Publications

Cao, L & Ruwei, D 2008, Open Complex Intelligent Systems: Fundamentals, Concepts, Analysis, Design and Implementation, 1, Posts & Telecom Press, Beijing, China.
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one of nine books in computer science selected into China Key-Book Publishing Plan in 11th Five-Years (2006-2010)

Eager, DM, Bagia, R & Walmsley, M 2008, Engineering Project Management 48280 and Managing Projects 49002, 1st Edition, McGraw-Hill, Sydney, Australia.

Leveaux, RR 2008, English Language Guide for International Referees, 2nd, WTF, Korea.
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Updated version of earlier guide.

Saleh, A 2008, Structural Analysis, 2008, Self, Sydney.
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Classical methods of structural analysis. Theory and solved problems. Topics include: Review of fundamentals in Statics. Principle of Work and Virtual Works. Computation of elastic deformation. Influence Lines. Force Method. Moment Distribution method.

Cao, L & Zhang, C 2008, 'Domain Driven Data Mining' in Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Technologies, IGI Global, pp. 196-223.
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Quantitative intelligence based traditional data mining is facing grand challenges from real-world enterprise and cross-organization applications. For instance, the usual demonstration of specific algorithms cannot support business users to take actions to their advantage and needs. We think this is due to Quantitative Intelligence focused data-driven philosophy. It either views data mining as an autonomous data-driven, trial-and-error process, or only analyzes business issues in an isolated, case-by-case manner. Based on experience and lessons learnt from real-world data mining and complex systems, this article proposes a practical data mining methodology referred to as Domain-Driven Data Mining. On top of quantitative intelligence and hidden knowledge in data, domain-driven data mining aims to meta-synthesize quantitative intelligence and qualitative intelligence in mining complex applications in which human is in the loop. It targets actionable knowledge discovery in constrained environment for satisfying user preference. Domain-driven methodology consists of key components including understanding constrained environment, business-technical questionnaire, representing and involving domain knowledge, human-mining cooperation and interaction, constructing next-generation mining infrastructure, in-depth pattern mining and postprocessing, business interestingness and actionability enhancement, and loop-closed human-cooperated iterative refinement. Domain-driven data mining complements the data-driven methodology, the metasynthesis of qualitative intelligence and quantitative intelligence has potential to discover knowledge from complex systems, and enhance knowledge actionability for practical use by industry and business.

Cao, L & Zhang, C 2008, 'Domain-Driven Data Mining' in Data Warehousing and Mining, IGI Global, pp. 831-848.
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Extant data mining is based on data-driven methodologies. It either views data mining as an autonomous data-driven, trial-and-error process or only analyzes business issues in an isolated, case-by-case manner. As a result, very often the knowledge discovered generally is not interesting to real business needs. Therefore, this article proposes a practical data mining methodology referred to as domain-driven data mining, which targets actionable knowledge discovery in a constrained environment for satisfying user preference. The domain-driven data mining consists of a DDID-PD framework that considers key components such as constraint-based context, integrating domain knowledge, human-machine cooperation, in-depth mining, actionability enhancement, and iterative refinement process. We also illustrate some examples in mining actionable correlations in Australian Stock Exchange, which show that domain-driven data mining has potential to improve further the actionability of patterns for practical use by industry and business.

Di Federico, R & Kandasamy, J 2008, 'Operation and maintenance of wetlands' in Kandasamy, J & Vigneswaran, S (eds), Constructed Wetlands, Nova Science Publisher, Inc., New York, USA, pp. 57-73.
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In order for constructed wetlands to perform at their optimal level, they must be managed and maintained efficiently. An operation and maintenance plan is therefore essential to ensure that the wetland is performing at its optimum level. Constructed wetlands go through different phases throughout their working life. These phases include commissioning, operation, and finally refitting and decommissioning. With each of these phases comes a unique set of operation and maintenance needs. Operation and maintenance plans provide necessary information for management to be able to successfully control and operate a constructed wetland. Operation and maintenance plans must contain essential elements in order for them to be of assistance to operators. There are four vital sections in the plan, which include a description of the wetland, management activities, a management calendar, and a list of emergency contacts. Monitoring is vital for the operation of a successful wetland, and is a key component of an operation and maintenance plan. Monitoring helps determine if the wetland is performing as desired, and will aid in identifying any problems. The data obtained from monitoring can then be used to progress treatment and performance, resulting in a more proficient wetland. © 2008 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.

Dickson-Deane, C & Moore, JL 2008, 'Human-Computer Interaction' in Spector, JM (ed), The SAGE Encyclopedia of Educational Technology, SAGE Publications, Inc..
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This two-volume encyclopedia explores such issues, focusing on core topics and issues that will retain relevance in the face of perpetually evolving devices, services, and specific techniques.

Gabrys, B 2008, 'Do Smart Adaptive Systems Exist? Hybrid Intelligent Systems Perspective' in Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 2-3.
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Gaddis, EJB & Voinov, A 2008, 'Participatory Modeling' in Encyclopedia of Ecology, Elsevier, pp. 2651-2655.
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Recent focus on ecological management that is adaptive, participatory, and collaborative has given rise to new approaches to scientific research and the incorporation of stakeholder knowledge and values into scientific models used for decision making. Participatory modeling incorporates input from stakeholders and decision makers into scientific models that support decisions involving complex ecological questions. The process supports democratic principles, is educational, integrates social and natural processes, can legitimate a local decision-making process, and can lead participants to be instrumental in implementing an agreed agenda. Modeling tools employed include indices, statistical models, spatial models, temporal models, and spatially explicit dynamic models. Stakeholder participants engage in the modeling research process in the form of model selection and development, data collection and integration, scenario development, interpretation of results, and development of policy alternatives. Variations of participatory modeling are distinguished by who initiates the process, how stakeholders are enlisted and engaged in the process, the breadth of research questions addressed, and the mechanism by which modeling results are incorporated into decision making. Criteria of successful participatory modeling include scientific credibility, objectivity, transparency, understanding uncertainty, model adaptability, representative involvement, incorporation of stakeholder knowledge, and influence on decision making.

Golsteijn, C, van den Hoven, E, Geurts, S, Eichenbrenner, M, van Leest, C, van den Hurk, S & Ling, YS 2008, 'BLB: A Persuasive and Interactive Installation Designed to Improve Well-Being' in Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 262-265.
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Greenwald, PW, Weingart, S & Nguyen, HB 2008, 'Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock' in Evidence-Based Emergency Medicine, Wiley, pp. 235-250.
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Gunes, H, Piccardi, M & Pantic, M 2008, 'From the Lab to the Real World: Affect Recognition Using Multiple Cues and Modalities' in Or, J (ed), Affective Computing, I-Tech Education and Publishing, Vienna, Austria, pp. 185-218.
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Idris, E, Chanan, A & Kandasamy, J 2008, 'Socio-economics of constructed wetlands: Engaging the community' in Kandasamy, J & Vigneswaran, S (eds), Constructed Wetlands, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., New York, USA, pp. 101-123.
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Although good engineering design of a constructed wetland is a significant contributor to the success of its operation, a major element that is often taken for granted is the local community. This paper highlights the social and economic benefits associated with constructed wetlands, and relates these benefits to the necessity to engage the community. Community involvement in fact is required at every stage of a constructed wetland project. The paper outlines the methods that can be used to plan for effective community involvement for such projects, and provides a summary of tools and techniques that can be employed at different stages. A case study of Moore Reserve Constructed Wetland Project, in New South Wales, Australia is provided as an example where successful community's expectations. © 2008 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.

Jakeman, AJ, Voinov, AA, Chen, SH & Rizzoli, AE 2008, 'Preface' in Developments in Integrated Environmental Assessment, Elsevier, pp. v-v.
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Kalam, MA, Hassan, MH, Hajar, RB, Yusuf, MSB, Umar, MRB & Mahlia, I 2008, 'Handbook of Plant-Based Biofuels' in Pandey, A (ed), Handbook of Plant-Based Biofuels, CRC Press, pp. 225-240.
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© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. This chapter presents the status of palm oil diesel (POD) production and its experimental test on a multicylinder diesel engine. The test results obtained are brake power, specific fuel consumption (SFC), exhaust emissions, anti-wear characteristics of fuel-contaminated lubricants, and fuel Rancimat test characteristics. It was found that B20X fuel showed better overall performance such as improved brake power, reduced exhaust emissions and shows better lube oil quality as compared to other tested fuels. The specific objective of this investigation is to improve the performance of B20 fuel using an antioxidant additive.

Kennedy, P, Simoff, SJ, Catchpoole, DR, Skillicorn, DB, Ubaudi, F & Al-Oqaily, A 2008, 'Integrative Visual Data Mining of Biomedical Data: Investigating Cases in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia' in Simoff, SJ, Bohlen, MH & Mazeika, A (eds), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 367-388.
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This chapter presents an integrative visual data mining approach towards biomedical data. This approach and supporting methodology are presented at a high level. They combine in a consistent manner a set of visualisation and data mining techniques that operate over an integrated data set of several diverse components, including medical (clinical) data, patient outcome and interview data, corresponding gene expression and SNP data, domain ontologies and health management data. The practical application of the methodology and the specific data mining techniques engaged are demonstrated on two case studies focused on the biological mechanisms of two different types of diseases: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia, respectively. The common between the cases is the structure of the data sets. © 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Khushaba, RN, Al-Ani, A, Al-Jumaily, A & Nguyen, HT 2008, 'A Hybrid Nonlinear-Discriminant Analysis Feature Projection Technique' in Wobcke, W & Zhang, M (eds), Lecture Notes In Computer Science Vol 5360: AI 2008 Advances in Artificial Intelligence, Springer, Germany, pp. 544-550.
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Feature set dimensionality reduction via Discriminant Analysis (DA) is one of the most sought after approaches in many applications. In this paper, a novel nonlinear DA technique is presented based on a hybrid of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and the Uncorrelated Linear Discriminant Analysis (ULDA). Although dimensionality reduction via ULDA can present a set of statistically uncorrelated features, but similar to the existing DAs it assumes that the original data set is linearly separable, which is not the case with most real world problems. In order to overcome this problem, a one layer feed-forward ANN trained with a Differential Evolution (DE) optimization technique is combined with ULDA to implement a nonlinear feature projection technique. This combination acts as nonlinear discriminant analysis. The proposed approach is validated on a Brain Computer Interface (BCI) problem and compared with other techniques.

Laes, E, Meskens, G, Da Ruan, Lu, J, Zhang, G, Wu, F, D’haeseleer, W & Weiler, R 2008, 'Fuzzy-Set Decision Support for a Belgian Long-Term Sustainable Energy Strategy' in Ruan, D, Hardeman, F & Meer, KVD (eds), Studies in Computational Intelligence, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Germany, pp. 271-296.
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This chapter addresses the methodological challenges of developing relevant scientific knowledge for a sustainable energy system transition in an innovative way. We argue that scientific contributions to sustainable development do not follow the 'linear' procedure from empirical knowledge production to policy advice. Instead, they consist of problem-oriented combinations of explanatory, orientationand action-guiding knowledge. Society and policy makers not only have to be 'provided' with action-guiding knowledge, but also with an awareness of the manner in which this knowledge is to be interpreted, and where the inevitable uncertainties lie. Since the sustainability question is inherently multi-dimensional, participation of social groups is an essential element of a strategy aimed at sustainable development. Multi-criteria decision support provides a platform to accommodate a process of arriving at a judgment or a solution for the sustainability question based on the input and feedback of multiple individuals. At the same time in practice, multi-criteria problems at tactical and strategic levels often involve fuzziness in their criteria and decision makers' judgments. Therefore, we argue in favor of the use of fuzzy-logic based multi-criteria group decision support as a decision support tool for long-term strategic choices in the context of Belgian sustainable energy policy. © 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Langston, CA & Ding, GKC 2008, 'Sustainable Practices in the Built Environment', Routledge, pp. 1-288.
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© Taylor and Francis 2001. All rights reserved. Sustainability is a key issue and its impact on the construction industry, as one of the major users of the Earth’s resources, is starting to take hold. This book deals with sustainability as it affects the construction industry, looking at the techniques and issues which designers, engineers, planners and construction managers will have to deal with in their day-to-day activities. It covers methods of analysis such as environmental impact assessment and cost-benefit analysis as well as topics on design and energy regulation and conservation. The book is an important introduction to the subject for senior undergraduate and postgraduate students. Given the importance and novelty of the subject, professionals in the construction industry will also find the book valuable.

Le, H, Hoang, D & Poliah, R 2008, 'S-Web: An Efficient and Self-organizing Wireless Sensor Network Model' in Takizawa, M, Barolli, L & Enokido, T (eds), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 179-188.
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One of the major weaknesses of existing centralized algorithms in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) routing is that sensor nodes are required to report their status (e.g. remaining energy level) to the central node (i.e. the Base Station BS) and receive configuration information from the BS (e.g. next hop routing). As a result, the WSNs suffer from high communication and/or computation overheads at sensor nodes to accommodate topology changes in the WSN. This paper proposes a novel scheme, called a Sensor Web (or S-Web), that organizes sensors into clusters based on their geographical location without requiring the sensors to have a Global Positioning System or actively locate themselves. The S-Web enables nodes to route data packets while consuming low energy in a decentralized manner. The model is self-organizing and distributed without the need of global network knowledge.

Leggett, MG & Dyson, LE 2008, 'Strangers on the Land: Place and Indigenous Multimedia Knowledge Systems' in Butt, D, Bywater, J & Paul, N (eds), Place: Local Knowledge and New Media Practice, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle on Tyne, England, pp. 126-137.
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Audio-visual storage mediums, such as the ubiquitous handycam, offer new potentials for the representation of information about the natural environment and the events that have occurred there, and thus forthe way the history and significance of place are discussed and disputed, extending oral and written language traditions.

Lu, J, Ruan, D & Zhang, G 2008, 'Fuzzy Set Techniques in E-Service Applications' in NA (ed), Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp. 553-566.
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E-services involve various types, delivery systems, advanced information technologies, methodologies and applications of online services that are provided by e-government, e-business, e-commerce, e-market, e-finance, e-learning systems, to name a few. They offer great opportunities and challenges for many areas, such as government, business, commerce, marketing, finance and education. E-service intelligence is a new research field that deals with fundamental roles, social impacts and practical applications of various intelligent technologies on the Internet based e-services. This chapter aims to offer a thorough introduction and systematic overview of the new field e-service intelligence mainly based on fuzzy set related techniques. It covers the state-of-the-art of the research and development in various aspects including both theorems and applications, of e-service intelligence by applying fuzzy set theory. Moreover, it demonstrates how adaptations of existing intelligent technologies benefit from the development of e-service applications in online customer decision, personalised services, web mining, online searching/data retrieval, online pattern recognition/image processing, and web-based e-logistics/planning.

Lu, J, Zhang, G & Da Ruan 2008, 'Fuzzy Multi-Objective Decision-Making Models and Approaches' in Springer Optimization and Its Applications, Springer US, Berlin, pp. 483-522.
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© Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2008. Multi-objective linear programming (MOLP) techniques are widely used to model many organizational decision problems. Referring to the imprecision inherent in human judgments, uncertainty may be incorporated in some parameters of an established MOLP model that is also called a fuzzy MOLP (FMOLP) problem. This chapter first reviews the development of fuzzy multi-objective decision-making (FMODM) models and approaches and then proposes an effective way for an optimal solution in the FMOLP problem. By introducing an adjustable satisfactory degree α, a new concept of FMOLP and a solution transformation theorem are given in this chapter. This chapter thus develops an interactive fuzzy goal multi-objective decision-making method, which provides an interactive fashion with decision makers during their solution process and allows decision makers to give their fuzzy goals in any form of membership function. An illustrative example shows the details of the proposed method.

McGregor, C 2008, 'A Framework for the Design of Web Service Based Clinical Management Systems to Support Inter and Intra Organizational Patient Journeys' in Medical Informatics, IGI Global, pp. 411-426.
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The clinical management of premature and ill term babies is challenged by the necessity of several inter and intra organizational patient journeys. Premature and ill-term babies born in regional Australia and Canada must be moved to another hospital with Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) facilities. NICU babies requiring surgery must be moved to a Level IV NICU for surgery. Current clinical management supports the transfer of limited patient data via paper or telephone exchange. In this article a framework for the design of Web-service-based clinical management systems to support inter and intra organizational patient journeys is presented. A series of Web services are described and integrated and coordinated through BPEL processes enabling greater support for inter- and intra-organizational transfer of patient data. This framework is demonstrated through a NICU case study. A key benefit of this framework is that it enables the establishment of “on demand” patient journeys eliminating the need to establish permanent point-to-point connections.

McGregor, C 2008, 'Mobility in Healthcare for Remote Intensive Care Unit Clinical Management' in Medical Informatics, IGI Global, pp. 740-752.
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This chapter reviews current research directions in healthcare mobility and assesses its impact on the provision of remote intensive care unit (ICU) clinical management. Intensive care units boast a range of state of the art medical monitoring devices to monitor a patient’s physiological parameters. They also have devices such as ventilators to offer mechanical life support. Computing and IT support within ICUs has focused on monitoring the patients and delivering corresponding alarms to care providers. However many intensive care unit admissions are via intra and inter health care facility transfer, requiring receiving care providers to have access to patient information prior to the patient’s arrival. This indicates that opportunities exist for mobile gadgets, such as personal digital assistants (PDAs) to substantially increase the efficiency and effectiveness of processes surrounding healthcare in the ICUs. The challenge is to transcend the use of these mobile devices beyond the current usage for personal information management and static medical applications; also to overcome the challenges of screen size and memory limitations. Finally, the deployment of mobile-enabled solutions within the healthcare domain is hindered by privacy, cost and security considerations and a lack of standards. These are some of the significant topics discussed in this chapter.

McIntosh, BS, Giupponi, C, Voinov, AA, Smith, C, Matthews, KB, Monticino, M, Kolkman, MJ, Crossman, N, van Ittersum, M, Haase, D, Haase, A, Mysiak, J, Groot, JCJ, Sieber, S, Verweij, P, Quinn, N, Waeger, P, Gaber, N, Hepting, D, Scholten, H, Sulis, A, van Delden, H, Gaddis, E & Assaf, H 2008, 'Chapter Three Bridging the Gaps Between Design and Use: Developing Tools to Support Environmental Management and Policy' in Developments in Integrated Environmental Assessment, Elsevier, pp. 33-48.
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Integrated assessment models, decision support systems (DSS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are examples of a growing number of computer-based tools designed to provide decision and information support to people engaged in formulating and implementing environmental policy and management. It is recognised that environmental policy and management users are often not as receptive to using such tools as desired but that little research has been done to uncover and understand the reasons. There is a diverse range of environmental decision and information support tools (DISTs) with uses including organisational and participatory decision support, and scientific research. The different uses and users of DISTs each present particular needs and challenges to the tool developers. The lack of appreciation of the needs of end-users by developers has contributed to the lack of success of many DISTs. Therefore it is important to engage users and other stakeholders in the tool development process to help bridge the gap between design and use. Good practice recommendations for developers to involve users include being clear about the purpose of the tool, working collaboratively with other developers and stakeholders, and building social and scientific credibility. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Moat, G, Simpson, B, Ghanem, P, Kandasamy, J & Vigneswaran, S 2008, 'Constructed wetlands: Classification, functions and treatment' in Kandasamy, J & Vigneswaran, S (eds), Constructed Wetlands, Nova Science Publisher, Inc., New York, USA, pp. 1-26.
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Constructed wetland technology utilises natural processes to treat wastewater and stormwater. Wetland technologies can provide cheap and effective wastewater treatment in both temperate and tropical climates, and is suitable for the adoption in both industrialised as well as developing nations. Constructed wetlands are being utilised for the removal of a range of pollutants and a broad range of wastewaters worldwide. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of the classifications, functions and treatment processes of constructed wetland. © 2008 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.

Nataatmadja, I & Dyson, LE 2008, 'The Role of Information and Communication Technology in Managing Cultural Diversity in the Modern Workforce' in Information Communication Technologies, IGI Global, pp. 3190-3206.
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This chapter demonstrates how managers can use information and communication technology (ICT) more effectively in culturally diverse workforces. Basing our analysis on the cultural dimensions of Hofstede and Hall, we compare a range of ICTs and provide a chart summarizing their strengths and weaknesses. In addition, a framework for developing ICT is proposed, and an example of its application to a global organization is presented. The study shows that none of the existing ICT tools is perfect in all situations and all cultural contexts. Therefore, managers need to provide a variety of ICTs to their employees, and developers should build flexibility into their ICT designs.

NGUYEN, ND & NGUYEN, TV 2008, 'Assessment of Fracture Risk' in Osteoporosis, Elsevier, pp. 923-957.
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Niu, L, Lu, J & Zhang, G 2008, 'Cognitive Orientation in Business Intelligence Systems' in Ruan, D, Harderman, F & van der Meer, K (eds), Studies in Computational Intelligence, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Germany, pp. 55-72.
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With the increasing importance of cognitive aspects in decision making, this research addresses how human cognitive abilities, mainly situation awareness and mental models, can be used to drive the decision process in complex decision situations. Cognitive orientation has long been regarded as an important consideration in the development and application of decision support systems (DSS). Rather than cognitive orientation, a data-driven DSS emphasizes access to and manipulation of a series of company internal and external data, compared to a model-driven DSS underpinned by statistical, financial, optimization or simulation models. A business intelligence (BI) system is essentially a kind of data-driven DSS therefore shares the similar drawbacks with traditional DSS. A framework of cognitive BI system is firstly developed. A model of cognition-driven decision process is then proposed based on the system framework. In this framework and decision model, data retrieval, information filtering and knowledge presentation are based on the tacit knowledge elicited from the decision-maker. The final decision is no longer the direct output of a computer system, but the result of decision-making cycles of human-machine interaction.

Phuntsho, S, Shon, HK, Vigneswaran, S & Kandasamy, J 2008, 'Wastewater Stablisation Ponds (WSP) For Wastewater Treatment' in Vigneswaran, S (ed), Water and Wastewater Treatment Technologies, UNESCO & Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS).
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Many industrialised countries have achieve d high levels of wastewater treatment technologies most of which are too mechanized and automated and beyond the affordability of the poor and developing nations. Technologies that are appropriate to the developing nations are required since two third of world’s population live in developing countries. This review focuses mainly on those technologies appropriate to the developing countries. Appropriate technology should be affordable (capital cost), have low O&M cost (sustainability), effective in meeting the discharge standards, at least nuisance (public acceptability) and is environment-friendly. Many low cost technologies are being developed but the choice of the most appropriate technology depends on a proper evaluation of all the factors such as economic, political, social, availability, etc. Wastewater Stabilization Ponds (WSP) have been extensively used worldwide because of the simplicity in design and construction, the low capital and operating cost, are very reliable and are a sustainable technology. Constructed wetlands not only treat wastewater but have other functions such as habitats for animals and birds, recreational areas for the visitors, etc. Other low cost technologies appropriate to developing countries such as land treatments, filtration techniques, attach growth, aeration, baffled reactor and chemically enhance primary treatment are also discussed.

Saco, PM & Kumar, P 2008, 'Hydrologic Dispersion in Fluvial Networks', Wiley, pp. 307-335.
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Shon, HK, Phuntsho, S, Vigneswaran, S & Kandasamy, J 2008, 'Physico-Chemical Processes for Organic Removal from Wastewater Effluent' in Vigneswaran, S (ed), Water and Wastewater Treatment Technologies, UNESCO & Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS).
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This chapter covers physio-chemical processes including advanced oxidation processes for wastewater treatment. The approach used in this chapter is to first provide a brief introduction to each of the processes followed by a brief description of the process fundamentals in removing organic matter. The removal of effluent organic matter (EfOM) in terms of dissolved organic car bon (DOC), molecular weight distribution (MWD) for each process is then explained followed by removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) by each process.

Sidhu, AS, Kennedy, PJ, Simoff, S, Dillon, TS & Chang, E 2008, 'Knowledge Discovery in Biomedical Data Facilitated by Domain Ontologies' in Medical Informatics, IGI Global, pp. 2096-2108.
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In some real-world areas, it is important to enrich the data with external background knowledge so as to provide context and to facilitate pattern recognition. These areas may be described as data rich but knowledge poor. There are two challenges to incorporate this biological knowledge into the data mining cycle: (1) generating the ontologies; and (2) adapting the data mining algorithms to make use of the ontologies. This chapter presents the state-of-the-art in bringing the background ontology knowledge into the pattern recognition task for biomedical data.

Song, Y, Lu, H, Lee, KY & Yu, IK 2008, 'Fundamentals of Ant Colony Search Algorithms' in Modern Heuristic Optimization Techniques, Wiley, pp. 89-100.
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Stewart, MG 2008, 'Structural Reliability', Wiley.
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Abstract Structural systems such as buildings, bridges, water tanks, containment vessels, and communication towers are often represented as load‐resistance systems. In all cases, these structures represent substantial and expensive assets that are unique or “one‐off”. Even apparently, similar buildings have different occupancy loads, foundations, connection details, etc. Clearly, their reliability cannot be directly inferred from observation of failures or other experimental studies. In these circumstances, reliabilities need to be predicted from predictive models and probabilistic methods. As such, there is a clear recognition that uncertainty and variability are associated with many variables describing a structure's performance and that this can be accounted for explicitly by the use of probability distributions and structural reliability theory. Structural reliability theory allows the probability of failure to be predicted where failure is defined to occur when load exceeds a resistance. Not surprisingly, structural reliability theory underpins many recent advances in structural and safety engineering, including development of design and assessment codes, predicting service‐life performance, and assessment and maintenance of aging and deteriorating structures.

Tong, L & Luo, Q 2008, 'Analysis of Cracked Lap Shear (CLS) Joints' in Modeling of Adhesively Bonded Joints, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 25-51.
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This chapter presents analytical models for cracked lap shear joints. Two analytical frameworks are introduced: (1) the overlap is treated as an entire beam to find displacements and force components of the cracked lap shear joints firstly, and then the adherends in the overlap region are treated as individual beams to find adhesive stresses and energy release rates; (2) individual beams are considered only; displacements, force components and adhesive stresses are determined simultaneously by solving the coupled differential equations. Geometrically-nonlinear features of cracked lap shear joints are investigated. Strength of materials and fracture mechanics based failure criteria are discussed. © 2008 Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Verma, B & Blumenstein, M 2008, 'Fusion of Segmentation Strategies for Off-Line Cursive Handwriting Recognition' in Pattern Recognition Technologies and Applications, IGI Global, pp. 1-16.
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Cursive handwriting recognition is a challenging task for many real-world applications such as document authentication, form processing, postal address recognition, reading machines for the blind, bank check recognition, and interpretation of historical documents. Therefore, in the last few decades, researchers have put an enormous effort into developing various techniques for handwriting recognition. This chapter reviews existing handwriting recognition techniques and presents the current state of the art in cursive handwriting recognition. The chapter also presents segmentation strategies and a segmentation- based approach for automated recognition of unconstrained cursive handwriting. The chapter provides a comprehensive literature review with basic and advanced techniques and research results in handwriting recognition for graduate students as well as for advanced researchers.

Voinov, AA 2008, 'Conceptual Diagrams and Flow Diagrams' in Encyclopedia of Ecology, Elsevier, pp. 731-737.
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Diagrams are probably the next most widely used type of models after mental and verbal models. Intuitively when presenting a model we tend to start drawing diagrams to explain the assumptions and simplifications made. With the advent of new software tools, it becomes easier to use the computer to design these conceptual diagrams, especially since these software packages in many cases can convert the diagrams into computer code and generate numerical models for further analysis. Most of the system dynamics software (such as Stella, Madonna, Powersim, Simile, and others) can be readily used to put together conceptual models and flow diagrams. More advanced tools are based on the Unified Modeling Language (UML) approach and can generate computer code in Java, PHP, C++, Python, and other languages.

Voinov, AA 2008, 'Parameters' in Encyclopedia of Ecology, Elsevier, pp. 2638-2639.
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Parameters are an important component of any model. In the most general sense, parameters drive the system that we observe. When we model a system we try to reproduce its behavior in terms of certain values, which we observe and which we call state variables, or output variables. These are the outputs from the model. These outputs are determined by inputs that go into the model, and by the model internal organization, the wiring. Generally, any quantity that is used to describe and run a model can be called a parameter.

Voinov, AA 2008, 'Sensitivity, Calibration, Validation, Verification' in Encyclopedia of Ecology, Elsevier, pp. 3221-3227.
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Formulating the model equations and making them run is just the beginning of the modeling process. First you need to make the model output represent data as well as possible. This can be achieved in part by tweaking the parameters of the model. This is the process of model calibration. Then we need to check that the model really does what it was designed to do. This model testing may assume various procedures, and stages, some of which are called validation and verification. For example, we may want to double check that the model is based on correct assumptions, that the code has no bugs, and that the output is properly presented and interpreted. This would be the model verification stage; or we may want to run the model on an independent set of input data and see how it performs then, which will be called the validation process in some cases. There is still some confusion on terminology and sometimes the words validation and verification are used interchangeably. In any case these are extremely important stages of model analysis that are required to prove the quality of the model; however, neither of the formal methods of model analysis should be overestimated in determining the model usability. After all, the model is good as long as it helps achieve the goals of the project. The overall model performance is more important than how well it did on individual tests and comparisons.

Voinov, AA 2008, 'Software' in Encyclopedia of Ecology, Elsevier, pp. 3270-3277.
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Most of the ecological modeling today is based on computer numerical models. Therefore you cannot imagine modeling without software. There are numerous software tools that can be useful for ecological modeling. We can distinguish between modeling languages, extendable modeling systems, particular modeling systems and models, and extendable models. When deciding which software tools are most appropriate for particular modeling tasks it is important to consider the objectives of the modeling effort, the skills of the modeling team, the budget constraints, and the project timeline.

Voinov, AA & Fishwick, PA 2008, 'Modules in Modeling' in Encyclopedia of Ecology, Elsevier, pp. 2419-2425.
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In the modular approach we do not intend to design a unique general model. Instead, the goal is to offer a framework that can be easily extended and is flexible to be modified. A module that performs best in one case may not be sufficient in another. The goals and scale of a particular study may require a completely different set of modules that will be invoked and further translated into a working model. There is a certain disparity between the software developer and the researcher views upon models and modules. For a software developer, a module is an entity, a black box, which should be as independent as possible, and should be as easy as possible to combine with other modules. This is especially true for the federated approach to modular modeling and is well demonstrated by the web-based modeling systems. For a researcher a model is predominantly a tool for understanding the system. By plugging together a number of black boxes, for which specifics and behavior is obscure and hardly understood, we do not significantly increase our knowledge about the system. The results generated are difficult to interpret when there is not enough understanding of the processes that are actually modeled. The decomposition of such systems requires careful analysis of spatial and temporal scales of processes considered and is very closely related to specific goals of the model built. In this context the modular approach can be useful if the focus is shifted from reusability and 'plug-and-play', to transparency, analysis and hierarchical description of various processes and system components. With the modules being transparent and open for experiment and analysis, the researcher can better understand the specifics of the model formalism that is inherited. It is then easier to decide whether a module is suitable or if it should be modified and tuned to the specific goals of a particular study. Modular systems thinking is the way to achieve a number of critical goals: (1) we unders...

Wang, L, Su, SW, Chan, GSH, Celler, BG, Cheng, TM & Savkin, AV 2008, 'Cardiovascular Response Identification Based on Nonlinear Support Vector Regression' in Fred, A, Filipe, J & Gamboa, H (eds), Communications in Computer and Information Science, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 202-213.

Wang, Z, Huang, S & Dissanayake, G 2008, 'Tradeoffs in SLAM with sparse information filters' in Laugier, C & Siegwart, R (eds), Field and Service Robotics, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 339-348.
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Designing filters exploiting the sparseness of the information matrix for efficiently solving the simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) problem has attracted significant attention during the recent past. The main contribution of this paper is a review of the various sparse information filters proposed in the literature to date, in particular, the compromises used to achieve sparseness. Two of the most recent algorithms that the authors have implemented, Exactly Sparse Extended Information Filter (ESEIF) by Walter et al. [5] and the D-SLAM by Wang et al. [6] are discussed and analyzed in detail. It is proposed that this analysis can stimulate developing a framework suitable for evaluating the relative merits of SLAM algorithms. © 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Wenkel, K-O, Wieland, R, Mirschel, W, Schultz, A, Kampichler, C, Kirilenko, A & Voinov, A 2008, 'Chapter Sixteen Regional Models of Intermediate Complexity (REMICs) – A New Direction in Integrated Landscape Modelling' in Developments in Integrated Environmental Assessment, Elsevier, pp. 285-295.
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The landscape or regional scale of analysis poses certain challenges and new possibilities for better understanding of space and time-related processes and changes. These changes can be caused by exogenous processes (e.g. climate change, dynamics on the global market, or technological advances), or may be a result of endogenous regional processes (e.g. dynamics of land use changes). The regional scale is regarded as an area from about a 100 km2 up to 1000 km2. The main problem is that at this scale we can still distinguish the signals from a variety of local processes and cannot ignore them by averaging, while the sheer number of these processes replicated over a large enough territory makes the system extremely complex, structurally diverse, and ecologically heterogeneous. This complexity is further exacerbated by enhanced uncertainty in data that spans time and space. To cope with these problems we suggest an approach that promotes models of intermediate complexity. An important feature of Regional Models of Intermediate Complexity (REMICs) is that they are characterised by a lower degree of detail in the description of process dynamics, but a higher number of interacting components. The implementation of REMICs calls for specific modelling tools that can handle the spatial heterogeneity of GIS and can offer analytical capabilities of both process-based and statistical modelling. One such tool, the Spatial Analysis and Modeling Toolbox (SAMT) is introduced. SAMT is an open source package that can be used to develop decision support systems (DSS) that can help planners and decision makers better understand the complex reactions of the landscape to various forcings. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Yang, C, Meng, J, Zhu, S & Dai, M 2008, 'Model Free Data Mining' in Taniar, D (ed), Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Technologies, IGI Global, USA, pp. 224-252.
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Input selection is a crucial step for nonlinear regression modeling problem, which contributes to build an interpretable model with less computation. Most of the available methods are model-based, and few of them are model-free. Model-based methods often make use of prediction error or sensitivity analysis for input selection and Model-free methods exploit consistency. In this paper, we show the underlying relationship between sensitivity analysis and consistency analysis for input selection, and then derive an efficient model-free method from our common sense, and then formulate this common sense by fuzzy logic, thus it can be called Fuzzy Consistency Analysis (FCA). In contrast to available methods, FCA has the following desirable properties: 1) it is a model-free method so that it will not be biased on a specific model, exploiting “what the data say” rather than “what the model say”, which is the essential point of data mining – input selection should not be biased on a specific model. 2) it is implemented as efficiently as classical model-free methods, but more flexible than them. 3) it can be directly applied to a data set with mix continuous and discrete inputs without doing rotation. Four benchmark problems study indicates that the proposed method works effectively for nonlinear problems. With the input selection procedure, the underlying reasons which effect the prediction are work out, which helps to gain an insight into a specific problem and servers the purpose of data mining very well.

Zhang, G, Lu, J & Dillon, T 2008, 'An Approximation Kuhn–Tucker Approach for Fuzzy Linear Bilevel Decision Making' in Jain, L & Wren, G (eds), Studies in Computational Intelligence, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, The Netherlands, pp. 157-171.
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In bilevel decision making, the leader aims to achieve an optimal solution by considering the follower's optimized strategy to react each of his/her possible decisions. In a real-world bilevel decision environment, uncertainty must be considered when modeling the objective functions and constraints of the leader and the follower. Following our previous work, this chapter proposes a fuzzy bilevel decision making model to describe bilevel decision making under uncertainty. After giving the definitions of optimal solutions and related theorems for fuzzy bilevel decision problems this chapter develops an approximation KuhnTucker approach to solve the problem. Finally, an example of reverse logistics management illustrates the application of this proposed fuzzy bilevel decision making approach.

Zhang, G, Lu, J & Dillon, T 2008, 'Solution Concepts and an Approximation Kuhn–Tucker Approach for Fuzzy Multiobjective Linear Bilevel Programming' in Pardalos, P & Chinchuluun, A (eds), Springer Optimization and Its Applications, Springer New York, Springer Berlin, pp. 457-480.
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Abolhasan, M & Wright, A 2008, 'Survey of the potential of emerging wireless technologies to improve telecommunication services in remote Australian settlements', RANGELAND JOURNAL, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 157-165.
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Providing efficient yet cost effective telecommunication systems to Aboriginal people living in remote locations has proven to be a challenging task. This is primarily due to low population density and distance from major service centres. Extending high-capacity telecommunications infrastructure to these people would incur high costs of installation, maintenance and administration without significant financial returns. The cost of services such as cabled phone lines to all houses, satellite and wireless cellular networks are often unaffordable for people in remote settlements, and, as a result, the provision of telecommunication services is often subsidised by the government. New wireless standards and products are being developed which could provide broadband-type network connections to large areas at an affordable price. This paper describes these new standards and products and their potential applications in rural and remote regions. There is also a comparison of their transmission requirements, cost, performance and coverage with several currently available technologies.

Achuthan, A, Masendycz, P, Lopez, JA, Nguyen, T, James, DE, Sweet, MJ, Hamilton, JA & Scholz, GM 2008, 'Regulation of the Endosomal SNARE Protein Syntaxin 7 by Colony-Stimulating Factor 1 in Macrophages', Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol. 28, no. 20, pp. 6149-6159.
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ABSTRACT Colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) is the main growth factor controlling the development of macrophages from myeloid progenitor cells. However, CSF-1 also regulates some of the key effector functions of macrophages (e.g., phagocytosis and cytokine secretion). The endosomal SNARE protein syntaxin 7 (Stx7) regulates vesicle trafficking events involved in phagocytosis and cytokine secretion. Therefore, we investigated the ability of CSF-1 to regulate Stx7. CSF-1 upregulated Stx7 expression in primary mouse macrophages; it also upregulated expression of its SNARE partners Vti1b and VAMP8 but not Stx8. Additionally, CSF-1 induced the rapid serine phosphorylation of Stx7 and enhanced its binding to Vti1b, Stx8, and VAMP8. Bioinformatics analysis and results from experiments with kinase inhibitors suggested the CSF-1-induced phosphorylation of Stx7 was mediated by protein kinase C and Akt in response to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation. Based on mutagenesis studies, CSF-1 appeared to increase the binding of Stx7 to its SNARE partners by inducing the phosphorylation of serine residues in the Habc domain and/or “linker” region of Stx7. Thus, CSF-1 is a key regulator of Stx7 expression and function in macrophages. Furthermore, the effects of CSF-1 on Stx7 may provide a mechanism for the regulation of macrophage effector functions by CSF-1.

Aghasadeghi, K & Zare, D 2008, 'Efficacy of alternate day dosing of atorvastatin', Open Medicine, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 163-166.
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AbstractAtorvastatin is a synthetic inhibitor of 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor. It has a longer half life and longer duration of action than that of all other available HMG-CoA inhibitors. We evaluated the efficacy of alternate-day dosing of atorvastatin in comparison with the standard one-daily dose on total cholesterol, low and High-density lipoprotein (LDL and HDL) and triglycerides. This study is a randomized, blinded, and controlled clinical trial. Sixty-six patients with LDL cholesterol of more than 100 mg/dl were enrolled. Baseline fasting lipid profile (total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglyceride), liver function tests and creatine kinase were drawn. Patients were randomized to three atorvastatin dose groups. Group I received 10 mg of atorvastatin every day, group II received 20 mg of atorvastatin every day, and group III received 20 mg every other day. After 6 weeks of treatment with atorvastatin, fasting lipid profiles, liver function tests and creatine kinase concentrations were re-taken. Compliance to treatment was assessed at each visit. Of the sixty-six patients enrolled, sixty completed the study. All three regimens significantly reduced total cholesterol and LDL compared to baseline. No statistically significant difference existed between the three groups in regards to total or a percentage decrease in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol at 6 weeks compared to baseline. All regimens were well tolerated and none of the patients showed significant elevation of liver enzyme or creatine kinase during the course of the study. In conclusions the alternate-day dosing of atorvastatin is an efficacious and safe alternate to daily dosing and yet inexpensive.

Agrawal, A, Kejalakshmy, N, Chen, J, Rahman, BMA & Grattan, KTV 2008, 'Golden spiral photonic crystal fiber: polarization and dispersion properties', Optics Letters, vol. 33, no. 22, pp. 2716-2716.
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Ahlborg, HG, Nguyen, ND, Center, JR, Eisman, JA & Nguyen, TV 2008, 'Incidence and risk factors for low trauma fractures in men with prostate cancer', Bone, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 556-560.
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Background: Men with prostate cancer on androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) are at increased risk of bone loss. The present study sought to determine the incidence of low trauma fracture in men with prostate cancer (PC), and to characterize the association between potential risk factors and fracture risk in these men. Methods: In the prospective, population-based Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study, 43 men aged 60+ years reported a history of prostate cancer; among whom, 22 men received ADT, and 21 men did not. Low-trauma fractureswere ascertained between 1989 and 2004. Bone mineral density at the femoral neck (FNBMD), postural instability and lifestyle factors were obtained at baseline. Results: Men with prostate cancer had significantly higher lumbar spine BMD than those without cancer (p=0.013). During the follow-up period, 15 men with prostate cancer had sustained a fracture, yielding the ageadjusted incidence of fracture among this group was 31.6 per 1000 person-years, which was greater than those without cancer (22.1 per 1000 person-years). The age-adjusted incidence of fracture was more pronounced among those with prostate cancer on ADT (40.2 per 1000 person-years). After adjusting for age, the increase in fracture risk among prostate cancer patientswas associated with lower femoral neck BMD (hazard ratio [HR] per SD=1.8, 95% CI: 1.03.4) and increased rate of bone loss (HR 2.3, 1.24.6). Conclusions: Menwith prostate cancer, particularly those treated with ADT, had an increased fracture risk. Although the average BMD inmen with prostate cancerwas higher thanmen without cancer, a lowBMDprior to treatment or increased rate of bone loss after initiating ADT treatment was each a significant predictor of fracture in these.

Alem, L, Joseph, M, Kethers, S, Steele, C & Wilkinson, R 2008, 'Information Environments for Supporting Consistent Registrar Medical Handover', Health Information Management Journal, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 9-25.
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This study was two-fold in nature. Initially, it examined the information environment and the use of customary information tools to support medical handovers in a large metropolitan teaching hospital on four weekends (i.e. Friday night to Monday morning). Weekend medical handovers were found to involve sequences of handovers where patients were discussed at the discretion of the doctor handing over; no reliable discussion of all patients of concern occurred at any one handover, with few information tools being used; and after a set of weekend handovers, there was no complete picture on a Monday morning without an analysis of all patient progress notes. In a subsequent case study, three information tools specifically designed as intervention that attempted to enrich the information environment were evaluated. Results indicate that these tools did support greater continuity in who was discussed but not in what was discussed at handover. After the intervention, if a doctor discussed a patient at handover, that patient was more likely to be discussed at subsequent handovers. However, the picture at Monday morning remained fragmentary. The results are discussed in terms of the complexities inherent in the handover process

Altaee, A, Smith, R & Mikhalovsky, S 2008, 'The feasibility of decontamination of reduced saline sediments from copper using the electrokinetic process', Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 88, no. 4, pp. 1611-1618.
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Areerachakul, N, Vigneswaran, S, Kandasamy, J & Duangduen, C 2008, 'The degradtion of humic substance using continuous photocatalysis systems', SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 93-112.
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Photocatalytic oxidation is an emerging technology in water and wastewater treatment. Photocatalysis often leads to complete degradation of organic pollutants without the need for chemicals. This study investigated the degradation of humic substances in

Areerachakul, N, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH & Kandasamy, J 2008, 'A continuous photocatalysis system in the degradation of herbicide', KOREAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 663-669.
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The performance of both batch and continuous photo-catalytic reactors was studied to evaluate their capabilities in removing the sulfonyl urea herbicide of metsulfuron methyl (MM). It was found in a batch reactor that the addition of a small amount of powder activated carbon (PAC) significantly increased the rate of degradation of MM. The continuous photo-catalytic system resulted in 57% of MM removal. When a small dose of activated carbon was added in the photo-catalytic system, MM removal increased to 7886% MM removal for retention times between of 5.2521 min (corresponding to withdrawal rates of 1040 mLmin-1). In this study, the pseudo first order rate constants of a continuous photo-catalytic system revealed that shorter retention times were associated with lower rate constants. Solid phase micro extraction/gas chromatography (SPME/GC) results showed that high concentrations of MM were broken down to small volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by photo-catalytic oxidation. PAC adsorbed the photo-products and increased the degradation of MM.

Aryal, RK, Lee, B-K, Karki, R, Gurung, A, Kandasamy, J, Pathak, BK, Sharma, S & Giri, N 2008, 'Seasonal PM10 dynamics in Kathmandu Valley', Atmospheric Environment, vol. 42, no. 37, pp. 8623-8633.
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Data on ambient PM10 levels from six locations in the Kathmandu Valley recorded by means of continuous sampling using low volume air samplers from October 2002 to March 2007 were used to investigate PM10 concentration dynamics in the valley. Monthly average data of the urban areas, which have much higher concentrations than the rural areas, even exceeded the daily standard level of PM10, in Nepal, 120 ?m m-3. Repetitive peaks and troughs each year indicated annual patterns. Monthly average showed seasonal patterns are different between rural area and urban sites. The highest monthly average concentration was observed in February, the end of winter in urban areas where as in rural found in spring, and the lowest concentration was observed in July (monsoon period). The continuous increase in PM10 concentration from December to February in urban areas showed accumulation of PM10 in the ambient air during the wintertime. Rainfall in June and September, during the monsoon period, caused a PM10 concentration decrease, demonstrating that precipitation is effective in removing PM10 from the valley. Cross correlation analyses among the PM10 levels measured simultaneously at the sampling stations showed a poor relationship in winter; however, there were good relationships in the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Both the PM10 concentration and the air-mixing environment in the valley were closely associated with the temperature and wind speed.

Azadeh, A, Ghaderi, SF, Javaheri, Z & Saberi, M 2008, 'A Fuzzy Mathematical Programming Approach to DEA Models', American Journal of Applied Sciences, vol. 5, no. 10, pp. 1352-1357.
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Evaluating the performance of activities or organizations by traditional Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) as efficiency frontier analysis models requires crisp input/output data. However, in real-world problems inputs and outputs are often imprecise. This study develops DEA models using imprecise data represented by fuzzy sets. An important outcome of assessing relative efficiencies within a group of Decision Making Units (DMUs) in fuzzy data envelopment analysis is to determine efficient DMUs. We find efficiency measures with fuzzy inputs and outputs via proposed model. An example using fuzzy data is presented for illustrative purposes. We apply this method in the application to the power generation sector of Iran. © 2008 Science Publications.

Azadeh, A, Saberi, M, Ghaderi, SF, Gitiforouz, A & Ebrahimipour, V 2008, 'Improved estimation of electricity demand function by integration of fuzzy system and data mining approach', Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 49, no. 8, pp. 2165-2177.
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Bansal, G, Hossain, M & Bhargava, V 2008, 'Optimal and Suboptimal Power Allocation Schemes for OFDM-based Cognitive Radio Systems', IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 4710-4718.
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Bennett, NS, Cowern, NEB, Smith, AJ, Kah, M, Gwilliam, RM, Sealy, BJ, Noakes, TCQ, Bailey, P, Giubertoni, D & Bersani, M 2008, 'Differential Hall characterisation of ultrashallow doping in advanced Si-based materials', Materials Science and Engineering: B, vol. 154-155, pp. 229-233.
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Bennett, NS, Radamson, HH, Beer, CS, Smith, AJ, Gwilliam, RM, Cowern, NEB & Sealy, BJ 2008, 'Enhanced n-type dopant solubility in tensile-strained Si', Thin Solid Films, vol. 517, no. 1, pp. 331-333.
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Bennett, NS, Smith, AJ, Gwilliam, RM, Webb, RP, Sealy, BJ, Cowern, NEB, O’Reilly, L & McNally, PJ 2008, 'Antimony for n-type metal oxide semiconductor ultrashallow junctions in strained Si: A superior dopant to arsenic?', Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures Processing, Measurement, and Phenomena, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 391-395.
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The creation of stable, highly conductive ultrashallow junctions in strained Si is a key requirement for future Si based devices. It is shown that in the presence of tensile strain, Sb becomes a strong contender to replace As as the dopant of choice due to advantages in junction depth, junction steepness, and crucially, sheet resistance. While 0.7% strain reduces resistance for both As and Sb, a result of enhanced electron mobility, the reduction is significantly larger for Sb due to an increase in donor activation. Differential Hall and secondary-ion mass spectroscopy measurements suggest this to be a consequence of a strain-induced Sb solubility enhancement following epitaxial regrowth, increasing Sb solubility in Si to levels approaching 1021cm−3. Advantages in junction depth, junction steepness, and dopant activation make Sb an interesting alternative to As for ultrashallow doping in strain-engineered complementary metal-oxide semiconductor devices.

Beveridge, NJ, Tooney, PA, Carroll, AP, Gardiner, E, Bowden, N, Scott, RJ, Tran, N, Dedova, I & Cairns, MJ 2008, 'Dysregulation of miRNA 181b in the temporal cortex in schizophrenia', Human Molecular Genetics, vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 1156-1168.
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Analysis of global microRNA (miRNA) expression in postmortem cortical grey matter from the superior temporal gyrus, revealed significant up-regulation of miR-181b expression in schizophrenia. This finding was supported by quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis of miRNA expression in a cohort of 21 matched pairs of schizophrenia and non-psychiatric controls. The implications of this finding are substantial, as this miRNA is predicted to regulate many target genes with potential significance to the development of schizophrenia. They include the calcium sensor gene visinin-like 1 (VSNL1) and the ionotropic AMPA glutamate receptor subunit (GRIA2), which were found to be down-regulated in the same cortical tissue from the schizophrenia group. Both of these genes were also suppressed in miR-181b transfected cells and shown to contain functional miR-181b miRNA recognition elements by reporter gene assay. This study suggests altered miRNA levels could be a significant factor in the dysregulation of cortical gene expression in schizophrenia. © 2008 The Author(s).

Bian Wu, Chang-hong Liang, Qi Li & Pei-yuan Qin 2008, 'Novel Dual-Band Filter Incorporating Defected SIR and Microstrip SIR', IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 392-394.
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Bignal, KL, Langridge, S & Zhou, JL 2008, 'Release of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and particulate matter from biomass combustion in a wood-fired boiler under varying boiler conditions', Atmospheric Environment, vol. 42, no. 39, pp. 8863-8871.
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Particulate matter, CO and NO as well as 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in both gaseous and particulate phases were measured in the stack of a woodchip-fired 50 kW boiler used for domestic heating. The concentrations of ΣPAHs in both gas and particle phases varied from 1.3 to 1631.7 μg m-3. Mean CO and NO concentrations varied from 96 to 6002 ppm and from 28 to 359 ppm, respectively. The effects of fuel parameters (moisture content (MC) and tree species) and boiler operating conditions on pollutant concentrations were investigated. A relationship was established between ΣPAHs in gaseous and particulate phases and CO concentrations. The species of tree used for woodchip was less important than MC and boiler operating conditions in affecting pollutant concentrations. It is recommended that in order to minimise PAH release woodchip fuel should have a low MC, and the boiler should be operated with a load demand (high/moderate heat requirement). Slumber modes when the boiler has no load demand and is effectively a smouldering flame should be avoided. This can be achieved by increasing automatic operation capability of wood-fired boilers, for example, by automatically varying fire rates and having auto-start capabilities. The PAH data obtained from this study is particularly useful in contributing to emissions inventories, modelling, and predictions of ambient air quality. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Bing, S, Yin-feng, X & Shui, Y 2008, 'Online selection model and competitive analysis of vehicle routing in grid transportation network', Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 110-115.
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In order to analyze the vehicle routing problem under sudden road blockage in grid transportation network, a vehicle routing model was proposed by using the methods of online problem and competitive strategy, direction greedy strategy and multi-alternative moving strategy were designed, and the competitive ratios of two strategies were computed. Analysis result indicates that the cost of direction greedy strategy is 3 times than the optimal cost under sudden road blockage state, multi-alternative moving strategy has a good performance with practical restriction for different cases, the cost of multi-alternative moving strategy is 2 times than the optimal cost in the worst case, the competitive ratios of two strategies are not more than the infimum of the competitive ratio for unexpected blockage problem in general networks. 3 figs, 17 refs.

Blumenstein, M 2008, 'Cursive Character Segmentation Using Neural Network Techniques', Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol. 90, pp. 259-275.
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The segmentation of cursive and mixed scripts persists to be a difficult problem in the area of handwriting recognition. This research details advances for segmenting characters in off-line cursive script. Specifically, a heuristic algorithm and a neural network-based technique, which uses a structural feature vector representation, are proposed and combined for identifying incorrect segmentation points. Following the location of appropriate anchorage points, a character extraction technique, using segmentation paths, is employed to complete the segmentation process. Results are presented for neural-based heuristic segmentation, segmentation point validation, character recognition, segmentation path detection and overall segmentation accuracy. © 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Blumenstein, M, Green, S, Fogelman, S, Nguyen, A & Muthukkumarasarny, V 2008, 'Performance analysis of GAME: A generic automated marking environment', COMPUTERS & EDUCATION, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 1203-1216.
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This paper describes the Generic Automated Marking Environment (GAME) and provides a detailed analysis of its performance in assessing student programming projects and exercises. GAME has been designed to automatically assess programming assignments written in a variety of languages based on the "structure" of the source code and the correctness of the program's output. Currently, the system is able to mark programs written in Java, C++ and the C language. To use the system, instructors are required to provide a simple "marking schema" for each given assessment item, which includes pertinent information such as the location of files and the model solution. In this research, GAME has been tested on a number of student programming exercises and assignments and its performance has been compared against that of a human marker. An in-depth statistical analysis of the comparison is presented, providing encouraging results and directions for employing GAME as a tool for teaching and learning. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Browne, RW, Bloom, MS, Schisterman, EF, Hovey, K, Trevisan, M, Wu, C, Liu, A & Wactawski-Wende, J 2008, 'Analytical and biological variation of biomarkers of oxidative stress during the menstrual cycle', Biomarkers, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 160-183.
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Little information is available on the intra-individual variability of oxidative stress biomarkers in healthy individuals and even less in the context of the menstrual cycle. The objective of this study was to characterize the analytical and biological variability of a panel of 21 markers of oxidative damage, antioxidant defence and micronutrients in nine healthy, regularly menstruating women aged 18-44 years. Analyses included measurement of lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant vitamins. Blood specimens were collected, processed and stored using standardized procedures on days 2, 7, 12, 13, 14, 18, 22 and 28 in one cycle for each subject. Replicate analyses of markers were performed and two-way nested random effects ANOVA was used to describe analytical, intra-individual and inter-individual variability. No statistically significant differences at α = 0.05, or temporal effects across the menstrual cycle were observed. Analytical variability was the smallest component of variance for all variables. The ICC among replicates ranged from 0.80 to 0.98. Imprecision based on quality control materials ranged from 1 to 11%. The critical differences between serial results varied greatly between assays ranging from 6 to 216% of the mean level. These results provide important initial information on the variability of biomarkers of oxidative stress, antioxidant defence and micronutrients across the menstrual cycle.

Bruti Liberati, N, Martini, F, Piccardi, M & Platen, E 2008, 'A Hardware Generator of Multi-Point Distributed Random Numbers for Monte Carlo Simulation', Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 45-56.
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Monte Carlo simulation of weak approximation of stochastic differential equations constitutes an intensive computational task. In applications such as finance, for instance, to achieve 'real time' execution, as often required, one needs highly efficient implementations of the multi-point distributed random number generator underlying the simulations. In this paper, a fast and flexible dedicated hardware solution on a field programmable gate array is presented. A comparative performance analysis between a software-only and the poposed hardware solution demonstrated that the hardware solution is bottleneck-free, retains the flexibility of the software solution and significantly increases the computational efficiency. Moreover, simulations in Applications wuch as economics insurance, physics, population dynamics, epidemiology, structural mechanics, checmistry and biotechnology can benefit from the obtained speedups.

CAO, L 2008, 'INTEGRATING AGENT, SERVICE AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMPUTING', International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering, vol. 18, no. 05, pp. 573-596.
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Engineering open complex systems is challenging because of system complexities such as openness, the involvement of organizational factors and service delivery. It cannot be handled well by the single use of existing computing techniques such as agent-based computing and service-oriented computing. Due to the intrinsic organizational characteristics and the request of service delivery, an integrative computing paradigm combining agent, service, organizational and social computing can open complex systems more effectively engineering. In this paper, we briefly introduce an integrative computing approach named OASOC for system analysis and design. It combines and complements the strengths of agent, service and organizational computing to handle the complexities of open complex systems. OASOC provides facilities for organization-oriented analysis and agent service-oriented design. It also supports transition between analysis and design. Compared with the existing approaches, our approach can (1) support service and organization that are either rarely or weakly covered by single computing methods, (2) provide effective mechanisms to integrate agent, service and organizational computing, and (3) complement the strengths of various methods. Experiences in engineering an online trading support system have further shown the workable capability of integrating agent, service and organizational computing for engineering open complex systems.

Cao, L & Nguyen, NT 2008, 'Intelligence metasynthesis and knowledge processing in intelligent systems', Journal of Universal Computer Science, vol. 14, no. 14, pp. 2256-2262.
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Intelligence and Knowledge play more and more important roles in building complex intelligent systems, for instance, intrusion detection systems, and operational analysis systems. Knowledge processing in complex intelligent systems faces new challenges from the increased number of applications and environment, such as the requirements of representing domain and human knowledge in intelligent systems, and discovering actionable knowledge on a large scale in distributed web applications. In this paper, we discuss the main challenges of, and promising approaches to, intelligence metasynthesis and knowledge processing in open complex intelligent systems. We believe (1) ubiquitous intelligence, including data intelligence, domain intelligence, human intelligence, network intelligence and social intelligence, is necessary for OCIS, which needs to be meta-synthesized; and (2) knowledge processing should pay more attention to developing innovative and workable methodologies, techniques, tools and systems for representing, modelling, transforming, discovering and servicing the uncertain, large-scale, deep, distributed, domain-oriented, human-involved, and actionable knowledge highly expected in constructing open complex intelligent systems. To this end, the meta-synthesis of ubiquitous intelligence is an appropriate way in designing complex intelligent systems. To support intelligence meta-synthesis, m-interaction can play as the working mechanism to form rn-spaces as problem-solving systems. In building such m-spaces, advancement in knowledge processing is necessary. © J.UCS.

Cao, L & Ou, Y 2008, 'Market microstructure patterns powering trading and surveillance agents', Journal of Universal Computer Science, vol. 14, no. 14, pp. 2288-2308.
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Market Surveillance plays important mechanism roles in constructing market models. From data analysis perspective, we view it valuable for smart trading in designing legal and profitable trading strategies and smart regulation in maintaining market integrity, transparency and fairness. The existing trading pattern analysis only focuses on interday data which discloses explicit and high-level market dynamics. In the mean time, the existing market surveillance systems available from large exchanges are facing crucial challenges of diversified, dynamic, distributed and cyber-based misuse, mis-disclosure and misdealing of information, announcement and orders in one market or crossing multiple markets. Therefore, there is a crucial need to develop innovative and workable methods for smart trading and surveillance. To deal with such issues, we propose the innovative concept microstructure pattern analysis and corresponding approaches in this paper. Microstructure pattern analysis studies trading behaviour patterns of traders in market microstructure data by utilizing market microstructure knowledge. The identified market microstructure patterns are then used for powering market trading and surveillance agents for automatically detecting/designing profitable and legal trading strategies or monitoring abnormal market dynamics and trader's behaviour. Such trading/surveillance agent-driven market trading/surveillance systems can greatly enhance the analytical, discovery and decision-support capability of market trading/surveillance than the current predefined rule/alert-based systems. © J.UCS.

Cao, L, Zhao, Y & Zhang, C 2008, 'Mining Impact-Targeted Activity Patterns in Imbalanced Data', IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 1053-1066.
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Impact-targeted activities are rare but they may have a significant impact on the society. For example, isolated terrorism activities may lead to a disastrous event, threatening the national security. Similar issues can also be seen in many other areas. Therefore, it is important to identify such particular activities before they lead to having a significant impact to the world. However, it is challenging to mine impact-targeted activity patterns due to their imbalanced structure. This paper develops techniques for discovering such activity patterns. First, the complexities of mining imbalanced impact-targeted activities are analyzed. We then discuss strategies for constructing impact-targeted activity sequences. Algorithms are developed to mine frequent positive-impact-oriented (P → T) and negative-impact-oriented (P → T̄) activity patterns, sequential impact-contrasted activity patterns (P is frequently associated with both patterns P → T and P → T̄ in separated data sets), and sequential impact-reversed activity patterns (both P → T and PQ → T̄ are frequent). Activity impact modeling is also studied to quantify the pattern impact on business outcomes. Social security debt-related activity data is used to test the proposed approaches. The outcomes show that they are promising for information and security informatics (ISI) applications to identify impact-targeted activity patterns in imbalanced data. © 2008 IEEE.

CAO, L, ZHAO, Y, ZHANG, C & ZHANG, H 2008, 'ACTIVITY MINING: FROM ACTIVITIES TO ACTIONS', International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making, vol. 07, no. 02, pp. 259-273.
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Activity data accumulated in real life, such as terrorist activities and governmental customer contacts, present special structural and semantic complexities. Activity data may lead to or be associated with significant business impacts, and result in important actions and decision making leading to business advantage. For instance, a series of terrorist activities may trigger a disaster to society, and large amounts of fraudulent activities in social security programs may result in huge government customer debt. Uncovering these activities or activity sequences can greatly evidence and/or enhance corresponding actions in business decisions. However, mining such data challenges the existing KDD research in aspects such as unbalanced data distribution and impact-targeted pattern mining. This paper investigates the characteristics and challenges of activity data, and the methodologies and tasks of activity mining based on case-study experience in the area of social security. Activity mining aims to discover high impact activity patterns in huge volumes of unbalanced activity transactions. Activity patterns identified can be used to prevent disastrous events or improve business decision making and processes. We illustrate the above issues and prospects in mining governmental customer contacts data to recover customer debt.

Catchpoole, D, Guo, D, Jiang, H & Biesheuvel, C 2008, 'Predicting outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia using gene expression profiling: Prognostication or protocol selection?', Blood, vol. 111, no. 4, pp. 2486-2487.
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Catley, C, McGregor, C, Percival, J, Curry, J, James, A & IEEE 2008, 'Multi-dimensional Knowledge Translation: Enabling Health Informatics Capacity Audits Using Patient Journey Models', 2008 30th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Vols 1-8, pp. 1502-1505.
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Cetindamar, D & Hopkins, T 2008, 'Enhancing students’ responsibility towards society through civic involvement projects', Innovations in Education and Teaching International, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 401-410.
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Cetindamar, D & Ulusoy, G 2008, 'Innovation performance and partnerships in manufacturing firms in Turkey', Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 332-345.
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PurposeThis paper aims to shed light on the relationship between partnerships and innovation efforts of the firms. The goal is to understand whether Turkish firms collaborate for innovation or not and, if they do, what is the impact of partnerships on the innovation performance of firms?Design/methodology/approachIn this research, a survey methodology is employed. The questionnaire is implemented through structured interviews conducted with 135 Turkish companies from the textile, chemical, food and machinery industries.FindingsThe findings show that Turkish firms have high‐collaboration ties with other companies in particular but the existing partnerships have a weak impact on innovation performance.Research limitations/implicationsAs only one country is studied and data come from one year, the findings of this study are limited in terms of generalizing the results for a wide variety of developing countries.Practical implicationsNon‐materialized performance is to a degree due to low quality of relationships, but more importantly Turkish firms need to find ways to improve their partnerships and in‐house capabilities, particularly their absorptive capacities, if they want to improve their innovativeness through partnerships.Originality/valueThis paper is one of the early examples empirically investigating the relationship between technology collaborations and innovation performance of firms in a developing country c...

Cha, D, Blumenstein, M, Zhang, H & Jeng, D-S 2008, 'A Neural-Genetic Technique for Coastal Engineering: Determining Wave-induced Seabed Liquefaction Depth', Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol. 82, pp. 337-351.
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In the past decade, computational intelligence (CI) techniques have been widely adopted in various fields such as business, science and engineering, as well as information technology. Specifically, hybrid techniques using artificial neural networks (ANNs) and genetic algorithms (GAs) are becoming an important alternative for solving problems in the field of engineering in comparison to traditional solutions, which ordinarily use complicated mathematical theories. The wave-induced seabed liquefaction problem is one of the most critical issues for analysing and designing marine structures such as caissons, oil platforms and harbours. In the past, various investigations into wave-induced seabed liquefaction have been carried out including numerical models, analytical solutions and some laboratory experiments. However, most previous numerical studies are based on solving complicated partial differential equations. In this study, the proposed neural-genetic model is applied to wave-induced liquefaction, which provides a better prediction of liquefaction potential. The neural-genetic simulation results illustrate the applicability of the hybrid technique for the accurate prediction of wave-induced liquefaction depth, which can also provide coastal engineers with alternative tools to analyse the stability of marine sediments. © 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Chakarov, VE, Shannon, AG, Sorsich, JG & Atanassov, KT 2008, 'Generalized net model of the endocrine system', COMPTES RENDUS DE L ACADEMIE BULGARE DES SCIENCES, vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 705-712.
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In a series of papers the authors describe the whole human body, its separate systems and their relationships by generalized nets (GNs). In the present paper a GN-model of the human endocrine system is constructed.

CHAN, KY, FOGARTY, TC, AYDIN, ME, LING, SH & IU, HHC 2008, 'GENETIC ALGORITHMS WITH DYNAMIC MUTATION RATES AND THEIR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS', International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Applications, vol. 07, no. 02, pp. 103-128.
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This paper presents a method on how to estimate main effects of gene representation. This estimate can be used not only to understand the domination of genes in the representation but also to design the mutation rate in genetic algorithms (GAs). A new approach of dynamic mutation rate is proposed by integrating the information of the main effects into the genes. By introducing the proposed method in GAs, both solution quality and solution stability can be improved in solving a set of parametrical test functions. The algorithm was applied to two illustrative applications to evaluate the performance of the proposed method, where the first application is on solving uncapacitated facility location problems and the next is on optimal power flow problems, which are employed. Results indicate that the proposed method yields significantly better results than the existing methods.

Chang, C-Y, Chang, J-S, Vigneswaran, S & Kandasamy, J 2008, 'Pharmaceutical wastewater treatment by membrane bioreactor process – a case study in southern Taiwan', Desalination, vol. 234, no. 1-3, pp. 393-401.
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A pilot-scale study of pharmaceutical wastewater treatment by a membrane bioreactor (MBR) process in southern Taiwan is presented in this paper. A 10 m3/day capacity MBR plant consisting of an aeration tank and a membrane bioreactor was installed to remove organic matter (measured in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD)). The performance of the MBR was monitored for a period of 140 days. The removal of COD was on average over 95%. The effluent did not contain any suspended solids. During the 140 days of operation, manual cleaning was carried out twice and chemical cleaning was carried out once. A natural logarithmic evolution of the viscosity with TSS concentration was observed. The results of SEM and EDX demonstrated that the fouling on the membrane outer surface was mainly due to microorganisms and/or the sludge physiological properties. The results indicated that the MBR system has potential as a means of treating high-strength and fluctuating strength wastewater with consistent performance. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Chang, JS, Vigneswaran, S, Kandasamy, JK & Tsai, LJ 2008, 'Effect of pore size and particle size distribution on granular bed filtration and microfiltration', SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 43, no. 7, pp. 1771-1784.
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The paper reviews the effect of particle size distribution and pore size distribution on granular bed filter and crossflow microfiltration performance. The experimental results of the granular bed filter with pollen particles in suspension showed that the presence of large particles improved the filter efficiency of smaller particles in suspension. Microfiltration results with bi and tri-modal latex suspensions showed that the permeate flux and the quality were significantly affected by the particle size and its distribution, especially when the particle size was smaller than the pore size of the membrane. The mathematical model simulation results of granular bed filtration show that media pore size distribution is an important parameter of filtration for the particle removal and pressure drop across the filter

Chen, C-H, Lin, C-J & Lin, C-T 2008, 'An efficient quantum neuro-fuzzy classifier based on fuzzy entropy and compensatory operation', Soft Computing, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 567-583.
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Chen, J, Duan, R, Ji, Z, Ying, M & Yu, J 2008, 'Existence of universal entangler', JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 1-7.
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A gate is called an entangler if it transforms some (pure) product states to entangled states. A universal entangler is a gate which transforms all product states to entangled states. In practice, a universal entangler is a very powerful device for generating entanglements, and thus provides important physical resources for accomplishing many tasks in quantum computing and quantum information. This paper demonstrates that a universal entangler always exists except for a degenerated case. Nevertheless, the problem how to find a universal entangler remains open. © 2008 American Institute of Physics.

Chen, J, Guo, Y, Zhu, JG & Lin, ZW 2008, 'A general electromagnetic field-circuit coupling method based on time-stepping finite element analysis for performance analysis of pulse-width modulated switching converters considering hysteresis effects', Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 103, no. 7, pp. 1-3.
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Considering the special characteristics existing in the pulse-width modulated (PWM) switching converter, a general method for the time-stepping finite element analysis based electromagnetic field coupling with its feeding circuit used in the analysis of PWM switching converter considering hysteresis effects is introduced in this paper. Comparing with the electromagnetic field-circuit indirect coupling method (ICM), the proposed method has overcome the drawback that the ICM cannot take the hysteresis effects into account. Compared with the electromagnetic field-circuit direct coupling method (DCM), the proposed method has the similar accuracy but higher efficiency. Furthermore, like the ICM, the proposed method also divides the system with higher state dimensions produced by the DCM into two subsystems with lower state dimensions; this may reduce the algorithm convergence problem which often happens in high dimensional systems. © 2008 American Institute of Physics.

Chen, JX, Zhu, JG & Guo, YG 2008, 'A unified discrete model for PWM switching DC to DC converters with current-mode control', Australian Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 63-71.
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This paper presents a unified discrete model for pulse-width modulated (PWM) switching DC to DC converters. The major achievement is that, without any topology modification, the proposed model can be used for performance analysis of the buck, boost and buck-boost converters with any of the two current-mode controls: peak current-mode control and average current-mode control. Three important factors are considered: parasitical effects of circuit elements, non-linear inductance dependent on the current flowing through it, and control time delay, such that the accuracy of performance prediction is greatly improved. Magnetic field finite element analysis (FEA) is conducted to calculate the non-linear differential inductance. By implementing the proposed model into Matlab/Simulink, a simulation model is built. The model has been used for the performance analysis of an existing flyback converter with the peak current-mode control. The simulation results are in good agreement with the actual performance, validating the proposed model.

Chen, W, Cao, L & Qin, Z 2008, 'An integrated investment decision-support framework analysing and synthesising multidimensional market dynamics', International Journal of Intelligent Systems Technologies and Applications, vol. 4, no. 3/4, pp. 239-239.
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In stock markets, the performance of traditional technology-based investment methods is limited because such methods only take into account single-dimensional market dynamics. The paper shows how the integration of multi-dimensional dynamics can improve performance. We propose a novel three-layer integrated framework composed of Analysis, Synthesis, and Investment Decision Support. At the first layer, multi-dimensional market dynamics are identified, in which we emphasise two key aspects that previous studies have neglected: unique trends of stocks, and a two-way reflexivity relationship of investors' decisions and market reactions. At the second layer, multi-dimensional dynamics are synthesized to reflect real and potential market situations. At the third layer, a prototype integrates the functions of first two layers for investment decision support. The framework covers multi-dimensional dynamics, and incorporates the concepts and advantages of traditional investment methods. The framework is promising, and our experimental results indicated that it outperformed market baselines and single-dimensional conventional methods.

Chen, W, Cao, L & Qin, Z 2008, 'An integrated investment decision-support framework analysing and synthesising multidimensional market dynamics', International Journal of Intelligent Systems Technologies and Applications, vol. 4, no. 3-4, pp. 239-253.
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In stock markets, the performance of traditional technology-based investment methods is limited because such methods only take into account single-dimensional market dynamics. The paper shows how the integration of multi-dimensional dynamics can improve performance. We propose a novel three-layer integrated framework composed of Analysis, Synthesis, and Investment Decision Support. At the first layer, multi-dimensional market dynamics are identified, in which we emphasize two key aspects that previous studies have neglected: unique trends of stocks, and a two-way reflexivity relationship of investors’ decisions and market reactions. At the second layer, multi-dimensional dynamics are synthesized to reflect real and potential market situations. At the third layer, a prototype integrates the functions of first two layers for investment decision support. The framework covers multi-dimensional dynamics, and incorporates the concepts and advantages of traditional investment methods. The framework is promising, and our experimental results indicated that it outperformed market baselines and single-dimensional conventional methods. © 2008 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

Chen, W, Li, J, Li, S, Jiang, Z, Li, H & Peng, J 2008, 'High nonlinear photonic crystal fiber and its supercontinuum spectrum', Frontiers of Optoelectronics in China, vol. 1, no. 1-2, pp. 75-78.
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Chen, Y, Zhang, J & Jayalath, ADS 2008, 'Clipping noise compensation for OFDM systems', Electronics Letters, vol. 44, no. 25, pp. 1490-1491.
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Cheng, B, Ritz, CH & Burnett, IS 2008, 'Psychoacoustic-based quantisation of spatial audio cues', Electronics Letters, vol. 44, no. 18, pp. 1098-1098.
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Cheng, TM, Savkin, AV, Celler, BG, Su, SW & Wang, L 2008, 'Nonlinear Modeling and Control of Human Heart Rate Response During Exercise With Various Work Load Intensities', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, vol. 55, no. 11, pp. 2499-2508.
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The first objective of this paper is to introduce a nonlinear system to model the heart rate (HR) response during and after treadmill walking exercise. The model is a feedback interconnected system that has components to describe the central and peripheral local responses to exercise and their interactions. The parameters of the model were experimentally identified from subjects walking on a treadmill at different speeds. The stability of the obtained nonlinear model was mathematically proven. The modeling results demonstrate that the proposed model can be useful in examining the cardiovascular response to exercise. Based on the nonlinear model, the second objective is to present a computer-controlled treadmill system for the regulation of HR during treadmill exercise. The proposed nonlinear controller consists of feedforward and feedback components. The designed control system was experimentally verified and the results demonstrated that the proposed computer-controlled treadmill system regulated the HR of the experimental subjects according to two different exercising HR profiles, indicating that it can play an important role in the design of exercise protocols for individuals. © 2006 IEEE.

Cheng-Hung Chen, Cheng-Jian Lin & Chin-Teng Lin 2008, 'A Functional-Link-Based Neurofuzzy Network for Nonlinear System Control', IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 1362-1378.
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Cheng-Jian Lin, Cheng-Hung Chen & Chin-Teng Lin 2008, 'Efficient Self-Evolving Evolutionary Learning for Neurofuzzy Inference Systems', IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 1476-1490.
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Chiemchaisri, C, Passananon, S, Ngo, HH & Vigneswaran, S 2008, 'Enhanced natural organic matter removal in floating media filter coupled with microfiltration membrane for river water treatment', DESALINATION, vol. 234, no. 1-3, pp. 335-343.
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This research work was carried out to determine natural organic matter (NOM) removal in floating media filter coupled with microfiltration membrane applied to the treatment of river water in Bangkok, Thailand. Polyaluminum chloride was found to be the most effective coagulant providing enhanced coagulation effect for NOM removal. Optimum filtration rate of floating media filter was 11 m3/m2 h at which highest NOM removal efficiencies of 82.2% was achieved. Subsequent treatment in microfiltration membrane unit operated at a filtration rate of 0.45 m3/m2 d provided total NOM removal of 85.786.6%. Periodical cleanings of floating media filter and microfiltration membrane were accomplished by using air scouring coupled with water flushing at every 8 and 24 h interval. As a result of NOM removal, the sum of trihalomethane (THM) ratio was reduced from 0.51.1 in raw water to 0.20.6 in treated water. Membrane fouling study revealed that both turbidity and NOM affected transmembrane pressure (TMP) built up but particulate fouling provided greater impact on TMP as compared to organic adsorption on the membrane surface.

Chindaprasirt, P, Rukzon, S & Sirivivatnanon, V 2008, 'Effect of carbon dioxide on chloride penetration and chloride ion diffusion coefficient of blended Portland cement mortar', CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS, vol. 22, no. 8, pp. 1701-1707.
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Chindaprasirt, P, Rukzon, S & Sirivivatnanon, V 2008, 'Resistance to chloride penetration of blended Portland cement mortar containing palm oil fuel ash, rice husk ash and fly ash', CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 932-938.
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Chin-Teng Lin, Li-Wei Ko, Jin-Chern Chiou, Jeng-Ren Duann, Ruey-Song Huang, Sheng-Fu Liang, Tzai-Wen Chiu & Tzyy-Ping Jung 2008, 'Noninvasive Neural Prostheses Using Mobile and Wireless EEG', Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 96, no. 7, pp. 1167-1183.
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Chin-Teng Lin, Yuan-Chu Yu & Lan-Da Van 2008, 'Cost-Effective Triple-Mode Reconfigurable Pipeline FFT/IFFT/2-D DCT Processor', IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 1058-1071.
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Chitambar, E & Duan, R 2008, 'Nonlocal Entanglement Transformations Achievable by Separable Operations', Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 103, no. 11, p. 110502.
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For manipulations of multipartite quantum systems, it was well known that alllocal operations assisted by classical communication (LOCC) constitute a propersubset of the class of separable operations. Recently, Gheorghiu and Griffithsfound that LOCC and general separable operations are equally powerful fortransformations between bipartite pure states. In this letter we extend thiscomparison to mixed states and show that in general separable operations arestrictly stronger than LOCC when transforming a mixed state to a pure entangledstate. A remarkable consequence of our finding is the existence of entanglementmonotone which may increase under separable operations.

Chitambar, E, Duan, R & Shi, Y 2008, 'Tripartite entanglement transformations and tensor rank', Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 101, no. 14, p. 140502.
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Understanding the nature of multipartite entanglement is a central mission ofquantum information theory. To this end, we investigate the question oftripartite entanglement convertibility. We find that there exists no easycriterion to determine whether a general tripartite transformation can beperformed with a nonzero success probability and in fact, the problem isNP-hard. Our results are based on the connections between multipartiteentanglement and tensor rank (also called Schmidt rank), a key concept inalgebraic complexity theory. Not only does this relationship allow us tocharacterize the general difficulty in determining possible entanglementtransformations, but it also enables us to observe the previously overlookedfact that {\em the Schmidt rank is not an additive entanglement measure}. As aresult, we improve some best known transformation rates between specifictripartite entangled states. In addition, we find obtaining the most efficientalgorithm for matrix multiplication to be precisely equivalent to determiningthe optimal rate of conversion between the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger stateand a triangular distribution of three Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen states.

Choi, FC, Li, J, Samali, B & Crews, K 2008, 'Application of the modified damage index method to timber beams', Engineering Structures, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 1124-1145.
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2007, Australia Received 31 August 2006; revised 16 July 2007; Accepted 16 July 2007. Available online 21 August 2007. Abstract In this paper the use of two existing algorithms developed for global nondestructive evaluation to locate and evaluate localised damage in timber beams is investigated using a finite element model. These damage localisation algorithms were found, through this investigation, not to be effective in locating multiple damage scenarios and unable to evaluate the severity of damage. Hence, modifications on damage index algorithms as well as a hybrid algorithm are proposed to overcome the problems. In this study, experimental modal analysis (EMA) was used as a tool to extract mode shapes for calculating the damage index in the proposed method which utilises changes in modal strain energy between the undamaged and the damaged timber beam model. The modified damage index (MDI) method normalises the mode shape curvature and the hybrid algorithm combines the modified damage index and changes in flexibility algorithms which reflect the changes of natural frequency and mode shape. Analytical evaluations were performed to compare and verify the ability of original and modified damage localisation algorithms in locating single and multiple damage in timber beams. The modified damage index (MDI) algorithm and the hybrid damage algorithm are also used in the experimental studies to validate the effectiveness of the methods to locate and evaluate damage within timber beams by laboratory experiments.

Choudhury, D & Nimbalkar, SS 2008, 'Seismic Rotational Displacement of Gravity Walls by Pseudodynamic Method', International Journal of Geomechanics, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 169-175.
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Choudhury, D, Bharti, RK, Chauhan, S & Indraratna, B 2008, 'Response of Multilayer Foundation System beneath Railway Track under Cyclic Loading', Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 134, no. 10, pp. 1558-1563.
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Chu, RH, Lu, DD-C & Sathiakumar, S 2008, 'Project-Based Lab Teaching for Power Electronics and Drives', IEEE Transactions on Education, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 108-113.
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Clarysse, T, Bogdanowicz, J, Goossens, J, Moussa, A, Rosseel, E, Vandervorst, W, Petersen, DH, Lin, R, Nielsen, PF, Hansen, O, Merklin, G, Bennett, NS & Cowern, NEB 2008, 'On the analysis of the activation mechanisms of sub-melt laser anneals', Materials Science and Engineering: B, vol. 154-155, pp. 24-30.
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Collocott, SJ, Dunlop, JB & Watterson, PA 2008, 'Thermal and spontaneous remagnetization in the bulk amorphous ferromagnets Nd(60)Fe(30)Al(10) and Nd(60)Fe(20)Co(10)Al(10)', JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 103, no. 7, pp. 1-3.
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Bulk amorphous Nd60Fe30Al10 and Nd60Fe20Co10Al10 alloys, which display hard magnetic properties, have been prepared by arc melting and quenching into a copper mould. Following magnetic saturation and dc demagnetization, at room temperature, both materials are seen to exhibit the phenomena of thermal and spontaneous remagnetizations. The behavior of the observed thermal and spontaneous remagnetizations is similar to that exhibited in nucleation controlled sintered permanent magnets. The thermal remagnetization data are fitted using a model, developed from the theory of Schumann and Jahn [J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 232, 231 (2001)] for explaining thermal remagnetization in polycrystalline magnets, to gauge its usefulness when applied to amorphous ferromagnets. The spontaneous remagnetization behavior is interpreted in the context of the Preisach model.

Cordero, ML, Burnham, DR, Baroud, CN & McGloin, D 2008, 'Thermocapillary manipulation of droplets using holographic beam shaping: Microfluidic pin ball', Applied Physics Letters, vol. 93, no. 3, pp. 034107-034107.
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We demonstrate that holographically generated optical patterns offer greater flexibility for the thermocapillary control of water droplets than Gaussian spots; droplets can be stopped in faster flows while using less optical intensity when the surface tension variations are created by line patterns instead of single spots. Further, experiments are performed making use of variable light patterns to achieve controlled droplet routing in a four-way cross microfluidic channel. Finally, multiple droplet storage is demonstrated as well as changing drop order.

Cowern, NEB, Smith, AJ, Bennett, NS, Sealy, BJ, Gwilliam, R, Webb, RP, Colombeau, B, Paul, S, Lerch, W & Pakfar, A 2008, 'Vacancy Engineering – An Ultra-Low Thermal Budget Method for High-Concentration 'Diffusionless' Implantation Doping', Materials Science Forum, vol. 573-574, pp. 295-304.
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This paper reviews the physics and the potential application of ion-implanted vacanciesfor high-performance B-doped ultra-shallow junctions. By treatment of silicon films with vacancygeneratingimplants prior to boron implantation, electrically active boron concentrationsapproaching 1021 cm-3 can be achieved by Rapid Thermal Annealing at low temperatures, withoutthe use of preamorphisation. Source/drain (S/D) junctions formed by advanced vacancy engineeringimplants (VEI) are activated far above solubility. Furthermore, in the case of appropriatelyengineered thin silicon films, this activation is stable with respect to deactivation and the dopingprofile is practically diffusionless. Sheet resistance Rs is predicted to stay almost constant withdecreasing junction depth Xj, thus potentially outperforming other S/D engineering approaches atthe ‘32 nm node’ and beyond.

Darestani, MY, Thambiratnam, DP, Nataatmadja, A & Baweja, D 2008, 'Influence of vehicular positions and thermal effects on structural behaviour of concrete pavement', JOURNAL OF MECHANICS OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 567-589.
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Structural response of concrete pavements is influenced by the position of the axle loads and if critical load positions are not considered in concrete pavement analysis, the design may be inadequate and lead to early failure of the pavement. Whilst there has been a great deal of research conducted on concrete pavement performance and deterioration under vehicular loads and environmental forces, there is a lack of adequate information on effects of vehicular load positions on pavement responses. Critical positions of different axle groups in uncurled and curled jointed concrete pavement with different configurations were determined in the current study. Results indicate that structural performance of concrete pavements is significantly affected by boundary conditions between concrete slab and base. Corner loading was found to be critical in bonded concrete pavement. Corner loading is also critical when a separation occurs between unbonded concrete slab and base. Furthermore, the benefits offered by unbonded boundary condition cease at a certain differential temperature. Hence, a particular care needs to be considered in projects constructed in extremes of heat or cold. In presence of high differential temperature together with axle loading, joint faulting in unreinforced concrete pavements is affected by concrete slab thickness.

Dellepiane, M, Pietroni, N, Tsingos, N, Asselot, M & Scopigno, R 2008, 'Reconstructing head models from photographs for individualized 3D-audio processing.', Comput. Graph. Forum, vol. 27, pp. 1719-1727.
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Deuse, J, Krebs, M, Droste, M & Döhrer, K 2008, 'Bauteilreinigung im Wertstrom', Zeitschrift für wirtschaftlichen Fabrikbetrieb, vol. 103, no. 9, pp. 598-601.
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Kurzfassung In einer prozessorientierten Produktion stellt das kontinuierliche Fließen der Produkte durch die wertschöpfenden Prozesse heutzutage einen wesentlichen Ansatz zur wirtschaftlichen Fertigung dar. Gleichzeitig nimmt die Bedeutung der oft zentral organisierten und auf Batchbetrieb ausgelegten Bauteilreinigung auf Grund von gestiegenen Reinheitsanforderungen in der industriellen Praxis stark zu. Durch das innovative Verfahren der Vibrationsreinigung mit seiner Inlinefähigkeit und Ein-Stück-Reinigung wird versucht, diese konträren Entwicklungen zu kompensieren. Dieser Beitrag stellt daher am Beispiel der Vibrationsreinigungstechnik dar, wie Bauteilreinigungsanlagen mit Hilfe von Handhabungseinrichtungen in den Wertstrom integriert werden können.

Devitt, SJ, Fowler, AG, Stephens, AM, Greentree, AD, Hollenberg, LCL, Munro, WJ & Nemoto, K 2008, 'Architectural design for a topological cluster state quantum computer', New. J. Phys., vol. 11, p. 083032.
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The development of a large scale quantum computer is a highly sought aftergoal of fundamental research and consequently a highly non-trivial problem.Scalability in quantum information processing is not just a problem of qubitmanufacturing and control but it crucially depends on the ability to adaptadvanced techniques in quantum information theory, such as error correction, tothe experimental restrictions of assembling qubit arrays into the millions. Inthis paper we introduce a feasible architectural design for large scale quantumcomputation in optical systems. We combine the recent developments intopological cluster state computation with the photonic module, a simple chipbased device which can be used as a fundamental building block for a largescale computer. The integration of the topological cluster model with thiscomparatively simple operational element addresses many significant issues inscalable computing and leads to a promising modular architecture with completeintegration of active error correction exhibiting high fault-tolerantthresholds.

Devitt, SJ, Munro, WJ & Nemoto, K 2008, 'High Performance Quantum Computing', Progress in Informatics 8 (2011): 49-55, no. 8, pp. 49-55.
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The architecture scalability afforded by recent proposals of a large scalephotonic based quantum computer, utilizing the theoretical developments oftopological cluster states and the photonic chip, allows us to move on to adiscussion of massively scaled Quantum Information Processing (QIP). In thisletter we introduce the model for a secure and unsecured topological clustermainframe. We consider the quantum analogue of High Performance Computing,where a dedicated server farm is utilized by many users to run algorithms andshare quantum data. The scaling structure of photonics based topologicalcluster computing leads to an attractive future for server based QIP, wherededicated mainframes can be constructed and/or expanded to serve anincreasingly hungry user base with the ideal resource for individual quantuminformation processing.

Ding, GKC 2008, 'Sustainable construction—The role of environmental assessment tools', Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 86, no. 3, pp. 451-464.
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Construction has been accused of causing environmental problems ranging from excessive consumption of global resources both in terms of construction and building operation to the pollution of the surrounding environment, and research on green building design and using building materials to minimise environmental impact is already underway. However, relying on the design of a project to achieve the goal of sustainable development, or to minimise impacts through appropriate management on site, is not sufficient to handle the current problem. The aim for sustainability assessment goes even further than at the design stage of a project to consider its importance at an early stage, before any detailed design or even before a commitment is made to go ahead with a development. However, little or no concern has been given to the importance of selecting more environmentally friendly designs during the project appraisal stage; the stage when environmental matters are best incorporated. The main objectives of this paper are to examine the development, role and limitations of current environmental building assessment methods in ascertaining building sustainability used in different countries which leads to discuss the concept of developing a. sustainability model for project appraisal based on a multi-dimensional approach, that will allow alternatives to be ranked is discussed in detail in the paper. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Dissanayake, T & Esselle, KP 2008, 'UWB Performance of Compact L-shaped Wide Slot Antennas', IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1183-1187.
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Doeller, M, Tous, R, Gruhne, M, Yoon, K, Sano, M & Burnett, IS 2008, 'The MPEG Query Format: Unifying Access to Multimedia Retrieval Systems', IEEE MULTIMEDIA, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 82-95.

Dovey, K 2008, 'Addressing Structural Inhibitors of Change in Public Health Sector Organizations: A South African Case', Journal of Change Management, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 37-56.
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This article draws attention to the structural inhibitors of effective service delivery within a South African public health organization and outlines a change initiative aimed at facilitating the decentralization of decision-making power in an attempt to transform the service offered by this organization.

Du, H, Zhang, N & Nguyen, H 2008, 'Mixed H2/H∞ control of tall buildings with reduced-order modelling technique', Structural Control and Health Monitoring, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 64-89.
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In this paper, a reduced-order technique based on the dynamic condensation method is applied to obtain a reduced-order model of an experimental tall building which has 20 floors and is 2.5 m high. The experimental model is designed to imitate a practical

Du, Q & Zhang, J 2008, 'Adaptive Finite Element Method for a Phase Field Bending Elasticity Model of Vesicle Membrane Deformations', SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 1634-1657.
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Du, Y, Chen, L & Luo, Z 2008, 'Topology optimization design of large-displacement compliant mechanisms using meshless methods', Zhongguo Jixie Gongcheng/China Mechanical Engineering, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 130-136.
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Based on the continuum structural topology optimization, the element-free Galerkin method was applied to design large-displacement compliant mechanisms with geometrical nonlinearities. The multi-criteria mathematical formulation was developed using the SIMP (solidisotropic material with penalization) interpolation scheme and compromise programming, in which the mechanical flexibility and structural stiffness were both considered as the prescribed performances to be optimized. The optimization formulation was solved by optimality criteria method. The element-free Galerkin method was employed to discretize the design domain with the aim of avoiding the undesired mesh distortion caused by adopting finite element methods to deal with geometrical nonlinear problems. Numerical examples have been presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches by analyzing the results derived from linear and nonlinear cases, respectively.

Du, Y, Chen, L & Luo, Z 2008, 'Topology synthesis of geometrically nonlinear compliant mechanisms using meshless methods', Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 51-61.
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This paper presents a new method for topology optimization of geometrical nonlinear compliant mechanisms using the element-free Galerkin method (EFGM). The EFGM is employed as an alternative scheme to numerically solve the state equations by fully taking

Duan, R & Shi, Y 2008, 'Entanglement between two uses of a noisy multipartite quantum channel enables perfect transmission of classical information', PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, vol. 101, no. 2, pp. 1-4.
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Suppose that m senders want to transmit classical information to n receivers with zero probability of error using a noisy multipartite communication channel. The senders are allowed to exchange classical, but not quantum, messages among themselves, and t

Duan, R, Feng, Y & Ying, M 2008, 'Local distinguishability of multipartite unitary operations', PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, vol. 100, no. 2, pp. 1-4.
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We show that any two different unitary operations acting on an arbitrary multipartite quantum system can be perfectly distinguished by local operations and classical communication when a finite number of runs is allowed. Intuitively, this result indicates that the lost identity of a nonlocal unitary operation can be recovered locally. No entanglement between distant parties is required. © 2008 The American Physical Society.

Duer, W, Bremner, MJ & Briegel, HJ 2008, 'Quantum simulation of interacting high-dimensional systems: The influence of noise', PHYSICAL REVIEW A, vol. 78, no. 5, p. 052325.
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We consider the simulation of interacting high-dimensional systems using pairwise interacting qubits. The main tool in this context is the generation of effective many-body interactions, and we examine a number of different protocols for obtaining them. These methods include the usage of higher-order processes commutator method , unitary conjugation or graph state encoding, as well as teleportation-based approaches. We illustrate and compare these methods in detail and analyze the time cost for simulation. In the second part of the paper, we investigate the influence of noise on the simulation process. We concentrate on errors in the interaction Hamiltonians and consider two generic noise models: i timing errors in pairwise interactions and ii noisy pairwise interactions described by Master equations of Lindblad form. We analyze and compare the effect of noise for the different simulation methods and propose a way to significantly reduce the influence of noise by making use of entanglement purification together with a teleportation-based protocol.

Eager, DM 2008, 'A duty of care to our children', Australasian Parks and Leisure Journal, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 12-12.

Eager, DM 2008, 'An inspector calls', Australian Leisure Management, vol. Mar/Apr, pp. 42-44.

Eager, DM 2008, 'Ensuring playground products meet safety standards', Journal Institute of Public Works Engineering Australia, vol. Aug/Sep, pp. 90-90.

Eager, DM 2008, 'Fixed and mobile artificial climbing and abseiling walls', Australasian Parks and Leisure Journal, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 13-13.

Eager, DM 2008, 'Fixed and mobile artificial climbing and abseiling walls', Journal Institute of Public Works Engineering Australia, vol. Jun/Jul, pp. 27-27.

Eager, DM 2008, 'Hobart improves playground safety while lowering maintenance costs', Journal Institute of Public Works Engineering Australia, vol. Oct/Nov, pp. 82-83.

Eager, DM 2008, 'Playground impact attenuating sands', Australasian Parks and Leisure Journal, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 8-9.

Eager, DM 2008, 'Playground maintenance - Hobart City Council', Australasian Parks and Leisure Journal, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 22-24.

Eager, DM 2008, 'Standards reach new heights', Australian Leisure Management, vol. May/Jun, pp. 56-56.

Eager, DM 2008, 'Take care', Australian Leisure Management, vol. 70, no. Sep/Oct, pp. 28-29.

Eager, DM 2008, 'Trampolines - Facts and Myths', Kidsafe Playground News, vol. 23, no. Spring, pp. 2-2.

Eichhammer, Y, Roeck, J, Moelans, N, Iacopi, F, Blanpain, B & Heyns, M 2008, 'CALCULATION OF THE Au-Ge PHASE DIAGRAM FOR NANOPARTICLES', ARCHIVES OF METALLURGY AND MATERIALS, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1133-1139.

Erdei, L, Arecrachakul, N & Vigneswaran, S 2008, 'A combined photocatalytic slurry reactor-immersed membrane module system for advanced wastewater treatment', SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 382-388.
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type continuous photocatalytic (CP) system and an immersed hollow fibre membrane micro-ultrafilter (MF/UF) unit. The CP reactor charged with 1 g/L P-25 catalyst removed 63% dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from a synthetic wastewater (representing biologically treated sewage effluent). The addition of 0.05 g/L of powdered activated carbon (PAC) increased DOC removal up to 76%. The start-up times to achieve 60% DOC removal were 31 min and 15 min, respectively. These results show a 16 times improvement in volumetric load over a comparable batch reactor system used in previous studies by our group. Slurry type photocatalytic reactors need subsequent particle separation to retain the catalyst in the system and allow the discharge of treated effluent. The immersed membrane module accomplished this without prior slurry settling step. Membrane feed pre-treatment with pH adjustment and particle charge neutralisation with aluminium chloride coagulant led to improved critical membrane fluxes, 15.25 L/m2 h and 19.05 L/m2 h, respectively. In each experiment MF/UF produced near zero turbidity permeate, completely retained the photocatalyst, and flocculation also improved the efficiency of DOC removal. Membrane fouling was controlled by particle aggregation rather than feed DOC levels, but the latter had significant impact on coagulant demand. The complete treatment train achieved up to 92% DOC reduction with 12 mg/L AlCl3 dosage using in-line coagulation conditions. The results show that in-line coagulation offers a simple yet effective means to improve the performance of slurry type photocatalytic-MF/UF hybrid systems for advanced water and wastewater treatment applications. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Erdei, L, Chang, C-Y & Vigneswaran, S 2008, 'In-line flocculation-submersed MF/UF membrane hybrid system in tertiary wastewater treatment', SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 43, no. 7, pp. 1839-1851.
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Coagulation/flocculation pre-treatment of feeds can successfully mitigate the drawbacks of membrane micro- and ultra filtration processes: fouling and limited ability to remove organic pollutants. Laboratory experiments conducted with a synthetic wastewater (representing biologically treated secondary effluent) using 0.1 µm pore size hollow fiber membrane showed that simple in-line flocculation pre-treatment with inorganic coagulants dramatically reduced membrane fouling rates. The hybrid system also ensured over 70% organic matter removal in terms of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). In the experiments in in-line flocculation outperformed clarification pre-treatment at optimum coagulant dosages. Differences in floc characteristics and elevated suspended solids concentrations in the membrane tank may explain this finding, but the exact causes were not investigated in this study. The beneficial effects of in-line flocculation pre-treatment to MF/UF separation were also confirmed in the treatment of septic tank effluent in a membrane bioreactor (MBR). The fouling rate of the 0.4 µm pore size (flat-sheet) membrane was substantially reduced with 10-100 mg L-1 ferric chloride coagulant doses, and total dissolved chemical oxygen demand (DCOD) removal also increased from 66% up to 93%. These findings are consistent with the results of other experimental studies and show that pre-treatment controls submersed MF/UF filtration performance.

Esfahani, SIR, Tavangarian, F & Emadi, R 2008, 'Nanostructured bioactive glass coating on porous hydroxyapatite scaffold for strength enhancement', Materials Letters, vol. 62, no. 19, pp. 3428-3430.
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Eslava, S, Baklanov, MR, Neimark, AV, Iacopi, F, Kirschhock, CEA, Maex, K & Martens, JA 2008, 'Evidence of Large Voids in Pure‐Silica‐Zeolite Low‐k Dielectrics Synthesized by Spin‐on of Nanoparticle Suspensions', Advanced Materials, vol. 20, no. 16, pp. 3110-3116.
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Eslava, S, Delahaye, S, Baklanov, MR, Iacopi, F, Kirschhock, CEA, Maex, K & Martens, JA 2008, 'Reaction of trimethylchlorosilane in spin-on silicalite-1 zeolite film', LANGMUIR, vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 4894-4900.
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Eslava, S, Eymery, G, Marsik, P, Iacopi, F, Kirschhock, CEA, Maex, K, Martens, JA & Baklanov, MR 2008, 'Optical property changes in low-k films upon ultraviolet-assisted curing', JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY, vol. 155, no. 5, pp. G115-G120.
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Eslava, S, Iacopi, F, Urbanowicz, AM, Kirschhock, CEA, Maex, K, Martens, JA & Baklanov, MR 2008, 'Ultraviolet-Assisted Curing of Organosilicate Glass Low-k Dielectric by Excimer Lamps', Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 155, no. 11, pp. G231-G231.
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Eslava, S, Urrutia, J, Busawon, AN, Baklanov, MR, Iacopi, F, Aldea, S, Maex, K, Martens, JA & Kirschhock, CEA 2008, 'Zeolite-Inspired Low-k Dielectrics Overcoming Limitations of Zeolite Films', JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, vol. 130, no. 51, pp. 17528-17536.
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Estremera, J & Waldron, KJ 2008, 'Thrust Control, Stabilization and Energetics of a Quadruped Running Robot', The International Journal of Robotics Research, vol. 27, no. 10, pp. 1135-1151.
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In order to achieve powered autonomous running robots it is essential to develop efficient actuator systems, especially for generating the radial thrust in the legs. In addition, the control of the radial thrust of the legs can be a simple, effective method for stabilizing the body pitch in a running gait. This paper presents the mechanical systems, models and control strategies employed to generate and control leg thrust in the KOLT quadruped running robot. An analytical model of the electro-pneumatic leg thrusting system is presented and analyzed to evaluate its performance and to facilitate the design of control strategies. Several experiments have been conducted to estimate the energy losses and determine their origins as well as to compute the energetic efficiency of the actuation system. Two thrust control methods are also proposed and tested experimentally. The closed loop method regulates thrust through the control of the hip liftoff speed, a conceptually simple control strategy that stabilizes the body pitch in pronk and trot gaits without the need for central feedback, even on irregular terrain. The open-loop control method regulates the energy added in each hop based on the model of the actuator system. The efficacy of these models and techniques is tested in several planar trot and pronk experiments, and the results are analyzed focusing on the body stabilization, the power consumption and the energetic efficiency.

Fitch, R & Butler, Z 2008, 'Million module march: Scalable locomotion for large self-reconfiguring robots', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ROBOTICS RESEARCH, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 331-343.
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Frazier, SK, Lennie, TA & Moser, DK 2008, 'Preface', Nursing Clinics of North America, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. xi-xii.
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Fu, Q, Lin, W & Huang, J 2008, 'A New Strategy for Preparation of Graft Copolymers via “Graft onto” by Atom Transfer Nitroxide Radical Coupling Chemistry: Preparation of Poly(4-glycidyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl-co-ethylene oxide)-graft-polystyrene and Poly(tert-butyl acrylate)', Macromolecules, vol. 41, no. 7, pp. 2381-2387.
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Fu, Q, Liu, C, Lin, W & Huang, J 2008, 'One‐pot synthesis of heterograft copolymers via “graft onto” by atom transfer nitroxide radical coupling chemistry', Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, vol. 46, no. 20, pp. 6770-6779.
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AbstractHeterograft copolymers poly(4‐glycidyloxy‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl‐co‐ ethylene oxide)‐graft‐polystyrene and poly(tert‐butyl acrylate) (poly (GTEMPO‐co‐EO)‐g‐PS/PtBA) were synthesized in one‐pot by atom transfer nitroxide radical coupling (ATNRC) reaction via “graft onto.” The main chain was prepared by the anionic ring‐opening copolymerization of ethylene oxide (EO) and 4‐glycidyloxy‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (GTEMPO) first, then the polystyrene and poly (tert‐butyl acrylate) with bromine end (PS‐Br, PtBA‐Br) were prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). When three of them were mixed each other in the presence of CuBr/N,N,N′,N″,N″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) at 90 °C, the formed secondary carbon radicals at the PS and PtBA chain ends were quickly trapped by nitroxide radicals on poly(GTEMPO‐co‐EO). The heterograft copolymers were well defined by 1H NMR, size exclusion chromatography, fourier transform infrared, and differential scanning calorimetry in detail. It was found that the density of GTEMPO groups on main chain poly(GTEMPO‐co‐EO), the molecular weights of PS/PtBA side chains, and the structure of macroradicals can exert the great effects on the graft efficiency. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 6770–6779, 2008

Gandomi, AH, Alavi, AH & Sadat Hosseini, SS 2008, 'A Discussion on “Genetic programming for retrieving missing information in wave records along the west coast of India” [Applied Ocean Research 2007; 29 (3): 99–111]', Applied Ocean Research, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 338-339.
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Gao, W, Zhang, N, Ji, JC & Du, HP 2008, 'Dynamic analysis of vehicles with uncertainty', PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PART D-JOURNAL OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING, vol. 222, no. D5, pp. 657-664.
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The probabilistic and interval dynamic analysis of cars with uncertain parameters under random road input excitations by using a two-degree-of-freedom car model are presented in this paper. In the probabilistic analytical model, the vehicle parameters, including the sprung mass, unsprung mass, suspension damping, suspension, and tyre stiffness, are considered as random variables. The mean value, standard deviation, and variation coefficient of the vehicle's natural frequencies and mode shapes are obtained by using the Monte Carlo simulation method. Then, the computational expressions for the numerical characteristics of the mean square value of the vehicle's random response in the frequency domain are developed by means of the random variable's functional moment method. Considering the vehicle parameters as interval variables, the lower bound, upper bound, and interval change ratio value of the vehicle's random responses are obtained by means of the interval operations. The influences of the uncertainty of the vehicle parameters on the vehicle's natural frequencies, mode shapes, and dynamic responses are investigated in detail using a practical example. The comparison of the vehicle's dynamic characteristics using the probabilistic and interval analysis are also demonstrated. © IMechE 2008.

GAO, YA, ZHANG, G, LU, JIE, DILLON, T & ZENG, X 2008, 'A λ-CUT APPROXIMATE ALGORITHM FOR GOAL-BASED BILEVEL RISK MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS', International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making, vol. 07, no. 04, pp. 589-610.
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Bilevel programming techniques are developed for decentralized decision problems with decision makers located in two levels. Both upper and lower decision makers, termed as leader and follower, try to optimize their own objectives in solution procedure but are affected by those of the other levels. When a bilevel decision model is built with fuzzy coefficients and the leader and/or follower have goals for their objectives, we call it fuzzy goal bilevel (FGBL) decision problem. This paper first proposes a λ-cut set based FGBL model. A programmable λ-cut approximate algorithm is then presented in detail. Based on this algorithm, a FGBL software system is developed to reach solutions for FGBL decision problems. Finally, two examples are given to illustrate the application of the proposed algorithm.

Ge, Y & Esselle, KP 2008, 'A resonant cavity antenna based on an optimized thin superstrate', Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 50, no. 12, pp. 3057-3059.
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AbstractA high‐gain, low‐profile electromagnetic band‐gap (EBG) resonator antenna based on a thin frequency‐selective‐surface (FSS) superstrate is presented. The superstrate thickness has been reduced from 0.25λg in the previous design to about 0.06λg without significantly affecting the antenna performance. The FSS superstrate is made out of standard low‐cost FR4 material. The high‐gain performance is achieved by optimizing the metallic patterns printed on the two surfaces of the superstrate so that a high‐Q resonant cavity is obtained. A prototype demonstrates that an EBG resonator antenna made out of a 0.8 mm thick optimized superstrate can provide a gain as high as over 21 dB at the operating frequency of 12 GHz. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 3057–3059, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23898

Gens, A & Sheng, D 2008, 'Special issue on “Unsaturated soils: Models, algorithms and applications”', Computers and Geotechnics, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 809-809.
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Gentile, C, Fleming, PA, Mironov, V, Argraves, KM, Argraves, WS & Drake, CJ 2008, 'VEGF‐mediated fusion in the generation of uniluminal vascular spheroids', Developmental Dynamics, vol. 237, no. 12, pp. spc1-spc1.
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AbstractVEGF‐mediated vascular fusion in the generation of uniluminal spheroids. Luminized vascular networks present in mouse allantoic‐derived tissue spheroids (upper image) fuse when treated with VEGF to form a single central vessel (lower image). Spheroids were immunolabeled with antibodies to PECAM‐1 (green) and SMαA (red). See Gentile et al., Developmental Dynamics 237:2918–2925. Developmental Dynamics 237:2918–2925, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

Gentile, C, Fleming, PA, Mironov, V, Argraves, KM, Argraves, WS & Drake, CJ 2008, 'VEGF‐mediated fusion in the generation of uniluminal vascular spheroids', Developmental Dynamics, vol. 237, no. 10, pp. 2918-2925.
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AbstractEmbryonic mouse allantoic tissue (E8.5) was cultured in hanging drops to generate a three‐dimensional vascular micro‐tissue. The resulting tissue spheroids had an inner network of small diameter vessels expressing platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule‐1 (PECAM‐1) and an outer layer of cells expressing SMαA, SM22‐α, and SM‐MHC. In a subsequent phase of culture, the fusion‐promoting activity of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was used to transform the inner network of small diameter endothelial tubes into a contiguous layer of cells expressing PECAM‐1, CD34, and VE‐cadherin that circumscribed a central lumen‐like cavity. The blood vessel‐like character of the VEGF‐treated spheroids was further demonstrated by their physiologically relevant vasodilatory and contractile responses, including contraction induced by KCl and relaxation stimulated by high‐density lipoproteins and acetylcholine‐induced nitric oxide production. Developmental Dynamics 237:2918–2925, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

Goyal, ML, Lu, J & Zhang, G 2008, 'Decision Making in Multi-Issue e-Market Auction Using Fuzzy Techniques and Negotiable Attitudes.', J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 97-110.
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Online auctions are one of the most effective ways of negotiation of salable goods over the internet. Software agents are increasingly being used to represent humans in online auctions. These agents can systematically monitor a wide variety of auctions and can make rapid decisions about what bids to place In what auctions. To be successful in open multi-agent environments, agents must be capable of adapting different strategies and tactics to their prevailing circumstances. This paper presents a software test-bed for studying autonomous bidding strategies in simulated auctions for procuring goods. It shows that agents' bidding strategy explore the attitudes and behaviors that help agents to manage dynamic assessment of prices of goods given the different criteria and scenario conditions. Our agent also uses fuzzy techniques for the decision making: to make decisions about the outcome of auctions, and to alter the agent's bidding strategy in response to the different criteria and market conditions. © 2008 Universidad de Talca - Chile.

Grace, ND, Loganathan, P & Hedley, MJ 2008, 'The effect of age on the fluoride concentration in the metacarpus of grazing sheep in New Zealand', NEW ZEALAND VETERINARY JOURNAL, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 115-119.
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Aim: To determine the concentration of fluoride (F) in the metacarpi from ewes of varying age, which had been grazing pastures that had been regularly topdressed with phosphatic fertilisers, which contain F as a contaminant, for at least 30 years. Methods: Three groups of 10 ewes aged 6–8, 18–20 and 60–72 months were selected from seven research farms with a known fertiliser history, representing the major sheep farming regions of New Zealand. Lambs were born and remained on the property. The sheep were collected and slaughtered in autumn, and the right metacarpus removed for determination of F content. Representative samples of topsoil (0–30- and 30–60-mm depths) were also collected for determination of F content. Results: The total concentration of F in topsoil on the farms ranged from 161 to 712 mg/kg. The overall mean concentrations of F in metacarpi from 6–8-, 18–20- and 60–72-month-old ewes were 170 (SE 9.9), 308 (SE 13.9) and 480 (SE 28.4) mg/kg dry matter (DM), respectively. On six farms, lambs which had been exposed to limited or no ingestion of soil had the lowest concentration of F in their metacarpi. Generally, there was a curvilinear relationship between age and concentration of F in the metacarpi of sheep. On the seventh farm, the concentrations of F in the metacarpi from the 6–8- and 18–20-month-old sheep were similar but lower than those of the 60–72-month-old ewes. The area of soils on the farm where the 6–8-month-old-sheep were grazing had higher total concentrations of F in topsoil (271 mg/kg) than those soils grazed by the 18–20-month-old sheep (205 mg/kg), and this may be one reason for the elevated concentration of F in the metacarpi of the younger ewes. The concentrations of F in metacarpi, at any age, were not related to the concentration of F in topsoils. Conclusions: Many factors can influence the amounts of F in soil ingested by grazing sheep and the concentration of F in their bone. The concentration of F in the metacarpi of ewes gener...

Gregorius, DD, Dawood, R, Ruh, K & Nguyen, HB 2008, 'Severe high altitude pulmonary oedema: a patient managed successfully with non-invasive positive pressure ventilation in the Emergency Department', Emergency Medicine Journal, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 243-244.
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High altitude pulmonary oedema (HAPE) is a well-known potential hazard of activities at high altitudes but not a common disease presentation that most emergency physicians have experience treating. The mainstay of treatment is intuitive - early recognition with immediate descent, rest and oxygen - but what does the emergency physician do when a patient is in severe distress from HAPE even after descent to sea level? A case of severe HAPE is presented in a young man; the successful treatment strategy is outlined including non-invasive positive pressure ventilation. The role of calcium antagonists, corticosteroids and phosphodiesterase inhibitors are also discussed in the acute management of this potentially life-threatening condition.

Guillon, M, Dholakia, K & McGloin, D 2008, 'Optical trapping and spectral analysis of aerosols with a supercontiuum laser source', Optics Express, vol. 16, no. 11, pp. 7655-7655.
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Guo, W, Ngo, H-H, Vigneswaran, S, Xing, W & Goteti, P 2008, 'A novel sponge-submerged membrane bioreactor (SSMBR) for wastewater treatment and reuse', SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 273-285.
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Membrane fouling has been regarded as one of the biggest challenges to widespread application of membrane bioreactor (MBR). This study focuses on minimizing the membrane fouling and improving the performance of submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) by porous sponge addition. The effects of sponge addition on sustainable flux and membrane fouling were investigated. Acclimatized sponge could significantly increase the suspended growth in SMBR with biomass of 16.7g/L(sponge). With the sponge volume fraction of 10%, SSMBR could enhance sustainable flux up to 50L/m2h compared with sustainable flux of SMBR (only 25L/m2h). SSMBR also exhibited excellent results in terms of DOC removal (over 95%), COD removal (over 97%), lower transmembrane pressure development, and oxygen uptake rate. Over 89% of NH4-N and 98% of PO4-P were removed when SSMBR was operated with a MLSS concentration of 15g/L.

Guo, W, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, H-H, Xing, W & Goteti, P 2008, 'Comparison of the performance of submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) and submerged membrane adsorption bioreactor (SMABR)', BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY, vol. 99, no. 5, pp. 1012-1017.
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This study focuses on comparing the performance of submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) and submerged membrane adsorption bioreactor (SMABR) over a period of 20 days at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3.1 h. The effects of PAC on critical flux and membrane fouling were also investigated. The SMABR exhibited better results in terms of mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) growth, DOC removal (over 96%), COD removal (over 95%), transmembrane pressure (TMP) and oxygen uptake rate. Nearly 100% of bacteria and 100% of total coliforms were removed in both systems. The addition of PAC could maintain the critical flux at a lower TMP value (7.5 kPa), while irreversible fouling caused by PAC occurred when the filtration flux exceeded critical flux.

Guo, WS, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH & Xing, W 2008, 'Comparison of membrane bioreactor systems in wastewater treatment', DESALINATION, vol. 231, no. 1-3, pp. 61-70.
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This study investigated the performance of four different membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems, namely floating media biofilter-crossflow microfiltration (FMB-CFMF) system, submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) alone, submerged membrane adsorption bioreactor (SMABR) and sponge-SMBR system, in terms of critical flux. The results indicated that FMB could be used as a pretreatment unit prior to MBR in order to minimize membrane fouling when the FMB-CFMF system operates under sub-critical flux condition. The addition of powdered activated carbon (PAC) could maintain the sustainable flux at a lower TMP value (7.5 kPa). However, irreversible fouling occurred when the filtration flux exceeded the critical flux. The addition of 10% volume (reactor volume) fraction of sponge could increase sustainable flux of SMBR system to 2 times. © 2008.

Guo, WS, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH, Kandasamy, J & Yoon, S 2008, 'The role of a membrane performance enhancer in a membrane bioreactor: a comparison with other submerged membrane hybrid systems', DESALINATION, vol. 231, no. 1-3, pp. 305-313.
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Among the membrane processes, membrane bioreactor (MBR) technologies are becoming an innovative and promising option for wastewater treatment and reuse. In this study the performance of the submerged membrane bioreactor was studied with an addition of MPE50, and it was compared against a sponge submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) and submerged membrane adsorption bioreactor (SMABR) in terms of TOC removal, COD removal, ammonium nitrogen (NH4-H) removal, orthophosphate (PO4-P) removal, transmembrane pressure (TMP) and oxygen uptake rate. SMBR with MPE50 addition significantly improved the sustainable flux and reduced membrane fouling. The improvement was better than even in the sponge SMBR system. SMBR with MPE50 achieved a high DOC and COD removal efficiency and NH4-N removal. PO4-P removal concentration of 62% initially which increased with time to over 99% after 7 day operation. In terms of phosphorus removal the sponge SMBR system performed better. OUR measurements showed that there was more microbial activity in the SMBR with MPE50 system

Guo, Y, Jin, J, Zheng, L, Zhu, J & Lu, H 2008, 'A Permanent Magnet Linear Synchronous Motor Drive for HTS Maglev Transportation Systems', Journal of Electronic Science and Technology of China - Zhongguo Dianzi Keji, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 125-129.
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A permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (pMLSM) for a high temperature superconducting (HTS) maglev system has been studied, including the motor structure, control strategy, and analysis techniques. Finite elemeut analysis (FEA) of magnetic field is conducted to accurately calculate major motor parameters. Equivalent electrical circuit is used to predict the drive's steady-state characteristics, and a phase variable model is applied to predict the dynamic performance. Preliminary experiment with a prototype has been made to verify the theoretical analysis and the HTS-PM synchronons driving technology.

Guo, Y, Zhu, JG, Lin, ZW, Lu, H, Wang, X & Chen, J 2008, 'Influence of inductance variation on performance of a permanent magnet claw pole soft magnetic composite motor', Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 103, no. 7, pp. 07F118-07F118.
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Winding inductance is an important parameter in determining the performance of electrical machines, particularly those with large inductance variation. This paper investigates the influence of winding inductance variation on the performance of a three-phase three-stack claw pole permanent magnet motor with soft magnetic composite (SMC) stator by using an improved phase variable model. The winding inductances of the machine are computed by using a modified incremental energy method, based on three-dimensional nonlinear time-stepping magnetic field finite element analyses. The inductance computation and performance simulation are verified by the experimental results of an SMC claw pole motor prototype.

Guo, YG, Dou, YP, Zhu, JG, Zhan, YD & Jin, JX 2008, 'Parameter Determination And Performance Analysis of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator By Magnetic Field Finite Element Analysis', Australian Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 225-262.
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Ha, QP, Kwok, NM, Nguyen, MT, Li, J & Samali, B 2008, 'Mitigation of seismic responses on building structures using MR dampers with Lyapunov-based control', STRUCTURAL CONTROL & HEALTH MONITORING, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 604-621.
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As losses of human lives and damages to buildings frequently occur during earthquake periods, it is crucial to mitigate structural vibrations. This paper describes the development of a Lyapunov-based control approach for magnetorheological (MR) dampers integrated in building structures to suppress quake-induced vibrations. In this work, MR dampers are used as semi-active devices, taking the advantages of the fail-safe operation and low power consumption. The control of MR dampers is, however, hindered by their hysteretic force-velocity responses and usually leads to indirect strategies compromising controllability and performance. To enhance the system performance, a Lyapunov-based controller is proposed here for direct control of the supply currents to the dampers for a multi-storey building. The dampers are configured in a differential mode to counteract the force-offset problem from the use of a single damper. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is verified, in simulations, by using a building model subject to quake-like excitations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Haiwei Lu, Jianguo Zhu, Zhiwei Lin & Youguang Guo 2008, 'A Miniature Short Stroke Linear Actuator—Design and Analysis', IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 497-504.
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We report a newly developed miniature short stroke tubular linear permanent-magnet actuator for robotic applications. Compared to a rotary-to-linear mechanism, the linear actuator has the advantages of efficiency, thrust control, and compact size in gene

Hamilton, TJ, Jin, C, van Schaik, A & Tapson, J 2008, 'An Active 2-D Silicon Cochlea', IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 30-43.
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HAN, A, HONG, Y, LAI, KK & WANG, S 2008, 'Interval Time Series Analysis with an Application to the Sterling-Dollar Exchange Rate', Journal of Systems Science and Complexity, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 558-573.
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Inconsistency of multi-perspective requirements specifications is a pervasive issue during the requirements process. However, managing inconsistency is not just a pure technical problem. It is always associated with a process of interactions and competitions among corresponding stakeholders. The main contribution of this paper is to present a negotiations approach to handling inconsistencies in multi-perspective software requirements. In particular, the priority of requirements relative to each perspective plays an important role in proceeding negotiation over resolving inconsistencies among different stakeholders. An algorithm of generating negotiation proposals and an approach to evaluating proposals are also presented in this paper, respectively. © 2008 Academy of Mathematics & Systems Science, Beijing, China.

Hao, H, Deeks, JA & Wu, C 2008, 'Numerical simulations of the performance of steel guardrails under vehicle impact', Transactions of Tianjin University, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 318-323.
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Road side barriers are constructed to protect passengers and contain vehicles when a vehicle crashes into a barrier. In general, full-scale crash testing needs to be carried out if a geometrically and structurally equivalent barrier has not previously been proven to meet the requirements of containing the vehicle and dissipating sufficient impact energy for passenger protection. As full-scale crash testing is very expensive, the number of data that can be measured in a test is usually limited, and it may not always be possible to obtain good quality measurements in such a test, a reliable and efficient numerical simulation of crash testing is therefore very useful. This paper presents finite element simulations of a 3-rail steel road traffic barrier under vehicle impact. The performance levels defined in Australian Standards AS5100 Clause 10.5 for these barriers are checked. The numerical simulations show that the barrier is able to meet low performance levels. However, the maximum deceleration is higher than the acceptable limit for passenger protection. If present, a kerb launches the vehicles into the barrier, allowing for the possibility of overriding the barrier under certain circumstances, but it redirects the vehicle and reduces the incident angle, which reduces impact force on the barrier. Further investigation into all common kerb profiles on roads should be carried out, as only one kerb profile is investigated in this study.

He, X, Wu, Q, Jia, W & Hintz, T 2008, 'Edge Detection on Hexagonal Structure', Journal of Algorithms & Computational Technology, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 61-78.
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Gradient-based edge detection is a straightforward method to identify the edge points in the original grey-level image. It is intuitive that in the human vision system the edge points always appear where the grey-level value is greatly changed. Spiral Architecture is a relatively new image data structure that is inspired from anatomical considerations of the primate's vision. In Spiral Architecture, each image is represented as a collection of hexagonal pixels. Edge detection on Spiral Architecture has features of fast computation and accurate localization. In this paper, we present and compare gradient-based edge detection algorithms on Spiral Architecture. The experimental results show that the edge detection on Spiral Architecture outperforms that on traditional square image structure.

Hoang, HG, Tuan, HD & Apkarian, P 2008, 'A Lyapunov Variable-Free KYP Lemma for SISO Continuous Systems', IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol. 53, no. 11, pp. 2669-2673.
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This technical note proposes a novel frequency-selective Kalman-Yakubovich-Popov (FS-KYP) lemma for analysis of single-input single-output (SISO) continuous systems. In contrast to existing approaches, the proposed method only uses a minimal number of va

Hoang, HG, Tuan, HD, Nguyen, TQ & Kha, HH 2008, 'Design of Exactly Linear Phase $K$-Regular IIR Half-Band Filter', IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, vol. 55, no. 12, pp. 1264-1268.
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This paper proposes a novel method to design exactly linear phase infinite impulse response half-band filters with arbitrary regularity. Broadly speaking, the design problem is formulated as a semi-infinite program, which is then turned into a semidefini

Hoang, TTL, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH, Kandasamy, J, Shim, WG, Chaudhary, DS, Gotety, P & Peiris, P 2008, 'Performance evaluation and mathematical modelling of granular activated carbon biofiltration in wastewater treatment', KOREAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 259-267.
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Biological filtration is an effective technique for removing organic matter from wastewater. The performance of a biofilter can be influenced by a range of operational conditions. In this study the performance of biofilters was investigated for the influence of filter media depth, influent concentrations, filtrations rates and backwashing. The results show that performance of GAC filters decreased with shallower filter bed depths. In addition, the GAC performed better at lower influent concentration and lower filtration rates. The daily backwash adopted to avoid the physical clogging of the biofilter did not have any significant effect on the organic removal efficiency of the filter. The concentration, activity and characteristics of the biomass are quantified and described. A mathematical model was developed to simulate the organic removal of the GAC biofiltration system. The performance of the GAC filter under different influent organic concentration levels, filtration rates and filter bed depths was adequately simulated by the mathematical model developed for this study. © 2008 Springer.

Horan, K, Lankinen, A, O’Reilly, L, Bennett, NS, McNally, PJ, Sealy, BJ, Cowern, NEB & Tuomi, TO 2008, 'Structural and electrical characterisation of ion-implanted strained silicon', Materials Science and Engineering: B, vol. 154-155, pp. 118-121.
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Hornecker, E, Jacob, RJ, Hummels, C, Ullmer, B, Schmidt, A, van den Hoven, E & Mazalek, A 2008, 'TEI Goes On: Tangible and Embedded Interaction', IEEE Pervasive Computing, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 91-96.

Hossain, MJ, Pota, HR & Ugrinovskii, V 2008, 'Short and Long-Term Dynamic Voltage Instability', IFAC Proceedings Volumes, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 9392-9397.
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Hou, J, Zhang, H, Yuan, X, Li, J, Wei, Y & Hu, S 2008, 'In vitro effects of low‐level laser irradiation for bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells: Proliferation, growth factors secretion and myogenic differentiation', Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, vol. 40, no. 10, pp. 726-733.
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AbstractBackground and ObjectivesBone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have shown to be an appealing source for cell therapy and tissue engineering. Previous studies have confirmed that the application of low‐level laser irradiation (LLLI) could affect the cellular process. However, little is known about the effects of LLLI on BMSCs. The aim of this study was designed to investigate the influence of LLLI at different energy densities on BMSCs proliferation, secretion and myogenic differentiation.Study Design/Materials and MethodsBMSCs were harvested from rat fresh bone marrow and exposed to a 635 nm diode laser (60 mW; 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, or 5.0 J/cm2). The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release was used to assess the cytotoxicity of LLLI at different energy densities. Cell proliferation was evaluated by using 3‐(4, 5‐dimethylithiazol‐2‐yl)‐2, 5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU) assay. Production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Myogenic differentiation, induced by 5‐azacytidine (5‐aza), was assessed by using immunocytochemical staining for the expression of sarcomeric α‐actin and desmin.ResultsCytotoxicity assay showed no significant difference between the non‐irradiated group and irradiated groups. LLLI significantly stimulated BMSCs proliferation and 0.5 J/cm2 was found to be an optimal energy density. VEGF and NGF were identified and LLLI at 5.0 J/cm2 significantly stimulated the secretion. After 5‐aza induction, myogenic differentiation was observed in all groups and LLLI at 5.0 J/cm2 dramatically facilitated the differentiation.

Hsieh, M-H & Wilde, MM 2008, 'Entanglement-assisted communication of classical and quantum information', IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 56, no. 9, pp. 4682-4704, September 2010, vol. 56, no. 9, pp. 4682-4704.
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We consider the problem of transmitting classical and quantum informationreliably over an entanglement-assisted quantum channel. Our main result is acapacity theorem that gives a three-dimensional achievable rate region. Pointsin the region are rate triples, consisting of the classical communication rate,the quantum communication rate, and the entanglement consumption rate of aparticular coding scheme. The crucial protocol in achieving the boundary pointsof the capacity region is a protocol that we name the classically-enhancedfather protocol. The classically-enhanced father protocol is more general thanother protocols in the family tree of quantum Shannon theoretic protocols, inthe sense that several previously known quantum protocols are now childprotocols of it. The classically-enhanced father protocol also shows animprovement over a time-sharing strategy for the case of a qubit dephasingchannel--this result justifies the need for simultaneous coding of classicaland quantum information over an entanglement-assisted quantum channel. Ourcapacity theorem is of a multi-letter nature (requiring a limit over many usesof the channel), but it reduces to a single-letter characterization for atleast three channels: the completely depolarizing channel, the quantum erasurechannel, and the qubit dephasing channel.

Hsieh, M-H, Brun, TA & Devetak, I 2008, 'Entanglement-Assisted Quantum Quasi-Cyclic Low-Density Parity-Check Codes', Phys. Rev. A, vol. 79, no. 3, p. 032340.
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We investigate the construction of quantum low-density parity-check (LDPC)codes from classical quasi-cyclic (QC) LDPC codes with girth greater than orequal to 6. We have shown that the classical codes in the generalizedCalderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS) construction do not need to satisfy thedual-containing property as long as pre-shared entanglement is available toboth sender and receiver. We can use this to avoid the many 4-cycles whichtypically arise in dual-containing LDPC codes. The advantage of such quantumcodes comes from the use of efficient decoding algorithms such as sum-productalgorithm (SPA). It is well known that in the SPA, cycles of length 4 makesuccessive decoding iterations highly correlated and hence limit the decodingperformance. We show the principle of constructing quantum QC-LDPC codes whichrequire only small amounts of initial shared entanglement.

Huang, S, Wang, Z & Dissanayake, G 2008, 'Sparse Local Submap Joining Filter for Building Large-Scale Maps', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ROBOTICS, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 1121-1130.
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This paper presents a novel local submap joining algorithm for building large-scale feature-based maps: sparse local submap joining filter (SLSJF). The input to the filter is a sequence of local submaps. Each local submap is represented in a coordinate frame defined by the robot pose at which the map is initiated. The local submap state vector consists of the positions of all the local features and the final robot pose within the submap. The output of the filter is a global map containing the global positions of all the features as well as all the robot start/end poses of the local submaps. Use of an extended information filter (EIF) for fusing submaps makes the information matrix associated with SLSJF exactly sparse. The sparse structure together with a novel state vector and covariance submatrix recovery technique makes the SLSJF computationally very efficient. The SLSJF is a canonical and efficient submap joining solution for large-scale simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) problems that makes use of consistent local submaps generated by any reliable SLAM algorithm. The effectiveness and efficiency of the new algorithm is verified through computer simulations and experiments. © 2008 IEEE.

Hung, NVQ, Tuan, HD, Narikiyo, T & Apkarian, P 2008, 'Adaptive Control for Nonlinearly Parameterized Uncertainties in Robot Manipulators', IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 458-468.
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In this brief, a new adaptive control framework to compensate for uncertain nonlinear parameters in robot manipulators is developed. The designed adaptive controllers possess a linear parameter structure, guarantee global boundedness of the closed-loop s

Huo, H, Han, DH, Hui, XY & Wang, GR 2008, 'PDT-based document fragmentation of XML streaming data', Dongbei Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northeastern University, vol. 29, no. 5.
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Unlike in conventional databases, queries on XML stream data are bounded by not only the memory capacity but also the real time processing. Based on the Hole-Filler model, a path frequency tree (PFT) is defined according to the statistic information on queries about XML to set out a sibling-based document fragmentation policy including corresponding algorithm. Then, an alternative membership-based document fragmentation policy and corresponding algorithm are proposed. Both algorithms can effectively enhance the utilization and cohesion of XML fragments. Testing results showed that the PFT-based document fragmentation algorithms perform well on query cost and other properties.

Hutvagner, G & Simard, MJ 2008, 'Argonaute proteins: key players in RNA silencing', Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 22-32.
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During the past decade, small non-coding RNAs have rapidly emerged as important contributors to gene regulation. To carry out their biological functions, these small RNAs require a unique class of proteins called Argonautes. The discovery and our comprehension of this highly conserved protein family is closely linked to the study of RNA-based gene silencing mechanisms. With their functional domains, Argonaute proteins can bind small non-coding RNAs and control protein synthesis, affect messenger RNA stability and even participate in the production of a new class of small RNAs, Piwi-interacting RNAs. © 2008 Nature Publishing Group.

Iacopi, F, Elia, C, Fournier, T, Sinapi, F & Travaly, Y 2008, 'Stress corrosion of organosilicate glass films in aqueous environments: Role of pH', JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 862-868.
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Iacopi, F, Richard, O, Eichhammer, Y, Bender, H, Vereecken, PM, De Gendt, S & Heyns, M 2008, 'Size-dependent characteristics of indium-seeded Si nanowire growth', ELECTROCHEMICAL AND SOLID STATE LETTERS, vol. 11, no. 9, pp. K98-K100.
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Indraratna, B 2008, 'Recent advancements in the use of prefabricated vertical drains in soft soils', Australian Geomechanics Journal, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 29-46.
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A system of prefabricated vertical drains with surcharge load to accelerate consolidation by shortening the drainage path is one of the most popular methods of soft ground improvement. An analytical solution is proposed based on radial (lateral) soil permeability while considering variations in vacuum pressure. The predicted smear zone and effects of drain unsaturation are compared with laboratory data obtained from large-scale radial consolidation tests. When a higher load is required to meet the desired rate of settlement and the cost of raising a surcharge embankment is also significant, the application of vacuum pressure with a reduced surcharge load can be used. In this method, the vacuum creates a suction head that increases the effective stress. Analytical and numerical analyses were conducted for several case histories using the equivalent plane strain solution for Darcian and non-Darcian flows. The effectiveness of vertical drains on cyclic loading was also investigated based on a laboratory study. . This paper shows that vertical drains can dissipate the built up excess pore pressure under repeated loading and that short drains can be sufficient in certain cases rather than driving the drains to cover the entire depth of soft clay deposits. The research findings verify that the effects of soil disturbance and vacuum pressure can affect soil consolidation considerably, which means that these aspects need to be modelled correctly in any numerical approaches.

Indraratna, B, Aljorany, A & Rujikiatkamjorn, C 2008, 'Analytical and Numerical Modeling of Consolidation by Vertical Drain beneath a Circular Embankment', International Journal of Geomechanics, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 199-206.
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Indraratna, B, Jayanathan, M & Brown, ET 2008, 'Shear strength model for overconsolidated clay-infilled idealised rock joints', Géotechnique, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 55-65.
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Saturated infilled joints can contribute to the instability of rock masses during undrained shearing. This paper reports an experimental investigation into the effect of the overconsolidation of infilled rough joints on undrained shear behaviour. A revised model is presented for predicting the shear strength of rough infilled joints on the basis of experimental tests carried out on idealised sawtoothed joints with natural silty clay as the infill material. Tests were conducted under consolidated undrained conditions in a high-pressure triaxial apparatus on joints having a dip angle of 60°. Pore pressure development in the infill materials was monitored. The results show that the effect of asperities on shear strength is significant up to a critical asperity height to infill thickness ratio (t/a), whereas the shear behaviour is controlled by the infill alone beyond this critical value. The proposed model for predicting the shear strength of rough infilled joints describes how the OCR influences the shear strength, pore water pressure development, and critical t/a ratio.

Indraratna, B, Muttuvel, T, Khabbaz, H & Armstrong, R 2008, 'Predicting the erosion rate of chemically treated soil using a process simulation apparatus for internal crack erosion', JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL AND GEOENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, vol. 134, no. 6, pp. 837-844.
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Chemical stabilization is an effective ground improvement technique for controlling erosion. Two stabilizers, lignosulfonate and cement, were used to study how effectively they could stabilize erodible silty sand collected from Wombeyan Caves, NSW, Australia. To conduct this research, four dosages of cement (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2%) and four dosages of lignosulfonate (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6%) by dry weight of soil were selected. All treated and untreated soil specimens were compacted to 90 and 95% of their maximum dry density to study the effect of compaction level on erodibility. The erosion characteristics of treated and untreated soil samples were investigated using a process simulation apparatus for internal crack erosion designed and built at the University of Wollongong. The findings of this study indicated that both chemical stabilizers increased the resistance to erosion because of their cementing properties. It was also found that the critical shear stress increased linearly with the amount of stabilizer, and the coefficient of soil erosion decreased as a power function of the critical shear stress. © 2008 ASCE.

Indraratna, B, Muttuvel, T, Khabbaz, H & Armstrong, R 2008, 'Predicting the Erosion Rate of Chemically Treated Soil Using a Process Simulation Apparatus for Internal Crack Erosion', Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 134, no. 6, pp. 837-844.
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Chemical stabilization is an effective ground improvement technique for controlling erosion. Two stabilizers, lignosulfonate and cement, were used to study how effectively they could stabilize erodible silty sand collected from Wombeyan Caves, NSW, Australia. To conduct this research, four dosages of cement 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2% and four dosages of lignosulfonate 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% by dry weight of soil were selected. All treated and untreated soil specimens were compacted to 90 and 95% of their maximum dry density to study the effect of compaction level on erodibility. The erosion characteristics of treated and untreated soil samples were investigated using a process simulation apparatus for internal crack erosion designed and built at the University of Wollongong. The findings of this study indicated that both chemical stabilizers increased the resistance to erosion because of their cementing properties. It was also found that the critical shear stress increased linearly with the amount of stabilizer, and the coefficient of soil erosion decreased as a power function of the critical shear stress.

Indraratna, B, Trani, LDO & Khabbaz, H 2008, 'A critical review on granular dam filter behaviour – from particle sizes to constriction-based design criteria', Geomechanics and Geoengineering, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 279-290.
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Over emphasis on tests results involving base soils with increasing coefficient of uniformity (Cu) makes the reliability of an empirical particle-based criterion for effective filters questionable. Extra measures such as regrading of base soil are then necessary in order to capture the effectiveness of filter constriction sizes in trapping eroding fines. Recent studies which focused on the role of the sizes of filter voids on overall filtration behaviour have deployed constriction size approaches that were shown to be equally acceptable methods for distinguishing between effective and ineffective filters. This paper examines the evolution of this approach, starting from past empirical and mathematical investigations and proceeding to the eventual development of geometric-probabilistic methods with special reference to embankment dams. Models based on dominant and controlling constriction sizes are introduced, and subsequently the constriction-based retention criteria for granular filters are presented. The proposed retention criteria were verified based on extensive experimental data taken from small- and large-scale filtration tests carried out by various authors. The integration of filter compaction, porosity and Cu, together with the incorporation of analytical principles, provides alternative and rigorous design approaches that remove most limitations of the conventional particle-based criteria, thus making the models essentially more comprehensive and quantifiable.

Ip, KH, Stuart, BH, Ray, AS & Thomas, PS 2008, 'A spectroscopic investigation of the weathering of a heritage Sydney sandstone', SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART A-MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY, vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 1032-1035.
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Infrared spectroscopy has been employed in a study of the degradation of heritage Sydney sandstone used in St. Mary's Cathedral in Sydney, Australia. Spectra were used to characterise the clay components taken from weathered and unweathered sandstone blo

Ip, KH, Stuart, BH, Thomas, PS & Ray, AS 2008, 'Thermal characterization of the clay binder of heritage Sydney sandstones', JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY, vol. 92, no. 1, pp. 97-100.
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Thermal analysis has been employed in a study of the degradation of heritage Sydney sandstone used in St Mary's Cathedral in Sydney, Australia. TG and DSC have been used to characterise the clay components removed from weathered and unweathered sandstone. Two types of kaolin clays - kaolinite and its polymorph, dickite - have been identified. A higher amount of dickite present in the clay of weathered sandstone indicates that a kaolinite-to-dickite transformation occurs upon weathering. XRD hot stage analysis was also used to demonstrate the presence of a more thermally stable polymorph of the kaolinite.

Isik, O & Esselle, KP 2008, 'Backward Wave Microstrip Lines With Complementary Spiral Resonators', IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 56, no. 10, pp. 3173-3178.
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Jakeman, AJ, Rizzoli, AE & Voinov, AA 2008, 'Outstanding reviewers for environmental modelling and software in 2007', Environmental Modelling & Software, vol. 23, no. 12, pp. 1343-1343.
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Janapsatya, J, Esselle, KP & Bird, TS 2008, 'A dual‐band and wideband planar inverted‐F antenna for WLAN applications', Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 138-141.
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AbstractA dual‐band planar inverted‐F antenna (PIFA), presented here, covers both 2.4‐ and 5‐GHz bands used in all IEEE 802.11 WLAN standards. Computed and measured return loss and radiation patterns of the antenna are presented and are in reasonable agreement. Experimental results indicate a very wide 32.5% operational bandwidth in the 5‐GHz band. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 138–141, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23016

Jeyakumar, P, Loganathan, P, Sivakumaran, S, Anderson, CWN & McLaren, RG 2008, 'Copper and zinc spiking of biosolids: effect of incubation period on metal fractionation and speciation and microbial activity', ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 347-354.
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Biosolids were amended separately with three levels of copper and zinc sulfate, and anaerobically incubated for 117 days. Copper in the unamended-biosolids solid phase was mainly found in the organic and residual fractions (8595%). Copper addition decreased the percentage of Cu in these fractions and increased the percentage of Cu in the oxide and specifically adsorbed fractions. Zinc in the solid phase was mainly associated with the oxide (3565%), specifically adsorbed (2530%), and the exchangeable fractions (1040%). Relatively, all Cu in the solution phase was complexed with organic matter; Zn was present mainly as Zn2+ and as an electrically neutral ion pair, ZnSO40. Metals were almost completely incorporated into the biosolids matrix by Day 55. Dehydrogenase activity was reduced by 50% (EC50, effective concentration for 50% activity reduction) at the total solution-phase Cu and Zn concentrations of 0.1 and 20 mg L-1, respectively, and solid-phase exchangeable Cu and Zn concentrations of 410 and 670 mg kg-1, respectively. © CSIRO 2008.

Ji, JC & Zhang, N 2008, 'Additive resonances of a controlled van der Pol-Duffing oscillator', JOURNAL OF SOUND AND VIBRATION, vol. 315, no. 1-2, pp. 22-33.
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The trivial equilibrium of a controlled van der Pol-Duffing oscillator with nonlinear feedback control may lose its stability via a non-resonant interaction of two Hopf bifurcations when two critical time delays corresponding to two Hopf bifurcations have the same value. Such an interaction results in a non-resonant bifurcation of co-dimension two. In the vicinity of the non-resonant Hopf bifurcations, the presence of a periodic excitation in the controlled oscillator can induce three types of additive resonances in the forced response, when the frequency of the external excitation and the frequencies of the two Hopf bifurcations satisfy a certain relationship. With the aid of centre manifold theorem and the method of multiple scales, three types of additive resonance responses of the controlled system are investigated by studying the possible solutions and their stability of the four-dimensional ordinary differential equations on the centre manifold. The amplitudes of the free-oscillation terms are found to admit three solutions; two non-trivial solutions and the trivial solution. Of two non-trivial solutions, one is stable and the trivial solution is unstable. A stable non-trivial solution corresponds to a quasi-periodic motion of the original system. It is also found that the frequency-response curves for three cases of additive resonances are an isolated closed curve. It is shown that the forced response of the oscillator may exhibit quasi-periodic motions on a three-dimensional torus consisting of three frequencies; the frequencies of two bifurcating solutions and the frequency of the excitation. Illustrative examples are given to show the quasi-periodic motions. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ji, JC, Hansen, CH & Zander, AC 2008, 'Nonlinear Dynamics of Magnetic Bearing Systems', JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT MATERIAL SYSTEMS AND STRUCTURES, vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 1471-1491.
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Magnetic bearings use magnetic forces to support various machine components. Because of the non-contact nature of this type of suspension, magnetic bearing technology offers a number of significant advantages over conventional bearings, such as rolling element and fluid film bearings. An active magnetic bearing basically consists of an electromagnetic actuator, position sensors, power amplifiers, and a feedback controller. All of these components are characterized by nonlinear behavior and therefore the entire system is inherently nonlinear. However, in simulations of the dynamic behavior of magnetic bearing systems, the nonlinearities are usually neglected to simplify the analysis and only linear models are used. Moreover, many control techniques currently used in magnetic bearing systems are generally designed by ignoring nonlinear effects. The main reason for simplification is the intractability of the complexity of the actual model. In fact, the inherent nonlinear properties of magnetic bearing systems can lead to dynamic behavior of a magnetically suspended rotor that is distinctly different from that predicted using a simple linearized model. Therefore, the nonlinearities should be taken into account. This literature review is focused on the nonlinear dynamics of magnetic bearing systems and it provides background information on analytical methods, nonlinear vibrations resulting from a rotor contacting auxiliary bearings, and other active topics of research involving the nonlinear properties of magnetic bearing systems, such as nonlinear self-sensing magnetic bearings and nonlinear control of magnetic bearings. The review concludes with a brief discussion on current and possible future directions for research on the nonlinear dynamics of magnetic bearing systems. © 2008 SAGE Publications.

Ji, Z, Wang, G, Duan, R, Feng, Y & Ying, M 2008, 'Parameter Estimation of Quantum Channels', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION THEORY, vol. 54, no. 11, pp. 5172-5185.
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The efficiency of parameter estimation of quantum channels is studied in this paper. We introduce the concept of programmable parameters to the theory of estimation. It is found that programmable parameters obey the standard quantum limit strictly; hence, no speedup is possible in its estimation. We also construct a class of nonunitary quantum channels whose parameter can be estimated in a way that the standard quantum limit is broken. The study of estimation of general quantum channels also enables an investigation of the effect of noises on quantum estimation. © 2008 IEEE.

Jiang, ZY, Tang, J, Tieu, AK, Sun, W & Wei, D 2008, 'Surface roughness micro-deformation and transfer of bulk steel in hot rolling', International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering, vol. 2, no. 1/2, pp. 139-139.
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Jiang, ZY, Wei, DB, Li, HJ, Xie, HB, Zhu, HT, Tieu, AK, Liu, XH & Zhang, XM 2008, 'Contact mechanics in cold rolling of thin strip', Suxing Gongcheng Xuebao/Journal of Plasticity Engineering, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 164-173.
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Cold rolling of thin strip is a challenge in rolling practice, which involves the contact mechanics, strip crown and the surface finish. Using a developed modified influence function method, the cold rolling of thin strip in both symmetric and asymmetric cases were analysed with considering work roll edge contact. This paper addresses the cold rolling of thin strip to justify the roll bite contact mechanics, and to analyse the effects of the friction in the roll bite on rolling mechanics and strip crown. The effects of roll edge contact on rolling mechanics and strip crown are also discussed. Roll edge contact will affect the wear of work roll edge, and the calculated rolling forces are compared with the measured values.

Jinyan Li & Junghwan Kim 2008, 'Performance Analysis of MF-TDMA Multi-Carrier Demultiplexer/Demodulators (MCDDs) in the Presence of Critical Degrading Factors', IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 371-382.
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Johnston, A, Candy, L & Edmonds, E 2008, 'Designing and evaluating virtual musical instruments: facilitating conversational user interaction', Design Studies, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 556-571.
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This paper is concerned with the design of interactive virtual musical instruments. An interaction design strategy which uses on-screen objects that respond to user actions in physically realistic ways is described. This approach allows musicians to 'play' the virtual instruments using the sound of their familiar acoustic instruments. An investigation of user experience identified three modes of interaction that characterise the musicians' approach to the virtual instruments: instrumental, ornamental and conversational. When using the virtual instruments in instrumental mode, musicians prioritise detailed control; in ornamental mode, they surrender detailed control to the software and allow it to transform their sound; in conversational mode, the musicians allow the virtual instrument to 'talk back', helping to shape the musical direction of performance much as a human playing partner might. Finding a balance between controllability and complexity emerged as a key issue in facilitating 'conversational' interaction. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Kalam, MA & Masjuki, HH 2008, 'Potential and properties of palm diesel as alternative fuel for automotive engines', International Energy Journal, vol. 9, no. SPEC. ISSUE, pp. 37-42.
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This paper presents the potential, properties and test results of palm diesel as an alternative fuel for automotive engines. The palm diesel was tested with different blending ratio with diesel fuel as well as with antioxidant additive. Total three fuels were tested such as 100% diesel fuel, 20% palm diesel with 80% diesel fuel (B20); and B20 with 1% antioxidant additive. The pure diesel fuel was used for comparison purposes. A multi cylinder diesel engine was used in this investigation. The data presented are palm diesel production and potential status, physicochemical properties such as fuel standardization, engine brake power, fuel consumption and emissions results. It can be said that the palm diesel production, properties and test results have reached to a point as it is ready to be implemented in diesel engine. According to a stationary dynamometer-engine test, it is found that the 20% palm diesel with antioxidant additive shows better results such as less HC, CO and NOx emissions as compared to pure diesel fuel. The details test results including palm diesel price consideration have been presented with discussions.

Kalam, MA & Masjuki, HH 2008, 'Testing palm biodiesel and NPAA additives to control NOx and CO while improving efficiency in diesel engines', Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 32, no. 12, pp. 1116-1122.
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Kalam, MA, Masjuki, HH, Saifullah, MG & Seng, TB 2008, 'Envo diesel test on automotive engine - An analysis of its performance and emissions results', International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 55-60.
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If the agricultural products market is limited and much of agricultural land is not utilized as is the case in many countries in the world at present, then agriculture should be directed to the production of new alternative products. The land can be used to produce non-food products including biofuels for the domestic energy market to diminish imports. Much research has been conducted on biofuels over the last 20 years. At present, concern about environmental regulations, green house gases and fossil fuel reservartion (including natural) have been the major reasons to look for alternative fuels that come from renewable resources. A significant level in terms of physico-chemical properties of biofuel has been obtained mostly from methyl ester of food based vegetable oils; it is now the issue to be concerned about human food oil versus biofuel production. This paper presents the experimental results carried out to evaluate performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine operated on 'Envo Diesel' which consists of 5% palm oil and 95% ordinary diesel fuel (as P5). The Envo diesel is a policy of Malaysian government that emphasises on usage of waste palm oil with diesel fuel without esterification. This investigation also includes a benchmarking study with 5% coconut oil with 95% diesel fuel (as C5). However, all the results have been compared with pure diesel fuel (B0). The results show that fuels P5 and C5 reduce brake power 1.2% and 0.7% respectively as compared to B0. However, both the fuels P5 and C5 reduce exhaust emissions such as reduce HC, smoke, CO and NOx concentration. The paper contains the test results, properties of P5 and C5 biofuel and comparison with other biofuels that obtained from various vegetable oils. The results of this investigation will be used to find compatible lubricant/additive for biofuel operated engines.

Kalam, MA, Saifullah, MG, Masjuki, HH, Husnawan, M & Mahlia, TMI 2008, 'PAH and other emissions from account oil blended fuels', Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, vol. 67, no. 11, pp. 1031-1035.
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This paper presents results of a multi-cylinder diesel engine operated on blends of ordinary coconut oil (COCO; 10%, 20%,30%,40%,50%) with ordinary diesel oil (OD). Methyl esters from cooking oil are less encouraging to be used as biofuel. because this affects food-fuel crisis. However, biofuel obtained from waste cooking oil is more appreciated due to energy savings and environmental issues. Test results indicated that COCO blended fuels (10-30 %) produced similar brake power and net heat release rate as OD. Increasing coconut oil in blend decreases exhaust emissions. Carbon deposited on injector nozzles was observed where no hard carbon was found on injector tip when engine run on COCO blends.

Kalam, MA, Sultana, Y, Samad, A, Ali, A, Aqil, M, Sharma, M & Mishra, AK 2008, 'Gelrite‐Based In Vitro Gelation Ophthalmic Drug Delivery System of Gatifloxacin', Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 89-96.
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Kandasamy, J, Beecham, S & Dunphy, A 2008, 'Stormwater sand filters in water-sensitive urban design', Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Water Management, vol. 161, no. 2, pp. 55-64.
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This paper investigates the suitability of sand filters for harvesting and treating stormwater for non-potable reuse purposes. A stormwater sand filtration device was constructed in a small urban catchment in Sydney, Australia. A sand filter is typically used in water-sensitive urban design (WSUD) as a component of a treatment train to remove pollution from stormwater before discharge to receiving waters, to groundwater or for collection and reuse. This paper describes an 18 month field study undertaken to determine the effectiveness and pollutant removal efficiency of a sand filter, and the differences in the pollutant removal efficiency of two grades of sand. A comparison of pollutant removal with previous literature on sand filters showed similar efficiencies but nutrient removal was higher than expected. A further unexpected result was that the coarse filter media performed as well as the fine media for most pollutant types and was superior in suspended solids removal. Improved modelling equations for predicting suspended solids and total phosphorus removal in sand filters are also presented in this paper.

Kannapiran, A, Chanan, A, Singh, G, Tambosis, P, Jeyakumaran, J & Kandasamy, J 2008, 'Strategic asset management planning of stormwater drainage systems', Water Practice and Technology, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 1-8.
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Management of the urban water cycle in an integrated manner is an essential task to protect, restore and enhance in a sustainable manner. Strategic asset management planing is being developed as local government authorities face many challenges associated with managing the urban water cycle system. Statistical or conventional mathematical modelling approach has been found not practical for assessment of deteriorating infrastructures. Alternatively, application of fuzzy-based models is found more suitable as it links engineering judgment, experience and scarce field data of the deteriorating assets. In this study, a representative network of buried stormwater system's data is drawn and a pipe condition index is derived by linking the field data and reasoning using fuzzy approach. The inferred results are found to be useful and relevant for asset maintenance and future development programs.

Kathage, R & Kim, J 2008, 'Experimental results of a differential optic-flow system', Proceedings of the 2008 Australasian Conference on Robotics and Automation, ACRA 2008.
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Visual odometry through the use of optical-flow has drawn significant interest within the robotics and navigation community. Its implementation provides a self-contained system which is well aligned to the biological strategy employed by flying insects. There have been several progressions in using optic-flow measurement combined with other sensors like GPS or ultrasonics to resolve depth and velocity information. Although the results are promising, they are not fully self-contained and rely on additional sensors for external information. As a self-contained system, a differential optic-flow system had been developed which addresses this issue. This paper will provide experimental results of the performance of a differential optic flow system in both an indoor and outdoor environment. From these experiments it was found that the system performed better within the outdoor setting than the indoor setting due to the rich textures and good lighting conditions found within an outdoor environment.

Kaynak, O, Braun, R & Kennedy, I 2008, 'Guest Editorial Plagiarism', IEEE Transactions on Education, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 149-151.
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Kegen Yu & Guo, YJ 2008, 'Improved Positioning Algorithms for Nonline-of-Sight Environments', IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 2342-2353.
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Nonline-of-sight (NLOS) conditions pose a major challenge to radio positioning. In this paper, a constrained-optimization-based location algorithm is proposed to jointly estimate the unknown location and bias by using the sequential quadratic programming (SQP) algorithm. This method does not rely on any prior statistics information, and simulation results show that the proposed method considerably outperforms existing methods. To reduce the complexity of the SQP-based algorithm, we further propose a Taylor-series expansion-based linear quadratic programming (TS-LQP) algorithm. It is demonstrated that the computational complexity of the TS-LQP algorithm is only a fraction of that of the SQP algorithm, whereas the accuracy loss is limited. Also, maximum-likelihood (ML) algorithms that are suited for different NLOS error statistics are developed under several circumstances when there are different levels of a priori information. The analytical performance of the ML estimation (MLE) is investigated. Moreover, analytical expressions to approximate the variance of the MLE with and without model parameter mismatches are derived. Simulation results show that the approximate variance can be used as a better accuracy measure than the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB). © 2008 IEEE.

Kejalakshmy, N, Rahman, BMA, Agrawal, A, Tanvir, HM & Grattan, KTV 2008, 'Metal-coated defect-core photonic crystal fiber for THz propagation', IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, vol. 36, pp. 1631-1637.
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Kejalakshmy, N, Rahman, BMA, Agrawal, A, Wongcharoen, T & Grattan, KTV 2008, 'Characterization of single-polarization single-mode photonic crystal fiber using full-vectorial finite element method', Applied Physics B, vol. 93, no. 1, pp. 223-230.
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Kennedy, P, Francis, N, Rovnyak, D & Kastner, ME 2008, 'Redetermination ofcis-diaquadiglycolatozinc(II)', Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, vol. 64, no. 12, pp. m1635-m1635.
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Khalilpour, R & Roostaazad, R 2008, 'Development and verification of a model to describe an immobilized glucose isomerase packed bed bioreactor', Biochemical Engineering Journal, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 328-336.
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Khatri, RP, Quick, GW & Sirivivatnanon, V 2008, 'Durability of concrete containing siderite-bearing microsyenite and trachyte aggregates', CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 307-315.
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Khosroshahi, ME, Mahmoodi, M, Tavakoli, J & Tahriri, M 2008, 'Effect of Nd:Yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser radiation on Ti6Al4V alloy properties for biomedical applications', Journal of Laser Applications, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 209-217.
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The effect of Nd:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser on the microtopography and physicochemical properties of Ti6Al4V alloy are investigated in the view of biomedical applications. The surface roughness and hardness for laser treated samples (LTS) at 140 J cm−2 were measured 7±0.02 and 825 vickers hardness number, respectively. This superior microhardness value is attributed to grain refinement associated with laser melting and rapid solidification. The electrochemical property, mainly pitting corrosion resistance, has been carried out in Hanks salt balanced physiological solution using standard potentiodynamic polarization testing. A higher corrosion potential of −0.21 V was achieved for LTS. At the optimium treating value of laser fluence (140 J cm−2), the energy dispersive x-ray analysis showed about a 30% decrease of vanadium. The contact angle measurements also indicated an improved surface wettability (i.e., hydrophilicity) characteristic at 35°. Finally, the cell culture studies provided a useful tool to investigate the morphology and cell cytotoxicity.

Ki, S-K, Cheng, DK-W & Lu, DD-C 2008, 'Analysis and design of a single-phase hybrid mode power factor correction converter', IET Power Electronics, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 72-83.
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Kiani, GI, Esselle, KP, Ford, KL, Weily, AR & Panagamuwa, C 2008, 'Angle and polarization‐independent bandstop frequency selective surface for indoor wireless systems', Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 50, no. 9, pp. 2315-2317.
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AbstractA novel bandstop frequency selective surface (FSS) is presented. It has good frequency stability for horizontally, vertically, and circularly polarized waves, incident normally or at oblique angles. This bandstop characteristic can provide physical security to WLAN and other indoor wireless systems, whereas passing mobile/cellular phone and personal communication signals. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 2315–2317, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).DOI 10.1002/mop.23654

Kiani, GI, Ford, KL, Esselle, KP, Weily, AR, Panagamuwa, C & Batchelor, JC 2008, 'Single‐layer bandpass active frequency selective surface', Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 50, no. 8, pp. 2149-2151.
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AbstractA single‐layer, bandpass, active FSS is presented. It shows good angle of incidence stability for TE incidence, at the operating frequency of 2.45 GHz. It is based on circular loop aperture with each unit cell having four PIN diodes. A novel method for dc biasing is used. About 12 dB average variation in transmission loss, between ON and OFF states, has been experimentally achieved at 2.45 GHz. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 2149–2151, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23615

Kim, J 2008, 'Rao-Blackwellised Inertial Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping', IFAC Proceedings Volumes, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 9522-9527.
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Kim, J 2008, 'Rao-Blackwellised inertial simultaneous localisation and mapping', IFAC Proceedings Volumes (IFAC-PapersOnline), vol. 17, no. 1 PART 1, pp. 9522-9527.
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This paper presents methods which enable the Rao-Blackwellised (R-B) particle filtering technique to be applicable for the airborne simultaneous localisation and mapping problem. Although R-B filter has been successfully applied to mobile/ground vehicles, its extension to flying vehicles has been impractical due to the high dimensionality involved in inertial navigation system (INS). To overcome this problem, the full INS state is further partitioned into an external state (vehicle pose) and an internal state (navigation and sensor calibration), with a particle filter being applied only to the external state. The computational complexity is further reduced by developing a hybrid R-B Inertial-SLAM. Simulation results will be presented with simulated flight data, showing reliable performances during loop-closures. Copyright © 2007 International Federation of Automatic Control All Rights Reserved.

Kim, S, Kang, J, Chung, YJ, Li, J & Ryu, KH 2008, 'Clustering orthologous proteins across phylogenetically distant species', Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics, vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 1113-1122.
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AbstractThe quality of orthologous protein clusters (OPCs) is largely dependent on the results of the reciprocal BLAST (basic local alignment search tool) hits among genomes. The BLAST algorithm is very efficient and fast, but it is very difficult to get optimal solution among phylogenetically distant species because the genomes with large evolutionary distance typically have low similarity in their protein sequences. To reduce the false positives in the OPCs, thresholding is often employed on the BLAST scores. However, the thresholding also eliminates large numbers of true positives as the orthologs from distant species likely have low BLAST scores. To rectify this problem, we introduce a new hybrid method combining the Recursive and the Markov CLuster (MCL) algorithms without using the BLAST thresholding. In the first step, we use InParanoid to produce n(n−1)/2 ortholog tables from n genomes. After combining all the tables into one, our clustering algorithm clusters ortholog pairs recursively in the table. Then, our method employs MCL algorithm to compute the clusters and refines the clusters by adjusting the inflation factor. We tested our method using six different genomes and evaluated the results by comparing against Kegg Orthology (KO) OPCs, which are generated from manually curated pathways. To quantify the accuracy of the results, we introduced a new intuitive similarity measure based on our Least‐move algorithm that computes the consistency between two OPCs. We compared the resulting OPCs with the KO OPCs using this measure. We also evaluated the performance of our method using InParanoid as the baseline approach. The experimental results show that, at the inflation factor 1.3, we produced 54% more orthologs than InParanoid sacrificing a little less accuracy (1.7% less) than InParanoid, and at the factor 1.4, produced not only 15% more orthologs than InParanoid but also a higher accuracy (1.4% more) than InPara...

Kim, S-H, Ngo, HH, Shon, HK & Vigneswaran, S 2008, 'Adsorption and photocatalysis kinetics of herbicide onto titanium oxide and powdered activated carbon', SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 335-342.
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The adsorption and photocatalysis kinetics of metsulfuron-methyl (MM) onto titanium oxide (TiO2) and powdered activated carbon (PAC) were studied at varying adsorbent amount and MM concentration. The overall mass transfer in adsorption was estimated from concentration decay curves obtained in the batch adsorber. The maximum adsorption capacity decreased with increasing adsorbent amount in TiO2 adsorption. The adsorption isotherms of MM could be plotted using the Langmuir isotherm model with a reasonable degree of accuracy having higher r2 values rather than Freundlich isotherm model. Linear driving force approximation (LDFA) kinetic equation with Langmuir adsorption isotherm model was successfully applied to predict the adsorption kinetics data in various concentrations of MM in photobatch reactor. The estimated mass transfer coefficient was used to be 3.0 × 10-5, 5.5 × 10-5, 9.1 × 10-5 m/s in PAC adsorption and 2.0 × 10-5, 1.1 × 10-5, 9.0 × 10-6 m/s in TiO2 adsorption for a different MM concentration of 20, 50 and 70 mg/L, respectively. Photocatalysis kinetics was same with TiO2 of 0.2 g/L regardless of TiO2 amounts and the MM degradation kinetics was enhanced by TiO2 catalysis rather than only UV light degradation. Among the photocatalysis kinetics model with first-order, second-order and LangmuirHinshelwood (LH) model, a second-order kinetic model was found to well present the experimental data of MM by TiO2 catalyst for the range of various TiO2 amounts and MM concentration studied.

Kirchner, N, Hordern, D, Liu, D & Dissanayake, G 2008, 'Capacitive sensor for object ranging and material type identification', SENSORS AND ACTUATORS A-PHYSICAL, vol. 148, no. 1, pp. 96-104.
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This paper presents a system for object ranging and material type identification using a multifrequency approach for a capacitive sensor. It is shown through an experimental study that the deviation in the readings taken at different sensor drive frequencies and the variation in consecutive readings provide sufficient information to distinguish a range of material types commonly found in a number of environments. A supervised learning scheme is used to classify the material type of planar patches. Extensive experimental evidence is presented to demonstrate the potential of the system. The capacitive based, object penetrating, material type identification is targeted for use with an autonomous robotic system for steel bridge maintenance; significantly different interaction is required for each of the various materials present. Experimental results demonstrate that the information from the sensor is sufficient to range and identify the material type (via physical properties) of an object present in a scene where a bridge structure is being grit-blasted. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Kitchenham, B, Al-Khilidar, H, Babar, MA, Berry, M, Cox, K, Keung, J, Kurniawati, F, Staples, M, Zhang, H & Zhu, L 2008, 'Evaluating guidelines for reporting empirical software engineering studies', EMPIRICAL SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 97-121.
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Kremsky, I, Hsieh, M-H & Brun, TA 2008, 'Classical Enhancement of Quantum Error-Correcting Codes', Phys. Rev. A, vol. 78, no. 1, p. 012341.
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We present a general formalism for quantum error-correcting codes that encodeboth classical and quantum information (the EACQ formalism). This formalismunifies the entanglement-assisted formalism and classical error correction, andincludes encoding, error correction, and decoding steps such that the encodedquantum and classical information can be correctly recovered by the receiver.We formally define this kind of quantum code using both stabilizer andsymplectic language, and derive the appropriate error-correcting conditions. Wegive several examples to demonstrate the construction of such codes.

Lai, X, Li, Q, Qin, P-Y, Wu, B & Liang, C-H 2008, 'A NOVEL WIDEBAND BANDPASS FILTER BASED ON COMPLEMENTARY SPLIT-RING RESONATOR', Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, vol. 1, pp. 177-184.
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Lam, HK, Ling, W-K, Iu, HH-C & Ling, SSH 2008, 'Synchronization of chaotic systems using time-delayed fuzzy state-feedback controller', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS I-REGULAR PAPERS, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 893-903.
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Lamei, A, van der Zaag, P & von Münch, E 2008, 'Basic cost equations to estimate unit production costs for RO desalination and long-distance piping to supply water to tourism-dominated arid coastal regions of Egypt', Desalination, vol. 225, no. 1-3, pp. 1-12.
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An integrated photocatalysismembrane hybrid system was investigated for wastewater treatment with the main focus on improving the cross flow microfiltration (MF) permeate flux. Photocatalysis with TiO2 (P25 Degussa) suspension as photocatalyst was applied both as pre-treatment and as inline treatment with MF. The TiO2 slurry was found to have significant effect in permeate flux for wastewater with lower dissolved organic carbon concentration. The MF flux decline due to TiO2 slurry cake on the membrane surface was minimized by allowing the TiO2 slurry to settle and by using only the supernatant for further treatment using the hybrid system. The investigation also included the study on the effect of photocatalytic reaction time and the slurry settling times on the MF permeate flux. The irradiation of ultraviolet on the MF surface in presence of TiO2 catalyst in suspension yielded in an increase in permeate flux.

Lau, H, Huang, S & Dissanayake, G 2008, 'Discounted MEAN bound for the optimal searcher path problem with non-uniform travel times', EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF OPERATIONAL RESEARCH, vol. 190, no. 2, pp. 383-397.
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We consider an extension of the optimal searcher path problem (OSP), where a searcher moving through a discretised environment may now need to spend a non-uniform amount of time travelling from one region to another before being able to search it for the presence of a moving target. In constraining not only where but when the search of each cell can take place, the problem more appropriately models the search of environments which cannot be easily partitioned into equally sized cells. An existing OSP bounding method in literature, the MEAN bound, is generalised to provide bounds for solving the new problem in a branch and bound framework. The main contribution of this paper is an enhancement, discounted MEAN (DMEAN), which greatly tightens the bound for the new and existing problems alike with almost no additional computation. We test the new algorithm against existing OSP bounding methods and show it leads to faster solution times for moving target search problems. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Lee, J, Sanmugarasa, K, Blumenstein, M & Loo, Y-C 2008, 'Improving the reliability of a Bridge Management System (BMS) using an ANN-based Backward Prediction Model (BPM)', Automation in Construction, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 758-772.
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The slow adoption of Bridge Management Systems (BMSs) and its impractical future prediction of the condition rating of bridges are attributed to the inconsistency between BMS inputs and bridge agencies' existing data for a BMS in terms of compatibility and the enormous number of bridge datasets that include historical structural information. Among these, historical bridge element condition ratings are some of the key pieces of information required for bridge asset prioritisation but in most cases only limited data is available. This study addresses the abovementioned difficulties faced by bridge management agencies by using limited historical bridge inspection records to model time-series element-level data. This paper presents an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based prediction model, called the Backward Prediction Model (BPM), for generating historical bridge condition ratings using limited bridge inspection records. The BPM employs historical non-bridge datasets such as traffic volumes, populations and climates, to establish correlations with existing bridge condition ratings from very limited bridge inspection records. The resulting model predicts the missing historical condition ratings of individual bridge elements. The outcome of this study can contribute to reducing the uncertainty in predicting future bridge condition ratings and so improve the reliability of various BMS analysis outcomes. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Lee, JE-Y, Bahreyni, B & Seshia, AA 2008, 'An axial strain modulated double-ended tuning fork electrometer', Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, vol. 148, no. 2, pp. 395-400.
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Lee, JE-Y, Bahreyni, B, Zhu, Y & Seshia, AA 2008, 'A Single-Crystal-Silicon Bulk-Acoustic-Mode Microresonator Oscillator', IEEE Electron Device Letters, vol. 29, no. 7, pp. 701-703.
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Lee, JE-Y, Zhu, Y & Seshia, AA 2008, 'A bulk acoustic mode single-crystal silicon microresonator with a high-quality factor', Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 064001-064001.
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Lee, S 2008, 'Utilization of optical remote sensing data and geographic information system tools for regional landslide hazard analysis by using binomial logistic regression model', Journal of Applied Remote Sensing, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 023542-023542.
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Lee, T & Mittal, R 2008, 'Product theorems via semidefinite programming', Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), vol. 5125 LNCS, no. PART 1, pp. 674-685.
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The tendency of semidefinite programs to compose perfectly under product hasbeen exploited many times in complexity theory: for example, by Lovasz todetermine the Shannon capacity of the pentagon; to show a direct sum theoremfor non-deterministic communication complexity and direct product theorems fordiscrepancy; and in interactive proof systems to show parallel repetitiontheorems for restricted classes of games. Despite all these examples of product theorems--some going back nearly thirtyyears--it was only recently that Mittal and Szegedy began to develop a generaltheory to explain when and why semidefinite programs behave perfectly underproduct. This theory captured many examples in the literature, but there werealso some notable exceptions which it could not explain--namely, an earlyparallel repetition result of Feige and Lovasz, and a direct product theoremfor the discrepancy method of communication complexity by Lee, Shraibman, andSpalek. We extend the theory of Mittal and Szegedy to explain these cases as well.Indeed, to the best of our knowledge, our theory captures all examples ofsemidefinite product theorems in the literature.

Lee, T & Shraibman, A 2008, 'An approximation algorithm for approximation rank', Proceedings of the Annual IEEE Conference on Computational Complexity, pp. 351-357.
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One of the strongest techniques available for showing lower bounds on quantumcommunication complexity is the logarithm of the approximation rank of thecommunication matrix--the minimum rank of a matrix which is entrywise close tothe communication matrix. This technique has two main drawbacks: it isdifficult to compute, and it is not known to lower bound quantum communicationcomplexity with entanglement. Linial and Shraibman recently introduced a norm, called gamma_2^{alpha}, toquantum communication complexity, showing that it can be used to lower boundcommunication with entanglement. Here the parameter alpha is a measure ofapproximation which is related to the allowable error probability of theprotocol. This bound can be written as a semidefinite program and gives boundsat least as large as many techniques in the literature, although it is smallerthan the corresponding alpha-approximation rank, rk_alpha. We show that in factlog gamma_2^{alpha}(A)$ and log rk_{alpha}(A)$ agree up to small factors. Ascorollaries we obtain a constant factor polynomial time approximation algorithmto the logarithm of approximate rank, and that the logarithm of approximationrank is a lower bound for quantum communication complexity with entanglement.

Lei, G, Shao, K, Li, Y & Yan, M 2008, 'Constant false alarm rate detection against Weibull clutter background', Huazhong Keji Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue Ban)/Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Natural Science Edition), vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 129-132.
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Constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detection for Weibull background and linear detector is discussed. In homogeneous background, using moment estimation we get the analytical expression of the parameters, and the performance is analyzed for CFAR-detector based on moment estimation. The analysis indicates that, the obtained variance of parameter is smaller than that using maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) and order statistics, and CFAR loss is smaller than that using the CFAR algorithm based on MLE. In non-homogeneous background, a Bayes-CFAR detector is presented and detecting performance is also analyzed. The performance of Bayes-CFAR detector is better than that based on moment estimation, and also better than that using MLS and order statistics. The smaller the sample data is, the better performance it will present.

Lei, G, Shao, KR, Guo, Y, Zhu, J & Lavers, JD 2008, 'Sequential Optimization Method for the Design of Electromagnetic Device', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, vol. 44, no. 11, pp. 3217-3220.
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Three sequential optimization methods, sequential least square method, sequential Kriging method, and sequential linear Bayesian method, are presented for the optimization design of electromagnetic device. Sequential optimization method (SOM) is composed of coarse optimization process and fine optimization process. The main purpose of the former is to reduce the design space; while the target of the latter is to update the optimal design parameters. To illustrate the performance of the proposed methods, an analytic test function and the TEAM Workshop Problem 22 are investigated. Experimental results of test function demonstrate that SOM can obtain satisfactory solutions; and practical application illustrates that the number of finite element sample points is less than 1/10 compared with that by direct optimization method, while the optimal results are even better than that by direct optimization method.

Lei, G, Shao, KR, Yang, GY & Zhao, J 2008, 'Linear unbiased estimators for particle size distribution of magnetic nanoparticles', Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 065002-065002.
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We present two statistical analytical approaches to estimate the particle size distribution of magnetic nanoparticles. They are termed best linear unbiased estimator and linear minimum mean square error estimator. These approaches are implemented and quantified within the formalism of linear unbiased estimation theory. To illustrate the efficiency of the proposed approaches, we give two examples of the application to the particle size distribution analysis in ferrofluids with normal and lognormal samples. In both cases we compare the reconstruction distributions using our methods with those calculated via the electron microscopy images of the ferrofluid particles. © 2008 IOP Publishing Ltd.

Lei, J, Kong, FQ, Wu, CK & Li, YS 2008, 'Hardware-oriented rate control algorithm for JPEG2000 and its VLSI architecture design', Xi'an Dianzi Keji Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Xidian University, vol. 35, no. 4.
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For the purpose of decreasing the quantity of operation and reducing the size of memory, a new rate control algorithm for JPEG2000 is proposed utilizing the rate pre-allocation method, the VLSI architecture design of which is given as well. After wavelet transform and quantification on the original image, a prediction module is introduced to estimate the entropy of the EBCOT code block within the available bit-plane, and then the proportion between the estimate entropy of each code block and the summation estimate entropy of all code blocks is used to allocate the rate for each code block. EBCOT coder truncates the code stream according to the allocated rate, and thus the operation time consumed by the T1 coder is reduced. After coded by the T1 coder, each code block can be packed to the output, with no need for computing the rate-distortion slope and completing the rate-distortion optimization truncation. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can efficiently reduce the cost of computation and memory usage, and that it is most suitable for hardware implementation.

Lei, J, Zhou, YX, Zhuang, HY, Wu, CK & Li, YS 2008, 'New compression algorithm for the satellite interferential multispectral images', Xi Tong Gong Cheng Yu Dian Zi Ji Shu/Systems Engineering and Electronics, vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 2265-2269.
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In order to improve the efficiency of interferential multispectral images compression for meeting applications in satellite, a new compression algorithm is proposed. The redundancy between the two successive frames of multispectral images is removed with the use of template matching method in the wavelet domain. The region of interest coding method based on rate-distortion slope lifting is adopted to allocate reasonable rate for different image region, which feedback controls the code depth of T1 coder. Thereby the amount of computation and memory usage is reduced, which make it suitable for hardware implementation. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively improve the resolution of the reconstruction spectrum and decrease system complexity.

Leong, T, Howard, S & Vetere, F 2008, 'FEATURETake a chance on me', Interactions, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 16-19.
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Leong, T, Vetere, F & Howard, S 2008, 'Abdicating choice: the rewards of letting go', DIGITAL CREATIVITY, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 233-243.
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Increasingly, people are faced with having to deal with vast amount of digital content. But in some situations, having to choose from such large digital libraries can be unpleasant and even paralysing, especially when people have no strong preference for a particular choice. Digital music listening is an example of such a dilemma. Focusing on Shuffle listening on the iPod, whereby listeners abdicate choice to a system to present content to them randomly, we observe that this mode of abdicating choice not only alleviates the pains of choice but also leads to better user-experience in some circumstances. Randomness is highlighted as a versatile resource. Acting as a device that 'defamiliarises' the digital music tracks, it refreshes and engages listeners' attention as well as shapes their perceptions. In some cases, the use of randomness enriches their listening experience and even encourages encounters with serendipity.

LEUNG, FHF, LING, SH & LAM, HK 2008, 'AN IMPROVED GENETIC-ALGORITHM-BASED NEURAL-TUNED NEURAL NETWORK', International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Applications, vol. 07, no. 04, pp. 469-492.
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This paper presents a neural-tuned neural network (NTNN), which is trained by an improved genetic algorithm (GA). The NTNN consists of a common neural network and a modified neural network (MNN). In the MNN, a neuron model with two activation functions is introduced. An improved GA is proposed to train the parameters of the proposed network. A set of improved genetic operations are presented, which show superior performance over the traditional GA. The proposed network structure can increase the search space of the network and offer better performance than the traditional feed-forward neural network. Two application examples are given to illustrate the merits of the proposed network and the improved GA.

Leyendekkers, JV & Shannon, AG 2008, 'Unification and infinite series', International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 948-952.
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Some infinite series are analysed on the basis of the hypergeometric function and integer structure and modular rings. The resulting generalized functions are compared with differentiation of the 'mother' series.

Leyendekkers, JV, Shannon, AG & Wong, CK 2008, 'Integer structure analysis of the product of adjacent integers and Euler's extension of Fermat's Last Theorem', Advanced Studies in Contemporary Mathematics (Kyungshang), vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 221-229.
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Integer Structure (IS) analysis is used to illustrate why the product of consecutive integers can never be a power. IS analysis is also used to show how counter examples can be used to test Euler's assumptions about the extension of Fermat's Last Theorem.

Li Yunsong, 李, Kong Fanqiang, 孔, Wu Chengke, 吴 & Lei Jie, 雷 2008, 'Interference Multi-Spectral Image Compression Based on Distributed Source Coding', Acta Optica Sinica, vol. 28, no. 8, pp. 1463-1468.
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Li, H, Han, J, Pi, H, Jiang, Z, Wei, D & Tieu, AK 2008, 'Modeling texture development during cold rolling of IF steel by crystal plasticity finite element method', Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing, Mineral, Metallurgy, Material, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 696-701.
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With the consideration of slip deformation mechanism and various slip systems of body centered cubic (BCC) metals, Taylor-type and finite element polycrystal models were embedded into the commercial finite element code ABAQUS to realize crystal plasticity finite element modeling, based on the rate dependent crystal constitutive equations. Initial orientations measured by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) were directly input into the crystal plasticity finite element model to simulate the development of rolling texture of interstitial-free steel (IF steel) at various reductions. The modeled results show a good agreement with the experimental results. With increasing reduction, the predicted and experimental rolling textures tend to sharper, and the results simulated by the Taylor-type model are stronger than those simulated by finite element model. Conclusions are obtained that rolling textures calculated with 48 {110}< 111 >+{112}< 111 >+{123}< 111 > slip systems are more approximate to EBSD results. (C) 2008 University of Science and Technology Beijing. All rights reserved.

Li, L, Lou, Q, Zhou, J, Dong, J, Wei, Y & Li, J 2008, 'Influence of bending diameter on output capability of multimode fiber laser', Frontiers of Optoelectronics in China, vol. 1, no. 1-2, pp. 91-94.
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Li, M, Yuan, X & Su, J 2008, 'The number of vertices of degree 7 in a contraction-critical 7-connected graph', Discrete Mathematics, vol. 308, no. 24, pp. 6262-6268.
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Li, S & Ying, M 2008, 'Soft constraint abstraction based on semiring homomorphism', THEORETICAL COMPUTER SCIENCE, vol. 403, no. 2-3, pp. 192-201.
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The semiring-based constraint satisfaction problems (semiring CSPs), proposed by Bistarelli, Montanari and Rossi [S. Bistarelli, U. Montanari, F. Rossi, Semiring-based constraints solving and optimization, Journal of the ACM 44 (2) (1997) 201-236], is a very general framework of soft constraints. In this paper we propose an abstraction scheme for soft constraints that uses semiring homomorphism. To find optimal solutions of the concrete problem, we first work in the abstract problem and find its optimal solutions, and then use them to solve the concrete problem. In particular, we show that a mapping preserves optimal solutions if and only if it is an order-reflecting semiring homomorphism. Moreover, for a semiring homomorphism α and a problem P over S, if t is optimal in α (P), then there is an optimal solution over(t, ̄) of P such that over(t, ̄) has the same value as t in α (P). © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Li, X, Duan, Q, Han, X & Sheng, DC 2008, 'Adaptive coupled arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian finite element and meshfree method for injection molding process', International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, vol. 73, no. 8, pp. 1153-1180.
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AbstractThis paper presents an adaptive method that couples the finite element (FE) method and the meshfree (MF) method in the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) description for numerical simulation of injection molding processes. The ALE feature is used to accurately capture moving free surfaces of flow problems and, meanwhile, to alleviate mesh distortion and its influence on the accuracy and robustness of numerical solutions. Based on the continuous blending method, originally presented for properly imposing the essential boundaryconditions in MF methods, the coupled ALE FE and MF method is developed, to exploit the respective advantages of both FE and MF methods, but to avoid their respective weak points. The method features self‐adaptivity in view of the fact that moving free surfaces in an injection molding process are continuously advanced. The Pressure‐stabilized Fractional Step Algorithm, in which the modified version of the finite increment calculus process is extended to the coupled ALE FE and MF method, is used to solve incompressible Navier–Stokes equations governing the injected polymer flow, so that equal low‐orderu−p interpolations that violate the LBB condition can be effectively used. Numerical experiments demonstrate the significance and ability of the proposed method for numerical simulation of injection molding processes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Liang, X, Zhang, J & Xia, X 2008, 'Adaptive Synchronization for Generalized Lorenz Systems', IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol. 53, no. 7, pp. 1740-1746.
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Liang, X, Zhang, J & Xia, X 2008, 'Correction to “Adaptive Synchronization for Generalized Lorenz Systems”', IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol. 53, no. 9, pp. 2216-2216.
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Lim, GT, Kim, KH, Kim, KS, Li, HJ, Song, SJ, Shon, H & Cho, DL 2008, 'A study on the dry cleaning of aluminium surfaces by low temperature plasma process', Journal of the Korean Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 640-644.
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Lubricating oil on aluminium surfaces was cleaned by a low temperature plasma process. Oxygen plasma mixed with argon was used, and process parameters were the mixing ratio of argon in oxygen, discharge power, and negative DC potential. The aluminium surfaces were analyzed with FTIR and EDX after the cleaning. It was found that almost all of the oil was eliminated in 20 min. if the oil was pure. Elimination efficiency was highly dependent on operational conditions of the process. The highest efficiency was obtained when treated at 300 W with oxygen plasma mixed with 30% argon applying negative potential more than -500 V on the aluminium surfaces. However, efficiency higher that 60% cannot be obtained at any condition if the oil contained inorganic materials.

Lin Gui, Bo Liu, Wenfeng Ma & Bowei Song 2008, 'A Novel Method of Frequency-Offset Estimation Using Time Domain PN Sequences in OFDM Systems', IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 140-145.
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Lin, CT & Siana, L 2008, 'An efficient human detection system using adaptive neural fuzzy networks', International Journal of Fuzzy Systems, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 150-160.
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The proposed efficient human detection system is based on an adaptive neural fuzzy network (ANFN). In the preprocessing process, we apply a background subtraction algorithm with Gaussian mixture model (GMM) background model to extract moving objects, and adopt a shadow elimination process to eliminate some noise and irregular moving objects. The modified independent component analysis (mICA) based conditional entropy is presented to extract and select the efficient features (independent components). Furthermore, we use an adaptive neural fuzzy network as a human detection system to recognize human objects. The ANFN model uses a functional link neural network (FLNN) to create the consequent part of the fuzzy rules. The orthogonal polynomial is applied as a functional expansion of the FLNN. The learning process of ANFN consists of structure learning and parameter learning. The structure learning depends on the entropy measure to determine the number of fuzzy rules. The parameter learning, based on the back propagation method, is used to adjust the membership function and corresponding weights of the FLNN. Finally, the proposed human detection system is applied in various circumstances. The results of this study demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed method. © 2008 TFSA.

Lin, C-T, Chen, Y-C, Huang, T-Y, Chiu, T-T, Ko, L-W, Liang, S-F, Hsieh, H-Y, Hsu, S-H & Duann, J-R 2008, 'Development of Wireless Brain Computer Interface With Embedded Multitask Scheduling and its Application on Real-Time Driver's Drowsiness Detection and Warning', IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 1582-1591.
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Lin, C-T, Lin, K-L, Ko, L-W, Liang, S-F, Kuo, B-C & Chung, I-F 2008, 'Nonparametric Single-Trial EEG Feature Extraction and Classification of Driver's Cognitive Responses', EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, vol. 2008, no. 1.
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Lin, CT, Yang, CT & Su, MT 2008, 'A hybridization of immune algorithm with particle swarm optimization for neuro-fuzzy classifiers', International Journal of Fuzzy Systems, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 139-149.
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In order to enhance the immune algorithm (IA) performance and find the optimal solution when dealing with difficult problems, we propose an efficient immune-based particle swarm optimization (IPSO) for neuro-fuzzy classifiers to solve the skin color detection problem. The proposed IPSO combines the immune algorithm (IA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) to perform parameter learning. The IA uses the clonal selection principle, such that antibodies between others of high similar degree are affected, and these antibodies, after the process, will have higher quality, accelerating the search and increasing the global search capacity. The PSO algorithm has proved to be very effective for solving global optimization. It is not only a recently invented high-performance optimizer that is easy to understand and implement, but it also requires little computational bookkeeping and generally only a few lines of code. Hence, we employed the advantages of PSO to improve the mutation mechanism of the immune algorithm. Simulations have shown the performance and applicability of the proposed method. © 2008 TFSA.

Lin, L & Cao, L 2008, 'Mining in-depth patterns in stock market', International Journal of Intelligent Systems Technologies and Applications, vol. 4, no. 3/4, pp. 225-225.
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Stock trading plays an important role for supporting profitable stock investment. In particular, more and more data mining-based technical trading rules have been developed and used in stock trading systems to assist investors with their smart trading decisions. However, many mined trading rules are of no interest to traders and brokers because they are discovered based on statistical significance without checking traders' interestingness concerns. To this end, this paper proposes in-depth data mining technologies to overcome the disadvantages of current data mining methods. We implement a decision support in-depth trading pattern discovery system with Robust Genetic Algorithms (RGA). The system integrates expert knowledge and considers domain constraints into the trading rule development. We further utilise this technique to mine actionable stock-rule pairs targeting behaviour with high return at low risk. The proposed approaches are tested in real stock orderbook data with varying investment strategies.

Lin, W, Fu, Q, Zhang, Y & Huang, J 2008, 'One-Pot Synthesis of ABC Type Triblock Copolymers via a Combination of “Click Chemistry” and Atom Transfer Nitroxide Radical Coupling Chemistry', Macromolecules, vol. 41, no. 12, pp. 4127-4135.
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Ling, DSF, Yang, L, Afroz, S & Hsieh, C 2008, 'The Brain Tourniquet: Physiological Isolation of Brain Regions Damaged by Traumatic Head Injury'.
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Ling, SH, Iu, HHC, Chan, KY, Lam, HK, Yeung, BCW & Leung, FH 2008, 'Hybrid particle swarm optimization with wavelet mutation and its industrial applications', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS MAN AND CYBERNETICS PART B-CYBERNETICS, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 743-763.
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A new hybrid particle swarm optimization (PSO) that incorporates a wavelet-theory-based mutation operation is proposed. It applies the wavelet theory to enhance the PSO in exploring the solution space more effectively for a better solution. A suite of benchmark test functions and three industrial applications (solving the load flow problems, modeling the development of fluid dispensing for electronic packaging, and designing a neural-network-based controller) are employed to evaluate the performance and the applicability of the proposed method. Experimental results empirically show that the proposed method significantly outperforms the existing methods in terms of convergence speed, solution quality, and solution stability. © 2008 IEEE.

Ling, SH, Iu, HHC, Leung, FHF & Chan, KY 2008, 'Improved hybrid particle swarm optimized wavelet neural network for Modeling the development of Fluid Dispensing for Electronic Packaging', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, vol. 55, no. 9, pp. 3447-3460.
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An improved hybrid particle swarm optimization (PSO)-based wavelet neural network (WNN) for Modeling the development of Fluid Dispensing for Electronic Packaging (MFD-EP) is presented in this paper. In modeling the fluid dispensing process, it is important to understand the process behavior as well as determine the optimum operating conditions of the process for a high-yield, low-cost, and robust operation. Modeling the fluid dispensing process is a complex nonlinear problem. This kind of problem is suitable to be solved by applying a neural network. Among the different kinds of neural networks, the WNN is a good choice to solve the problem. In the proposed WNN, the translation parameters are variables depending on the network inputs. Due to the variable translation parameters, the network becomes an adaptive one that provides better performance and increased learning ability than conventional WNNs. An improved hybrid PSO is applied to train the parameters of the proposed WNN. The proposed hybrid PSO incorporates a wavelet-theory-based mutation operation. It applies the wavelet theory to enhance the PSO in more effectively exploring the solution space to reach a better solution. A case study of MFD-EP is employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2008 IEEE.

Lister, R 2008, 'Computer Science Education', Computer Science Education, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 65-66.
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Lister, R 2008, 'CS research', ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 16-18.
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If our human bodies are a reflection of what we eat, then the collective body of an academic community is a reflection of what its members cite. To better understand the Computing Education Research Community, I recently counted the conferences, journals and books cited in the 43 papers comprising the first three International Computing Education Research Workshops (i.e. ICERs 2007-2007). These 43 ICER papers contained 1130 citations, which is a remarkable average of 26 citations per publication. Almost one third (32%) of the citations were to conferences, while 38% of citations were to journals, and 21% to books and book chapters.

Lister, R 2008, 'The originality glut', ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 14-15.
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Originality is over-rated in computing education research. We have a world-wide glut of originality.

Lister, R & Box, I 2008, 'A citation analysis of the sigcse 2007 proceedings', ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 476-480.
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This paper identifies the most commonly cited conferences, journals and books among the 1398 citations made in the 122 publications of the SIGCSE 2007 proceedings. The SIGCSE 2007 authors cited a very large array of conferences, journals and books, but the majority are only cited within a single paper. There are only a very small set of journals and conferences cited frequently. Most books cited are concerned with technical information or are textbooks. Only 2% of books are concerned with computer science education and 23% with education in general. The picture that emerges from this citation analysis is that the SIGCSE community does not have a substantial core set of educational literature. Also, the epistemology of the SIGCSE community is primarily objectivist, with a focus on content, rather than a constructivist, student-centered focus on learning.

Liu, A, Wu, C & Schisterman, EF 2008, 'Nonparametric sequential evaluation of diagnostic biomarkers', Statistics in Medicine, vol. 27, no. 10, pp. 1667-1678.
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AbstractWe consider evaluation and comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of biomarkers with continuous test outcomes, possibly correlated due to repeated measurements. We develop nonparametric group sequential testing procedures to evaluate and compare the area of biomarkers under their receiver operating characteristic curves, with either independent or paired test outcomes. These procedures rely on the construction of a two‐dimensional statistic of Whitehead (Statist. Med. 1999; 18:2271–2286) so that design methods based on Brownian motion can be applied. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Liu, A, Wu, C & Yu, KF 2008, 'Point and Interval Estimation of Primary and Secondary Parameters in a Two-Stage Adaptive Clinical Trial', Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 211-226.
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Investigated in this paper is the point estimation and confidence intervals of the treatment efficacy parameter and related secondary parameters in a two-stage adaptive trial. Based on the minimal sufficient statistics, several alternative estimators to the sample averages are proposed to reduce the bias and to improve the precision of estimation. Confidence intervals are constructed using Woodroofe's pivot method. Numerical studies are conducted to evaluate the bias and mean squared error of the estimators and the coverage probability of the confidence intervals. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Liu, A, Wu, C & Yu, KF 2008, 'Two-stage procedures for selecting the best diagnostic biomarkers', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol. 366, no. 1874, pp. 2293-2299.
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Considered in the paper is the problem of selecting a diagnostic biomarker that has the highest classification rate among several candidate markers with dichotomous outcomes. The probability of correct selection depends on a number of nuisance parameters from the joint distribution of the biomarkers and thus can be substantially affected if these nuisance parameters are misspecified. A two-stage procedure is proposed to compute the needed sample size that achieves the desired level of correct selection, as so confirmed by simulation results.

Liu, B, Gui, L, Zhang, W & Song, B 2008, 'On Channel Estimation Method Using Time Domain Sequences in OFDM Systems', IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 786-791.
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Liu, B, Gui, L, Zhang, W & Xiong, H 2008, 'Frequency Domain Feed-forward Filter Combined DFE Structure in Single Carrier Systems over Time-varying Channels', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CONSUMER ELECTRONICS, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1569-1575.
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Liu, B, Hao, Z, Lu, J & Zhang, G 2008, 'Supervised feature extraction based on One-against-All scheme', Dynamics of Continuous, Discrete and Impulsive Systems Series B: Applications and Algorithms, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 339-350.
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Support vector machines (SVMs) as being good tools for classification problems has been proposed by Vapnik. This paper proposes a supervised feature extraction method based on One-against-All scheme for the multi-class classification problems. In this approach, after embedding all the classes into one feature space and constructing hyperplanes based on One-against-All scheme, we extract the orientation distance features between the examples and every hyperplanes in the space, and then map the new features into another feature space, finally utilize other algorithms to classify them. In order to examine the performance of the proposed approach, One-against-All, One-against-One and the introduced approach are compared using three UCI data sets. From the results, we reported that after mapping the examples two times, the training accuracy and generalization performance is enhanced more or less. Copyright © 2008 Watam Press.

Liu, G, Li, J & Wong, L 2008, 'A new concise representation of frequent itemsets using generators and a positive border', KNOWLEDGE AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 35-56.
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A complete set of frequent itemsets can get undesirably large due to redundancy when the minimum support threshold is low or when the database is dense. Several concise representations have been previously proposed to eliminate the redundancy. Generator based representations rely on a negative border to make the representation lossless. However, the number of itemsets on a negative border sometimes even exceeds the total number of frequent itemsets. In this paper, we propose to use a positive border together with frequent generators to form a lossless representation. A positive border is usually orders of magnitude smaller than its corresponding negative border. A set of frequent generators plus its positive border is always no larger than the corresponding complete set of frequent itemsets, thus it is a true concise representation. The generalized form of this representation is also proposed. We develop an efficient algorithm, called GrGrowth, to mine generators and positive borders as well as their generalizations. The GrGrowth algorithm uses the depth-first-search strategy to explore the search space, which is much more efficient than the breadth-first-search strategy adopted by most of the existing generator mining algorithms. Our experiment results show that the GrGrowth algorithm is significantly faster than level-wise algorithms for mining generator based representations, and is comparable to the state-of-the-art algorithms for mining frequent closed itemsets. © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2007.

Liu, G, Li, J & Wong, L 2008, 'Assessing and predicting protein interactions using both local and global network topological metrics.', Genome Inform, vol. 21, pp. 138-149.
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High-throughput protein interaction data, with ever-increasing volume, are becoming the foundation of many biological discoveries. However, high-throughput protein interaction data are often associated with high false positive and false negative rates. It is desirable to develop scalable methods to identify these errors. In this paper, we develop a computational method to identify spurious interactions and missing interactions from high-throughput protein interaction data. Our method uses both local and global topological information of protein pairs, and it assigns a local interacting score and a global interacting score to every protein pair. The local interacting score is calculated based on the common neighbors of the protein pairs. The global interacting score is computed using globally interacting protein group pairs. The two scores are then combined to obtain a final score called LGTweight to indicate the interacting possibility of two proteins. We tested our method on the DIP yeast interaction dataset. The experimental results show that the interactions ranked top by our method have higher functional homogeneity and localization coherence than existing methods, and our method also achieves higher sensitivity and precision under 5-fold cross validation than existing methods.

Liu, Q, Loganathan, P, Hedley, MJ & Grace, LJ 2008, 'Effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on rhizosphere properties, phosphorus uptake and growth of pine seedlings treated with and without a phosphate rock fertilizer', JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 137-156.
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A pot trial was carried out for 10 months to investigate the effects of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal infection and phosphorus (P) fertilization on the growth of newly germinated Pinus radiata D. Don seedling, P uptake by the seedlings and rhizosphere properties. The experiment consisted of two phosphate rock (PR)-P application rates [0 and 100 mg P kg- 1 soil supplied as Ben Guire PR (BGPR)] and 5 soil treatments (autoclaved soil, fungicide-treated soil, untreated natural soil, and Rhizopogon rubescens Tul. and Suillus luteus (L. ex. Fr.) S. F. Gray inoculated soils). The results showed that the treatment effects were more striking in P-fertilized treatments. In P-fertilized soils, all the non-autoclaved treatments significantly increased seedling growth and P concentration and P uptake in plant tissues compared with the autoclaved treatment. The ECM inoculation produced greater phosphatase activities, higher oxalate concentration, and more plant-available P (soil solution P and resin extractable P) in the rhizosphere soils than in the bulk soils in P-fertilized soil. Compared with S. luteus, R. rubescens inoculation resulted in greater ECM tip density in seedling roots in P-fertilized treatments, indicating that R. rubescens are more susceptible to infection of radiata seedling roots. Approximately 57-69% of the BGPR added to the soil had been dissolved in 10 months after application and BGPR significantly increased seedling height, ECM root tip density, and P concentration in shoots in both autoclaved and non-autoclaved treatments. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Liu, S-Y, Chen, Y-P, Fang, F, Li, S-H, Ni, B-J, Liu, G, Tian, Y-C, Xiong, Y & Yu, H-Q 2008, 'Innovative Solid-State Microelectrode for Nitrite Determination in a Nitrifying Granule', Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 42, no. 12, pp. 4467-4471.
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Loganathan, P, Hedley, MJ & Grace, ND 2008, 'Pasture soils contaminated with fertilizer-derived cadmium and fluorine: Livestock effects', REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY, VOL 192, vol. 192, pp. 29-66.
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Pasture-based livestock production is a major system of agriculture in many parts of the world. Approximately one-fifth of the world's land area is used for livestock production, twice the area used for growing crops. Grazing livestock occupy approximately 3.5 billion ha of permanent pasture (FAO Statistics 2006). In the more intensively stocked pastures, pasture production has been increased through introduction of improved pasture species and regular application of fertilizers. In ryegrass and clover-based pastures, common in temperate climates, the main nutrients applied in fertilizers have been phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S). Nitrogen, sulfur, and potassium fertilizers are relatively free of contaminants, but P fertilizers, e.g., single and triple superphosphate (SSP, TSP), and diammonium phosphate (DAP) often contain many contaminants derived from the phosphate rocks (PR) used in their manufacture. If not managed appropriately, these fertilizer contaminants may cause adverse effects on livestock health, food quality, and environment. © 2008 Springer.

Longbing Cao, Chengqi Zhang & MengChu Zhou 2008, 'Engineering Open Complex Agent Systems: A Case Study', IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews), vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 483-496.
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Open complex agent systems (OCAS) are becoming increasingly important in constructing problem-solving systems for enterprise applications. are challenging because they present very high system complexities involving human users and interactions with a changing environment. The existing agent-oriented software engineering (AOSE) approaches have trouble in engineering OCAS because of a number of deficiencies, e.g., lacking the capability of handling system dynamics analysis. This paper introduces an effective AOSE approach, i.e., organization- and service-oriented system analysis and design (OSOAD). It is used to extract and model system members and design a real-life OCAS system called financial trading rule automated development and evaluation (F-Trade). Through the case studies of visual and formal modeling and design of major organizational members, relations, and subsystems in F-Trade, this paper demonstrates the effective mechanisms and capabilities of the OSOAD approach. System implementation and evaluation results further show that OSOAD provides comprehensive AOSE support for engineering real-world open complex agent organizations. © 2008 IEEE.

López-Mariscal, C, Burnham, D, Rudd, D, McGloin, D & Gutiérrez-Vega, JC 2008, 'Phase dynamics of continuous topological upconversion in vortex beams', Optics Express, vol. 16, no. 15, pp. 11411-11411.
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Lu, DDC 2008, 'Synthesis of Single Phase DC/AC Inverters', Australian Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 75-84.
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Many authors have identified the need to improve the definitions of non-active power under non-sinusoidal conditions. It has also been stated the need for a generalised power theory to provide a simultaneous common base for measurement, compensation, power quality and identification of sources of distortion. A solution is to decompose, as accurately as possible, the total instantaneous power into active and non-active components based on the power system properties. To enable this, the load model must closely represent the actual. This paper presents a new instantaneous power theory that achieves this for the single-phase system. This theory is based on both voltage and current harmonic components. With good knowledge of the time profile of active/non-active power components, an accurate time-domain measurement of the non-active power is achieved. This non-active component can be utilised to achieve optimal compensation, as well as gauge power quality. The theory is evaluated for linear and non-linear loads in the presence of harmonics using case studies. The case studies use single-phase resistive and inductive loads with diodes to create non-linear load as necessary. Evaluations of the results demonstrate good performance of the proposed theory. © Institution of Engineers Australia, 2008.

LU, DD-C 2008, 'ON CONTROL OF INTERMEDIATE CAPACITOR VOLTAGE IN SINGLE-STAGE AC/DC PFC CONVERTER', Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers, vol. 17, no. 01, pp. 95-105.
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To reduce the intermediate storage capacitor voltage stress in single-stage power-factor-corrected (S2PFC) converters due to the change of load, some effective approaches such as variable frequency control and negative bus voltage feedback have been proposed. However, this intermediate capacitor voltage still varies largely against the change of line voltage. This paper proposes a S2PFC converter which is constructed in a way such that the amount of energy to and from the intermediate storage capacitor can be varied when the line voltage is changed, hence narrowed the range of intermediate capacitor voltage fluctuation. This is achieved by an auxiliary bidirectional switch, which operates at zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) condition. A dual-loop voltage mode control is proposed for the converter to achieve power factor correction, output voltage regulation, and intermediate capacitor voltage control simultaneously. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed approach is effective.

Lu, DDC, Hill, JW & Chan, RYW 2008, 'Single-switch dual output flyback DC/DC converter with time multiplexing control', International Journal of Power Electronics, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 101-101.
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Controlling two outputs with a single controlling switch in the power converter presents difficulties when two contrasting actions are required to raise one output and decrease the other. This paper studies the application of time multiplexing control (TMC) technique on power converters, with particular interest on single-switch multiple-output converters. Each output has its own feedback control circuit but these discrete feedback control loops are intermittently switched to regulate the duration of the ‘on period’ and ‘off period’ of the power switches. The inclusion of multiplexing logic to incorporate multiple controllers will improve the regulation of the auxiliary outputs and the main output within the tolerances required for electronic equipment. The output errors can be distributed between the outputs according to the time sharing factor of the time multiplexing logic controller. Simulation and experimental results on a single-switch dual-output flyback converter with and without TMC are reported to verify the error sharing capability of the proposed method. This control approach suggests a possible solution in improving the overall performance of the power supply in terms of output voltage regulation. © 2008 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

Lu, DD-C, Iu, HH-C & Pjevalica, V 2008, 'A Single-Stage AC/DC Converter With High Power Factor, Regulated Bus Voltage, and Output Voltage', IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 218-228.
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Lu, J, Liu, B, Zhang, G, Hao, Z & Xiao, Y 2008, 'A situation assessment approach using support vector machines as a learning tool', International Journal of Nuclear Knowledge Management, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 82-82.
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In order to assess a situation and support decision makers' awareness for the situation, this study first proposes a situation assessment model with mathematical description. It then develops a Support Vector Machine based assessment approach, which has the ability to learn the rules from the previous assessment results and generate necessary warnings for a situation. Finally, a set of experiments is conducted to illustrate and validate the proposed approach.

Lu, J, Yang, X & Zhang, G 2008, 'Support vector machine-based multi-source multi-attribute information integration for situation assessment', EXPERT SYSTEMS WITH APPLICATIONS, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 1333-1340.
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Understanding any given situation requires integrating many pieces of information. Such information has in most cases multiple attributes and is obtained from multiple data sources within multiple time slots. Situation assessors' experience and preference will naturally influence the result of information integration, and hence influence the awareness generated for a situation. This study focuses on how multi-source multi-attribute information about a situation is integrated and how the awareness information for the situation is derived. A learning-based information integration approach, which embeds the fuzzy least squares support vector machine (FLS-SVM) technique, is developed in this study. This approach can assess a situation through integrating and inference obtained information and analyzing related data sources. A series of experiments show that the proposed approach has an accuracy learning ability from assessors' experience in the information integration for generating awareness for a situation. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Lu, J, Zhang, G & Ruan, D 2008, 'Intelligent multi-criteria fuzzy group decision-making for situation assessments', SOFT COMPUTING, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 289-299.
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Organizational decisions and situation assessment are often made in groups, and decision and assessment processes involve various uncertain factors. To increase efficiently group decision-making, this study presents a new rational-political model as a systematic means of supporting group decision-making in an uncertain environment. The model takes advantage of both rational and political models and can handle inconsistent assessment, incomplete information and inaccurate opinions in deriving the best solution for the group decision under a sequential framework. The model particularly identifies three uncertain factors involved in a group decision-making process: decision makers' roles, preferences for alternatives, and judgments for assessment-criteria. Based on this model, an intelligent multi-criteria fuzzy group decision-making method is proposed to deal with the three uncertain factors described by linguistic terms. The proposed method uses general fuzzy numbers and aggregates these factors into a group satisfactory decision that is in a most acceptable degree of the group. Inference rules are particularly introduced into the method for checking the consistence of individual preferences. Finally, a real case-study on a business situation assessment is illustrated by the proposed method. © Springer-Verlag 2007.

Lu, J, Zhang, G & Wu, F 2008, 'TEAM SITUATION AWARENESS USING WEB-BASED FUZZY GROUP DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMS, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 50-59.
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Situation awareness (SA) is an important element to support responses and decision making to crisis problems. Decision making for a complex situation often needs a team to work cooperatively to get consensus awareness for the situation. Team SA is characterized including information sharing, opinion integration and consensus SA generation. In the meantime, various uncertainties are involved in team SA during information collection and awareness generation. Also, the collaboration between team members may be across distances and need web-based technology to facilitate. This paper presents a web-based fuzzy group decision support system (WFGDSS) and demonstrates how this system can provide a means of support for generating team SA in a distributed team work context with the ability of handling uncertain information.

Lu, J, Zhang, G & Wu, F 2008, 'Team Situation Awareness using Web-Based Fuzzy Group Decision Support Systems', International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 50-59.
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Situation awareness (SA) is an important element to support responses and decision making to crisis problems. Decision making for a complex situation often needs a team to work cooperatively to get consensus awareness for the situation. Team SA is characterized including information sharing, opinion integration and consensus SA generation. In the meantime, various uncertainties are involved in team SA during information collection and awareness generation. Also, the collaboration between team members may be across distances and need web-based technology to facilitate. This paper presents a web-based fuzzy group decision support system (WFGDSS) and demonstrates how this system can provide a means of support for generating team SA in a distributed team work context with the ability of handling uncertain information. © 2008 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Luo, D, Cao, L, Luo, C, Zhang, C & Wang, W 2008, 'Towards business interestingness in actionable knowledge discovery', Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, vol. 177, no. 1, pp. 99-109.
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From the evolution of developing a pattern interestingness perspective, data mining has experienced two phases, which are Phase 1: technical objective interestingness focused research, and Phase 2: technical objective and subjective interestingness focused studies. As a result of these efforts, patterns mined are of significant interest to technical concern. However, technically interesting patterns are not necessarily of interest to business. In fact, real-world experience shows that many mined patterns, which are interesting from the perspective of the data mining method used, are out of business expectations when they are delivered to the final user. This scenario actually involves a grand challenge in next-generation KDD (Knowledge Discovery in Databases) studies, defined as actionable knowledge discovery. To discover knowledge that can be used for taking actions to business advantages, this paper addresses a framework that extends the evolution process of knowledge evaluation to Phase 3 and Phase 4. In Phase 3, concerns with objective interestingness from a business perspective are added on top of Phase 2, while in Phase 4 both technical and business interestingness should be satisfied in terms of objective and subjective perspectives. The introduction of Phase 4 provides a comprehensive knowledge actionability framework for actionable knowledge discovery. We illustrate applications in governmental data mining showing that the considerations and adoption of the framework described in Phase 4 has potential to enhance both sides of interestingness and expectation. As a result, knowledge discovered has better chances to support action-taking in the business world. © 2008 The authors and IOS Press. All rights reserved.

Luo, J, Chen, L & Luo, Z 2008, 'A level set method for topology optimization using AOS scheme', Guti Lixue Xuebao/Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 175-180.
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This paper presents an extended level set method for topology optimization in which a semi-implicit additive operator splitting (AOS) scheme is included to solve the Hamilton-Jacobi equation. Thus, the time step size to satisfy the CFL condition for the up-wind scheme is totally eliminated. The finite difference format is now unconditionally stable and without any step size restriction, which leads the present method to a higher efficiency and stability. In addition, the time-consuming procedure for regularly reinitializing the level set function is avoided. As a result, the well-recognized disadvantage of no mechanism being included to creating new holes inside the material domain in the conventional level set method is accordingly resolved. A typical example is applied to demonstrate the availability of the present method.

Luo, J, Luo, Z, Chen, L, Tong, L & Wang, MY 2008, 'A semi-implicit level set method for structural shape and topology optimization', Journal of Computational Physics, vol. 227, no. 11, pp. 5561-5581.
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This paper proposes a new level set method for structural shape and topology optimization using a semi-implicit scheme. Structural boundary is represented implicitly as the zero level set of a higher-dimensional scalar function and an appropriate time-ma

Luo, J, Luo, Z, Chen, S, Tong, L & Wang, MY 2008, 'A new level set method for systematic design of hinge-free compliant mechanisms', Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, vol. 198, no. 2, pp. 318-331.
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This paper presents a new level set-based method to realize shape and topology optimization of hinge-free compliant mechanisms. A quadratic energy functional used in image processing applications is introduced in the level set method to control the geometric width of structural components in the created mechanism. A semi-implicit scheme with an additive operator splitting (AOS) algorithm is employed to solve the Hamilton-Jacobi partial differential equation (PDE) in the level set method. The design of compliant mechanisms is mathematically represented as a general non-linear programming with a new objective function augmented by the high-order energy term. The structural optimization is thus changed to a numerical process that describes the design as a sequence of motions by updating the implicit boundaries until the optimized structure is achieved under specified constraints. In doing so, it is expected that numerical difficulties such as the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) condition and periodically applied re-initialization procedures in most conventional level set methods can be eliminated. In addition, new holes can be created inside the design domain. The final mechanism configurations consist of strip-like members suitable for generating distributed compliance, and solving the de-facto hinge problem in the design of compliant mechanisms. Two widely studied numerical examples are studied to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in the context of designing distributed compliant mechanisms. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Luo, Q & Tong, L 2008, 'Analytical solutions for adhesive composite joints considering large deflection and transverse shear deformation in adherends', International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol. 45, no. 22-23, pp. 5914-5935.
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Luo, Z & Tong, L 2008, 'A level set method for shape and topology optimization of large‐displacement compliant mechanisms', International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, vol. 76, no. 6, pp. 862-892.
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AbstractA parameterization level set method is presented for structural shape and topology optimization of compliant mechanisms involving large displacements. A level set model is established mathematically as the Hamilton–Jacobi equation to capture the motion of the free boundary of a continuum structure. The structural design boundary is thus described implicitly as the zero level set of a level set scalar function of higher dimension. The radial basis function with compact support is then applied to interpolate the level set function, leading to a relaxation and separation of the temporal and spatial discretizations related to the original partial differential equation. In doing so, the more difficult shape and topology optimization problem is now fully parameterized into a relatively easier size optimization of generalized expansion coefficients. As a result, the optimization is changed into a numerical process of implementing a series of motions of the implicit level set function via an existing efficient convex programming method. With the concept of the shape derivative, the geometrical non‐linearity is included in the rigorous design sensitivity analysis to appropriately capture the large displacements of compliant mechanisms. Several numerical benchmark examples illustrate the effectiveness of the present level set method, in particular, its capability of generating new holes inside the material domain. The proposed method not only retains the favorable features of the implicit free boundary representation but also overcomes several unfavorable numerical considerations relevant to the explicit scheme, the reinitialization procedure, and the velocity extension algorithm in the conventional level set method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Luo, Z, Tong, L & Wang, MY 2008, 'Design of distributed compliant micromechanisms with an implicit free boundary representation', Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 607-621.
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In this paper, a parameterization approach is presented for structural shape and topology optimization of compliant mechanisms using a moving boundary representation. A level set model is developed to implicitly describe the structural boundary by embedd

Luo, Z, Wang, MY, Wang, S & Wei, P 2008, 'A level set‐based parameterization method for structural shape and topology optimization', International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 1-26.
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AbstractThis paper presents an effective parametric approach by extending the conventional level set method to structural shape and topology optimization using the compactly supported radial basis functions (RBFs) and the optimality criteria (OC) method. The structural design boundary is first represented implicitly by embedding into a higher‐dimensional level set function as its zero level set, and the RBFs of a favorable smoothness are then applied to interpolate the level set function. The original initial value problem is thus converted to a parametric optimization, with the expansion coefficients of the interplant posed as the design variables.The OC method is then applied to advance the structure boundary in terms of the velocity field derived from the parametric optimization. Hence, the structural shape and topology optimization is now transformed into a process of iteratively finding coefficients to update the level set function to achieve an optimal configuration. The numerical considerations of the conventional level set method, including upwind schemes, velocity extension, and reinitialization, are eliminated. The proposed scheme is capable of addressing structural shape fidelity and topology change simultaneously and of keeping the boundary smooth during the optimization process. Furthermore, numerical convergence is expected to be improved. A widely investigated example, in the framework of structural stiffness designs, is applied to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Mahlia, TMI 2008, 'η3e Efficiency (energy, economic and environmental) for performance analysis of an engineering system', International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 105-107.
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Environmental consciousness has changed the methods of analyzing of an engineering system. For long time an efficiency of an engineering system has been analyzed according to its energy and economic efficiency. This paper attempts to introduce an approach to evaluate the efficiency which call η3e (triple e efficiency). The η3e efficiency is a method of describing efficiency for energy conversion and energy consumption of an engineering system. The η3e is based on energy, economic and environment efficiency of a system. This method encourages a fair treatment for all energy conversion and consumption systems.

Margetts, CDE, Morris, M, Astuti, D, Gentle, DC, Cascon, A, McRonald, FE, Catchpoole, D, Robledo, M, Neumann, HPH, Latif, F & Maher, ER 2008, 'Evaluation of a functional epigenetic approach to identify promoter region methylation in phaeochromocytoma and neuroblastoma', Endocrine Related Cancer, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 777-786.
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The molecular genetics of inherited phaeochromocytoma have received considerable attention, but the somatic genetic and epigenetic events that characterise tumourigenesis in sporadic phaeochromocytomas are less well defined. Previously, we found considerable overlap between patterns of promoter region tumour suppressor gene (TSG) hypermethylation in two neural crest tumours, neuroblastoma and phaeochromocytoma. In order to identify candidate biomarkers; and epigenetically inactivated TSGs in phaeochromocytoma and neuroblastoma, we characterised changes in gene expression in three neuroblastoma cell lines after treatment with the demethylating agent 5-azacytidine. Promoter region methylation status was then determined for 28 genes that demonstrated increased expression after demethylation. Three genes HSP47, homeobox A9 (HOXA9) and opioid binding protein (OPCML) were methylated in > 10% of phaeochromocytomas (52, 17 and 12% respectively). Two of the genes, epithelial membrane protein 3 (EMP3) and HSP47, demonstrated significantly more frequent methylation in neuroblastoma than phaeochromocytoma. These findings extend epigenotype of phaeochromocytoma and identify candidate genes implicated in sporadic phaeochromocytoma tumourigenesis. © 2008 Society for Endocrinology.

McGloin, D 2008, 'Manipulating Aerosols with Light', Imaging & Microscopy, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 50-52.
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McGloin, D, Burnham, DR, Summers, MD, Rudd, D, Dewar, N & Anand, S 2008, 'Optical manipulation of airborne particles: techniques and applications', Faraday Discuss., vol. 137, pp. 335-350.
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McGregor, C, Percival, J, Curry, J, Foster, D, Anstey, E, Churchill, D & IEEE 2008, 'A Structured Approach to Requirements Gathering Creation Using PaJMa Models', 2008 30th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Vols 1-8, pp. 1506-1509.
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Meier, C 2008, 'Endogenous Sex Hormones and Incident Fracture Risk in Older Men<subtitle>The Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study</subtitle>', Archives of Internal Medicine, vol. 168, no. 1, pp. 47-47.
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Background: Data on the influence of gonadal hormones on incident fracture risk in elderly men are limited. We prospectively examined the relationship between serum levels of testosterone and estradiol and future fracture risk in community-dwelling men. Methods: A total of 609 men older than 60 years had been observed between January 1989 and December 2005, with the median duration being 5.8 years (up to 13 years). Clinical risk factors, including bone mineral density and lifestyle factors, were assessed at baseline. Serum testosterone and estradiol levels were measured by tandem mass spectrometry. The incidence of a low-trauma fracture was ascertained during follow-up. Results: During follow-up, 113 men had at least 1 low-trauma fracture. The risk of fracture was significantly increased in men with reduced testosterone levels (hazard ratio [HR], 1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09-1.62). After adjustment for sex hormone-binding globulin, serum testosterone (HR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.22-1.78) and serum estradiol (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.00-1.47) levels were associated with overall fracture risk. After further adjustment for major risk factors of fractures (age, weight or bone mineral density, fracture history, smoking status, calcium intake, and sex hormone-binding globulin), lower testosterone was still associated with increased risk of fracture, particularly with hip (HR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.24-2.82) and nonvertebral (HR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.03-1.68) fractures. Conclusion: in community-dwelling men older than 60 years, serum testosterone is independently associated with the risk of osteoporotic fracture and its measurement may provide additional clinical information for the assessment of fracture risk in elderly men.

Merigó, JM & Gil Lafuente, AM 2008, 'THE GENERALIZED ADEQUACY COEFFICIENT AND ITS APPLICATION IN STRATEGIC DECISION MAKING', FUZZY ECONOMIC REVIEW, vol. 13, no. 02, pp. 17-36.
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The adequacy coefficient is a very useful technique that provides a more complete formulation than the Hamming distance in decision making problems. In this paper, we suggest a generalization by using generalized and quasi-arithmetic means. As a result, we will get the generalized ordered weighted averaging adequacy coe fficient (GOWAAC) and the Quasi- OWAAC operator. These new aggregation operators generalize a wide range of particular cases such as the generalized adequacy coefficient (GAC), the weighted generalized adequacy coefficient (WGAC), the ordered weighted averaging adequacy coefficient (OWAAC), the ordered weighted quadratic averaging adequacy coefficient (OWQAAC), and others. We study different families and properties of these aggregation operators. We also analyze the unification point with distance measures and we find that in these situations, the GOWAAC and the Quasi-OWAAC become the Minkowski ordered weighted averaging distance (MOWAD) operator and the Quasi- OWAD operator, respectively. Finally, we also develop an application of the new approach in a strategic decision making problem about selection of strategies.

Miro, JV, Taha, T, Wang, D & Dissanayake, G 2008, 'An adaptive manoeuvring strategy for mobile robots in cluttered dynamic environments', International Journal of Automation and Control, vol. 2, no. 2/3, pp. 178-178.
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A novel method which combines an optimised global path planner with a real-time sensor-based collision avoidance mechanism to accommodate for dynamic changes in the environment (e.g., people) is presented. The basic concept is to generate a continually changing parameterised family of virtual force fields for the robot based on characteristics such as location, travelling speed and dimension of the objects in the vicinity, static and dynamic. The interactions among the repulsive forces associated with the various obstacles provide a natural way for local collision avoidance in a partially known cluttered environment. This is harnessed by locally modifying the planned behaviour of the moving platform in real-time, whilst preserving the optimised nature of the global path. Furthermore, path traversability is continually monitored by the global planner to trigger a complete path re-planning from the current location in case of major changes, most notably when the path is completely blocked by obstacles. Copyright © 2008, Inderscience Publishers.

Mu, K, Jin, Z & Zowghi, D 2008, 'A Priority-Based Negotiations Approach for Handling Inconsistencies in Multi-Perspective Software Requirements', JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS SCIENCE & COMPLEXITY, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 574-596.
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Inconsistency of multi-perspective requirements specifications is a pervasive issue during the requirements process. However, managing inconsistency is not just a pure technical problem. It is always associated with a process of interactions and competit

Mudhasani, R, Zhu, Z, Hutvagner, G, Eischen, CM, Lyle, S, Hall, LL, Lawrence, JB, Imbalzano, AN & Jones, SN 2008, 'Loss of miRNA biogenesis induces p19Arf-p53 signaling and senescence in primary cells', The Journal of Cell Biology, vol. 181, no. 7, pp. 1055-1063.
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Dicer, an enzyme involved in microRNA (miRNA) maturation, is required for proper cell differentiation and embryogenesis in mammals. Recent evidence indicates that Dicer and miRNA may also regulate tumorigenesis. To better characterize the role of miRNA in primary cell growth, we generated Dicer-conditional mice. Ablation of Dicer and loss of mature miRNAs in embryonic fibroblasts up-regulated p19Arf and p53 levels, inhibited cell proliferation, and induced a premature senescence phenotype that was also observed in vivo after Dicer ablation in the developing limb and in adult skin. Furthermore, deletion of the Ink4a/Arf or p53 locus could rescue fibroblasts from premature senescence induced by Dicer ablation. Although levels of Ras and Myc oncoproteins appeared unaltered, loss of Dicer resulted in increased DNA damage and p53 activity in these cells. These results reveal that loss of miRNA biogenesis activates a DNA damage checkpoint, up-regulates p19Arf-p53 signaling, and induces senescence in primary cells.

Musiał, K, Juszczyszyn, K & Kazienko, P 2008, 'Ontology-based recommendation in multimedia sharing systems', Systems Science, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 97-106.
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In this paper, a new framework for recommendation of multimedia objects in the environment of the multimedia sharing system has been proposed. It uses two kinds of individual ontologies, one is created for multimedia objects and the second one for system users. The final recommendation process takes into account similarities calculated both between objects' and users' ontologies. These individual ontologies respect all the social and semantic features existing in the system. The entire recommender framework was developed for the use in Flickr, a typical photo sharing system.

Nasimuddin, Chen, ZN & Esselle, KP 2008, 'Wideband circularly polarized microstrip antenna array using a new single feed network', Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 50, no. 7, pp. 1784-1789.
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AbstractA new single feed system is presented for broadband and high gain circularly polarized stacked microstrip (CPSM) array applications. It consists of a combination of a microstrip line and a via. The gap between elements and location of the feed are optimized to achieve a good circular polarization (CP) performance with high gain. A 2 × 2 sequentially rotated array was fabricated and tested. The measured 3 dB axial‐ratio (AR) bandwidth is 27% (3.5–4.6 GHz) and at boresight gain is 9.0 dBic over the 3 dB AR bandwidth. The measured 10 dB return loss impedance bandwidth is around 51% (3.28–5.54 GHz). The proposed new feeding network system is very useful to design the high gain and wideband CP array in a space‐limited environment. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 1784–1789, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23481

Nasimuddin, Esselle, KP & Verma, AK 2008, 'Wideband High-Gain Circularly Polarized Stacked Microstrip Antennas With an Optimized C-Type Feed and a Short Horn', IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 578-581.
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Nataatmadja, I & Dyson, LE 2008, 'The Role of Podcasts in Students' Learning', International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 17-21.
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Podcasts have been employed extensively in some countries and are now being trialed at a number of universities in Australia. They allow ubiquitous learning whereby students can access a variety of educational material anywhere, anytime on iPods, MP3 players or even desktop computers. There remain many questions about the impact of podcasts on students learning. One issue is how podcasts can be used to support high quality, experiential learning rather than merely perpetuating the old transmission model of education. In this paper, we explore the reasons why students either use, or fail to use, podcasts provided for their education. We report on the motivation of students enrolled in a large first-year information systems subject. These varied considerably and show that podcasts are a useful adjunct for providing for the diverse range of learning styles of our students. However, we also conclude that further research is needed into the use of podcasts to promote deeper learning in our students and how podcasts can act as a support tool for other forms of m-learning.

Nazem, M, Sheng, D, Carter, JP & Sloan, SW 2008, 'Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian method for large‐strain consolidation problems', International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 1023-1050.
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AbstractIn this paper, an arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) method is generalized to solve consolidation problems involving large deformation. Special issues such as pore‐water pressure convection, permeability and void ratio updates due to rotation and convection, mesh refinement and equilibrium checks are discussed. A simple and effective mesh refinement scheme is presented for the ALE method. The ALE method as well as an updated‐Lagrangian method is then used to solve some classical consolidation problems involving large deformations with different constitutive laws. The results clearly show the advantage and efficiency of the ALE method for these examples. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Nga, JHC, Iu, HHC, Ling, SH & Lam, HK 2008, 'Comparative study of stability in different TCP/RED models', CHAOS SOLITONS & FRACTALS, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 977-987.
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Nghiem, LD & Coleman, PJ 2008, 'NF/RO filtration of the hydrophobic ionogenic compound triclosan: Transport mechanisms and the influence of membrane fouling', Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 709-716.
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Nghiem, LD, Espendiller, C & Braun, G 2008, 'Influence of organic and colloidal fouling on the removal of sulphamethoxazole by nanofiltration membranes', Water Science and Technology, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 163-169.
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This study investigated the effects of organic and colloidal fouling on the removal of a representative micropollutant sulphamethoxazole by two commercially available NF membranes. Alginate, bovine serum albumin and colloidal silica were selected as model foulants to simulate hydrophilic and hydrophobic organic fractions, and colloidal matter that are often found in treated effluent and surface water. Membrane fouling was related to the membrane and foulant characteristics and subsequently the separation behaviour of the micropollutant sulphamethoxazole under different solution pH. On the basis of these results, it was confirmed that membrane fouling is strongly dependent on both the foulant and membrane characteristics. The complex relationship among retention mechanisms, fouling mechanisms and the effects of fouling on retention was systematically delineated. Of the three model foulants selected for this study, colloidal fouling resulted in the most significant reduction in retention of sulphamethoxazole as well as inorganic salts, while flux decline as a result of colloidal fouling was quite moderate. Reduction in retention caused by fouling was attributed to a phenomenon known as cake-enhance concentration polarisation, which was a predominant mechanism of colloidal fouling. In addition, the reported results suggested that the effect of fouling on retention is also membrane pore size dependent.

Nghiem, LD, Vogel, D & Khan, S 2008, 'Characterising humic acid fouling of nanofiltration membranes using bisphenol A as a molecular indicator', Water Research, vol. 42, no. 15, pp. 4049-4058.
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Ngo, D, Tuan, H & Nguyen, H 2008, 'Jointly Optimal Signature Sequences and Power Allocation for CDMA Systems', IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 4122-4127.
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The problems of designing signature sequences and power allocation policy for code-division multiple access (CDMA) are important and have been the subject of intensive research in recent years. Taking the maximization of the system information-theoretic

Ngo, H-H, Guo, W & Xing, W 2008, 'Evaluation of a novel sponge-submerged membrane bioreactor (SSMBR) for sustainable water reclamation', BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY, vol. 99, no. 7, pp. 2429-2435.
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A novel sponge-submerged membrane bioreactor (SSMBR) to treat a high strength wastewater for water reclamation was developed in this study. The performance of this system was evaluated using two kinds of polyester-urethane sponges (coarse sponge with hig

Nguyen, DHN, Nguyen, HH & Hoang, TD 2008, 'High-Rate Space-Time Block Coding Schemes', IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES, vol. E91A, no. 11, pp. 3393-3397.
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Nguyen, HB 2008, 'Dear SIRS, can MEDS help you predict patient outcome now, really?*', Critical Care Medicine, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 625-626.
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Nguyen, HB, Banta, JE, Cho, TW, Van Ginkel, C, Burroughs, K, Wittlake, WA & Corbett, SW 2008, 'MORTALITY PREDICTIONS USING CURRENT PHYSIOLOGIC SCORING SYSTEMS IN PATIENTS MEETING CRITERIA FOR EARLY GOAL-DIRECTED THERAPY AND THE SEVERE SEPSIS RESUSCITATION BUNDLE', Shock, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 23-28.
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Physiologic scoring systems are often used to prognosticate mortality in critically ill patients. This study examined the performance of Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II, Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) II, Mortality in Emergency Department Sepsis (MEDS), and Mortality Probability Models (MPM) II 0 in predicting in-hospital mortality of patients in the emergency department meeting criteria for early goal-directed therapy and the severe sepsis resuscitation bundle. The discrimination and calibration characteristics of APACHE II, SAPS II, MEDS, and MPM II 0 were evaluated. Data are presented as median and quartiles (25th, 75th). Two-hundred forty-six patients aged 68 (52, 81) years were analyzed from a prospectively maintained sepsis registry, with 76.0% of patients in septic shock, 45.5% blood culture positive, and 35.0% in-hospital mortality. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, SAPS II, and MEDS scores were 29 (21, 37), 54 (40, 70), and 13 (11, 16), with predicted mortalities of 64% (40%, 85%), 58% (25%, 84%), and 16% (9%, 39%), respectively. Mortality Probability Models II 0 showed a predicted mortality of 60% (27%, 80%). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves was 0.73 for APACHE II, 0.71 for SAPS II, 0.60 for MEDS, and 0.72 for MPM II 0. The standardized mortality ratios were 0.59, 0.63, 1.68, and 0.64, respectively. Thus, APACHE II, SAPS II, MEDS, and MPM II 0 have variable abilities to discriminate early and estimate in-hospital mortality of patients presenting to the emergency department requiring the severe sepsis resuscitation bundle. Adoption of these prognostication tools in this setting may influence therapy and resource use for these patients. Copyright © 2008 by the Shock Society.

Nguyen, HT 2008, 'Intelligent technologies for real-time biomedical engineering applications', International Journal of Automation and Control, vol. 2, no. 2/3, pp. 274-274.
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Intelligent technologies are essential for many biomedical engineering applications in order to cope with a wide variety of patient conditions or user disability. The development of advanced optimisation training algorithms such as adaptive optimal Bayesian neural networks is particularly useful when only limited training data are available. Two specific biomedical engineering applications will be presented. The first application concerns the development of a non-invasive monitor for real-time detection of hypoglycaemic episodes in Type 1 diabetes mellitus patients (T1DM). The second application relates to the development of real-time hands-free wheelchair control systems using head movement to provide mobility independence for severely disabled people.

Nguyen, ND, Frost, SA, Center, JR, Eisman, JA & Nguyen, TV 2008, 'Development of prognostic nomograms for individualizing 5-year and 10-year fracture risks', Osteoporosis International, vol. 19, no. 10, pp. 1431-1444.
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Summary: We have developed clinical nomograms for predicting 5-year and 10-year fracture risks for any elderly man or woman. The nomograms used age and information concerning fracture history, fall history, and BMD T-score or body weight. Introduction: Although many fracture risk factors have been identified, the translation of these risk factors into a prognostic model that can be used in primary care setting has not been well realized. The present study sought to develop a nomogram that incorporates non-invasive risk factors to predict 5-year and 10-year absolute fracture risks for an individual man and woman. Methods: The Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study was designed as a community-based prospective study, with 1358 women and 858 men aged 60+ years as at 1989. Baseline measurements included femoral neck bone mineral density (FNBMD), prior fracture, a history of falls and body weight. Between 1989 and 2004, 426 women and 149 men had sustained a low-trauma fracture (not including morphometric vertebral fractures). Two prognostic models based on the Cox's proportional hazards analysis were considered: model I included age, BMD, prior fracture and falls; and model II included age, weight, prior fracture and fall. Results: Analysis of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) suggested that model I (AUC=0.75 for both sexes) performed better than model II (AUC=0.72 for women and 0.74 for men). Using the models' estimates, we constructred various nomograms for individualizing the risk of fracture for men and women. If the 5-year risk of 10% or greater is considered 'high risk', then virtually all 80-year-old men with BMD T-scores <-1.0 or 80-year-old women with T-scores <-2.0 were predicted to be in the high risk group. A 60-year-old woman's risk was considered high risk only if her BMD T-scores ≤-2.5 and with a prior fracture; however, no 60-year-old men would be in the high risk regardless of their BMD and risk profile. Conclus...

NGUYEN, TV 2008, 'Mapping translational research into individualized prognosis of fracture risk', International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 347-358.
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AbstractThe assessment of fracture risk has until now been based on the measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) and/or a prior fracture. Individuals with BMD T‐scores < –2.5 (e.g. osteoporosis) or with prior fractures are indicated for treatment. However, recent data have suggested that 55% of women and 74% of men who sustained a fracture did not have osteoporosis. Therefore, the current strategy reduces a small number of fractures in the general population, and new thinking is required for that majority of individuals whose BMD measurements are at or near (both sides) the current threshold of osteoporosis. An individual's absolute risk of fracture can be estimated from the individual risk profile, which includes age, BMD, weight or body mass index, prior fracture, comorbidities, corticosteroid use, lifestyle factors, and falls. Therefore, risk assessment must simultaneously consider all risk factors to which the individual is exposed. A number of prognostic models and predictive nomograms have been developed to estimate an individual's absolute risk of fracture, but they have not been externally validated. Nevertheless, these prognostic models can be effective tools for individualizing short‐term and long‐term risks of fracture, which can help patient counseling and selecting appropriate patients for intervention to maximize the benefit of fracture reduction in the general population.

Nguyen, TV, Nelson, AE, Howe, CJ, Seibel, MJ, Baxter, RC, Handelsman, DJ, Kazlauskas, R & Ho, KK 2008, 'Within-Subject Variability and Analytic Imprecision of Insulinlike Growth Factor Axis and Collagen Markers: Implications for Clinical Diagnosis and Doping Tests', Clinical Chemistry, vol. 54, no. 8, pp. 1268-1276.
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AbstractBackground: The utility of insulinlike growth factor (IGF) axis and collagen markers for a growth hormone (GH) doping test in sport depends on their stability and reproducibility. We sought to determine short-term within-subject variability of these markers in a large cohort of healthy individuals.Methods: We measured IGF-I, IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), acid labile subunit (ALS), and the collagen markers N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP), C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP), and N-terminal propeptide of type III procollagen (PIIINP) in serum samples obtained on multiple occasions (median 3 per participant) over a 2- to 3-week period from 1103 elite athletes (699 men, 404 women) ages 22.2 (5.2) years [mean (SD)]. We estimated between-subject and within-subject variances by mixed–effects ANOVA.Results: Within-subject variance accounted for 32% to 36% and 4% to 13% of the total variance in IGF markers and collagen markers, respectively. The within-subject CV ranged from 11% to 21% for the IGF axis markers and from 13% to 15% for the collagen markers. The index of individuality for the IGF axis markers was 0.66–0.76, and for the collagen markers, 0.26–0.45. For each marker, individuals with initial extreme measured values tended to regress toward the population mean in subsequent repeated measurements. We developed a Bayesian model to estimate the long-term probable value for each marker.Conclusions: These results indicate that in healthy individuals the within-subject variability was greater for IGF-I than for the collagen markers, and that where a single measurement is available, it is possible to estimate the long-term probable value of each of the markers by applying the Bayesian approach. Such an application can increase the reliability and decrease the cost of detecting GH doping.

Nguyen, TV, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH, Kandasamy, J & Choi, HC 2008, 'Arsenic removal by photo-catalysis hybrid system', SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 44-50.
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Arsenic is a toxic semi-metallic element that can be fatal to human health. Arsenic pollution in water is found in many parts of the world, especially in developing countries such as Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Vietnam. Photo-oxidation experiments with titanium dioxide (TiO2) as photo-catalyst showed that photo-oxidation of As(III) to As(V) is possible within minutes. Further, TiO2 can also adsorb both As(III) and As(V) on its surface. Photo-catalysis reaction with TiO2 reduced about 98% of arsenite from water containing 500 μg/L of arsenite. By adding nano-scale zero valent iron (nZVI) of 0.05 g/L in the photo-reactor, arsenic removal can be significantly enhanced. Further the TiO2 requirement is five times less in this photo-catalysis nZVI hybrid system. The photo-catalytic degradation processes was modeled using the first-order, second-order and Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics equations and removal rates were simulated. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Ni, B & Yu, H 2008, 'Growth and storage processes in aerobic granules grown on soybean wastewater', Biotechnology and Bioengineering, vol. 100, no. 4, pp. 664-672.
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AbstractAerobic granules in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) are subjected to alternative feast and famine conditions, and are able to take up carbon substrate in wastewater rapidly and to store it as intracellular storage products when the substrate is in excess. This phenomenon could not be described by the widely used activated sludge model No.3 (ASM3). In this work, taking adsorption process, microbial maintenance, and substrate diffusion into account, the simultaneous growth and storage processes occurring in an aerobic‐granule‐based SBR are investigated with experimental and modeling approaches. A new model is established and successfully validated with the experimental results of an SBR fed with soybean‐processing wastewater. Simulation results show that our approach is appropriate for elucidating the fates of major model components. Comparison between ASM3 and the model established in this work demonstrates that the latter is better to describe the substrate removal mechanisms and simultaneous growth and storage processes in aerobic granules. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;100: 664–672. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Ni, B & Yu, H 2008, 'Storage and growth of denitrifiers in aerobic granules: Part I. model development', Biotechnology and Bioengineering, vol. 99, no. 2, pp. 314-323.
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AbstractA mathematical model, based on the Activated Sludge Model No.3 (ASM3), is developed to describe the storage and growth activities of denitrifiers in aerobic granules under anoxic conditions. In this model, mass transfer, hydrolysis, simultaneous anoxic storage and growth, anoxic maintenance, and endogenous decay are all taken into account. The model established is implemented in the well‐established AQUASIM simulation software. A combination of completely mixed reactor and biofilm reactor compartments provided by AQUASIM is used to simulate the mass transport and conversion processes occurring in both bulk liquid and granules. The modeling results explicitly show that the external substrate is immediately utilized for storage and growth at feast phase. More external substrates are diverted to storage process than the primary biomass production process. The model simulation indicates that the nitrate utilization rate (NUR) of granules‐based denitrification process includes four linear phases of nitrate reduction. Furthermore, the methodology for determining the most important parameter in this model, that is, anoxic reduction factor, is established. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;99: 314–323. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Ni, B, Yu, H & Xie, W 2008, 'Storage and growth of denitrifiers in aerobic granules: Part II. model calibration and verification', Biotechnology and Bioengineering, vol. 99, no. 2, pp. 324-332.
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AbstractA mathematical model to describe the simultaneous storage and growth activities of denitrifiers in aerobic granules under anoxic conditions has been developed in an accompanying article. The sensitivity of the nitrate uptake rate (NUR) toward the stoichiometric and kinetic coefficients is analyzed in this article. The model parameter values are estimated by minimizing the sum of squares of the deviations between the measured and model‐predicted values. The model is successfully calibrated and a set of stoichiometric and kinetic parameters for the anoxic storage and growth of the denitrifiers are obtained. Thereafter, the model established is verified with three set of experimental data. The comparison between the model established with the ASM1 model and ASM3 shows that the present model is appropriate to simulate and predict the performance of a granule‐based denitrification system. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;99: 324–332. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Ni, B-J & Yu, H-Q 2008, 'An approach for modeling two-step denitrification in activated sludge systems', Chemical Engineering Science, vol. 63, no. 6, pp. 1449-1459.
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Ni, B-J & Yu, H-Q 2008, 'Characterization of the granules in an ANAMMOX reactor after accelerated startup', Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 136, pp. S651-S651.
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Ni, B-J & Yu, H-Q 2008, 'Kinetic modeling microbial storage process in activated sludge under anoxic conditions', Chemical Engineering Science, vol. 63, no. 10, pp. 2785-2792.
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Ni, B-J & Yu, H-Q 2008, 'Simulation of heterotrophic storage and growth processes in activated sludge under aerobic conditions', Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 140, no. 1-3, pp. 101-109.
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Ni, B-J, Fang, F, Xie, W-M & Yu, H-Q 2008, 'Growth, maintenance and product formation of autotrophs in activated sludge: Taking the nitrite-oxidizing bacteria as an example', Water Research, vol. 42, no. 16, pp. 4261-4270.
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Ni, B-J, Yu, H-Q & Sun, Y-J 2008, 'Modeling simultaneous autotrophic and heterotrophic growth in aerobic granules', Water Research, vol. 42, no. 6-7, pp. 1583-1594.
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Ni, J, Cao, L & Zhang, C 2008, 'Evolutionary optimization of trading strategies', Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, vol. 177, no. 1, pp. 11-24.
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It is a non-trivial task to effectively and efficiently optimize trading strategies, not to mention the optimization in real-world situations. This paper presents a general definition of this optimization problem, and discusses the application of evolutionary technologies (genetic algorithm in particular) to the optimization of trading strategies. Experimental results show that this approach is promising. © 2008 The authors and IOS Press. All rights reserved.

Ni, J, Luo, D, Ou, Y & Luo, C 2008, 'Agent-based evolutionary optimisation of trading strategies', International Journal of Intelligent Information and Database Systems, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 25-25.
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The backtesting and optimisation of trading strategies has emerged as an interesting research and experimental problem in both finance and Information Technology (IT) fields. However, it is a non-trivial task to effectively and efficiently optimise trading strategies, not to mention the optimisation in the real-world situations. This paper discusses the application of evolutionary technologies (genetic algorithm in particular) to the optimisation of trading strategies. Experimental results show that this approach is promising. Due to the complexity involved in the optimisation process, we further present an agent-based system that can help users easily specify and execute optimisation jobs to their advantages. Copyright © 2008, Inderscience Publishers.

Niebecker, K, Eager, D & Kubitza, K 2008, 'Improving cross‐company project management performance with a collaborative project scorecard', International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 368-386.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify the current problems and difficulties in automotive project management and explore solutions to improve its efficiency and effectiveness. To meet the industry demands for new project management methods, a strategy‐based scorecard concept was developed to monitor and control collaborative projects, to measure their performance, and to manage risks. The method aims to improve the project management performance of cross‐company projects.Design/methodology/approachThe development of collaborative strategy maps and integrated measures for project control based on key performance indicators (KPIs) is an essential step for successful project management with a collaborative project scorecard. The concept was developed and evaluated on the basis of two workshops organised by the German Project Management Association (GPM e.V.) and interviews with project managers of automotive projects (manufacturers and suppliers).FindingsThe application of a balanced scorecard to cross‐company projects in the automotive industry can be facilitated by an impact matrix to develop strategy maps. Examples of collaborative strategy maps, project objectives, and KPIs to manage automotive projects are given and advantages, disadvantages, and limitations discussed. The paper discusses the possibilities of improving project management efficiency and effectiveness, as well as increasing project transparency with a CPS.Originality/valueThis paper fulfils the need to align collaborative project objectives with cross‐company business strategies in the automotive industry. The application o...

Nimbalkar, S & Choudhury, D 2008, 'Seismic design of retaining wall by considering wall-soil inertia for active case', International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 319-328.
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Effect of both the wall and soil inertia must be considered for the design of retaining wall under seismic conditions. In this paper, by considering pseudo-dynamic seismic forces acting on the soil wedge and the wall, the required weight of the wall under seismic conditions is determined for the design purpose of the retaining wall under active earth pressure condition. The method proposed considers the movement of both shear and primary waves through the backfill and the retaining wall due to seismic excitation. A rigid vertical retaining wall supporting cohesionless backfill with horizontal ground has been considered in the present analysis by considering planar rupture surface. Results in graphical form show the variations of proposed design factors viz. soil thrust factor (F ), wall inertia factor (F ) and combined dynamic factor (F ) with respect to horizontal seismic acceleration coefficient (k ), required for the design of the wall under seismic conditions. Also the effects of variation of parameters like soil friction angle, wall friction angle, vertical seismic acceleration, period of lateral shaking and amplification factor on combined dynamic factor have been studied. A comparative study between the present theory and available pseudo-static results has shown the merits of the present analysis. T I w h

NIMBALKAR, SS & CHOUDHURY, D 2008, 'EFFECTS OF BODY WAVES AND SOIL AMPLIFICATION ON SEISMIC EARTH PRESSURES', Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami, vol. 02, no. 01, pp. 33-52.
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To design a retaining wall, conventional Mononobe–Okabe method, which is based on the pseudo-static approach and gives the linear distribution of seismic earth pressures in an approximate way, is used to compute the seismic earth pressures. In this paper, pseudo-dynamic approach is used to compute the seismic earth pressures on a rigid retaining wall by considering the effects of time, phase difference in shear and primary waves and soil amplification along with the horizontal and vertical seismic accelerations and other soil properties. Design value of the seismic active earth pressure coefficient is found to increase with increase in the seismic accelerations, phase difference in body waves and soil amplification, whereas the reverse trend is observed for the passive case. Influence of various soil parameters on seismic passive earth pressure is more significant than that for the active case under harmonic seismic loading. Results are provided in the combined tabular and graphical non-dimensional form for both the seismic active and passive earth pressures. Present results are compared with the available results in literature to validate the proposed non-linearity of seismic earth pressure distribution.

Novak, A, Taylor, P & Veitch, D 2008, 'Corrigendum to “The distribution of the number of arrivals in a subinterval of a busy period of a single server queue”', Queueing Systems, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 87-93.
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O’Reilly, L, Bennett, NS, McNally, PJ, Sealy, BJ, Cowern, NEB, Lankinen, A & Tuomi, TO 2008, 'Raman scattering studies of ultrashallow Sb implants in strained Si', Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 305-309.
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O’Reilly, L, Horan, K, McNally, PJ, Bennett, NS, Cowern, NEB, Lankinen, A, Sealy, BJ, Gwilliam, RM, Noakes, TCQ & Bailey, P 2008, 'Constraints on micro-Raman strain metrology for highly doped strained Si materials', Applied Physics Letters, vol. 92, no. 23, pp. 233506-233506.
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Ultraviolet (UV), low penetration depth, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and high-resolution x-ray diffraction (HRXRD) are utilized as complementary, independent stress characterization tools for a range of strained Si samples doped by low energy (2keV) Sb ion implantation. Following dopant implantation, good agreement is found between the magnitudes of strain measured by the two techniques. However, following dopant activation by annealing, strain relaxation is detected by HRXRD but not by micro-Raman. This discrepancy mainly arises from an anomalous redshift in the Si Raman peak position originating from the high levels of doping achieved in the samples. This has serious implications for the use of micro-Raman spectroscopy for strain characterization of highly doped strained Si complementary metal-oxide semiconductor devices and structures therein. We find a direct correlation between the Si Raman shift and peak carrier concentration measured by the differential Hall technique, which indicates that UV micro-Raman may become a useful tool for nondestructive dopant characterization for ultrashallow junctions in these Si-based materials.

Oehlers, DJ, Haskett, M, Wu, C & Seracino, R 2008, 'Embedding NSM FRP Plates for Improved IC Debonding Resistance', Journal of Composites for Construction, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 635-642.
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Onishi, A, Thomas, PS, Stuart, BH, Guerbois, JP & Forbes, SL 2008, 'TG-MS analysis of the thermal decomposition of pig bone for forensic applications', JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY, vol. 92, no. 1, pp. 87-90.
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In order to investigate the potential of thermal analysis for the determination of post-mortem age, rib bone specimens were collected from the remains of a number of slaughtered pigs that were allowed to decompose in the Australian bush in a controlled site under a range of conditions for time periods ranging from 1 to 5 years. The bone specimens were cut in cross-section with the compact bone collected for analysis. TG-MS curves were collected by heating bone samples to 1100°C in an argon atmosphere. The TG-MS data showed significant differences for the pig bone specimens derived from the different environments and showed trends in peak size correlating with age. The reported data suggest that TG-MS has significant potential for the identification of origin as well as the ageing of skeletal remains in a forensic context.

Paisitkriangkrai, S, Chunhua Shen & Jian Zhang 2008, 'Fast Pedestrian Detection Using a Cascade of Boosted Covariance Features', IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 18, no. 8, pp. 1140-1151.
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Efficiently and accurately detecting pedestrians plays a very important role in many computer vision applications such as video surveillance and smart cars. In order to find the right feature for this task, we first present a comprehensive experimental s

Paisitkriangkrai, S, Shen, C & Zhang, J 2008, 'Performance evaluation of local features in human classification and detection', IET Computer Vision, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 236-246.
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Detecting pedestrians accurately is the first fundamental step for many computer vision applications such as video surveillance, smart vehicles, intersection traffic analysis and so on. The authors present an experimental study on pedestrian detection us

Pal, NR, Chuang, C-Y, Ko, L-W, Chao, C-F, Jung, T-P, Liang, S-F & Lin, C-T 2008, 'EEG-Based Subject- and Session-independent Drowsiness Detection: An Unsupervised Approach', EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, vol. 2008, no. 1.
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Pedroso, DM, Sheng, D & Sloan, SW 2008, 'Stress update algorithm for elastoplastic models with nonconvex yield surfaces', International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, vol. 76, no. 13, pp. 2029-2062.
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AbstractA stress update algorithm for elastoplastic models with nonconvex yield surfaces is presented. An explicit algorithm based on the Runge–Kutta embedded method of second‐order accuracy is developed. The crossing of the yield surface is properly taken into account by means of a robust intersection‐finding algorithm. This algorithm is based on a simple multiple‐root‐finding technique, which requires the yield function, evaluated along a given secant stress path, to be continuously differentiable to the second order. The accuracy of the intersection‐finding algorithm is illustrated through examples using simple yield functions similar to the ones adopted in models for unsaturated soils and the modified Cam clay model yield surface with a nonconvex Argyris et al. failure criterion. Isoerror surfaces and finite element simulations are used to investigate the accuracy and efficiency of the stress update algorithm. It is observed that although the algorithm for nonconvex surfaces is slower than its equivalent for convex surfaces, the accuracy can be controlled locally by means of specified tolerances. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Petzelt, D, Wischniewski, S, Deuse, J & Helsper, T 2008, 'The digital steel mill: Application of methods of the digital plant for potential analysis', Stahl und Eisen, vol. 128, no. 4, pp. 101-104.

Petzelt, D, Wischniewski, S, Deuse, J & Helsper, T 2008, 'Use of methods of the digital factory for potential analysis', STAHL UND EISEN, vol. 128, no. 4, pp. 101-104.

Pham, TD, Honghui Wang, Xiaobo Zhou, Dominik Beck, Brandl, M, Hoehn, G, Azok, J, Brennan, M-L, Hazen, SL, Li, K & Wong, STC 2008, 'Computational Prediction Models for Early Detection of Risk of Cardiovascular Events Using Mass Spectrometry Data', IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 636-643.
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Early prediction of the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with chest pain is critical in order to provide appropriate medical care for those with positive diagnosis. This paper introduces a computational methodology for predicting such events in the context of robust computerized classification using mass spectrometry data of blood samples collected from patients in emergency departments. We applied the computational theories of statistical and geostatistical linear prediction models to extract effective features of the mass spectra and a simple decision logic to classify disease and control samples for the purpose of early detection. While the statistical and geostatistical techniques provide better results than those obtained from some other methods, the geostatistical approach yields superior results in terms of sensitivity and specificity in various designs of the data set for validation, training, and testing. The proposed computational strategies are very promising for predicting major adverse cardiac events within six months. © 2008 IEEE.

Phat, VN & Ha, QP 2008, 'New characterization of controllability via stabilizability and Riccati equation for LTV systems', IMA JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL CONTROL AND INFORMATION, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 419-429.
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This paper presents a new characterization of controllability via stabilizability and Riccati equation for linear time-varying systems. An equivalence is given between the global null controllability, complete stabilizability and the existence of the sol

Pradhan, B 2008, 'Lee S (2008a) Utilization of optical remote sensing data and GIS tools for regional landslide hazard analysis by using an artificial neural network model at Selangor', Malaysia Earth Sci Front, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 143-152.

Pradhan, B, Lee, S, Mansor, S, Buchroithner, MF, Jallaluddin, N & Khujaimah, Z 2008, 'Utilization of optical remote sensing data and geographic information system tools for regional landslide hazard analysis by using binomial logistic regression model', J Appl Remote Sens, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-11.

Qin, L, Yu, JX, Ding, B & Ishikawa, Y 2008, 'Monitoring Aggregate k-NN Objects in Road Networks.', SSDBM, vol. 5069, no. 1, pp. 168-186.
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In recent years, there is an increasing need to monitor k nearest neighbor (k-NN) in a road network. There are existing solutions on either monitoring k-NN objects from a single query point over a road network, or computing the snapshot k-NN objects over a road network to minimize an aggregate distance function with respect to multiple query points. In this paper, we study a new problem that is to monitor k-NN objects over a road network from multiple query points to minimize an aggregate distance function with respect to the multiple query points. We call it a continuous aggregate k-NN (CANN) query. We propose a new approach that can significantly reduce the cost of computing network distances when monitoring aggregate k-NN objects on road networks. We conducted extensive experimental studies and confirmed the efficiency of our algorithms. © 2008 Springer-Verlag.

Qin, P-Y, Liang, C-H, Wu, B & Su, T 2008, 'Novel Dual-Mode Bandpass Filter with Transmission Zeros using Substrate Integrated Waveguide Cavity', Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, vol. 22, no. 5-6, pp. 723-730.
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Quick, GW & Sirivivatnanon, V 2008, 'Predicting iron staining of siderite-bearing microsyenites intended for dimension stone use', CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 257-263.
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Qumer, A & Henderson-Sellers, B 2008, 'A framework to support the evaluation, adoption and improvement of agile methods in practice', JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND SOFTWARE, vol. 81, no. 11, pp. 1899-1919.
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Agile methods are often seen as providing ways to avoid overheads typically perceived as being imposed by traditional software development environments. However, few organizations are psychologically or technically able to take on an agile approach rapidly and effectively. Here, we describe a number of approaches to assist in such a transition. The Agile Software Solution Framework (ASSF) provides an overall context for the exploration of agile methods, knowledge and governance and contains an Agile Toolkit for quantifying part of the agile process. These link to the business aspects of software development so that the business value and agile process are well aligned. Finally, we describe how these theories are applied in practice with two industry case studies using the Agile Adoption and Improvement Model (AAIM). © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Qumer, A & Henderson-Sellers, B 2008, 'An evaluation of the degree of agility in six agile methods and its applicability for method engineering', INFORMATION AND SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 280-295.
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While agile methods are in use in industry, little research has been undertaken into what is meant by agility and how a supposed agile method can be evaluated with regard to its veracity to belong to this category of software development methodological approaches. Here, an analytical framework, called 4-DAT, is developed and applied to six well-known agile methods and, for comparison, two traditional methods. The results indicate the degree of agility to be found in each method, from which a judgement can be made as to whether the appellation of 'agile' to that method is appropriate. This information is shown to be useful, for example, when constructing a methodology from method fragments (method engineering) and when comparing agile and traditional methods. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Rajapakse, JC, Yang Wang, Xuebin Zheng & Juan Zhou 2008, 'Probabilistic Framework for Brain Connectivity From Functional MR Images', IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 825-833.
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Ramírez de Molina, A, Gallego-Ortega, D, Sarmentero-Estrada, J, Lagares, D, Gómez del Pulgar, T, Bandrés, E, García-Foncillas, J & Lacal, JC 2008, 'Choline kinase as a link connecting phospholipid metabolism and cell cycle regulation: Implications in cancer therapy', The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, vol. 40, no. 9, pp. 1753-1763.
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Rankine, BR, Indraratna, B, Sivakugan, N, Wijeyakulasuriya, V & Rujikiatkamjorn, C 2008, 'Foundation behaviour below an embankment on soft soils', Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 161, no. 5, pp. 259-267.
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The Sunshine Motorway is one of the major traffic corridors that service the South East region of Queensland, Australia. Initial investigations for the construction of pavements in area 2, stage 2 of the motorway began in late 1990. Large areas of soft, highly compressible organic clays were found to exist over the length of the upgrade. Also, because the topography of the proposed alignment was mostly low lying, earthworks were required over a large portion of the route. Prior to any earthworks for the stage being undertaken, a trial embankment was constructed in the area to provide an understanding of the foundation behaviour and to also ensure the overall success of the project. The finite difference code FLAC was employed to investigate the performance of the full-scale trial embankment, and the underlying soft clay. Predictions of the excess pore pressure and both vertical and lateral displacements are made and compared with field observations.

Raut, AK & Indraratna, B 2008, 'Further Advancement in Filtration Criteria through Constriction-Based Techniques', Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 134, no. 6, pp. 883-887.
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Richards, L, Brown, C, Stone, MH, Fisher, J, Ingham, E & Tipper, JL 2008, 'Identification of nanometre-sized ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene wear particles in samples retrieved in vivo', The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume, vol. 90-B, no. 8, pp. 1106-1113.
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Nanometre-sized particles of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene have been identified in the lubricants retrieved from hip simulators. Tissue samples were taken from seven failed Charnley total hip replacements, digested using strong alkali and analysed using high-resolution field emission gun-scanning electron microscopy to determine whether nanometre-sized particles of polyethylene debris were generated in vivo. A randomised method of analysis was used to quantify and characterise all the polyethylene particles isolated. We isolated nanometre-sized particles from the retrieved tissue samples. The smallest identified was 30 nm and the majority were in the 0.1 μm to 0.99 μm size range. Particles in the 1.0 μm to 9.99 μm size range represented the highest proportion of the wear volume of the tissue samples, with 35% to 98% of the total wear volume comprised of particles of this size. The number of nanometre-sized particles isolated from the tissues accounted for only a small proportion of the total wear volume. Further work is required to assess the biological response to nanometre-sized polyethylene particles.

Ridoux, J & Veitch, D 2008, 'The cost of variability', 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Precision Clock Synchronization for Measurement, Control and Communication, pp. 29-36.
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Ritz, CH, Schiemer, G, Burnett, IS, Cheng, E, Lock, D, Narushima, T, Ingham, S & Wood Conroy, D 2008, 'An Anechoic Configurable Hemispheric Environment for Spatialised Sound', Proceedings of the Australasian Computer Music Conference 2008, pp. 65-68.

Rogner, H, Sharma, D & Irej Jalal, A 2008, 'Nuclear power versus fossil‐fuel power with CO₂ capture and storage: a comparative analysis', International Journal of Energy Sector Management, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 181-196.
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PurposeIn recognition of the urgency of the global need to reduce CO2 emissions from the electricity sector, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the cost‐effectiveness of nuclear power and fossil‐fuel‐based power with and without the provision of carbon capture and storage in select, yet environmentally‐significant, group of countries – China, India, Russia, Korea, Pakistan, Poland, Argentina, Bulgaria and Romania.Design/methodology/approachThe analyses are based on comparisons of electricity generation costs for nuclear and fossil‐fuel technologies. These costs, expressed in present value terms, are estimated on the basis of life‐cycle costs, employing detailed country‐specific technological and economic data and assumptions.FindingsThe analyses suggest that that the provision of carbon capture and storage is likely to result in a significant increase in the cost of electricity produced from fossil fuels (principally coal) in all countries represented in this paper. Such increase would completely erode the existing cost advantage enjoyed by fossil‐fuel power (in relation to nuclear power) in some countries (Argentina, Bulgaria, China, and India) and considerably enhance the existing cost‐advantage of nuclear power in other countries (Korea, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, and Russia).Originality/valueNotwithstanding these limitations, the findings of this paper contribute appreciably to the emerging knowledge on this topic and provide useful foresight into the likely challenges of developing internationally acceptable policy prescriptions for mitigation CO2 e...

Rudd, D, López-Mariscal, C, Summers, M, Shahvisi, A, Gutiérrez-Vega, JC & McGloin, D 2008, 'Fiber based optical trapping of aerosols', Optics Express, vol. 16, no. 19, pp. 14550-14550.
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Rujikiatkamjorn, C, Indraratna, B & Chu, J 2008, '2D and 3D Numerical Modeling of Combined Surcharge and Vacuum Preloading with Vertical Drains', International Journal of Geomechanics, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 144-156.
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Sabina, L, Kus, B, Shon, H-K & Kandasamy, J 2008, 'Membrane fouling propensity after adsorption as pretreatment in rainwater: a detailed organic characterisation', WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 58, no. 8, pp. 1535-1539.
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Organic characterisation in rainwater was investigated in terms of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and molecular weight distribution (MWD) after powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption. PAC adsorption was used as pretreatment to membrane filtration to

Saha, S, Sultana, T, Saha, G & Rahman, MM 2008, 'Effects of discrete isoflux heat source size and angle of inclination on natural convection heat transfer flow inside a sinusoidal corrugated enclosure', International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 1288-1296.
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Saidur, R, Masjuki, HH, Hasanuzzaman, M, Mahlia, TMI, Tan, CY, Ooi, JK & Yoon, PH 2008, 'Performance investigation of a solar powered thermoelectric refrigerator', International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 7-16.
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This paper describes the development stages and performance of a solar powered thermoelectric refrigerator. It is carried out by installing a conventional thermoelectric refrigerator in a stand alone photovoltaic system for household usage. This photovoltaic driven refrigerator is powered by a field of solar panels, a battery bank, a solar charge controller, and an inverter. In this project, the output power of the photovoltaic system and the capability of the battery bank are determined. A compact thermoelectric refrigerator of 22 watts is applied to be investigated in respect to cooling effect produced. To make the device portable, daytime use and nighttime use of the refrigerator are treated in different ways. The effect of door-opening upon the cooling temperature produced by the photovoltaic driven thermoelectric refrigerator is investigated too. In order to efficiently operate this solar powered refrigerator, the sizing of this stand-alone photovoltaic system and the optimum tilt angle of the photovoltaic array must firstly be determined to maximize the electricity generation for matching the load requirement.

Samad, A, Sultana, Y, Khar, RK, Aqil, M, Kalam, MA, Chuttani, K & Mishra, AK 2008, 'Radiolabeling and evaluation of alginate blend-isoniazid microspheres by^99mTc for the treatment of tuberculosis in rabbit model', Journal of Drug Targeting, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 509-515.
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Samali, B, Dowling, DM & Li, J 2008, 'Dynamic Testing and Analysis of Adobe-Mudbrick Structures', Australian Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 63-75.
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Traditional, unreinforced adobe-mudbrick houses are highly susceptible to damage and destruction during seismic events. Research at the University of Technology Sydney has included shake table testing of 10 scale model (1:2) u-shaped adobe wall units to assess the performance of different reinforcement systems and evaluate the response to out-of-plane seismic forces. This paper describes the qualitative and quantitative performance of one unreinforced and two reinforced adobe structures. Results confirm the importance of using appropriately time-scaled input spectra to ensure dynamic similitude and induce damaging near-resonance conditions. The testing and analysis revealed both internally and externally reinforced structures to be effective at impeding initial cracking, as well as delaying major structural damage and ultimate collapse. The system incorporating external vertical reinforcement performed significantly better and has the clear advantage of being simpler to construct, as well as being a viable option for the retrofit-strengthening of existing dwellings. © Institution of Engineers Australia, 2008.

Samaraweera, DN & Lu, DD-C 2008, 'Novel implementation of average current mode controlled power factor correction converters', Australian Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 83-90.
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This paper presents a novel current sensing implementation of average current mode control of power factor correction (PFC) converters. Instead of sensing the average inductor-current from the return path, a simple RC peak voltage detector circuit is used to derive the required average current signal from the main switch for the controller. This reconstructed signal attains close value to the true average current of the inductor to achieve high power factor. As a result, the power dissipation through the sensing device is reduced. It also improves the stability of converter modules, which are connected in parallel. Simulation results of a boost PFC converter are given to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach. © Institution of Engineers Australia, 2008.

Sathananthan, I, Indraratna, B & Rujikiatkamjorn, C 2008, 'Evaluation of Smear Zone Extent Surrounding Mandrel Driven Vertical Drains Using the Cavity Expansion Theory', International Journal of Geomechanics, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 355-365.
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Schirmer, SG, Oi, DKL & Devitt, SJ 2008, 'Physics-based mathematical models for quantum devices via experimental system identification', Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 107, pp. 012011-012011.
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Seong, K-W, Ball, JE & Lee, Y-H 2008, 'Application of a regionalized Clark IUH model with limited hydrologic data availability', HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, vol. 22, no. 18, pp. 3651-3660.
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To aid prediction of the flow hydrograph in a basin with limited data, a practical approach to determining a regionalized Clark instantaneous unit hydrograph (IUH) model is presented. The proposed model is described in terms of the synthetic time-area concentration curve, the concentration time, and a special regional similarity value that is valid in the whole basin. The latter was estimated from a Monte Carlo testing procedure based on the normal probability distribution of transformed regional similarity values composed of the time of concentration and the storage coefficient in gauged basins. The time-area concentration curve and the concentration time were calculated from a rational equation as in conventional methods. The method of transformation adopted was the Box-Cox power transformation, which is known to make non-normal values resemble normal data. By introducing the regional similarity value into a Clark IUH, a statistically best estimate of IUH for given data conditions and its quantified degree of uncertainty were realized. The Wi River basin in Korea was used to test the applicability of the regionalized Clark IUH. The performance of the suggested methodology was evaluated by assuming an ungauged sub-basin at the site. The results showed that the IUH model developed in this work was an effective tool, predicting a reliable hydrograph within the study area even though only limited data were available. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Sheard, J, Carbone, A, Lister, R, Simon, B, Thompson, E & Whalley, JL 2008, 'Going SOLO to assess novice programmers', ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 209-213.
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This paper explores the programming knowledge of novices using Biggs' SOLO taxonomy. It builds on previous work of Lister et al. (2006) and addresses some of the criticisms of that work. The research was conducted by studying the exam scripts for 120 introductory programming students, in which three specific questions were analyzed using the SOLO taxonomy. The study reports the following four findings: when the instruction to students used by Lister et al. - 'In plain English, explain what the following segment of Java code does' - is replaced with a less ambiguous instruction, many students still provide multistructural responses; students are relatively consistent in the SOLO level of their answers; student responses on SOLO reading tasks correlate positively with performance on writing tasks; postgraduates students manifest a higher level of thinking than undergraduates.

Sheng, D, Fredlund, DG & Gens, A 2008, 'A new modelling approach for unsaturated soils using independent stress variables', Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 511-534.
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Although a number of constitutive models for unsaturated soils exist in the literature, some fundamental questions have not been fully answered. There are questions related to (i) the change of the yield stress with soil suction, (ii) modelling slurry soils, and (iii) the smooth transition between saturated and unsaturated soil states. This paper addresses these questions by proposing an alternative modelling approach. The paper first presents a volumetric model for unsaturated soils. This volumetric model is then used to derive the yield surface in the suction – mean stress space. Hysteresis associated with soil-water characteristic curves is then formulated in the same framework of elastoplasticity. It is shown that volume collapse during wetting and plastic shrinkage during initial drying are both direct results of a suction-dependent hardening law. The proposed model seems to be more flexible in modelling different types of unsaturated soils than most models in the literature. The model can be applied to soils that are dried or loaded from initially slurry conditions, for soils that have low to high air-entry values, and for compacted soils as well.

Sheng, D, Fredlund, DG & Gens, A 2008, 'Reply to the discussion by Zhang and Lytton on “A new modelling approach for unsaturated soils using independent stress variables”Appears in Canadian Geotechnical Journal,45(12): 1784–1787.', Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol. 45, no. 12, pp. 1788-1794.
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Sheng, D, Gens, A, Fredlund, DG & Sloan, SW 2008, 'Unsaturated soils: From constitutive modelling to numerical algorithms', Computers and Geotechnics, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 810-824.
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Sheng, D, Pedroso, DM & Abbo, AJ 2008, 'Non-convexity and stress-path dependency of unsaturated soil models', Computational Mechanics, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 695-695.
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Sheng, D, Pedroso, DM & Abbo, AJ 2008, 'Non-convexity and stress-path dependency of unsaturated soil models', Computational Mechanics, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 685-694.
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Sheng, D, Yamamoto, H & Wriggers, P 2008, 'Finite Element Analysis of Enlarged End Piles Using Frictional Contact', Soils and Foundations, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 1-14.
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Sheng, D, Yao, Y & Carter, JP 2008, 'A volume–stress model for sands under isotropic and critical stress states', Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol. 45, no. 11, pp. 1639-1645.
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A simple volume–stress model for granular soils under isotropic and critical stress states is presented. The model is formulated in the double logarithmic space of void ratio versus mean stress. It has the same number of parameters as used in the Cam Clay models to describe isotropic compression, with one additional parameter to define the critical state curve. The model can qualitatively describe a number of unique features of sand behaviour. Comparison with experimental data indicates that the model is able to predict well the volume change of a range of different sands subjected to isotropic and triaxial compression.

Sheng-Fu Liang, Shih-Mao Lu, Jyh-Yeong Chang & Chin-Teng Lin 2008, 'A Novel Two-Stage Impulse Noise Removal Technique Based on Neural Networks and Fuzzy Decision', IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 863-873.
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Shon, HK, Phuntsho, S & Vigneswaran, S 2008, 'Effect of photocatalysis on the membrane hybrid system for wastewater treatment', DESALINATION, vol. 225, no. 1-3, pp. 235-248.
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Shon, HK, Vigneswaran, S & Cho, J 2008, 'Comparison of physico-chemical pretreatment methods to seawater reverse osmosis: Detailed analyses of molecular weight distribution of organic matter in initial stage', JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE, vol. 320, no. 1-2, pp. 151-158.
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In desalination, effective pretreatment is the key to reduce membrane fouling that occurs during the seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) process. However, it is difficult to compare the flux decline after different pretreatments using a small-scale reverse osmosis filtration unit. In this study, we successfully evaluated the effect of pretreatment on SWRO in terms of molecular weight distribution (MWD) of seawater organic matter (SWOM) after 20 h of SWRO operation. Microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), ferric chloride (FeCl3) flocculation and powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption, were used as pretreatment. The effluents and the retentates after each pretreatment and 20 h of SWRO operation were characterized in terms of MWD. Although the normalized flux of SWRO showed similar flux decline (J/J0 = 0.17) with/without pretreatment, SWOM concentration in the retentates after different pretreatments was different in quantity and it increased linearly with time. The slope of the SWOM increase was 0.110, 0.096, 0.077 and 0.059 after MF, FeCl3 flocculation, UF and PAC adsorption pretreatments, respectively. MW peaks for the seawater used in this study consisted of 1200 Da (biopolymers), 950 Da (fulvic acids), 650 Da (hydrolysates of humic substances), 250 Da (low MW acids) and 90 Da (low MW neutrals and amphiphilics). FeCl3 flocculation preferentially removed 1200 Da (biopolymers), while PAC adsorption mostly removed 950 Da (fulvic acids). UF and NF removed only a marginal amount of relatively large organics, while RO removed the majority of organics. The intensity of 1200, 950, 650 and 250 Da MW in the RO retentates increased with the RO operation time. The organics of MW around 1200 Da (biopolymers) had a relatively low rate of increase with time compared with those of lower MW. This suggests that the SWOM of 1200 Da MW was preferentially retained on the membrane surface. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Shon, HK, Vigneswaran, S, Kandasamy, J & Shim, WG 2008, 'Ultraflitration of wastewater with pretreatment: evaluation of flux decline models', DESALINATION, vol. 231, no. 1-3, pp. 332-339.
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Three different mathematical models relating the flux decline were investigated to quantify the effects of pretreatment in a membrane filtration system. The models used are empirical flux decline model, series resistance flux decline model and modified series resistance flux decline model. A cross flow ultrafiltration unit was used to study flux decline and organic removal from synthetic wastewater. Flocculation and adsorption pretreatments were carried out with ferric chloride (FeCl3) and activated carbon of different doses. The three models could predict flux decline after different pretreatments and could be used as a pretreatment index to ultrafiltration.

Shui Yu, Wanlei Zhou & Doss, R 2008, 'Information theory based detection against network behavior mimicking DDoS attacks', IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 318-321.
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Silverman, BG, Bharathy, G, Nye, B & Smith, T 2008, 'Modeling factions for 'effects based operations', part II: behavioral game theory.', Comput. Math. Organ. Theory, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 120-155.
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Silverman, BG, Normoyle, A, Kannan, P, Pater, R, Chandrasekaran, D & Bharathy, G 2008, 'An embeddable testbed for insurgent and terrorist agent theories: InsurgiSim.', Intell. Decis. Technol., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 193-203.
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Many simulators today contain traditional opponents and lack an asymmetric insurgent style adversary. InsurgiSim prototypes an embeddable testbed containing a threat network of agents that one can easily configure and deploy for training and analysis purposes. The insurgent network was constructed inside a socio-cognitive agent framework (FactionSim-PMFserv) that includes: (a) a synthesis of best-of-breed models of personality, culture, values, emotions, stress, social relations, mobilization, as well as (b) an IDE for authoring and managing reusable archetypes and their task-sets (Section 2). Agents and markups in this library are not scripted, and act to follow their values and fulfill their needs. So it’s desirable to profile the agents (eg, faction leaders, cell logisticians, followers, bomb maker, financier, recruiter, etc.) as faithfully to the real world as possible. Doing this will improve the utility of InsurgiSim for studying what may be driving the insurgent agents in a given area of operation as Section 3 explains. InsurgiSim’s bridge is an HLA federate and can be embedded to drive all or some of the insurgent agents in a 3rd party simulator. Three such examples are summarized in Section 4. The paper closes with next steps to improve InsurgiSim’s capabilities and utility. © 2007 - IOS Press and the authors.

Smallwood, AG, Thomas, PS & Ray, AS 2008, 'Characterisation of the dehydration of Australian sedimentary and volcanic precious opal by thermal methods', JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY, vol. 92, no. 1, pp. 91-95.
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Smallwood, AG, Thomas, PS & Ray, AS 2008, 'Comparative analysis of sedimentary and volcanic precious opals from Australia', Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 17-22.
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Precious opal is Australia's national gemstone, with Australian opal fields providing 90% of world production. The sedimentary geological environment, associated with Cretaceous sediments of the Great Artesian Basin, is the source of most precious opals in Australia. The deposit of precious opal at Tintenbar in northern New South Wales is the only known commercial occurrence of precious opal in volcanic environment in Australia. Differences in silica structure of opal previously classified by x-ray diffraction (XRD) in the 1960's by Jones and Segnit identified three types of opal structure - amorphous opal-A, opal-CT with a poorly crystalline intergrowth cristobalite and tridymite and opal-C showing the cristobalite structure. Recent papers have suggested that all precious opal from a sedimentary environment is Opal-A, and all precious opal from the volcanic environment is opal-CT. This paper examines the differences between sedimentary precious opals from Coober Pedy, South Australia, and volcanic precious opal from Tintenbar, NSW using XRD, scanning electron microscopy and thermal analysis.

Sofi, M, Mendis, PA, Lie, S & Baweja, D 2008, 'Early age concrete thermal and creep effects: Relevance to anchorage zones of post-tensioned members', Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 8, pp. 90-96.
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Highly concentrated stresses are imposed on maturing concrete slab local anchorage zones when post-tensioning (PT) load is applied. The prime nonlinear phenomena of the concrete while hydrating are the evolution of stiffness, the thermal strains, the visco-elastic nature of the concrete and cracking. Thermal and visco-elastic effects are more pronounced in early ages due to a higher rate of hydration reaction and the different phases present. The stresses associated with these effects may cause minor cracks in concrete, even prior to the application of the PT load. Finite Element simulation of early-age concrete behaviour is presented representing about four days of concrete curing in a plywood box. The thermal evolution is validated using experimental data obtained for the same mix. Results demonstrate that hydration reaction and visco-elastic effects can produce tensile stresses at critical times when the PT load is being applied. These stresses can have significant effects to the 'spalling' stresses when a concentrated load is applied to the concrete section.

Sola, J, Monin, A, Devy, M & Vidal-Calleja, T 2008, 'Fusing Monocular Information in Multicamera SLAM', IEEE Transactions on Robotics, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 958-968.
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This paper explores the possibilities of using monocular simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) algorithms in systems with more than one camera. The idea is to combine in a single system the advantages of both monocular vision (bearings-only, infinite range observations but no 3-D instantaneous information) and stereovision (3-D information up to a limited range). Such a system should be able to instantaneously map nearby objects while still considering the bearing information provided by the observation of remote ones. We do this by considering each camera as an independent sensor rather than the entire set as a monolithic supersensor. The visual data are treated by monocular methods and fused by the SLAM filter. Several advantages naturally arise as interesting possibilities, such as the desynchronization of the firing of the sensors, the use of several unequal cameras, self-calibration, and cooperative SLAM with several independently moving cameras. We validate the approach with two different applications: a stereovision SLAM system with automatic self-calibration of the rig's main extrinsic parameters and a cooperative SLAM system with two independent free-moving cameras in an outdoor setting. © 2008 IEEE.

Song, SJ, Kim, KS, Kim, KH, Li, HJ, Cho, DL, Kim, JB, Park, HJ, Shon, H & Kim, JH 2008, 'Fabrication of TiO2 impregnated stainless steel fiber photocatalyts and evaluation of photocatalytic activity', Journal of the Korean Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 674-679.
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TiO2 impregnated stainless steel fiber photocatalysts (TiO 2/SSF) were fabricated to overcome inherent problems of powdery TiO2 photocatalysts in water treatment. Adhesion strength of the impregnated TiO2 was examined using an ultrasonic-cleaner. Photocatalytic activity was evaluated through decomposition experiment of methylene blue and formic acid. Bactericidal efficiency was evaluated through sterilization experiment of E. Coli and Vibrio Vulnificus. Adhesion strength of the impregnated TiO2 was so high that more than 95% was left over even after the treatment in an ultrasonic-cleaner for 30 min. Methylene blue and formic acid were decomposed as much as 60% and 38% of the initial concentration and more than 99.9% of E. Coli and Vibrio Vulnificus were killed after 1 hour exposure to the prepared photocatalyst under UV irradiation. In the case of decomposition of formic acid, decomposition ratio increased if oxidants were added. Especially the decomposition ratio increased as high as 80% when hydrogen peroxide was added as an oxidant.

Stanton, C & Ronsmans, C 2008, 'Recommendations for Routine Reporting on Indications for Cesarean Delivery in Developing Countries', Birth, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 204-211.
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ABSTRACT:  Background: Cesarean delivery rates are increasing rapidly in many developing countries, particularly among wealthy women. Poor women have lower rates, often so low that they do not reach the minimum rate of 1 percent. Little data are available on clinical indications for cesarean section, information that could assist in understanding why cesarean delivery rates have changed. This paper presents recommendations for routine reporting on indications for cesarean delivery in developing countries. These recommendations resulted from an international consultation of researchers held in February 2006 to promote the collection of comparable data to understand change in, or composition of, the cesarean delivery rate in developing countries. Methods: Data are presented from selected countries, categorizing cesareans by three classification systems. Results: A single classification system was recommended for use in both high and low cesarean delivery rate settings, given that underuse and overuse of cesarean section are evident within many populations. The group recommended a hierarchical categorization, prioritizing cesareans performed for absolute maternal indications. Categorization among the remaining nonabsolute indications is based on the primary indication for the procedure and include maternal and fetal indications and psychosocial indications, required for high cesarean delivery rate settings. Conclusions: Data on indications for cesarean sections are available everywhere the procedure is performed. All that is required is compilation and review at facility and at higher levels. Advocacy within ministries of health and medical professional organizations...

Stephens, AM, Evans, ZWE, Devitt, SJ & Hollenberg, LCL 2008, 'Asymmetric quantum error correction via code conversion', Physical Review A, vol. 77, no. 6.
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Stephens, AM, Evans, ZWE, Devitt, SJ, Greentree, AD, Fowler, AG, Munro, WJ, O’Brien, JL, Nemoto, K & Hollenberg, LCL 2008, 'Deterministic optical quantum computer using photonic modules', Physical Review A, vol. 78, no. 3.
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Stewart, GM, Nguyen, HB, Kim, TY, Jauregui, J, Hayes, SR & Corbett, S 2008, 'Inter-Rater Reliability for Noninvasive Measurement of Cardiac Function in Children', Pediatric Emergency Care, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 433-437.
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Introduction: A transcutaneous ultrasound monitor has recently been developed which noninvasively and quickly measures cardiac output. Validity and reliability testing has been reported in adults. No reliability testing has been undertaken in the pediatric population. Objective: Our objective was to evaluate the inter-rater reliability of a transcutaneous Doppler ultrasound technique to measure cardiac index (CI) and stroke volume index (SVI) in pediatric emergency department patients. Methods: An 8-month prospective observational study was conducted on a convenience sample of emergency department patients younger than 18 years old. Five raters were trained to use an ultrasound cardiac output monitoring device. Two raters, blinded to each other's results, obtained independent measurements from the same patient within 15 minutes of each other. Inter-rater agreement was measured with the Pearson product correlation coefficient. Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated the extent of deviation from a line of agreement between raters. Results: Ninety-seven patients were enrolled. Major diagnostic categories included infection, trauma, and gastrointestinal disorders. There was significant inter-rater correlation for CI (r = 0.76; 95% confidence interval, 0.66-0.83; P < 0.0001) and SVI (r = 0.79; 95% confidence interval, 0.70-0.86; P < 0.0001). Bland-Altman analysis of CI measurements between 2 raters showed bias of 0.06, SD of bias 1.00, and 95% limits of agreement -1.91 to 2.02 L/min/m. Stroke volume index showed bias of -0.5, SD of bias 11.01, and 95% limits of agreement -22.08 to 21.08 mL/m. Conclusions: Transcutaneous Doppler ultrasound technique demonstrates acceptable inter-rater agreement for measuring CI and SVI in children. Copyright © 2008 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Stewart, MG 2008, 'Cost Effectiveness of Risk Mitigation Strategies for Protection of Buildings against Terrorist Attack', Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 115-120.
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The technical note considers the cost effectiveness of risk mitigation measures for protection of buildings to terrorist threats. Protective measures might include vehicle barriers, perimeter walls, blast resistant glazing, strengthened perimeter columns, etc. Indicative values of attack probability and characteristics of commercial buildings in the United States are described. The cost effectiveness of protective measures are calculated from a preliminary economic decision analysis that includes cost of the protective measures, attack probability, reduction in risk due to protective measures, and failure consequences. Economic risks due to terrorism are compared with risks from hurricane and seismic hazards. © 2008 ASCE.

Stewart, MG 2008, 'Risk acceptability and cost-effectiveness of protective measures against terrorist threats to built infrastructure considering multiple threat scenarios', Transactions of Tianjin University, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 313-317.
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Decisions are often needed about the need and/or extent of protective measures against explosive blast loads on built infrastructure. A decision support analysis considers fatality risks and cost-effectiveness of protective measures expressed in terms of expected cost spent on risk reduction per life saved for terrorist threats to infrastructure. The analysis is applicable to any item of infrastructure, but in this paper is applied to casualties arising from building facade glazing damage. Risks may be compared with risk acceptance criteria in the form of quantitative safety goals. The risk acceptability and cost-effectiveness of protective measures includes cost of the protective measures, attack probability, reduction in risk due to protective measures, probability of fatality conditional on successful terrorist attack and number of exposed individuals.

Stewart, MG & Al-Harthy, A 2008, 'Pitting corrosion and structural reliability of corroding RC structures: Experimental data and probabilistic analysis', Reliability Engineering & System Safety, vol. 93, no. 3, pp. 373-382.
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A stochastic analysis is developed to assess the temporal and spatial variability of pitting corrosion on the reliability of corroding reinforced concrete (RC) structures. The structure considered herein is a singly reinforced RC beam with Y16 or Y27 reinforcing bars. Experimental data obtained from corrosion tests are used to characterise the probability distribution of pit depth. The RC beam is discretised into a series of small elements and maximum pit depths are generated for each reinforcing steel bar in each element. The loss of cross-sectional area, reduction in yield strength and reduction in flexural resistance are then inferred. The analysis considers various member spans, loading ratios, bar diameters and numbers of bars in a given cross-section, and moment diagrams. It was found that the maximum corrosion loss in a reinforcing bar conditional on beam collapse was no more than 16%. The probabilities of failure considering spatial variability of pitting corrosion were up to 200% higher than probabilities of failure obtained from a non-spatial analysis after 50 years of corrosion. This shows the importance of considering spatial variability in a structural reliability analysis for deteriorating structures, particularly for corroding RC beams in flexure. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Stewart, MG & Mueller, J 2008, 'A risk and cost-benefit assessment of United States aviation security measures', Journal of Transportation Security, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 143-159.
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Stewart, MG & Netherton, MD 2008, 'Security risks and probabilistic risk assessment of glazing subject to explosive blast loading', Reliability Engineering & System Safety, vol. 93, no. 4, pp. 627-638.
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A probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) procedure is developed which can predict risks of explosive blast damage to built infrastructure. The present paper focuses on window glazing since this is a load-capacity system which, when subject to blast loading, has caused significant damage and injury to building occupants. Structural reliability techniques are used to derive fragility and blast reliability curves (BRCs) for annealed and toughened glazing subjected to explosive blast, for a variety of threat scenarios. The probabilistic analyses include the uncertainties associated with blast modelling, glazing response and glazing failure criteria. Damage risks are calculated for an individual window and for windows in the facade of a multi-storey commercial building. If threat probabilities can be estimated then the paper shows illustrative examples of how this information, when combined with risk-based decision-making criteria, can be used to optimise risk mitigation strategies. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Stewart, MG & O'Rourke, A 2008, 'Probabilistic risk assessment of mine subsidence', Australian Geomechanics Journal, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 1-12.
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Instability of coal pillars within disused underground mines is an important cause of mine subsidence affecting surface developments. Uncertainty and variability of materials, dimensions and loads affects our ability to assess the stability of these coal pillars. Traditionally, these parameters have been quantified using a deterministic approach. Variables affecting coal pillar stability were probabilistically analysed to determine the factor of safety and probability of failure. Two case studies in the Newcastle region were undertaken in order to simulate real situations. There are two types of uncertainty that need to be modelled: aleatory and epistemic. Aleatory uncertainty is 'random' uncertainty or natural variability. Epistemic uncertainty is uncertainty due to the lack of information. The probabilistic risk assessment method used in the case studies provided an assessment of aleatory and epistemic uncertainties. In the assessment of the stability of pillars in old abandoned workings, both types of uncertainty are encountered. Hence, the UNSW Pillar Design Method under-estimates the probability of failure as it ignores epistemic uncertainties of old pillars in abandoned mines. It was also found that there is no direct relationship between factor of safety and probability of failure. It was revealed that the level of uncertainty can have a significant impact on the probability of failure of a section of workings. The results of this study may lead to a requirement that developers use probabilistic methods to verify that proposed developments are subject to an acceptably low risk of subsidence damage.

Styrkarsdottir, U, Halldorsson, BV, Gretarsdottir, S, Gudbjartsson, DF, Walters, GB, Ingvarsson, T, Jonsdottir, T, Saemundsdottir, J, Center, JR, Nguyen, TV, Bagger, Y, Gulcher, JR, Eisman, JA, Christiansen, C, Sigurdsson, G, Kong, A, Thorsteinsdottir, U & Stefansson, K 2008, 'Multiple Genetic Loci for Bone Mineral Density and Fractures', New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 358, no. 22, pp. 2355-2365.
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Background: Bone mineral density influences the risk of osteoporosis later in life and is useful in the evaluation of the risk of fracture. We aimed to identify sequence variants associated with bone mineral density and fracture. Methods: We performed a quantitative trait analysis of data from 5861 Icelandic subjects (the discovery set), testing for an association between 301,019 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and bone mineral density of the hip and lumbar spine. We then tested for an association between 74 SNPs (most of which were implicated in the discovery set) at 32 loci in replication sets of Icelandic, Danish, and Australian subjects (4165, 2269, and 1491 subjects, respectively). Results: Sequence variants in five genomic regions were significantly associated with bone mineral density in the discovery set and were confirmed in the replication sets (combined P values, 1.2x10-7 to 2.0x10-21). Three regions are close to or within genes previously shown to be important to the biologic characteristics of bone: the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand gene (RANKL) (chromosomal location, 13q14), the osteoprotegerin gene (OPG) (8q24), and the estrogen receptor 1 gene (ESR1) (6q25). The two other regions are close to the zinc finger and BTB domain containing 40 gene (ZBTB40) (1p36) and the major histocompatibility complex region (6p21). The 1p36, 8q24, and 6p21 loci were also associated with osteoporotic fractures, as were loci at 18q21, close to the receptor activator of the nuclear factor-κB gene (RANK), and loci at 2p16 and 11p11. Conclusions: We have discovered common sequence variants that are consistently associated with bone mineral density and with low-trauma fractures in three populations of European descent. Although these variants alone are not clinically useful in the prediction of risk to the individual person, they provide insight into the biochemical pathways underlying osteoporosis. Copyright © 2008 Massachusetts Medical Society.

Su, Y, Wu, C & Griffith, M 2008, 'Mitigation of blast effects on aluminum foam protected masonry walls', Transactions of Tianjin University, vol. 14, no. S1, pp. 558-562.
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Terrorist attacks using improvised explosive devices (IED) can result in unreinforced masonry (URM) wall collapse. Protecting URM wall from IED attack is very complicated. An effective solution to mitigate blast effects on URM wall is to retrofit URM walls with metallic foam sheets to absorb blast energy. However, mitigation of blast effects on metallic foam protected URM walls is currently in their infancy in the world. In this paper, numerical models are used to simulate the performance of aluminum foam protected URM walls subjected to blast loads. A distinctive model, in which mortar and brick units of masonry are discritized individually, is used to model the performance of masonry and the contact between the masonry and steel face-sheet of aluminum foam is modelled using the interface element model. The aluminum foam is modelled by a nonlinear elastoplastic material model. The material models for masonry, aluminum foam and interface are then coded into a finite element program LS-DYNA3D to perform the numerical calculations of response and damage of aluminum foam protected URM walls under airblast loads. Discussion is made on the effectiveness of the aluminum foam protected system for URM wall against blast loads.

Summers, MD, Burnham, DR & McGloin, D 2008, 'Trapping solid aerosols with optical tweezers: A comparison between gas and liquid phase optical traps', Optics Express, vol. 16, no. 11, pp. 7739-7739.
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Sun, D, Sheng, D, Xiang, L & Sloan, SW 2008, 'Elastoplastic prediction of hydro-mechanical behaviour of unsaturated soils under undrained conditions', Computers and Geotechnics, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 845-852.
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Sun, Q-F, Dai, M-Y, Chen, W, Ding, J-G, Ni, W & Xu, D-Z 2008, '[The relationship between T cell subsets and secondary bacterial infection and prognosis of patients with chronic severe hepatitis B].', Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 146-147.

Thiruvenkatachari, R, Vigneswaran, S & Moon, IS 2008, 'A review on UV/TiO2 photocatalytic oxidation process (Journal Review)', Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 64-72.
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Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) with UV irradiation and photocatalyst titanium dioxide (TiO2) are gaining growing acceptance as an effective wastewater treatment method. A comprehensive review of the UV-TiO 2 photocatalytic oxidation process was conducted with an insight into the mechanism involved, catalyst TiO2, irradiation sources, types of reactors, comparison between effective modes of TiO2 application as immobilized on surface or as suspension, and photocatalytic hybrid membrane system. Photocatalytic degradation technique with titanium dioxide is generally applied for treating wastewater containing organic contaminants due to its ability to achieve complete mineralization of the organic contaminants under mild conditions such as ambient temperature and ambient pressure. Recently, photocatalysis studies using TiO2 have been gaining attention for the degradation of persistent organic pollutants and other organic chemicals which are known to be endocrine disruptors. Treatment of wastewater in a titanium dioxide-suspended slurry reactor has been widely utilized due to its simplicity and enhanced degradation efficiency. However, this system requires separation of TiO2 from water after the photocatalytic process. The final section of the manuscript focuses on the removal of TiO2 using a membrane hybrid system. A two-stage coagulation and sedimentation process coupled with microfiltration hollow-fibre membrane process was found to achieve complete removal of TiO2, and the recovered TiO2 can be reused for a photocatalytic process after regeneration. © 2008 Springer.

Thiruvenkatachari, R, Vigneswaran, S & Naidu, R 2008, 'Permeable reactive barrier for groundwater remediation', Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 145-156.
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This article aims to provide an overview of the upcoming technology of permeable reactive barriers for groundwater remediation. A comprehensive list of references and web-links are also provided for further in-depth understanding. A brief discussion on the Australian perspective on this emerging technology is also included. © 2008.

Thomas, PS, Smallwood, AS, Ray, AS, Briscoe, BJ & Parsonage, D 2008, 'Nanoindentation hardness of banded Australian sedimentary opal', JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 41, no. 7, pp. 1-6.
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Nanoindentation hardness data in continuous stiffness mode are reported for banded potch and play of colour opals sourced from Lightning Ridge in New South Wales and Andamooka in South Australia. Despite the significant visible heterogeneities observed and the significant differences in origin and microstructures, as observed by SEM, and subtle differences in the elemental distributions between bands within specimens, little difference was observed in the mechanical properties. Specimens were found to be mechanically homogeneous and values of the hardness and moduli were found to be similar between samples. The creep behaviour of the specimens was also observed to be similar. It was concluded that the similarities in mechanical properties were due to the similarities in the silica morphology of the specimens, formed in similar geological environments, as differences in microstructure and trace element distribution were found not to significantly influence the observed bulk mechanical properties

Thomas-Kerr, J, Burnett, I & Ritz, C 2008, 'Format-Independent Rich Media Delivery Using the Bitstream Binding Language', IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 514-522.
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Tian, H, Yu, Z, Han, L & Liu, Y 2008, 'Birefringence and Confinement Loss Properties in Photonic Crystal Fibers Under Lateral Stress', IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 20, no. 22, pp. 1830-1832.
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Tijing, LD, Pak, BC, Lee, DH & Cho, YI 2008, 'Heat-Treated Titanium Balls for the Mitigation of Mineral Fouling in Heat Exchangers', Experimental Heat Transfer, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 115-132.
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Tomamichel, M, Colbeck, R & Renner, R 2008, 'A Fully Quantum Asymptotic Equipartition Property', IEEE Trans. on Inf. Theory 55 (2009) p. 5840-5847, vol. 55, no. 12, pp. 5840-5847.
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The classical asymptotic equipartition property is the statement that, in thelimit of a large number of identical repetitions of a random experiment, theoutput sequence is virtually certain to come from the typical set, each memberof which is almost equally likely. In this paper, we prove a fully quantumgeneralization of this property, where both the output of the experiment andside information are quantum. We give an explicit bound on the convergence,which is independent of the dimensionality of the side information. Thisnaturally leads to a family of Renyi-like quantum conditional entropies, forwhich the von Neumann entropy emerges as a special case.

Tran, BNH, Nguyen, ND, Eisman, JA & Nguyen, TV 2008, 'Association between LRP5 polymorphism and bone mineral density: a Bayesian meta-analysis', BMC Medical Genetics, vol. 9, no. 1.
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Abstract Background The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 gene (LRP5) was identified to be linked to the variation in BMD in high bone mass pedigrees. Subsequent population-based studies of the association between the LRP5 gene and BMD have yielded conflicting results. The present study was aimed at examining the association between LRP5 gene and BMD by using meta-analysis. Methods A systematic electronic search of literature was conducted to identify all published studies in English on the association between LRP5 gene and osteoporosis-related phenotypes, including bone mineral density and fracture. BMD data were summarized from individual studies by LRP5 genotype, and a synthesis of data was performed with random-effects meta-analyses. After excluding studies on animal and review papers, there were 19 studies for the synthesis. Among these studies, 10 studies used the rs3736228 (A1330V) polymorphism and reported BMD values. Results The 10 eligible studies comprised 16,705 individuals, with the majority being women (n = 8444), aged between 18 – 81 years. The overall distribution of genotype frequencies was: AA, 68%, AV and VV, 32%. However, the genotype frequency varied significantly within as well as between ethnic populations. On random-effects meta-analysis, lumbar spine BMD among individuals with the AA genotype was on average 0.018 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.012 to 0.023) g/cm2 higher than those with either AV or VV genotype. Similarly, femoral neck BMD among carriers of the AA genotype was 0.011 (95%CI: 0.004 to 0.017) g/cm2 higher than those without the genotype. Whi...

Tran, NN, Tuan, HD & Nguyen, HH 2008, 'Training Signal and Precoder Designs for OFDM Under Colored Noise', IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 3911-3917.
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Based on convex programming, this paper presents a new training signal design for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) under colored Gaussian noise. An effective method for OFDM symbol detection with the use of precoding is also described. B

Trinh, H, Teh, PS & Ha, QP 2008, 'A common disturbance decoupled observer for linear systems with unknown inputs', International Journal of Automation and Control, vol. 2, no. 2/3, pp. 286-286.
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This paper presents a solution to the problem of designing a common linear functional observer that can observe a partial set of the state vector of two linear systems with unknown inputs. A new structure of a decoupled linear functional observer is proposed for systems subject unknown disturbances, using only the available output information. Existence conditions as well as a design procedure are given for constructing the proposed observer. A numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the new observer structure.

Tsai, Y, Chung, I, Simpson, JC, Lee, M, Hsiung, C, Chiu, T, Kao, L, Chiu, T, Lin, C, Lin, W, Liang, S & Lin, C 2008, 'Automated recognition system to classify subcellular protein localizations in images of different cell lines acquired by different imaging systems', Microscopy Research and Technique, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 305-314.
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AbstractSystemic analysis of subcellular protein localization (location proteomics) provides clues for understanding gene functions and physiological condition of the cells. However, recognition of cell images of subcellular structures highly depends on experience and becomes the rate‐limiting step when classifying subcellular protein localization. Several research groups have extracted specific numerical features for the recognition of subcellular protein localization, but these recognition systems are restricted to images of single particular cell line acquired by one specific imaging system and not applied to recognize a range of cell image sources. In this study, we establish a single system for automated subcellular structure recognition to identify cell images from various sources. Two different sources of cell images, 317 Vero (http://gfp‐cdna.embl.de) and 875 CHO cell images of subcellular structures, were used to train and test the system. When the system was trained by a single source of images, the recognition rate is high and specific to the trained source. The system trained by the CHO cell images gave high average recognition accuracy for CHO cells of 96%, but this was reduced to 46% with Vero images. When we trained the system using a mixture of CHO and Vero cell images, an average accuracy of recognition reached 86.6% for both CHO and Vero cell images. The system can reject images with low confidence and identify the cell images correctly recognized to avoid manual reconfirmation. In summary, we have established a single system that can recognize subcellular protein localizations from two different sources for location‐proteomic studies. studies. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

Tsai, Y-S, Lin, C-T, Tseng, GC, Chung, I-F & Pal, NR 2008, 'Discovery of dominant and dormant genes from expression data using a novel generalization of SNR for multi-class problems', BMC Bioinformatics, vol. 9, no. 1.
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AbstractBackgroundThe Signal-to-Noise-Ratio (SNR) is often used for identification of biomarkers for two-class problems and no formal and useful generalization of SNR is available for multiclass problems. We propose innovative generalizations of SNR for multiclass cancer discrimination through introduction of two indices, Gene Dominant Index and Gene Dormant Index (GDIs). These two indices lead to the concepts of dominant and dormant genes with biological significance. We use these indices to develop methodologies for discovery of dominant and dormant biomarkers with interesting biological significance. The dominancy and dormancy of the identified biomarkers and their excellent discriminating power are also demonstrated pictorially using the scatterplot of individual gene and 2-D Sammon's projection of the selected set of genes. Using information from the literature we have shown that the GDI based method can identify dominant and dormant genes that play significant roles in cancer biology. These biomarkers are also used to design diagnostic prediction systems.Results and discussionTo evaluate the effectiveness of the GDIs, we have used four multiclass cancer data sets (Small Round Blue Cell Tumors, Leukemia, Central Nervous System Tumors, and Lung Cancer). For each data set we demonstrate that the new indices can find biologically meaningful genes that can act as biomarkers. We then use six machine learning tools, Nearest Neighbor Classifier (NNC), Nearest Mean Classifier (NMC), Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier with linear kernel, and SVM classifier with Gaussian kernel, where both SVMs are used in conjunction with one-vs-all (OVA) and one-vs-one (OVO) strategies. We found GDIs to be very effective in identifying biomarkers with strong class specific signatures. With all six tools and for all data sets we could achie...

Turner, BD, Binning, PJ & Sloan, SW 2008, 'A calcite permeable reactive barrier for the remediation of Fluoride from spent potliner (SPL) contaminated groundwater', Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, vol. 95, no. 3-4, pp. 110-120.
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van den Hoven, E & Eggen, B 2008, 'Informing augmented memory system design through autobiographical memory theory', PERSONAL AND UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 433-443.
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Autobiographical memory (AM) is the "memory for the events in one's life" [1]. Often it is assumed that in order to remember all those events, you just need to record everything and when you replay these recordings you will remember those events. You can compare this with a library metaphor that has been used to explain AM according to the record-keeping approach. However, after many years of AM-research it was concluded that AM is stored in a different manner, namely according to the constructionist approach, which often is initiated by memory cues. This paper explains these AM theories, surveys literature on existing augmented memory systems and describes our own work in this area. All this input is combined into eight design recommendations for future augmented memory systems.

VanLandingham, M, Nguyen, TV, Abdul-Rahman, OA, Parent, A & Zhang, J 2008, 'Phenotypical manifestations of partial trisomy 9 and monosomy 4 in two siblings', Neurological Sciences, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 467-470.
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In this case report, we describe two siblings with a previously unreported partial monosomy 4q and partial trisomy 9q. The sibling karyotypes were determined to be 46,XX,der(4)t(4;9)(q33;q33)pat and 46,XY,der(4)t(4;9)-(q33;q33)pat. The siblings share sev

Verl, A, Boye, T & Pott, A 2008, 'Measurement pose selection and calibration forecast for manipulators with complex kinematic structures', CIRP Annals, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 425-428.
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Vessalas, K, Ray, AS, Thomas, PS, Sri Ravindrarajah, R, Joyce, P & Haggman, J 2008, 'Pitchstone fines pozzolanic activity assessment as partial Portland cement (PC) replacements', Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 7-12.
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Mined pitchstone fines (PF), derived as a waste by-product from expandable perlite production in Australia, are a viable, environmentally friendly aluminosilicate supplementary cementitious material (SCM) suitable for partial Portland cement (PC) replacement, thus reducing greenhouse gas emissions resulting from PC manufacture. This paper reports on the findings of pozzolanic activity exhibited at 10%, 20% and 40% replacement levels of PC, through compressive strength determinations of mortar after 1, 7 and 28 days ageing, using strength activity index (SAI) criteria. Additionally, flows and wet densities have been examined using a polycarboxylic based high-range water-reducing admixture (HRWRA) superplasticiser and fixed water content relative to cementitious material present for all PF substitution levels.

Voinov, A 2008, 'Understanding and communicating sustainability: global versus regional perspectives', Environment, Development and Sustainability, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 487-501.
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While there is no single definition of sustainability, most would agree that it implies that a system is to be maintained at a certain level, held within certain limits. Sustainability denies run-away growth, but it also precludes any substantial set backs or cuts. This sustainability path is hard to reconcile with the renewal cycle that can be observed in most living systems developing according to their natural intrinsic mechanisms. Besides, since different human dominated systems are in significantly different states and stages of development, sustaining those states assumes maintaining social disparities in perpetuity. This creates a challenge in communicating the ideas of sustainability in different regions. Systems are parts of hierarchies where systems of higher levels are made of subsystems from lower levels. Renewal in components is an important factor of adaptation and evolution. But then sustainability of a system borrows from sustainability of a supra-system and rests upon lack of sustainability in subsystems. Therefore by sustaining certain systems beyond their renewal cycle, we decrease the sustainability of larger, higher level systems. The only way to resolve this contradiction is to agree that the biosphere as a whole with humans as one of its components is the only system which sustainability we are to seek. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

Voinov, A & Gaddis, EJB 2008, 'Lessons for successful participatory watershed modeling: A perspective from modeling practitioners', Ecological Modelling, vol. 216, no. 2, pp. 197-207.
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Wai-Hung Tsang, I, Kocsor, A & Kwok, JT-Y 2008, 'Large-Scale Maximum Margin Discriminant Analysis Using Core Vector Machines', IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 610-624.
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Large-Scale Maximum Margin Discriminant Analysis Using Core Vector Machines

Waldron, KJ, Hung, TT & Madadnia, J 2008, 'Configuration Design of a Robotic Vehicle for Rough Terrain Mobility', 2008 15th International Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice, vol. 5, no. 1-4, pp. 487-492.
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In this paper, we describe the motivation for building a six-wheeled robotic vehicle with active suspension to test mobility improvement concepts on rough terrain. The vehicle is being designed and constructed as a final year class project in the School of Engineering and Information Technology of the University of Technology, Sydney. The configuration of the designed vehicle and the integration of the sensing and computation systems are described.

Wang, G & Ying, M 2008, 'Deterministic distributed dense coding with stabilizer states', PHYSICAL REVIEW A, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 1-10.
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We consider the possibility of using stabilizer states to perform deterministic dense coding among multiple senders and a single receiver. In the model we studied, the utilized stabilizer state is partitioned into several subsystems and then each subsystem is held by a distinct party. We present a sufficient condition for a stabilizer state to be useful for deterministic distributed dense coding with respect to a given partition plan. The corresponding protocol is also constructed. Furthermore, we propose a method to partially solve a more general problem of finding the set of achievable alphabet sizes for an arbitrary stabilizer state with respect to an arbitrary partition plan. Finally, our work provides a perspective from the stabilizer formalism to view the standard dense coding protocol and also unifies several previous results in a single framework. © 2008 The American Physical Society.

Wang, G & Ying, M 2008, 'Perfect many-to-one teleportation with stabilizer states', PHYSICAL REVIEW A, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 1-12.
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We study the possibility of performing perfect teleportation of unknown quantum states from multiple senders to a single receiver with a previously shared stabilizer state. In the model we considered, the utilized stabilizer state is partitioned into several subsystems and then each subsystem is distributed to a distinct party. We present two sufficient conditions for a stabilizer state to achieve a given nonzero teleportation capacity with respect to a given partition plan. The corresponding teleportation protocols are also explicitly given. Interestingly, we find that even mixed stabilizer states are also useful for perfect many-to-one teleportation. Finally, our work provides a perspective from stabilizer formalism to view the standard teleportation protocol and also suggests a technique for analyzing teleportation capability of multipartite entangled states. © 2008 The American Physical Society.

Wang, G, Huo, H, Han, D & Hui, X 2008, 'Query Processing and Optimization Techniques over Streamed Fragmented XML', World Wide Web, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 339-359.
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Wang, H, He, X, Hintz, T & Wu, Q 2008, 'Fractal Image Compression on Hexagonal Structure', Journal of Algorithms & Computational Technology, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 79-98.
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Fractal image compression (FIC) is a relatively recent image compression method. Its basic idea is to represent images as a fixed point of a contractive Iterated Function System (IFS). Spiral Architecture (SA) is a novel hexagonal image structure on which images are displayed as a collection of hexagonal pixels. The efficiency and accuracy of image processing on SA have been demonstrated in many recently published papers. In this paper, two presentations of SA on the traditional display device will be discussed. Then we will review the current research work on fractal image compression based on SA using both presentations. The FIC performance on SA will be compared with it on the traditional square structure in terms of compression ratio and PSNR. In the experimental results, higher PSNR values can be achieved at various compression ratios for all test images. The preliminary research on this direction has shown a promising future of applying FIC on SA to further improve the compression performance.

Wattana, S, Sharma, D & Vaiyavuth, R 2008, 'Electricity Industry Reforms in Thailand: A Historical Review', GMSARN International Journal, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 41-52.
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The Thai Electricity Supply Industry (ESI) has been undergoing reform since the early 1990s. The first stage of reform resulted in the introduction of Independent Power Producers (IPPs) and Small Power Producers (SPPs) programs. This was followed by, in the mid-to-late 1990s, a proposal to introduce a market-oriented reform. This reform program envisaged the separation of generation from transmission and distribution functions; introduction of competition in generation; development of new market-oriented regulatory arrangements, and the privatization of the industry. This reform, argued its proponents, will improve the efficiency of the electricity industry; lower electricity tariffs; improve quality of service; draw private investment into power generation sector; reduce the governments investment burden of financing expensive electricity infrastructure and hence enhance its capacity for investing in other priority programs such as health, education and other social activities. This paper examines the veracity of these arguments. This examination is assisted by a historical review of the evolution of the Thai Electricity Supply Industry (ESI). This review reveals that the above noted arguments are unsupportable on the basis of the technological, economic, environmental, social and political realities prevalent in Thailand. This paper further emphasizes the need to clearly identify the `real rationale for reform so that an appropriate reform pathway consonant with socio-political contexts in Thailand could be selected.

Weily, AR, Bird, TS & Guo, YJ 2008, 'A Reconfigurable High-Gain Partially Reflecting Surface Antenna', IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 56, no. 11, pp. 3382-3390.
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A high-gain partially reflective surface (PRS) antenna with a reconfigurable operating frequency is presented. The operating frequency is electronically tuned by incorporating an array of phase agile reflection cells on a thin substrate above the ground plane of the resonator antenna, where the reflection phase of each cell is controlled by the bias voltage applied to a pair of varactor diodes. The new configuration enables continuous tuning of the antenna from 5.2 GHz to 5.95 GHz using commercially available varactor diodes, thus covering frequencies typically used for WLAN applications. Both the PRS and phase agile cell are analyzed, and theoretical and measured results for gain, tuning range, and radiation patterns of the reconfigurable antenna are described. The effect of the varactor diode series resistance on the performance of the antenna is also reported. © 2008 IEEE.

Witzigmann, B, Tomamichel, M, Steiger, S, Veprek, RG, Kojima, K & Schwarz, UT 2008, 'Analysis of Gain and Luminescence in Violet and Blue GaInN–GaN Quantum Wells', IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 144-149.
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Wong, K-YK, Guoqiang Zhang, Chen Liang & Hui Zhang 2008, '1D Camera Geometry and Its Application to the Self-Calibration of Circular Motion Sequences', IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 30, no. 12, pp. 2243-2248.
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This paper proposes a novel method for robustly recovering the camera geometry of an uncalibrated image sequence taken under circular motion. Under circular motion, all the camera centers lie on a circle and the mapping from the plane containing this circle to the horizon line observed in the image can be modelled as a 1D projection. A 2×2 homography is introduced in this paper to relate the projections of the camera centers in two 1D views. It is shown that the two imaged circular points of the motion plane and the rotation angle between the two views can be derived directly from such a homography. This way of recovering the imaged circular points and rotation angles is intrinsically a multiple view approach, as all the sequence geometry embedded in the epipoles is exploited in the estimation of the homography for each view pair. This results in a more robust method compared to those computing the rotation angles using adjacent views only. The proposed method has been applied to self-calibrate turntable sequences using either point features or silhouettes, and highly accurate results have been achieved. © 2008 IEEE.

Woodside, AG, Sood, S & Miller, KE 2008, 'When consumers and brands talk: Storytelling theory and research in psychology and marketing', PSYCHOLOGY & MARKETING, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 97-145.
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Storytelling is pervasive through life. Much information is stored, indexed, and retrieved in the form of stories. Although lectures tend to put people to sleep, stories move them to action. People relate to each other in terms of stories - and products and brands often play both central and peripheral roles in their stories. To aid storytelling research in consumer psychology, this article develops a narrative theory that describes how consumers use brands as props or anthropomorphic actors in stories they report about themselves and others. Such drama enactments enable these storytellers to experience powerful myths that reflect psychological archetypes. The article includes findings from case study research that probes propositions of the theory. Implications for consumer psychology and marketing practice follow the discussion of the findings. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Wu, B, Liang, C-H, Qin, P-Y & Li, Q 2008, 'Compact Dual-Band Filter Using Defected Stepped Impedance Resonator', IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 18, no. 10, pp. 674-676.
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Wu, B, Qin, P, Li, Q & Liang, C 2008, 'Trisection cross‐coupled filter with symmetrical response using split‐ring resonator DGS', Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 50, no. 7, pp. 1774-1776.
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AbstractIn this article, a novel trisection cross‐coupled filter with symmetrical response by using split‐ring resonator defected ground structure (SRR DGS) is presented. The SRR DGS is loaded at the bottom of a two‐pole microstrip SRR filter, then a compact trisection cross‐coupled filter with a pair of transmission zeros is obtained. A practical filter which has a center frequency of 1.4 GHz and a relative bandwidth of 14% is successfully designed and fabricated. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 1774–1776, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23529

Wu, C & Hao, H 2008, 'Numerical derivation of averaged material properties of hollow concrete block masonry', Engineering Structures, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 870-883.
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Wu, C, Oehlers, DJ & Whittaker, A 2008, 'FRP retrofitted RC slabs using finite difference model', Transactions of Tianjin University, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 344-347.
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Current guidelines recommend using single-degree-of-freedom(SDOF) method for dynamic analysis of reinforced concretec (RC) structures against blast loads, which is not suitable for retrofitted members. Thus, a finite difference procedure developed in another study was used to accurately and efficiently analyze the dynamic response of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) plated members under blast loads. It can accommodate changes in the mechanical properties of a member's cross section along its length and through its depth in each time step, making it possible to directly incorporate both strain rate effects (which will vary along the length and depth of a member) and non-uniform member loading to solve the partial differential equation of motion. The accuracy of the proposed method was validated in part using data from field blast testing. The finite difference procedure is implemented easily and enables accurate predictions of FRP-plated-member response.

Wu, M & Dai, L 2008, 'Ignoring ROI: Suggestion for Chinese Businesses in Adopting E-commerce', eBworld (in Mandarin), vol. 11, pp. 62-63.

Wyeth, P 2008, 'How Young Children Learn to Program With Sensor, Action, and Logic Blocks', Journal of the Learning Sciences, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 517-550.
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Xia, H, Guo, WW, Wu, X, Pi, YL & Bradford, MA 2008, 'Lateral dynamic interaction analysis of a train–girder–pier system', Journal of Sound and Vibration, vol. 318, no. 4-5, pp. 927-942.
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A dynamic model of a coupled train-girder-pier system is developed in this paper. Each vehicle in a train is modeled with 27 degrees-of-freedom for a 4-axle passenger coach or freight car, and 31 for a 6-axle locomotive. The bridge model is applicable to

Xia, X & Zhang, J 2008, 'Geometric characterization on the solvability of regulator equations', Automatica, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 445-450.
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Xia, Y, Hao, H, Deeks, AJ & Zhu, X 2008, 'Condition Assessment of Shear Connectors in Slab-Girder Bridges via Vibration Measurements', Journal of Bridge Engineering, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 43-54.
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Xiangjian He, Wenjing Jia & Qiang Wu 2008, 'An approach of canny edge detection with virtual hexagonal image structure', 2008 10th International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision, vol. 4678, no. 1, pp. 879-882.
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Gradient-based edge detection is a straightforward method to identify the edge points in the original grey-level image. It is intuitive that in the human vision system the edge points always appear where the grey-level value is greatly changed. Spiral Architecture is a relatively new image data structure that is inspired from anatomical considerations of the primate's vision. In Spiral Architecture, each image is represented as a collection of hexagonal pixels. Edge detection on Spiral Architecture has features of fast computation and accurate localization. In this paper, we present and compare gradient-based edge detection algorithms on Spiral Architecture. The experimental results show that the edge detection on Spiral Architecture outperforms that on traditional square image structure.

Xiao, Y, Liu, B & Cao, L 2008, 'A Chinese question classification using one-vs-one method as a learning tool', International Journal of Intelligent Information and Database Systems, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 446-446.
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Question classification plays an important role in the question answering system and the errors of question classification will probably result in the failure of question answering. Thus, how to enhance the accuracy is an open question. In order to enhance the accuracies of the Chinese question classification, this paper extends one-against-one method based on SVMs to resolve the problems. The results show the good performance of the algorithm for Chinese question classification problems. © 2008, Inderscience Publishers.

Xiao-shan Gao, Dan-tong Ouyang, Ji-gui Sun, San-jiang Li, Tian-shun Yao, Ru-zhan Lu, Chun-yi Shi, Zhan-gang Han, Jue Wang, Cun-gen Cao & Ruqian Lu 2008, 'AI in China: A Survey', IEEE Intelligent Systems, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 26-32.
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This article consists of nine short essays discussing research pursued by AI researchers in China and their perspectives on research in several AI subareas. The article first introduces the mechanization of mathematics, an area in which Chinese scientists have made significant contributions. It then discusses research in automated reasoning, temporal and spatial knowledge representation and reasoning, natural language understanding, intelligent diagnosis, multiagent systems, computational intelligence, large-scale knowledge processing, and several research streams integrating AI techniques with methods from other fields. Finally, the article makes suggestions concerning future AI research in China.

Xin, Y & Duan, R 2008, 'Local distinguishability of orthogonal 2 circle times 3 pure states', PHYSICAL REVIEW A, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 1-10.
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We present a complete characterization for the local distinguishability of orthogonal 2-3 pure states except for some special cases of three states. Interestingly, we find there is a large class of four or three states that are indistinguishable by local projective measurements and classical communication (LPCC), but can be perfectly distinguished by LOCC. That indicates the ability of LOCC for discriminating 2-3 states is strictly more powerful than that of LPCC, which is strikingly different from the case of multiqubit states. We also show that classical communication plays a crucial role for local distinguishability by constructing a class of m-n states which require at least 2 min{m,n}-2 rounds of classical communication in order to achieve a perfect local discrimination. © 2008 The American Physical Society.

Xing, W, Guo, W, Ngo, H, Listowski, A & Cullum, P 2008, 'Specific Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Bioreactors as Pretreatment to Microfiltration in Domestic Wastewater Treatment for Reuse', Journal of Applied Membrane Science & Technology, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 1-8.

Xing, W, Ngo, HH, Kim, SH, Guo, WS & Hagare, P 2008, 'Adsorption and bioadsorption of granular activated carbon (GAC) for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal in wastewater', BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY, vol. 99, no. 18, pp. 8674-8678.
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In this study, the performances of GAC adsorption and GAC bioadsorption in terms of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal were investigated with synthetic biologically treated sewage effluent (BTSE), synthetic primary treated sewage effluent (PTSE), real BTSE and real PTSE. The main aims of this study are to verify and compare the efficiency of DOC removal by GAC (adsorption) and acclimatized GAC (bioadsorption). The results indicated that the performance of bioadsorption was significantly better than that of adsorption in all cases, showing the practical use of biological granular activated carbon (BGAC) in filtration process. The most significance was observed at a real PTSE with a GAC dose of 5 g/L, having 54% and 96% of DOC removal by adsorption and bioadsorption, respectively. In addition, it was found that GAC adsorption equilibrium was successfully predicted by a hybrid Langmuir-Freundlich model whilst integrated linear driving force approximation (LDFA) + hybrid isotherm model could describe well the adsorption kinetics. Both adsorption isotherm and kinetic coefficients determined by these models will be useful to model the adsorption/bioadsorption process in DOC removal of BGAC filtration system. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Xing, W, Ngo, HH, Kim, SH, Guo, WS & Hagare, P 2008, 'Physico-chemical processes for landfill leachate treatment: Experiments and mathematical models', SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 347-361.
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Xinying Liu, Shuhong Wang, Jie Qiu, Jian Guo Zhu, Youguang Guo & Zhi Wei Lin 2008, 'Robust Optimization in HTS Cable Based on Design for Six Sigma', IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 978-981.
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The nonuniform ac current distribution among the multilayer conductors in a high-temperature superconducting (HTS) cable reduces the current capacity and increases the ac loss. Various numerical simulation techniques and optimization methods have been applied in structural optimization of HTS cables. While the existence of fluctuation in design variables or operation conditions has a great influence on the cable quality, in order to eliminate the effects of parameter perturbations in design and to improve the design efficiency, a robust optimization method based on design for six sigma (DFSS) is presented in this paper. The optimization results show that the proposed optimization procedure can not only achieve a uniform current distribution, but also improve significantly the reliability and robustness of the HTS cable quality, comparing with those by using the particle swarm optimization. © 2008 IEEE.

Xiyin Liang, Jiangfeng Zhang & Xiaohua Xia 2008, 'Improving the Security of Chaotic Synchronization With a $\Delta$-Modulated Cryptographic Technique', IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, vol. 55, no. 7, pp. 680-684.
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Xu, M, Xu, C, Duan, L, Jin, JS & Luo, S 2008, 'Audio keywords generation for sports video analysis', ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1-23.
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Sports video has attracted a global viewership. Research effort in this area has been focused on semantic event detection in sports video to facilitate accessing and browsing. Most of the event detection methods in sports video are based on visual features. However, being a significant component of sports video, audio may also play an important role in semantic event detection. In this paper, we have borrowed the concept of the “keyword” from the text mining domain to define a set of specific audio sounds. These specific audio sounds refer to a set of game-specific sounds with strong relationships to the actions of players, referees, commentators, and audience, which are the reference points for interesting sports events. Unlike low-level features, audio keywords can be considered as a mid-level representation, able to facilitate high-level analysis from the semantic concept point of view. Audio keywords are created from low-level audio features with learning by support vector machines. With the help of video shots, the created audio keywords can be used to detect semantic events in sports video by Hidden Markov Model (HMM) learning. Experiments on creating audio keywords and, subsequently, event detection based on audio keywords have been very encouraging. Based on the experimental results, we believe that the audio keyword is an effective representation that is able to achieve satisfying results for event detection in sports video. Application in three sports types demonstrates the practicality of the proposed method.

XU, X, HAYASAKA, N & MIYANAGA, Y 2008, 'Robust Speech Spectra Restoration against Unspecific Noise Conditions for Pitch Detection', IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences, vol. E91-A, no. 3, pp. 775-781.
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Xu, XX, Li, L & Zheng, YF 2008, 'Preparation and surface modification of magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical applications', Cailiao Kexue yu Gongyi/Material Science and Technology, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 562-568.
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Magnetic nanoparticle is one of the hot research directions in the field of nano-biomedical materials. The magnetic nanoparticles prepared by different methods and modified with different polymers are used in various fields. In this paper, we synthetically summarize its preparation methods including co-precipitation, sol-gel, microemulsion, generalize the surface modification technique with different polymers, and report the biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles involving target drug delivery, cell separation hyperthermic treatment for malignant cells and MRI contrast enhancement. Magnetic nanoparticles still have great potentials for development and application in the future.

Yan, Y, Zhu, JG & Guo, YG 2008, 'Initial rotor position estimation and sensorless direct torque control of surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motors considering saturation saliency', IET Electric Power Applications, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 42-48.
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For a practical direct torque-controlled (DTC) permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive system, the information of the initial rotor position, which is usually obtained by a mechanical position sensor, is essential for starting under the full load

Yanti, PAA & Mahlia, TMI 2008, 'Methodology of implementing energy efficiency standards for electric motor', European Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 134-147.
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Interests in establishing appliance standards are spreading from North America and Europe to many other countries around the world. The methodology of electric motor efficiency standards is still being developed, and therefore, no single methodology is available for establishing standards for electric motor. This paper discusses the methodology involved in developing energy efficiency standards for electric motor. The initial step of setting a standard is proposing a test procedure, then the energy efficiency standards can be implemented based upon energy test procedure, then followed by proposing suitable energy labels and incentive programs for the appliances. The equations to calculate energy savings and the economic and environmental impact of the standards are also discussed. The methodology presented in this study is suitable for a developing country that lack of available data. Using this approach may shorten the time required for developing standards. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2008.

Yanti, PAA & Mahlia, TMI 2008, 'Technical note: Life cycle cost analysis of design options selection for energy efficiency improvement of electric motor', International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 206-211.
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Literature on energy efficiency standards and labels for electric motor are widely available. However, very limited articles discussed about the method to calculate life-cycle cost analysis of potential energy efficiency improvement for electric motor. This paper presents the life-cycle cost analysis of energy efficiency improvement of electric motor based on engineering/economic analysis. The least efficient model from a survey in the market was selected as a baseline model. The method includes the selection of design options that will increase efficiency and calculate its life cycle cost (LCC) analysis and payback period. LCC was calculated as a function of several design options based on potential efficiency improvement. The study found that, efficiency improvement can be achieved, if manufacturers willing to adopt more efficient design options with a little additional investment for the product. Furthermore, the method can be used for other product without major modification.

Yi Yang, Yue-Ting Zhuang, Fei Wu & Yun-He Pan 2008, 'Harmonizing Hierarchical Manifolds for Multimedia Document Semantics Understanding and Cross-Media Retrieval', IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 437-446.
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Yong Zhu, Lee, JE-Y & Seshia, AA 2008, 'A Resonant Micromachined Electrostatic Charge Sensor', IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 8, no. 9, pp. 1499-1505.
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Yoshizawa, S & Miyanaga, Y 2008, 'Use of a Variable Wordlength Technique in an OFDM Receiver to Reduce Energy Dissipation', IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, vol. 55, no. 9, pp. 2848-2859.
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YOSHIZAWA, S, YAMAUCHI, Y & MIYANAGA, Y 2008, 'VLSI Implementation of a Complete Pipeline MMSE Detector for a 4 x 4 MIMO-OFDM Receiver', IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences, vol. E91-A, no. 7, pp. 1757-1762.
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Yuan, X, Zheng, Z, Li, Y & Hu, S 2008, 'Validation of a Newly Proposed Risk-Predictive Model of Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery in the Chinese Population', The Heart Surgery Forum, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. E346-E351.
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Yusop, N, Zowghi, D & Lowe, D 2008, 'The impacts of non-functional requirements in web system projects', International Journal of Value Chain Management, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 18-18.
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In web system development, the Non-Functional Requirements (NFRs) are typically considered only briefly during the requirements elicitation stage and not rigorously articulated by either web developers or the client. This paper reports on an investigation into this issue involving interviews with web developers who were engaged in commercial web development projects. The results from this qualitative research highlight that web developers commonly do not pay sufficient attention to NFRs. This arises due to uncertainty, lack of time, lack of knowledge in the importance of NFRs and partly because NFRs are not readily available and documented from previous similar projects. Web developers also do not elicit NFR at the same time and at the same level of details as Functional Requirements (FRs). This study highlights that exploring the domain at an early stage of development will help developers to better understand NFR. A lack of rigour in articulating NFRs may significantly impact on the development effectiveness and the quality of the resulting web system. An evaluation of NFRs may also lead to discovering new FRs.

Zhan, Y, Guo, Y, Zhu, J & Wang, H 2008, 'Intelligent uninterruptible power supply system with back-up fuel cell/battery hybrid power source', Journal of Power Sources, vol. 179, no. 2, pp. 745-753.
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This paper presents the development of an intelligent uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system with a hybrid power source that comprises a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and a battery. Attention is focused on the architecture of the UPS hybr

Zhang, G, Lu, J & Gao, Y 2008, 'FUZZY BILEVEL PROGRAMMING: MULTI-OBJECTIVE AND MULTI-FOLLOWER WITH SHARED VARIABLES', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UNCERTAINTY FUZZINESS AND KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS, vol. 16, pp. 105-133.
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Bilevel programming deals with hierarchical optimization problems in which the leader at the upper level attempts to optimize his or her objectives, but subject to a set of constraints and the follower's reactions. Typical bilevel programming considers one leader one follower situation and supposes each of them has only one objective. In real world situations, multiple followers may be involved and they may be with different relationships such as sharing decision variables or not, sharing objectives or not. Therefore, the leader's decision will be affected not only by those followers' reactions but also by their relationships. In addition, any of the leader and/or these followers may have multiple conflict objectives that should be optimized simultaneously. Furthermore, the parameters of a bilevel programming model may be described by uncertain values. This paper addresses all these three issues as a whole by particularly focusing on the situation of sharing decision variables among followers. It first proposes a set of fuzzy multi-objective multi-follower bilevel programming (FMMBP) models to describe the complex issue. It then presents an approximation branch-and-bound algorithm to solve the FMMBP problems. Finally, two examples illustrate the proposed models and algorithm.

Zhang, G, Shi, C & Lu, J 2008, 'AN EXTENDED KTH-BEST APPROACH FOR REFERENTIAL-UNCOOPERATIVE BILEVEL MULTI-FOLLOWER DECISION MAKING', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMS, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 205-214.
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Bilevel decision techniques have been mainly developed for solving decentralized management problems with decision makers in a hierarchical organization. When multiple followers are involved in a bilevel decision problem, called a bilevel multi-follower (BLMF) decision problem, the leaderâs decision will be affected, not only by the reactions of these followers, but also by the relationships among these followers. The referential-uncooperative situation is one of the popular cases of BLMF decision problems where these multiple followers donât share decision variables with each other but may take othersâ decisions as references to their decisions. This paper presents a model for the referential-uncooperative BLMF decision problem. As the kth-best approach is one of the most successful approaches in dealing with normal bilevel decision problems, this paper then proposes an extended kth-best approach to solve the referential-uncooperative BLMF problem. Finally an example of logistics planning illustrates the application of the proposed extended kth-best approach.

Zhang, H, Huang, S & James, MR 2008, 'H^∞ control for discrete‐time nonlinear switching systems', International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control, vol. 18, no. 15, pp. 1451-1481.
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AbstractThis paper formulates and solves the robust H∞ control problem for discrete‐time nonlinear switching systems. The H∞ control problem is interpreted as the l2 finite gain control problem and is studied using a dissipative systems theory for switched systems. Both state and measurement feedback control problems are formulated as dynamic games and solved using dynamic programming. The partially observed dynamic game corresponding to the measurement feedback control problem is solved by transforming into a completely observed, full state infinite‐dimensional game problem using information states. Our results are illustrated with an example. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Zhang, J & Xia, X 2008, 'Identifiability Problems of Time-delay HIV Models', IFAC Proceedings Volumes, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 283-288.
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Zhang, J, Zhang, J & Bo, L 2008, 'Abundant travelling wave solutions for KdV–Sawada–Kotera equation with symbolic computation', Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol. 203, no. 1, pp. 233-237.
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Zhang, L, Xing, QD, Dai, L, Du, HM & Wu, M 2008, 'Research on Application Level of eCommerce of Service SMEs - Based on Website Usability', Journal of Information (in Mandarin), vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 92-94.

Zhang, R, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, H & Nguyen, H 2008, 'Fluidized bed magnetic ion exchange (MIEX®) as pre-treatment process for a submerged membrane reactor in wastewater treatment and reuse', Desalination, vol. 227, no. 1-3, pp. 85-93.
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Magnetic ion exchange (MIEX®) resin can effectively remove significant amounts of organic matter from biologically treated sewage effluent. The MIEX® process has mainly been used as a batch process, which requires a large area for accommodating both contact tank and settling tank in the treatment process. In this study, a fluidized bed MIEX® reactor (a semi-continuous process) was used as a pre-treatment for a submerged membrane. When used as a pre-treatment for a submerged membrane, the fluidized bed MIEX® contactor could remove a significant amount of organic matter in the wastewater (80% removal). This pre-treatment helped to reduce membrane fouling and keep transmembrane pressure low during the membrane operation of 8 h (less than 19 kPa). The regeneration of MIEX® resin (number of regeneration, regeneration time, etc.) did not have any adverse effect on the organic removal by MIEX®. © 2008.

Zhang, W, Abhayapala, TD & Zhang, J 2008, 'Frequency Dependency in UWB Channel Modelling', Scientific Commons.

Zhang, Y & Zhou, JL 2008, 'Occurrence and removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals in wastewater', Chemosphere, vol. 73, no. 5, pp. 848-853.
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This paper discusses the occurrence and removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in Horsham sewage treatment plant (STP), West Sussex, UK. Photodegradation aided by a catalyst (TiO2) was studied for its efficiency of removing EDCs from wastewater. The degradation of estrone and 17β-estradiol under natural sunlight followed a pseudo-first-order kinetics, with a rate constant of 0.01 h-1. The degradation by sunlight is also independent of initial chemical concentration, suggesting some potential of using this environmentally friendly method for waste minimisation. In comparison, more efficient degradation was observed with UV irradiation (253 nm), with the rate constants being increased to 2.7 and 2.5 h-1 for the two compounds. Subsequent application of the photocatalysis method to real effluent treatment at Horsham STP was successful, as demonstrated by the non-detection of the target compounds following treatment. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Zhang, Z, Hibberd, A & Zhou, JL 2008, 'Analysis of emerging contaminants in sewage effluent and river water: Comparison between spot and passive sampling', Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 607, no. 1, pp. 37-44.
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Passive sampling is highly complimentary to spot sampling in environmental analysis. A polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) was extensively tested to optimize its performance under both controlled and field conditions. The passive sampler was subsequently used for the sampling and analysis of estrone, 17β-estradiol, 17α-ethynylestradiol, bisphenol A, propranolol, sulfamethoxazole, meberverine, thioridazine, carbamazepine, tamoxifen, indomethacine, diclofenac and meclofenamic acid in sewage effluent and river water. Under laboratory conditions, the kinetics of compound uptake by POCIS were linear during 10-day of exposure. POCIS sampling rates of the target compounds were significantly greater by using polyethersulfone instead of polysulfone membrane, and enhanced with increasing sorbent exposure area. Together with spot water sampling, the optimized POCIS was deployed in the River Ouse, West Sussex, UK to obtain field-derived sampling rates which, for endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), were significantly higher than those from laboratory experiments. Both spot and passive sampling demonstrated that most of the target chemicals were frequently detected in sewage effluent and river waters, and that the daily changes in the pollutant concentrations were greater for pharmaceuticals than for EDCs. The aqueous concentrations of all compounds were elevated at a sewage outfall, which is confirmed to be an important source of the target compounds in the river. The validated POCIS was then successfully used to estimate the concentrations of the target compounds in effluent and river water, which were in good agreement with those from spot sampling for pharmaceuticals. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Zhao, Y, Milne, G, Edgar, JS, Jeffries, GDM, McGloin, D & Chiu, DT 2008, 'Quantitative force mapping of an optical vortex trap', Applied Physics Letters, vol. 92, no. 16, pp. 161111-161111.
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This paper describes the quantitative force mapping of micron-sized particles held in an optical vortex trap. We present a simple and efficient model, which accounts for the diffraction of the strongly localized optical field of the tightly focused laser beam, the spherical aberration introduced by the dielectric glass-to-water interface, employs the multidipole approximation for force calculations, and is able to reproduce, with quantitative agreement, the experimentally measured force map.

Zharova, N, Sfriso, A, Pavoni, B & Voinov, A 2008, 'Analysis of annual fluctuations of C. nodosa in the Venice lagoon: Modeling approach', Ecological Modelling, vol. 216, no. 2, pp. 134-144.
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Zhou, JL 2008, 'Occurrence and persistence of antifouling biocide Irgarol 1051 and its main metabolite in the coastal waters of Southern England', Science of The Total Environment, vol. 406, no. 1-2, pp. 239-246.
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The toxicity and persistence of antifouling booster biocides are of major concern. This study reports the occurrence of Irgarol 1051 and its degradation product M1, in coastal waters of Southern England, during 2004-2005. The highest concentrations of Irgarol 1051 were 89 ng/L in water and 45 ng/g dry weight in sediments, with an overall mean (n = 108) of 13 ng/L and 16 ng/g in water and sediments, respectively. As the degradation product of Irgarol 1051, M1 was less widespread, with the highest concentration of 30 ng/L in water and 14 ng/g in sediments, with an overall mean (n = 108) of 5 ng/L and 4 ng/g in water and sediments, respectively. Overall, the concentration of Irgarol 1051 and M1 decreased significantly during the sampling period and in comparison to earlier studies during 2000 to early 2004, indicating that control measures by restricting the use of Irgarol 1051 are effective in reducing its concentrations in coastal waters. The distribution of Irgarol 1051 between sediments and water was significantly related to sediment organic carbon content. In addition, significantly higher concentrations of Irgarol 1051 were detected in paint particles than in sediment. The rate of release of Irgarol 1051 from paint residues is very slow, with a half life of approximately 1 y. Two important findings are emerging, first the importance of organic rich sediments and paint residues as major sites of storage for Irgarol 1051, and secondly Irgarol 1051 may be classified as a persistent organic pollutant due to its long half life. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Zhou, W, Miro, JV & Dissanayake, G 2008, 'Information-Efficient 3-D Visual SLAM for Unstructured Domains', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ROBOTICS, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 1078-1087.
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This paper presents a novel vision-based sensory package and an information-efficient simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) algorithm. Together, we offer a solution for building 3-D dense map in an unknown and unstructured environment with minimal computational costs. The sensory package we adopt consists of a conventional camera and a range imager, which provide range and bearing and elevation inputs as commonly used by 3-D feature-based SLAM. In addition, we propose an algorithm to give the robots the 'intelligence' to select, out of the steadily collected data, the maximally informative observations to be used in the estimation process. We show that, although the actual evaluation of information gain for each frame introduces an additional computational cost, the overall efficiency is significantly increased by keeping the matrix compact. The noticeable advantage of this strategy is that the continuously gathered data are not heuristically segmented prior to being input to the filter. Quite the opposite, the scheme lends itself to be statistically optimal and is capable of handling large datasets collected at realistic sampling rates. © 2008 IEEE.

Zhu, X & Sun, Y 2008, 'Low-distortion low-voltage operational transconductance amplifier', Electronics Letters, vol. 44, no. 25, pp. 1434-1436.
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ZHU, XQ, HAO, H & PENG, XL 2008, 'DYNAMIC ASSESSMENT OF UNDERWATER PIPELINE SYSTEMS USING STATISTICAL MODEL UPDATING', International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics, vol. 08, no. 02, pp. 271-297.
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This paper presents a statistical model updating technique for damage detection of underwater pipeline systems via vibration measurements. To verify the reliability of the method, laboratory tests of a scaled pipeline model were carried out in a towing tank. The model includes a plastic pipe and some removable springs which are designed and fabricated to link the pipe and the steel base to simulate the bedding conditions. Different damage scenarios, in terms of location and severity of scouring under the pipe, were simulated by removing one or several springs. The natural frequencies, damping ratios and mode shapes of the pipeline system were extracted from the measured vibrations using a stochastic subspace identification technique. Both the numerical and the experimental results show that the method is effective and reliable in identifying the underwater pipeline bedding conditions and the damage in the pipe structure.

Zhuang, Y-T, Yang, Y & Wu, F 2008, 'Mining semantic correlation of heterogeneous multimedia data for cross-media retrieval', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MULTIMEDIA, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 221-229.
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Abolhasan, M, Hagelstein, B, Wang, JC-P, Franklin, DR, Safaei, F & Wysocki, T 1970, 'Development and performance evaluation of a flexible, low cost MANET', 2008 2nd International Conference on Signal Processing and Communication Systems, 2008 2nd International Conference on Signal Processing and Communication Systems (ICSPCS 2008), IEEE, Gold coast, Australia, pp. 1-6.
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Performance evaluations of multi-hop ad hoc network routing protocols have been primarily conducted through analytic and simulation-based studies, which frequently fail to accurately predict real-world performance and behaviour. One reason for this is the challenge in developing low cost, representative test beds with the degree of flexibility and mobility required. We have developed a portable wireless ad hoc node (PWAN) device which establishes multi-hop routes using the OLSR routing protocol. The PWAN's performance has been investigated using two test bed configurations to evaluate its capacity under conditions of high node density in a short-range, multi-hop environment. Our results illustrate that such networks are capable of providing high quality connections when traffic density is low. However, the network link quality deteriorates dramatically as the traffic level increases, and the network topology becomes unstable until the traffic level is reduced.

Abolhasan, M, Hagelstein, B, Wang, JC-P, Franklin, DR, Safaei, F & Wysocki, T 1970, 'Development and Performance Evaluation of a Flexible, Low Cost MANET', ICSPCS: 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SIGNAL PROCESSING AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS, PROCEEDINGS, 2nd International Conference on Signal Processing and Communication Systems, IEEE, Gold Coast, AUSTRALIA, pp. 107-112.

Aboura, K, Samali, B, Crews, K & Li, J 1970, 'Stochastic Deterioration Processes for Bridge Lifetime Assessment', 2008 Third International Conference on Broadband Communications, Information Technology & Biomedical Applications, 2008 Third International Conference on Broadband Communications, Information Technology & Biomedical Applications, IEEE, Pretoria, South Africa, pp. 437-442.
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The Markov chain model can be found in the maintenance and repair problems since the early 60's, is introduced to the maintenance of road infrastructure in the 1980's, and is made to drive the current bridge maintenance optimization systems. While this model results into solvable programming problems and provides a solution, there are a number of criticisms associated with it. In this article, we highlight the shortfalls of the Markov model for bridge infrastructure lifetime assessment and promote the use of stochastic processes. We use examples from a study for the modeling of the condition of bridges that considers more than 15 years of data. We argue for the applicability of the gamma process and other stochastic processes. © 2008 IEEE.

Aboura, K, Samali, B, Crews, K & Li, J 1970, 'Stochastic processes for modelling bridge deterioration', Futures in Mechanics of Structures and Materials - Proceedings of the 20th Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials, ACMSM20, Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials, Taylor and Francis Group, Toowoomba, pp. 533-538.
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Traditionally, bridge management systems were designed using Markov chain models. Recently, researchers applied the gamma process successfully to structural deterioration problems. The stochastic process captures the temporal variability of degradation, and has been applied to a range of problems in structures. We report on a study for the modelling of the condition of bridges in the state of NSW. The study encompasses large amounts of data spanning more than 15 years. We argue for the applicability of the gamma process and other stochastic processes. While the gamma process has been adopted in the past decade on grounds of mathematical tractability and physical motivation, we also observe another distribution for the deterioration at different times. The finding promotes the stochastic process modelling direction taken in the past decade and brings forth new models for the time-dependent reliability analysis of bridges. © 2009 Taylor & Francis Group, London.

Adistambha, K, Ritz, CH & Burnett, IS 1970, 'Motion classification using Dynamic Time Warping', 2008 IEEE 10th Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, 2008 IEEE 10th Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing (MMSP), IEEE, pp. 622-627.
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Automatic generation of metadata is an important component of multimedia search-by-content systems as it both avoids the need for manual annotation as well as minimising subjective descriptions and human errors. This paper explores the automatic attachment of basic descriptions (or 'Tags') to human motion held in a motion-capture database on the basis of a Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) approach. The captured motion is held in the Acclaim ASF/AMC format commonly used in game and movie motion capture work and the approach allows for the comparison and classification of motion from different subjects. The work analyses the bone rotations important to a small set of movements and results indicate that only a small set of examples is required to perform reliable motion classification. © 2008 IEEE.

Adistambha, K, Ritz, CH & Burnett, IS 1970, 'Motion Classification Using Dynamic Time Warping', 2008 IEEE 10TH WORKSHOP ON MULTIMEDIA SIGNAL PROCESSING, VOLS 1 AND 2, 10th IEEE Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, IEEE, AUSTRALIA, Cairns, pp. 626-+.

Agrawal, A, Kejalakshmy, N, Tian, F, Rahman, BMA & Grattan, KTV 1970, 'A quasi-crystal spiral photonic crystal fiber: Modal solutions and dispersion properties', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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A novel quasi crystal spiral design for a Photonic Crystal Fiber is optimized by the Finite Element method. The fiber dispersion can be designed to have large negative values by tuning the design parameters. ©2007 Optical Society of America.

Aguilera, RP, Quevedo, DE, Summers, TJ & Lezana, P 1970, 'Predictive Control Algorithm Robustness for Achieving Fault Tolerance in Multicell Converters', IECON 2008: 34TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS SOCIETY, VOLS 1-5, PROCEEDINGS, 34th Annual Conference of the IEEE-Industrial-Electronics-Society, IEEE, Orlando, FL, pp. 3193-+.

Aguilera, RP, Quevedo, DE, Summers, TJ & Lezana, P 1970, 'Predictive control algorithm robustness for achieving fault tolerance in multicell converters', 2008 34th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics, IECON 2008 - 34th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, IEEE, pp. 3302-3308.
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Multilevel Converters (MCs) have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional two level converters. MCs use an arrangement of several semiconductors to synthesize high quality output voltage levels. Unfortunately, as a consequence of using more switching elements, MCs are, in general, more likely to be affected by faults, than their two level counterparts. In this paper, we propose a finite set constrained predictive control method for MCs, which is aimed at achieving robustness to failures in the semiconductors. We focus on three-phase multicell flying capacitor converters and show that, by carefully designing switching sequences, faults can be isolated from measurements provided by a single voltage sensor per phase. When faults occur, the proposed controller reconfigures the converter to provide to the load voltages which are similar to those obtained under normal, i.e., fault free, operating conditions. © 2008 IEEE.

Ahmad, MR, Dutkiewicz, E & Huang, X 1970, 'MAC Protocol for Cooperative MIMO Transmissions in Asynchronous Wireless Sensor Networks', 2008 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON COMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES, International Symposium on Communication and Information Technologies, IEEE, Vientiane, LAOS, pp. 579-+.

Ahmad, MR, Dutkiewicz, E & Huang, X 1970, 'MAC Protocol for Cooperative MIMO Transmissions in Asynchronous Wireless Sensor Networks', 2008 International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies, 2008 International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies (ISCIT), IEEE, pp. 580-585.
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Cooperative MIMO schemes can reduce both transmission energy and latency in distributed wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In this paper we develop a new Cooperative low power listening (LPL) Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for two cooperative MIMO schemes: Optimal Beamforming (BF) and Spatial Multiplexing (SM). We develop analytical models for the total energy consumption and packet latency for both schemes and analyse the proposed MAC protocol in term of the total energy consumption and packet latency with imperfect synchronisation due to clock jitter. The impact of the clock jitter, the check interval and the number of cooperative nodes on the total energy consumption and latency are investigated. We observe that the Cooperative LPL MAC with Optimal BF is the most promising configuration and it is optimal when then number of co-operating nodes M=2 and jitter difference is below 0.6Tb. © 2008 IEEE.

Ahmad, MR, Dutkiewicz, E & Huang, X 1970, 'Performance evaluation of MAC protocols for cooperative MIMO transmissions in sensor networks', Proceedings of the 5th ACM symposium on Performance evaluation of wireless ad hoc, sensor, and ubiquitous networks, MSWiM '08: The 11th ACM International Conference on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems, ACM, Vancouver, CANADA, pp. 54-62.
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Ahmad, MR, Dutkiewicz, E & Xiaojing 1970, 'Performance analysis of MAC protocol for cooperative MIMO transmissions in WSN', 2008 IEEE 19th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, 2008 IEEE 19th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), IEEE, Cannes, FRANCE, pp. 1-6.
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Ahmed, N, Yifei Dong, Kanhere, SS, Jha, S, Rutten, M, Bessell, T & Gordon, N 1970, 'Performance evaluation of a wireless sensor network based tracking system', 2008 5th IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Systems, 2008 5th IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Systems (MASS), IEEE, pp. 163-172.
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Alavi, AH, Heshmati, AA, Gandomi, AH, Askarinejad, A & Mirjalili, M 1970, 'Utilisation of Computational Intelligence Techniques for Stabilised Soil', Civil-Comp Proceedings, The Sixth International Conference on Engineering Computational Technology, Civil-Comp Press.
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One of the main objectives of chemical stabilisation is to increase the compressive strength of soils. A wide range of parameters affect the strength improvement in cementitious stabilisation with chemicals. Accordingly, it is difficult to determine some kinds of functional relationships in strength improvement which make the precision of strength prediction to be satisfying. The purpose of the present study is to use two computational intelligence techniques namely, multilayer perceptron (MLP) and linear genetic programming (LGP), in order to develop the mathematical models to be capable of predicting the unconfined compressive strength. Subsequently, a comparison between these methods was performed in terms of prediction performance. Properties of natural soil such as textural properties, plasticity and linear shrinkage, stabiliser quantities and types (cement, lime, asphalt), for a wide range of soil types were used in order to generate the mathematical models to be able to predict the compressive strength as a quality of stabilised soil. A comprehensive set of data including 219 previously published stabilised unconfined compressive strength experimental determinations were utilised to develop the models. © 2008 Civil-Comp Press.

Alavi, AH, Heshmati, AA, Salehzadeh, H, Gandomi, AH & Askarinejad, A 1970, 'Soft Computing Based Approaches for High Performance Concrete', Civil-Comp Proceedings, The Sixth International Conference on Engineering Computational Technology, Civil-Comp Press.
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Different parameters influence the compressive strength and workability properties of high performance concrete (HPC) mixes. Accordingly, an extensive understanding of relation between these parameters and properties of the resulting matrix is required for developing a standard mix design procedure for HPC mix. The complex behaviour of strength and workability improvement and a need to avoid trying several mix proportions to generate a successful mix suggest the necessity to develop comprehensive mathematical models to be able to evaluate the performance characteristics of HPC mixes with high accuracy. Therefore, in this paper, linear genetic programming (LGP) is utilised for the first time in the literature, to develop mathematical models to be able to predict the strength and slump flow of HPC mixes from the influencing parameters. Subsequently, the LGP based prediction results are compared with the results of proposed multilayer perceptron (MLP) in terms of prediction performance. Sand cement ratio, coarse aggregate cement ratio, water cement ratio, percentage of silica fume and percentage of superplasticiser are used as the input variables to the models to predict the strength and slump flow of HPC mixes. A reliable database was obtained from the previously published literature in order to develop the models. © 2008 Civil-Comp Press.

Alempijevic, A, Kodagoda, S & Dissanayake, G 1970, 'Sensor registration for robotic applications', FIELD AND SERVICE ROBOTICS: RESULTS OF THE 6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE, International Conference on Field and Service Robotics, Springer, France, pp. 233-242.
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Multi-sensor data fusion plays an essential role in most robotic applications. Appropriate registration of information from different sensors is a fundamental requirement in multi-sensor data fusion. Registration requires significant effort particularly when sensor signals do not have direct geometric interpretations, observer dynamics are unknown and occlusions are present. In this paper, we propose Mutual Information (MI) based sensor registration which exploits the effect of a common cause in the observed space on the sensor outputs that does not require any prior knowledge of relative poses of the observers. Simulation results are presented to substantiate the claim that the algorithm is capable of registering the sensors in the presence of substantial observer dynamics. © 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Al-Oqaily, A, Kennedy, PJ, Catchpoole, D & Simoff, S 1970, 'Comparison of visualization methods of genome-wide SNP profiles in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia', Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology Series, Australian Data Mining Conference, Australian Computer Society, Adelaide, Australia, pp. 111-121.
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Data mining and knowledge discovery have been applied to datasets in various industries including biomedical data. Modelling, data mining and visualization in biomedical data address the problem of extracting knowledge from large and complex biomedical data. The current challenge of dealing with such data is to develop statistical-based and data mining methods that search and browse the underlying patterns within the data. In this paper, we employ several data reduction methods for visualizing genome- wide Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) datasets based on state-of-art data reduction techniques. Visualization approach has been selected based on the trustworthiness of the resultant visualizations. To deal with large amounts of genetic variation data, we have chosen to apply different data reduction methods to deal with the problem induced by high dimensionality. Based on the trustworthiness metric we found that neighbour Retrieval Visualizer (NeRV) outperformed other methods. This method optimizes the retrieval quality of Stochastic neighbour Embedding. The quality measure of the visualization (i.e. NeRV) showed excellent results, even though the dataset was reduced from 13917 to 2 dimensions. The visualization results will assist clinicians and biomedical researchers in understanding the systems biology of patients and how to compare different groups of clusters in visualizations. © 2008, Australian Computer Society, Inc.

Amailef, K & Lu, J 1970, 'm-Government: A Framework of Mobile-based Emergency Response Systems', 2008 3rd International Conference on Intelligent System and Knowledge Engineering, Vols 1 and 2, International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Knowledge Engineering, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., Xiamen, China, pp. 1398-1403.
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Mobile government (m-Government) is the next inevitable direction of evolution of e-Government. A mobile-based emergency response system (MERS) is one of the important m-Government services. A MERS under m-Government platform is a mobile-based information system designed to let people get help from the government in an emergency situation. It also makes the use of mobile technologies to assist the government to get information and make decisions in responding disasters anytime and anywhere. This paper presents a framework of MERS which has five main components (register, monitoring, analysis, decision support, and warning) aiming to provide a new function and service to m-Government. The proposed MERS framework would also offer a new opportunity to interact between government, citizens, responders, and other non-government agencies in emergency situations.

Anderson, D & Crews, K 1970, 'Bridging the Gap – A Design Process Case Study for an “Intelligent” Footbridge', IABSE Conference, Helsinki 2008: Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for Bridges, Buildings and Construction Practice, IABSE Conference, Helsinki 2008: Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for Bridges, Buildings and Construction Practice, International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), Helsinki, Finland, pp. 7-14.
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This paper presents details of a research project that has been undertaken at the University of Technology, Sydney by a multidisciplinary team to develop a framework model that synthesises architectural, engineering and construction processes for intelligent buildings with sustainable performance characteristics. A significance aspect of this project is the bridging of the traditional gap that exists between Architecture, Engineering and Construction professions in Australia. The focus of the first stage of this research has been to undertake design of a complex form footbridge using various software packages to undertake concept design using digital architecture, visualisation and modelling of structural performance of the finished bridge. In order to achieve this synthesis in design, a number of interoperability issues have been identified. The paper presents details of the project and discuss how various design and knowledge creation issues have been addressed, as well as how it is proposed to develop the framework model in the future, for more complex problems.

Aoki, Y, Sri Ravindrarajah, R & Khabbaz, H 1970, 'Environmentally friendly sustainable pervious concrete', Futures in Mechanics of Structures and Materials - Proceedings of the 20th Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials, ACMSM20, Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials, Taylor & Francis Group, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia, pp. 567-570.
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Portland cement is considered as one of the environmentally unfriendly materials due to its contribution to the increased liberation of carbon dioxide to the environment during production. In addition to its impervious nature, when it is used for pavement application, it contributes to increased stormwater runoff to drainage systems, over-burdening the infrastructure and causing excessive flooding in built-up areas. This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation associated with quantifying the properties of pervious concrete containing fly ash, up to 50% as partial replacement for cement. The main goal of this research is to promote the utilisation of fly ash for developing durable and sustainable pervious concrete, which creates less negative environmental impacts. © 2009 Taylor & Francis Group, London.

Arathoon, SC, Fazall, A, Hussain, OK, Hussain, FK, Chang, E & IEEE 1970, 'Ontological Manifestation of Product Risk in Service Oriented Environment', 2008 6TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS AND INFORMATICS, International Symposium on Intelligent Systems and Informatics, IEEE, Subotica, SERBIA, pp. 302-307.
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Risk is omnipresent in all the interactions that we carry out. Quantifying and making risk-based assessments and decisions is very important especially in the case of business interactions. However in the existing literature there is no ontological manif

Arya, V, Duffield, NG & Veitch, D 1970, 'Temporal Delay Tomography', 2008 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM - The 27th Conference on Computer Communications, 27th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM 2008), IEEE, IEEE.
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Aseeri, A, Wongthongtham, P, Wu, C & Hussain, FK 1970, 'Towards social network based ontology Evolution Wiki for an ontology evolution', Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Information Integration and Web-based Applications & Services, iiWAS08: 10th International Conference on Information Integration and Web-based Applications & Services, ACM, pp. 500-502.
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There is a lack of well-maintained ontologies thus ontology evolution now becomes an important filed of ontology research. The evolution may reflect new categories of systems being evaluated on broader and different understandings of certain concepts and relations. Alternatively ontologies evolve because the conceptualization improves. For ontology evolution, we focus in this paper a social network based approach in which the user community has direct control over the evolution of the ontologies. Ontologies can be enriched, learnt, and obtained from social network users using various empirical techniques. In this paper, we ground the social network based approach on the philosophy of wikis so called ontology Evolution Wiki. © 2008 ACM.

Aubrey, TA & Aboura, K 1970, 'Bandwidth utilisation for volume-to-volume UWB MIMO communications', 2008 3rd International Symposium on Wireless Pervasive Computing, 2008 3rd International Symposium on Wireless Pervasive Computing (ISWPC), IEEE, Santorini, Greece, pp. 88-92.
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Previous studies have investigated communications between regions of space and have considered the effect of antenna volume in determining the theoretical capacity of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications systems. In this paper the effects of antenna 1volume on available bandwidth for MIMO systems is considered. It is demonstrated that while higher order modal connections can be established even for small antennas that a fundamental limitation on bandwidth exists. This limitation becomes important for ultra-wide band (UWB) communications systems. © 2008 IEEE.

Azadeh, A, Saberi, M, Javanmardi, L & Azaron, A 1970, 'Developing Expert System on Decision Making Unit Efficiency', 2008 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOLS 1-5, IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, IEEE, Cambridge, ENGLAND, pp. 232-+.

Azadeh, A, Saberi, M, Javanmardi, L & Azaron, A 1970, 'Developing expert system on decision making unit efficiency', 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2008), IEEE, pp. 809-816.
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Efficiency is a key concept for financial institutions. As personnel specifications have greatest impact on efficiency, they can help us designing work environments for maximizing efficiency. Providing information on multiple input and output factors are a complicated and time consuming procedure. Developing expert system in this situation is hard. This paper proposed a procedure that solved mentioned problem. At first, the integrated approach determining important attributes and then expert system is developed. The integrated approach uses Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Data Mining tools. DEA is used for DMUs efficiency evaluation. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Cross Validation Test Technique (CVTT) are used for precision testing and forecasting and finally DEA is again utilized for identification of attributes importance. ANN is used for determining important attributes and developing expert system. As well, K-means algorithm is used in developing expert system. A Procedure is proposed to developing expert system with mentioned tools and completed rule base. The constructed expert system helps managers to forecast DMUs efficiencies by selected attributes and grouping inferred efficiency. Also, they can assess new situation before happening and compare with present situation. The proposed integrated approach is applied to an actual banking system and its superiorities and advantages are discussed. © 2008 IEEE.

Azadeh, A, Seraj, O & Saberi, M 1970, 'A total fuzzy regression algorithm for energy consumption estimation', 2008 6th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics, 2008 6th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN), IEEE, pp. 1562-1568.
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This study presents an integrated fuzzy regression and time series algorithm to estimate and predict electricity demand for seasonal and monthly changes in electricity consumption especially in developing countries such as China and Iran. Furthermore, it is diy Least-Squares Regression, Fuzzy Mathematical model kand styding theri advantages, thebest model is selectedl for estimation. In addition, another unique feature of this study is utillizaiton of Autocorrelation Function (ACF) to define input variable versus trail and error method. Monthyly electricity consumption of Iran form 1992 to 2004 is condidered ad the case of this study. ©2008 IEEE.

Azadeh, A, Seraj, O & Saberi, M 1970, 'A Total Fuzzy Regression Algorithm for Energy Consumption Estimation', 2008 6TH IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS, VOLS 1-3, 6th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics, IEEE, Daejeon, SOUTH KOREA, pp. 1466-+.

Babar, A, Zowghi, D, Cox, K, Tosic, V & ACM 1970, 'Three Integration Approaches for Map and B-SCP Requirements Engineering Techniques', APPLIED COMPUTING 2008, VOLS 1-3, ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, ACM, Fortaleza, Brazil, pp. 650-655.

Babar, AR, Zowghi, D, Cox, K, Tosic, V, Bleistein, S & Verner, J 1970, 'Problem frames and business strategy modelling', Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on Applications and advances of problem frames, ICSE '08: International Conference on Software Engineering, ACM, Liepzig, Germany, pp. 48-51.
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Requirements engineering describes how an IT implementation will support business functions. Most IT systems are operational in nature and typical requirements engineering techniques and methods are usually adequate in capturing and documenting the requirements for such systems. Jackson’s problem frames is a technique that is suitable for straightforward IT systems descriptions. However, when an organization deploys an IT system that must deliver upon its competitive business strategy, then an appropriate technique or method needs to be used to capture that business strategy in order to connect it to business-critical IT requirements. Here we provide an overview of the use and adaptation of problem frames to connect requirements to business strategy. We found that a simplification of the problem frames notation was necessary and that to be really effective, we had to integrate problem fames with goal modelling and Map, a method that helps describe the evolution of IT over time.

Bachfischer, A, Lawrence, EM, Litchfield, AJ, Dyson, LE & Raban, R 1970, 'Student Perspectives about Using Mobile Devices in Their Studies', IADIS International Conference on Mobile Learning, International Association for Development of the Information Society International Conference, IADIS, Algarve, Portugal, pp. 43-50.

Bagia, R & Sharma, D 1970, 'Environmental Policies v. Energy Security in Australia', Proceedings of 2nd IAEE Asian Conference, The 2nd International Association of Energy Economics Asian Conference, Curtin University of Technology Business School, Perth, Western Australia.
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Abstract: 'Environment' has lately emerged as a policy issue of immense significance in Australia. Two of the most recently released reports on the topic, namely, Garnaut Review and the Australian Government's Green Paper, have established the foundations for a deeper debate on this topic. An early review of these reports, and other literature on this topic, suggests that much of the discussion on the likely impacts of climate change and strategies to mitigate climate-change-inducing greenhouse gases essentially revolves around economic arguments, for example, cost of mitigation, price and other micro- and macro-economic impacts. A lesser emphasis appears, in this debate, to have been placed on another equally strategic dimension associated with this issue, namely, the impacts of various environmental policy initiatives on âenergy securityâ. This paper provides a discussion on this dimension.

Baker, E, Kan, MM, Teo, ST, Onyx, J, Grant, T & Zowghi, D 1970, 'Managing sustainable non-profit network organizations', Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Administrative Sciences Association of Canada, Annual Conference of the Administrative Sciences Association of Canada, Administrative Sciences Association of Canada, University of Ottawa, Canada, pp. 118-128.
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We draw upon a case study conducted within a non-profit network organization to propose five dualities which are central to understanding effective management of non-profit networks. We then examine strategies that address these dualities, based on new approaches to leadership, performance measurement, governance, coaching and creative management of dualities.

Ball, JE & Sakal, A 1970, 'Rainfall spatial variability and uncertainty in real-time flow forecasts', DHI European Conference, Water Across Europe, DHI Group, Dubrovnik, Croatia, pp. 1-11.

Ball, JE, Clark, K & Babister, KM 1970, 'Hydrological modelling using 2-D hydraulic models: Is the approach reasonable?', ICHE-2008 Conference, International Conference on Hydro-Science and Engineering, Testsuro Tsujimotto, Nagoya University, Japan, Nagoya, japan, pp. 1-10.

Bao, CX, Zhu, XQ, Hao, H & Li, ZX 1970, 'Operational modal analysis using correlation-based ARMA models', Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Structural Engineering for Young Experts, ISSEYE 2008, 10th International Symposium on Structural Engineering for Young Experts, SCIENCE PRESS BEIJING, Hunan Univ, Changsha, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 1459-1464.
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This paper develops a correlation-based ARMA model for modal parameter identification. Compared to the traditional ARMA algorithm, the correlation-based ARMA algorithm employs the least mean squares (LMS) to determine the optimal order of the ARMA model, and adopts the correlation function of the dynamic response as the input signal. Using LMS, the accuracy of the identified results is optimized at a low computational cost, and the results are also insensitive to noise since the correlation function is used. Numerical simulations show that this algorithm is capable of identifying rather close modes with great accuracy and time efficiency even when highly noisy signal is present. The correlation-based ARMA algorithm is proven to be an efficient, reliable and robust tool for the output-only modal identification.

Bao, CX, Zhu, XQ, Hao, H & Li, ZX 1970, 'Variable modal parameter identification using an improved HHT algorithm', Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Structural Engineering for Young Experts, ISSEYE 2008, 10th International Symposium on Structural Engineering for Young Experts, SCIENCE PRESS BEIJING, Hunan Univ, Changsha, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 1465-1470.
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In this study, an improved Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) algorithm is introduced to analyse nonlinear dynamic response of structures with closely spaced modes and varying modal parameters. In this algorithm, the auto-correlation function of the original response is taken as a substitute of input to reduce the influences from noise, a band-pass filter is proposed for signal pre-processing to ensure better decomposition. An effective intrinsic mode function (IMF) selection procedure is employed to eliminate the pseudo-components while keeping the real mono-components which are complete and almost orthogonal to the original signal. Numerical simulations show that the improved HHT algorithm is effective for the analysis of nonlinear systems with rather close modes and the identification of variable modal parameters. It also provides a precise identification of particular events in the time-frequency space and a physically meaningful interpretation of the nonlinear process.

Baxter, RM, Steinbeck, MJ, Tipper, JL, Rimnac, CM, Parvizi, J, Marcolongo, M & Kurtz, SM 1970, 'Evaluation of methods for optimized periprosthetic tissue digestion', 8th World Biomaterials Congress 2008, p. 961.

Behrens, M, Carmichael, M & Patel, M 1970, 'Designing SANDRA: An autonomous tour guide robot for the University of Technology, Sydney', Proceedings of the 2008 Australasian Conference on Robotics and Automation, ACRA 2008, Australasian Conference on Robotics and Automation, Australian Robotics and Automation Association, Canberra, pp. 1-7.
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This paper describes how a team of final year mechatronic engineering students developed an autonomous robotic system intended to act as a tour guide during events such as University open days and explores the opportunities this project presented to extend their knowledge and skills. The specifications of the project required the system to localise and navigate autonomously within a known environment while avoiding collisions with any people or obstacles not included in the prior area map. In addition to these requirements, the system needed to locate humans as potential clients, approach and greet them, offer directions and if required take the guest on a guided tour of the university. While taking the subject Advanced Robotics the students were able to develop a functional first prototype of the system and carry out initial tests. Following the completion of the subject a small number of the students opted to continue working on the project developing a second prototype using the knowledge gained and further enhancing their learning experiences. While this project mainly involved integrating existing well known algorithms, software and hardware, it provided an excellent opportunity to enhance the mechatronic engineering skills of the students involved.

Bennett, DW, Schwitter, BK, Miljak, DG & Khachan, J 1970, 'Online mineral measurement applications using magnetic resonance', Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Publication Series, pp. 411-414.
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The performance of prototype magnetic resonance sensors suited to mineral measurement in conveyor, slurry or portable applications is described. The sensors can be positioned around conveyors and modified slurry pipes, providing deep penetration of the sensing field, relative insensitivity to ore surface conditions and high mineral discrimination. Measurements on slurry, concentrates and ores sourced from mine operations are presented for two applications. Firstly, the quantitative measurement of chalcopyrite in slurry was demonstrated in laboratory measurements. In a calibration test, a standard error of 0.1 wt per cent and detection limit of 0.3 wt per cent was obtained. Secondly, results were obtained for the discrimination of iron ore texture. Signals were readily observed using measurement integration times of seconds to several minutes, depending on ore material. The results demonstrate the feasibility of online quantitative analysis of selected minerals in processing applications using magnetic resonance.

Bennett, NS, Cowern, NEB, Paul, S, Lerch, W, Kheyrandish, H, Smith, AJ, Gwilliam, R & Sealy, BJ 1970, 'Vacancy engineering for highly activated &#x2018;diffusionless&#x2019; boron doping in bulk silicon', ESSDERC 2008 - 38th European Solid-State Device Research Conference, ESSDERC 2008 - 38th European Solid-State Device Research Conference, IEEE, Edinburgh, SCOTLAND, pp. 290-293.
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Berglund, A & Lister, RF 1970, 'Debating the OO debate: where is the problem?', Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology, Vol 68: Koli Calling Proceedings of the Seventh Baltic Sea Conference on Computing Education Research, Baltic Sea Conference on Computing Education Research, Australian Computer Society, Koli National Park, Finland, pp. 171-174.
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Abstract: In this paper we discuss problems related to the teaching of object-oriented programming (OOP). We argue that more research on how the computer science teacher understands OOP would be beneficial. Our argument takes its point of departure in three sets of studies: (1) an ongoing study on how computer science teachers understand core concepts of OOP, (2) a study of how the teaching of OOP is discussed within the CS community, and (3) a set of studies that discuss the different ways in which CS teachers experience their teaching. This paper reports on an ongoing study of the different ways in which computing science teachers understand object- oriented programming, and what they mean when use the term objects first.. The phenomenographic research approach has been applied to the analysis of a discussion that occurred in the SIGCSE-members mailing list. Two understandings of objects first have been identified: (1) as an extension of imperative programming, and (2) as conceptually different from imperative programming. These two understandings are illustrated via the differing ways in which computing science teachers use the term polymorphism.

Berglund, A, Box, I, Eckerdal, A, Lister, R & Pears, A 1970, 'Learning educational research methods through collaborative research: The PhICER initiative', Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology Series, Australasian Computing Education Conference, Australian Computer Society, Wollongong, Australia, pp. 35-42.
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To accommodate an increasing interest in phenomenography among the computing education research community, the authors of this paper have organised two workshops, or intensive courses, in phenomenography, intended for researchers in computing education at a university level. Although the workshop programs contained lectures and smaller exercises, the emphasis was on preparing one joint publication from each of the workshops. The publication from the first workshop discussed the experience of being a teacher in computing, while the second focused on teachers' experiences of the problems their students encounter when learning computing. The workshops and their impact on the community are discussed in this paper. © 2008, Australian Computer Society, Inc.

Bliuc, D, Nguyen, ND, Nguyen, TV, Eisman, JA & Center, JR 1970, 'Predictors of Poor Outcomes Following Osteoporotic Fractures in Elderly Women and Men: Air 18 Year Prospective Study.', JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, 30th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Bone-and-Mineral-Research, AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES, Montreal, CANADA, pp. S59-S59.

Bo Yin, Ambikairajah, E & Fang Chen 1970, 'Improvements on hierarchical language identification based on automatic language clustering', 2008 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ICASSP 2008 - 2008 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, IEEE, Las Vegas, NV, pp. 4241-4244.
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Bogg, P, Beydoun, G & Low, G 1970, 'When to Use a Multi-Agent System?', INTELLIGENT AGENTS AND MULTI-AGENT SYSTEMS, PROCEEDINGS, 11th Pacific Rim International Conference on Multi-Agents, SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN, Hanoi, VIETNAM, pp. 98-108.

Brady, FR, Dyson, LE & Asela, T 1970, 'Indigenous Adoption of Mobile Phones and Oral Culture', Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Cultural Attitudes towards Technology and Communication, Cultural Attitudes towards Technology and Communications, Scoool of Information Technology, Murdoch University, Nimes, France, pp. 384-398.
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Indigenous people around the world are becoming more and more interested in ICT. The aural and graphical characteristics of mobile technology and multimedia, in particular, speak to strengths in Indigenous oral and graphical culture. Yet, despite many successful ICT implementations across the globe, there still remain many questions about Indigenous ICT access and adoption. In order to throw light on some of these issues, this paper examines the adoption and use of mobile phones by Indigenous people and how this fits with Indigenous culture. Specifically, we present a preliminary study of mobile phone adoption on a remote island in the Torres Strait with a special focus on Indigenous orality. The study indicates a number of very interesting issues, including an unexpected use of text messaging on mobile phones, as well as phone calls and text messages in the local language Kala Kawa Ya. We tentatively conclude that not only must ICT fit with cultural strengths such as orality but that it must also match key areas of high motivation, such as communication with family.

Braun, R & Chiang, F 1970, 'A Distributed Active Information Model Enabling Distributed Autonomics in Complex Electronic Enviornments', 2008 Third International Conference on Broadband Communications, Information Technology & Biomedical Applications, 2008 Third International Conference on Broadband Communications, Information Technology & Biomedical Applications, IEEE, pp. 473-479.
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Information modeling plays a central role in managing complexity of the distributed electronic systems. This paper proposes a nature-inspired distributed active information model (DAIM) to enable the local decision-making process, that will fundamentally contribute to a number of complex distributed electronic environments. The consequences from multiple distributed decision-makers give rise to the global goals exhibited by emergent properties. Details of the DAIM model are described in this paper. The validation for this model is also be given via the experimental tests in the discrete event simulator. Performance comparisons show the DAIM model outperforms the conventional information model. © 2008 IEEE.

Bright, C, Lindsay, E, Lowe, DB, Murray, SJ & Liu, D 1970, 'Factors That Impact Learning Outcomes in Both Simulation and Remote Laboratories', Ed-Media 2008: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications, Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications, AACE, Vienna, Austria, pp. 6251-6258.

Bulusu, N, Chou, CT, Kanhere, S, Dong, Y, Sehgal, S, Sullivan, D & Blazeski, L 1970, 'Participatory sensing in commerce: Using mobile camera phones to track market price dispersion', the International Workshop on Urban, Community and Social Applications of Networked Sensing Systems - UrbanSense08, the International Workshop on Urban, Community and Social Applications of Networked Sensing Systems - UrbanSense08, Raleigh, USA.

Burnham, DR, Reece, P, López Mago, D, Gutiérrez-Vega, JC & McGloin, D 1970, 'Dynamics of airborne tweezing', SPIE Proceedings, NanoScience + Engineering, SPIE, San Diego, CA, pp. 70381P-70381P.
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Cabrera, D, Ferguson, S, Rizwi, F & Schubert, E 1970, 'PsySound3: a program for the analysis of sound recordings', The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), pp. 3247-3247.
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This paper demonstrates the sound analysis software PsySound3, which was written by the authors. The software currently includes a range of DSP-based analysis techniques (e.g., spectrum, cepstrum, autocorrelation, Hilbert transform, sound level meter emulator), as well as implementations of psychoacoustical algorithms often associated with sound quality (e.g., loudness, sharpness, loudness fluctuation, roughness, pitch, binaural attributes). In some cases, PsySound3 makes available multiple models of the one auditory attribute - for example it implements dynamic and static loudness models using Erb- and Bark-based auditory filters. The program is extensible, and so has the potential to allow researchers to share their analysis models using a common interface. PsySound3 is written in Matlab, and is also available as a stand-alone program. The software is freely available from www.psysound.org.

Caddis, BM, Jempson, MA, Ball, JE & Syme, WJ 1970, 'Incorporating hydrology into 2D hydraulic models - The direct rainfall approach', 9th National Conference on Hydraulics in Water Engineering 2008, National Conference on Hydraulics in Water Engineering, Engineers Australia, Darwin, Australia, pp. 1-7.
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Traditionally, flood modelling has involved two distinct stages. Firstly, hydrological analysis enables the analyst to quantify the flow of water within a watercourse during any particular rainfall event. For this process a lumped approach is usually adopted. Each sub-catchment is assigned a spatial average for each model variable, and the rainfall-runoff process is simulated using simplistic storage and routing based equations. The second stage involves a hydraulic analysis where the mechanisms of flow along watercourses and across floodplains are defined. Hydraulic analysis is commonly undertaken using a one or two-dimensional solution of the free-surface flow equations. In the case of two-dimensional modelling, the spatial variability of model variables is at a much finer resolution than the hydrological modelling. The application of rainfall directly onto a 2D hydraulic model grid offers an alternative approach for modelling the rainfall-runoff process. This direct rainfall approach appeals to the practitioner when modelling urban catchments where the hydraulic model is required over a significant proportion of the catchment. This paper contains a summary of a study undertaken which compares the results of a direct rainfall model to the results of a conventional two stage flood modelling process. It will be shown that by adjusting values assigned for surface roughness and rainfall losses, similar results can be achieved to those from the conventional approach. It is then discussed how the loss modelling mechanism can be refined to compliment the distributed nature of the direct rainfall modelling approach. The Green-Ampt infiltration model is used to highlight the influence that surface ponding can have on the infiltration capacity of the soil. The ongoing investigation plans to show how application of a more complex infiltration model can affect the solution of a two-dimensional hydrodynamic runoff-routing model. Ground cover and composition, conti...

Cajote, RD, Aramvith, S, Guevara, RCL & Miyanaga, Y 1970, 'Improved Sorting Algorithm for Explicit FMO Macroblock Classification in H.264', 2008 International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies, 2008 International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies (ISCIT), IEEE, pp. 514-519.
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Cajote, RD, Aramvith, S, Guevara, RCL & Yoshikazu Miyanaga 1970, 'FMO slice group maps using spatial and temporal indicators for H.264 wireless video transmission', 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), IEEE, pp. 3566-3569.
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Cao, L 1970, 'Behavior Informatics and Analytics: Let Behavior Talk', 2008 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining Workshops, 2008 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining Workshops (ICDMW), IEEE, Pisa, Italy, pp. 87-96.
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Behavior is increasingly recognized as a key component in business intelligence and problem-solving. Different from traditional behavior analysis, which mainly focus on implicit behavior and explicit business appearance as a result of business usage and customer demographics, this paper proposes the field of Behavior Informatics and Analytics (BIA), to support explicit behavior involvement through a conversion from transactional data to behavioral data, and further genuine analysis of native behavior patterns and impacts. BIA consists of key components including behavior modeling and representation, behavioral data construction, behavior impact modeling, behavior pattern analysis, and behavior presentation. BIA can greatly complement the existing means for combined, more informative and social patterns and solutions for critical problem-solving in areas such as dealing with customer-officer interaction, counterterrorism and monitoring online communities.

Cao, L 1970, 'Metasynthetic Computing for Solving Open Complex Problems', 2008 32nd Annual IEEE International Computer Software and Applications Conference, 2008 32nd Annual IEEE International Computer Software and Applications Conference, IEEE, Turku, Finland, pp. 896-901.
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Complex systems, in particular, open complex giant systems have become one of major challenges to many current disciplines such as system sciences, cognitive sciences, intelligence sciences, computer sciences, and information sciences. An appropriate methodology for dealing with them is the theory of qualitative-to-quantitative metasynthesis. From the perspective of engineering, we propose the concept of metasynthetic computing. This paper discusses the theoretical framework, problem-solving process and intelligence emergence of metasynthetic computing from both engineering and cognition perspectives. These efforts can help one understand complex systems and design effective problem-solving systems.

Cao, L, Luo, D, Xiao, Y & Zheng, Z 1970, 'Agent Collaboration for Multiple Trading Strategy Integration.', KES-AMSTA, International KES Symposium on Agents and Multiagent systems - Technologies and Applications, Springer, Incheon, Korea,, pp. 361-370.
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The collaboration of agents can undertake complicated tasks that cannot be handled well by a single agent. This is even true for excecuting multiple goals at the same time. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of trading agent collaboration in integrating multiple trading strategies. Trading agents are used for developing quality trading strategies to support smart actions in the market. Evolutionary trading agents are armed with evolutionary computing capability to optimize strategy parameters. To develop even smarter trading strategies (we call golden strategies), multiple Evolutionary and Collaborative trading agents negotiate with each other for m loops to search multiple local strategies with best parameter combinations. They also integrate multiple classes of strategies for trading agents to achieve the best global objectives acceptable for trader needs. Tests of five classes of trading strategies in ten years of five markets of data have shown that agent collaboration for strategy integration can achieve much better performance of trading compared with that of either individually optimized or randomly chosen strategies. © 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Carelli, MD, Mycoff, CW, Garrone, P, Locatelli, G, Mancini, M, Ricotti, ME, Trianni, A & Trucco, P 1970, 'Competitiveness of Small-Medium, New Generation Reactors: A Comparative Study on Capital and O&M Costs', Volume 4: Structural Integrity; Next Generation Systems; Safety and Security; Low Level Waste Management and Decommissioning; Near Term Deployment: Plant Designs, Licensing, Construction, Workforce and Public Acceptance, 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering, ASMEDC, Orlando, FL, pp. 499-506.
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Smaller size reactors are going to be an important component of the worldwide nuclear renaissance. An inappropriate application of the economy of scale would label the small-medium size reactors as not economically competitive with larger plants because of capital costs ($/kWe) and O&M costs ($/kWh) that would appear to be significantly higher. However, the economy of scale applies only if the considered designs are similar, which is not the case here, since the small size allows original design solutions not accessible to large size reactors. In the paper the historical trend of capital costs vs. plant size is estimated from literature, and a reference exponent factor for the economy of scale for the light water reactor is derived. Then the paper identifies and briefly discusses the various factors which, beside size, contribute in differentiating the capital cost of smaller reactors with respect to large reactors. In this reference frame the evaluation for of the following factors is provided: · design characteristics · modular build · multiple units · accelerated learning in construction · operation, and shorter construction time. The IRIS reactor is used as the example of small modular reactor (SMR), but the analysis and conclusions are applicable to the whole spectrum of small nuclear plants. The results show that when all these factors are accounted for in a set of realistic and comparable configurations, and with the same power installed in the site, the capital costs of small and large plants installations are practically equivalent. Considering the O&M cost the paper shows how the plant size is not the only and fundamental cost driver. In fact there is a range of other factors (e.g. location, regulatory issues, capacity factor, plant obsolescence and number of reactors on a site) able to influence the annual O&M cost for a specific plant. The paper provides a preliminary evaluation of these factors by historical analysis of ...

Catley, C, Stratti, H & McGregor, C 1970, 'Multi-dimensional temporal abstraction and data mining of medical time series data: Trends and challenges', 2008 30th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2008 30th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, IEEE, Vancouver, CANADA, pp. 4322-4325.
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Center, JR, Bliuc, D, Nguyen, TV & Eisman, JA 1970, 'Substantial Adverse Outcomes Follow Non-Hip Non-Vertebral Fragility Fractures.', JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, 30th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Bone-and-Mineral-Research, AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES, Montreal, CANADA, pp. S18-S18.

Cetindamar, D & Pala, O 1970, 'The relationship between CTO and performance', PICMET '08 - 2008 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering & Technology, Technology, IEEE, Univ Pretoria, Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA, pp. 42-49.
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Chaczko, Z, Klempous, R, Nikodem, J & Szymanski, J 1970, 'Applications of Cooperative WSN in Homecare Systems', 2008 Third International Conference on Broadband Communications, Information Technology & Biomedical Applications, 2008 Third International Conference on Broadband Communications, Information Technology & Biomedical Applications, IEEE, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa, pp. 215-220.
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Cooperation plays the crucial role in shared space of the homecare processes. It is a rather hard task to ensure effective cooperation in home care environment. This is due to variability of schedules, tasks and mobility of both patients and carers. In this paper, we discuss sensor network technology that can facilitate and improve home care cooperation scenarios. We present methodology, recommendations and applications for incorporating a WSN based solution in various areas of Homecare. We argue that even the most difficult areas of cooperation between patients and their carers such as: information retrieval, information dissemination, scheduling, coordination of short and long-term treatment can be supported by WSN based solutions. Finally, we discuss sensor network design approaches for incorporating smart communication devices and sensors to support health care workers and their patients in their daily activities. The network of smart sensors can help to maintain awareness of the activities of all stakeholders and the need to integrate communication and computer technology with the requirements of effective aged care infrastructure.

Chaczko, Z, Mahadevan, V & Nikodem, J 1970, 'A Bio-inspired Telecollaboration Service Taxonomy: Usability Related Concerns', 2008 Third International Conference on Broadband Communications, Information Technology & Biomedical Applications, 2008 Third International Conference on Broadband Communications, Information Technology & Biomedical Applications, IEEE, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa, pp. 209-214.
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As the Internet is transforming the global information economy, the Telecollaboration (TC) system services are moving at a transitional pace dictated by market forces. However, the pace is turning out to be a lot slower than expected. This has prompted us now to approximate and synthesize the design concepts of building a scalable biomimetic system manager for a telecollaboration service taxonomy. Thus, it is expected that if there is more correlation across the design concepts of the system manager, the greater will be the likelihood of demonstrating a rescue-like operation for humans in this new taxonomy. The main goal of this paper is initially to over view the bio-swarm behaviours of insect colonies to embrace a notional computing architecture that enables an individual TC service entity. It is important that these behaviours along with the proposed self-x autonomic functions offered by the system manager need to be pursued, and indeed continue, in a highly correlated way to fulfil the opportunistic functional tasks related to the discovery and delivery of Telecollaboration services. In this context next, we attempt to study the significant usability benefits of qualitative and quantitative execution pressures related to the implementation of these functions. This includes a better understanding of the constraints of implementation of these functions to deal with complex usability performance baselines. Finally, we give an updated foresight of process deployment strategies through a group of highly diverse and autonomous objects called Teleholons whilst exploiting the role of these self-x autonomic functions.

Chaczko, ZC & Chiu, CC 1970, 'Intelligent Tele-Homecare: The Application of Soft-Computing Models in Sensor Agent Network Systems', 10th Annual Postgraduate Research Students Conference 2008 Abstracts, 10th UTS Annual Postgraduate Research Students' Conference (PRSC 2008), University of Technology, Sydney, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-3.
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This paper conceptualises the development of an Intelligent Home Care system to assist health care professionals and carers in providing an enhanced level of support to senior citizens. The social demographics in the developed world indicate a decline in population growth, indicating a need for greater resources to be dedicated towards enhancing the lives of an aging society. Furthermore, the dissociation of extended family structures in modern society results in senior citizens to take greater independence in managing their own lives. With the technological advances in the Tele-Homecare domain, there is an impetus to develop improved computational techniques that reflect the nature of complex systems in medicine and biology.

Chaivongvilan, S & Sharma, D 1970, 'A Comprehensive Framework for Analysing Long-term Energy Scenarios for Thailand', International Conference on Energy Security and Climate Change: Issues, Strategies, and Options (ESCC 2008), International Conference on Energy Security and Climate Change: Issues, Strategies, and Options (ESCC 2008), Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 1-9.

Chan, A, Chaczko, Z, Chiu, C & Zielinski, R 1970, 'File Compression Using Typogenetic Computation.', BroadCom, International Conference of Broadband Communication, Information Technology and Biomedical Applications, IEEE Computer Society, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa, pp. 202-208.
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Typogenetic algorithms are a break from classical approaches to computation. Based on gene expression and intercellular processes, typo-genetic computation can offer a new approach to the algorithmic problems of system security, data compression and encryption. The method has a potential of much higher compression ratios at the limited computational costs i.e. processing time. This paper presents a formal system based on typogenetics for the purposes of compression. Lossless data compression is an important part of computer science. While the ability to reduce consumption of hard disk space or transmission bandwidth through statistical redundancy has served well in the past, the explosive growth in high quality media content (*.mp3, *.mpg) on the internet in the past few years have highlighted the limitations of traditional statistical techniques for compression.

Chan, KY, Zhu, HL, Lau, CC, Ling, SH & IEEE 1970, 'Gene Signature Selection for Cancer Prediction Using an Integrated Approach of Genetic Algorithm and Support Vector Machine', 2008 IEEE CONGRESS ON EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATION, VOLS 1-8, IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, IEEE, Hong Kong, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 217-224.
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Chanan, AP, ghetti, I & Kandasamy, JK 1970, 'From El Nino to La Nina and Back: Challenges of managing coastal areas through climate change', IWA World Water Congress 2008, Vienna, Austria, IWA World Water Congress, IWA Publishing, Vienna, Austria, pp. 113-114.
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In Australia (particularly eastern Australia), La Niña events are associated with increased probability of wetter conditions, whereas El Niño events are associated with an increased probability of drier conditions For an urbanised coastal council like Kogarah there are a number of impacts associated with climate change. For instance, the risk of flood may be increased due to more intense rainfalls, when couple with rising sea levels. Coastal Councils may also experience increased coastal flooding and coastal erosion due to increased storm surges and rising sea levels. Water restrictions are already in place due to severe droughts and it is further predicted that councils will have limited water supply available for irrigation needed to provide parks and well-maintained sporting facilities for the community. Given that the science of climate change is not an exact science there are obvious technical and socio-political challenges that are to be addressed. The paper shares Kogarah Councils experiences in dealing with these challenges and provides a snapshot of programs currently being implemented in response to climate change. By investing in proactive measure to reduce risk and vulnerability it is possible to build a powerful resilience to climate change.

Chanan, AP, Kandasamy, JK & Sharma, D 1970, 'A Role for Input-Output Analysis in Urban Water Policy Decisions in Australia', Input - Output & Environment Website, Input - Output & Environment, IIOA, Saville Spain, pp. 1-18.
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Discussion on water reuse and its role in sustainable water resource management in Australia has been on the agenda of policy makers and scientific community for the last three decades. Despite that, promulgation of water reuse especially in metropolitan Australia has been a rather slow process. To advance sustainable urban water management, water policy shift towards `co-management and `higher value use is critical. Input Output Analysis provides an ideal mechanism for water policy makers to prepare a case for this much needed policy shift. The paper discusses the methodology available for such an exercise, with special reference to Kogarah Local Government Area, located within the Sydney Metropolitan.

Cheah, C, Ball, JE & Cox, R 1970, 'Kinematic wave modelling of surface runoff quality for small urban catchments', Website Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Urban Drainage, International Conference on Urban Drainage, International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Res (IAHR)/International Water Associan (IWA), Edinburgh, Scotland, pp. 1-10.
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Various stormwater models have been employed to simulate runoff quality on urban catchments. Yet, it was found that they were unable to reproduce the historical pollutographs or loadographs accurately and reliably. This can be attributed to the fact that runoff quality processes such as the entrainment and erosion mechanisms of pollutants from surfaces are poorly understood. As a result, either simple conceptual models or empirical expressions that require extensive calibration were used instead. To attain better prediction of sediment loads and pollutant constituents, the variable runoff depth on the catchment surface has to be accounted for and the hydrological processes taking place ought to be replicated by the model. This is possible by adopting the kinematic wave approach in routing runoff over the surfaces.

Cheah, C, Ball, JE & Cox, R 1970, 'Modelling Roof runoff in a Small Urban Catchment', Proceedings of Water Down Under 2008, Water Down Under 2008, Australian Engineers Association, Adelaide, Australia, pp. 398-408.
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The conventional approach to modelling urban stormwater runoff Is to view the different impervious surfaces in a catchment as having the same characteristics and producing similar responses to rainfall during storm events. However, consideration of the literature shows that differences exist between these individual surfaces, as evident In the variation of pollutant loads coming off the impervious surfaces within a catchment such as roads and roofs, Relativeiy few studies have been undertaken to model roof runoff exclusively. This research, therefore, focuses on the simulation of roof runoff using a hydrologic model based on kinematic wave theory to differentiate and compare the runoff processes taking place on a roof surface to its road counterpart. A field monitoring station has been established adjacent to a roof catchment so that sufficient hydrologic data can be obtained during storm events for model calibration and validation. Initial testing revealed that the model performs satisfactorily and provides predictions well within the acceptable accuracy. This roof runoff model will form the basis for the development of a model that will simulate roof runoff quality. Results from this study are useful in view of the implementation of Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) concepts in urban stormwater management through enabling better estimation of the catchment contaminant loads from different urban catchment surfaces.

Chen, C-H, Liu, Y-C, Lin, C-J & Lin, C-T 1970, 'A hybrid of cooperative particle swarm optimization and cultural algorithm for neural fuzzy networks', 2008 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence), 2008 IEEE 16th International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (FUZZ-IEEE), IEEE, Hong Kong, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 238-245.
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Chen, G, Chen, J, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 1970, 'Synthetic design of the transformer in flyback switching AC-DC converters', Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, ICEMS 2008, World Publishing Corporation, Wuhan, China, pp. 1871-1874.
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This paper presents the synthetic design of the transformer in flyback switching AC-DC converters. Firstly, the maximal power transferred by a standard size magnetic core such as EE-20 or EE-25 is theoretically determined. To obtain accurate analysis, a method based on the nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) of electromagnetic field is employed. Secondly, from the view of reducing the maximal magnetic flux density in the transformer with the same power, it is proved that the discontinuous conducting mode has more advantages than the continuous conducting mode. Several rules for designing the transformer are presented. As an example, the transformer of an existing converter is re-designed by using the proposed approach. With a nonlinear 2-D FEA field-circuit coupled switching detailed model built in Matlab/Simulink surrounding, the performance of the new converter is obtained.

Chen, J, Chen, G, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 1970, 'Comprehensive analysis of power loss in the output diode of flyback switching converter operating in DCM and CCM', Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, ICEMS 2008, International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, World Publishing Corporation, Wuhan, China, pp. 1865-1870.
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This paper analyzes the maximal power loss in the output diode of flyback switching converter operating in both continuous conducting mode (CCM) and discontinuous conducting mode (DCM). Comparing with the previous work, this paper extends the condition, under which the maximal power loss of the output diode occurs, from the CCM to the DCM. Three correlative tasks are included. Firstly, through an analytical analysis, the condition under which the maximal power is consumed by the output diode is obtained. Secondly, to verify the analytical analysis and acquire more accurate results, based on nonlinear finite element analysis, a detailed field-circuit indirect coupling model of flyback switching AC to DC converter is built, where several nonlinear factors such as the saturation of magnetic ferrite core, control delay and switching characteristic are included. Finally, the above analysis results are applied to control the maximal power loss in the output diode of flyback switching AC-DC converter to be an approximate minimum; this would improve the converter reliability and power efficiency.

Chen, J, Chen, G, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 1970, 'Thermal analysis and design of power electronic parts assembled by heat sink in flyback switching AC to DC converters with case enveloped', Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, ICEMS 2008, International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, World Publishing Corporation, Wuhan, China, pp. 1958-1962.
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This paper presents the thermal analysis and design of power electronic parts assembled by heat sink in flyback switching AC to DC converters with case enveloped. Firstly, both the analytic method and the field-circuit indirect coupling model are applied to calculate the maximum power consumed by the power electronic parts and the power loss of the converter. Secondly, based on the case temperature calculated by using the traditional equivalent circuit, a systematic method is introduced for selecting heat sinks for the power dispersion in the power electronic parts. Finally, in order to obtain the thermal distribution in the heat sink, the method of finite element analysis (FEA) is used. The FEA model for the performance analysis of thermal field is realized in MATLAB/Simulink surrounding, and the method for deciding some key coefficients in the unified thermal model is presented. The results obtained by FEA are in good agreement with those by analytical analysis.

Chen, L, Hu, Y & Nejdl, W 1970, 'DECK: Detecting Events from Web Click-Through Data', 2008 Eighth IEEE International Conference on Data Mining, 2008 Eighth IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM), IEEE.
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Chen, X, Jin, J, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 1970, 'Design and analysis of a 10 kVA HTS transformer', Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, ICEMS 2008, 11th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, WORLD PUBLISHING CORPORATION, Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Wuhan, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 4302-4304.
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With the improvement of high temperature superconductor (HTS) practical performance, research and development concerning the applications of HTS transformers have been progressed actively in the world. This work presents a single-phase 10 kVA (220V/24V) HTS transformer prototype design to validate HTS for practical transformer applications. The physical designs of the HTS transformer and 2-D electromagnetic analysis have been presented in the paper. A LabVIEW-based test and control system has also been developed to form a whole HTS transformer system.

Chen, X, Jin, J, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 1970, 'Prototype Design of a 10 kVA HTS Transformer', Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), ICEMs2008, World Publishing Corporation, Wuhan, China, pp. 4302-4304.
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With the improvement of high temperature superconductor (HTS) practical performance, research and development concerning the applications of HTS transformers have been progressed actively in the world. This work presents a single-phase 10 kVA (220 V/24 V) HTS transformer prototype design to validate HTS for practical transformer applications. The physical designs of the HTS transformer and 2-D electromagnetic analysis have been presented in the paper. A LabVIEW-based test and control system has also been developed to form a whole HTS transformer system.

Chen, Y, Hong, Q, Chen, X & Zhang, C 1970, 'Real-Time Speaker Verification Based on GMM-UBM for PDA', 2008 Fifth IEEE International Symposium on Embedded Computing, 2008 Fifth IEEE International Symposium on Embedded Computing (SEC), IEEE, pp. 243-246.
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Chen, Y, Wu, Q & He, X 1970, 'Human Action Recognition by Radon Transform', 2008 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining Workshops, 2008 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining Workshops (ICDMW), IEEE, Pisa, Italy, pp. 862-868.
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A new feature description is used for human behaviour representation and recognition. The feature is based on Radon transforms of extracted silhouettes. Key postures are selected based on the Radon transform. Key postures are combined to construct an action template for each sequence. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) is applied to the set of key postures to obtain low dimensional feature vectors. Different classification methods are used to classify each sequence. Experiments are carried out based on a publically available human behaviour database and the results are exciting. © 2008 IEEE.

Chen, Y, Wu, Q & He, X 1970, 'Motion Based Pedestrian Recognition', 2008 Congress on Image and Signal Processing, 2008 Congress on Image and Signal Processing, IEEE, Sanya, China, pp. 376-380.
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This paper proposed a method for discriminating pedestrians from rigid objects in a video. The method is a motion-based recognition of moving objects. This method is motivated by the assumptions that human beings are non-rigid and their movements are periodic. Moving objects and their skeletons are extracted. The motion cue is determined by the angle formed by the centroid point and the two bottom end points at object's skeleton. The histogram of the cue over a time period is used to determine if the object is pedestrian or not. This cue does not require any pre-built models. Neither does it need Fourier Transform to obtain the cycle of the objects. The proposed method is computation inexpensive, and it can be used for real-time video surveillance. ©2008 IEEE.

Chen, Y, Wu, Q & He, X 1970, 'Using dynamic programming to match human behavior sequences', 2008 10th International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision, 2008 10th International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision (ICARCV), IEEE, Hanoi, Vietnam, pp. 1498-1503.
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This paper proposed a new approach for recognition and matching the human behavior sequence. Each human behavior sequence is represented by its key postures to greatly reduce the computation time. Normalization is applied to all the behavior sequences key postures for matching. A dynamic time warping (DTW) algorithm is used to perform the alignment of two time series. Experiments are carried out on an open human behavior database and exciting results have been obtained. © 2008 IEEE.

Chen, Y, Wu, Q, He, X, Du, C & Yang, J 1970, 'Extracting key postures in a human action video sequence', 2008 IEEE 10th Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, 2008 IEEE 10th Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing (MMSP), IEEE, Cairns, Queensland, Australia, pp. 569-573.
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Human key posture extraction from videos will benefit video storage, video retrieval, human action recognition, human behaviour understanding and so on. This paper presents an approach to select key postures from human action sequences using 2D information. There are two steps in the proposed method. Information measurement which is a kind of global feature of a frame is used to roughly find key posture candidates. Then, a body skeleton feature which is a kind of local feature is applied to select final key postures from the candidates obtained in the first step. The experiments show that the proposed method is efficient. © 2008 IEEE.

Chen, Y, Zhang, J & Jayalath, ADS 1970, 'New Training Sequence Structure for Zero-Padded SC-FDE System in Presence of Carrier Frequency Offset', 2008 IEEE 68th Vehicular Technology Conference, 2008 IEEE 68th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC 2008-Fall), IEEE, IEEE, pp. 1-4.
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Chen, Y, Zhang, JA & Jayalath, ADS 1970, 'New Training Sequence Structure for Zero-Padded SC-FDE System in Presence of Carrier Frequency Offset', 68TH IEEE VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, FALL 2008, 68th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, IEEE, Calgary, CANADA, pp. 1930-1933.

Cheng, B, Ritz, C & Burnett, I 1970, 'A Spatial Squeezing approach to Ambisonic audio compression', 2008 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ICASSP 2008 - 2008 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, IEEE, Las Vegas, NV, pp. 369-372.
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Cheng, B, Ritz, CH & Burnett, IS 1970, 'Binaural reproduction of Spatially Squeezed Surround Audio', 2008 9th International Conference on Signal Processing, 2008 9th International Conference on Signal Processing (ICSP 2008), IEEE, Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 506-509.
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Cheng, E, Burnett, IS & Ritz, CH 1970, 'Multivariate autoregressive modelling of multichannel reverberant speech', 2008 IEEE 10th Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, 2008 IEEE 10th Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing (MMSP), IEEE, pp. 945-949.
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Recent research in speech localization and dereverberation introduced processing of the multichannel linear prediction (LP) residual of speech recorded with multiple microphones. This paper investigates the novel use of intra- and inter-channel speech prediction by proposing the use of a multichannel LP model derived from multivariate autoregression (MVAR), where current LP approaches are based on univariate autoregression (AR). Experiments were conducted on simulated anechoic and reverberant synthetic speech vowels and real speech sentences; results show that, especially at low reverberation times, the MVAR model exhibits greater prediction gains from the residual signal, compared to residuals obtained from univariate AR models for individually or jointly modelled speech channels. In addition, the MVAR model more accurately models the speech signal when compared to univariate LP of a similar prediction order and when a smaller number of microphones are deployed. © 2008 IEEE.

Cheng, E, Burnett, IS & Ritz, CH 1970, 'Multivariate Autoregressive Modelling of Multichannel Reverberant Speech', 2008 IEEE 10TH WORKSHOP ON MULTIMEDIA SIGNAL PROCESSING, VOLS 1 AND 2, 10th IEEE Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, IEEE, Cairns, AUSTRALIA, pp. 949-+.

Cheng, E, Cheng, B, Ritz, C & Burnett, IS 1970, 'Spatialized Teleconferencing: Recording and `Squeezed' Rendering of Multiple Distributed Sites', 2008 Australasian Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference, 2008 Australasian Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference (ATNAC), IEEE, Adelaide, AUSTRALIA, pp. 411-416.
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Cheng, TM, Savkin, AV, Celler, BG, Su, SW & Wang, L 1970, 'Heart Rate Regulation During Exercise with Various Loads: Identification and Nonlinear H∞ Control', IFAC Proceedings Volumes, IFAC World Congress, Elsevier BV, Seoul, Korea, pp. 11618-11623.
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A model for the heart rate response to treadmill walking exercise is proposed in this paper. The parameters of the model were experimentally identified which involved subjects walking at different speeds. A 2-degree-of-freedom controller was then developed for the regulation of the heart rate response during treadmill exercise. The controller consists of a piecewise LQ and an Hâ sub-controllers. Experimental results demonstrated that the heart rate of the subjects were regulated by the proposed controller.

Cheng, TM, Savkin, AV, Celler, BG, Su, SW & Wang, L 1970, 'Nonlinear modelling and control of heart rate response to treadmill walking exercise', BIOSIGNALS 2008: PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIO-INSPIRED SYSTEMS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING, VOL II, International Conference on Bio-inspired Systems and Signal Processing, Institute for Systems and Technologies of Information, Madeira, Portugal, pp. 498-503.
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In this study, a nonlinear system was developed for the modelling of the heart rate response to treadmill walking exercise. The model is a feedback interconnected system which can represent the neural response and peripheral local response to exercise. The parameters of the model were identified from an experimental study which involved 6 healthy adult male subjects, each completed 3 sets of walking exercise at different speeds. The proposed model will be useful in explaining the cardiovascular response to exercise. Based on the model, a 2-degree-of-freedom controller was developed for the regulation of the heart rate response during exercise. The controller consists of a piecewise LQ and an H infinity controllers. Simulation results showed that the proposed controller had the ability to regulate heart rate at a given target, indicating that the controller can play an important role in the design of exercise protocols for individuals.

Cheng, TM, Savkin, AV, Su, SW, Celler, BG, Wang, L & IEEE 1970, 'A robust control design for heart rate tracking during exercise', 2008 30th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Vols 1-8, IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Annual Conference, IEEE, Vancouver, Canada, pp. 2785-2788.
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In this study, a control design is proposed for the tracking control of heart rate response during treadmill exercise. The controller tracks an exerciserâs heart rate to a given heart rate profile, that may represent a prescribed exercise protocol, by varying the speed of the treadmill. A guaranteed cost control approach is adopted in the control design so that the controller guarantees a certain level of performance. The effectiveness of the proposed control design is demonstrated via a simulation study. The controller will be useful in the design of exercise protocols for individuals.

Chew, E, Hawryszkiewycz, I & Soanes, M 1970, 'Modeling Requirements for Value Configuration Design', Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 169-178.
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Breadth and depth complexity are key challenges in achieving business process fusion as the enabler for value configuration design. The PARM framework is proposed as the requirement to address breadth and depth complexity through the independent but integrated operation of the process, activity, resource and management viewpoints. The operational scenarios for each viewpoint result in varying process modeling extension requirements. Existing process modeling constructs have varying support for these requirements. The PARM framework solution is an extension and integration of existing modeling constructs rather than a solution in its own right. Using the MDA approach of abstracting a platform independent model from a platform specific implementation, it is the goal in future papers to define process modeling extensions to support the PARM framework and map these into existing implementation architectures. © 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Chih-Wen Hsueh, Jen-Feng Chung, Lan-Da Van & Chin-Teng Lin 1970, 'Anticipatory access pipeline design for phased cache', 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), IEEE, Seattle, WA, pp. 2342-2345.
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Chin-Teng Lin, Hong-Zhang Lin, Tzai-Wen Chiu, Chih-Feng Chao, Yu-Chieh Chen, Sheng-Fu Liang & Li-Wei Ko 1970, 'Distraction-related EEG dynamics in virtual reality driving simulation', 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), IEEE, Seattle, WA, pp. 1088-1091.
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Chin-Teng Lin, Pal, NR, Chien-Yao Chuang, Tzyy-Ping Jung, Li-Wei Ko & Sheng-Fu Liang 1970, 'An EEG-based subject- and session-independent drowsiness detection', 2008 IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence), 2008 IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN 2008 - Hong Kong), IEEE, Hong Kong, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 3448-3454.
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Chotiprayanakul, P, Wang, D, Kwok, N & Liu, D 1970, 'A Haptic Base Human Robot Interaction Approach for Robotic Grit Blasting', Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (IAARC), 25th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction, International Association for Automation and Robotics in Construction (IAARC).
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Chotiprayanakul, P, Wang, D, Kwok, N & Liu, D 1970, 'A haptic base Human Robot Interaction approach for robotic grit blasting', 25TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON AUTOMATION AND ROBOTICS IN CONSTRUCTION - ISARC-2008, International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction, IAARC, Vilnius, Lithuania, pp. 148-154.
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This paper proposes a remote operation method for a robot arm in a complex environment by using the Virtual Force (VF) based approach. A virtual robot arm is manipulated by a steering force, at the end-effecter, which is generated according to the movement of a feedback haptic. A three-dimensional force field (3D-F2) is employed in collision detection and avoidance. Repulsive forces from the 3D-F2 are produced and feedback to the haptic device that enables the operator to have a sense of touch on the encountered obstacle and then steer the arm to avoid it. As a result, collision-free poses of the virtual robot arm can then be used to command the real robot. Experiments are conducted in a mock up bridge environment where the real robot arm is steered to target points by the operator. Experiment results have shown successful collision avoidance and emulation of the actual command force and the virtual forces in remote operations.

Chun-Chieh Huang, Shao-Hang Hung, Jen-Feng Chung, Lan-Da Van & Chin-Teng Lin 1970, 'Front-end amplifier of low-noise and tunable BW/gain for portable biomedical signal acquisition', 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), IEEE, Seattle, WA, pp. 2717-2720.
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Chunhua Du, Qiang Wu, Jie Yang & Zheng Wu 1970, 'SVM based ASM for facial landmarks location', 2008 8th IEEE International Conference on Computer and Information Technology, 2008 8th IEEE International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (CIT), IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 321-326.
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Finding a new position for each landmark is a crucial step in active shape model (ASM). Mahalanobis distance minimization is used for this finding, provided there are enough training data such that the grey-level profiles for each landmark follow a multivariate Gaussian distribution. However, this condition could not be satisfied in most cases. In this paper, a new method support vector machine (SVM) based ASM (SVMBASM) is proposed. It approaches the finding task as a small sample size classification problem, and uses SVM classifier to deal with this problem. Moreover, considering imbalanced dataset which contains more negative instances(incorrect candidates for new position) than positive instances(correct candidates for new position), a multi-class classification framework is adopted. Performance evaluation on SJTU face database show that the proposed SVMBASM outperforms the original ASM in terms of the average error as well as the average frequency of convergence. © 2008 IEEE.

Clark, K, Ball, JE & Babister, KM 1970, 'Can Fixed grid 2 Hydraulic Models be used as Hydrologic Models?', Proceedings of Water Down Under 2008, Water Down Under 2008, 2008 Hydrology and Water resources Symposium, Adelaide, Australia, pp. 2496-2507.

Clear, T, Edwards, J, Lister, R, Simon, B, Thompson, E & Whalley, J 1970, 'The teaching of novice computer programmers: Bringing the scholarly-research approach to Australia', Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology Series, Australasian Conference on Computer Science Education, Australian Computer Society, Wollongong, pp. 63-68.
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BRACElet is a multi-institutional multi-national research study of how novice programmers comprehend and write computer programs. This paper reviews the first action research cycle of the BRACElet project and, in the process, charts a path for the upcoming second cycle. The project remains close to educational practice, with much of the data being either data collected directly from exams sat by novices, or data from think-out-loud protocols where the task undertaken by a novice or an expert is modelled on an exam question. The first action research cycle analysed data in terms of the SOLO taxonomy. From think-aloud responses, the authors found that educators tended to manifest a SOLO relational response on small reading problems, whereas students tended to manifest a multistructural response. Furthermore, those students who manifested a relational response tended to do better overall in the exam than students who manifested a multistructural response. The second action research cycle will explore the relationship between the ability to read code and the ability to write code. Apart from reporting on the BRACElet project itself, this paper serves as an invitation for institutions and individuals to join the second action research cycle of the BRACElet project.

Clifton, M, Paul, G, Kwok, N, Liu, D, Wang, D-L & IEEE 1970, 'Evaluating Performance of Multiple RRTs', PROCEEDINGS OF 2008 IEEE/ASME INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MECHATRONIC AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS, American Society of Mechanical Engineering, IEEE, Beijing, China, pp. 564-569.
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This paper presents experimental results evaluating the performance of a new multiple Rapidly-exploring Random Tree (RRT) algorithm. RRTs are randomised planners especially adept at solving difficult, high-dimensional path planning problems. However, environments with low-connectivity due to the presence of obstacles can severely affect convergence. Multiple RRTs have been proposed as a means of addressing this issue, however, this approach can adversely affect computational efficiency. This paper introduces a new and simple method which takes advantage of the benefits of multiple trees, whilst ensuring the computational burden of maintaining them is minimised. Results indicate that multiple RRTs are able to reduce the logarithmic complexity of the search, most notably in environments with high obstacle densities. © 2008 IEEE.

Cordero, M-L, Burnham, DR, Baroud, CN & McGloin, D 1970, 'Holographic control of droplet microfluidics', SPIE Proceedings, NanoScience + Engineering, SPIE, San Diego, CA, pp. 70381J-70381J.
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Coupland, MP, Gardner, AP & Carmody Jones, G 1970, 'Mathematics for Engineering Education: What Students Say', Proceedings of the 31st MERGA Conference: Navigating Currents and Charting Directions, MERGA Conference, Mathematics Education Research Group of Australasia, Brisbane, pp. 139-146.

Cox, W, Cardwell, H & Voinov, A 1970, 'SVP as a Short Term Planning Tool: Preliminary Results of a Pilot Study', World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2008, World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2008, American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 1-10.
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Shared vision planning encompasses the basic principles of traditional planning but differs from the conventional approach in its fundamental reliance on stakeholder collaboration in a process of mutual learning and discovery as facilitated by a collaboratively developed model of the system. This collaborative approach seeks to define issues and problems, identify values and interests, and explore alternative strategies for resolving conflict and solving problems. This paper reports on the preliminary results of a pilot study initiated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' Institute for Water Resources to investigate the feasibility of SVP as a planning tool in a short-term, small-scale context in support of regulatory programs and local water planning. Experience with the pilot study conducted in the James River Basin of Virginia to date suggests significant challenges to application of SVP in a short-term, small-scale planning environment. Engaging a full range of stakeholders has been hindered by restrictions imposed by the short time frame, and scale limitations created stakeholder doubt about the validity and usefulness of the process. The fact that the pilot study was presented as a limited exercise caused it to be viewed as a threat to prospects for future, larger-scale planning studies in the Basin. This experience illustrates the importance of pre-existing conditions to the success of SVP and demonstrates the special challenges that impact use of SVP in situations involving limited time and scope. © 2008 ASCE.

Crews, K & MacKenzie, C 1970, 'Development of grading rules for re-cycled timber used in structural applications', 10th World Conference on Timber Engineering 2008, pp. 231-238.

da Xu, RY 1970, 'A Computer Vision based Whiteboard Capture System', 2008 IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision, 2008 IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV), IEEE.
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Conventional whiteboard video capture using a static camera usually results in a poor quality. In this paper, we present an autonomous whiteboard scan and capture prototype system, which consist a pair of static and Pan-Tilt-Zoom (PTZ) cameras. The PTZ camera is used to scan the newly-updated whiteboard regions without interrupting the instructor. We will illustrate several computer vision techniques used in our system: Firstly, we present our unique camera calibration method using rough hand-drawn gridlines. Secondly, we present the image processing methods used to determine where the newly updated whiteboard region to be scanned is. Our method also accounts for the whiteboard region occlusion from the instructor.

Dackermann, U, Li, J & Samali, B 1970, 'Structural damage identification utilising PCA-compressed frequency response functions and neural network ensembles', Futures in Mechanics of Structures and Materials - Proceedings of the 20th Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials, ACMSM20, Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Toowoomba, pp. 803-809.
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This paper presents a damage detection method that utilises FRF data to identify damage in beam structures. The proposed method uses artificial neural networks (ANNs) to map changes in FRFs to damage characteristics. To obtain suitable patterns for ANN inputs, the size of the FRFs is reduced adopting Principal Component Analysis (PCA) techniques. A hierarchy of neural network ensembles is created to take advantage of individual differences from sensor signals. To simulate field applications, the time history data are polluted with white Gaussian noise. The method involves finite element modelling of undamaged and damaged steel beams. By performing transient analysis with the numerical beams, the time histories are obtained and subsequently polluted with different levels of white Gaussian noise. FRFs are determined and compressed utilising PCA techniques. The PCA-reduced FRFs are then used as input patterns for training and testing of neural network ensembles giving the characteristics of the damage. © 2009 Taylor & Francis Group, London.

Davidson, P, Eager, DM, Wilson, S & Molteno, T 1970, 'Developing a new test for playground surfaces to reduce injury risk', 17th International Safe Communities Conference 2008, Christchurch, New Zealand.

Davis, AM, Nurmuliani, N, Park, S & Zowghi, D 1970, 'Requirements Change: What's the Alternative?', 2008 32nd Annual IEEE International Computer Software and Applications Conference, 2008 32nd Annual IEEE International Computer Software and Applications Conference, IEEE, Turku, Finland, pp. 635-638.
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Numerous studies have shown that a software projectpsilas cost, schedule and defect density escalate as the rate of requirements change increases. Yet none of these studies have explored the effects of not making requirements changes in response to changes in user needs. This paper explains why a project incurs just as much, if not more, risk when requirements changes are suppressed.

Debenham, JK, Simoff, SJ, Leaney, JR & Mirchandani, V 1970, 'Smart communications network management through a synthesis of distributed intelligence and information', ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THEORY AND PRACTICE II, World Computer Congress, Springer Verlag, Milano, Italy, pp. 415-419.
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Demands on communications networks to support bundled, interdependent communications services (data, voice, video) are increasing in complexity. Smart network management techniques are required to meet this demand. Such management techniques are envisioned to be based on two main technologies: (i) embedded intelligence; and (ii) up-to-the-millisecond delivery of performance information. This paper explores the idea of delivery of intelligent network management as a synthesis of distributed intelligence and information, obtained through information mining of network performance.

Ding, B, Yu, JX & Qin, L 1970, 'Finding time-dependent shortest paths over large graphs.', EDBT, International Conference on Extending Database Technology, ACM, Nantes, France, pp. 205-216.
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The spatial and temporal databases have been studied widely and intensively over years. In this paper, we study how to answer queries of finding the best departure time that minimizes the total travel time from a place to another, over a road network, where the traffic conditions dynamically change from time to time. We study a generalized form of this problem, called the time-dependent shortest-path problem. A time-dependent graph GT is a graph that has an edge-delay function, wi,j(t), associated with each edge (v i, vj), to be stored in a database. The edge-delay function Wi,j(t) specifies how much time it takes to travel from node v i to node Vj, if it departs from vi at time t. A user-specified query is to ask the minimum-travel-time path, from a source node, vs, to a destination node, ve, over the time-dependent graph, GT, with the best departure time to be selected from a time interval T. We denote this user query as LTT(vs ve, T) over GT. The challenge of this problem is the added complexity due to the time dependency in the time-dependent graph. That is, edge delays are not constants, and can vary from time to time. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm to find the minimum-travel-time path with the best departure time for a LTT(vs, ve, T) query over a large graph GT. Our approach outperforms existing algorithms in terms of both time complexity in theory and efficiency in practice. We will discuss the design of our algorithm, together with its correctness and complexity. We conducted extensive experimental studies over large graphs and will report our findings. Copyright 2008 ACM.

Ding, GK 1970, 'Environmental assessment of residential buildings in China', Proceedings of the 2008 World Sustainable Building Conference, World Sustainable Building Conference, ASN Events, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 494-501.

Dong, H, Hussain, FK & Chang, E 1970, 'A Semantic Crawler Based on an Extended CBR Algorithm', ON THE MOVE TO MEANINGFUL INTERNET SYSTEMS: OTM 2008 WORKSHOPS, On the Move Confederated International Conference and Workshops, Springer-verlag Berlin, Monterrey, MEXICO, pp. 1076-1085.
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A semantic (web) crawler refers to a series of web crawlers designed for harvesting semantic web content. This paper presents the frame-work of a semantic crawler that call abstract metadata from online webpages and Cluster the metadata by associating th

Dong, H, Hussain, FK & Chang, E 1970, 'A survey in semantic web technologies-inspired focused crawlers', 2008 Third International Conference on Digital Information Management, 2008 Third International Conference on Digital Information Management (ICDIM), IEEE, pp. 934-936.
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Crawlers are software which can traverse the internet and retrieve webpages by hyperlinks. In the face of the inundant spam websites, traditional web crawlers cannot function well to solve this problem. Semantic focused crawlers utilize semantic web technologies to analyze the semantics of hyperlinks and web documents. This paper briefly reviews the recent studies on one category of semantic focused crawlers - ontology-based focused crawlers, which are a series of crawlers that utilize ontologies to link the fetched web documents with the ontological concepts (topics). The purpose of this is to organize and categorize web documents, or filtering irrelevant webpages with regards to the topics. A brief comparison are made among these crawlers, from six perspectives - domain, working environment, special functions, technologies utilized, evaluation metrics and evaluation results. The conclusion with respect to this comparison is made in the final section. © 2008 IEEE.

Dong, H, Hussain, FK & Chang, E 1970, 'A Transport Service Ontology-based Focused Crawler', 2008 Fourth International Conference on Semantics, Knowledge and Grid, 2008 Fourth International Conference on Semantics, Knowledge and Grid (SKG), IEEE, pp. 49-56.
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Ontology is a technology for conceptualizing specific domain knowledge, which can provide machine-readable definitions to the severed domain. Therefore, ontology can be utilized to enhance the performance of focused crawlers, by precisely defining the crawling boundary. In this paper, we will exhibit a conceptual framework of an ontology-based focused crawler serving in the domain of transport services. Here, a transport service ontology is designed for filtering non-relevant metadata, by means of logically linking the metadata with ontological concepts. In addition, we will provide the evaluation process in order to assess the power of ontology in the focused crawler. Conclusion and further works based on our current evaluation results will be made in the final section. © 2008 IEEE.

Dong, H, Hussain, FK & Chang, E 1970, 'Quality of service (QoS) based service retrieval engine', Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Advances in Mobile Computing and Multimedia, MoMM08: 6th International Conference on Mobile Computing and Multimedia, ACM, pp. 405-408.
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It is observed that there are few service evaluation and ranking methodologies currently available in the SOE. In this paper, we propose an innovative service evaluation and ranking strategy, based on the measurement of trustworthiness and reputation of services (or service providers'). CCCI Metrics originally proposed and developed by Chang et al [1] is used to measure the trustworthiness and reputation of e-services. Here we extend the application of CCCI Metrics to the field of service retrieval. A java-based search engine prototype is designed, with the purpose of implementing the trustworthiness and reputation-based service search, evaluation and ranking. Conclusions and future works are drawn in the final section. © 2008 ACM.

Dong, H, Hussain, FK & Chang, E 1970, 'State of the Art in Negotiation Ontologies for Enhancing Business Intelligence', 2008 4th International Conference on Next Generation Web Services Practices, 2008 4th International Conference on Next Generation Web Services Practices (NWESP), IEEE, pp. 107-112.
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Negotiation is defined as two or more agents making agreement on the common interests, which provides an efficient approach for companies to gain business intelligence from suppliers and customers. Current negotiation research focuses on automatically stimulating negotiation behaviors among agents. Ontology, as a modeling technology in semantic web, is regarded as an effective tool to improve the negotiation ability of agents, considering that ontology can provide richer semantic expressions for agents in negotiation process. In this paper, we make a brief review on the current negotiation ontology researches. In addition, by means of a unique ontology notation system, we unify the notations used in these ontologies, to maximally promote knowledge sharing outcome in this field. By comparing and contrasting the ontologies from five perspectives, we draw a brief conclusion to the present status of negotiation ontology researches, and make our suggestions to the further research in this field. © 2008 IEEE.

Dong, H, Hussain, FK, Chang, E & IEEE 1970, 'A Survey in Semantic Web Technologies-Inspired Focused Crawlers', 2008 THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DIGITAL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT, VOLS 1 AND 2, International Conference on Digital Information Management, IEEE, London, ENGLAND, pp. 961-963.
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Crawlers are software which can traverse the internet and retrieve webpages by hyperlinks. In the face of the inundant spam websites, traditional web crawlers cannot function well to solve this problem. Semantic focused crawlers utilize semantic web tech

Dong, H, Hussain, FK, Chang, E & IEEE 1970, 'A Work-in-Progress Platform for Solving Knowledge Sharing Issues in Organizations', 2008 6TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS AND INFORMATICS, International Symposium on Intelligent Systems and Informatics, IEEE, Subotica, SERBIA, pp. 374-378.
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In this paper, we propose a knowledge sharing platform based on the technology of ontology and agent, in order to solve the issues in the knowledge sharing activities within organizations. Based on the analysis of literature, the issues within current or

Dong, H, Hussain, FK, Chang, E & IEEE 1970, 'State of the Art in Metadata Abstraction Crawlers', 2008 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY, VOLS 1-5, IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology, IEEE, Chengdu, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 1404-1409.
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Nowadays, the research of crawlers moves closer to the semantic web, along with the appearance of increasing XML/RDF/OWL files and the rapid development of ontology mark-up languages. As an emerging concept, metadata abstraction crawlers are a series of

Dong, H, Hussain, FK, Chang, E & IEEE 1970, 'Transport Service Ontology and Its Application in the Field of Semantic Search', IEEE/SOLI'2008: PROCEEDINGS OF 2008 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SERVICE OPERATIONS AND LOGISTICS, AND INFORMATICS, VOLS 1 AND 2, IEEE International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics and Informatics, IEEE, Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 820-824.
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Transport is a crucial component in logistics, which joints each activity in the logistics chain. The performance of logistics heavily relies on the efficiency of transport services. However, until now there has not been a clear definition about transpor

Dong, J, Wang, J, Sun, D & Lu, H 1970, 'The Research of Software Product Line Engineering Process and Its Integrated Development Environment Model', 2008 International Symposium on Computer Science and Computational Technology, 2008 International Symposium on Computer Science and Computational Technology, IEEE, Shanghai, China, pp. 66-71.
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In order to realize the industrialization production of software, people have carried out research on and analysis the software product line architecture of the growing maturity, component technology and development methods for product line. In this paper, a novel software engineering process model is proposed based on the modern industrial production systems and automated production method: that is ldquoN-life-cycle modelrdquo. Based on this new model, not only integrated software engineering environment model and framework have been proposed, which are based on the product line development process model, but also study systematically on theirs implementation. "N-life-cycle model" and "integrated software engineering environment model based on the product line" which are set up in the article are brand-new open models possessing modern manufacturing production characteristic. The models can impel the research development quickly of product line engineering and product line software engineering environment towards the industrialisation and automatization of the software industry.

Dong, J, Zeng, F, Wang, J & Lu, H 1970, 'Price Forecasting of Supply Chain Product Based on Dynamic Fractal Dimension', 2008 International Conference on Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering, 2008 International Conference on Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering (ICIII), IEEE, Taipei, Taiwan, pp. 153-156.
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Supply chain management (SCM) is an emerging field that has commanded attention and support from the industrial community. Demand forecast taking inventory into consideration is an important issue in SCM. This paper presents a novel computerized system for implementing the forecasting activities required in SCM. It can help the supply chain enterprises find hidden forms, trends and relationships in the date of supply chain by the dynamic fractal dimension of fractal theory, find that dynamic fractal dimension not only can overcome the delay of the existing technical analysis on the price forecasts, and but also can instruct the supply chain product prices in advance.

Doss, R, Li, G, Yu, S, Mak, V & Chowdhury, M 1970, 'The Crossroads Approach to Information Discovery in Wireless Sensor Networks', DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING AND NETWORKING, PROCEEDINGS, 9th International Conference on Distributed Computing and Networking, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Kolkata, INDIA, pp. 310-321.
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Du, C, Wu, Q, Yang, J, He, X & Chen, Y 1970, 'Subspace Analysis Methods plus Motion History Image for Human Action Recognition', 2008 Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications, 2008 Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications, IEEE, Canberra, Australia, pp. 606-611.
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This paper proposes a new human action recognition method which deals with recognition task in a quite different way when compared with traditional methods which use sequence matching scheme. Our method compresses a sequence of an action into a Motion History Image (MHI) on which low-dimensional features are extracted using subspace analysis methods. Unlike other methods which use a sequence consisting of several frames for recognition, our method uses only a MHI per action sequence for recognition. Obviously, our method avoids the complexity as well as the large computation in sequence matching based methods. Encouraging experimental results on a widely used database demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2008 IEEE.

Dylan Dah-Chuan Lu & Agelidis, VG 1970, 'Photovoltaic-battery powered DC Bus system for common portable electronic devices', 2008 IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2008 IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference - PESC 2008, IEEE, Rhodes Isl, GREECE, pp. 76-80.
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Dyson, LE & Nataatmadja, I 1970, 'Students Motivations in Podcast Use', Interactive Mobile and Computer aided Learning (IMCL), Interactive Mobile and Computer aided Learning, IMCL, Amman, Jordan, pp. 1-5.

Dyson, LE, Lawrence, E, Litchfield, A & Zmijewska, A 1970, 'M-Fieldwork for Information Systems Students', Proceedings of the 41st Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS 2008), 2008 41st Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, IEEE, Waikoloa, USA, pp. 1-10.
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Fieldwork has long been identified as providing students undertaking professional studies with a means of implementing theory into a real world context. In recent years some educators, particularly in the health sciences, have introduced mobile devices to support students' fieldwork learning. In many ways there is a natural link between fieldwork and mobile technology. In this paper we report on a trial to introduce mobile support into the study of information systems in the field. The experience showed that mobile devices can assist students collect data in richer, multimedia formats and make subsequent classroom presentations of their field study much more interesting. However, it also revealed certain usage and deployment issues with the mobile devices themselves which have implications for device selection and educational design.

Dyson, LE, Leigh, EE, Litchfield, AJ, Raban, R & Tyler, JV 1970, 'Improving the Participation of International and local Students Using mLearning', UTS Learning and Teaching Forum, UTS, UTS.

Dyson, LE, Raban, R, Litchfield, AJ & Lawrence, EM 1970, 'Embedding M-Learning into Mainstream Educational Practice: Overcoming the Cost Barrier', Interactive Mobile and Computer Aided Learning (IMCL2008), Interactive Mobile and Computer Aided Learning, IMCL, Amman, Jordan, pp. 1-9.

Dyson, LE, Sixsmith, A & Than, TK 1970, 'Australian Newspaper Blogs', INNOVATION AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN BUSINESS GLOBALIZATION: THEORY & PRACTICE, VOLS 1 AND 2, International Business Information Management, International Business Information Management Association, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp. 194-200.
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Blogs have become one of the most prominent fonns of social media on the Web. This paper reports on the first part ofa comprehensive study of how a mainstream Australian media organisation is integrating blogs into their business. The research used a qualitative approach and data collection was undertaken using semi-structured interviews with newspaper staff. The findings presented provide an insight into the opportunities to be gained and the challenges to be faced by Australian media organisations as they incorporate blogs in their online offerings.

Eager, DM 1970, 'Indoor play - Family Entertainment Centres', AALARA 2008 Annual Conference, Gold Coast, Australia.

Eager, DM 1970, 'Reducing childhood deaths - Soccer goal post safety', 17th International Safe Communities Conference 2008, Christchurch, New Zealand.

Eager, DM 1970, 'Role of Standards in Removing Hazards and Managing Risk in the Play Environment', Cotton Wool or Plaster of Paris: Perspectives on Injury Prevention and Child Play, NSW Injury Risk Management Research Centre, Sydney, Australia.

Eager, DM 1970, 'Trampoline product safety - Ensuring compliance with safety Standards', 17th International Safe Communities Conference 2008, Christchurch, New Zealand.

Eager, DM 1970, 'Why children need risk', Paediatric Trauma Seminar, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, Australia.

Eager, DM, Nixon, JW & Yearley, D 1970, 'Impact attenuation - The case for natural materials', 17th International Play Association World Conference, Hong Kong.

Eklund, JM, McGregor, C & Smith, KP 1970, 'A method for physiological data transmission and archiving to support the service of critical care using DICOM and HL7', 2008 30th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2008 30th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, IEEE, Vancouver, CANADA, pp. 1486-1489.
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Euston, M, Coote, P, Mahony, R, Jonghyuk Kim & Hamel, T 1970, 'A complementary filter for attitude estimation of a fixed-wing UAV', 2008 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, 2008 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, IEEE, IEEE, pp. 340-345.
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Fang, G, Kwok, NM & Ha, Q 1970, 'Automatic Fuzzy Membership Function Tuning Using the Particle Swarm Optimization', 2008 IEEE Pacific-Asia Workshop on Computational Intelligence and Industrial Application, 2008 Pacific-Asia Workshop on Computational Intelligence and Industrial Application (PACIIA), IEEE, Wuhan China, pp. 324-328.
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Fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs) are developed to exploit human expert knowledge in designing control systems. While the fuzzy rules are relatively easy to obtain, fuzzy membership function (MF) tuning could be a time consuming exercise. In this paper the particle swarm optimization technique is employed to automatically tune the MFs of a Mamdani-type of fuzzy controller. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is demonstrated by the control performance of such an FLC of a nonlinear water tank system. The results are compared favourably to a PSO tuned PID controller.

Fang, G, Kwok, NM & Ha, QP 1970, 'Swarm Interaction-Based Simulation of Occupant Evacuation', 2008 IEEE Pacific-Asia Workshop on Computational Intelligence and Industrial Application, 2008 Pacific-Asia Workshop on Computational Intelligence and Industrial Application (PACIIA), IEEE, Wuhan China, pp. 329-333.
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The understanding of occupant responses during an evacuation is crucial for improving the design of effective escape routes. An approach, incorporated the swarm behaviour, for simulating the evacuation of occupants from an enclosed environment is proposed in this paper. This method complements the research in evacuations adopting the cellular automatic and lattice gas models. In particular, it is shown that the trajectories followed by evacuees under panic could be mimicked by the social interaction among them and self-experiences of the individuals. Simulation results of the evacuation from a single exit enclosure are included to illustrate the feasibility of the swarm behaviour-based approach in imitating evacuation phenomena such as jamming and clogging.

Fang, T & Ball, JE 1970, 'Calibration of a catchment modelling system with spatially variable parameters', Website Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Urban Drainage, International Conference on Urban Drainage, International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research (IAHR), Edinburgh, UK, pp. 1-10.
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Implementation of catchment modelling systems is an accepted approach for obtaining information about the hydrological response of catchments under either existing or potential future conditions. The successful implementation of a catchment modelling system requires careful parameter evaluation during the system calibration. Evaluation of spatially variable control parameters has been of increasing concern as a result of an increased awareness of the inappropriateness of assuming catchment averaged values for assessing water quality aspects of the catchment response.

Fang, T & Ball, JE 1970, 'Investigation of parameter interactions in a physically distributed catchment modelling system', 2008 Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium, Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium, Modbury, SA; Engineers Australia, Adelaide, Australia.

Far, H 1970, 'A CRITERION FOR CONSIDERING SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION EFFECTS IN SEISMIC DESIGN OF DUCTILE RC-MRFs ACCORDING TO IRANIAN CODES', Proceedings of the 14th world conference on earthquake engineering (14WCEE), 14th world conference on earthquake engineering (14WCEE), Beijing, China.
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During the last quarter of the 20th century, the importance of dynamic soil-structure interaction for several structures founded on soft soils was well recognized. If not accounted for in analysis, the accuracy in assessing structural safety in the face of earthquakes cannot be accounted for adequately. For this reason, seismic soil-structure interaction analysis has become a major topic in earthquake engineering. As the Iranian Code of Practice for Seismic Resistant Design of Buildings (Standard No. 2800-05) does not address the soil-structure interaction explicitly, the effects of such interaction on behavior of reinforced concrete buildings with ductile moment-resisting frames, loaded and designed according to the Iranian Building Codes, are studied in this research, using direct soil-structure interaction method. To achieve this objective, four types of structures consisting of 3, 5, 7 and 10 story buildings, which represent the typical buildings in a high risk earthquake prone zone, have been selected in conjunction with three types of soil, representing types II, III and IV, as classified in the Iranian Standard No. 2800-05. Ductile Reinforced Concrete Moment-Resisting Frames, as fixed-base structures, once without soil interaction and the next time considering their soil interaction by direct method are modeled and subjected to different earthquake records. The results of the two cases subjected each to different earthquake records are studied and compared. This Comparison led to a criterion indicate that consideration of soil-structure interaction for seismic design, in buildings higher than three stories on soil type IV (Vs<175 m/s) as well as buildings higher than seven stories on soil type III (175

Fatahi, B, Indraratna, B & Khabbaz, H 1970, 'Numerical and Experimental Study of Tree Influence on the Ground', GeoCongress 2008, GeoCongress 2008, American Society of Civil Engineers, New Orleans, USA, pp. 694-701.
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A mathematical model for the rate of root water uptake has been developed considering ground conditions, type of vegetation and climatic parameters. The three independent features in the root water uptake model incorporated in detail are soil suction, root distribution, and potential transpiration. A two dimensional finite element approach has been employed to solve the transient coupled flow and deformation equations in vicinity of a tree. To validate the model, an array of field measurements and the data have been compared with the numerical predictions. The predicted results acquired from the numerical analysis have been compared favourably with the field and the associated laboratory measurements, justifying the assumptions upon which the model has been developed. Copyright ASCE 2008.

Fatahi, B, Khabbaz, H & Indraratna, B 1970, 'Analysis of Matric Suction Effects Induced by Tree Roots on Rail Track Subgrade', Conference Proceedings: CORE2008 Conference on Railway Engineering, Conference on Railway Engineering, RTSA, Perth, WA, Australia, pp. 599-610.
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This study investigates the eflects of vegetation on soil matric suction and ground deformation. This paper highlights the inter-related parameters contributing to the development of a conceptual evapo-transpiration and root water uptake equilibrium model that is then incorporated in a comprehensive numerical model. The developed numerical model based on the finite element analysis (ABAQUS) considers fully coupled flowdeformation behaviour of soil. The model formulation is based on the effective stress approach developed for unsaturated soils. Based on the proposed model, the distribution of the matric suction proflle adjacent to the tree has been numerically anaiysed. To validate the model, an array of field measurements conducted at Miram site in Victoria, Australia have been compared with the numerical predictions. Then behaviour of a single tree on improving soil behaviour underneath rail tracks has been described. II is found that root water uptake and associated matric suction stabilise the soft soil beneath railway lines and a pattern of trees grown systematically along rail corridors may olter a cost eltective and environmentally attractive solution for the soft ground improvement in the long-term.

Feng, D, Sikora, T, Siu, WC, Zhang, J, Guan, L & Dugelay, JL 1970, 'Preface', 2008 IEEE 10th Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, 2008 IEEE 10th Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, IEEE, pp. cviii-cviii.
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Feuerlicht, G 1970, 'Considerations of Service Assembly Based on the Analysis of Data Flows between Services', 2008 International MCETECH Conference on e-Technologies (mcetech 2008), 2008 International MCETECH Conference on e-Technologies, IEEE, Montreal, QC, Canada, pp. 249-252.
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Service composition research mostly focuses on the dynamic (workflow) aspects of compositions. In this paper we consider the static component of service composition and focus on analyzing the data flows between services within a composition. We argue that compatibility of service interfaces is a necessary precondition for service composability, and we show that data flow analysis can be applied to the problem of service composition design to identify compatible service interfaces and to minimize data coupling between services.

Filatova, T, Van Der Veen, A & Voinov, A 1970, 'An agent-based model for exploring land market mechanisms for coastal zone management', Proc. iEMSs 4th Biennial Meeting - Int. Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software: Integrating Sciences and Information Technology for Environmental Assessment and Decision Making, iEMSs 2008, pp. 792-799.
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This paper presents an agent-based model of a land market (ALMA-C) to simulate the emergence of land prices and urban land patterns from bottom-up. Our model mimics individual decisions to buy and to sell land depending on economic, sociological and political factors as well as on the characteristics of the spatial environment. To this we add ecological and environmental considerations and focus on the question of how individual land use decisions can be affected to reduce the pressure on the coastal zone ecosystem functions. A series of model experiments helps visualize and explore how economic incentives at a land market can influence the spatial distribution of activities and land prices in a coastal zone. We demonstrate that economic incentives do affect urban form and pattern, land prices and welfare measures. However, they may not always be sufficient to reduce the pressure on coastal zone ecosystems.

Fragomeni, S & Baweja, D 1970, 'Performance of shrinkage prediction method given in AS3600', Futures in Mechanics of Structures and Materials - Proceedings of the 20th Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials, ACMSM20, pp. 337-341.
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In this paper a general overview of the current AS3600 shrinkage prediction provisions and draft provisions for inclusion in the new Australian concrete standard are given. These predictions are then compared with results obtained from standard shrinkage tests undertaken on a number of test specimens cast from site delivered concrete. Shrinkage tests were undertaken on standard prisms under controlled laboratory conditions. The results indicated that the new shrinkage provisions provide for more reliable predictions of shrinkage due in part to the fact they account for a range of concrete strengths, aggregate quality and separate types of shrinkage. In this context the paper also discusses the implications of code driven shrinkage provisions and their relationship with actual onsite shrinkage in practical situations. © 2008 Taylor & Francis Group, London.

Francois, R, Al-Mahmoud, F, Castel, A & Kreit, A 1970, 'Corroded RC beam repaired with near-face mounted CFRP rods', Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting II - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting, ICCRRR, 2nd International Conference on Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting, CRC Press, Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA, pp. 435-436.
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Frost, SA, Nguyen, ND, Center, JR, Eisman, JA & Nguyen, TV 1970, 'Excess of Post-fracture Mortality Among Men and Women: A Relative Survival Analysis', JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, 30th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Bone-and-Mineral-Research, AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES, Montreal, CANADA, pp. S199-S199.

Frost, S-A, Nguyen, ND, Center, JR, Eisman, JA & Nguyen, TV 1970, 'Timing of Repeated Bone Mineral Density, Measurements: Development of an Absolute Risk-based Prognostic Model', JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, 30th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Bone-and-Mineral-Research, AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES, Montreal, CANADA, pp. S115-S115.

Gandomi, AH, Alavi, AH, Sahab, MG, Gandomi, M & Gorji, MS 1970, 'Empirical models for prediction of flexural resistance and initial stiffness of welded beam-column joints', EASEC-11 - Eleventh East Asia-Pacific Conference on Structural Engineering and Construction.

Gandomi, AH, Alavi, AH, Sahab, MG, Gandomi, M & Safari Gorji, M 1970, 'Empirical models for the prediction of flexural resistance and initial stiffness of welded beam-column joints', EASEC-11 - Eleventh East Asia-Pacific Conference on Structural Engineering and Construction.
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Welded beam-column joints play a fundamental role in the global response of steel structures. The flexural resistance and initial stiffness properties of the joints are affected by different parameters. It is idealistic to develop models, relating these properties of the joints to the influencing parameters. This paper proposes a novel approach for the prediction of flexural resistance and initial stiffness of welded joints by using a hybrid search algorithm that couples genetic programming (GP) and simulated annealing (SA), called GP/SA. Column height, column flange width, column flange thickness, column flange yield stress, column web thickness, column web yield stress, beam height, beam web thickness, beam web yield stress, beam flange thickness, beam flange width, beam flange yield stress, and weld thickness are used as input variables to the models. A reliable database from the previously published literature was employed to develop the empirical models. The accuracy of the proposed models is satisfactory as compared to experimental results. GP/SA models are further compared with the corresponding design code (Eurocode 3) reference values. The results demonstrate that the GP/SA based models have better performance than Eurocode 3 models.

Gao, Y, Zhang, G & Lu, J 1970, 'A Particle Swarm Optimization Based Algorithm for Fuzzy Bilevel Decision Making with Objective-Shared Followers', SIMULATED EVOLUTION AND LEARNING, PROCEEDINGS, Asia-Pacific Conference on Simulated Evolution and Learning, Springer, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 190-199.
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A bilevel decision problem may have multiple followers as the lower decision units and have fuzzy demands simultaneously. This paper focuses on problems of fuzzy linear bilevel decision making with multiple followers who share a common objective but have different constraints (FBOSF). Based on the ranking relationship among fuzzy sets defined by cut set and satisfactory degree, a FBOSF model is presented and a particle swarm optimization based algorithm is developed.

Gardner, A & Willey, K 1970, 'Developing teamwork and other professional skills while teaching reinforced concrete design', IABSE Congress, Chicago 2008: Creating and Renewing Urban Structures – Tall Buildings, Bridges and Infrastructure, IABSE Congress, Chicago 2008: Creating and Renewing Urban Structures – Tall Buildings, Bridges and Infrastructure, International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), Chicago, USA, pp. 334-335.
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<p>Professionals, in addition to being technically competent, need a range of generic skills. These include teamwork, communication, being able to think both critically and independently, being able to critically appraise one’s work and the work of others and an appreciation of the need and value of reflection in both their personal and professional life [1, 2]. However, there is a reported competency gap between the skills required by employers and those developed by students during their undergraduate courses [3, 4]. At the University of Technology, Sydney, we are using self and peer assessment in our Engineering program to develop professional competencies in undergraduate engineering students. Its co-ordinated use is providing opportunities for students to practise, develop and assess their professional skills and develop their judgement [5] within subjects where traditional discipline content is taught.</p>

Ge, Y & Esselle, KP 1970, 'Analysis and design of low-profile high-gain resonant cavity antennas with single-layer superstrates', 2008 2nd International Conference on Signal Processing and Communication Systems, 2008 2nd International Conference on Signal Processing and Communication Systems (ICSPCS 2008), IEEE, Gold Coast, AUSTRALIA, pp. 1-5.
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Geng, X, Wang, L, Li, M, Wu, Q & Smith-Miles, K 1970, 'Adaptive fusion of gait and face for human identification in video', 2008 IEEE WORKSHOP ON APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER VISION, IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision, IEEE, CO, Copper Mt, pp. 94-+.

Geng, X, Wang, L, Li, M, Wu, Q & Smith-Miles, K 1970, 'Adaptive Fusion of Gait and Face for Human Identification in Video', 2008 IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision, 2008 IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV), IEEE, Copper Mountain, CO, USA, pp. 1-6.
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Most work on multi-biometric fusion is based on static fusion rules which cannot respond to the changes of the environment and the individual users. This paper proposes adaptive multi-biometric fusion, which dynamically adjusts the fusion rules to suit the real-time external conditions. As a typical example, the adaptive fusion of gait and face in video is studied. Two factors that may affect the relationship between gait and face in the fusion are considered, i.e., the view angle and the subject-to-camera distance. Together they determine the way gait and face are fused at an arbitrary time. Experimental results show that the adaptive fusion performs significantly better than not only single biometric traits, but also those widely adopted static fusion rules including SUM, PRODUCT, MIN, and MAX.

Gens, A, Do Guimarães, LN, Śanchez, M & Sheng, D 1970, 'Developments in modelling the generalised behaviour of unsaturated soils', Unsaturated Soils: Advances in Geo-Engineering - Proceedings of the 1st European Conference on Unsaturated Soils, E-UNSAT 2008, 1st European Conference on Unsaturated Soils, CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP, Durham, ENGLAND, pp. 53-61.
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A number of developments for the description of the generalised behaviour of unsaturated soils are presented. They can be considered as extensions of the conventional elastoplastic models developed in recent years to simulate the stress-strain behaviour of this type of soils. The following topics are addressed: the consideration of coupled hydraulic models in a thermodynamical framework, the introduction of structural components in the modelling of expansive soil behaviour and the incorporation of temperature and chemical effects. © 2008 Taylor & Francis Group, London.

Gentile, C, Fleming, P, Mironov, V, Argraves, WS & Drake, CJ 1970, 'Blood Vessel‐Like Tissue Spheroids as Modules for the Assembly of Blood Vessels', The FASEB Journal, Wiley.
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Blood vessel‐like tissue spheroids (BVLTS) were generated in hanging drop culture from either murine allantoic tissue or mixtures of human EC and SMC. Essential to the generation of BVLTS was the vascular fusion‐promoting activity of VEGF, which allowed the inner network of small caliber endothelial tubes initially formed within the spheroids to be transformed into a single, large endothelial‐lined central cavity. Our designation of these spheroids as blood vessel‐like was based on their morphological and immunohistochemical properties. Specifically, BVLTS were characterized by the presence of an inner PECAM/VE‐cadherin positive endothelium defining a central lumen (diameter >300μm) that is surrounded by an outer layer of (SMA‐positive cells. That BVLTS possessed a true lumen was demonstrated by the finding that Qdots microinjected into the central space were both confined to and retained within the EC‐lined cavity. Further, the blood vessel‐like properties of BVLTS were demonstrated by our finding that murine BVLTS responded to vasoactive compounds in a manner consistent with that observed in vivo. That BVLTS have utility as modules for the assembly of intermediate sized blood vessels is supported by our finding that individual BVLTS can fuse to form larger vascular structures. Future efforts will be directed at assembling and perfusion testing vascular tubes generated from BVLTSs.

Gerber, C, Crews, KI, Sigrist, C & Samali, B 1970, 'A numerical approach for assessing the behaviours of timber stressed panels', Proc. ASEC 2008, Australian Structural Engineering Conference, The Meeting Planners, Melbourne, pp. 1-11.

Getian Ye, Yang Wang, Jie Xu, Gunawan Herman & Bang Zhang 1970, 'A practical approach to multiple super-resolution sprite generation', 2008 IEEE 10th Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, 2008 IEEE 10th Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing (MMSP), IEEE, pp. 70-75.
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The MPEG-4 video coding standard introduces a novel concept of sprite or mosaic that is a large image composed of pixels belonging to a video object visible throughout a video segment. The sprite captures spatio-temporal information in a very compact way and makes it possible for efficient object-based video compression. In this paper, we propose a practical approach to generating multiple super-resolution sprites for sprite coding. In order to construct super-resolution sprites and reduce coding cost, we firstly partition a video sequence into multiple independent sprites and group the images covering a similar scene into the same sprite. We then propose efficient and practical algorithms for cumulative global motion estimation and super-resolution sprite construction. Experiments with real video sequences show that the proposed approach outperforms the previous single sprite and multiple sprite techniques. © 2008 IEEE.

Ghous, H, Kennedy, PJ, Catchpoole, DR & Simoff, SJ 1970, 'Kernel-based visualisation of genes with the gene ontology', Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology Series, Australian Data Mining Conference, Australian Computer Society, Adelaide, pp. 133-140.
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With the development of microarray-based high- throughput technologies for examining genetic and biological information en masse, biologists are now faced with making sense of large lists of genes identi-ffed from their biological experiments. There is a vital need for \system biology' approaches which can allow biologists to see new or unanticipated potential relationships which will lead to new hypotheses and eventual new knowledge. Finding and understanding relationships in this data is a problem well suited to visualisation. We augment genes with their associated terms from the Gene Ontology and visualise them using kernel Principal Component Analysis with both specialised linear and Gaussian kernels. Our results show that this method can correctly visualise genes by their functional relationships and we describe the difference between using the linear and Gaussian kernels on the problem. © 2008, Australian Computer Society, Inc.

Gibson, T, Thai, K, Saxon, J & Pollock, R 1970, 'The effectiveness of safety equipment in horse racing falls', International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury - 2008 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury, Proceedings, pp. 453-456.
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The effectiveness of the personal protective equipment PPE used by jockeys and harness drivers in falls during racing was investigated. In Australia the wearing of helmets and protective vests is mandatory in both forms of the sport, though the equipment standards differ. The incidence of injury was analysed and the mechanisms of injury investigated by video analysis of actual injury incidents. The effectiveness of the safety equipment was assessed through physical testing. The differing injury mechanisms and track surfaces in the two sports result in unique requirements for the protective equipment used. The needs for future development of improved equestrian personal protective equipment are outlined.

Gilbert, RI & Nejadi, S 1970, 'An Experimental Study of Flexural Cracking in Reinforced Concrete', ASEC 2008, Australian Structural Engineering Conference, The Meeting Planners, Melbourne, pp. 1-10.

Goldfinch, T, Carew, A, Gardner, AP, Henderson, A, McCarthy, T & Thomas, G 1970, 'Cross-institutional Comparison of Mechanics Examinations: A Guide for the Curious', Proceedings of the 2008 AaeE Conference, Annual Conference of Australasian Association for Engineering Education, Engineers Australia, Yeppoon, Queensland, pp. 1-8.

Golsteijn, C, van den Hoven, E, Geurts, S, Eichenbrenner, M, van Leest, C, van den Hurk, S & Ling, YS 1970, 'BLB: A persuasive and interactive installation designed to improve well-being', PERSUASIVE TECHNOLOGY, Persuasive 2008, Springer, Oulu, Finland, pp. 262-265.
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Well-being is a broad subject, which is described in this paper as: a personal balance of mental, social and physical being, influenced by life circumstances and life factors. These factors include emotions, engagement, life satisfaction, intentional activities and social network. The project described in this paper aims at improving well-being through the design of a persuasive and interactive installation for the home environment. After the investigation of well-being by means of a literature study, cultural probes and questionnaires, a concept was developed. This paper describes the design, implementation and evaluation of this concept. 'BLB', as it is called, encourages its users to seize the moment in order to increase their well-being.

Gorji, MS, Taribakhsh, M, Gandomi, A & Makhsous, SJ 1970, 'Seismic assessment and retrofit of khorjinee frames in typical Iranian steel buildings', EASEC-11 - Eleventh East Asia-Pacific Conference on Structural Engineering and Construction.
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Previous post-earthquake inspections and evaluation of damage in buildings in Iran have demonstrated that many steel frame buildings were suffered from high rate of damage due to lack of shear and moment capacities in the connections, especially those with common Khorjinee connections. Khorjinee connection is one of the beam-to-column connections in steel frame structures. It has become especially popular in Iran for conventional buildings, due to its speed and convenient in construction process and economic privileges in comparison to the other types of steel connections. The frames with Khorjinee connections are vulnerable to earthquakes and there are serious concerns about their performance in future earthquakes.

Greentree, AD, Jong, LM, Van Donkelaar, JA, Devitt, SJ, Cole, JH, Stephens, AM, Jamieson, DN & Hollenberg, LCL 1970, 'Spatial adiabatic passage as a quantum wire', 2008 International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2008 International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICONN), IEEE, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA, pp. 156-159.
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Guillon, M, Dholakia, K & McGloin, D 1970, 'Aerosol tweezing with a super-continuum laser beam', SPIE Proceedings, NanoScience + Engineering, SPIE, San Diego, CA, pp. 70381Q-70381Q.
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Guo, W, Ngo, H, Palmer, CG, Xing, W, Yen-Jung, H & Listowski, A 1970, 'Enhanced biological nutrient removal by a single stage sponge-submerged membrane bioreactor in waste water treatment for reuse', Proc.IWA Regional Conference, IWA Regional Conference, IWA, Moscow, pp. 168-173.

Guo, W, Xing, W, Ngo, H, Hu, YA, Palmer, CG & Zhang, R 1970, 'Enhancement of organics removal by an integrated non woven media biofilter-submerged membrane adsorption hybrid system', Proc. 6th Regional Symposium on Membrane Science & Technology, Regional Symposium on Membrane Science & Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand, pp. 1-8.

Guo, Y, Dou, Y, Zhu, J, Lu, H & Jin, J 1970, 'Numerical magnetic field analysis and parameter computation of a PM synchronous generator', Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, ICEMS 2008, 11th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, WORLD PUBLISHING CORPORATION, Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Wuhan, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 2866-2869.
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This paper presents the parameter computation and performance prediction of a permanent magnet (PM) synchronous generator based on numerical magnetic field analyses. The finite element method is employed to accurately determine the magnetic field distribution and key parameters of the machine, such as the winding flux, back electromotive force, winding inductance and core loss. An equivalent electrical circuit is applied to predict the generator performance such as the external characteristic.

Guo, Y, Dou, Y, Zhu, J, Lu, H & Jin, J 1970, 'Numerical Magnetic Field Analysis and Performance Computation of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator', Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), World Publishing Corporation, Wuhan, China, pp. 2866-2869.

Guo, Y, Wang, X, Zhu, JG & Lu, H 1970, 'Development of a Wound Rotor Brushless Doubly Fed Machine Based on Slot MMF Harmonics', 2008 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, 2008 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting (IAS), IEEE, Edmonton, Canada, pp. 1-5.
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In the rotor winding magnetomotive force (MMF) of an ac machine, there exist so-called slot harmonics which appear in pairs and the lower order harmonic of each pair rotates in the opposite direction against the fundamental component. In addition, the slot harmonics have the same winding factor as the fundamental component. Based on these properties, this paper develops a brushless doubly fed machine (BDFM) with wound rotor. The machine consists of two stator windings with p1 and p2 pole-pairs, respectively. The rotor has a normal symmetrical multi-phase winding, in which rotating MMFs with p1 and p2 pole-pairs are induced by their stator counterparts. When the number of rotor slots equals the sum p1 and p2, the two MMFs rotate in opposite directions with respect to the rotor, satisfying the requirement of a BDFM. The major advantage of such a machine is that for both p1 and p2 pole-pair MMFs the winding factor is as high as that of the fundamental component, leading to high utilization of rotor winding and electrical efficiency.

Guo, Y, Zhu, J, Chen, J, Su, SW, Lu, H & Jin, J 1970, 'Performance Analysis of a Claw Pole PM Motor', Proceedings of Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference 2008, Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-5.
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This paper presents the performance analysis of a three-phase three-stack permanent magnet (PM) claw pole motor by using an improved phase variable model, which has been developed for accurate and efficient performance simulation of PM brushless dc motors. The improved model can take into account the effect of magnetic saturation and rotor position dependence of key parameters including back electromagnetic force, winding inductance, cogging torque and core loss, which are obtained from time-stepping nonlinear magnetic field finite element analysis (FEA). The presented model has been implemented in Simulink environment and employed to simulate the dynamic and steady-state performance of the three-phase three-stack PM claw pole motor with soft magnetic composite stator. Parameter computation and performance simulation are validated by experiments on the motor prototype.

Guoqiang Zhang & Kleijn, WB 1970, 'Autoregressive model-based speech packet-loss concealment', 2008 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ICASSP 2008 - 2008 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, IEEE, pp. 4797-4800.
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We study packet-loss concealment for speech based on autoregressive modeling using a rigorous minimum mean square error (MMSE) approach. The effect of the model estimation error on predicting the missing segment is studied and an upper bound on the mean square error is derived. Our experiments show that the upper bound is tight when the estimation error is less than the signal variance. We also consider the usage of perceptual weighting on prediction to improve speech quality. A rigorous argument is presented to show that perceptual weighting is not useful in this context. We create simple and practical MMSE-based systems using two signal models: a basic model capturing the short-term correlation and a more sophisticated model that also captures the long-term correlation. Subjective quality comparison tests show that the proposed MMSE-based system provides state-of-the-art performance. ©2008 IEEE.

Hadgraft, R 1970, 'Computer-aided learning and assessment: The natural partner for project-based learning', ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, Conference Proceedings.
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There are significant pressures on higher education in Australia: continually reducing funding per student in real terms, an exponential growth in the knowledge base and growth in complexity of the problems that engineers face. Students need more project work to allow them to develop real engineering expertise (as opposed to engineering knowledge and skills). Project-based learning is aided by ready access to good online materials that can help students acquire basic skills and that will allow them to test their basic competency. It's time that we shared these learning resources across the sector (both nationally and internationally). Specifically, we should identify existing good online materials and make them readily available. We should develop, if necessary, good online assessment so that students can test their skills at any time, without waiting for end of semester exams. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2008.

Hadgraft, RG 1970, 'Computer-aided learning and assessment is needed to aid project-based learning', Proceedings of 36th European Society for Engineering Education, SEFI Conference on Quality Assessment, Employability and Innovation.
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There are significant pressures on higher education: reducing funding per student in real terms, an exponential growth in the knowledge base and growth in complexity and interconnectedness of the problems that engineers face as the Earth's climate and society changes. Students need more project work to allow them to develop real engineering expertise to tackle these complex problems (as opposed to acquiring just basic engineering knowledge and skills). Project-based learning is aided by ready access to good online materials that can help students acquire basic skills and that will allow them to test their basic competency. It is time to make these learning resources more readily available across the sector (both nationally and internationally). Although there are vast collections of tutorials and other learning objects, they are not yet well organised and it is difficult to see where the gaps are. For example, is there a site that would allow someone to study any topic in civil engineering in an organised way? As well, we should develop good online assessment so that students can test their skills at any time, without waiting for end of semester exams. This paper is a call to action for the international discipline communities to organise the existing online resources and to develop additional resources and online assessment.

Hadgraft, RG, Carew, AL, Therese, SA & Blundell, DL 1970, 'Teaching and assessing systems thinking in engineering', Research in Engineering Education Symposium 2008, pp. 230-235.

Hai Dong, Hussain, FK & Chang, E 1970, 'A survey in semantic search technologies', 2008 2nd IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies, 2008 2nd IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies (DEST), IEEE, Phitsanulok, Thailand, pp. 403-408.
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In this paper, we make a survey over the primary literature regarding semantic search technologies. By classifying the literature into six main categories, we review their characteristics respectively. In addition, the issues within the reviewed semantic search methods and engines are analysed and concluded based on four perspectives.

Hai Dong, Hussain, FK & Chang, E 1970, 'A survey in traditional information retrieval models', 2008 2nd IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies, 2008 2nd IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies (DEST), IEEE, Phitsanulok, Thailand, pp. 397-402.
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As a matter of fact, many so-called semantic search algorithms are derived from the traditional indexterm- based search models. In this paper, we survey the traditional information retrieval models by categorizing them into three main classes and eleven subclasses, and analyse their benefits and issues of them.

Hai Dong, Hussain, FK & Chang, E 1970, 'Developing a conceptual framework of semantic search engine to promote the collaborations between SMEs in the digital ecosystems environment', 2008 2nd IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies, 2008 2nd IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies (DEST), IEEE, Phitsanulok, Thailand, pp. 409-412.
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The research with regards to digital ecosystems emerged in the end of last century, and has developed in this century. Due to its immaturity, some fields within it are deemed to be blank. This research proposes to fill one of the blanks in the digital ecosystems research. By analyzing the issues in the current research, we propose to develop a semantic search engine, with the purpose of querying services provided by SMEs. The objective of this research is to build a reliable and trustworthy link between SMEs in the digital ecosystems environment. Relevant research methods and steps are discussed in this paper.

Hai Dong, Hussain, FK & Chang, E 1970, 'Developing a semantic service transaction system in the DE environment', 2008 6th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics, 2008 6th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN), IEEE, Daejeon, SOUTH KOREA, pp. 1353-1357.
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Digital Ecosystem (DE), which is an emerging service environment beyond the service-oriented architecture (SOA), is increasingly attracting researchers' interest. However, current literature reveals that there is not reliable and trustworthy technical su

Hamilton, TJ, Jin, C, van Schaik, A & Tapson, J 1970, 'A 2-D silicon cochlea with an improved automatic quality factor control-loop', 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), IEEE, Seattle, WA, pp. 1772-1775.
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Hamilton, TJ, Tapson, J, Jin, C & van Schaik, A 1970, 'Analogue VLSI implementations of two dimensional, nonlinear, active cochlea models', 2008 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference, 2008 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference, IEEE, Baltimore, MD, pp. 153-156.
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Hamilton, TJ, van Schaik, A & Cornell, B 1970, 'Measuring the impedance of a tethered bilayer membrane biosensor', 2008 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference, 2008 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference, IEEE, Baltimore, MD, pp. 361-+.
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Hammadi, A, Hussain, FK, Chang, E, Dillon, TS & Ali, S 1970, 'Ontological framework for trust &#x00026; reputation for DBE', 2008 2nd IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies, 2008 2nd IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies (DEST), IEEE, Phitsanulok, THAILAND, pp. 650-653.
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Abstract- Today's e-Businesses rely heavily on trust and reputation systems. These systems are key indicators for businesses performance. Businesses that interact with each other for their business needs form a Digital Business Ecosystem (DBE). Members ofDBE need to know the trust and reputation value of each other before the start of business interactions. The feedback mechanism is needed so that members of DBE form a unanimous opinion about trustworthiness of any specific member of the community and based their business interactions on this opinion. We present an ontological framework that will combine the feedback from all different trust and reputation information publicly available for a specific member of a domain and gives the knowledge representation on the bases of combined feedback. We call this ontological framework 'feedback ontology'.

Hannan, J & Kandasamy, J 1970, 'Experience of 1D and 2D flood modelling in Australia—a guide to model selection based on channel and floodplain characteristics', Flood Risk Management: Research and Practice - Proceedings of the European Conference, European Conference on Flood Risk Management: Research and Practice, CRC Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 273-280.
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The average annual cost of flooding in Australia is $318 million per year (BTE, 2001). Some 100 flood studies, floodplain management studies and plans are currently being undertaken in Australia to seek to reduce the potential flood risk to residents and properties in flood-affected areas. Consequently, a great body of knowledge and experience in flood modelling practices has been acquired, from one-dimensional (1D) steady-state models through to two-dimensional (2D) finite element hydrodynamic models. This paper critically appraises 1D and 2D hydraulic modelling techniques based on a quantitative comparison of MIKE-11, HEC-RAS and RMA-2 modelling results for a creek system in Australia. Based on the findings of the case study, the paper provides practical guidance for modellers on the suitability of 1D and 2D modelling for common physical channel and floodplain characteristics.

Hao, H, Li, ZX, Zhu, XQ & Wang, M 1970, 'Blast fragments prediction - Current approaches and challenges', Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Structural Engineering for Young Experts, ISSEYE 2008, 10th International Symposium on Structural Engineering for Young Experts, SCIENCE PRESS BEIJING, Hunan Univ, Changsha, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 3-10.
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Debris generated from damaged structure components under blast loading imposes a great threat to occupants of building structures. The current practice in predicting blast induced debris is mainly based on empirical relations established using field blast test data. Because the inherent structural conditions such as dimensions, material properties, boundary conditions and surrounding environments vary from structure to structure and are usually different from the model structures tested in the field, these empirical relations do not necessarily give reliable predictions of blast debris in an explosion event. Many researchers have developed theoretical and numerical models to predict fragmentation process and fragment distributions of construction materials. The theoretical models are based primarily on the theory of continuum damage mechanics and/or fracture mechanics, and energy and momentum balance principles. The numerical models include finite element approach with interface constraints, discrete element model, meshfree model, lattice model and applied element method. Because the dynamic fragmentation process of construction materials such as masonry and concrete under blast loading is very complex, all these models have intrinsic difficulties for practical application to predict blast generated debris. This paper will conduct a review of the current methods, and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. The challenges to develop an efficient and reliable method to predict fragmentation process and fragment distribution will be outlined. Since fragmentation process depends on the dynamic material properties, commonly used material models for concrete and masonry will also be introduced. Finally, the recently developed models by the authors to predict concrete and masonry wall damage and probabilistic fragment distributions will be briefly discussed.

Hao, H, Zhu, XQ & Deeks, AJ 1970, 'An investigation of the reliability of ambient vibration tests for extracting structural vibration properties', Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Structural Engineering for Young Experts, ISSEYE 2008, 10th International Symposium on Structural Engineering for Young Experts, SCIENCE PRESS BEIJING, Hunan Univ, Changsha, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 1489-1494.
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Ambient vibration tests have been gaining more and more popularity in structural condition monitoring because they are easy to carry out and cause only minimum disturbance to the normal operation of the tested structures. Compared to the forced vibration test, the input force is not known in ambient vibration test. The ambient excitation sources may come from wind, sea wave, traffic, and other natural sources and human activities. Common approaches to extract structural vibration properties from ambient vibration tests are based on the assumption that the ambient excitation force is a white noise. In reality, the unknown excitation forces may not be white noise, or even not a wide band process, and inevitably contain noises. In this paper, the reliability of using ambient vibration tests to extract structural vibration properties is investigated. Vibration test data from the ASCE/IASC benchmark model obtained from three excitation sources, namely impact hammer, shaker with random white noise excitations and ambient excitation (traffic and human activities) are analyzed. The extracted vibration properties (frequency, mode shape and damping) are compared. A numerical model is also created to simulate dynamic testing. Numerically simulated data is smeared with different types of noises to investigate the influence of noises on extracted structural vibration parameters. Discussions are made on the accuracy of using ambient vibration tests to extract structural vibration properties. The conditions under which the ambient vibration tests lead to accurate structural property extraction are also defined.

Hawryszkiewycz, I 1970, 'Designing Support Systems for Applications Outsourcing', 2008 10th IEEE Conference on E-Commerce Technology and the Fifth IEEE Conference on Enterprise Computing, E-Commerce and E-Services, 2008 10th IEEE Conference on E-Commerce Technology and the Fifth IEEE Conference on Enterprise Computing, E-Commerce and E-Services, IEEE, Washington DC, USA, pp. 323-328.
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The paper describes ways to support outsourcing arrangements using collaborative technologies. It identifies outsourcing falling into the general class of socio-technical systems. It then suggests any supporting systems must emphasize both the social arrangements as well as any functionality needed to carry out the outsourcing goal. At the same time they should provide the dynamic capability to change the arrangements if needed. The paper defines a method for identifying such networks and using them to define role based interfaces to support people in outsourcing arrangements. The paper illustrates with an example of process outsourcing. It then concludes by identifying generic services that can improve the dynamic capabilities of outsourcing.

Hawryszkiewycz, IT 1970, 'Designing business activities to facilitate knowledge sharing', 2008 International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems, 2008 International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems (CTS), IEEE, Irvine, California, pp. 321-330.
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This paper provides ways to identify knowledge management requirements in business activities. Knowledge management requirements are determined by the activity goal and the social interactions needed to realize this goal. The paper provides a way to classify business activities and provides guidelines for choosing the social communication patterns within these activities. It then describes ways that the combination of the two can identify knowledge requirements and the technology needed to support and facilitate knowledge sharing.

Hawryszkiewycz, IT 1970, 'Supporting Complex Adaptive Processes with Lightweight Platforms', Pervasive Collaborative Networks, Working Conference on VIRTUAL ENTERPRISES, Springer US, Poznan, pp. 381-388.
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This paper begins by describing the evolving environment towards greater adaptability in todayâs business processes and the limitations of current methodologies in providing ways to support such processes. Support systems require ways to integrate social connectivity and interactivity into business processes in ways that enable the process to be dynamically changed. The support systems must thus integrate social interactions within business contexts in ways that allow the interactions to change the process. The paper will describe models that identify requirements for such systems and convert the models to lightweight implementations that support flexibility. It will use ideas from complexity theory as well as social patterns to create the models.

Hazelton, P, Malone, M & Gardner, A 1970, 'A multicultural, multidisciplinary, short course to introduce recently graduated engineers to the global nature of professional practice', Proceedings of 36th European Society for Engineering Education, SEFI Conference on Quality Assessment, Employability and Innovation, SEFI - Annual Conference of European Society for Engineering Education, Sense Publishers, Aalborg, Denmark, pp. 1-7.
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Since 2001, The International Institute of Women in Engineering (IIWE) at EPF, Ecole d'ingenieurs generaliste, Sceaux, France, has conducted a three weeks short course for culturally and discipline diverse, recently graduated and final year engineering students. The aim of this course is to introduce young engineers to broad global concepts and issues relating to their future professional practice, through intercultural learning. The initial course program provided examples of engineering practices in a variety of countries throughout the world. However, to achieve an intercultural, multidisciplinary learning outcome, a specific course theme and a project focusing on sustainable engineering and the inclusion of a variety of industrial visits were introduced in 2006. This paper will discuss the success of the strategies used to engage international students in the IIWE course activities, and after consideration of the results of participant surveys, discusses curriculum initiatives that followed.

He, X, Jia, W & Wu, Q 1970, 'An approach of canny edge detection with virtual hexagonal image structure', 2008 10th International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision, ICARCV 2008, International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision, IEEE, Hanoi, Vietnam, pp. 879-882.
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Edge detection plays an important role in the areas of image processing, multimedia and computer vision. Gradient-based edge detection is a straightforward method to identify the edge points in the original grey-level image. It is intuitive that, in the human vision system, the edge points always appear where the gradient magnitude assumes a maximum. Hexagonal structure is an image structure alternative to traditional square image structure. The geometrical arrangement of pixels on a hexagonal structure can be described as a collection of hexagonal pixels. Because all the existing hardware for capturing image and for displaying image are produced based on square structure, an approach that uses bilinear interpolation and tri-linear interpolation is applied for conversion between square and hexagonal structures. Based on this approach, an edge detection method is proposed. This method performs Gaussian filtering to suppress image noise and computes gradients on the hexagonal structure. The pixel edge strengths on the square structure are then estimated before Canny' edge detector is applied to determine the final edge map. The experimental results show that the proposed method improves the edge detection accuracy and efficiency. © 2008 IEEE.

He, X, Zheng, L, Qiang Wu, Wenjing Jia, Bijan Samali & Palaniswami, M 1970, 'Segmentation of characters on car license plates', 2008 IEEE 10th Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, 2008 IEEE 10th Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing (MMSP), IEEE, Cairns, Australia, pp. 399-402.
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License plate recognition usually contains three steps, namely license plate detection/localization, character segmentation and character recognition. When reading characters on a license plate one by one after license plate detection step, it is crucial to accurately segment the characters. The segmentation step may be affected by many factors such as license plate boundaries (frames). The recognition accuracy will be significantly reduced if the characters are not properly segmented. This paper presents an efficient algorithm for character segmentation on a license plate. The algorithm follows the step that detects the license plates using an AdaBoost algorithm. It is based on an efficient and accurate skew and slant correction of license plates, and works together with boundary (frame) removal of license plates. The algorithm is efficient and can be applied in real-time applications. The experiments are performed to show the accuracy of segmentation. © 2008 IEEE.

Heijboer, M & van den Hoven, E 1970, 'Keeping up appearances', Proceedings of the 5th Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction: building bridges, NordiCHI08: 5th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, ACM, Lund, Sweden, pp. 162-171.
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The design and interaction of physical game artefacts is becoming increasingly important for the design of digital tabletop games. In this paper a study is described investigating the differences in interpretations of realistic and abstract game artifacts comparing children and adults. A game was created on a digital tabletop as a carrier for the user evaluation presented in this paper. The appearance of the game artifacts was explored and a family of each of the artifacts was created. The interpretations of each of the individual artifacts and their different visual appearances were tested to determine whether children rank and interpret the functionalities of the artefacts differently than adults. The results showed that overall the understanding of abstract artifacts compared to realistic ones was best for both children and adults. It also indicated there was no significant difference in the interpretations of the realistic and abstract artefacts between children and adults.

Hellerud, E, Burnett, I, Solvang, A & Svensson, UP 1970, 'Encoding higher order ambisonics with AAC', Audio Engineering Society - 124th Audio Engineering Society Convention 2008, pp. 501-508.
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In this work we explore a simple method for reducing the bit rate needed for transmitting and storing Higher Order Ambisonics (HOA). The HOA B-format signals are simply encoded using Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) as if they were individual mono signals. Wave field simulations show that by allocating more bits to the lower order signals than the higher the resulting error is very low in the sweet spot, but increases as function of distance from the center. Encoding the higher order signals with a low bit rate does not lead to a reduced audio quality. The spatial information is improved when higher-order channels are included, even if these are encoded with a low bit rate.

Herath, DC, Kodagoda, S, Dissanayake, G & IEEE 1970, 'New framework for simultaneous localization and mapping: Multi map SLAM', 2008 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION, VOLS 1-9, IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, IEEE, Pasadena, California, pp. 1892-1897.
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The main contribution of this paper arises from the development of a new framework, which has its inspiration in the mechanics of human navigation, for solving the problem of Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM). The proposed framework has specific relevance to vision based SLAM, in particular, small baseline stereo vision based SLAM and addresses several key issues relevant to the particular sensor domain. Firstly, as observed in the authors' earlier work, the particular sensing device has a highly nonlinear observation model resulting in inconsistent state estimations when standard recursive estimators such as the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) or the Unscented variants are used. Secondly, vision based approaches tend to have issues related to large feature density, narrow field of view and the potential requirement of maintaining large databases for vision based data association techniques. The proposed Multi Map SLAM solution addresses the filter inconsistency issue by formulating the SLAM problem as a nonlinear batch optimization. Feature management is addressed through a two tier map representation. The two maps have unique attributes assigned to them. The Global Map (GM) is a compact global representation of the robots environment and the Local Map (LM) is exclusively used for low-level navigation between local points in the robot's navigation horizon. ©2008 IEEE.

Hidayat, R, Dejhan, K, Moungnoul, P & Miyanaga, Y 1970, 'A GHz Simple CMOS Squarer Circuit', 2008 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON COMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES, International Symposium on Communication and Information Technologies, IEEE, LAOS, Vientiane, pp. 533-+.

Hidayat, R, Dejhan, K, Moungnoul, P & Miyanaga, Y 1970, 'A GHz Simple CMOS Squarer Circuit', 2008 International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies, 2008 International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies (ISCIT), IEEE, pp. 539-542.
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A simple CMOS squarer circuit is proposed. The circuit has a Giga Hertz frequency response that has advantages to be used in communication systems. The proposed circuit focuses on the extension to ultra wide bandwidth. The circuit is based on 0.18 urn CMOS technology simulated using PSPICE level 7. The circuit has wide dynamic range, GHz-bandwidth response and low power consumption. The proposed circuit has been simulated with SPICE and achieved -3dB bandwidth of 10.96GHz. The power consumption is about 86.5uW with a ±1V power supply voltage. Simulation result shows that the proposed squarer can accommodate the whole UWB bandwidth. © 2008 IEEE.

Ho, DP, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, H, Shon, H & Kandasamy, JK 1970, 'Adsorption and Photocatalysis Kinetics of UV Light Responsive and Visible Light Responsive Titanium Dioxide in Wastewater Treatment', Proceedings of the IWA World Water Congress and Exhibition 2008, IWA World Water Congress, International Water Association (IWA), Vienna, Austria, pp. 1-8.
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The possible use of photocatalysis with TiO2 in wastewater treatment has been the focus of numerous studies in recent years. In this study, the adsorption and photocatalytic oxidation of organic compounds by UV light responsive titanium dioxide (P25) and visible light responsive titanium dioxide (Vis-TiO2) were investigated. Firstly, the adsorption behavior of the two photocatalysts was examined by the adsorption isotherm and kinetics experiments. The photocatalytic reactivity of the catalysts was then compared at different operating conditions. The results indicate that Freundlich model well described the adsorption capacity of both materials. The photocatalytic kinetics showed that the highest removal of NOM was achieved at an optimum concentration of 1.0 g/L of both photocatalysts. In case of P25, one-hour irradiation of UV light at the intensity of 184.64 mW/cm2 resulted in approximately 57% of TOC removal. It was observed that visible light photoexciting Vis- TiO2 required a longer irradiation time of 2 days to remove 65% of organic matters.

Hoang, DB, Lawrence, E, Ahmad, NF, Balasubramanian, V, Homer, C, Foureur, M, Leap, N & IEEE 1970, 'Assistive Care Loop with Electronic Maternity Records', 2008 10TH IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON E-HEALTH NETWORKING, APPLICATIONS AND SERVICES, International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services, IEEE, Biopolis, Singapore, pp. 118-123.
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Surprisingly women-held pregnancy health records (paper based) are still predominantly used in most hospitals in Australia. These records are not standardized as each hospital or state has a slightly different version. Early efforts have been made to standardize pregnancy records and make them available electronically. Electronic record systems do not allow dynamic interaction between users and they are not accessible when users are mobile. This paper describes an Assistive Maternity Care (AMC) system that addresses a number of important issues: 1) transforming a women-held paper-based record for pregnancy care into an Electronic Maternity Record (EMR); 2) investigating mechanisms to make the record active; 3) creating a system whereby details of the pregnant women and their carers can be recorded, updated over wired and wireless networks; and 4) creating a pregnancy care loop over which midwives and doctors and pregnant women under their care can communicate effectively anywhere, anytime for the duration of pregnancy. © 2008 IEEE.

Hong, D, Höllerer, T, Haller, M, Takemura, H, Cheok, AD, Kim, GJ, Billinghurst, M, Woo, W, Hornecker, E, Jacob, RJK, Hummels, C, Ullmer, B, Schmidt, A, van den Hoven, E & Mazalek, A 1970, 'Advances in Tangible Interaction and Ubiquitous Virtual Reality', IEEE Pervasive Computing, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), pp. 90-96.
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The first article reports on context-sensitive augmented-reality research presented at the 2007 International Symposium on Ubiquitous Virtual Reality. This student-organized event explored the use of contextual information, design principles, and effective user evaluation for developing AR applications for ubiquitous computing environments. The second article reports on The International Conference on Tangible and Embedded Interaction, the first conference series worldwide to focus on tangible and embedded interaction. The conference is interdisciplinary, covering the arts, hardware design, software toolkits for prototyping, and user studies and theory development. © 2006 IEEE.

Hong, S & Feuerlicht, G 1970, 'Web Service Interface Design for e-Business Application: A Minimalistic Design Approach', 2008 4th International Conference on Next Generation Web Services Practices, 2008 4th International Conference on Next Generation Web Services Practices (NWESP), IEEE, Seoul, Korea, pp. 143-150.
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The success of projects using web service will, to a large extent depend on effective interface design and development methodologies used in the construction of web applications. As service interface constitutes the basic building blocks of service oriented applications; decisions about what constitute a service operation and what elements are inside the schema are of vital importance. This paper proposes to use a minimalistic design approach to optimise a set of standard business documents and interfaces where multiple business events consume related business documents. The core idea of the interface design is that any events to be applied to a document are to be included in the document itself. Thus the resulting interface is able to process multiple actions corresponding to a business document. The method will not only reduce the number of interfaces in the service and the elements in the message but ultimately reduce the number of messages exchanged.

Hossain, MJ, Pota, H & Ugrinovskii, V 1970, 'Short and long-term dynamic voltage instability', IFAC Proceedings Volumes (IFAC-PapersOnline).
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This paper presents a novel approach to capture the development of dynamic voltage instability caused by the dynamics of different power system devices, such as loads, generators, automatic voltage regulators (AVR), overexcitation limiters (OXL), power system stabilizers (PSS), and on-load tap changing (OLTC) transformers using an accurate time-domain analysis. A small power system model is presented which allows one to analyse combinations of these effects, showing how different major forms of long-term and short-term dynamic voltage instability occur. Effects of line tripping, sudden change of load, and fault clearing time on dynamic voltage instability will also be discussed. Finally, advantages of the dynamic analysis over the static analysis will be investigated. Copyright © 2007 International Federation of Automatic Control All Rights Reserved.

Howarth, B, Katupitiya, J, Eaton, R & Kodagoda, S 1970, 'Localization of Visually Indistinguishable Mature Lettuce Heads Using Spatial Information', 2008 15th International Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice, 2008 15th International Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice (M2VIP), IEEE, Auckland, pp. 17-22.
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This paper describes an approach to recognizing and localizing centers of mature lettuce heads in the field when the lettuce leaves obscure the distinctions between plants. This is of great value when using an automatic harvester in cluttered or closely planted vegetation. The aim of this work is to investigate and verify the potential use of spatial rather than visual clues for recognition and localization, with a view to implementing a more robust and sophisticated system if promise is shown. Colour/texture information was difficult to use so spatial information was used instead. A laser range finder was used to generate a height plot from above the plants. Lettuce examples were used to learn the radial distribution of the lettuce model. This was compared with the distributions of arbitrary locations in new scans to locate possible lettuce locations. Planting distance information was then used to localize the final lettuce positions. The algorithm was able to successfully locate 15 out of 16 sample lettuces.

Hsieh, M-H, Luo, Z & Brun, T 1970, 'Secret Keys Assisted Private Classical Communication Capacity over Quantum Channels', Phys. Rev. A, The 8th Asian Conference on Quantum Information Science (AQIS08), AMER PHYSICAL SOC, Seoul, Korea, p. 042306.
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We prove a regularized formula for the secret key-assisted capacity region ofa quantum channel for transmitting private classical information. This resultparallels the work of Devetak on entanglement assisted quantum communicationcapacity \cite{DHW05RI}. This formula provides a new family protocol, theprivate father protocol, under the resource inequality framework that includesprivate classical communication \it{without} secret key assistance as a childprotocol.

Huang, A, Milne, D, Frank, E & Witten, IH 1970, 'Clustering Documents with Active Learning Using Wikipedia', 2008 Eighth IEEE International Conference on Data Mining, 2008 Eighth IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM), IEEE, Pisa, ITALY, pp. 839-844.
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Huang, ML, Liang, J & Nguyen, QV 1970, 'A Usability Study on the Use of Multi-Context Visualization', 2008 Fifth International Conference on Computer Graphics, Imaging and Visualisation, 2008 5th International Conference on Computer Graphics, Imaging and Visualisation (CGIV), IEEE, Penang, Malaysia, pp. 311-316.
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Graph visualization has been widely used in real-world applications, as it provides better presentation of overall data structure. However, there are navigation problems existing in deep and large relational datasets. To address these challenges, a new technique called multi-context visualization, which provides users with rich contextual information, has been proposed as the solution to the navigation in large scale datasets. This paper evaluates the multi-context visualization by conducting an experiment-based user study. To answer whether the more contextual information positively assist in making more accurate and easier decisions, it aims to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the multi-context visualization, by measuring the user performance. Specifically, this usability test was designed to test if the use of multiple context views can improve navigation problems for deep and large relational data sets. © 2008 IEEE.

Huang, S & Su, SW 1970, 'Robust Control for Nonlinear Discrete-Time Systems with Quantitative Input to State Stability Requirement', IFAC Proceedings Volumes, IFAC World Congress, Elsevier BV, Seoul, Korea, pp. 14186-14191.
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In this paper, we consider state feedback robust control problems for discrete-time nonlinear systems subject to disturbances. The objective of the control is to minimize a performance function while guaranteeing a prescribed quantitative input to state stability (ISS) property for the closed-loop systems. By introducing the concept of ISS control invariant set, a sufficient condition for the problem to be feasible is given. Built on the sufficient condition, a computationally efficient control design algorithm based on one-step min-max optimization is developed. An example is given to illustrate the proposed strategy. Copyright © 2007 International Federation of Automatic Control All Rights Reserved.

Huang, S, Wang, Z, Dissanayake, G & Frese, U 1970, 'Iterated SLSJF: A sparse local submap joining algorithm with improved consistency', Proceedings of the 2008 Australasian Conference on Robotics and Automation, ACRA 2008, Australasian Conference on Robotics and Automation, ARAA, Canberra, Australia, pp. 1-9.
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This paper presents a new local submap joining algorithm for building large-scale feature based maps. The algorithm is based on the recently developed Sparse Local Submap Joining Filter (SLSJF) and uses multiple iterations to improve the estimate and hence is called Iterated SLSJF (I-SLSJF). The input to the I-SLSJF algorithm is a sequence of local submaps. The output of the algorithm is a global map containing the global positions of all the features as well as all the robot start/end poses of the local submaps. In the submap joining step of I-SLSJF, whenever the change of state estimate computed by an Extended Information Filter (EIF) is larger than a predefined threshold, the information vector and the information matrix is recomputed as a sum of all the local map contributions. This improves the accuracy of the estimate as well as avoids the possibility that the Jacobian with respect to the same feature gets evaluated at different estimate values, which is one of the major causes of inconsistency for EIF/EKF algorithms. Although the computational cost of I-SLSJF is higher than that of SLSJF, the algorithm can still be implemented effciently due to the exactly sparseness of the information matrix. The new algorithm is compared with EKF SLAM and SLSJF using both computer simulation and experimental examples.

Huang, S, Wang, Z, Dissanayake, G & IEEE 1970, 'Exact state and covariance sub-matrix recovery for submap based sparse EIF SLAM algorithm', 2008 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION, VOLS 1-9, IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, IEEE, Pasadena, California, pp. 1868-1873.
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This paper provides a novel state vector and covariance sub-matrix recovery algorithm for a recently developed submap based exactly sparse Extended Information Filter (EIF) SLAM algorithm - Sparse Local Submap Joining Filter (SLSJF). The algorithm achieves exact recovery instead of approximate recovery. The recovery algorithm is very efficient because of an incremental Cholesky factorization approach and a natural reordering of the global state vector. Simulation results show that the computation cost of the SLSJF is much lower as compared with the sequential map joining algorithm using Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). The SLSJF with the proposed recovery algorithm is also successfully applied to the Victoria Park data set. ©2008 IEEE.

Huang, X 1970, 'Making carrier frequency offset an advantage for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing', 2008 Third International Conference on Communications and Networking in China, 2008 Third International Conference on Communications and Networking in China (CHINACOM), IEEE, pp. 855-859.
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Contrary to the common belief that the carrier frequency offset (CFO) in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system would adversely impact on system performance, this paper shows that the CFO actually has the effect of linear precoding among transmitted data symbols and hence can be exploited to improve the diversity performance over frequency-selective fading channels. With both analysis and Monte Carlo simulation, it is proved that an OFDM system with CFO equal to half of the subcarrier spacing can potentially achieve the performance of diversity order four by the maximum-likelihood detection and demonstrate a 5 dB improvement using the minimum mean squared error equalization.

Huang, X 1970, 'Making Carrier Frequency Offset an Advantage for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing', 2008 THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING IN CHINA, VOLS 1-3, 3rd International Conference on Communications and Networking in China, IEEE, Hangzhou, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 812-816.

Huang, X 1970, 'Multipath Diversity of Precoded OFDM with Linear Equalization', 2008 IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2008 IEEE International Conference on Communications, IEEE, Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 1307-1311.
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Hussain, FK 1970, 'Papers in track 15 - Social networks', 2008 2nd IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies, 2008 2nd IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies (DEST), IEEE, pp. lxxxiv-lxxxv.
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Hussain, FK, Chang, E & Hussain, O 1970, 'A robust methodology for prediction of trust and reputation values', Proceedings of the 2008 ACM workshop on Secure web services, CCS08: 15th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security 2008, ACM, pp. 97-108.
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In this paper, we present the FC direct trust value-based decision making methodology, for making direct trust value based decisions regarding interactions in (a) a given context and during the current time slot, and (b) a given context and at a future time slot. The direct trust value-based decision making methodology models the context specific nature of trust and the dynamic nature of trust to make direct trust value-based decisions regarding interactions. Additionally in this paper, we present the FC reputation-based trust decision making methodology, for making reputation-based trust decisions regarding interactions, if direct trust value-based decisions cannot be made. The FC reputationbased trust decision making methodology can make reputationbased trust decisions regarding interactions in (a) a given context and during the current time slot, and (b) a given context and at a future time slot. Copyright 2008 ACM.

Hussain, O, Chang, E, Dillon, T & Hussain, F 1970, 'Ascertaining the Semantic and Linguistic Level of Perceived Risk in e-Business Interactions', 2008 IEEE International Conference on e-Business Engineering, 2008 IEEE International Conference on e-Business Engineering, IEEE, Xian, China, pp. 723-727.
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By analyzing the level of perceived risk in the domain of e-business, the interaction initiating agent can determine beforehand whether or not it will achieve its desired outcomes and the associated consequences to it in interacting with the other agent.

Hussain, O, Chang, E, Dillon, T & Hussain, F 1970, 'Determining the Level of Perceived Risk in e-business Web 2.0 Interactions', 2008 IEEE International Conference on e-Business Engineering, 2008 IEEE International Conference on e-Business Engineering, IEEE, Xian, China, pp. 13-20.
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In the domain of e-commerce business it is important for the initiating agent of the interaction to analyze and consider the level of perceived risk in forming an interaction with an agent, apart from just considering the level of trust and security. By

Hussain, O, Dillon, T, Chang, E & Hussain, F 1970, 'Highlighting the issues in making an informed interaction-based decision in industrial ecosystems', 2008 6th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics, 2008 6th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN), IEEE, Daejeon, SOUTH KOREA, pp. 1324-1329.
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In the literature, the notion of trust has been widely discussed and various approaches have been proposed to assess and quantify it, in order to take it into consideration when making an interaction-based decision in industrial ecosystems. At the same t

Hussain, OK, Chang, E, Hussain, FK & Dillon, TS 1970, 'Determining the Failure Level for Risk Analysis in an e-Commerce Interaction', Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 290-323.
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Before initiating a financial e-commerce interaction over the World Wide Web, the initiating agent would like to analyze the possible Risk in interacting with an agent, to ascertain the level to which it will not achieve its desired outcomes in the interaction. By analyzing the possible risk, the initiating agent can make an informed decision of its future course of action with that agent. To determine the possible risk in an interaction, the initiating agent has to determine the probability of failure and the possible consequences of failure to its resources involved in the interaction. In this chapter as a step towards risk analysis, we propose a methodology by which the initiating agent can determine beforehand the probability of failure in interacting with an agent, to achieve its desired outcomes. © 2009 Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Hussain, OK, Chang, E, Hussain, FK & Dillon, TS 1970, 'Quantifying the numeric and linguistic magnitude of perceived risk in E-Commerce Interactions for RDSS', 2008 2nd IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies, 2008 2nd IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies (DEST), IEEE, pp. 604-610.
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In an e-commerce business interaction, the risk assessing agent by analyzing the possible level of perceived risk beforehand can make an informed decision of its future course of interaction with an agent. The perceived risk in the context of an e-commerce business interaction is a multidimensional construct which is the combination of its subcategories. In this paper we propose a methodology by which the risk assessing agent can ascertain the numeric and linguistic level of perceived risk in an interaction by combining its different subcategories. © 2008 IEEE.

Iacopi, F, Eichhammer, Y, Massy, C, Vereecken, PM, Moelans, N, Richard, O, Smeets, D, Blanpain, B, De Gendt, S & Heyns, M 1970, 'Indium-assisted Growth of Si Nanowires: Perspectives on Controlled Growth for CMOS Applications', MRS Proceedings, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, pp. 77-82.
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ABSTRACTSemiconductor nanowires are attractive nano- building blocks for microelectronics. However, the requirements for their manufacturing and application in the microelectronics industry are very demanding. Beyond compatibility with Si technology, full control on the characteristics of the grown wires (diameter, location, crystallinity, etc..), homogeneity on wafer –scale and reproducibility are essential. In this study we review critically important challenges for a controlled process of In –mediated growth of Si nanowires. First, we stress the importance of surface type for both particle catalysts and growth substrates. Both selection and preparation of such surfaces have large impact on growth, as they influence the initiation and the driving forces for the VLS growth mechanism. Moreover, wire characteristics such as morphology, crystalline quality and growth orientation appear more difficult to control when growing from particles with sizes below 40-50nm. This limitation arises as a result of both fundamental mechanisms and more specific constrains linked to the In-Si system.A few perspectives are given for the achievement of a controlled Si nanowire growth in a Si –technology compatible fashion.

Indraratna, B & Khabbaz, H 1970, 'Geotechnical aspects of ballasted rail tracks and stabilising underlying soft soil formation', ADVANCES IN TRANSPORTATION GEOTECHNICS, 1st International Conference on Transportation Geotechnics, CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP, Nottingham, ENGLAND, pp. 593-599.

Indraratna, B & Rujikiatkamjorn, C 1970, 'Effects of Partially Penetrating Prefabricated Vertical Drains and Loading Patterns on Vacuum Consolidation', GeoCongress 2008, GeoCongress 2008, American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 596-603.
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In this study, numerical modeling of a multi-drain system is employed to determine the optimum penetration depth of prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) and the vacuum pressure that provides the maximum consolidation settlement and less lateral displacements. The plane strain analysis using an equivalent permeability with transformed unit cell geometry was considered for varying drain length and vacuum load. The effects of the vertical drain length and vacuum pressure on soft clay consolidation were examined through time for 90% degree of consolidation, associated settlement and lateral displacement. Copyright ASCE 2008.

Indraratna, B, Khabbaz, H & Fatahi, B 1970, 'Conceptual development and numerical modelling of vegetation induced suction and implications on rail track stabilisation', 12th International Conference on Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics 2008, International Conference of International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Goa, India, pp. 4335-4344.
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The effects of tree roots on soil suction and ground settlement are investigated. This paper highlights the inter-related parameters contributing to the development of a conceptual evapo-transpiration and root water uptake equilibrium model that is then incorporated in a comprehensive numerical model. The developed numerical model based on the finite element analysis (ABAQUS) considers fully coupled flow-deformation behaviour of soil. Field measurements obtained by the authors from a field site in western Victoria and from past literature are used to validate the model. The predicted results show acceptable agreement with the field data in spite of the assumptions made for simplifying the effects of soil heterogeneity and anisotropy. The numerical analysis proves that the proposed root water uptake model can reliably predict the region of maximum matric suction away from the tree axis. The paper also compares the natural favourable effect of tree roots with the stabilising mechanisms of geosynthetic vertical drains subjected to vacuum pressure. Although this analogy is only justified for shallow vertical drains, the comparison still emphasises the obvious economical advantages of native vegetation.

Indraratna, B, Muttuvel, T & Khabbaz, H 1970, 'Investigating Erosional Behaviour of Chemically Stabilised Erodible Soils', GeoCongress 2008, GeoCongress 2008, American Society of Civil Engineers, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, pp. 670-677.
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Chemical stabilisation is a popular technique to improve the erosion resistance of soils. In this study, two chemical stabilisers, namely lignosulfonate and general purpose Portland cement were tested on two different soils, a silty sand and dispersive clay. A series of erosion tests were performed to study the effectiveness of the stabilisation on increasing the erosion resistance. Results showed that an increase in the critical shear stress of the silty sand with only 0.6% lignosulfonate treatment was equivalent to that with around 2.5% cement treatment. However, the stabilisation of the dispersive clay with 0.6% cement was more effective than 0.6% lignosulfonate. The findings of this research also indicated that the coefficient of soil erosion decreased as a power function of the critical shear stress. Copyright ASCE 2008.

Indraratna, B, Oliveira, D & Mylvaganam, J 1970, 'Revised Shear Strength Model for Soil-Infilled Rock Joints Considering Over-Consolidation Effect', Proceedings of the First Southern Hemisphere International Rock Mechanics Symposium, First Southern Hemisphere International Rock Mechanics Symposium, Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, pp. 523-532.
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Ip, KH, Stuart, BH, Thomas, PS & Ray, AS 1970, 'Thermal characterization of the clay binder of heritage Sydney sandstones', JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY, 8th Mediterranean Conference on Calorimetry and Thermal Analysis, SPRINGER, ITALY, Palermo, pp. 97-100.
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Janapsatya, J, Nasimuddin & Esselle, KP 1970, 'jawidening the bandwidth of single-fed circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna using sequential array', 2008 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 2008 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium and USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, IEEE, San Diego, CA, pp. 1-4.
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Jiang, Z & Wei, D 1970, 'Asymmetric rolling of thin strip with work roll edge kiss', AES-ATEMA International Conference Series - Advances and Trends in Engineering Materials and their Applications, pp. 189-193.
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Asymmetric rolling can reduce strip thickness significantly. When the thinner strip is rolled in a cold strip mill, the work roll edge may kiss each other. Work roll edge kiss affects the mechanics of asymmetric rolling and the crown of the rolled strip significantly, which has not been quantified before. In this paper, the numerical simulation has been carried out to analyse the asymmetric rolling of thin strip with roll edge kiss when a cross shear region exists in the roll bite. The rolling force, roll edge kiss force and the strip crown for asymmetric rolling of thin strip are discussed. The calculated crown of the rolled strip is compared with the measured value. Effect of the friction on the roll edge kiss length is also discussed. © AES-Advanced Engineering Solutions.

Jiang, ZY, Li, HJ, Han, JT, Wei, DB, Pi, HC & Tieu, AK 1970, 'Crystal plasticity finite element modelling of compression of pure aluminum', Civil-Comp Proceedings.
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In order to compare the influence of the different finite element models on the experimental results, Taylor-Type and finite element polycrystalline models are separately employed in the finite element software ABAQUS to simulate the development of the deformation texture by rate dependent crystal constitutive equations during the uniaxial tensile deformation. Initial orientations measured by backscatter diffraction (EBSD) are directly input into the crystal plasticity finite element model. With the increase of true strain, the crystal can rotate and the silk textures form easily, therefore the predicted and experimental silk textures tend to sharper and stronger accordingly. There is only one kind of silk texture (<110> texture) formed in the uniaxial compression. Comparison of the contouring map with different strains, the finite element polycrystalline model can accurately predict the drum deformation of pure aluminum during the uniaxial compression. © Civil-Comp Press, 2008.

Jiang, ZY, Tang, J, Tieu, AK & Wei, D 1970, 'Simulation of oxide scale cracks in hot strip rolling', 9th International Conference on Technology of Plasticity, ICTP 2008, pp. 654-659.
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In this paper, the behavior of oxide scale cracks and its surface roughness in hot strip rolling are simulated using finite element software MSC-MARC package. A model generating surface roughness profile that remains well the random characteristics of surface roughness and asperity was applied in this study. The characteristics of oxide scale cracks with various crack aspect ratios is investigated, and the deformation features of surface roughness of the oxide scale and steel are obtained from the finite element simulation. The developed model of oxide scale crack is helpful for further understanding the mechanics of the change of oxide scale cracks in the roll bite and for improving the steel strip surface quality.

Jiang, ZY, Wei, D, Zhu, H & Tieu, KA 1970, 'Mechanics of cold rolling of ultra thin strip with work roll edge kiss', Steel Research International, 12th International Conference on Metal Forming, Verlag Stahleisen Mbh, Cracow, POLAND, pp. 764-771.
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In this paper, the cold rolling experiments of ultra thin steel strip were carried out on a Hille-100 experimental rolling mill, and theoretical analysis of cold rolling of the strip with roll edge kiss has been conducted. Simulation results show that the reduction has a significant influence on the crown of rolled strip, and the calculated rolling forces and strip crown are consistent with the measured values. The effect of friction in the roll bite on mechanics of cold rolling of ultra thin strip with roll edge kiss is also discussed. Surface characteristic was measured by a Hommel Tester T1000 portable profilemeter. It can be concluded that the strip surface roughness value decreases significantly after cold rolling. Thus the surface finish becomes better after cold rolling of ultra thin strip. © 2008 Verlag Stahleisen GmbH, Düsseldorf.

JIANG, ZY, WEI, DW & TIEU, AK 1970, 'AN INFLUENCE FUNCTION METHOD ANALYSIS OF COLD STRIP ROLLING', International Journal of Modern Physics B, 9th Asia-Pacific Symposium on Engineering Plasticity and Its Applications (AEPA 2008), World Scientific Pub Co Pte Lt, Daejeon, SOUTH KOREA, pp. 5728-5733.
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An influence function method has been developed to simulate the asymmetric cold rolling of thin strip with work roll kiss at edges. The numerical simulation model was obtained based on the deformation compatibility of the roll system in rolling and lateral directions. The strip plastic deformation has been considered in the formulation, which is significantly different from the traditional theory of metal rolling. The rolling mechanics and crown of the strip with work roll edge kiss, which are new findings for cold rolling of thin strip, are obtained. A comparison of the rolling force, roll edge kiss force and the strip crown after rolling has been conducted for various cross shear regions in the roll bite. Results show that the calculated strip crown is in good agreement with Ameasured value, and the rolling force and strip crown decrease with an increase of cross shear regions, as well as the work roll edge kiss force and edge wear decrease. The friction also has an influence on the profile of the rolled thin strip.

Jiangfeng Zhang 1970, 'Simultaneous upper triangularization and the stability of linear discrete multidimensional systems', 2008 7th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation, 2008 7th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation, IEEE, Chongqing, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 513-518.
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Jin Jianxun, Chen Xiaoyuan, Guo Youguang, Zhan Yuedong & Zhu Jianguo 1970, 'HTS transformer and its related loss measurement and quench protection techniques', 2008 27th Chinese Control Conference, 2008 Chinese Control Conference (CCC), IEEE, Kunming, China, pp. 292-296.
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Recently research and development concerning applications of high temperature superconducting (HTS) transformers have been progressed actively in the world. Besides the HTS rated current capability, it is also essential to develop the relevant and precise performance test and protection systems for HTS transformers. This paper mainly presents elementary test and protection methods of HTS transformers including AC loss measurement, and quench detection and protection. A new integrated measurement system for HTS transformers is also proposed by using the Labview virtual instrument software.

Juszczyszyn, K, Kazienko, P & Musiał, K 1970, 'Local Topology of Social Network Based on Motif Analysis', KNOWLEDGE-BASED INTELLIGENT INFORMATION AND ENGINEERING SYSTEMS, PT 2, PROCEEDINGS, 12th International Conference on Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Zagreb, CROATIA, pp. 97-105.
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Juszczyszyn, K, Kazienko, P, Musial, K & Gabrys, B 1970, 'Temporal Changes in Connection Patterns of an Email-Based Social Network', 2008 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology, 2008 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology, IEEE, pp. 9-12.
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Network motifs are small subgraphs that reflect local network topology and were shown to be useful for creating profiles that reveal several properties of the network. Analysis of three-node motifs (triads) was used in this paper to track the temporal changes in the structure of large social network derived from email communication between the employees of Wroclaw University of Technology. © 2008 IEEE.

Kadlec, P & Gabrys, B 1970, 'Adaptive Local Learning Soft Sensor for Inferential Control Support', 2008 International Conference on Computational Intelligence for Modelling Control & Automation, 2008 International Conference on Computational Intelligence for Modelling Control & Automation, IEEE, Vienna, AUSTRIA, pp. 243-248.
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Kadlec, P & Gabrys, B 1970, 'Gating Artificial Neural Network Based Soft Sensor', NEW CHALLENGES IN APPLIED INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES, 21st International Conference on Industrial, Engineering and Other Applications of Applied Intelligent Systems, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Wroclaw, POLAND, pp. 193-202.
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Kadlec, P & Gabrys, B 1970, 'Learnt Topology Gating Artificial Neural Networks', 2008 IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence), 2008 IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN 2008 - Hong Kong), IEEE, Hong Kong, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 2604-2611.
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Kaindl, H, Constantine, L, Pastor, O, Sutcliffe, A & Zowghi, D 1970, 'How to Combine Requirements Engineering and Interaction Design?', 2008 16th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference, 2008 16th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE), IEEE, pp. 299-301.
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In this panel, we propose to figure out how requirements engineering and interaction design can be usefully combined. In particular, some people argue that scenarios / use cases should be concrete, as in story-telling. Others argue for use of "essential" use cases as a methodological approach to interaction and user-interface design. Somewhat in the middle, it is argued that use cases should help acquiring the requirements in the first place. What should the practitioner believe and, in particular, do, in order to develop useful and usable software and systems? Software development and interaction design require different skills and different methods and are typically done by different people. Still, scenario-based design is proposed for several activities relevant for both tasks, such as requirements elicitation, software design, and interaction design. Symbolic modeling in this spirit is actually common to various fields. However, scenario-based approaches vary, especially with regard to their use, e.g., employing abstract use cases or integrating scenarios with functions and goals in a systematic design process. So, the key issue to be raised at the panel is how to combine different approaches, e.g., in scenario-based development, so that the interaction design as well as the development of the user interface and of the software internally result in an overall useful and useable system. © 2008 IEEE.

Kalam, MA, Masjuki, HH, Redzuan, M, Mahlia, TMI, Fuad, MA, Mohibah, M, Halim, K, Ishak, A, Khair, M, Shahrir, A & Yusof, A 1970, 'Development and Test of a New Catalytic Converter for Natural Gas Fueled Engine', SAE Technical Paper Series, 2008 SAE International Powertrains, Fuels and Lubricants Congress, SAE International.
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This paper presents exhaust gas emissions characteristcs of a new direct injection (DI) compressed natural gas (CNG) engine using a low cost catalytic conveter (Catco). The pollutants exhaust gas emissions measured were CO, HC and NOx with and without Catco. The Catco was developed based on catalyst materials consisting of metal oxides such as titanium dioxide (TiO2) and cobalt oxide (CoO) with wiremesh substrate. Both of the catalyst materials (such as TiO2 and CoO) are inexpensive in comparison to conventional catalysts (noble metals) such as palladium or platinum. In addition, the noble metals such as platinum group metal are now indentified as human health risk due to their rapid emissions in the environment from various resources like conventional catalytic converter, jewelers and other medical usages. It can be mentioned that both the CNG-DI engine and TiO2/CoO based catalytic converter were developed under a research collaboration program. The original engine manufacture catalytic conveter (OEM Catco) was tested for comparison purposes. The OEM Catco was based on noble metal catalyst with honeycomb ceramic substrate. It is experimentally found that the conversion efficiencies of TiO2/CoO based catalytic converter are 93%, 89% and 82% for NO x, CO and HC emissions respectively. It is calculated that the TiO2/CoO based catalytic converter reduces 24%,41% and 40% higher NOx, CO and HC emissions in comparison to OEM Catco respectively. The objective of this paper is to develop a low cost three way catalytic converter to be used with the newly developed CNG-DI engine. Detailed review on catalytic converter, low cost catalytic converter development characteristics and CNG-DI engine test results have been presented with discussions. © 2008 SAE International.

Kannapiran, A, Chanan, AP, Singh, G, Tambosis, P, Jeyakumaran, JM & Kandasamy, JK 1970, 'Strategic asset management planning of stormwater drainage systems', Proceedings of the IWA World Water Congress and Exhibition 2008, IWA World Water Congress, International Water Association (IWA), Vienna, Austria, pp. 1-8.
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Management of the urban water cycle in an integrated manner is an essential task to protect, restore and enhance in a sustainable manner. Strategic asset management planing is being developed as local government authorities face many challenges associated with managing the urban water cycle system. Statistical or conventional mathematical modelling approach has been found not practical for assessment of deteriorating infrastructures. Alternatively, application of fuzzy-based models is found more suitable as it links engineering judgment, experience and scarce field data of the deteriorating assets. In this study, a representative network of buried stormwater system s data is drawn and a pipe condition index is derived by linking the field data and reasoning using fuzzy approach. The inferred results are found to be useful and relevant for asset maintenance and future development programs.

Kazienko, P & Musiał, K 1970, 'Mining Personal Social Features in the Community of Email Users', SOFSEM 2008: THEORY AND PRACTICE OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, 34th Conference on Current Trends in Theory and Practice of Computer Science, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Novy Smokovec, SLOVAKIA, pp. 708-719.
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Kazienko, P, Musiał, K & Juszczyszyn, K 1970, 'Recommendation of Multimedia Objects Based on Similarity of Ontologies', KNOWLEDGE - BASED INTELLIGENT INFORMATION AND ENGINEERING SYSTEMS, PT 1, PROCEEDINGS, 12th International Conference on Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Zagreb, CROATIA, pp. 194-201.
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Kazienko, P, Musiał, K & Kajdanowicz, T 1970, 'Profile of the social network in photo sharing systems', 14th Americas Conference on Information Systems, AMCIS 2008, pp. 2815-2826.
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People, who interact, cooperate or share common activities within the photo sharing system can be seen as a multirelational social network. The results of their activities, i.e. tags, comments, references to favourites and others that semantically connect users through multimedia objects, i.e. pictures are the crucial component of the semantic web concept. Every online sharing system provides data that can be used for extraction of different kinds of relations grouped in layers in the multirelational social network. Layers and their profiles were identified and studied on two, spanned in time, snapshots of Flickr population for better understanding of social network structure complexity. Additionally, for each of the identified layers, a separate strength measure was proposed in the paper. The experiments on the Flickr photo sharing system revealed that users are inspired by both the semantic relationships between objects they operate on and social links they have to other users. Moreover, the density and affluence of the social network grows over course of time.

Kejalakshmy, N, Rahman, BMA, Agrawal, A & Grattan, KTV 1970, 'Characterization of a Teflon PCF for THz frequency applications by using the finite element method', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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A finite element based full-vectorial modal solution approach has been developed to identify single mode operation of Teflon photonic crystal fibers and to characterize their modal and bending losses in the THz frequencies. © 2007 Optical Society of America.

Kejalakshmy, N, Rahman, BMA, Agrawal, A & Grattan, KTV 1970, 'Characterization of a Teflon PCF for THz frequency applications by using the Finite Element Method', Integrated Photonics and Nanophotonics Research and Applications, Integrated Photonics and Nanophotonics Research and Applications, OSA, pp. IWB2-IWB2.
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A finite element based full-vectorial modal solution approach has been developed to identify single mode operation of Teflon photonic crystal fibers and to characterize their modal and bending losses in the THz frequencies. © 2007 Optical Society of America.

Kha, HH, Tuan, HD & Nguyen, TQ 1970, 'Optimal triplet halfband filter banks with k-regularity and image coding application', 2008 Second International Conference on Communications and Electronics, 2008 Second International Conference on Communications and Electronics (ICCE), IEEE, Hoi An, Vietnam, pp. 230-234.
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The triplet halfband filter bank structure is well known to be efficient for the design and implementation of a class of biorthogonal wavelet filter banks. Previously, two extreme cases in filter characteristics including equiripple filters with no regul

Kha, HH, Tuan, HD & Nguyen, TQ 1970, 'Optimal triplet halfband filter banks with K-regularity and image coding application', 2008 SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATIONS AND ELECTRONICS, 2nd International Conference on Communications and Electronics, IEEE, Hoi An, VIETNAM, pp. 228-+.

Khalilpour, R & Abbas, A 1970, 'Optimal design of multi-cyclone using mixed-integer nonlinear programming', AIChE Annual Meeting, Conference Proceedings.

Khan, MAY & Veitch, D 1970, 'Peeling the 802.11 onion', Proceedings of the third ACM international workshop on Wireless network testbeds, experimental evaluation and characterization, MobiCom08: Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, ACM, ACM, pp. 33-40.
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Khan, MAY & Veitch, D 1970, 'Speedo: Realistic achievable bandwidth in 802.11 through passive monitoring', 2008 33rd IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), 2008 33rd IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN 2008), IEEE, IEEE, pp. 892-899.
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Khawaja, MA, Ruiz, N & Chen, F 1970, 'Think before you talk', Proceedings of the 20th Australasian Conference on Computer-Human Interaction: Designing for Habitus and Habitat, OZCHI '08: Proceedings of the 20th conference of the computer-human interaction special interest group of Australia on Computer-human interaction: design, ACM, pp. 335-338.
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Measuring a user's level of cognitive load while they are interacting with the system could offer another dimension to the development of adaptable user interfaces. High levels of cognitive load affect performance and efficiency. However, current methods of measuring cognitive load are physically intrusive and interrupt the task flow. Certain speech features have been shown to change under high levels of load and are good candidates for cognitive load indices for usability evaluation and automatic adaptation of an interface or work environment. A speech-based dual-task user study is presented in which we explore the behaviour of speech pause features in natural speech. The experiment yielded new results confirming that speech pauses are useful indicators of high load versus low load speech. We report an increase in the percentage of time spent pausing from low load to high load tasks. We interpret these results within the framework of Baddeley's modal model of working memory and detail how such a measure could be utilized in the cognitive load measurement.

Kholdebarin, A, Massumi, A, Davoodi, M, Tabatabaiefar, HR, Santini, A & Moraci, N 1970, 'Comparing of Normal Stress Distribution in Static and Dynamic Soil-Structure Interaction Analyses', AIP Conference Proceedings, 2008 SEISMIC ENGINEERING CONFERENCE: Commemorating the 1908 Messina and Reggio Calabria Earthquake, AIP, pp. 650-657.
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It is important to consider the vertical component of earthquake loading and inertia force in soil-structure interaction analyses. In most circumstances, design engineers are primarily concerned about the analysis of behavior of foundations subjected to earthquake-induced forces transmitted from the bedrock. In this research, a single rigid foundation with designated geometrical parameters located on sandy-clay soil has been modeled in FLAC software with Finite Different Method and subjected to three different vertical components of earthquake records. In these cases, it is important to evaluate effect of footing on underlying soil and to consider normal stress in soil with and without footing. The distribution of normal stress under the footing in static and dynamic states has been studied and compared. This Comparison indicated that, increasing in normal stress under the footing caused by vertical component of ground excitations, has decreased dynamic vertical settlement in comparison with static state. © 2008 American Institute of Physics.

Kiani, G, Olsson, L, Karlsson, A & Esselle, K 1970, 'Transmission analysis of energy saving glass windows for the purpose of providing FSS solutions at microwave frequencies', 2008 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 2008 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium and USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, IEEE, pp. 1-4.
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An inherent transmission problem associated with modern energy-saving glass windows is analyzed. These windows are used in building design to provide thermal insulation which keeps the interior warmer in the winter and cooler in the summer. This thermal insulation is achieved by employing a very thin layer of metallic oxide on one side of the ordinary (float) glass. This layer attenuates infrared waves while remaining transparent to ultraviolet frequencies. But this metallic oxide coating also attenuates the transmission of useful RF/microwave signals (GSM, GPS etc) through the glass window. We have investigated the transmission of microwave frequencies through Optitherm™SN glass window manufactured by Pilkington. At average, about 30 dB attenuation is observed from 800 MHz to 6 GHz for both TE and TM polarizations at normal incidence. Theoretical and measured results are presented. © 2008 IEEE.

Kiani, G, Olsson, L, Karlsson, A & Esselle, K 1970, 'Transmission Analysis of Energy Saving Glass Windows for the Purpose of Providing FSS Solutions at Microwave Frequencies', 2008 IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-9, IEEE Antennas-and-Propagation-Society International Symposium, IEEE, CA, San Diego, pp. 1196-+.

Kierkels, J & van den Hoven, E 1970, 'Children's haptic experiences of tangible artifacts varying in hardness', Proceedings of the 5th Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction: building bridges, NordiCHI08: 5th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, ACM, Lund, Sweden, pp. 221-228.
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In this paper we describe our investigations on the role of material hardness in the haptic experience of tangible artefacts. Without seeing the artifacts children had to rank their experience on a scale of two antonyms while touching and holding these artifacts. In this experiment it was shown that children have no problem ranking hardness. Two groups could be identified: soft artifacts were found to be cute, speedy and warm, e.g., and hard artifacts boring, sad and old-fashioned. We think that paying attention to this factor in the design of tangible user interfaces for children can improve their experience.

Kodagoda, S, Zhang, Z, Ruiz, D & Dissanayake, G 1970, 'Sensing and Classification for Autonomous Weed Control', The IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA 2008), workshop, IEEE International Conference on Robots and Automation, IEEE explorer, Pasadena, California, pp. 1-6.
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Autonomous weed control concepts have recently being extensively researched due to the advantages that they possess. One of the critical modules of such systems is the sensing and classification of weeds within crops. In this paper, we systematically chose the sensing setup and cues to be used for classification of two common weed species (Bidens pilosa L. and Lolium rigidum L.) in a wheat crop. An automatic cue selection procedure is proposed. Some classification results and their problems were discussed leading to future direction of research.

Kodagoda, S, Zhang, Z, Ruiz, D & Dissanayake, G 1970, 'Weed detection and classification for autonomous farming', Proceedings of Fourth I*PROMS Virtual International Conference, Intelligent Production Machines and Systems, I*PROMS, Cardiff, UK, pp. 1-6.
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Autonomous weed control concepts have recently being extensively researched due to the advantages that they possess. One of the critical modules of such systems is the sensing and classification of weeds within crops. In this paper, we systematically chose the sensing setup and cues to be used for classification of two common weed species (Bidens pilosa L. and Lolium rigidum L.) in a wheat crop. An automatic cue selection followed by classification procedure is proposed. Some classification results are presented while discussing problems leading to future direction of research.

Kreimeyer, M, Braun, S, Guertler, MR & Lindemann, U 1970, 'Relating two Domains via a Third – An Approach to Overcome Ambiguous Attributions using Multiple Domain Matrices', Proceedings of the ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences & Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences & Computers and Information in Engineering Conference IDETC/CIE, ASME, New York, pp. 1-11.
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Design Structure Matrices (DSM) and Domain Mapping Matrices (DMM) are commonly used to model and analyze the relationships within one domain (DSM) or between two domains (DMM). Being assembled into one larger square matrix, having DSMs on its diagonal and DMMs in all other fields, a so-called Multiple Domain Matrix (MDM) is formed. When relating two domains using a DMM, a problem arises when the nature of one individual relationship between the two domains is to be described. Usually, this is modeled by annotating each relationship with the additional information, much like comments in spreadsheet software. This, however, is yet impossible if the relationships should be in matrix notation to allow for algorithmic matrix analyses. Equally, this way, the annotations are not accessible as elements of another matrix, e.g. as DSM.This paper suggests a generic principle to solve the described problem in a way consistent with the matrix methodology. It proposes an approach using MDM and is thereby able to unambiguously provide the nature of each relationship between the elements of two domains. As a DSM is a mere case of a DMM having two identical domains, the approach proposed can equally be used to enrich the relationships within a DSM.

Kreimeyer, M, Guertler, MR & Lindemann, U 1970, 'Structural metrics for decision points within Multiple-Domain Matrices representing design processes', 2008 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, IEEE, Singapur, pp. 1-5.
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When reengineering or improving an engineering process, it is important to systematically examine the process for possible weak spots. Complexity metrics, which describe how “complex” a possible part of a process is, are a means of doing so. Using them, every single element of a process (e.g. activities, resources,…) or groups of elements can be reviewed, and those exhibiting distinctive features can be further considered for improvement. Such metrics are especially of interest if no quantitative data is available but only the qualitative process architecture is at hand, e.g. as a process chart. In this paper, different metrics from software and workflow engineering (McCabe Complexity, Control-flow Complexity, Activity / Passivity) are used on a qualitative model of a process incorporating decision points. The process model is based on a Multiple-Domain Matrix extended to comprise Boolean operators that are typical for process models (i.e. AND, OR, and XOR).

Kreimeyer, M, Gurtler, M & Lindemann, U 1970, 'Structural metrics for decision points within multiple-domain matrices representing design processes', 2008 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, 2008 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, IEEE, Singapore, SINGAPORE, pp. 435-439.
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Kurian, JC 1970, 'A Multi-Paradigm Fuzzy Aggregation of Domain Ontology and Media Assets on the Semantic Web Framework', INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 2008, VOLS 1-4, PROCEEDINGS, International Symposium on Information Technology, IEEE, MALAYSIA, Univ Kebangsaan, Fac Informat Sci & Technol, Kuala Lumpur, pp. 758-763.

Kurian, JC, Goh, DH-L, Htoo, THH, Wheeler, L & Hazel, L 1970, 'Enabling Single Sign-On Authentication for Web Repositories using Domain Directory Services', INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 2008, VOLS 1-4, PROCEEDINGS, International Symposium on Information Technology, IEEE, MALAYSIA, Univ Kebangsaan, Fac Informat Sci & Technol, Kuala Lumpur, pp. 48-+.

Laird, I, Lovatt, H, Savvides, N, Lu, D & Agelidis, VG 1970, 'Comparative study of maximum power point tracking algorithms for thermoelectric generators', 2008 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, AUPEC 2008.
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Variations in load and temperature can cause a thermoelectric generator (TEG) to operate at a voltage that does not produce the maximum possible power for a given temperature difference. Therefore a maximum power point tracker (MPPT) is used to force the generator to a voltage that produces maximum power. This paper uses a digital signal processor (DSP) controlled boost converter to assess and compare the performance of several MPPT algorithms when used with a TEG. As a result, the fractional short circuit method has shown promise as a suitable MPPT algorithm for a TEG subjected to steady state conditions. © 2008 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC'08).

Lau, H, Pratley, T, Liu, D, Huang, S & Pagac, D 1970, 'An implementation of prioritized path planning for a large fleet of autonomous straddle carriers', International Federation of Operational Research Societies (IFORS), Sandton, South Africa.

Lawrence, E, Bachfischer, A, Dyson, LE & Litchfield, A 1970, 'Mobile Learning and Student Perspectives: An mReality Check!', 2008 7th International Conference on Mobile Business, 2008 7th International Conference on Mobile Business (ICMB), IEEE, Barcelona, Spain, pp. 287-295.
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n this paper the authors report on the results of a survey aimed at ascertaining the opinions of contemporary university students on the use of mobile devices as learning tools. Four hundred and forty two postgraduate and undergraduate students from an Australian University completed the online survey. The authors analyzed both quantitative and qualitative data focusing on the ramifications for m-learning practices in university environments. Mobile technology acceptance factors are used to highlight important findings from the survey.

Le, T, Dong, Y, Liu, R, Jha, S, Rosberg, Z & IEEE 1970, 'Implementation aspects of reliable transport protocols in wireless sensor networks', 2008 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATION SYSTEM SOFTWARE AND MIDDLEWARE AND WORKSHOPS, VOLS 1 AND 2, 3rd International Conference on Communication System Software and Middleware and Workshop, IEEE, Bangalore, INDIA, pp. 574-580.
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Lebbe, MA, Agbinya, JI, Chaczko, Z & Braun, R 1970, 'Artificial immune system inspired danger modelling in Wireless Mesh Networks', 2008 International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering, 2008 International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE), IEEE, Malaysia, pp. 984-988.
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In recent years wireless mesh network (WMN) technologies and its applications have been actively researched and developed as the promising solution for future wireless mobile networks. On the other hand security of WMN is often a secondary reflection in development. In our previous work we proposed Artificial Immune System model to employ in secure routing in WMN. This paper improves and extends the algorithm in our previous work with more achievable danger levels and introduces responsible parameters and model danger in WMN. Moreover this paper proposes the elected network simulator for the experiments. ©2008 IEEE.

Lee, J, Guan, H, Blumenstein, M & Loo, Y-C 1970, 'An ANN-Based Backward Prediction Model for Reliable Bridge Management System Implementations Using Limited Inspection Records – Case Studies', IABSE Congress, Chicago 2008: Creating and Renewing Urban Structures – Tall Buildings, Bridges and Infrastructure, IABSE Congress, Chicago 2008: Creating and Renewing Urban Structures – Tall Buildings, Bridges and Infrastructure, International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), pp. 248-249.
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<p>Computer-aided Bridge Management Systems (BMSs) as Decision Support Systems (DSSs) for an effective bridge asset management are used to establish the feasible bridge maintenance, repair and rehabilitation (MR&amp;R) strategies which ensure an adequate level of safety at the lowest possible bridge life-cycle cost. To achieve this goal, keeping up-to-date bridge condition ratings are crucial for a BMS software package. Although most bridge agencies in the past have conducted inspections and maintenance, the form of such bridge inspection records is dissimilar to those required by BMSs. These data inconsistencies inevitably slow down the BMS implementations. This paper presents an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based prediction model, called the Backward Prediction Model (BPM), for generating unavailable years of historical bridge condition ratings using very limited existing inspection records. The BPM employed historical non-bridge datasets such as traffic volumes, populations and climates, to establish correlations with the existing bridge condition ratings from the very limited bridge inspection records. Such correlations can help fill the condition rating gaps required for an effective and accurate BMS implementation. This paper covers a brief description of the BPM methodology and presents nine case studies. The outcome of this study can help establish a comprehensive condition rating database, which will in turn assist to predict reliable future bridge depreciations.</p>

Lee, J, Loo, Y-C, Guan, H & Blumenstein, M 1970, 'Effective Implementation of a Bridge Management System Using Limited Historical Inspection Records', IABSE Conference, Helsinki 2008: Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for Bridges, Buildings and Construction Practice, IABSE Conference, Helsinki 2008: Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for Bridges, Buildings and Construction Practice, International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), pp. 29-36.
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Lee, JE-Y & Seshia, AA 1970, 'Square wine glass mode resonator with quality factor of 4 million', 2008 IEEE Sensors, 2008 IEEE Sensors, IEEE, pp. 1257-1260.
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Lee, JE-Y, Bahreyni, B & Seshia, AA 1970, 'Thin film monitoring with silicon bulk acoustic resonators', 2008 IEEE Sensors, 2008 IEEE Sensors, IEEE, pp. 581-584.
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Lee, JE-Y, Yan, J & Seshia, AA 1970, 'Anchor limited Q in flexural mode resonators', 2008 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 2008 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS), IEEE, pp. 2213-2216.
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Lee, JE-Y, Zhu, Y & Seshia, AA 1970, 'A micromechanical electrometer approaching single-electron charge resolution at room temperature', 2008 IEEE 21st International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, 2008 IEEE 21st International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, IEEE, pp. 948-951.
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Lee, S & Lister, R 1970, 'Experiments in the dynamics of phase coupled oscillators when applied to graph colouring', Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology Series, Australasian Computer Science Conference, Australian Computer Society, Inc, Wollongong, Australia, pp. 83-89.
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This paper examines the capacity of networks of phase coupled oscillators to coordinate activity in a parallel, distributed fashion. To benchmark these networks of oscillators, we present empirical results from a study of the capacity of such networks to colour graphs. We generalise the update equation of Aihara et al. (2006) to an equation that can be applied to graphs requiring multiple colours. We find that our simple multi-phase model can colour some types of graphs, especially complete graphs and complete k-partite graphs with equal or a near equal number of vertices in each partition. A surprising empirical result is that the effectiveness of the approach appears to be more dependent upon the topology of the graph than the size of the graph. Copyright © 2008, Australian Computer Society, Inc.

Lee, S, Leaney, J, O’Neill, T & Hunter, M 1970, 'Evaluating Open Service Access with an Abstract Model of NGN Functions', 11th Asia-Pacific Network Operations and Management Symposium, APNOMS 2008, Asia-Pacific Network Operations and Management Symposium, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Beijing, China, pp. 487-490.
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As new business models and market opportunities are rapidly emerging from the `opening up of telecommunications networks, we required a better understanding of the effectiveness of using open standards to provide access to functions in NGNs. In this paper we reason about the coverage of openly accessible functions using an abstract model of NGN functionality. Defining and using an abstract model allows us to evaluate the effectiveness of open standards from a perspective where a wide range of NGN functionality can be generalised and conveniently categorised. Subsequently, it will be possible to identify the gaps, which are a subset of functionality that we are specifically interested in for our project.

Lee, S, Leaney, J, O'Neill, T & Hunter, M 1970, 'Evaluating open service access with an abstract model of NGN functions', Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), pp. 487-490.
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As new business models and market opportunities are rapidly emerging from the 'opening up' of telecommunications networks, we required a better understanding of the effectiveness of using open standards to provide access to functions in NGNs. In this paper we reason about the coverage of openly accessible functions using an abstract model of NGN functionality. Defining and using an abstract model allows us to evaluate the effectiveness of open standards from a perspective where a wide range of NGN functionality can be generalised and conveniently categorised. Subsequently, it will be possible to identify the gaps, which are a subset of functionality that we are specifically interested in for our project. © 2008 Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Lee, T, Shraibman, A & Spalek, R 1970, 'A Direct Product Theorem for Discrepancy', 2008 23rd Annual IEEE Conference on Computational Complexity, Twenty-Third Annual IEEE Conference on Computational Complexity - CCC 2008, IEEE, pp. 71-80.
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Lei, G, Li, Y, Zhao, J & Shao, KR 1970, 'Statistical sequential analysis for particle size distribution of magnetic nanoparticles', 2008 World Automation Congress, WAC 2008.
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We present two statistical sequential analytical approaches to estimate particle size distribution of magnetic nanoparticles. They are termed sequential least square estimation and sequential linear minimum mean square error estimation, respectively. These approaches are implemented and quantified within the formalism of sequential estimation theory. The proposed methods are based on the data sampled sequentially in time and no matrix inversions are required in the implementation. To illustrate the efficiency of the proposed approaches, we give two examples of the particle size distributions in ferrofluid with normal sample and lognormal sample, respectively. In both cases we compare the reconstruction distributions using our methods with those calculated via the electron microscopy images of the ferrofluid particles.

Lei, G, Shao, KR, Li, Y, Yang, G & Zhao, J 1970, 'Sequential response surface model method for the optimization design of SMES', Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, ICEMS 2008, pp. 328-331.
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The TEAM Workshop problem 22 deals with the optimization design of a Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES). It is a benchmark optimization problem in electromagnetic device design. To address this problem, sequential response surface model method is presented in this paper. Compared with the direct optimization method, we can see that the number of finite element sample points can be obviously reduced by our proposed method.

Leijdekkers, P & Gay, V 1970, 'A self-test to detect a heart attack using a mobile phone and wearable sensors', PROCEEDINGS OF THE 21ST IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON COMPUTER-BASED MEDICAL SYSTEMS, IEEE International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems, IEEE, Jyvaskyla, pp. 93-98.
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Lemke, C & Gabrys, B 1970, 'Do we need experts for time series forecasting?', ESANN 2008 Proceedings, 16th European Symposium on Artificial Neural Networks - Advances in Computational Intelligence and Learning, pp. 253-258.
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This study examines a selection of off-the-shelf forecasting and forecast combination algorithms with a focus on assessing their practical relevance by drawing conclusions for non-expert users. Some of the methods have only recently been introduced and have not been part in comparative empirical evaluations before. Considering the advances of forecasting techniques, this analysis addresses the question whether we need human expertise for forecasting or whether the investigated methods provide comparable performance.

Leong, TW, Howard, S, Vetere, F & ACM 1970, 'Choice: Abdicating or exercising', CHI 2008: 26TH ANNUAL CHI CONFERENCE ON HUMAN FACTORS IN COMPUTING SYSTEMS VOLS 1 AND 2, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, ACM Press, Florence, pp. 715-724.
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Many people today have access to enormous libraries of digital content. Increasingly these libraries contain personal content, consumed in support of people's non-instrumental needs. If current trends persist, these repositories will only increase. Having to choose from so much could be unpleasant especially in the absence of strong preferences. This raises some concerns for user experience (UX) design. Approaches for such interactions should not only be optimized for UX but must also support users' noninstrumental needs. People face this predicament during digital music listening and yet report positive experiences when listening in shuffle. Through an empirical study of digital music listening and close examination of people's listening practices and experiences, we argue that a shufflebased approach-whereby people can abdicate choice to a random process while being able to modulate the randomness-not only mitigates the unpleasantness of choosing but also supports their non-instrumental needs while fostering desirable experiential outcomes. Copyright 2008 ACM.

Leung, C, Huang, S, Dissanayake, G & IEEE 1970, 'Active SLAM in structured environments', 2008 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION, VOLS 1-9, IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, IEEE, Pasadena, USA, pp. 1898-1903.
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This paper considers the trajectory planning problem for line-feature based SLAM in structured indoor environments. The robot poses and line features are estimated using Smooth and Mapping (SAM) which is found to provide more consistent estimates than the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). The objective of trajectory planning is to minimise the uncertainty of the estimates and to maximise coverage. Trajectory planning is performed using Model Predictive Control (MPC) with an attractor incorporating long term goals. This planning is demonstrated both in simulation and in a real-time experiment with a Pioneer2DX robot. ©2008 IEEE.

Li Zheng & Hoang, DB 1970, 'Performance analysis for resource coordination in a high-density wireless environment', 2008 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications, 2008 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC), IEEE, Marrakech, Morocco, pp. 685-690.
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The cochannel overlapping basic service sets (OBSS) wireless interference is unavoidable in a high-density overlapping BSS environment. In order to provide interference-free environment and, at the same time, Quality of Services, centralized resources coordination functionalities particularly in Medium Access Control (MAC) layer are required. The proposed scheme, based on the context of 802.11 WiFi, separates the uplink and downlink transmission into two periods governed by contention scheme and polling scheme respectively. The possible collisions during the synchronized uplink period are avoided because of the natures of contention scheme used. During the downlink period, the grouping assignments, using coloring theory, are carried out based on the topology to divide BSSs into groups and then time spans to avoid collision. The constraint of grouping is that no two overlapping BSSs could be assigned to the same group/time span, so interferences are minimized using time division technique. A complete performance analysis in a number of simulation scenarios is finally presented.

Li, C-H, Kuo, B-C, Lin, C-T & Hung, C-C 1970, 'Dimension Reduction for Hyperspectral Image Classification via Support Vector based Feature Extraction', IGARSS 2008 - 2008 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS 2008 - 2008 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IEEE.
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Li, H, Jiang, Z, Han, J, Wei, D, Pi, H & Kiet Tieu, A 1970, 'Crystal plasticity finite element modeling of necking of pure aluminum during uniaxial tensile deformation', Steel Research International, 12th International Conference on Metal Forming, Verlag Stahleisen Mbh, Cracow, POLAND, pp. 655-662.
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In order to figure out the slip deformation mechanisms and slip mechanism of various slip systems, Taylor-Type and finite element polycrystal models are separately input into the finite element software ABAQUS to model the development of the deformation texture during uniaxial tensile deformation. Initial orientation measured by electronic backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was directly input into crystal plasticity finite element model to simulate the necking of aluminum plate during the uniaxial tensile deformation. The results from the two polycrystal models are both approximate to the experimental results. Comparison with the deformation contouring map of the pure aluminum at the different strains, both the two polycrystal models could predict the necking of pure aluminum during the uniaxial tensile deformation, and two kind of silk textures formed in the uniaxial tensile deformation: one <111> silk texture; and the other <100> silk texture. However, the true necking strain and stress of experiments were different from those of two polycrystal models. © 2008 Verlag Stahleisen GmbH, Düsseldorf.

Li, HC, Jiang, ZY, Tieu, AK, Sun, WH, Li, HJ & Wei, DB 1970, 'Surface Roughness and Wear of Work Roll Containing Ti in Cold Strip Rolling', Advanced Materials Research, Trans Tech Publications Ltd., pp. 157-160.
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The consumption of work rolls in cold strip mills is significant. One of the key issues for work rolls is the surface roughness which affects the rolling stability and surface finish of the strip. The produced strip has lower surface finish if the roll surface roughness is large. However, if the roll surface roughness is small, it is not helpful for establishing the rolling process, which will reduce the productivity. In this case, a laser treatment is employed to increase the value of roll surface roughness. In order to reduce the times of roll grinding, the cold strip mill and roll manufacturers have developed new types of rolls such as the rolls containing Ti to increase the roll wear resistance in cold strip rolling. Results show that the new 4CrTi roll has a significant advantage of preventing decrease of the roll surface roughness. The size and generation of particles during roll wear process and the effect of Ti on roll wear have been discussed.

Li, HC, Jiang, ZY, Tieu, AK, Sun, WH, Li, HJ & Wei, DB 1970, 'Surface Roughness and Wear of Work Roll Containing Ti in Cold Strip Rolling', Advanced Materials Research, International Conference on Frontiers in Materials Science and Technology, Trans Tech Publications, Ltd., Queensland Univ Technol, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA, pp. 157-160.
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The consumption of work rolls in cold strip mills is significant. One of the key issues forwork rolls is the surface roughness which affects the rolling stability and surface finish of the strip.The produced strip has lower surface finish if the roll surface roughness is large. However, if theroll surface roughness is small, it is not helpful for establishing the rolling process, which willreduce the productivity. In this case, a laser treatment is employed to increase the value of rollsurface roughness. In order to reduce the times of roll grinding, the cold strip mill and rollmanufacturers have developed new types of rolls such as the rolls containing Ti to increase the rollwear resistance in cold strip rolling. Results show that the new 4CrTi roll has a significantadvantage of preventing decrease of the roll surface roughness. The size and generation of particlesduring roll wear process and the effect of Ti on roll wear have been discussed.

Li, HJ, Han, JT, Jiang, ZY, Pi, HC, Wei, DB & Tieu, AK 1970, 'Crystal Plasticity Finite Element Modelling of BCC Deformation Texture in Cold Rolling', Advanced Materials Research, International Conference on Frontiers in Materials Science and Technology, Trans Tech Publications, Ltd., Queensland Univ Technol, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA, pp. 251-254.
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Taylor-type and finite element polycrstal models have been embedded into the commercialfinite element code ABAQUS to carry out the crystal plasticity finite element modelling of BCCdeformation texture based on rate dependent crystal constitutive equations. Initial orientationsmeasured by EBSD were directly used in crystal plasticity finite element model to simulate thedevelopment of rolling texture of IF steel under various reductions. The calculated results are in goodagreement with the experimental values. The predicted and measured textures tend to sharper with anincrease of reduction, and the texture obtained from the Taylor-type model is much stronger than thatby finite element model. The rolling textures calculated with 48 {110}<110>, {112}<111> and{123}<111> slip systems are close to the EBSD results.

Li, HJ, Han, JT, Jiang, ZY, Pi, HC, Wei, DB & Tieu, AK 1970, 'Crystal Plasticity Finite Element Modelling of BCC Deformation Texture in Cold Rolling', Frontiers In Materials Science And Technology, International Conference on Frontiers in Materials Science and Technology, Trans Tech Publications Ltd., Brisbane, AUSTRALIA, pp. 251-254.
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Taylor-type and finite element polyerstal models have been embedded into the commercial finite element code ABAQUS to carry out the crystal plasticity finite element modelling of BCC deformation texture based on rate dependent crystal constitutive equations. Initial orientations measured by EBSD were directly used in crystal plasticity finite element model to simulate the development of rolling texture of IF steel under various reductions. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental values. The predicted and measured textures tend to sharper with an increase of reduction, and the texture obtained from the Taylor-type model is much stronger than that by finite element model. The rolling textures calculated with 48 {110}< 110 >, {112}< 111 > and {123}< 111 > slip systems are close to the EBSD results.

Li, J & Hao, P 1970, 'Reliable Representation of Data on Manifolds', Procedings of the British Machine Vision Conference 2008, British Machine Vision Conference 2008, British Machine Vision Association, pp. 113.1-113.10.
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The manifold learning algorithms are promising data analysis tools. However, to fit an unseen point in a learned model, the point must be located in the training set, which limits its scalability. In this paper, we discuss how to select landmarks from the data to help locate the test points. Our method is for data on manifolds: the way the landmarks represent the data in the ambient space should resemble the way they represent the data on the manifold. Compared to the previous research, (i) Our test foregoes the requirement of knowing the intrinsic manifold dimension and thus is more applicable and robust. (ii) Our selection implies a provable topology preservation property. (iii) We also provide a way to improve existing landmarks. Experiments on the synthetic data and the real data have been done. The results support the proposed properties and algorithms.

Li, J, Hao, P & Zhang, C 1970, 'Transferring Colours to Grayscale Images by Locally Linear Embedding', Procedings of the British Machine Vision Conference 2008, British Machine Vision Conference 2008, British Machine Vision Association, pp. 83.1-83.10.
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In this paper, we propose a learning-based method for adding colours to grayscale images. In contrast to many previous computer-aided colourizing methods, which require intensive and accurate human intervention, our method needs only the user to provide a colourful image of the similar content as the grayscale image. We accept the "image manifold" assumption and apply manifold learning methods to model the relations between the chromatic channels and the gray levels in the training images. Then we synthesize the objective chromatic channels using the learned relations. Experiments show that our method gives superior results to those of the previous work.

Li, J, Ma, G & Yu, M 1970, 'Penetration analysis for geo-material based on unified strength criterion', International Journal of Impact Engineering, Elsevier BV, pp. 1154-1163.
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Li, J, Samali, B & Xu, YL 1970, 'A new modal based damage detection approach utilising added mass', Futures in Mechanics of Structures and Materials - Proceedings of the 20th Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials, ACMSM20, Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials, CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group, Toowoomba, Australia, pp. 789-793.
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To reliably detect structural damage and estimate damage severity at its early stage poses a great challenge to engineering community. Despite a great deal of research and development in the areas of damage detection and health monitoring, there are very few successful applications in real life damage detection in engineering practices. One of the main obstacles for successful application of damage detection algorithms to real life civil infrastructure is the complex nature of structures and the uncertainties associated with modelling and measurement. This paper presents a new modal based damage detection approach aiming to provide an effective means to improve reliability and accuracy of damage detection. The proposed approach requires measurement data from two states of the structure, i.e. data from the structure 'as-is' and data from the structure after adding a known mass. By means of experimental modal analysis (EMA), the modal parameters of the structure with and without added mass can be obtained. With modal parameters of the said two states and the known added mass, the proposed method will be able to produce the 'in-service' system stiffness matrix. With the element connectivity being known a priori (or assumed reasonably), the 'in-service' element stiffness can be obtained. Location of damage as well as damage severity of the structure will therefore be known. Experimental verification of the proposed method was carried out using a three storey shear building model. The experimental results show that the proposed damage detection method is superior in both damage localisation and damage severity estimation. © 2009 Taylor & Francis Group, London.

Li, J, Sim, K, Liu, G & Wong, L 1970, 'Maximal Quasi-Bicliques with Balanced Noise Tolerance: Concepts and Co-clustering Applications', Proceedings of the 2008 SIAM International Conference on Data Mining, Proceedings of the 2008 SIAM International Conference on Data Mining, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Atlanta, pp. 72-83.
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Li, L 1970, 'Decentralized boundary control of irrigation canal networks via a strict Lyapunov method', IFAC Proceedings Volumes, The International Federation of Automatic Control, Elsevier BV, Seoul, Korea, pp. 9970-9975.
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A decentralized boundary control problem for irrigation canal networks is considered in this paper. The control scheme is based on a strict Lyapunov method introduced in Coron et al. (2007). A sufficient condition is presented to guarantee the closed-loop system to be locally convergent to a desired set point, which extends the results in Coron et al. (2007) for the single-pool case to a decentralized fashion for the multi-pool case. By eliminating the redundant variables, the derived condition involves certain contractive condition and discrete-time Lyapunov inequality with variables in a diagonal structure. This provides an easier way to check the existence of the solution. An application to a two-pool canal with overflow spillways is presented to demonstrate the proposed approach. Copyright © 2007 International Federation of Automatic Control All Rights Reserved.

Li, L 1970, 'Model Reduction for Linear Parameter-Dependent Systems', IFAC Proceedings Volumes, IFAC World Congress, Elsevier BV, South Korea, pp. 4048-4053.
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The paper considers the problem of model reduction for a class of linear parameter-dependent (LPD) systems. Three model reduction approaches: balanced truncation, balanced LQG truncation and gain-scheduled $mathcal{H}_infty$ model reduction, are presented to reduce the dimension of LPD systems. For the former two approaches, conditions to proceed the reduction are given in terms of a finite number of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs); while the latter one involves LMIs with some additional rank constraint.

Li, L & IEEE 1970, 'Coprime Factor Model Reduction for Continuous-time Uncertain Systems', 47TH IEEE CONFERENCE ON DECISION AND CONTROL, 2008 (CDC 2008), IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, IEEE, Cancun, Mexico, pp. 4227-4232.
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The paper considers the problem of coprime factor model reduction for a class of continuous-time uncertain systems with structured norm bounded uncertainty. The proposed method is applicable to the uncertain systems which may be robustly unstable, overcoming the robust stability restriction in the balanced truncation approach. A systematic approach is presented to construct a contractive coprime factor for the underlying uncertain system, based on the use of LMIs. This enables the balanced truncation to be applied to the contractive coprime factor to obtain the reduced uncertain system. Error bound on the L 2-induced norm of the resulting coprime factor is derived. © 2008 IEEE.

Li, Y & Wang, J 1970, 'Experimental study on PID control of MagnetoRheological shock absorber under impact load', 15th International Congress on Sound and Vibration 2008, ICSV 2008, pp. 3022-3028.
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Magneto-Rheological fluids (MRF), with their fast, reversible and repeatable change of rheological behaviour in response to an external applied magnetic field, have for about a decade been the most fascinating subject of widespread interest. Many investigations have been fulfilled and prototypes have also been fabricated to undertake experiments, mainly in the transportation application such as automobile suspensions, heavy truck seats, and racecar suspensions and seismic protection in civil engineering and wind-rain-induced load mitigation in Cable Bridge. In recent years, the applications of MR devices under high shock and impact load have got increasing attentions because of its widely potentials in the engineering. Although there are researches focusing on the structure design and the dynamics of impact-use MR shock absorber, still very few investigations concerning the semi-Active control of the MR shock absorber under impact load have been explored. The primary purpose of this paper is to experimentally investigate the effectiveness of PID control policies on large-scale Magneto-Rheological (MR) shock absorber subjected to impact load. In this paper, three pre-estimated controllers, which are PID controller, PI controller and P controller, are developed to mitigate the peak shock response of MR shock absorber when it subjected to high impulsive load. An impulsive test rig that uses a fixed amount powder to produce the impact force is introduced. Comparative test results show that the P control has the best control results to restrain the peak response of damping force and inner pressure of MR shock absorber.

Li, Y, Lei, G & Shao, KR 1970, 'Coupled field analysis of electrostatic comb-drive actuator using reduced order modeling principles', 2008 World Automation Congress, WAC 2008.
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This paper presents a modeling of lateral electrostatic Comb Drive actuator and develops a 2D finite element model using reduced order modeling (ROM) principles to analyze the coupled field. This technique reduces the Comb Drive to a group of equivalent lumped parameters finite elements which capture the device behavior. Finally, Simulation results are validated using an analytical approach, both methods give very similar results. The strongly coupled field problem is effectively solved by reduced order modeling (ROM) and the relation between structure parameters and the electrostatic force and the displacement is discussed.

Li, Y, Lei, G & Shao, KR 1970, 'Robust global optimal method for electromagnetic device design using approximation models', Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, ICEMS 2008, pp. 497-500.
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This paper presents a fast global optimal method for the optimization design of electromagnetic device, which based on the approximation models and the global optimization algorithms. Two approximate models, radial basis functions model and compactly supported radial basis functions model, are fully discussed in this paper. In order to illustrate the efficiency and robustness of the proposed method, an analytical test function and the TEAM Workshop problem 22 are investigated. Analysis and comparison show that the presented method is promising. The finite element sampling points can be obviously reduced by the proposed method.

Li, Y, Li, J, Samali, B & Wang, J 1970, 'Theoretical and experimental studies on semi-active smart pin joint', Futures in Mechanics of Structures and Materials - Proceedings of the 20th Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials, ACMSM20, Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials, Taylor & Francis Group, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia, pp. 723-728.
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An intelligent structural system equipped with smart structural members that are controllable in real-time is one effective solution to prevent structural damage and failure during hostile dynamic loadings, thereby leading to effective protection of structures and their occupants. The primary purpose of this study is to design, fabricate and characterise a prototype smart member, namely a semi-active magnetorheological (MR) pin joint, through theoretical modelling and experimental investigation. Design of prototype smart pin joints includes theoretical analysis relating to the rotary plate radius, the property of MR fluids and the gap between the rotary plate and the casing based on the requirements of the dynamics of MR pin joints. It is verified that an MR pin joint with a diameter of 180 mm can produce a torque of up to 30 Nm, which is deemed adequate for realisation of the semi-active control for multi-storey building models in the next stage of research. © 2009 Taylor & Francis Group, London.

Li, Y, Li, L, Hellicar, A & Guo, YJ 1970, 'Super-resolution reconstruction of terahertz images', SPIE Proceedings, SPIE Defense and Security Symposium, SPIE, pp. 69490J-69490J.
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A prototype of terahertz imaging system has been built in CSIRO. This imager uses a backward wave oscillator as the source and a Schottky diode as the detector. It has a bandwidth of 500-700 GHz and a source power 10 mW. The resolution at 610 GHz is about 0.85 mm. Even though this imaging system is a coherent system, only the signal power is measured at the detector and the phase information of the detected wave is lost. Some initial images of tree leaves, chocolate bars and pinholes have been acquired with this system. In this paper, we report experimental results of an attempt to improve the resolution of this imaging system beyond the limitation of diffraction (super-resolution). Due to the lack of phase information needed for applying any coherent super-resolution algorithms, the performance of the incoherent Richardson-Lucy super-resolution algorithm has been evaluated. Experimental results have demonstrated that the Richardson-Lucy algorithm can significantly improve the resolution of these images in some sample areas and produce some artifacts in other areas. These experimental results are analyzed and discussed.

Li, Y, Wang, J & Hu, H 1970, 'Effect of fluted flow channel on magnetic field in Magneto-Rheological damper', Proceedings of the World Forum on Smart Materials and Smart Structures Technology, SMSST'07, p. 574.

Li, Y, Wang, J, Hu, H & ASME 1970, 'Comprehensive study on controllablity of a large-scale MR shock absorber under high impact load', PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASME INTERNATIONAL DESIGN ENGINEERING TECHNICAL CONFERENCE AND INFORMATION IN ENGINEERING CONFERENCE, VOL 1, PTS A-C, ASME International Design Engineering Technical Conferences/Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS, Las Vegas, NV, pp. 1803-1808.

Li, Z & Chen, J 1970, 'On Semantic Object Detection with Salient Feature', Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 782-791.
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Li, Z, Chen, J & Schraudolph, NN 1970, 'An Improved Mean-Shift Tracker with Kernel Prediction and Scale Optimisation Targeting for Low-Frame-Rate Video Tracking', 19TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PATTERN RECOGNITION, VOLS 1-6, 19th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR 2008), IEEE, Tampa, FL, pp. 3893-3896.

Li, Z, Tan, E, Chen, J & Wassantachat, T 1970, 'On Traffic Density Estimation with a Boosted SVM Classifier', 2008 Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications, 2008 Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications, IEEE, pp. 117-123.
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Lihong Zheng, Xiangjian He, Qiang Wu, Wenjing Jia, Samali, B & Palaniswami, M 1970, 'A hierarchically combined classifier for license plate recognition', 2008 8th IEEE International Conference on Computer and Information Technology, 2008 8th IEEE International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (CIT), IEEE, Sydney, pp. 372-377.
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High accuracy and fast recognition speed are two requirements for real-time and automatic license plate recognition system. In this paper, we propose a hierarchically combined classifier based on an Inductive Learning Based Method and an SVM-based classification. This approach employs the inductive learning based method to roughly divide all classes into smaller groups. Then the SVM method is used for character classification in individual groups. Both start from a collection of samples of characters from license plates. After a training process using some known samples in advance, the inductive learning rules are extracted for rough classification and the parameters used for SVM-based classification are obtained. Then, a classification tree is constructed for further fast training and testing processes for SVMbased classification. Experimental results for the proposed approach are given. From the experimental results, we can make the conclusion that the hierarchically combined classifier is better than either the inductive learning based classification or the SVMbased classification in terms of error rates and processing speeds. © 2008 IEEE.

Lin, CT & Yu, YC 1970, 'Design of an effective pipeline FFT/IFFT processor', International Journal of Electrical Engineering, pp. 287-297.
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This investigation proposes the novel radix-42 and radix-4 3 algorithms with the low computational complexities of the radix-16 and radix-64 algorithms and the low hardware requirements of the radix-4 algorithm. Based on the multiplierless radix-4 butterfly structure, the proposed radix-42 single-path delay feedback (R42SDF) design and radix-43 single-path delay feedback (R43SDF) design support the 4096-point FFT/IFFT computations. Moreover, the retrenched constant multiplier and eight-folded complex multiplier structures are adopted to decrease the multiplier cost and the coefficient ROM size with the complex conjugate symmetry rule and subexpression elimination technology. To further decrease the chip cost, a finite word-length analysis is provided to indicate that the proposed R42SDF and R43SDF architectures only require 14 and 13-bit internal word-length to achieve 40dB SNR performance in the 4096-point FFT/IFFT computation. The comprehensive comparison results indicate that the proposed R43SDF design has the smallest hardware cost and the highest hardware utilization among the tested architectures for the FFT/IFFT computation, and thus has the highest efficiency. The implementation results show that the proposed R42SDF and R43SDF based 4096-point pipeline FFT/IFFT processors only consumes 6.3725 and 5.985 mW@20 MHz at 1.2V supply voltage in TSMC 0.13 μm CMOS process.

Lin, X & Zhang, Y 1970, 'Aggregate Computation over Data Streams', PROGRESS IN WWW RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, PROCEEDINGS, 10th Asia-Pacific Web Conference and Workshops, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Shenyang, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 10-25.
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Lin, Z, Zhu, J & Guo, Y 1970, 'Observation of Magnetization Processes in Soft Magnetic Composite', Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Condensed Matter and Materials Meeting, Annual Condensed Matter and Materials Meeting, AIP, Wagga Wagga, Australia, pp. 1-4.
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A magneto-optical imaging technique has been employed to visualize magnetization processes of soft magnetic composite material. The profiles of reflected light intensity of magneto-optical images at the sample surface were plotted. The results demonstrate that magnetooptical imaging is a sensitive tool to visualize magnetization process. The flux profiles obtained under conditions of perpendicular and tangential magnetizations indicate that the sample behaves as a collection of individual magnetized particles rather than as a uniform and continuous magnetic substance.

Lin, Z, Zhu, J & Guo, Y 1970, 'Three-Dimensional Magnetic Properties of Soft Magnetic Composite Materials', Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Condensed Matter and Materials Meeting Website, Annual Condensed Matter and Materials Meeting, AIP, Wagga Wagga, Australia, pp. 1-4.
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This paper studies the relationship between the B and H loci, and the power losses features of a soft magnetic composite in 3-D space when the B loci are controlled to be circles with increasing magnitudes and ellipses evolving from a straight line to a circle in three orthogonal planes. It is found that the B and H loci lie in the same magnetization plane, but the H loci and power losses strongly depend on the orientation, position, and process of magnetization. On the other hand, the H vector evolves into a unique locus, and the power loss approaches a unique value, respectively, when the B vector evolves into a round locus with the same magnitude from either a series of circles or ellipses.

Lindsay, ED, Murray, S, Liu, DK, Lowe, DB & Bright, CG 1970, 'Establishment reality vs Maintenance Reality: How real is real enough?', Proceedings of 36th European Society for Engineering Education, SEFI Conference on Quality Assessment, Employability and Innovation, Annual Conference of European Society for Engineering Education, European Society for Engineering Education, Aarlborg, Denmark, pp. 1-4.
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Remote and virtual laboratories are increasingly prevalent alternatives to the face to face laboratory experience, however the question of their learning outcomes is yet to be fully investigated. There are many presumptions regarding the effectiveness of these approaches; foremost amongst these assumptions is that the experience must be 'real' to be effective. Embedding reality into a remote or virtual laboratory can be an expensive and time consuming task. Significant effort has been expended to create 3D VRML models of laboratory equipment, allowing students to pan, zoom and tilt their perspective as they see fit. Multiple camera angles have be embedded into remote interfaces to provide an increased sense of 'real-ness'. This paper draws upon the literature in the field to show that the necessary threshold for reality varies depending upon how the students are interacting with the equipment. There is one threshold for when they first interact - the Establishment Reality - which allows the students to familiarise themselves with the laboratory equipment, and to build their mental model of the experience. There is, however, a second, lower, threshold - the Maintenance Reality - that is necessary for the students' ongoing operation of the equipment. Students' usage patterns rely upon a limited subset of the available functionality, focussing upon only some aspects of the reality that has been originally established. The two threshold model presented in this paper provides new insight for the development of virtual laboratories in the future.

Ling, SH, Iu, HHC, Leung, FHF, Chan, KY & IEEE 1970, 'Modelling the Development of Fluid Dispensing for Electronic Packaging: Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization Based-Wavelet Neural Network Approach', 2008 IEEE INTERNATIONAL JOINT CONFERENCE ON NEURAL NETWORKS, VOLS 1-8, International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, IEEE, Hong Kong, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 98-103.
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Lister, R 1970, 'After the gold rush: Toward sustainable scholarship in computing', Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology Series, Australasian Computing Education Conference, Australian Computer Society, Wollongong, Australia, pp. 3-17.
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In just thirty years, we have gone from punched cards to Second Life. But, as the American National Science Foundation (NSF) recently noted, 'undergraduate computing education today often looks much as it did several decades ago' (NSF, 2006). Consequently, today's 'Nintendo Generation' have voted with their feet. We bore them. The contrast between the changes wrought via computer research over the last 30 years, and the failure of computing education to adapt to those changes, is because computing academics lead a double life. In our research lives we see ourselves as part of a community that reaches beyond our own university. We read literature, we attend conferences, we publish, and the cycle repeats, with community members building upon each other's work. But in our teaching lives we rarely discuss teaching beyond our own university, we are not guided by any teaching literature; instead we simply follow our instincts. Academics in computing, or in any other discipline, can approach their teaching as research into how novices become experts. Several recent multi-institutional research collaborations have studied the development of novice programmers. This paper describes some of the results from those collaborations. The separation of our teaching and research lives diminishes not just our teaching but also our research. The modern practice of stripping away all 'distractions' to maximize research output is like the practice of stripping away rainforest to grow beef - both practices appear to work, for a little while, but not indefinitely. Twenty-first century academia needs to bring teaching and research together, to form a scholarship of computing that is an integrated, sustainable, ecological whole. © 2008, Australian Computer Society, Inc.

Lister, R & Box, I 1970, 'A citation analysis of the ACE2005 - 2007 proceedings, with reference to the June 2007 CORE conference and journal rankings', Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology Series, Australasian Computing Education Conference, Australian Computer Society, Wollongong, Australia, pp. 93-102.
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This paper compares the CORE rankings of computing education conferences and journals to the frequency of citation of those journals and conferences in the ACE2005, 2006 and 2007 proceedings. The assumption underlying this study is that citation rates are a measure of esteem, and so there should be a positive relationship between citation rates and rankings. The CORE conference rankings appear to broadly reflect the ACE citations, but there are some inconsistencies between citation rates and the journal rankings. The paper also identifies the most commonly cited books in these ACE proceedings. Finally, in the spirit of 'Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?' the paper discusses some ways in which the CORE rankings process itself might in future be made more transparent and open to scholarly discourse. © 2008, Australian Computer Society, Inc.

Lister, R & Box, I 1970, 'A citation analysis of the sigcse 2007 proceedings', Proceedings of the 39th SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education, SIGCSE '08: The 39th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, ACM, Portland, OR, USA, pp. 476-480.
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Abstract: This paper identifies the most commonly cited conferences, journals and books among the 1398 citations made in the 122 publications of the SIGCSE 2007 proceedings. The SIGCSE 2007 authors cited a very large array of conferences, journals and books, but the majority are only cited within a single paper. There are only a very small set of journals and conferences cited frequently. Most books cited are concerned with technical information or are textbooks. Only 2% of books are concerned with computer science education and 23% with education in general. The picture that emerges from this citation analysis is that the SIGCSE community does not have a substantial core set of educational literature. Also, the epistemology of the SIGCSE community is primarily objectivist, with a focus on content, rather than a constructivist, student-centered focus on learning.

Lister, R, Caspersen, ME & Clancy, M 1970, 'ICER'08 - Proceedings of the ACM Workshop on International Computing Education Research: Foreword', ICER'08 - Proceedings of the ACM Workshop on International Computing Education Research.

Lister, RF & Simon, S 1970, 'Koli Calling 2007', Proceedings of the 7th Baltic Sea Conference on Computing Education Research, Baltic Sea Conference on Computing Education Research, Australian Computer Society, Koli National Park, Finland, pp. 1-231.
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The Seventh Baltic Sea Conference on Computing Education Research, Koli Calling 2007, was held in Finlandâs beautiful Koli National Park on 15-18 November 2007. Contributions to Koli Calling can take one of four forms. Research papers present unpublished original research. System papers describe tools for learning, instruction, or assessment in computing education, motivated by the didactic needs of computing. Discussion papers are shorter papers used to present novel ideas, proposals, prototypes, or work in progress. Posters are very short presentations describing novel approaches or work in progress. All papers and posters were double-blind peer reviewed by members of the international programme committee and additional reviewers. There were 30 âlongâ papers submitted (i.e. research or system papers). The acceptance rate for long papers was 43% (12 research papers and one system paper). The remaining long papers, and those papers submitted specifically as discussion papers, comprised a total of 28 papers, of which 15 (54%) were accepted as short papers. The authors of all these accepted papers are from 12 diï¬erent countries.

Lister, RF, Caspersen, M & Clancy, M 1970, 'Proceeding of the fourth International workshop on Computing education research', Proceeding of the fourth International workshop on Computing education research, International workshop on Computing education research, Association of Computing Machinery, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-184.
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The call for papers attracted 46 submissions. All papers were double-blind peer-reviewed by members of the international program committee. After the reviewing, 16 papers (35%) were accepted for inclusion in the conference, written by authors across 9 countries: Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, New Zealand, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America

Listowski, A, Ngo, H, Guo, W, Vigneswaran, S & Palmer, CG 1970, 'Assessment Framework of Urban Water Reuse Based on a Novel Integrated Water Cycle Concept', Proceedings of the IWA World Water Congress and Exhibition 2008, IWA World Water Congress, International Water Association (IWA), Vienna, Austria, pp. 1-8.
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To achieve sustainability of the water reclamation and urban reuse technologies, it would be necessary to develop and apply comprehensive assessment methodology and processes that would consider critical elements of urban water cycle, sustainability criteria and appropriate performance assessment standards as an integrated framework. When trying to study the rationale behind the urban water reuse approaches from social, economic, technical and ecological point of view, the outcomes are often lacking cohesion and appropriate balance. The assessment methods are further complicated by the lack of consistency, specific and accurate information and methodologies, which ultimately impair the process. Taking into consideration complexity and uniqueness of the integrated water cycle concept, this paper introduces to a novel assessment framework. This enables to identify suitable assessment process consisting of logical steps and including relevant objectives, principles from which a broad selection of criteria s and performance indicators would be derived. The final step in the process would be focused on validation of the quantitative analysis and model preparation. A considerable effort would also be necessary to establish baseline indicators of sustainability and operational tools to evaluate performance of the urban water systems.

Little, H & Eager, DM 1970, 'Children need risk', 17th International Play Association World Conference, Hong Kong.

Liu, B, Cao, L, Yu, PS & Zhang, C 1970, 'Multi-Space-Mapped SVMs for Multi-class Classification', 2008 Eighth IEEE International Conference on Data Mining, 2008 Eighth IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM), IEEE, Pisa, Italy, pp. 911-916.
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In SVMs-based multiple classification, it is not always possible to find an appropriate kernel function to map all the classes from different distribution functions into a feature space where they are linearly separable from each other. This is even worse if the number of classes is very large. As a result, the classification accuracy is not as good as expected. In order to improve the performance of SVMs-based multi-classifiers, this paper proposes a method, named multi-space-mapped SVMs, to map the classes into different feature spaces and then classify them. The proposed method reduces the requirements for the kernel function. Substantial experiments have been conducted on One-against-All, One-against-One, FSVM, DDAG algorithms and our algorithm using six UCI data sets. The statistical results show that the proposed method has a higher probability of finding appropriate kernel functions than traditional methods and outperforms others. © 2008 IEEE.

Liu, DK, Dissayanake, G, Manamperi, PB, Brooks, PA, Fang, G, Paul, G, Webb, S, Kirchner, N, Chotiprayanakul, P, Kwok, NM & Ren, TR 1970, 'A robotic system for steel bridge maintenance: Research challenges and system design', Proceedings of the 2008 Australasian Conference on Robotics and Automation, ACRA 2008, Australasian Conference on Robotics and Automation, Australian Robotics and Automation Association, Australia National University, Canberra, Australia, pp. 1-7.
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This paper presents the research on and development of a robotic system for stripping paint and rust from steel bridges, with the ultimate objective of preventing human exposure to hazardous and dangerous debris (containing rust, paint particles, lead and/or asbestos), relieving human workers from labor intensive tasks and reducing costs associated with bridge maintenance. The robot system design, the key research challenges and enabling technologies and system development are discussed in detail. Research results obtained so far and discussions on some key issues are also presented.

Liu, F-C, Sun, Q-S, Zhang, J & Xia, D-S 1970, 'Generalized Canonical Correlation Analysis Using GSVD', 2008 International Symposium on Computer Science and Computational Technology, 2008 International Symposium on Computer Science and Computational Technology, IEEE, pp. 136-141.
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Liu, G, Li, J & Wong, L 1970, 'Assessing and Predicting Protein Interactions Using Both Local and Global Network Topological Metrics', Genome Informatics 2008, Proceedings of the 19th International Conference, IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS.
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Liu, RP, Rosberg, Z, Collings, IB, Wilson, C, Dong, AY & Jha, S 1970, 'Overcoming Radio Link Asymmetry in Wireless Sensor Networks', 2008 IEEE 19TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PERSONAL, INDOOR AND MOBILE RADIO COMMUNICATIONS, 19th IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, IEEE, Cannes, FRANCE, pp. 289-293.

Liu, RP, Rosberg, Z, Collings, IB, Wilson, C, Dong, AY & Jha, S 1970, 'Overcoming radio link asymmetry in wireless sensor networks.', PIMRC, IEEE, pp. 1-5.
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We derive two new energy efficient reliable data transport protocols for overcoming the negative impact of asymmetric radio links in wireless sensor networks. The energy efficiency of these algorithms is explicitly derived using our theoretical model, and validated by results obtained from simulations and field trials. The analytical, simulation and field trials demonstrate that our proposed protocols perform well in networks with asymmetric links and can save energy of up to 27% compared to conventional ARQ schemes. © 2008 IEEE.

Liu, RP, Zic, J, Collings, IB, Dong, AY & Jha, S 1970, 'Efficient Reliable Data Collection in Wireless Sensor Networks', 68TH IEEE VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, FALL 2008, 68th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, IEEE, Calgary, CANADA, pp. 1974-1978.

Liu, RP, Zic, J, Collings, IB, Dong, AY & Jha, S 1970, 'Efficient Reliable Data Collection in Wireless Sensor Networks.', VTC Fall, IEEE, pp. 1-5.
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We propose an Efficient Reliable Data Collection (eRDC) algorithm. The eRDC is designed for energy-constraint wireless sensor networks (WSN) to balance reliability and energy consumption. We derive energy efficiencies of the proposed reliability schemes, and evaluate their performances. These analyses provide a guideline to determine the number of retransmissions for reliable data delivery. Dynamic programming concept is used to find the optimal solution. We present a distributed eRDC implementation to dynamically control the maximum number of retransmissions based on the guideline provided. Discrete event simulations and field trials with wireless sensor nodes confirmed our results. ©2008 IEEE.

Liu, W, Tao, D & Liu, J 1970, 'Transductive Component Analysis.', ICDM, IEEE International Conference on Data Mining, IEEE Computer Society, Pisa, Italy, pp. 433-442.
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In this paper, we study semi-supervised linear dimensionality reduction. Beyond conventional supervised methods which merely consider labeled instances, the semi-supervised scheme allows to leverage abundant and ample unlabeled instances into learning so

Liu, X, Li, J & Wang, L 1970, 'Quasi-bicliques: Complexity and Binding Pairs', Proceedings of the 14th Annual International Conference, COCOON 2008, Annual International Computing and Combinatorics Conference, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Dalian, pp. 255-264.
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Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are one of the most important mechanisms in cellular processes. To model protein interaction sites, recent studies have suggested to find interacting protein group pairs from large PPI networks at the first step, and then to search conserved motifs within the protein groups to form interacting motif pairs. To consider noise effect and incompleteness of biological data, we propose to use quasi-bicliques for finding interacting protein group pairs. We investigate two new problems which arise from finding interacting protein group pairs: the maximum vertex quasi-biclique problem and the maximum balanced quasi-biclique problem. We prove that both problems are NP-hard. This is a surprising result as the widely known maximum vertex biclique problem is polynomial time solvable [16]. We then propose a heuristic algorithm which uses the greedy method to find the quasi-bicliques from PPI networks. Our experiment results on real data show that this algorithm has a better performance than a benchmark algorithm for identifying highly matched BLOCKS and PRINTS motifs.

Lo, D, Khoo, S-C & Li, J 1970, 'Mining and Ranking Generators of Sequential Patterns', Proceedings of the 2008 SIAM International Conference on Data Mining, Proceedings of the 2008 SIAM International Conference on Data Mining, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Atlanta, pp. 553-564.
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Lopez, M, Whalley, J, Robbins, P & Lister, R 1970, 'Relationships between reading, tracing and writing skills in introductory programming', Proceedings of the Fourth international Workshop on Computing Education Research, ICER '08: International Computing Education Research Workshop, ACM, Sydney, Australia, pp. 101-112.
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ABSTRACT: This study analyzed student responses to an examination, after the students had completed one semester of instruction in programming. The performance of students on code tracing tasks correlated with their performance on code writing tasks. A correlation was also found between performance on "explain in plain English" tasks and code writing. A stepwise regression, with performance on code writing as the dependent variable, was used to construct a path diagram. The diagram suggests the possibility of a hierarchy of programming related tasks. Knowledge of programming constructs forms the bottom of the hierarchy, with "explain in English", Parson's puzzles, and the tracing of iterative code forming one or more intermediate levels in the hierarchy.

López-Mariscal, C, Burnham, D, Rudd, D, McGloin, D & Gutiérrez-Vega, JC 1970, 'Accurate phase mapping of nondiffracting singular beams', SPIE Proceedings, Optical Engineering + Applications, SPIE, San Diego, CA, pp. 70620B-70620B.
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Lowe, DB & Johnston, AJ 1970, 'Engineering Admissions Criteria: Focusing on Ultimate Professional Success', Work Integrated Learning (WIL): Transforming Futures - Practice...Pedagogy...Partnerships. WACE Asia Pacific Conference 2008: E-Proceedings, WACE Asia Pacific Conference, ACEN, Manly, Australia, pp. 343-349.
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The majority of Australian Universities use performance in the higher school examinations as the primary basis of admission into undergraduate programs for current school leavers. In 2005 an analysis of academic performance in the UTS undergraduate Engineering program showed a relatively low correlation with Higher School Certificate (HSC) results, particularly for students outside the top performance bands. This led to a rethinking of the admissions processes, and the introduction of a broader admission scheme. This scheme incorporated the results of an admission questionnaire which was designed with substantial input from industry, and which aimed to provide an indication of both likely academic success within the degree program as well as (and possibly more importantly) the likely success as a graduate Engineer. The key criteria related to affinity with, and motivations for, an Engineering career and addressed both the attitude and aptitude of students in terms of emotional intelligence characteristics. In this paper we describe the design and introduction of this scheme, and how input from industry was used to construct a questionnaire. We provide an analysis of early outcomes from the process in terms of student performance, and the extent to which course performance correlates to questionnaire results. We also include recommendations on how these schemes may be used to improve the retention and success of Engineering students and how to better match the aptitudes of engineering graduates with the needs and aspirations of Industry and Business.

Lowe, DB, Murray, SJ, Lindsay, E, Liu, D & Bright, C 1970, 'Reflecting Professional Reality in Remote Laboratory Experiences', REV 2008: Remote Engineering and Virtual Instrumentation, Remote Engineering and Virtual Instrumentation, International Association of Online Engineering, Duss