Alzer, H 1993, 'Sharp upper and lower bounds for the exponential function', International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 315-327.
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BAWEJA, D, ROPER, H & SIRIVIVATNANON, V 1993, 'RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ANODIC POLARIZATION AND CORROSION OF STEEL IN CONCRETE', CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 1418-1430.
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Ben Aim, R, Liu, MG & Vigneswaran, S 1993, 'Recent Development of Membrane Processes for Water and Waste Water Treatment', Water Science and Technology, vol. 27, no. 10, pp. 141-149.
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Membranes are presently used at industrial scale for water and waste water treatment, but still for limited production. More knowledge of hydrodynamic phenomena has recently resulted in significant technical improvements (backflush, unsteady flow). However an experimental study performed at lab scale in a rotating membrane device has shown the complexity of the relationship between operating conditions, rejection and filtrate flux. The need for bettering the quality of the water (low turbidity) and waster water (disinfection) may be in favour of the development of membrane processes if efficient models allowing simultaneous optimization of quality and productivity are made available (as was done years ago for deep bed filtration).
BOLAN, NS, HEDLEY, MJ & LOGANATHAN, P 1993, 'PREPARATION, FORMS AND PROPERTIES OF CONTROLLED-RELEASE PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS', FERTILIZER RESEARCH, vol. 35, no. 1-2, pp. 13-24.
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Controlled-release phosphate fertilizers include phosphate rocks (PRs) for direct application, partially acidulated phosphate rocks (PAPRs) and thermal phosphates. Phosphate rocks contain apatite as the main P containing mineral, the composition and the chemical nature of which vary between PRs. Based on the solubility in chemical extractants PRs are broadly grouped into 'reactive' and 'unreactive'. The 'reactivity' of PRs is influenced strongly by the extent of carbonate substitution for phosphate in the apatite minerals. Under certain soil and climatic conditions reactive PRs (RPRs) can be used as a source of P for direct application. Partially acidulated phosphate rocks (PAPRs) are produced either by direct partial acidulation of PRs with mineral acids or by mixing PRs with fully acidulated superphosphate reaction mixtures. Partial acidulation of PRs with H3PO4 generally results in higher water soluble P contents than those acidulated with H2SO4. Mixing of RPRs with superphosphate reaction mixtures sometimes results in the preferential consumption of free acid and thereby increases the amounts of residual unreacted PRs. Thermal phosphates are produced by either heating PRs below melting point both in the presence and the absence of silica (calcined phosphates) or heating PRs with silica above melting point (fused phosphate). These phosphates are alkaline in nature and hence suitable for acidic soils. © 1993 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Briscoe, BJ, Thomas, PS & Williams, DR 1993, 'The Strain Rate Dependence of the Interface Shear Strength of Poly(methyl methacrylate) Films', Tribology Series, vol. 25, no. C, pp. 453-460.
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The frictional response for a range of thin poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) films has been assessed in terms of the interface shear strength, τ. The dependence of τ on the shear strain rate, the morphology and the molecular structure of the polymer have been experimentally determined. These dependencies are interpreted using a molecular topographical model of the interface shear process. This type of model allows the accommodation of microscopic shear stresses through molecular deformation in the polymer film. In order to identify the molecular nature of these processes, a theoretical stress activated model of molecular flow is employed. The structural properties of the polymer films, and, in particular, the conformation of the pendant ester group, are characterised by FTER. The current study proposes that the interface rheology of PMMA films is related to the conformation of the pendant ester groups attached to the carbon backbone chain of PMMA. © 1993, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Burnett, IS & Holbeche, RJ 1993, 'A mixed prototype waveform/CELP coder for sub 3 kbit/s', IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing, vol. 2, pp. 175-178.
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Catchpoole, DR & Stewart, BW 1993, 'Etoposide-induced cytotoxicity in two human T-cell leukemic lines: delayed loss of membrane permeability rather than DNA fragmentation as an indicator of programmed cell death.', Cancer Res, vol. 53, no. 18, pp. 4287-4296.
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Features of the apoptotic response evident in glucocorticoid-treated thymocytes are not uniformly observed in cell lines exposed to anticancer drugs. The significance of such variation has been assessed by monitoring molecular and cellular processes induced by etoposide (VP-16) in the human lymphoblastoid T-cell lines CCRF-CEM (CEM) and MOLT-4 contrasted, where appropriate, with those induced by necrotizing injury. Cytotoxic concentrations of the drug were determined to be 5-100 microM on the basis of tetrazolium reduction assay. The two lines were equally sensitive to VP-16; no difference in concentration of drug which inhibited cell growth by 50% with respect to control (i.e., drug free) cultures was apparent irrespective of exposure times from 3-72 h. DNA strand breaks were evident in both populations within 3 h of exposure to VP-16. Morphological change, assessed microscopically, involving nuclear condensation and cell shrinkage was qualitatively and quantitatively similar in VP-16-treated CEM and MOLT-4 cells. Flow cytometric analysis indicated that the G2/M fraction of the randomly dividing MOLT-4 population was approximately one-third that of CEM cells, but each line exhibited a decrease in this fraction 3-6 h after treatment. Despite these similarities, marked differences in the response to VP-16 were evident in the two populations. Internucleosomal fragmentation, detected electrophoretically 3 h after treatment in DNA isolated from CEM cells, was not detected under any condition in MOLT-4 DNA. Apoptotic bodies, also evident within 3 h of VP-16 treatment of CEM cells, were not readily apparent in MOLT-4 cells under the same conditions. Treatment causing necrosis resulted in trypan blue uptake within 1 h in a similar high proportion of cells from both lines. Exposure to VP-16 resulted in such a loss of membrane integrity by 6 h in CEM cells, while change in this parameter occurred only after 24 h in the case of MOLT-4 cells. The findings indicate...
Chiemchaisri, C, Yamamoto, K & Vigneswaran, S 1993, 'Household Membrane Bioreactor in Domestic Wastewater Treatment', Water Science and Technology, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 171-178.
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The activated sludge process coupled with hollow fiber membrane for solid-liquid separation was applied to treat low strength domestic wastewater. Pilot-scale experimental unit used in this study consisted of 2 modules of 0.03 μm pore size with 9 m2 surface area each, immersed in the reactor which has a maximum working volume of 1.5 m3. Even when sewage was fed at varying rates following its diurnal flow variation to the bioreactor, good stability of the process was achieved which was shown by the consistency in treated water quality. The effluent turbidity and COD were well within the limits (less than 0.5 NTU and 3-5 mg/L). The transmembrane pressure drop was less than 20 cm Hg even after 2 months of operation. Application of jet aeration could be used to prolong the operational life of the membrane in the bioreactor. This system is an ideal one to be used as household wastewater treatment system.
Dharmappa, HB, Verink, J, Fujiwara, O & Vigneswaran, S 1993, 'Optimal design of a flocculator', Water Research, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 513-519.
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An approach is presented for the least cost design of a flocculator with respect to flocculation time and velocity gradient, in order to obtain a desired effluent condition, which is measured using the negative slope of power law distribution function (β). The model proposed is a non-linear programming problem involving a non-linear constraint, which in turn comprises a verified simulation model. The case study demonstrates the existence of a relationship between design criterion and design parameters. It also shows that the optimal solution is sensitive to influent particle size distribution (PSD) and particle contact efficiency (α).
Dissanayake, MWMG & Phan-Thien, N 1993, 'Near minimum-time positioning of a flexible beam', ZAMP Zeitschrift f�r angewandte Mathematik und Physik, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 755-768.
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Dovey, K 1993, 'Organisational Form and People Development: The Team as a Vehicle for Developing the Individual-in-Community', British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 124-132.
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It is argued that all social action serves specific power interests and that the organisational form of social agencies is strongly influenced by the theoretical assumptions and practical aims of those who establish them. The paper presents the case of radical humanism, as an appropriate theory of social action within social democracies in the late-twentieth century, and argues that the team is a highly effective form of social organisation which leads to the establishment of an organisational culture compatible with radical humanist principles. © 1993, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.
Eady, EA, Jones, CE, Tipper, JL, Cove, JH, Cunliffe, WJ & Layton, AM 1993, 'Antibiotic resistant propionibacteria in acne: need for policies to modify antibiotic usage.', BMJ, vol. 306, no. 6877, pp. 555-556.
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Eady, EA, Ross, JI, Tipper, JL, Walters, CE, Cove, JH & Noble, WC 1993, 'Distribution of genes encoding erythromycin ribosomal methylases and an erythromycin efflux pump in epidemiologically distinct groups of staphylococci', Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 211-217.
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Guo, YJ & Barton, SK 1993, 'Fresnel zone plate reflector incorporating rings', IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters, vol. 3, no. 11, pp. 417-419.
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A novel high-efficiency Fresnel zone plate reflector antenna is presented. The reflector consists of an inhomogeneous array of circular conducting rings printed on a grounded substrate. By adjusting the geometrical parameters of the rings and the distances between them, the reflector provides a space-varying phase correction required for focusing an incoming plane wave. Compared with a phase reversal zone plate, an average of 3-dB gain improvement and significant sidelobe reduction have been obtained. © 1993 IEEE
Guo, YJ & Barton, SK 1993, 'Multilayer phase correcting fresnel zone plate reflector antennas', International Journal of Satellite Communications, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 75-80.
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AbstractOwing to its flat nature and light weight etc., the Fresnel zone plate antenna is becoming very attractive for such applications as DBS reception and receive‐only VSAT. The disadvantages of low efficiency and high sidelobes of the simple and the phase reversing zone plates can be improved by using phase correcting techniques. In this paper, a systematic investigation on the efficiency and sidelobe performance of subzone phase correcting zone plate antennas is presented. The design of a form of multilayer phase correcting zone plate reflector is described. A quarter‐wave zone plate reflector constructed with three dielectric layers and metallized rings is reported, with measured peak efficiency of 55 per cent.
Guo, YJ & Barton, SK 1993, 'On the subzone phase correction of fresnel zone plate antennas', Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 6, no. 15, pp. 840-843.
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AbstractSubzone phase correction is a practical technique to produce high‐efficiency Fresnel zone plate antennas. In this article a strict theory underlying the technique is presented. A closed‐form expression of the focal field for the subzone phase correcting Fresnel zone plate (FZP) illuminated by a plane wave is given first. The subzone division and the corresponding phase correction are then optimized to produce the maximum focal field intensity. To overcome the difficulty of placing many subzone phase shifters in the narrow outer full‐wave zones, an aperiodic subzone phase correction technique is proposed.
HADGRAFT, R 1993, 'Problem-based Approach to a Civil Engineering Education', European Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 301-311.
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Problem-based learning (PBL) is seen as a way of developing a rounded engineer, one who excels not only in technical accomplishments, but also in communication, teamwork, leadership, innovation and initiative. PBL develops all these skills through a process of problem solving in a resource-rich environment explored by teams of students. This paper shows how a PBL approach can be applied in the development of a new civil engineering course. It does this on a broad scale (looking at the sequence of subjects required in the degree), and on a smaller scale, to show how individual subjects could be implemented. © 1993, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.
Husain, M & Waldron, KJ 1993, 'Position kinematics of a two limbed mixed mechanism', Mechanism and Machine Theory, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 763-775.
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Comparatively little attention has been paid to the kinematic and static characteristics of mixed mechanisms which have combinations of the characteristics of fully serial and fully parallel mechanisms. Such actively coordinated mechanisms having combina
Indraratna, B 1993, 'Effect of bolts on failure modes near tunnel openings in soft rock', Géotechnique, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 433-442.
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The Paper elucidates the potential failure modes around a circular tunnel opening subjected to a hydrostatic stress field. Physical models have been tested in the laboratory using a large cubical triaxial apparatus to investigate the effect of grouted bolts on failure mechanisms. Depending on the bolt density, the observed failure of a bolted tunnel can deviate significantly from the theoretical rupture surfaces (log spiral) anticipated for an unsupported circular opening. The influence of discontinuities on the rupture process near the tunnel wall is also explored. It is shown that by use of a high bolt density, the propagation of slip lines and the risk of failure close to the tunnel boundary can be minimized. The failure zone (delineating wedges) around the tunnel wall becomes smaller with increasing degree of reinforcement. L'article s'intéresse aux modes possibles de fractu-ration autour de l'ouverture circulaire d'un tunnel dans un champ de contraintes hydrostatique. Des modèles physiques ont été expérimentés en laboratoire, à l'aide d'un appareillage triaxial pour des échantillons cubiques de gros volume, afin d'étudier l'influence des boulons jointifs sur less mécanismes de fracturation. Selon la densité de boulons, la fracturation observée dans un tunnel boulonné peut s'éloigner significativement des surfaces de rupture théoriques (en spirale logarithmique) prévues pour une ouverture circulaire non soutenue. L'influence des discontinuités sur le mécanisme de rupture à proximité de la paroi du tunnel a également été étudiée. Il apparaît que, en utilisant une forte densité de boulons, l'on peut minimiser la propagation des lignes de glissement et le risque de fracturation à proximité des limites du tunnel. La zone de fracturation autour des parois du tunnel devient moins étendue si l'on augmente le degré de renforcement.
Indraratna, B & Balasubramaniam, AS 1993, 'Closure to “ Performance of Test Embankment Constructed to Failure on Soft Marine Clay ” by B. Indraratna, A. S. Balasubramaniam, and S. Balachandran (January, 1992, Vol. 118, No. 1)', Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 119, no. 8, pp. 1326-1329.
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Indraratna, B, Wijewardena, LSS & Balasubramaniam, AS 1993, 'Large-scale triaxial testing of grey wacke rockfill', Géotechnique, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 37-51.
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This Paper describes the results of a series of large-scale triaxial tests conducted on greywacke rockfill, used in dam construction in Southern Thailand. The tests are conducted at low to moderate confining stresses to relate their findings to the stability of rockfill dams. Considering the current test results in conjunction with previous laboratory data, revised failure criteria for rockfill are proposed in non-dimensional form. For both low and high confining stresses, lower and upper bounds of strength envelopes have been established, based on a wide array of granular materials. The influence of the confining stress on the shear strength of rockfill is studied in depth, and the implications of a non-linear envelope at low normal stress levels on the stability of rockfill dams are discussed. Although two parallel rockfill gradations for specimens compacted to similar porosities are considered, the exact role of particle size effect on shear strength is not examined in detail, as the difference in maximum particle sizes tested in this study is not sufficiently large. Cet article décrit les résultats d'une suite d'essais au triaxial à grande échelle réalisés sur du remblai rocheux (greywacke) utilisé pour la construction de barrages dans le sud de la Thaïlande. Ces essais sont exécutés à des pressions de cellule faibles à modérées pour rapprocher les résultats de la stabilité de barrages à enrochement. En considérant les résultats existant d'essais, en conjonction avec les données de laboratoire précédentes, des critères de rupture de l'enrochement sont proposés dans une forme sans dimensions. Pour des pressions de cellule faibles et élevées, les enveloppes basses et hautes de résistance ont été établies, basées sur un vaste ensemble de matériaux granuleux. L'influence de la pression de cellule sur la résistance au cisaillement est étudiée en profondeur et les conséquences d'une enveloppe de rupture non linéaire à containtes...
Kelly, PJ, Nguyen, T, Hopper, J, Pocock, N, Sambrook, P & Eisman, J 1993, 'Changes in axial bone density with age: A twin study', Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 11-17.
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Abstract Bone mineral density in adult life, which is an important determinant of fracture risk, is determined by peak adult bone density, achieved in early adulthood and subsequent rates of change during adult life. Cross-sectional twin and family studies indicate that the majority of population variation in bone density may be explained by genetic factors. Although there is evidence for a genetic effect on peak bone mass, it is unknown whether there is a genetic effect on rates of changes in bone density with age. Changes in lumbar spine and femoral neck bone density determined by dual-photon absorptiometry (Lunar DP3) were examined in a cohort of monozygotic (MZ, n = 21, 3 male and 18 female pairs, median age, range, 46; 24–75 years) and dizygotic twins (DZ, n = 19; 43, 25–65 years). The median follow-up was 3 years (range 1.1–5.5 years), with each subject having at least two and up to four bone density assessments. In these twins, genetic factors determine variation in rates of change (% change/year) in lumbar spine bone density, rMZ = 0.93 and rDZ = 0.51, p < 0.02 (one tailed), and Ward's triangle, rMZ = 0–60. rDZ = 0.11, p < 0.05 (one tailed). Model-fitting analysis was also consistent with a genetic effect on rates of change in bone density at the trochanteric site, although such an effect was not shown at the femoral neck. These data demonstrate, for the first time, the possible existence of genetic determinants of rates of change in bone mineral density in adults.
LOGANATHAN, P & HEDLEY, MJ 1993, 'SINGLE SUPERPHOSPHATE - REACTIVE PHOSPHATE ROCK MIXTURES .3. THE USE OF CONCENTRATION RATIOS OF ELEMENTS TO IDENTIFY THE NATURE AND AMOUNTS OF UNACIDULATED ROCK RESIDUES IN THE MIXTURES', FERTILIZER RESEARCH, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 203-210.
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Water insoluble residues (WIR) of unreactive phosphate rocks in single superphosphate-reactive phosphate rock (SSP-RPR) mixtures are considered to reduce the agronomic value of these mixtures. A technique using concentration ratios of elements to identify the quantities of WIR of ground North Carolina (NC), ground Nauru and as received NC phosphate rocks in a SSP-RPR was developed. Of 22 elements tested P/Sr ratios were found to be the only element ratios that could be used to distinguish between WIR's derived from Nauru and NC. P/Sr ratios in Nauru and NC were markedly different and provided a useful index for differentiating between the two rocks. During acidulation the P/Sr concentration ratio remained essentially constant in the WIR's from both rocks. Using the element ratio technique the percentage of total P in the SSP-RPR sample was determined to be 60-61% water soluble, 5% water insoluble Nauru, 2% water insoluble ground NC and 32-33% water insoluble as received NC. The element ratio technique developed in this study can be applied to partially acidulated P fertilizers made with rocks other than NC and Nauru provided elements which satisfy the same conditions as Sr in this study can be found. © 1993 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Maciel, FB, Miyanaga, Y & Tochinai, K 1993, 'An optimization technique for lowering the iteration bound of DSP programs', Journal of VLSI signal processing systems for signal, image and video technology, vol. 5, no. 2-3, pp. 273-282.
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Miyanaga, Y, Tochinai, K & Okumura, S 1993, 'On the generalizability and adaptability of a self‐organization clustering', Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part III: Fundamental Electronic Science), vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 73-82.
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AbstractThis paper constructs an adaptive clustering method based on the Mahalanobis distance and discusses its essential characteristics with respect to the adaptability and generalizability. From some experimental results, this method is shown to provide a sufficient adaptive clustering ability. The clustering method proposed in this paper is based on a self‐organization method by which every useful independent base can be obtained on a characteristic space. Thus, the user's effort of learning becomes minimum compared with supervised learning. In addition, clustering based on an adaptive method is performed to consider the time variation of the characteristics. Furthermore, to improve the generalizability, a set of clusters is reconstructed in every certain period and a system is constructed such that accurate cluster sets and recognition are obtained. Because this reconstruction is also processed in a self‐organizing way, it does not require learning from an external source. To evaluate the characteristics quantitatively, its effectiveness is shown by several simulation experiments.
PAN, LB, LIU, PC & BAKOSS, SL 1993, 'LONG-TERM SHORTENING OF CONCRETE COLUMNS IN TALL BUILDINGS', JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING-ASCE, vol. 119, no. 7, pp. 2258-2262.
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The accurate estimation of the long-term shortening of the vertical members of tall concrete buildings is often an important issue in their design. Differences in the shortening of adjacent columns or between columns and the shear core can induce significant moments and shears in connecting floor slabs or beams. The effects of such differential vertical movements have to be carefully considered where adjacent vertical members are closely spaced, carry different loads, or have different cross sections. The total shortening of concrete columns consists of the sum of the instantaneous axial deformations and the deformations induced by creep and shrinkage. The paper describes a method for the prediction of the long-term axial deformations of reinforced concrete columns of tall buildings. The method is based on the incremental superposition procedure in which the stresses due to loads and creep and shrinkage are assumed to vary discretely at selected instants of time. Predicted values are shown to be in good agreement with column shortening measured in a tall building. © ASCE.
Sambrook, P, Birmingham, J, Kelly, P, Kempler, S, Nguyen, T, Pocock, N & Eisman, J 1993, 'Prevention of corticosteroid bone loss', Osteoporosis International, vol. 3, no. S1, pp. 141-143.
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Sambrook, P, Birmingham, J, Kelly, P, Kempler, S, Nguyen, T, Pocock, N & Eisman, J 1993, 'Prevention of Corticosteroid Osteoporosis -- A Comparison of Calcium, Calcitriol, and Calcitonin', New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 328, no. 24, pp. 1747-1752.
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Sheng, D & Knutsson, S 1993, 'Sensitivity analysis of frost heave - a theoretical study', Frost in geotechnical engineering. Proc. 2nd symposium, Anchorage, 1993, pp. 3-16.
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A frost heave model based on quasi-steady state heat and water flow is presented. The model is verified against experimental results. The sensivity of computed frost heave is analyzed, which shows that, 1) the important factors affecting frost heave include overburden pressure, temperature gradient, unfrozen water content in frozen soil, and permeability of the soil; 2) increasing over-burden pressure prevents frost heave by elongating frozen fringe and increasing the space between lenses, and the effect of overburden pressure is not significant for clays; 3) decreasing temperature gradient prevents frost heave by increasing the thickness of frozen fringe and reducing ice lens thickness; 4) as the unfrozen water content increases, the computed heave first increases rapidly and then approaches a constant value at moderate and high unfrozen water content. -from Authors
Sheng, D, Axelsson, KB & Knutsson, S 1993, 'Finite element analysis for convective heat diffusion with phase change', Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, vol. 104, no. 1, pp. 19-30.
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Shoon, SY, Wan, SW & Nguyen, HT 1993, 'A novel approach to the design of a Wilson referenced ECG amplifier.', Australas Phys Eng Sci Med, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 111-117.
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The Wilson Central Terminal consists of three limb electrodes connected through a resistor network at the inverting input to the ECG amplifier. It is often used as a zero potential reference in ECG recordings. In this paper, the implications of using a Wilson central reference on the overall amplifier's common-mode rejection ratio and noise specifications is analysed. It is shown that the Wilson reference can degrade the overall amplifier specifications. The design of a Wilson referenced amplifier is then described which shows this to be true. A novel approach to the design of a Wilson referenced ECG amplifier is then presented, whereby the reference network is moved from the input to an intermediate stage of the amplifier. An analysis on the improvements achieved over the conventional approach is given. An amplifier design using the new approach is then described. Tests results showed a significant improvement in amplifier common mode rejection ratio and noise specifications when compared to the conventional design.
Stewart, MG 1993, 'Modeling Human Performance in Reinforced Concrete Beam Construction', Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, vol. 119, no. 1, pp. 6-22.
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A significant portion of performance failures are due to human error in the construction stage of a structural engineering project. Statistical studies indicate that the construction of in-situ reinforced concrete elements is most prone to error, and that most errors are committed by contractors (either site staff or workmen). Results are reported herein of a survey investigating the error rate and error magnitude of contractor construction errors, and the frequency of engineering inspections and their influence on construction errors. The survey recipients were practicing structural engineers. Probabilistic models have been proposed for the distribution of error rates and error magnitudes, and include within them the influence of inspections. It was found that engineering inspections reduced the initial on-site construction error content by approximately two orders of magnitude. The models provide construction task performance information that can be incorporated into a probabilistic risk analysis of reinforced-concrete construction. © ASCE.
Stewart, MG 1993, 'Structural reliability and error control in reinforced concrete design and construction', Structural Safety, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 277-292.
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Available statistical data suggest that human error in design and construction causes a significant proportion of performance failures; namely, structural failure, cost overruns and delays. A Human Reliability Analysis (HRA) model has been developed to simulate the effect of human error on the design and construction of a reinforced concrete beam. The proposed HRA model incorporates the effect of designer checking, independent design checking, engineering inspections of construction works, and interaction between the designer and contractor. Human performance models are described for all design and construction microtasks. It was found that human error leads to a significant loss of structural safety, but that error control measures (particularly design checking) significantly reduce this loss. It was also shown that construction errors are more detrimental to structural safety and are more difficult to detect and correct. © 1993.
Veitch, D 1993, 'The approach to constrained equations', Physics Letters A, vol. 183, no. 4, pp. 319-326.
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Voinov, AA & Zharova, NA 1993, 'HYDRO: simulation of hydrodynamics and water pollution', Environmental Software, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 209-218.
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A user-friendly package for simulations of wind-induced currents and dispersion of non-conservative pollutants in aquatic media is discussed. The hydrodynamics are modelled by a stationary shallow-water approximation of the Eckman type. The generated patterns of currents are fed into the 2-D advection-diffusion model to calculate the concentration fields of a pollutant coming with inflows or injected directly into the water body. The package runs on IBM compatible PCs with a mathcoprocessor being very desirable. The package is simple to learn. It may be useful for preliminary qualitative analysis of water pollution, as well as for education and demonstration purposes. © 1993 Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd.
Waite, TD, Amal, R, Ngo, H & Vigneswaran, S 1993, 'Effects of Adsorbed Organic Matter on Size, Structure and Filterability of Iron Oxyhydroxide Flocs', Water Science and Technology, vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 133-142.
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In this study, the effects of adsorbed fulvic acid, a naturallyoccurringorganic acid, on the aggregation and filtration of hematite particles are investigated. The study of aggregate structure shows that the fractal dimensions of hematite aggregates which are partially coated with fulvic acid molecules are higher than those obtained with no adsorbed fulvic acid. The high fractal dimensions are due to restructuring within the aggregates, which only occurred at low coverage by the organic acid. In the filtration experiments, high clean filter efficiency was obtained for particles with the net charge opposite to the filter media. During ripening period, however, the particle sizesplayed a more important role than the surface chargesParticles of a micron size seemed to have less capture efficiency during this period, since they are controlled neither by diffusion nor interception.
WALKER, JS, ARROYO, JF, NGUYEN, T & DAY, RO 1993, 'Analgesic efficacy of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs in experimental pain in humans', British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 417-425.
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Xia, JS, Ni, W & Adams, ED 1993, 'Melting pressure of solidHe3through the magnetic-ordering transitions', Physical Review Letters, vol. 70, no. 10, pp. 1481-1484.
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YING, MS 1993, 'FUZZIFYING TOPOLOGY BASED ON COMPLETE RESIDUATED LATTICE-VALUED LOGIC .1.', FUZZY SETS AND SYSTEMS, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 337-373.
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We greatly extend fuzzifying topology by introducing a unary fuzzy predicate interpreted as the property to be fuzzifying topological spaces on the class of all so-called fuzzifying pretopological spaces and by adopting the semantic method of complete re
Zhou, JL & Banks, CJ 1993, 'Mechanism of humic acid colour removal from natural waters by fungal biomass biosorption', Chemosphere, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 607-620.
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Aubrey, T & White, P 1970, 'Comparison of switched pattern diversity antennas', IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, pp. 89-92.
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Switched pattern diversity reception is implemented by using antenna elements with different directional radiation patterns and switching the receiver to the element providing the best output. The use of pattern diversity can improve system performance. We simulate the performance of various ideal pattern diversity antennas. The results are compared with an ideal omni-directional antenna and with energy density antennas. Significant improvements are shown for diversity antennas in multi-path environments characterized by Rayleigh and Rician amplitude distributions.
BALL, JE 1970, 'MODELLING OF UNSTEADY FLOW THROUGH MANHOLES', PROCEEDINGS OF THE SIXTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON URBAN STORM DRAINAGE, VOLS 1 AND 2, 6th International Conference on Urban Storm Drainage, SEAPOINT PUBLISHING, NIAGARA FALLS, CANADA, pp. 116-121.
BALL, JE, BARMA, D & AUSTR, IE 1970, 'MODELING FLOOD WAVE MOVEMENT WITH A MODIFIED STRELKOFF SCHEME', HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES SYMPOSIUM - TOWARDS THE 21ST CENTURY, Engineering for Hydrology and Water Resources Conference 1993: Looking Towards the 21st-Century, INST ENGINEERS AUSTRALIA, NEWCASTLE, AUSTRALIA, pp. 179-184.
BALL, JE, WHITE, MJ, INNES, GD, CHEN, L & AUSTR, IE 1970, 'APPLICATION OF HSPF ON THE UPPER NEPEAN CATCHMENT', HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES SYMPOSIUM - TOWARDS THE 21ST CENTURY, Engineering for Hydrology and Water Resources Conference 1993: Looking Towards the 21st-Century, INST ENGINEERS AUSTRALIA, NEWCASTLE, AUSTRALIA, pp. 343-348.
BAWEJA, D, ROPER, H, GUIRGUIS, S & SIRIVIVATNANON, V 1970, 'MEASUREMENT OF CORROSION OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT UNDER HIGH CHLORIDE CONDITIONS', FLY ASH, SILICA FUME, SLAG, AND NATURAL POZZOLANS IN CONCRETE, VOLS 1 AND 2, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONF ON FLY ASH, SILICA FUME, SLAG, AND NATURAL POZZOLANS IN CONCRETE, AMER CONCRETE INST, ISTANBUL, TURKEY, pp. 1543-1563.
Bernasch, J 1970, '<title>Visual attention control in image sequences using multiple knowledge sources</title>', SPIE Proceedings, IS&T/SPIE's Symposium on Electronic Imaging: Science and Technology, SPIE.
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Bone, DJ 1970, '<title>Adaptive color-printer modeling using regularized linear splines</title>', Device-Independent Color Imaging and Imaging Systems Integration, IS&T/SPIE's Symposium on Electronic Imaging: Science and Technology, SPIE, pp. 104-115.
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© 1993 SPIE. All rights reserved. The characterisation of a highly non-linear color print device can involve a large number of measurements of printed color output. If the measurement process is not automated this can be a significant fraction of the cost of developing a color model for a device. One way to limit the number of measurements required is to ensure that in any given region, only enough measurements are made to adequately characterise the local behaviour. With no prior knowledge of the behaviour, this requires an adaptive approach to the sampling. An adaptive sampling technique developed for this work, termed Model Accuracy Moderated Adaptive Sampling (MAMAS), is described. Simulation tests with and without measurement noise are presented and the results are compared to measurements using uniform regular sampling. The technique is also applied to a real printer, the Canon CLC500, for which some results are presented. The color model used for the print device is based on an interpolated look up table (ILUT). Because of the highly non-linear nature of the device being modeled a flexible technique is required to translate the irregular measurement samples into a regularly gridded model. A method based on a regularized linear spline was developed. Appropriate choice of the penalty function for the regularization can achieve a compromise between fitting the measured points and reducing the impact of measurement noise. A brief overview of the technique is presented.
Bone, DJ 1970, '<title>Adaptive multidimensional interpolation using regularized linear splines</title>', SPIE Proceedings, IS&T/SPIE's Symposium on Electronic Imaging: Science and Technology, SPIE, SAN JOSE, CA, pp. 243-253.
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BRISCOE, BJ, STUART, BH & THOMAS, PS 1970, 'SOLVENT-INDUCED MORPHOLOGICAL-CHANGES TO POLYCARBONATE', POLYMER/INORGANIC INTERFACES, Materials Research Society, San Francisco, pp. 185-190.
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Brookes, W & Indulska, J 1970, 'An ODP-based approach to overcoming heterogeneity in wide area networks', Proceedings of IEEE Singapore International Conference on Networks/International Conference on Information Engineering '93, IEEE Singapore International Conference on Networks/International Conference on Information Engineering '93, IEEE, SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE, pp. 680-684.
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Chee, YJ & Berton, SK 1970, 'High efficiency zone plate reflector incorporating printed resonators', IEE Conference Publication, 8TH INTERNATIONAL CONF ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, INST ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS, HERIOT WATT UNIV, EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND, pp. 620-622.
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A novel phase correcting zone plate reflector with a single layer metallic printing is presented. By using reflective phase shifters consisting of printed resonators, the new reflector antenna achieved 65% aperture phase efficiency. Compared with the conventional phase reversing zone plate reflector, an average of 2dB gain increase and a IIdB sidelobe reduction have been obtained in the operating band. The new reflector showed much narrower main beam.
Chung, W-Y, Waldron, KJ & Ishii, K 1970, 'Development and Test of a Dynamic Disengagement Device', SAE Technical Paper Series, International Congress & Exposition, SAE International.
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Postcrash fires are a frequent cause of death in otherwise survivable automobile and aircraft accidents. The idea of the ICED (Internal Circuit Emergency Disconnect) battery [1] is to eliminate electrically ignited postcrash fires by means of an inertial interrupt device that will disconnect the active circuit at the battery if an accident should happen. The design of the prototypes that were tested and the analysis of the disengagement performance will be discussed. A ballistic pendulum impact test rig was designed and used to test the prototypes. The test results and analytical values were shown to be satisfactorily close to each other.Copyright © 1993 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.
Fedaoui, L, Gay, V & Horlait, E 1970, 'QoS management of ODP-based distributed multimedia applications', Proceedings ISAD 93: International Symposium on Autonomous Decentralized Systems, ISAD 93: International Symposium on Autonomous Decentralized Systems, IEE Comput. Soc. Press, pp. 239-245.
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© 1993 IEEE. The objective of this study is to try to answer the question of how to manage quality of service (QoS) in open-distributed processing (ODP)-based distributed multimedia applications. To reach this goal, an overview of the basic characteristics of distributed multimedia applications is given. Their QoS constraints are then specified in the ODP framework of abstraction. The role and the position of QoS management in ODP are shown by a joint editing sample.
Guo, Y & Yang, J 1970, 'Application of Sinusoidal Windings in Synchronous Machines', Proceedings of Hubei Electrotechnical Society Annual Meeting (Hubei Dianguo Jishu Xiehui Nianhui), Hubei Electrotechnical Society, Yichang, China, pp. 1-6.
Hadgraft, R, Kendall, M & Lau, A 1970, 'New software, new solutions', National Conference Publication - Institution of Engineers, Australia, pp. 265-270.
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Much existing engineering software has been written in Fortran (or similar third generation programming languages such as C and Pascal), and much new software is based on these types of tools. While it is true that many (perhaps most) engineers are never required to write substantial computer programs, many will have a need to develop occasional, specific solutions to problems that they face. We need to make ourselves as productive as possible, and using traditional programming tools is not the way to solve these problems. This paper surveys a growing body of end user oriented development tools, and shows, by example, how they can be applied in development of engineering software. These tools are characterised by offering inherent user friendliness in a windowed environment, providing the user with menus, dialog boxes and graphical output. They have the added advantage that they can be combined within an environment such as Microsoft Windows to create a workbench of tools which work in a similar way. When combined with the hypertext help built into Windows, we can provide ourselves and our colleagues with applications with considerable in-built help and tutorial assistance.
Lin, CT & Lee, CSG 1970, 'Reinforcement structure/parameter learning for neural-network-based fuzzy logic control systems', 1993 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems, pp. 88-93.
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This paper proposes a Reinforcement Neural-Network-Based Fuzzy Logic Control System (RNN-FLCS) for solving various reinforcement learning problems. The proposed RNN-FLCS is best applied to learning environments where obtaining exact training data is expensive. It is constructed by integrating two Neural-Network-Based Fuzzy Logic Controllers (NN-FLCs), each of which is a connectionist model with a feedforward multi-layered network developed for the realization of a fuzzy logic controller. One NN-FLC functions as a fuzzy predictor and the other as a fuzzy controller. Using the temporal difference prediction method, the fuzzy predictor can predict the external reinforcement signal and provide a more informative internal reinforcement signal to the fuzzy controller. The fuzzy controller performs a stochastic exploratory algorithm to adapt itself according to the internal reinforcement signal. During the learning process, the proposed RNN-FLCS can construct a fuzzy logic control system automatically and dynamically through a reward-penalty signal or through very simple fuzzy information feedback; both structure learning and parameter learning are performed simultaneously in the two NN-FLCs using the fuzzy similarity measure. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the performance and applicability of the proposed RNN-FLCS.
Lister, R 1970, 'Annealing networks and fractal landscapes', IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks, IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks, IEEE, pp. 257-262.
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©1993 IEEE. The conventional explanation for the poor scaling of Hopfield and Tank networks is that they have difficulty in balancing the trade-off between the path length and the legality components of the energy function. We first describe an experiment which suggests that the conventional explanation is either wrong, or at best incomplete. We propose an alternative explanation: these networks might scale better if their dynamics effectively implemented a "divide-and-conquer" strategy. That is, if they recursively decomposed the problem into smaller independent sub-problems. An annealing network can do so if the energy landscape has a self-similar "quasi-fractal" structure. We believe this proposition applies to both discrete and analog networks. We support our proposition by describing our work on finding low cost solutions for traveling salesman problems. We then consider the implications for two other optimization problems: graph bisection and coloring.
Lister, R 1970, 'Visualizing weight dynamics in the N-2-N encoder', IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks, IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks, IEEE, pp. 684-689.
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© 1993 IEEE. Kruglyak proved that sets of weights exist so that Multi-Layer Perceptrons can solve arbitrarily large N-2-N encoder problems. We extend Kruglyak's static geometric construction to give a way of visualizing weights dynamics during learning. This visualization provides insight as to why Back Propagation has difficulty in finding suitable N-2-N encoder weights for N>8. We believe this new insight has general consequences, relating to the danger of utilizing intermediate activity values in hidden units, and difficulties with finding solutions for tightly constrained (but not necessarily large) problems.
LONG, C, COHEN, GL, LANGTRY, T & SHANNON, AG 1970, 'ARITHMETIC SEQUENCES AND 2ND-ORDER RECURRENCES', APPLICATIONS OF FIBONACCI NUMBERS, VOL 5, 5th International Conference on Fibonacci Numbers and Their Applications, KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL, UNIV ST ANDREWS, ST. ANDREWS, SCOTLAND, pp. 449-457.
Piccardi, M, De Stefano, L, Cucchiara, R & Cinotti, TS 1970, 'Processing of variable size images on a cellular array: Performance analysis with the Abingdon Cross Benchmark', Proceedings of International Conference on Application Specific Array Processors (ASAP '93), International Conference on Application Specific Array Processors (ASAP '93), IEEE Comput. Soc. Press, pp. 172-175.
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© 1993 IEEE. Handling a continuous flow of variable size images is a requirement for real time computer vision machines. A modular system based on a small size SIMD cellular array of 1-bit processing elements has been developed with this goal in mind and it is now evaluated against the Abingdon Cross Benchmark specifications. The benchmark tests the combination of algorithms and architecture and generates a quality factor expressed as the ratio of the image lateral size and the processing time. The examined machine supports an efficient means to automatically partition, process and reconstruct images larger than the array size. The authors briefly describe the system, discuss the selected algorithms and present performance results and estimates for several system configurations.
Sreenivasan, SV, Waldron, KJ & Nordholt, JB 1970, 'Characterization of redundancy in spatial closed kinematic chains', Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences, pp. 52-59.
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The force allocation problem in closed kinematic chains is anderdetermined and the available degrees of freedom can be used to extremize a desired objective function. This generally leads to complicated nonlinear optimization problems. The solution of these problems can be greatly simplified if the redundancy is characterized in the simplest possible form. This paper gives strategies that lead to efficient algorithms to evaluate the null space of the linear set of force allocation equations. The approach exploits the geometry and physics in the problem rather than looking at numerical solutions. The general problem of n contact points of a kinematic chain in three dimensions is considered. Further, degenerate situations occurring due to the presence of several points along a line, or on a plane, are also addressed. Numerical examples are considered to illustrate the use of these algorithms.
Tao, Z & Nguyen, H 1970, 'Fuzzy control for tracking and handling of moving objects', Proceedings of IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Communications Computers and Signal Processing, IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Communications Computers and Signal Processing, IEEE, VICTORIA, CANADA, pp. 35-38.
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THOMAS, PS & WILLIAMS, DR 1970, 'THE CHARACTERISATION OF COATED POLYMERIC FIBRES BY INVERSE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY', ADHESION SOCIETY PROCEEDINGS OF THE SIXTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING AND THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE INTERPHASE, 16th Annual Meeting of the Adhesion-Society/International Symposium on the Interphase, ADHESION SOCIETY, WILLIAMSBURG, VA, pp. 120-122.
Tuan, HD 1970, 'Local controllability problems for implicit discrete inclusions with state constraints', Proceedings of 32nd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, 32nd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, IEEE, SAN ANTONIO, TX, pp. 3317-3318.
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van de Groenendaal, JG & Braun, RM 1970, 'Rural communications in multi-path channels: Spread spectrum applications', 1993 IEEE South African Symposium on Communications and Signal Processing, 1993 IEEE South African Symposium on Communications and Signal Processing, IEEE, pp. 167-172.
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© 1993 IEEE. All radio communications occur in channels that have definite multipath characteristics. Two effects that are predominant in such a model, depending on the delay relative to the bit period, are Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) and fading. In this paper ISI is investigated in greater detail and the theoretical error performance for BPSK in a multi-path channel is derived. It is also shown how spread spectrum improves the error performance of BPSK without a "rake" receiver in such an environment and the selection of parameters of spread spectrum to maximize error performance is briefly discussed.
Veitch, D 1970, 'Novel models of broadband traffic', IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, IEEE, pp. 1057-1061.
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We provide models which are capable of describing the long term correlations and self similar burstiness structure found in recent measurements of packet networks and VBR video. Two families of `fractal' arrival processes are presented which capture these features extremely compactly. We show the equivalence of one of these to processes with unsummable auto-correlation functions used recently to describe long term correlation and burstiness. Our approach however has advantages. The other (1 parameter) family generates burstiness on all time scales. It shows how blocking can occur even for arrival streams with zero arrival rate. This illustrates how parameters describing scaling of burstiness and correlation must replace useless long terms averages.
Venkataraman, SC & Waldron, KJ 1970, 'Performance improvement with active control of steering angles and wheel torques during a combined braking and steering maneuver', American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Dynamic Systems and Control Division (Publication) DSC, pp. 39-48.
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A four-wheel steered vehicle is considered in which the steering angles and the braking torques at the wheels are assumed to be actively actuated. The driver's steering and braking inputs are interpreted to yield commanded vehicle states during a combined braking and steering maneuver. The front and rear steering angles are coordinated to keep the body side-slip angle near zero. The braking forces are coordinated to equalize and hence minimize the force ratios at the inner and outer wheels while ensuring that they provide a net zero yaw moment. A control law based on a linearised vehicle model is developed which augments the steering and braking inputs to enhance handling performance.
