, WM, Heber, U & Raven, JA 1996, 'Acquisition and assimilation of gaseous ammonia as revealed by intracellular pH changes in leaves of higher plants', PLANTA, vol. 200, no. 4, pp. 380-387.

Brenchley, JL, Raven, JA & Johnston, AM 1970, 'A comparison of reproductive allocation and reproductive effort between semelparous and iteroparous fucoids (Fucales, Phaeophyta)', HYDROBIOLOGIA, 15th International Seaweed Symposium, KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL, VALDIVIA, CHILE, pp. 185-190.

Kohls, O, Klimant, I, Holst, G & Kuhl, M 1996, 'Thionine as an indicator for use as a hydrogen sulfide optode', CHEMICAL, BIOCHEMICAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FIBER SENSORS VIII, Conference on Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Fiber Sensors VIII, SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, DENVER, CO, pp. 311-321.
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Kubler, JE & Raven, JA 1970, 'Inorganic carbon acquisition by red seaweeds grown under dynamic light regimes', HYDROBIOLOGIA, 15th International Seaweed Symposium, KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL, VALDIVIA, CHILE, pp. 401-406.

Lee, R & Ajani, PA 1996, 'Partitioning the influence of anthropogenic and oceanic nutrient fluxes on phytoplankton activity (algal blooms) in coastal waters (Oral Presentation). Australian Marine Science Associations Annual Conference 1996, Hobart Australia.', R.
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Oral Presentation

Pritchard, T, Lee, R & Ajani, PA 1996, 'Early results from the NSW EPAs Ocean Nutrient and Phytoplankton Project (Oral Presentation). Australian Marine Science Associations Annual Conference 1996, Hobart Australia.', T.
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Oral Presentation

Ajani, PA & Wansborough, T NSW Environment Protection Authority 1996, Hunter Environmental Monitoring Program 1992-1996, no. 96/78.