Publications

Ralph, PJ, Brown, K, Wearing, SL & Nudd, B 1998, 'GIS - A tool for integrating tourism and mariculture in Wallis Lakes' in Wearing Stephen (ed), Planning Recreation and Tourism with Australian Communities, HM Leisure Planning Pty Ltd, Melbourne, pp. 95-102.

Amann, R & Kuhl, M 1998, 'In situ methods for assessment of microorganisms and their activities', Current Opinion in Microbiology, vol. 1, pp. 352-358.
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Bastien, P, Blaineau, C, Britto, C, Dedet, JP, Dubessay, P, Pages, M, Ravel, C, Wincker, P, Blackwell, JM, Leech, V, Levick, M, Norrish, A, Ivens, A, Lewis, S, Bagherzadeh, A, Smith, D, Myler, P, Stuart, K, Cruz, A, Ruiz, JC, Schneider, H, Sampaio, I, Almeida, R, Papadopoulou, B, Shapira, M, Belli, S & Fasel, N 1998, 'The complete chromosomal organization of the reference strain of the Leishmania genome project, L. major 'Friedlin'', Parasitology Today, vol. 14, no. 8, pp. 301-303.
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Beardall, J, Beer, S & Raven, JA 1998, 'Biodiversity of marine plants in an era of climate change: Some predictions based on physiological performance', BOTANICA MARINA, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 113-123.
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Brenchley, JL, Raven, JA & Johnston, AM 1998, 'Carbon and nitrogen allocation patterns in two intertidal fucoids: Fucus serratus and Himanthalia elongata (Phaeophyta)', EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 307-313.
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Clayton, C, Adams, M, Almeida, R, Baltz, T, Barrett, M, Bastien, P, Belli, S, Beverley, S, Biteau, N, Blackwell, J, Blaineau, C, Boshart, M, Bringaud, F, Cross, G, Cruz, A, Degrave, W, Donelson, J, El-Sayed, N, Fu, GL, Ersfeld, K, Gibson, W, Gull, K, Ivens, A, Kelly, J, Lawson, D, Lebowitz, J, Majiwa, P, Matthews, K, Melville, S, Merlin, G, Michels, P, Myler, P, Norrish, A, Opperdoes, F, Papadopoulou, B, Parsons, M, Seebeck, T, Smith, D, Stuart, K, Turner, M, Ullu, E & Vanhamme, L 1998, 'Genetic nomenclature for Trypanosoma and Leishmania', MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL PARASITOLOGY, vol. 97, no. 1-2, pp. 221-224.
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Field, C 1998, 'Rationales and practices of mangrove afforestation', Marine and Freshwater Research, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 353-358.
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The goals of mangrove afforestation for the purposes of conservation and landscaping, sustainable yield of natural products and the protection of coastlines are identified. Basic practical considerations for the planting of mangroves such as site selection, species selection, planting and monitoring are presented. Finally, there is a brief discussion of the research needs in this area.

Fukshansky-Kazarinova, N, Fukshansky, L, Kuhl, M & Jorgensen, BB 1998, 'Solution of the inverse problem of radiative transfer on the basis of measured internal fluxes', JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER, vol. 59, no. 1-2, pp. 77-89.
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Goding, J, Terkeltaub, R, Maurice, M, Deterre, P, Sali, A & Belli, SI 1998, 'Ecto-phosphodiesteraseperpyrophosphatase Of Lymphocytes And Non-lymphoid Cells: Structure And Function Of The Pc-1 Family', Immunological Reviews, vol. 161, pp. 11-26.
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Many developmentally regulated membrane proteins of lymphocytes are ecto-enzymes, with their active sites on the external surface of the cell. These enzymes commonly have peptidase, phosphodiesterase or nucleotidase activity. Their biological roles are j

Holst, G, Kohls, O, Klimant, I, Konig, B, Kuhl, M & Richter, T 1998, 'A modular luminescence lifetime imaging system for mapping oxygen distribution in biological samples', Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol. 51, pp. 163-170.
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Jones, RJ, Hoegh-Guldberg, O, Larkum, AWD & Schreiber, U 1998, 'Temperature-induced bleaching of corals begins with impairment of the CO2 fixation mechanism in zooxanthellae', Plant, Cell and Environment, vol. 21, no. 12, pp. 1219-1230.
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The early effects of heat stress on the photosynthesis of symbiotic dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae) within the tissues of a reef-building coral were examined using pulse-amplitude-modulated (PAM) chlorophyll fluorescence and photorespirometry. Exposure of Stylophora pistillata to 33 and 34 °C for 4 h resulted in (1) the development of strong non-photochemical quenching (qN) of the chlorophyll fluorescence signal, (2) marked decreases in photosynthetic oxygen evolution, and (3) decreases in optimal quantum yield (F(v)/F(m)) of photosystem II (PSII). Quantum yield decreased to a greater extent on the illuminated surfaces of coral branches than on lower (shaded) surfaces, and also when high irradiance intensities were combined with elevated temperature (33 °C as opposed to 28 °C). qN collapsed in heat-stressed samples when quenching analysis was conducted in the absence of oxygen. Collectively, these observations are interpreted as the initiation of photoprotective dissipation of excess absorbed energy as heat (qN) and O2-dependent electron flow through the Mehler-Ascorbate-Peroxidase cycle (MAP-cycle) following the point at which the rate of light-driven electron transport exceeds the capacity of the Calvin cycle. A model for coral bleaching is proposed whereby the primary site of heat damage in S. pistillata is carboxylation within the Calvin cycle, as has been observed during heat damage in higher plants. Damage to PSII and a reduction in F(v)/F(m) (i.e. photoinhibition) are secondary effects following the overwhelming of photoprotective mechanisms by light. This secondary factor increases the effect of the primary variable, temperature. Potential restrictions of electron flow in heat-stressed zooxanthellae are discussed with respect to Calvin cycle enzymes and the unusual status of the dinoflagellate Rubisco. Significant features of our model are that (1) damage to PSII is not the initial step in the sequence of heat stress in zooxanthellae, and (2) light plays ...

Kohls, O, Kuehl, M & Holst, G 1998, 'New fiber-optic microsensors for measuring O2, pH, CO2, and temperature in aquatic environments', ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, vol. 216, pp. U886-U886.

Korb, RE, Raven, JA & Johnston, AM 1998, 'Relationship between aqueous CO2 concentrations and stable carbon isotope discrimination in the diatoms Chaetoceros calcitrans and Ditylum brightwellii', MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES, vol. 171, pp. 303-305.
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Kuhl, M, Steuckart, C, Eickert, G & Jeroschewski, P 1998, 'A H2S microsensor for profiling biofilms and sediments: application in an acidic lake sediment', Aquatic Microbial Ecology, vol. 15, pp. 201-209.
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We developed a microsensor for the amperometric detection of dissolved hydrogen sulfide,H2S, in sedirnents and biofilms. The mlcrosensor exhibits a fast (tgOc 0.2 to 0.5 S) and linear response to H2S over a concentration range of 1 to >l000 pm01 H2S-I and has a low stirring dependency of the microsensor signal (c1 to 2%). We used the new mlcrosensor to obtain the first microprofiles of H2S in an acidic lake sediment with a several cm thick flocculant surface layer. Despite the low pH of 4.6, a relative low SO,'- level in the lake water, and a broad O2 respiration zone of ca 6 mm, we were able to measure H2S depth profiles in the sediment at a good resolution, that allowed for calculation of specific sulfate reduction and H2S oxidation activities. Such calculations showed highest sulfate reduction activity in the anoxic sediment down to ca 20 mm depth A comparison of calculated area1 rates of O2 consumption and sulfate reduction Indicated that sulfate reduction accounted for up to 13 % of total organic carbon mineralization in the acidic sediment. All produced H2S was reoxldized aerobically with O2 at the oxic-anoxic interface. In addition to its good performance in acidic environments, the new H2S microsensor has proven useful for sulfide measurements in neutral and moderate alkaline (pH < 9) biofilms and sediments, and thus is a true alternative to the traditionally used potentiometric Ag/Ag2S microelectrode for most applications in aquatic ecology and biogeochemistry.

O'Meara, TJ, Lucca, SD, Sporik, R, Graham, A & Tovey, E 1998, 'Detection of inhaled cat allergen', The Lancet, vol. 351, no. 9114, pp. 1488-1489.
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Pringault, O, Kuhl, M, de Wit, R & Caumette, P 1998, 'Growth of green sulphur bacteria in experimental benthic oxygen, sulphide, pH and light gradients', Microbiology-uk, vol. 144, pp. 1051-1061.
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Ralph, PJ 1998, 'Photosynthetic response of laboratory-cultured Halophila ovalis to thermal stress', Marine Ecology-Progress Series, vol. 171, pp. 123-130.
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Chlorophyll a fluorescence was able to rapidly detect responses of laboratory-cultured Halophila ovalis to acute changes in temperature. Six heating (27.5, 30.0, 32.5, 35.0, 37.5 and 40.0 degrees C) and 6 chilling (10.0, 12.5, 15.0, 17.5, 20.0 and 22.5 d

Ralph, PJ 1998, 'Photosynthetic responses of Halophila ovalis (R. Br.) Hook. f. to osmotic stress', Journal Of Experimental Marine Biology And Ecology, vol. 227, no. 2, pp. 203-220.
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Chlorophyll fluorescence was used to monitor the onset, development and recovery from hyper- and hypo-osmotic stress effects of the seagrass, Halophila ovalis (R. Br.) Hook. f. H. ovalis was able to tolerate rapid transfer from normal (35 ppt) seawater t

Ralph, PJ & Burchett, M 1998, 'Impact of petrochemicals on the photosynthesis of Halophila ovalis using chlorophyll fluorescence', Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 429-436.
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Laboratory-cultured Halophila ovalis showed tolerance to petrochemical exposure up to 1% (w/v) solution of Bass Strait crude oil, an oil dispersant (Corexit 9527) and a mixture of crude oil and dispersant, Quantum yield, as measured by chlorophyll fluore

Ralph, PJ & Burchett, M 1998, 'Photosynthetic response of Halophila ovalis to heavy metal stress', Environmental Pollution, vol. 103, no. 1, pp. 91-101.
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This paper deals with the photosynthetic effects of a range of heavy metals on the seagrass Halophila ovalis. In this study, the photosynthetic response of laboratory-cultured II. ovalis to four heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn) was investigated. The results

Ralph, PJ, Gademann, R & Dennison, WC 1998, 'In situ seagrass photosynthesis measured using a submersible, pulse-amplitude modulated fluorometer', Marine Biology, vol. 132, no. 3, pp. 367-373.
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Assessments of photosynthetic activity in marine plants can now be made in situ using a newly developed, submersible, pulse-amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometer: Diving-PAM. PAM fluorometry provides a measure of chlorophyll a fluorescence using rapid-li

Ralph, PJ, Morrison, DJ & Addison, A 1998, 'A quantitative study of the patterns of morphological variation within Hormosira banksii (Turner) Decaisne (Fucales : Phaeophyta) in south-eastern Australia', Journal Of Experimental Marine Biology And Ecology, vol. 225, no. 2, pp. 285-300.
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Homzosira banksii shows a considerable degree of morphological variability throughout its range in south-eastern Australia, apparently in relation to the local habitat, and there have been several previous qualitative attempts to categorize this variatio

Raven, JA 1998, 'Extrapolating feedback processes from the present to the past', PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, vol. 353, no. 1365, pp. 19-28.
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Raven, JA 1998, 'Insect and angiosperm diversity in marine environments: further comments on van der Hage', FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 977-979.

Raven, JA 1998, 'Plant Resource Allocation, edited by F.A. Bazzaz and J. Grace.', Trends in ecology & evolution, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 84-85.
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Academic Press, 1997. $84.00 hbk (xi+303 pages) ISBN 0 12 083490 1.

Raven, JA 1998, 'The past, present and future of nitrogenous compounds in the atmosphere, and their interactions with plants', New Phytologist, vol. 139, no. 1, pp. 201-204.

Raven, JA 1998, 'The twelfth Tansley Lecture. Small is beautiful: the picophytoplankton', FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 503-513.
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Raven, JA & Yin, ZH 1998, 'The past, present and future of nitrogenous compounds in the atmosphere, and their interactions with plants', NEW PHYTOLOGIST, vol. 139, no. 1, pp. 205-219.
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Razmovski, V, O'meara, T, Hjelmroos, M, Marks, G & Tovey, E 1998, 'Adhesive tapes as capturing surfaces in Burkard sampling', Grana, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 305-310.
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Rink, S, Kuhl, M, Bijma, J & Spero, HJ 1998, 'Microsensor studies of photosynthesis and respiration in the symbiotic foraminifer Orbulina universa', Marine Biology, vol. 131, pp. 583-595.
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Ritchie, RJ & Larkum, AWD 1998, 'Uptake of Thallium, a Toxic Heavy-Metal, in the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus R-2 (Anacystis nidulans, S. Leopoliensis) PCC 7942', Plant and Cell Physiology, vol. 39, no. 11, pp. 1156-1168.
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Uptake of the toxic heavy-metal, thallium, was studied in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus R-2 (PCC 7942) using clinically available 201Tl+. Thallium was found to distribute across the plasmalemma passively, and so the accumulation ratio of the ion ([TI+]i/[Tl+]o) could be used to calculate the apparent membrane potential (Δψi,o) of the cells (ETli,o+=Δψi,o). The permeability of the plasmalemma to Tl+ (PTl+≈1 to 5 nm s-1) is higher than that of K+. Valinomycin does not increase the permeability of Tl+. Transient changes in the Δψi,o of cells, because of electrogenic transport of ions, could be detected from its effects upon the uptake rate of Tl+. HCO3- hyperpolarized Synechococcus cells, whereas NH4+, CH3NH3+, and K+ led to depolarization. The use of Tl+ as a reporter of Δψi,o has some inherent limitations. Tl+ is toxic at very low concentrations (inhibitory effects are apparent after about 6 h at concentrations as low as 1 mmol m-3). The rate of equilibration is slow (t1/2≈5 to 20 min). Equilibration of Tl+ takes about 2 h, which limits its value as a membrane potential probe. Large amounts of Tl+ bind to the surface of the cells making the method impracticable for measuring accumulation ratios of less than about 10 (Δψi,o values smaller than about -60 mV). Cultures continuously exposed to Tl+ (10 mmol m-3) eventually become Tl+ resistant by actively extruding Tl+ (ΔμTli,o+=-3±0.2 kJ mol-1) and so thallium cannot be used as a Δψi,o probe in such cells.

Roberts, DE, Smith, A, Ajani, P & Davis, AR 1998, 'Rapid changes in encrusting marine assemblages exposed to anthropogenic point-source pollution:a 'Beyond BACI' approach', Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 163, pp. 213-224.
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Cover of and the number of species in encrusting macrobenthic assemblages inhabiting temperate rocky reefs in the vicinity of an ocean outfall changed rapidly following the discharge of secondary treated sewage effluent. Within 3 mo of the commissioning of the outfall, significant reductions in the cover of crustose and foliose algae were apparent when this outfall area was compared to 2 reference locations. The cover of several species of sponge, including Cymbastela concentrica, Geodinella sp. and Spongia sp., also underwent marked declines coincident with the commissioning of the outfall. Only 1 category of cover increased significantly at the outfall; this was a nondescript matrix comprising silt and microorganisms, which doubled its representation to almost 60%. We did not detect significant declines in the cover and number of species of sponges or total fauna, however. A 'Beyond BACI' experimental design was used to determine the environmental impact because of the great spatial and temporal variability in these shallow water (~20 m) encrusting communities. Photographic samples were taken in 3 periods, the first pre-commissioning and the other 2 post-commissioning. Multivariate analyses revealed marked shifts in the structure of the assemblage at the outfall relative to the reference locations; these shifts were clearly depicted by a non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (nMDS) plot. A SIMPER analysis confirmed that the overall composition of the community at the outfall changed from one in which algae and sponges were well represented to an assemblage dominated by silt and ascidians.

Skene, KR, Raven, JA & Sprent, JI 1998, 'Cluster root development in Grevillea robusta (Proteaceae) - I. Xylem, pericycle, cortex, and epidermis development in a determinate root', NEW PHYTOLOGIST, vol. 138, no. 4, pp. 725-732.
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Skene, KR, Sutherland, JM, Raven, JA & Sprent, JI 1998, 'Cluster root development in Grevillea robusta (Proteaceae) - II. The development of the endodermis in a determinate root and in an indeterminate, lateral root', NEW PHYTOLOGIST, vol. 138, no. 4, pp. 733-742.
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Yin, ZH & Raven, JA 1998, 'Influences of different nitrogen sources on nitrogen- and water-use efficiency, and carbon isotope discrimination, in C-3 Triticum aestivum L. and C-4 Zea mays L. plants', PLANTA, vol. 205, no. 4, pp. 574-580.
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Ajani, P, Lee, R, Pritchard, T & Andrew, D 1998, 'Nutrient and phytoplankton patterns at CSIRO’s long-term coastal station off Sydney (Oral Presentation). Australian Marine Science Association Annual Conference 1998, Adelaide Australia.', Nutrient and phytoplankton patterns at CSIRO�s long-term coastal station off Sydney. P.
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Oral Presentation

Beardall, J, Johnston, A & Raven, J 1998, 'Environmental regulation of CO2-concentrating mechanisms in microalgae', Canadian Journal of Botany, pp. 1010-1017.
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Most microalgae possess a mechanism for actively transporting inorganic carbon that concentrates CO2 at the active site of the carbon fixing enzyme ribulose hisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco). This review considers the effects of environmental factors on the capacity and activity of microalgal CO2-concentrating mechanisms. Limitation of energy supply by light availability decreases the rate of inorganic carbon transport and cells grown under light-limited conditions have a reduced capacity for CO2 accumulation. Phosphorus limitation also reduces the capacity of algal cells to accumulate CO2, whereas both the rate of supply of nitrogen and the form in which it is made available interact in various complex ways with carbon utilization. The potential role of other nutrients in modulating inorganic carbon transport is also discussed. The capacity of algae for carbon accumulation is also affected by CO2 supply, which, in turn, is a function of the interactions between ionic strength of the growth medium, pH, cell density in culture, aeration rate, and inorganic carbon concentration in the medium. The effects of these interacting parameters are discussed, together with an assessment of the possible roles and significance of CO2-concentrating mechanisms to microalgae in marine and freshwater ecosystems.

Dela-Cruz, J, Ajani, P, Lee, R & Suthers, I 1998, 'Abundance and feeding patterns of an obligate heterotrophic dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans (Oral Presentation). Australian Marine Science Association Annual Conference 1998, Adelaide Australia.', J.
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Oral Presentation

Holst, G, Kuhl, M & Kohls, O 1998, 'MICROX II - A new generation of portable measuring systems for microoptodes', EUROPEAN WORKSHOP ON OPTICAL FIBRE SENSORS, European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors, SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, PEEBLES, SCOTLAND, pp. 103-105.
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Kohls, O, Holst, G & Kuhl, M 1998, 'Microoptodes: the role of fibre tip geometry for the sensor performance', EUROPEAN WORKSHOP ON OPTICAL FIBRE SENSORS, European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors, SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, PEEBLES, SCOTLAND, pp. 106-108.
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Lee, R, Holden, C, Ajani, P, Pritchard, T & Andrew, D 1998, 'A temporal and spatial comparison of measurements from the CSIRO long-term coastal stations off Sydney (Oral Presentation). New Zealand Marine Sciences Society & Australasian Society for Phycology and Aquatic Botany Joint Conference 1998', Australia. R.
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Oral Presentation

Lee, RS, Holden, C, Ajani, P, Pritchard, T & Andrew, D 1998, 'A temporal and spatial comparison of measurements from the CSIRO long term coastal stations off Sydney, Australia (Oral Presentation). New Zealand Marine Sciences Society Conference 1998, Dunedin, New Zealand.'.
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Oral Presentation

Mitchell, JG, Barbara, G, Dillon, L, Pearson, L, Seymour, JR, Blackburn, N, Bergerson, B & Luchsinger, R 1998, 'Motility in marine bacteria', Australia.

Pritchard, T, Ajani, PA, Andrew, D, Calfas, M, Holden, C, Lee, R, Linforth, S & Rendell, P 1997, 'Relative significance of slope water, estuarine discharges and sewage outfalls for nutrients in offshore coastal waters', Coastal Nutrients Conference Proceedings, Coastal Nutrients Workshop Research Aiding Nutrient Management in Coastal Rivers and Estuaries, AWWA.

Pritchard, T, Lee, R, Ajani, P, Rendell, P, Andrew, D & Large, D 1998, 'Nutrient enrichment of NSW coastal waters: sources and consequences (Oral Presentation). Australian Marine Science Associations Annual Conference 1998, Adelaide Australia.', T.
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Oral Presentation

Seymour, JR & Mitchell, JG 1998, 'Millimetre-scale distributions of marine bacteria.', Australia.

Bourgues, S, Ajani, PA, Carpenter, M, Coade, G, Scanes, P & Koop, K 1998, Nutrients and phytoplankton status in Tuggerah Lake after a flood event.

Lee, R & Ajani, PA 1998, Ocean Nutrient and Phytoplankton Project. Progress and Data Report. Second Season 1996-1997, EPA Technical Report.