Publications

Kuhl, M & Larkum, A 2002, 'The microenvironment and photosynthetic performance of Prochloron sp. in symbiosis with didemnid ascidians' in Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology, Springer, Netherlands, pp. 273-290.

Al-Qassab, S, Lee, WJ, Murray, SA, Simp, AG & Patterson, DJ 2002, 'Flagellates from stromatolites and surrounding sediments in Shark Bay, Western Australia', Acta Protozoologica, vol. 41, pp. 91-144.

Belli, SI, Bakar, M, Thebo, P, Wallach, M, Schwartsburd, B & Smith, NC 2002, 'Biochemical characterisation of the 56 and 82 kDa immunodominant gametocyte antigens from Eimeria maxima', International Journal for Parasitology, vol. 32, no. N/A, pp. 805-816.
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Belli, SI, Witcombe, DM, Wallach, M & Smith, NC 2002, 'Functional genomics of gam56: role of a 56 kilodation sexual stage antigen in oocyst wall formation in Eimeria maxima', International Journal for Parasitology, vol. 32, no. N/A, pp. 1727-1737.
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Cai, ZL, Zeng, HP, Chen, M & Larkum, AWD 2002, 'Raman spectroscopy of chlorophyll d from Acaryochloris marina', BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS, vol. 1556, no. 2-3, pp. 89-91.
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Chen, M, Quinnell, RG & Larkum, AWD 2002, 'Chlorophyll d as the major photopigment in Acaryochloris marina', Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines, vol. 6, no. 11-12, pp. 763-773.
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Chlorophyll (Chl) d is the major pigment in the photosystems (PS) and light-harvesting complex(es) of Acaryochloris marina. Chl a is present in small and variable amounts in PSII and in the light-harvesting complex(es). Isolated PSII complex showed a major fluorescence emission peak at 725 nm and a smaller emission peak due to Chl d at 701 nm, while the PSI complex showed two pools of Chl d, one with emission at 730 nm and the other at 709 nm at 77 K. In PSI and PSII of classical cyanobacteria and of higher plants, where Chl a is the predominant pigment rather than Chl d, these differences are not as pronounced. Light energy absorbed by phycobiliproteins was also active in these Chl d emissions. The major light-harvesting pigment protein is similar to the prochlorophyte Chl-binding protein (pcb) and had a major emission peak at 711 nm. In Cyanobacteria an iron-stress induced Chl-binding protein (isiA) forms a polymeric ring around PSI, and so the effect(s) of iron stress on A. marina where investigated. No clear evidence could be deduced for the formation of an isiA protein under iron stress and no clear changes in the proportion of Chl d:Chl a could be discerned although phycobilins showed a decreased under iron-stress conditions, That Chl d replaces Chl a in all its functions in A. marina is clear; the advantage of this evolutionary development appears to be to enable A. marina to absorb far-red light which occurs in environments where red light is filtered out by other photosynthetic organisms. Copyright © 2002 Society of Porphyrins & Phthalocyanines.

Chen, M, Quinnell, RG & Larkum, AWD 2002, 'The major light-harvesting pigment protein of Acaryochloris marina', FEBS LETTERS, vol. 514, no. 2-3, pp. 149-152.
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Dela-Cruz, J, Ajani, P, Lee, R, Pritchard, T & Suthers, I 2002, 'Temporal abundance patterns of the red tide dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans along the southeast coast of Australia', Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 236, pp. 75-88.
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Glud, RN, Kuhl, M, Wenzhofer, F & Rysgaard, S 2002, 'Benthic diatoms of a high Arctic fjord (Young Sound, NE Greenland): importance for ecosystem primary production', Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 238, pp. 15-29.
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Glud, RN, Rysgaard, S & Kuhl, M 2002, 'A laboratory study on O2 dynamics and photosynthesis in ice algal communities: quantification by microsensors, O2 exchange rates, 14C incubations and a PAM fluorometer', Aquatic Microbial Ecology, vol. 27, pp. 301-311.
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The present study compared O2 exchange measurements, fluorometry and 14 C incubations for measuring productivity of sea-ice algae. It is demonstrated that brine leaking out of ice during freezing conditions is supersaturated with respect to O2, while the melting water released during thawing is undersaturated with O2. This results in a highly variable O2 concentration at the ice-water interface during expanding or shrinking of sea ice. Consequently, great care should be taken when inferring biological activity from O2 exchange rates, whether they are obtained via microprofiles, bulk incubations or direct measurement of O2 concentrations in water below sea ice. Accounting for the O2 dynamics related to changes in sea-ice structure, the photosynthetic activity of a mixed ice algal culture, as measured by net O2 exchange rates and 14 C incubation, co-varied as a function of biomass and irradiance. The ratio between the net O2 efflux and the gross C fixation rate (the photosynthetic quotient) was similar for frozen and non-frozen ice algal communities and averaged 1.43 ± 0.48. Quantification of the relative electron transport rate (ETR) from photosystem II (PSII) and the minimum fluorescence yield (F0) by a pulse-amplitude-modulated (PAM) fluorometer offers a fast, simple and non-invasive approach for estimating activity and biomass of ice algal communities. The relative ETR measurements correlated with the other 2 measures for primary production. However, the correlation was non-linear, leading to a poor resolution of the fluorometer approach at higher photosynthetic activities. A similar observation was made for the correlation between measurements and the concentration of chlorophyll a

Gore, RB, Hadi, EA, Craven, M, Smillie, FI, O'Meara, TJ, Tovey, ER, Woodcock, A & Custovic, A 2002, 'Personal exposure to house dust mite allergen in bed: nasal air sampling and reservoir allergen levels', Clinical Experimental Allergy, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 856-859.
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Hill, PW, Raven, JA & Sutton, MA 2002, 'Leaf age-related differences in apoplastic NH4+ concentration, pH and the NH3 compensation point for a wild perennial', JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY, vol. 53, no. 367, pp. 277-286.
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Laroussi, M, Dobbs, FC, Wei, Z, Doblin, MA, Ball, LG, Moreira, K, Dyer, F & Richardson, J 2002, 'Decontamination of water by excimer UV radiation', IEEE Transactions On Plasma Science, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 1501-1503.
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Water is one of the most important substances on which life depends. However, water may also serve as a medium by which disease is spread to humans, animals, and plants. Therefore, the biological decontamination of this vital substance is of paramount im

Longstaff, BJ, Kildea, T, Runcie, JW, Cheshire, A, Dennison, WC, Hurd, C, Kana, T, Raven, JA & Larkum, AWD 2002, 'An in situ study of photosynthetic oxygen exchange and electron transport rate in the marine macroalga Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta)', PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 281-293.
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Macinnis-Ng, CM & Ralph, PJ 2002, 'Towards a more ecologically relevant assessment of the impact of heavy metals on the photosynthesis of seagrass, Zostera capricorni', Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 45, no. N/A, pp. 100-106.
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This in situ study used photosynthetic activity (measured as chlorophyll a fluorescence) and photosynthetic pigment concentrations to assess the effect of copper, cadmium, lead and zinc on the seagrass Zostera capricorni. Custom-made portable in situ exposure (PIE) chambers were developed so seagrasses could be dosed within the meadow. Z. capricorni was exposed to 0.1 and 1 mg l-1 of metal solutions for 10 h. During this time and for the subsequent four-day recovery period, the effective quantum yield of photosystem II (PS II) (?F/Fm?) was measured. While the results were variable, copper and zinc exposed samples had a depressed ?F/Fm? during the exposure period. Samples exposed to zinc recovered to pre-exposure levels but those exposed to copper did not. Cadmium and lead did not impact on the chlorophyll a fluorescence and the chlorophyll pigment data supported these findings. This study presents an innovative new application of chlorophyll a fluorescence stress assessment.

Murray, SA & Patterson, DJ 2002, 'Amphidiniopsis korewalensis sp. nov., a new heterotrophic benthic dinoflagellate', Phycologia, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 382-388.
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Murray, SA & Patterson, DJ 2002, 'The benthic dinoflagellate genus Amphidinium in south-eastern Australian waters, including three new species', European Journal of Phycology, vol. 37, pp. 279-298.
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Nubel, U, Bateson, MM, Vandieken, V, Wieland, A, Kuhl, M & Ward, DM 2002, 'Microscopic Examination of Distribution and Phenotypic Properties of Phylogenetically Diverse Chloroflexaceae-Related Bacteria in Hot Spring Microbial Mats', Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 68, no. 9, pp. 4593-4603.
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We investigated the diversity, distribution, and phenotypes of uncultivated Chloroflexaceae-related bacteria in photosynthetic microbial mats of an alkaline hot spring (Mushroom Spring, Yellowstone National Park). By applying a directed PCR approach, molecular cloning, and sequence analysis of 16S rRNA genes, an unexpectedly large phylogenetic diversity among these bacteria was detected. Oligonucleotide probes were designed to target 16S rRNAs from organisms affiliated with the genus Chloroflexus or with the type C cluster, a group of previously discovered Chloroflexaceae relatives of this mat community. The application of peroxidase-labeled probes in conjunction with tyramide signal amplification enabled the identification of these organisms within the microbial mats by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and the investigation of their morphology, abundance, and small-scale distribution

Poulos, LM, O'Meara, TJ, Hamilton, RG & Tovey, ER 2002, 'Inhaled latex allergen (Hev b 1)', Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 109, no. 4, pp. 701-706.
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Ralph, PJ & Short, FT 2002, 'Impact of the wasting disease pathogen Labyrinthula zosterae on the photobiology of eelgrass Zostera marina', Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 226, no. N/A, pp. 265-271.
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Labyrinthula zosterae is clearly shown to be a primary pathogen of eelgrass Zostera marina L., not merely a secondary infection of senescent leaves or an indication of decomposition, The results of this investigation using a Diving-PAM fluorometer indicate that the regions of tissue photosynthetically compromised by Labyrinthula are substantially larger than previously thought. Labyrinthula moves through Zostera marine tissue at a rate of up to 0.8 h-1 during daylight periods. The photosynthetic efficiency of apparently healthy green leaf tissue can be reduced by almost 50% in areas up to 3 mm from a necrotic region infected with Labyrinthula. Once a necrotic spot expands to bisect the eelgrass leaf, the condition of all acropertal tissue diminished; lead tissue up to 5 cm away has severely reduced photosynthetic activity.

Ralph, PJ, Gademann, R, Larkum, A & Kuehl, M 2002, 'Spatial heterogeneity in active chlorophyll fluorescence and PSII activity of coral tissues', Marine Biology, vol. 141, no. N/A, pp. 639-646.
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Ralph, PJ, Polk, SM, Moore, KA, Orth, RJ & Smith, WO 2002, 'Operation of the xanthophyll cycle in the seagrass Zostera marina in response to variable irradiance', Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol. 271, no. 2, pp. 189-207.
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Changes in the photobiology and photosynthetic pigments of the seagrass Zostera marina from Chesapeake Bay (USA) were examined under a range of natural and manipulated irradiance regimes. Photosynthetic activity was assessed using chlorophyll-a fluorescence, and photosynthetic pigments were measured by HPLC. Large changes in the violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, and antheraxanthin content were concomitant with the modulation of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). Photokinetics (Fv/Fm, rapid light curves (RLC), and non-photochemical quenching) varied as a result of oscillating irradiance and were highly correlated to xanthophyll pigment content. Zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin concentrations increased under elevated light conditions, while violaxanthin increased in darkened conditions. Unusually high concentrations of antheraxanthin were found in Z. marina under a wide range of light conditions, and this was associated with the partial conversion of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin. These results support the idea that xanthophyll intermediate pigments induce a photoprotective response during exposure to high irradiances in this seagrass.

Raven, JA 2002, 'Photosynthesis: Evolutionary options', NATURE, vol. 415, no. 6870, pp. 375-+.
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Raven, JA 2002, 'Putting the fight in bryophytes', NEW PHYTOLOGIST, vol. 156, no. 3, pp. 321-323.
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Raven, JA 2002, 'Selection pressures on stomatal evolution', NEW PHYTOLOGIST, vol. 153, no. 3, pp. 371-386.
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Raven, JA & Kubler, JE 2002, 'New light on the scaling of metabolic rate with the size of algae', JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 11-16.
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Raven, JA, Johnston, AM, Kubler, JE, Korb, R, McInroy, SG, Handley, LL, Scrimgeour, CM, Walker, DI, Beardall, J, Clayton, MN, Vanderklift, M, Fredriksen, S & Dunton, KH 2002, 'Seaweeds in cold seas: Evolution and carbon acquisition', ANNALS OF BOTANY, vol. 90, no. 4, pp. 525-536.
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Roberts, R, Kuhl, M, Glud, RN & Rysgaard, S 2002, 'Primary production of crustose coralline red algae in a high arctic fjord', Journal of Phycology, vol. 38, pp. 273-283.
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Sass, AM, Eschemann, A, Kuhl, M, Thar, R, Sass, H & Cypionka, H 2002, 'Growth and chemosensory behavior of sulfate-reducing bacteria in oxygen-sulfide gradients', F E M S Microbiology Ecology, vol. 40, pp. 47-54.
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Schreiber, U, Gademann, R, Bird, P, Ralph, PJ, Larkum, A & Kuehl, M 2002, 'Apparent light requirement for activation of photosynthesis upon rehydration of desicated beachrock microbial mats', Journal of Phycology, vol. 38, no. N/A, pp. 125-134.
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Sutherland, DL & Hawes, I 2002, 'A living fossil diatom discovered in Antarctic waters', Aquatic Biodiversity and Biosecurity, vol. 2, no. 5.

Thar, R & Kuhl, M 2002, 'Conspicuous veils formed by vibrioid bacteria on sulfidic marine sediment', Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 68, no. 12, pp. 6310-6320.
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We describe the morphology and behavior of a hitherto unknown bacterial species that forms conspicuous veils (typical dimensions, 30 by 30 mm) on sulfidic marine sediment. The new bacteria were enriched on complex sulfidic medium within a benthic gradient chamber in oxygen-sulfide countergradients, but the bacteria have so far not been isolated in pure culture, and a detailed characterization of their metabolism is still lacking. The bacteria are colorless, gram-negative, and vibrioid-shaped (1.3- to 2.5- by 4- to 10-µm) cells that multiply by binary division and contain several spherical inclusions of poly-ß-hydroxybutyric acid. The cells have bipolar polytrichous flagella and exhibit a unique swimming pattern, rotating and translating along their short axis. Free-swimming cells showed aerotaxis and aggregated at ca. 2 µM oxygen within opposing oxygen-sulfide gradients, where they were able to attach via a mucous stalk, forming a cohesive whitish veil at the oxic-anoxic interface. Bacteria attached to the veil kept rotating and adapted their stalk lengths dynamically to changing oxygen concentrations.

Wolstencroft, RD & Raven, JA 2002, 'Photosynthesis: Likelihood of occurrence and possibility of detection on earth-like planets', ICARUS, vol. 157, no. 2, pp. 535-548.
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Zopfi, J, Wieland, A & Kuhl, M 2002, 'Biogeochemical cycling of C, O, and S in an iron rich hypersaline microbial mat', GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA, vol. 66, no. 15A, pp. A883-A883.

Macinnis-Ng, CMO & Ralph, PJ 2001, 'Towards a more ecologically relevant assessment of the impact of heavy metals on the photosynthesis of the seagrass, Zostera capricorni', MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN, 3rd International Conference on Marine Pollution and Ecotoxicology, PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, HONG KONG, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 100-106.
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Raven, JA 2002, 'The evolution of cyanobacterial symbioses', Biology and Environment, pp. 3-6.
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Raven, JA, Johnston, AM, Kubler, JE, Korb, R, McInroy, SG, Handley, LL, Scrimgeour, CM, Walker, DI, Beardall, J, Vanderklift, M, Fredriksen, S & Dunton, KH 2002, 'Mechanistic interpretation of carbon isotope discrimination by marine macroalgae and seagrasses', FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY, CSIRO PUBLISHING, pp. 355-378.
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Wolterding, M & Larkum, AWD 2002, 'Post-wildfire leaf production in the Australian seagrass Posidonia australis', Bulletin of Marine Science, pp. 1207-1214.
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The effect of a nearby wildfire on Posidonia australis leaf production was examined through comparison with pre-fire values recorded the previous year and with control groups growing some distance from the fire. Post-fire leaf growth, leaf area and leaf width increased significantly over pre-fire levels measured the year before. Control groups showed no significant increases in these variables over the same time interval. The rapid, significant increase in post-fire leaf production suggests that, wildfires can have a major impact on summer P. australis growth, most likely through increasing nutrient availability.