Publications

Gerber, R & Braun, R 1998, New Connections Telecommunications in a Changing South Africa, University of Cape Town Press (ZA).
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Written for students as well as business managers in telecommunications industries, this book investigates the telecommunications sector worldwide, and includes a detailed study of the South African perspective.

Le, AT, Nguyen, Q, Ha, QP, Rye, D, Durrant-Whyte, H, Stevens, M & Boget, V 1998, 'Towards Autonomous Excavation' in Field and Service Robotics, Springer London, pp. 124-128.
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Abry, P & Veitch, D 1998, 'Wavelet analysis of long-range-dependent traffic', IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 2-15.
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Abry, P, Veitch, D & Flandrin, P 1998, 'Long‐range Dependence: Revisiting Aggregation with Wavelets', Journal of Time Series Analysis, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 253-266.
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The aggregation procedure is a natural way to analyse signals which exhibit long‐range‐dependent features and has been used as a basis for estimation of the Hurst parameter, H. In this paper it is shown how aggregation can be naturally rephrased within the wavelet transform framework, being directly related to approximations of the signal in the sense of a Haar multiresolution analysis. A natural wavelet‐based generalization to traditional aggregation is then proposed: ‘a‐aggregation’. It is shown that a‐aggregation cannot lead to good estimators of H, and so a new kind of aggregation, ‘d‐aggregation’, is defined, which is related to the details rather than the approximations of a multiresolution analysis. An estimator of H based on d‐aggregation has excellent statistical and computational properties, whilst preserving the spirit of aggregation. The estimator is applied to telecommunications network data.

Andren, J, Hilding, M & Veitch, D 1998, 'Understanding end-to-end Internet traffic dynamics', Conference Record IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, vol. 2, pp. 1118-1122.
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An investigative tool for the direct study of end-to-end Internet traffic is presented, featuring a hybrid timing mechanism allowing high resolution timestamping of packet departures in a UNIX environment. A method for the elimination of timing artifacts due to variations in clock rates, essential for the study of delay, is also presented. A preliminary report is given on the detailed structure of end-to-end delay and loss processes using the tool. A number of consistent properties of interest are found including long range dependence in delay and a very simple structure for loss.

Apkarian, P & Tuan, HD 1998, 'Parametrized LMIs in control theory', Proceedings of the 37th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (Cat. No.98CH36171), vol. 1, pp. 152-157.
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A wide variety of problems in control system theory fall within the class of parameterized Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs), that is, LMIs whose coefficients are functions of a parameter confined to a compact set. Such problems, though convex, involve all infinite set of LMI constraints, hence are inherently difficult to solve numerically. This paper investigates relaxations of parameterized LMI problems into standard LMI problems using techniques relying on directional convexity concepts. An in-depth discussion of the impacts of the proposed techniques in quadratic programming, Lyapunov-based stability and performance analysis, μ analysis and Linear Parameter Varying control is provided. Illustrative examples are given to demonstrate the usefulness and practicality of the approach.

Apkarian, P & Tuan, HD 1998, 'Robust control via concave minimization local and global algorithms', Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, vol. 4, pp. 3855-3860.
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This paper is concerned with the robust control problem of LFT (Linear Fractional Representation) uncertain systems depending on a time-varying parameter uncertainty. Our main result exploits an LMI (Linear Matrix Inequality) characterization involving scalings and Lyapunov variables subject to an additional essentially non-convex algebraic constraint. The non-convexity enters the problem in the form of a rank deficiency condition or matrix inverse relation on the scalings only. It is shown that such problems and many others can be formulated as the concave minimization of a nonlinear functional subject to Linear Matrix Inequalities constraints. First of all, a local Frank and Wolfe feasible direction algorithm is introduced in this context to tackle this hard optimization problem. Exploiting the attractive concavity structure of the problem, several efficient global concave minimization programming methods are then introduced and combined with the local feasible direction method to secure and certify global optimality of the solutions. The implementation details of the algorithms are covered. A special focus is put on the development of new stopping criteria in order to reduce the overall computational overhead.

Attard, MM & Stewart, MG 1998, 'A two parameter stress block for high-strength concrete', ACI Structural Journal, vol. 95, no. 3, pp. 305-317.
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The rectangular stress block parameters in the current ACI Code are limited to concrete strengths in the range 20 to 50 MPa (2900 to 7250 psi). This paper looks at the applicability of the ACI rectangular stress block parameters to high-strength concretes. New rectangular stress block parameters are proposed that are based on a probabilistic analysis using a stress-strain relationship for high-strength concrete and that include estimates of variability and distribution of the input properties. A sensitivity analysis is also carried out to ascertain the effect of parameter uncertainty. The probabilistic models proposed can be used in a code calibration of design formula for high-strength concrete. It is shown that for a ductile singly-reinforced rectangular section, the ultimate moment capacity is relatively insensitive to the stress block model. Estimates of the ductility level at both ultimate and column capacity in primary compression failure, however, are significantly affected by the choice of the stress block model.

Ball, JE & Luk, KC 1998, 'MODELING SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF RAINFALL OVER A CATCHMENT', JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 122-130.
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Ball, JE & Luk, KC 1998, 'Modeling Spatial Variability of Rainfall over a Catchment', Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 122-130.
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Ball, JE, Jenks, R & Aubourg, D 1998, 'An assessment of the availability of pollutant constituents on road surfaces', SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, vol. 209, no. 2-3, pp. 243-254.
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Baweja, D, Roper, H & Sirivivatnanon, V 1998, 'Chloride-induced steel corrosion in concrete: Part 1 - Corrosion rates, corrosion activity, and attack areas', ACI MATERIALS JOURNAL, vol. 95, no. 3, pp. 207-217.

Besong, AA, Tipper, JL, Ingham, E, Stone, MH, Wroblewski, BM & Fisher, J 1998, 'Quantitative comparison of wear debris from UHMWPE that has and has not been sterilised by gamma irradiation', The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, vol. 80, no. 2, pp. 340-344.
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Bishop, DW, Thomas, PS & Ray, AS 1998, 'Raman spectra of nickel(II) sulfide', MATERIALS RESEARCH BULLETIN, vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 1303-1306.
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The phase morphology of nickel sulfide (NiS) has received attention because of the possible correlation between fracture of toughened window glass panels and the alpha-beta phase transition. The detection of NiS in situ in glass, however, has proven diff

Boon, JR, Zekou, E, McGloin, D & Dunn, MH 1998, 'Prediction of inversionless gain in a mismatched Doppler-broadened medium', Physical Review A, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 2560-2566.
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Brousseau, R, Arsenault, B, Dallaire, S, Rogers, D, Mumby, T & Dong, D 1998, 'Sprayed Titanium Coatings for the Cathodic Protection of Reinforced Concrete', Journal of Thermal Spray Technology, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 193-196.
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Butchart, K & Braun, RM 1998, 'An adaptive modulation scheme for low Earth orbit satellites', Proceedings of the 1998 South African Symposium on Communications and Signal Processing-COMSIG '98 (Cat. No. 98EX214), vol. it 33, pp. 43-46.
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Center, JR, Nguyen, TV, Pocock, NA, Noakes, KA, Kelly, PJ, Eisman, JA & Sambrook, PN 1998, 'Femoral Neck Axis Length, Height Loss and Risk of Hip Fracture in Males and Females', Osteoporosis International, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 75-81.
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Chen, P-H, Lai, J-H & Lin, C-T 1998, 'Application of fuzzy control to a road tunnel ventilation system', Fuzzy Sets and Systems, vol. 100, no. 1-3, pp. 9-28.
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Chia-Feng Juang & Chin-Teng Lin 1998, 'An online self-constructing neural fuzzy inference network and its applications', IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 12-32.
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Chin-Teng Lin & Ming-Chih Kan 1998, 'Adaptive fuzzy command acquisition with reinforcement learning', IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 102-121.
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Chong, NR, Burnett, IS & Chicharo, JF 1998, 'AN IMPROVED DECOMPOSITION METHOD FOR WI USING IIR WAVELET FILTER BANKS', 5th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing ICSLP 1998, vol. 5, pp. 1799-1802.
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In this paper, we present an alternative characteristic waveform (CW) decomposition mechanism for the Waveform Interpolation (WI) paradigm based on the Pitch Synchronous Wavelet Transform (PSWT). In this technique, IIR filters replace the conventional FIR filters of the PSWT, offering computational and spectral magnitude performance advantages, in addition to significant delay reductions. Previously, the PSWT has only incorporated filter banks with slowly reacting FIR wavelet filters. While these filters possess the desirable properties of linear phase, and design simplicity, a large delay is incurred which increases exponentially with increasing resolution. The progression to IIR filter banks gives rise to a multi-resolution decomposition mechanism, beneficial for real-time applications, such as speech coding, where delay is an important issue.

Chong, NR, Burnett, IS, Chicharo, JF & Thomson, MM 1998, 'Use of the pitch synchronous wavelet transform as a new decomposition method for WI', Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ICASSP '98 (Cat. No.98CH36181), vol. 1, pp. 513-516.
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Cucchiara, R, Neri, G & Piccardi, M 1998, 'A real-time hardware implementation of the hough transform', Journal of Systems Architecture, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 31-45.
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The paper presents a hardware implementation of algorithms based on the Hough transform (HT) for real-time straight line detection. In particular, the basic HT on the edge points (EHT) and the Gradient-Weighted Hough transform (GWHT) for gray-level image

Cuthbert, JA & Braun, RM 1998, 'Selection of Multi-h modulation sets using a stochastic search algorithm', IEE PROCEEDINGS-COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 145, no. 1, pp. 41-46.
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Multi-h CPFSK modulation is simple to implement, spectrally efficient, and has inherent error correction properties. Multi-h requires large parameter sets to obtain high coding gain. Large numbers of combinations may need to be investigated. A fast effic

de Notaristefani, F, Iacopi, F, Leonetti, C, Maini, CL, Malatesta, T, Mali, P, Semprebene, A, Torrioli, S, Tuma, L & Vittori, F 1998, 'A YAP camera 40/spl times/40 mm/sup 2/ with fast readout electronics', IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 2302-2308.
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El-Ghundi, M, George, SR, Drago, J, Fletcher, PJ, Fan, T, Nguyen, T, Liu, C, Sibley, DR, Westphal, H & O'Dowd, BF 1998, 'Disruption of dopamine D1 receptor gene expression attenuates alcohol-seeking behavior', European Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 353, no. 2-3, pp. 149-158.
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The role of the dopamine D1 receptor subtype in alcohol-seeking behaviors was studied in mice genetically deficient in dopamine D1 receptors (D1-/-). In two-tube free choice limited (1-5 h) and continuous (24 h) access paradigms, mice were exposed to water and increasing concentrations of ethanol (3%, 6% and 12% w/v). Voluntary ethanol consumption and preference over water were markedly reduced in D1-/- mice as compared to heterozygous (D1+/-) and wild-type (D1+/+) controls, whereas overall fluid consumption was comparable. When offered a single drinking tube containing alcohol as their only source of fluid for 24 h, D1-/- mice continued to drink significantly less alcohol than D1+/+ and D1+/- mice. Dopamine D2 receptor blockade with sulpiride caused a small but significant reduction in alcohol intake and preference in D1+/+ mice and attenuated residual alcohol drinking in D1-/- mice. Dopamine D1 receptor blockade with SCH-23390 very effectively reduced alcohol intake in D1+/+ and D1+/- mice to the level seen in untreated D1-/- mice. These findings suggest involvement of both dopamine D1 and D2 receptor mechanisms in alcohol-seeking behavior in mice; however, these implicate D1 receptors as having a more important role in the motivation for alcohol consumption. Copyright (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.

Fang, G & Dissanayake, MWMG 1998, 'A neural network-based method for time-optimal trajectory planning', Robotica, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 143-158.
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Planning appropriate trajectories can significantly increase the productivity of robot systems. To plan realistic time-optimal trajectories, the robot dynamics have to be described precisely. In this paper, a neural network based algorithm for time-optimal trajectory planning is introduced. This method utilises neural networks for representing the inverse dynamics of the robot. As the proposed neural networks can be trained with data obtained from exciting the robot with given torque inputs, they will capture the complete dynamics of the robot system. Threfore, the trajectories generated will be more realistic than those obtained by using nominal dynamic equations based on nominal parameters. Time-optimal trajectories are generated for a PUMA robot to demonstrate the proposed method.

Garcia, JE & Brandwood, A 1998, 'Incompatibility of insulin pens and cartridges', The Lancet, vol. 351, no. 9105, pp. 832-833.
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Gough, A, Sambrook, P, Devlin, J, Huissoon, A, Njeh, C, Robbins, S, Nguyen, T & Emery, P 1998, 'Osteoclastic activation is the principal mechanism leading to secondary osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis.', J Rheumatol, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 1282-1289.
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OBJECTIVE: To use clinical measures and biochemical markers of bone turnover to investigate mechanisms of generalized bone loss in early rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: We studied 232 patients with RA of less than 2 years' duration and 72 healthy controls using serial dual x-ray absorptiometry scanning of lumbar spine and hips. Patients attended the clinic for clinical and laboratory assessment with storage of serum, urine, and plasma at each visit. Change in bone mineral density (BMD) was calculated for patients and controls and compared with baseline and mean serial values of bone markers over the same intervals. Serum was assayed for procollagen I carboxyterminal propeptide (PICP) and skeletal alkaline phosphatase (sALP); urine for pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline corrected for creatinine; and plasma for interleukin 1 (IL-1) and IL-6. RESULTS: Patients lost bone significantly faster than controls at all sites (p < 0.01 for all). At first visit patients had significantly lower PICP levels than controls (p < 0.05) and sALP correlated with initial BMD in both patients (p < 0.01, r > 0.35, all sites) and controls (p < 0.0001, r > 0.50, all sites). We rescanned 167 patients at one year and 121 patients at 2 years. Mean urinary pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline levels correlated strongly with BMD change at all sites, were increased in patients with active disease (p < 0.005), and correlated closely with mean C-reactive protein (CRP) (p < 0.005, r > 0.41 for both). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that osteoclastic activation, rather than suppression of bone formation, is the dominant process leading to bone loss in early RA. Although urinary pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline were excellent markers of BMD change, CRP was found to be best overall. This provides a rational approach for selecting and treating patients with RA to reduce their established longterm risk of osteoporotic fracture.

Gough, A, Sambrook, P, Devlin, J, Lilley, J, Huisoon, A, Betteridge, J, Franklyn, J, Nguyen, T, Morrison, N, Eisman, J & Emery, P 1998, 'Effect of vitamin D receptor gene alleles on bone loss in early rheumatoid arthritis.', J Rheumatol, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 864-868.
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OBJECTIVE: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a polygenic disease characterized by localized joint destruction and generalized osteoporosis resulting in increased fracture risk. The pathogenetic mechanisms that determine the severity of generalized bone loss in RA are poorly understood. Polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene have been described as a significant determinant of bone turnover and mass. In this prospective study we describe VDR gene allele effects on bone loss in patients with early RA. METHODS: We recruited 232 patients with early RA. Bone mineral density measurements were repeated in 167 patients. Serial clinical and laboratory measures were recorded during the period of followup. DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction amplification, and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of VDR alleles were performed using standard techniques. Presence of the Taq restriction site for both alleles was denoted 'tt', and absence 'TT'. RESULTS: In women with RA the tt genotype group lost bone more rapidly than subjects with TT genotype at both the lumbar spine (-0.1 vs -4.9% p.a, respectively; p < 0.05) and femoral neck (-3.9 vs -9.6%, respectively; p < 0.01). The effect was independent of other disease characteristics. CONCLUSION: The presence of the VDR gene 't' allele in female patients with RA was associated with accelerated bone loss.

Ha, QP 1998, 'A fuzzy sliding mode controller for power system load-frequency control', 1998 Second International Conference. Knowledge-Based Intelligent Electronic Systems. Proceedings KES'98 (Cat. No.98EX111), vol. 1, pp. 149-154.
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The application of a robust sliding mode control method to the load frequency control problem of a single area power system is considered in this paper. The control signal consists of an equivalent control, a switching control, and a fuzzy control. The influence of not only load changes but also parameter variations and governor's backlash is considered with and without generation-rate constraints. Simulation results demonstrate that the system responses are strongly robust to load disturbances and parameter variations even in the presence of governor's backlash deadband and imposed generation physical constraints.

Ha, QP, Nguyen, HQ, Rye, DC & Durrant-Whyte, HF 1998, 'Sliding mode control with fuzzy tuning for an electrohydraulic position servo system', 1998 Second International Conference. Knowledge-Based Intelligent Electronic Systems. Proceedings KES'98 (Cat. No.98EX111), vol. 1, pp. 141-148.
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This paper presents a novel robust sliding mode controller for a class of nonlinear systems. The control signal consists of an equivalent control to assign desired dynamics to the closed-loop system, a switching control to guarantee a sliding mode, and a fuzzy control to enhance fast tracking and to attenuate chattering. Sufficient conditions for asymptotic tracking are achieved when matching conditions are satisfied. The control method is applied to the position control of an electro-hydraulic servo system. To verify the potential and effectiveness of the proposed controller, simulation results demonstrate its strong robustness against a large range of parameter variations, load disturbance, and nonlinear spring stiffness.

Hadgraft, RG 1998, 'Problem-based learning: A vital step towards a new work environment', International Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 14-23.
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As educators, we dream of highly motivated students who devour our courses with relish, and who are then able to competently apply what they have learned. Similarly, employers wish for highly motivated employees who will give 100% effort to their work. These are very similar requirements. In Australia, the Federal Government has offered $80M for each of the last three years, to encourage universities to develop quality assurance procedures. Although some good has come of this (e.g. an Education Policy at the author's university), little has really changed in the classroom. We still have not tackled motivation, probably the number one factor in student performance. This paper considers some of the literature on quality management, particularly of quality management, management of software teams and building creative organisations. It shows that problem-based learning (PBL) is a first step towards creating a new culture in university departments based on trust and respect for student contributions. It suggests that our departments will be the better for such a change, but that such a change will not be trivial.

Harris, M, Nguyen, TV, Howard, GM, Kelly, PJ & Eisman, JA 1998, 'Genetic and Environmental Correlations Between Bone Formation and Bone Mineral Density: A Twin Study', Bone, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 141-145.
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Henderson, NK, White, CP & Eisman, JA 1998, 'THE ROLES OF EXERCISE AND FALL RISK REDUCTION IN THE PREVENTION OF OSTEOPOROSIS', Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 369-387.
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Henson, NJ, Cheetham, AK, Stockenhuber, M & Lercher, JA 1998, 'Modelling aromatics in siliceous zeolites: a new forcefield from thermochemical studies', Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions, vol. 94, no. 24, pp. 3759-3768.
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Hoffman, DM 1998, 'How Is Whole Body Protein Turnover Perturbed in Growth Hormone-Deficient Adults?', Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 83, no. 12, pp. 4344-4349.
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Hoffman, DM, Pallasser, R, Duncan, M, Nguyen, TV & Ho, KKY 1998, 'How Is Whole Body Protein Turnover Perturbed in Growth Hormone-Deficient Adults?1', The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 83, no. 12, pp. 4344-4349.
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Adult patients with GH deficiency have reduced lean body mass (LBM), muscle mass, and muscle strength, suggesting an underlying abnormality of protein metabolism. As acute GH administration has previously been reported to decrease protein oxidation and increase protein synthesis in GH-deficient (GHD) adults, we investigated whether the converse might occur in untreated GH deficiency by undertaking studies of whole body protein turnover in 10 GHD and 13 normal subjects using a 3-h primed constant infusion of 1-[13C]leucine. Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to quantify LBM and fat mass (FM). In normal subjects, LBM was the major, independent determinant of leucine appearance (Ra; r = 0.80; P = 0.0009), leucine oxidation (r = 0.81; P = 0.0008), and leucine incorporation into protein (r = 0.75; P = 0.003). However, in an analysis of covariance, FM was also a significant independent determinant of leucine Ra (P = 0.002) and leucine incorporation into protein (P = 0.003). After correcting for LBM and FM, GHD patients had significantly reduced rates of leucine Ra (109.9 ± 4.4 vs. 125.5 ± 3.7 μmol/min, respectively; P = 0.02) and leucine incorporation into protein (87.0 ± 3.9 vs. 100.3 ± 3.3 mmol/min; P = 0.02) compared to normal subjects. There was no significant difference in the corrected rates of leucine oxidation between the two groups (22.9 ± 1.3 vs. 25.2± 1.0, GHD vs. normal; P = 0.20). In summary, GHD adults have reduced rates of protein synthesis and protein breakdown, but normal rates of irreversible oxidative loss; these findings are discordant with what was predicted from the acute changes in protein metabolism observed with GH administration. We conclude that normalization of protein oxidation may be a homeostatic mechanism that operates to constrain protein loss in GHD adults.

Howard, G, Nguyen, T, Morrison, N, Watanabe, T, Sambrook, P, Eisman, J & Kelly, P 1998, 'Genetic influences on bone density: physiological correlates of vitamin D receptor gene alleles in premenopausal women. Notification of genotype corrections.', J Clin Endocrinol Metab, vol. 83, no. 3, pp. 1043-1043.
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Howard, GM, Nguyen, TV, Harris, M, Kelly, PJ & Eisman, JA 1998, 'Genetic and Environmental Contributions to the Association Between Quantitative Ultrasound and Bone Mineral Density Measurements: A Twin Study', Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 1318-1327.
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Abstract This study was designed to assess the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to the variation and covariation of quantitative ultrasound (QUS) measurements and their relationships to bone mineral density (BMD). Forty-nine monozygotic (MZ) and 44 dizygotic (DZ) female twins between 20 and 83 years of age (53 ± 13 years, mean ± SD) were studied. Digital (phalangeal) QUS (speed of sound [SOS]) and calcaneal QUS (broadband ultrasound attenuation [BUA] and velocity of sound [VOS]) were measured using a DBM Sonic 1200 ultrasound densitometer and a CUBA ultrasound densitometer, respectively. Femoral neck (FN), lumbar spine (LS), and total body (TB) BMD were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Familial resemblance and hence heritability (proportion of variance of a trait attributable to genetic factors) were assessed by analysis of variance, univariate, and multivariate model-fitting genetic analyses. In both QUS and BMD parameters, MZ twins were more alike than DZ pairs. Estimates of heritability for age- and weight-adjusted BUA, VOS, and SOS were 0.74, 0.55, and 0.82, respectively. Corresponding indices of heritability for LS, FN, and TB BMD were 0.79, 0.77, and 0.82, respectively. In cross-sectional analysis, both BUA and SOS, but not VOS, were independently associated with BMD measurements. However, analysis based on intrapair differences suggested that only BUA was related to BMD. Bivariate genetic analysis indicated that the genetic correlations between BUA and BMD ranged between 0.43 and 0.51 (p &lt; 0.001), whereas the environmental correlations ranged between 0.20 and 0.28 (p &lt; 0.01). While the genetic correlations within QUS and BMD measurements were significant, factor analysis indicates that common genes affect BMD at different sites. Also, individual QUS measurements appear to be influenced by some common sets of genes rather than by environmental ...

Indraratna, B 1998, 'Closure to “Analytical Model for Particle Migration within Base Soil-Filter System” by B. Indraratna', Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 124, no. 10, pp. 1046-1046.
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Indraratna, B & Redana, IW 1998, 'Development of the smear zone around vertical band drains', Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Ground Improvement, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 165-178.
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This study describes the effect of smear on the settlements of soft clay foundations which have been improved by installation of vertical drains. The smear zone propagation around a band-shaped drain was monitored using a large, radial drainage consolidometer. The test results reveal that a significant reduction in the horizontal permeability takes place towards the central drain, whereas the vertical permeability remains relatively unchanged. The estimated smear zone was about 3–4 times the cross-section area of the band-shaped drain (mandrel). In the analysis, the classical axisymmetric solution for consolidation by vertical drain has been converted into an equivalent 2D plane strain analysis. The plain strain model is subsequently applied to a number of embankments stabilized with vertical drains. It is revealed that the inclusion of smear effects improves the settlement prediction significantly.

Indraratna, B & Redana, IW 1998, 'Laboratory Determination of Smear Zone due to Vertical Drain Installation', Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 124, no. 2, pp. 180-184.
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INDRARATNA, B, HAQUE, A & AZIZ, N 1998, 'Laboratory modelling of shear behaviour of soft joints under constant normal stiffness conditions', Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 17-44.
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Shear behaviour of regular sawtooth rock joints produced from casting plaster are investigated under constant normal stiffness (CNS) conditions. Test results obtained in this investigation are also compared with the constant normal load (CNL) tests. It is observed that the peak shear stress obtained under CNL conditions always underestimates the peak shear stress corresponding to the CNS condition. Plots of shear stress against normal stress show that a nonlinear (curved) strength envelope is acceptable for soft rock joints subjected to a CNS condition, in comparison with the linear or bilinear envelopes often proposed for a CNL condition. Models proposed by Patton (1966) and Barton (1973) have also been considered for the predictions of peak shear stress of soft joints under CNS conditions. Although Patton's model is appropriate for low asperity angles, it overestimates the shear strength in the low to medium normal stress range at higher asperity angles. In contrast, while Barton's model is realistic for the CNL condition, it seems to be inappropriate for modelling the shear behaviour of soft joints under CNS conditions. The effect of infill material on the shear behaviour of the model joints is also investigated, and it is found that a small thickness of bentonite infill reduces the peak stress significantly. The peak shear stress almost approached that of the shear strength of infill when the infill thickness to asperity height ratio (t/a) reached 1.40. This paper also introduces an original, empirical shear strength envelope to account for the change in normal stress and surface degradation during CNS shearing.

Indraratna, B, Ionescu, D & Christie, HD 1998, 'Shear Behavior of Railway Ballast Based on Large-Scale Triaxial Tests', Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 124, no. 5, pp. 439-449.
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Jahanfar, S, Eden, JA, Wang, XL, Wilcken, DEL & Nguyen, T 1998, 'The effect of genetical and environmental factors on lipids: A twin study', Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 5-9.
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To assess the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors (particularly androgens) on circulating levels of lipid fractions, serum androgen and lipid fractions were measured in 34 pairs of female-female twins aged from 15-45 years, some of whom were discordant for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) diagnosed by ultrasound. Nineteen pairs were monozygotic twins (MZ) and 15 pairs were dizygotic twins (DZ). Five pairs of MZ and 6 pairs of DZ were discordant for scan-PCO. We measured serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TRIG), lipoprotein (a) [LP(a)], and apolipoprotein B (apo B). Also, testosterone (T), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and 3α-androstanediol glucuronide (3α-diol G) levels were measured. Transabdominal ultrasound was performed. Serum levels of TC, HDL-C, TRIG, LP(a) and apo B in the twins with PCO were not significantly different from the levels in their matched co-twins with normal ovaries. There were no significant correlations between androgen-hormones including T, DHEAS and 3α-diol G with any of the lipid measurements. Body mass index (BMI) was positively correlated with TRIG, LP(a) (both p < 0.05) and negatively correlated with HDL-C (p < 0.001). SHBG was negatively correlated with TRIG and LP(a) and positively associated with HDL-C (p < 0.05). Insulin was significantly correlated with TRIG (p < 0.001) and negatively with HDL-C (p < 0.01). The MZ intraclass correlation exceeded that of the DZ for all the lipid variables measured. The heritability estimates for LP(a), apo B, TC and HDL-C were 0.95, 0.56, 0.48 and 0.54, respectively. However, the intraclass correlation coefficient for TRIG was not significantly different between MZ and DZ but maximum likelihood analysis indicated that at least 10% of the variance of circulating TRIG concentration is determined by genetic factors. We conclude that twins discordan...

Jones, G, White, C, Sambrook, P & Eisman, J 1998, 'Allelic variation in the vitamin D receptor, lifestyle factors and lumbar spinal degenerative disease', Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 94-99.
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Kandasamy, JK & Melville, BW 1998, 'Maximum local scour depth at bridge piers and abutments', JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 183-198.
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Karaomerlioglu, DC 1998, 'Technology as a system: industrial and technological systems', International Journal of Technology Management, vol. 15, no. 6/7, pp. 681-681.
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Kenney, TC, Reddi, LN & Indraratna, B 1998, 'Discussions and Closure: Analytical Model for Particle Migration within Base Soil-Filter System', Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 124, no. 10, pp. 1044-1047.
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Khalili, N & Khabbaz, MH 1998, 'A unique relationship for χ for the determination of the shear strength of unsaturated soils', Géotechnique, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 681-687.
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Kolakowski, LF, O'Neill, GP, Howard, AD, Broussard, SR, Sullivan, KA, Feighner, SD, Sawzdargo, M, Nguyen, T, Kargman, S, Shiao, L, Hreniuk, DL, Tan, CP, Evans, J, Abramovitz, M, Chateauneuf, A, Coulombe, N, Ng, G, Johnson, MP, Tharian, A, Khoshbouei, H, George, SR, Smith, RG & O'Dowd, BF 1998, 'Molecular Characterization and Expression of Cloned Human Galanin Receptors GALR2 and GALR3', Journal of Neurochemistry, vol. 71, no. 6, pp. 2239-2251.
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Abstract: Galanin is a 29‐ or 30‐amino acid peptide with wide‐ranging effects on hormone release, feeding behavior, smooth muscle contractility, and somatosensory neuronal function. Three distinct galanin receptor (GALR) subtypes, designated GALR1, 2, and 3, have been cloned from the rat. We report here the cloning of the human GALR2 and GALR3 genes, an initial characterization of their pharmacology with respect to radioligand binding and signal transduction pathways, and a profile of their expression in brain and peripheral tissues. Human GALR2 and GALR3 show, respectively, 92 and 89% amino acid sequence identity with their rat homologues. Radioligand binding studies with 125I‐galanin show that recombinant human GALR2 binds with high affinity to human galanin (KD = 0.3 nM). Human GALR3 binds galanin with less affinity (IC50 of 12 nM for porcine galanin and 75 nM for human galanin). Human GALR2 was shown to couple to phospholipase C and elevation of intracellular calcium levels as assessed by aequorin luminescence in HEK‐293 cells and by Xenopus melanophore pigment aggregation and dispersion assays, in contrast to human GALR1 and human GALR3, which signal predominantly through inhibition of adenylate cyclase. GALR2 mRNA shows a wide distribution in the brain (mammillary nuclei, dentate gyrus, cingulate gyrus, and posterior hypothalamic, supraoptic, and arcuate nuclei), and restricted peripheral tissue distribution with highest mRNA levels detected in human small intestine. In comparison, whereas GALR3 mRNA was expressed in many areas of the rat brain, there was abundant expression in the primary olfactory cortex, olfactory tubercle, the islands of Calleja, the hippocampal CA regions of Ammon's horn, and the dentate gyrus. GALR3 ...

Kwon, D & Vigneswaran, S 1998, 'Influence of particle size and surface charge on critical flux of crossflow microfiltration', Water Science and Technology, vol. 38, no. 4-5, pp. 481-488.
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The effect of particle size and ionic strength of the feed suspension on critical flux was studied. The critical flux was defined in two different ways (strong and mild definition). The fouling, the increase of resistance (which is the basis of the mild definition of the critical flux) was relatively sensitive to the deposition of particles of 0.46 μm on the membrane of 0.2 μm mean pore. On the other hand, the deposition of large particles of 3.2 μm to a certain value on the membrane surface of 0.2 μm mean pore did not lead to the increase in resistance. In case of 11.9 μm particles, the transmembrane pressure did not increase even with significant amount of deposition of particles. The ionic strength of suspension had significant effect on the critical flux. For an ionic strength less than 1Ã10â1.5 M, there was a decrease in the critical flux. This could be due to the dense layer of deposit which is the result of less diffuse layer thickness of particles. Above this ionic strength, a significant increase in critical flux was noticed which may be due to the aggregation of particles.

Lakatos, L, Hutvágner, G & Bánfalvi, Z 1998, 'Potato protein kinase StCPK1: a putative evolutionary link between CDPKs and CRKs', Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression, vol. 1442, no. 2-3, pp. 101-108.
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Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) in plants are characterized by a four-domain structure including conserved sequences in the catalytic domain, and in the C-terminal calmodulin-like domain. Based on this conservation we have PCR amplified and iso

LEE, KY & DISSANAYAKE, MWMG 1998, 'NUMERICAL SOLUTION FOR A NEAR-MINIMUM-TIME TRAJECTORY FOR TWO COORDINATED MANIPULATORS', Engineering Optimization, vol. 30, no. 3-4, pp. 227-247.
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Li, H, Fane, AG, Coster, HGL & Vigneswaran, S 1998, 'Direct observation of particle deposition on the membrane surface during crossflow microfiltration', Journal of Membrane Science, vol. 149, no. 1, pp. 83-97.
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In the crossflow microfiltration of particles, a deposit cake layer tends to form on the membrane and this usually controls the performance of the filtration process. This paper presents observations of particle deposition on membrane surfaces using a non-invasive, in situ, continuous direct observation through the membrane (DOTM) technique. The particles used in the experiments were typical of microfiltration processes, yeast (mean diameter 5 μm) and latex beads (3, 6.4 and 12 μm). The filtration tests were conducted in the imposed flux mode, so that the flux could be controlled at, below, or above the âcritical fluxâ. Below the critical flux, the particle deposition was negligible; near the critical flux the particle deposition was significant; and above the critical flux, particle layers were formed on the membrane surface. Rolling of the particles was observed during the filtration of 6.4 μm latex near the critical flux whereas a flowing cake layer was observed during the filtration of 3 μm latex. The particle size distribution of the deposited particles changed with the crossflow velocity, with smaller particles deposited on the membrane at higher crossflow velocity. Comparison of the normalised flux (J/ÎP) with the membrane area coverage by the particles revealed that for filtration of latex particles âflux percentage (with respect to the clean membrane)❠was marginally greater than the percentage of uncovered membrane area, whereas for filtration of yeast, the âflux percentage❠was significantly less than the uncovered area percentage due to the deposition of smaller cell debris species. This paper demonstrates that DOTM is a powerful technique for the study of fundamentals of particle deposition and interactions between the particles and the membrane.

Li, QS, Fang, JQ, Liu, DK & Jeary, AP 1998, 'Vibration analysis of tall buildings with narrow rectangular plane configuration', Structural Design of Tall Buildings, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 307-322.
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In this paper, tall buildings of narrow rectangular plane configuration are treated as one-step or multi-step cantilever flexural-shear plates for the analysis of their free vibrations. The governing differential equations for the vibration of flexural-shear plates considering the effects of both flexural and shear deformation are established. The general solutions for one-step flexural-shear plates are derived and used to obtain the eigenvalue equation for multi-step cantilever flexural-shear plates. A new exact approach is presented which combines the transfer matrix method and a closed-form solution for a uniform flexural-shear plate. A numerical example demonstrates that the calculated natural frequencies and mode shapes of a tall building are in good agreement with the experimentally measured data. It is also shown that the effect of shear deformation on the fundamental natural frequency can be ignored, but its effect on the higher natural frequencies should be considered. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Li, QS, Fang, JQ, Liu, DK & Jeary, AP 1998, 'Vibration analysis of tall buildings with narrow rectangular plane configuration', The Structural Design of Tall Buildings, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 307-322.
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LIN, C-T, JOU, C-P & LIN, C-J 1998, 'GA-based reinforcement learning for neural networks', International Journal of Systems Science, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 233-247.
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Lu, RQ & Ying, MS 1998, 'A model of reasoning about knowledge', SCIENCE IN CHINA SERIES E-TECHNOLOGICAL SCIENCES, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 527-534.
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A modal logical language and its Kripke semantics and Aumann semantics are introduced. A complete for mal deduction system is established to describe reasoning about knowledge in multi-agent systems involving different languages, and an institution of lo

Luo, X & Zhang, C 1998, 'LSLNCF: A Hybrid Uncertain Reasoning Model Based on Probability', International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems, vol. 06, no. 04, pp. 401-422.
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The 'take-them-in-or-leave-them-out' of prior probabilities is a key problem in uncertain reasonings. The EMYCIN uncertain reasoning model is inconsistent with probability theory, due to 'leaving them out', while the PROSPECTOR uncertain reasoning model is substantially consistent with probability theory, due to 'taking them in'. This presents a difficult task for human experts when supplying prior probabilities. In this paper, in order to overcome the difficulty, we propose a hybrid uncertain reasoning model, by combing rule strengths in the PROSPECTOR model with rule strengths in the EMYCIN model. Moreover, different forms of rule strength will enable human experts to supply values for the rule strengths more flexibly in a knowledge base. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the power of our methodology.

Marchese, A, Nguyen, T, Malik, P, Xu, S, Cheng, R, Xie, Z, Heng, HHQ, George, SR, Kolakowski, LF & O'Dowd, BF 1998, 'Cloning Genes Encoding Receptors Related to Chemoattractant Receptors', Genomics, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 281-286.
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We report the cloning of a novel human gene (GPR32) encoding a putative G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) of 356 amino acids and a related pseudogene ψGPR32. The deduced amino acid sequence of GPR32 shares 35-39% identity with members of the chemoattractant receptor family. ψGPR32 shares 93% nucleotide identity with GPR32. We identified a mouse EST encoding a putative GPCR (GPR33) of 309 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of GPR33 shares 30-35% identity with members of the chemoattractant receptor family and 36% identity with the receptor encoded by GPR32. The human orthologue of GPR33 contains a single basepair substitution with respect to the mouse, resulting in the presence of an in-frame stop codon within the predicted second intracellular loop, demonstrating that it is a pseudogene. Through fluorescence in situ hybridization and physical mapping of YACs, both GPR32 and ψGPR32 were mapped to chromosomal 19, region q13.3, while ψGPR33 was mapped to chromosome 14q12.

McGloin, D, Simpson, NB & Padgett, MJ 1998, 'Transfer of orbital angular momentum from a stressed fiber-optic waveguide to a light beam', Applied Optics, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 469-469.
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Ngo, HH & Vigneswaran, S 1998, 'Process optimisation of a combined system of floating medium and sand filter in prawn farm effluent treatment', WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 38, no. 4-5, pp. 87-93.
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A treatment technology known as "a combined system of floating medium and sand filter (FMSF)" was developed and tested successfully with prawn farm effluent. This system has a remarkable techno-economical advantages. Laboratory and semi pilot-scale studies were carried out to optimise the filter bed depth, backwash method and other operating conditions. The dewatering characteristics of sludge from filter backwash was also analysed. The filter was operated at a high rate. The experimental results indicated that: (i) in case of no in-line chemical addition, the smaller ratio between floating medium and sand filter depth gave rise better filter performance. At the filtration rate of 7.5 - 20 m3/m2.h and with an in-line chemical addition, the suitable depth of floating medium varied from 400-1000 mm for a sand filter depth of 400 mm; (ii) frequent (once in every 90-120 minutes) but short duration of backwash (not more than 60 seconds) was found to be suitable. During the backwash, the water and air were sent for 30 seconds in upward direction and then followed with upflow of water for another 30 seconds. Backwash water amount comprised only 1.2-1.8% of the filtered water production. A mechanical backwash system using rotating paddles is a promising alternative for floating medium filter; and (iii) the filterability of the sludge from filter backwash was low in case of no in-line chemical addition (specific resistance, r = 9.34 1010 m/kg) but improved with in-line flocculant addition (r = 3.07 109 - 1.29 1010 m/kg).

Nguyen, TV 1998, 'Science in Vietnam', SCIENCE, vol. 280, no. 5366, pp. 987-987.

Nguyen, TV 1998, 'Science in Vietnam', Science, vol. 280, no. 5366, pp. 983-983.
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Nguyen, TV 1998, 'Science in Vietnam [4]', Science, vol. 280, no. 5366, p. 986.

Nguyen, TV, Eisman, JA, Mizunuma, H & Okano, H 1998, 'Does Postmenopausal Bone Loss Occur in Two Phases?', Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 1350-1351.
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Nguyen, TV, Howard, GM, Kelly, PJ & Eisman, JA 1998, 'Bone Mass, Lean Mass, and Fat Mass: Same Genes or Same Environments?', American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 147, no. 1, pp. 3-16.
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Nguyen, TV, Sambrook, PN & Eisman, JA 1998, 'Bone Loss, Physical Activity, and Weight Change in Elderly Women: The Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study', Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 1458-1467.
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Abstract The present study examined the effects of physical activity, weight, and weight change on femoral bone loss in relation to age in elderly women. Baseline and follow-up measurements at an average interval of 2.7 years of femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) were reanalyzed for 827 women who were part of the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study. Physical activity was assessed based on hours per day spent in each of various activities according to its expected oxygen consumption. The rate of loss of BMD progressively increased with age, i.e., −0.6 ± 0.1, −1.1 ± 0.2, and −2.1 ± 0.6% per year (mean ± SEM) for the 60–69, 70–79, and ≥80 age groups, respectively (p &lt; 0.001). After adjustment for age, physically inactive women lost more (−1.4 ± 0.2% per year; p &lt; 0.001), compared with physically active women (−0.5 ± 0.3% per year; p = 0.15). Thinner women experienced more rapid bone loss, and women whose weight decreased (≥5%) over the study period lost more bone (−1.7 ± 0.4% per year) than those whose weight was stable (−0.8 ± 0.1% per year) or increased (+0.1 ± 0.3% per year; p &lt; 0.01, analysis of variance). Furthermore, women whose BMD was high (&gt;0.81 g/cm2) at baseline experienced greater loss (−1.1 ± 0.2%) compared with those in the middle tertile (1.0 ± 0.2%) or lowest tertile (−0.5 ± 0.3%). Independent predictors of rate of bone loss included age, baseline BMD, weight, weight change, and physical activity; collectively these factors accounted for 13% of total variance of bone loss by multiple regression analysis. It is concluded that a physically active lifestyle and stable weight in the later decades of life may retard proximal femur bone loss and thus contribute to reduction of fracture risk.

O'Dowd, BF, Nguyen, T, Marchese, A, Cheng, R, Lynch, KR, Heng, HHQ, Kolakowski, LF & George, SR 1998, 'Discovery of Three Novel G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Genes', Genomics, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 310-313.
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We report here the molecular cloning, tissue distribution, and chromosomal localization of novel genes encoding G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). A search of a mouse database of expressed sequence tags revealed an EST partially encoding a GPCR, which was used to screen a mouse genomic library to obtain the translational open reading frame (ORF). The resultant clone, GPR27, contained an intronless ORF, encoding a receptor of 379 amino acids. In an alternate strategy, human genomic DNA was subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, using degenerate oligonucleotides based on GPR1. Two PCR products partially encoding GPCRs were isolated and used to screen a genomic library to obtain the translational ORF. One of the resultant clones, GPR30, contained an intronless ORF encoding a receptor of 375 amino acids. The other clone, GPR35, also contained an intronless ORF encoding a receptor of 309 amino acids. Transcripts corresponding to GPR27 and GPR30 were detected in several areas of human and rat CNS, while GPR35 expression was detected only in the rat intestine. Through fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis the gene encoding GPR30 was localized to chromosome 7p22 and GPR35 to chromosome 2q37.3.

Ono, E, Hosoe, S, Hoang D. Tuan & Doi, S 1998, 'Bifurcation in vehicle dynamics and robust front wheel steering control', IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 412-420.
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Oppermann, I & Grant, C 1998, 'Performance of a CDMA System with an Adaptive Receiver and a New Family of Complex Valued Spreading Sequences', Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 7, no. 2/3, pp. 111-134.
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This paper presents the results of a capacity evaluation for a direct-sequence (DS), code-division, multiple access (CDMA) system over both an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and a Rayleigh fading channel. The system considered uses an adaptive receiver. The performance of sets of sequences from various binary and complex valued families is examined. The performance of the system is measured in terms of the total efficiency, and it is shown that the new sequence sets offer higher system capacity and lower signal-to-noise power spectral density ratios.

Oppermann, I, van Rooyen, P & Vucetic, B 1998, 'Effect of sequence selection on MAI suppression in limited spreading CDMA systems', Wireless Networks, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 471-478.
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Parry, JJ, Burnett, IS & Chicharo, JF 1998, 'USING LINGUISTIC KNOWLEDGE TO IMPROVE THE DESIGN OF LOW-BIT RATE LSF QUANTISATION', 5th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing ICSLP 1998, vol. 6, pp. 2599-2602.
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In this paper we investigate an alternative approach to the design of low-bit rate (LBR) quantisation. This approach incorporates phonetic information into the structure of Line Spectral Frequency (LSF) codebooks. In prior work vector quantisation (VQ) has been used to quantise stochastic processes. Speech signals can, however, be described in terms of phonetic segments and linguistic rules. A trained LSF codebook, like the phonetic inventory of a language, is a static description of spectral behaviour of speech. As clear relationships exist between phonetic segments and LSFs the structure of an LSF codebook can be analysed in terms of the phonetic segments. The investigation leads to the conclusion that phonetic information can be usefully employed in codebook training in terms of perceptual performance and bit-rate reductions.

Peiris, P, Bailey, JJ, Ngo, HH & Vigneswaran, S 1998, 'Bacterial removal from secondary sewage effluent by a combined downflow floating medium flocculator/prefilter and sand filter', INDIAN JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS SCIENCES, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 217-222.
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semi pilot-scale study conducted with the combined downflow floating medium flocculatorperprefilter and sand filter indicated that, it is an effective filter system for removing bacteria from the secondary sewage effluent. Since the filter system can rem

Randell, AG, Bhalerao, N, Nguyen, TV, Sambrook, PN, Eisman, JA & Silverman, SL 1998, 'Quality of life in osteoporosis: reliability, consistency, and validity of the Osteoporosis Assessment Questionnaire.', J Rheumatol, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 1171-1179.
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OBJECTIVE: To determine the reliability, consistency, and clinical utility of the Osteoporosis Assessment Questionnaire (OPAQ), an AIMS2 based self-assessment questionnaire. METHODS: Reliability of individual questions, scales, and domains were evaluated in 40 subjects by test-retest and intraclass correlation coefficients and internal consistency by Cronbach's alpha. Construct validity was evaluated by disease state. The relationships between domains and scales were modeled by confirmatory factor analysis. RESULTS: Mean kappa (79 questions) and intraclass correlation (18 health scales) coefficients were 0.58+/-0.16 (mean+/-SD) and 0.82+/-0.07, respectively. Internal consistency was greater than 0.8 in all but 3 scales. Construct validity was confirmed. Patients with hip fracture recorded lower OPAQ scores than patients with vertebral fracture. Correlation and confirmatory factor analyses grouped the 18 health scales into 7 domains. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that OPAQ is a reliable, consistent, and valid instrument capable of distinguishing hierarchy of functional loss in disease states in osteoporosis.

Reuben, AJ & Shannon, AG 1998, 'Ellipses, cardioids, and Penrose tiles', FIBONACCI QUARTERLY, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 45-54.

Saban, D & Braun, RM 1998, 'Multi-carrier direct sequence CDMA in fading situations', Proceedings of the 1998 South African Symposium on Communications and Signal Processing-COMSIG '98 (Cat. No. 98EX214), vol. 12, pp. 33-38.
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Saban, G & Braun, RM 1998, 'Wireless local loop and packet radio technology for developing communities', Proceedings of the 1998 South African Symposium on Communications and Signal Processing-COMSIG '98 (Cat. No. 98EX214), vol. 75, pp. 1-6.
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Seaman, B & Braun, RM 1998, 'Using cyclostationarity in the modulation classification of analogue signals', Proceedings of the 1998 South African Symposium on Communications and Signal Processing-COMSIG '98 (Cat. No. 98EX214), pp. 261-266.
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Shannon, AG 1998, 'Incompatibility of insulin pens and cartridges', LANCET, vol. 351, no. 9105, pp. 833-833.
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Simpson, NB, McGloin, D, Dholakia, K, Allen, L & Padgett, MJ 1998, 'Optical tweezers with increased axial trapping efficiency', Journal of Modern Optics, vol. 45, no. 9, pp. 1943-1949.
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Sleiman, RJ, Catchpoole, DR & Stewart, BW 1998, 'Drug-induced death of leukaemic cells after G2/M arrest: higher order DNA fragmentation as an indicator of mechanism', British Journal of Cancer, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 40-50.
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Many reports have documented apoptotic death in different cell types within hours of exposure to cytotoxic drugs; lower drug concentrations may cause cell cycle arrest at G2/M and subsequent death, which has been distinguished from 'classic' apoptosis. We have analysed etoposide-induced cell death in two lymphoblastoid T-cell lines, CCRF-CEM and MOLT-4, specifically in relation to DNA cleavage as indicated by pulse-field gel and conventional electrophoresis. High (5 μM) concentration etoposide causes 50-kb cleavage of DNA that occurs at the same time as apoptotic morphology and internucleosomal cleavage. At lower concentrations (0.5-0.05 μM), sequential change may be discerned with altered gene expression being similar to that at high dose, but preceding cell cycle arrest and 50-kb cleavage. These last changes, in turn, clearly precede internucleosomal fragmentation of DNA, vital dye staining and morphological evidence cell death. The pattern of higher order fragmentation constitutes a sensitive indicator of commitment to cell death in these cells. Morphological evidence of cell death is associated with internucleosomal fragmentation in one of the lines, but the pattern of 50-kb DNA cleavage provides the clearest evidence of commonality in death processes occurring at low and high drug concentration.

Sriwongsitanon, N, Ball, JE & Cordery, I 1998, 'An investigation of the relationship between the flood wave speed and parameters in runoff-routing models', HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES JOURNAL-JOURNAL DES SCIENCES HYDROLOGIQUES, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 197-213.
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Stewart, M 1998, 'Accident and design—Contemporary debates in risk management', Structural Safety, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 111-112.
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Stewart, MG 1998, 'Reliability‐based bridge design and assessment', Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 214-222.
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AbstractInformation about present and anticipated bridge reliabilities, in conjunction with decision models, provides a rational and powerful decision‐making tool for the design and assessment of bridges. This review describes the concepts, methodology, immediate applications and the potential of reliability‐based bridge design and assessment. Present applications include reliability‐based design specifications and bridge assessment for present conditions. The practical implementation of lifecycle reliabilities promises optimum expenditure when making decisions related to design, construction, inspection, maintenance and repair.

Stewart, MG & Rosowsky, DV 1998, 'Structural Safety and Serviceability of Concrete Bridges Subject to Corrosion', Journal of Infrastructure Systems, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 146-155.
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A structural reliability analysis model is developed to include interaction between transverse cracking, diffusion of chlorides, and corrosion initiation; influence of design specifications on corrosion initiation and propagation; and serviceability limit states (e.g., spalling). The reliability model is used to evaluate probabilities of structural and serviceability failures for flexure and spalling limit states, for a typical reinforced concrete bridge continuous slab. Chloride contamination will occur from the application of deicing salts. It was confirmed that the application of deicing salts caused a significant reduction in structural and serviceability reliabilities; this observation is in agreement with field data of bridge performance. Moreover, the reliability analysis allowed the effect of corrosion to be measured in a quantitative manner. The influence of concrete cover and specified concrete compressive strength was found to be particularly significant on the probability of spalling. The reliability analysis is used to demonstrate how known exceedence of a serviceability limit state (spalling) can be used to update the probability of structural failure. The time-dependent reliability analysis developed in the present paper may, at a later stage, be applied to other reinforced concrete bridge structural configurations or be used as. the reliability module in existing inspection, maintenance, or load rating procedures, i.e., bridge management systems. © ASCE.

Stewart, MG & Rosowsky, DV 1998, 'Time-dependent reliability of deteriorating reinforced concrete bridge decks', Structural Safety, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 91-109.
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A structural deterioration reliability model is developed to calculate probabilities of structural failure (flexure) for a typical reinforced concrete continuous slab bridge. Corrosion may be initiated from the application of de-icing salts or atmospheric exposure in a marine environment. It is assumed that corrosion will lead to a reduction in the cross-sectional area of the reinforcing steel. Monte Carlo simulation is used to calculate probabilities of failure for annual increments over the lifetime of the structure (75 years). The application of de-icing salts or atmospheric marine exposure is shown to cause significant long-term deterioration and reduction in structural safety. Reducing the cover from that currently specified for design results in a significant increase in failure probabilities. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Sundaravadivel, M, Doeleman, JA & Vigneswaran, S 1998, 'Combined surface sewerage: a low-cost option for effective sanitation in semi-urban areas of India', Environmental Engineering and Policy, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 181-189.
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Current prescriptions for sanitation technologies in developing countries are predominantly in the context of either large cities or rural areas. In India, however, there are a large number of small cities and towns with population in the range of 20000±100000 that account for over 50 million of the country's urban population. This paper discusses the inappropriateness (in terms of techno-economic viability and environmental desirability) of commonly recommended on-site sanitation technologies and capital intensive conventional sewage collection systems for these `semi-urban' areas. While emphasising the need for a different approach for provision of sanitation services to such cities and towns, it identifies the limitations of recent developments of non-conventional sewerage systems. Based on the field research carried out in four `semi-urban' towns in India, the paper proposes the concept of `combined surface sewerage' that can utilise existing infrastructure to a maximum to effect better sanitation at lower costs. The suggested system involves converting the existing open drains on the roadsides, as decentralized networks with simple structural modifications and covering them with concrete slabs. These decentralized networks would convey sullage, septic tank overflow and storm water run-off for appropriate low-cost treatment prior to disposal.

Tellambura, C, Guo, YJ & Barton, SK 1998, 'Channel estimation using aperiodic binary sequences', IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 140-142.
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Estimating a channel impulse response using a known aperiodic sequence is considered. The problem can be reduced to minimizing the trace of the inverse of a Toeplitz matrix. An efficient algorithm for computing this trace is developed and optimal binary sequences up to length 32 are found and tabulated. The use of complementary sequences in this context is also investigated. It is shown that the eigenvalues of the autocorrelation matrices of a pair of complementary sequences sum to a known constant.

Tews, A & Lister, R 1998, 'Self-organisation in a simple pursuit game', Complexity International, vol. 6.
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This paper concerns dynamic team formation in multi-agent systems, where each agent determines its own action by observing the other agents. The test bed is a simple pursuit game. Identical mobile agents learn to form teams to most effectively catch individual stationary targets. The decision-making component is not manually encoded, but instead it self-learns, without an external teacher, by the method of temporal differences. Agents do not negotiate, nor do they explicitly form or communicate commitments. Instead, agents determine their own actions by a behaviourist approach: they reason only from the relative positions of other agents, not from an interpretation of the intent of those other agents. Experimental results demonstrate that the agents do coordinate their activities, by forming teams, In this paper, self-organisation is manifested in three forms: the formation of teams by the pursuer agents, the temporal difference algorithm by which agents learn to cooperate, and in the representation of the learnt knowledge as the weights in a perception.

Tipper, JL, Ingham, E, Cove, JH, Todd, NJ & Kerr, KG 1998, 'Survival and multiplication of Burkholderia cepacia within respiratory epithelial cells', Clinical Microbiology and Infection, vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 450-459.
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Objective: To investigate the ability of both clinical and environmental strains of Burkholderia cepacia, along with control strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, to invade a respiratory epithelial cell line, A549. Methods and Results: Using a double immunofluorescence labeling technique, a clinical strain of B. cepacia, C1359, and the clonally related strains A509 and J2315, were shown to invade A549 cells at a high level (2-8% A549 cells invaded) compared to environmental strains of B. cepacia NCTC 10661 and NCTC 10743 (0.5-1% of A549 cells invaded). Control strains of P. aeruginosa PAO1 and E. coli C600 did not appear to be able to invade respiratory epithelial cells using this method. Ceftazidime protection assays revealed that B. cepacia C1359 and NCTC 10743 were able to survive and multiply within A549 cells for > 24 h. In contrast, B. cepacia NCTC 10661, P. aeruginosa PAO1 and E. coli C600 failed to multiply within A549 cells, showing a significant decrease in numbers after 24 h. Conclusions: The ability to survive and multiply within respiratory epithelial cells may be an important virulence factor of B. cepacia infection in cystic fibrosis.

Tuan, HD & Apkarian, P 1998, 'Relaxations of parameterized LMIs with control applications', Proceedings of the 37th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (Cat. No.98CH36171), vol. 2, pp. 1747-1752.
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A wide variety of problems in control system theory fall within the class of parameterized Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs), that is, LMIs whose coefficients are functions of a parameter confined to a compact set. However, in contrast to LMIs, parameterized LMI (PLMIs) feasibility problems involve infinitely many LMIs hence are very hard to solve. In this paper, we propose several effective relaxation techniques to replace PLMIs by a finite set of LMIs. The resulting relaxed feasibility problems thus become convex and hence can be solved by very efficient interior point methods. Applications of these techniques to different problems such as robustness analysis, or Linear Parameter-Varying (LPV) control are then thoroughly discussed.

Tuan, HD & Hosoe, S 1998, 'On robust H/sub ∞/ control for nonlinear discrete and sampled-data systems', IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 715-718.
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Val, DV, Stewart, MG & Melchers, RE 1998, 'Effect of reinforcement corrosion on reliability of highway bridges', Engineering Structures, vol. 20, no. 11, pp. 1010-1019.
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This paper presents several aspects of a method for reliability assessment of reinforced concrete (RC) slab bridges with corroded reinforcement. It is assumed that corrosion will lead to a reduction in cross-sectional area of the reinforcing steel and/or a reduction in bond strength. Two types of corrosion are considered: general and localized corrosion. The method includes a non-linear finite element structural model and probabilistic models for traffic loads, corrosion propagation, bond characteristics, material properties, element dimensions and reinforcement placement. Reliability is estimated in terms of the reliability index using the first-order reliability method (FORM). For illustrative purposes, bridge reliabilities are calculated for a deteriorating, simple-span RC slab bridge, for ultimate strength and serviceability limit states.

van Rooyen, P, Kohno, R & Oppermann, I 1998, 'DS-CDMA performance with maximum ratio combining and antenna arrays', Wireless Networks, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 479-488.
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Voinov, AA 1998, 'Paradoxes of sustainability', Zhurnal Obshchei Biologii, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 209-218.
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Some problems and controversies of sustainability are treated within the framework of system analysis. It seems difficult to reconcile the concept of sustainability with such system categories as hierarchy and cycling.

Voinov, AA, Fitz, HC & Costanza, R 1998, 'Surface water flow in landscape models:', Ecological Modelling, vol. 108, no. 1-3, pp. 131-144.
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Wang, N & Xu, G 1998, 'Novel method using light scattering energy spectrum for particle size analysis', Zhongguo Jiguang/Chinese Journal of Lasers, vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 897-900.
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Based on the light scattering principle, a new method for measuring the particle size and distribution was proposed. The new method is different from the traditional light scattering laser particle sizers. It adopts a white light as the light source and only collects the scattered light energy signal within one solid angle. The particle diameter and its size distribution are acquired from the inversion calculation. The theoretical analysis, numerical simulation as well as the experimental investigation of the new method were given.

Wang, Y-J & Lin, C-T 1998, 'A second-order learning algorithm for multilayer networks based on block Hessian matrix', Neural Networks, vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 1607-1622.
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White, C, Gardiner, E & Eisman, J 1998, 'Tissue specific and vitamin D responsive gene expression in bone', Molecular Biology Reports, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 45-61.
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Xu, Y & Zhang, C 1998, 'A neural network diagnosis model without disorder independence assumption', Pricai'98: Topics In Artificial Intelligence, vol. 1531, pp. 341-352.
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Generally, the disorders in a neural network diagnosis model are assumed independent each other. In this paper, we propose a neural network model for diagnostic problem solving where the disorder independence assumption is no longer necessary. Firstly, we characterize the diagnostic tasks and the causal network which is used to represent the diagnostic problem, then we describe the neural network diagnosis model, finally, some experiment results will be given.

Yi-Jen Wang & Chin-Teng Lin 1998, 'Runge-Kutta neural network for identification of dynamical systems in high accuracy', IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 294-307.
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Ying, MS 1998, 'Compactness in fuzzy logic', CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN, vol. 43, no. 14, pp. 1166-1171.
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Compactness in Pavelka's fuzzy logic for some compact lattices of truth values is shown, and the concept of gradual compactness is introduced to establish some corresponding results in a more general setting.

Ying, MS & Bouchon-Meunier, B 1998, 'Approximate reasoning with linguistic modifiers', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 403-418.
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We analyze the influence of some usual linguistic modifiers, such as scalar product, normalization, Bouchon-Meunier modifiers, perturbation, and (weakening and reinforcement) power, in the process of approximate reasoning and clarify the difference betwe

Zhou, JL, Fileman, TW, Evans, S, Donkin, P, Llewellyn, C, Readman, JW, Mantoura, RFC & Rowland, SJ 1998, 'Fluoranthene and pyrene in the suspended particulate matter and surface sediments of the Humber Estuary, UK', Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 36, no. 8, pp. 587-597.
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Zhou, JL, Huang, PL & Lin, RG 1998, 'Sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by macroalgae and microalgae', Environmental Pollution, vol. 101, no. 1, pp. 67-75.
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Zoysa, AKN, Loganathan, P & Hedley, MJ 1998, 'Effect of forms of nitrogen supply on mobilisation of phosphorus from a phosphate rock and acidification in the rhizosphere of tea', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL RESEARCH, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 373-387.
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Nitrogen (N) is the main fertiliser input to tea plantations because of the large removal of this element with regular harvests of young shoots in the field. The form of N supply is known to influence the uptake of other plant nutrients, notably phosphorus (P), through its effect on soil pH in the rhizosphere. A glasshouse study was conducted to test the effect of N form (NH4/+, NO3/-, or both) on the transformation of soil P in the rhizosphere and its availability to tea (Camellia sinensis L.) plants fertilised with sparingly soluble Eppawala phosphate rock (EPR). Four-month-old tea (TRI 2025) plants were grown in rhizosphere study containers containing an Ultisol from Sri Lanka (pH 4.5 in water) amended with EPR and KCl at 200 μg P or K/g soil, and mixed with (NH4)2SO4 (100% NH4/+-N), NH4NO3 (50% NH4/+-N and 50% NO3/--N), and Ca(NO3)2 (100% NO3/--N) at the rate of 200 μg N/g soil, with a control (no N fertiliser), as treatments. Rhizosphere pH decreased compared with the bulk soil when N was supplied as NH4/+ or NH4/+-NO3/- forms, and increased when N was supplied as NO3/-. The cation-anion balance estimations in the plants showed that the plants had taken up more NO3/- than NH4/+ even in (NH4)2SO4 treated soil, suggesting high nitrification rates, especially in the rhizosphere, in spite of using a nitrification inhibitor. More EPR dissolved in the rhizosphere compared with that in the bulk soil, regardless of the N form applied. The (NH4)2SO4 treatment had the highest dissolution rate of EPR in the rhizosphere, whereas Ca(NO3)2 treatment had the lowest, reflecting the degree of acidification in the rhizosphere. Resin-P and NaOH-P(i) (inorganic P) concentrations were lower and NaOH-P(o) (organic P) concentration was higher in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil. Plant and possible microbial uptake of P is the main reason for the decrease in resin-P and NaOH-P(i). The increase in NaOH-P(o) concentration in the rhizosphere is believed to be due to transformatio...

Zoysa, AKN, Loganathan, P & Hedley, MJ 1998, 'Phosphate rock dissolution and transformation in the rhizosphere of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) compared with other plant species', EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 477-486.
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Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) is generally grown in highly weathered acidic Ultisols of the humid tropics. The low pH, large P fixing capacity and moisture content of these soils favour the dissolution of phosphate rock. Plant species differ widely in their ability to take up P from phosphate rock, and we have compared phosphate mobilization in the rhizosphere of tea with that under calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus L.), Guinea grass (Panicum maximum L.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by studying the changes in the concentration of P fractions at known distances from the root surface in an acidic (pH in water 4.5) Ultisol from Sri Lanka treated with a phosphate rock. Plants were grown in the top compartment of a two-compartment device, comprising two PVC cylinders physically separated by a 24-μm pore-diameter polyester mesh. A planar mat of roots was formed on the mesh in the top compartment, and the soil on the other side of the mesh in the lower compartment was cut into thin slices parallel to the rhizosphere and analysed for pH and P fractions. All plant species acidified the rhizosphere (pH [water] difference between bulk and rhizosphere soils was 0.17-0.26) and caused more rock to dissolve in the rhizosphere (10-18%) than in the bulk soil (8-11%). Guinea grass was most effective, though the rate of acidification per unit root surface area was least (0.02 μmol H+ cm-2) among the four species. Tea produced the largest rate of acidification per unit root surface area (0.08 μmol H+ cm-2). All species depleted P extracted by a cation-anion exchange resin and inorganic P extracted by 0.1 m NaOH. All except tea depleted organic P extracted by 0.1 m NaOH in the rhizosphere. The external P efficiencies (mg total P uptake) of Guinea grass, bean, tea and calliandra in soil fertilized with phosphate rock were 4.82 ± 0.42, 4.02 ± 0.32, 1.06 ± 0.02 and 0.62 ± 0.02, respectively, and the corresponding internal P efficiencies (mg shoot dry matter production per mg plant P) ...

Alem, L 1970, 'Learning in the Workplace: Initial Requirements of a Lessons Learned Centred Corporate Memory', INTELLIGENT TUTORING SYSTEMS, 4th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS 98), Springer Berlin Heidelberg, SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS, pp. 216-223.
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Alem, L & Marcenac, P 1970, 'Management of worker’s experiences: A knowledge-based approach', PRICAI'98: TOPICS IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, 5th Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (PRICAI 98), Springer Berlin Heidelberg, SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE, pp. 216-227.
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Andren, J, Hilding, M & Veitch, D 1970, 'Understanding end-to-end internet traffic dynamics', Global Telecommunications Conference, 1998. GLOBECOM 1998. The Bridge to Global Integration. IEEE, IEEE, pp. 1118-1122.

Banh, BAJ, Anido, GJ & Dutkiewicz, E 1970, 'Handover re-routing schemes for connection oriented services in mobile ATM networks', Proceedings. IEEE INFOCOM '98, the Conference on Computer Communications. Seventeenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Gateway to the 21st Century (Cat. No.98CH36169), IEEE INFOCOM'98 Conference on Computer Communications Seventeenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies Gateway to the 21st Century, IEEE, pp. 1139-1146.
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Wireless ATM (WATM) will be used to support broadband applications for future generation mobile services. To achieve this, the existing ATM protocol must be augmented with mobility management capabilities. One of the important components of mobility management is the ability of the network to seamlessly re-route existing connections to different parts of the network. To date, a number of schemes have been proposed for broadband wireless networks. These schemes can potentially be used in WATM networks. In this paper, we compare the performance of these schemes in terms of their complexity, handover latency, communication disruption period and buffer and bandwidth requirements.

Barattin, M, Cucchiara, R & Piccardi, M 1970, 'A Rule-based Vehicular Traffic Tracking System', Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Information Sciences, pp. 334-337.
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The paper presents a computer vision-based approach to the problem of vehicular traffic monitoring. The approach associates a high-level tracking system to a low-level system that performs moving vehicles detection. The high-level module is based on a large set of rules and is able to keep tracks of all moving or stopped vehicles along the image sequence.

Baweja, D & Nelson, P 1970, 'Supplementary cementing materials: Their acceptance in Australian specifications', American Concrete Institute ACI Special Publication, pp. 475-492.
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A large proportion of concrete placed in Australia contains one or more supplementary cementing materials (SCM's; either fly ash, ground granulated blast-furnace slag or silica fume). Despite this, specifications for technically advanced projects often restrict their use even though Australian research data justifying their application dates back to the early 1960's for fly ash and slag, and the early 1970's for silica fume. World-wide research on SCM's in concrete dates back even longer. It is the task of the researcher together with the technical marketer to provide effective transfer of this knowledge to the specifier. In most cases, the specifier is either a civil or structural consultant, or a design team within a major public authority or contracting firm. The specifier increasingly needs to seek up-to-date knowledge in concrete technology, a task that is ever more difficult with imposed time constraints. This study maps the processes whereby research and development data are put into practice. A three-stage process is used to investigate this. First, measurements of the technology transfer process are obtained through targeted surveys of concrete specifiers with the objective of determining their attitudes and knowledge regarding SCM's. Second, recent Australian specifications for SCM concrete comprising Standards, Codes of Practice and selected project specifications are reviewed. Third, the data generated is examined to highlight present shortcomings in the technology transfer process in Australia, specifically relating to the use of SCM's. It is concluded that many project specifications with respect to the use of SCM's in concrete can be significantly improved from the standpoint of the supplier, the specifier and the facility owner. This can be facilitated through improved technology transfer. Discussion in the paper focuses on increasing the efficiency of the process for taking research into field application.

Benn, H, O'Neill, R, Owen, R & Johnson, C 1970, 'UMTS air interface simulation', IEE Colloquium UMTS - the R&D Challenges, IEE Colloquium UMTS - the R&D Challenges, IEE, pp. 6-6.
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Beydoun, G & Hoffmann, A 1970, 'Building Problem Solvers Based on Search Control Knowledge', 11th Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge-Based Systems Workshop (KAW98), Canada.

Beydoun, G & Hoffmann, A 1970, 'Building Search Heuristics at The Knowledge Level', Pacific Rim Knowledge Acquisition Workshop (PKAW98).

Beydoun, G & Hoffmann, A 1970, 'Simultaneous modelling and knowledge acquisition using NRDR', PRICAI'98: TOPICS IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, 5th Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (PRICAI 98), SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN, SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE, pp. 83-95.

Bolto, BA, Ngo, HH & Vigneswaran, S 1970, 'Drinking Water Production with a Dual Floating Medium—Sand Filter System', CHEMISTRY FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 3, 11th International Conference on Chemistry for Protection of the Environment, Springer US, CAIRO, EGYPT, pp. 1-8.
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Bone, D & Popescu, D 1970, 'Image Zooming Using Fractals in the Wavelet Domain', International Symposium on Audio, Video, Image Processing and Intelligent Applications, pp. 74-79.

Boon, J, Zekou, E, McGloin, D & Dunn, MH 1970, 'Study of inversionless gain in mismatched, Doppler-broadened systems', Technical Digest - European Quantum Electronics Conference, p. 143.
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The real potential of inversionless lasing lies in the utilization of mismatched schemes, leading to compact high-frequency laser sources. A comparative study of a matched and a mismatched system is made in which all parameters are made equal except the transition wavelengths. Theory is presented to relate the appropriate element of the resulting density matrix to the absolute absorption or gain that may be experimentally observed. This facilitates the study of possible atomic systems that may provide mismatched gain in a Doppler-broadened regime. Experimental investigations into the production of inversionless gain at 422 nm in a Doppler-broadened, mismatched rubidium system are reported.

Cheng, L, Guo, YJ & Xiao, K 1970, 'Reliability evaluation of composite systems considering voltage stability problems', POWERCON '98: 1998 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON POWER SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY - PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1 AND 2, 1998 International Conference on Power System Technology (POWERCON 98), IEEE, PEOPLES R CHINA, BEIJING, pp. 1489-1493.

Chia-Feng Juang & Chin-Teng Lin 1970, 'Genetic reinforcement learning through symbiotic evolution for fuzzy controller design', 1998 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems Proceedings. IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence (Cat. No.98CH36228), 1998 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence, IEEE, ANCHORAGE, AK, pp. 1281-1285.
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Chilakapati, N, Ramsden, VS, Ramaswamy, V & Zhu, J 1970, 'Investigation of doubly fed twin stator induction motor as a variable speed drive', 1998 International Conference on Power Electronic Drives and Energy Systems for Industrial Growth, 1998. Proceedings., 1998 International Conference on Power Electronics Drives and Energy Systems for Industrial Growth, IEEE, Perth, Australia, pp. 160-165.
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Cucchiara, R & Piccardi, M 1970, 'Exploiting image processing locality in cache pre-fetching', Proceedings. Fifth International Conference on High Performance Computing (Cat. No. 98EX238), Proceedings. Fifth International Conference on High Performance Computing, IEEE Comput. Soc, CHENNAI, INDIA, pp. 466-472.
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Di Zenobio, D, Santella, G, Vucetic, B & Oppermann, I 1970, 'A comparative analysis of CABSINET/ACTS project uplink performance', IEEE GLOBECOM 1998 (Cat. NO. 98CH36250), IEEE GLOBECOM 1998, IEEE, SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA, pp. 2419-2424.
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Dong, G & Li, J 1970, 'Interestingness of discovered association rules in terms of neighborhood-based unexpectedness', RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY AND DATA MINING, 2nd Pacific-Asia Conference on Research and Development in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (PAKDD-98), Springer Berlin Heidelberg, MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, pp. 72-86.
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Epaarachchi, D, Stewart, MG & Rosowsky, DV 1970, 'Concreting workmanship and the reliability of multi-storey reinforced concrete building construction', STRUCTURAL SAFETY AND RELIABILITY, VOLS. 1-3, 7th International Conference on Structural Safety and Reliability (ICOSSAR 97), A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS, JAPAN, INT ASSOC STRUCT SAFETY & RELIABIL, KYOTO, pp. 151-156.

Esselle, KP & Foroughipour, M 1970, 'Enhanced FD-TD equations for sharp, diagonal, metal edges at arbitrary angles', IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium. 1998 Digest. Antennas: Gateways to the Global Network. Held in conjunction with: USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting (Cat. No.98CH36194), IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium. 1998 Digest. Antennas: Gateways to the Global Network. Held in conjunction with: USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, IEEE, ATLANTA, GA, pp. 604-607.
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Ghevondian, N & Nguyen, H 1970, 'Skin impedance measurements used for early onset of hypoglycaemia in diabetic patients', Proceedings of the 20th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Vol.20 Biomedical Engineering Towards the Year 2000 and Beyond (Cat. No.98CH36286), 20th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Vol.20 Biomedical Engineering Towards the Year 2000 and Beyond, IEEE, HONG KONG, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 1610-1613.
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Greenland, AG, Crews, KI & Bakoss, SL 1970, 'Enhancing timber structures with advanced fibre reinforced plastic composite reinforcements', 5TH WORLD CONFERENCE ON TIMBER ENGINEERING, VOL 2, PROCEEDINGS, 5th World Conference on Timber Engineering, PRESSES POLYTECHNIQUES ET UNIVERSITAIRES ROMANDES, MONTREUX, SWITZERLAND, pp. 608-615.

Guo, Y, Zhu, J & Ramsden, VS 1970, 'Development of a Single Phase Claw Pole Permanent Magnet Motor Using Composite Soft Magnetic Material', Proceedings of Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, University of Tasmania, Australia, Hobart, Australia, pp. 659-664.

Guo, YJ, Vadgama, S, Davies, M, Khalab, J, Zarri, M & Spink, D 1970, 'Adaptive antenna for CDMA', IEEE International Symposium on Spread Spectrum Techniques Applications, pp. 590-594.
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A decision directed adaptive antenna array for the uplink of CDMA cellular systems, which is based on a normalized least mean square algorithm (NLMS), is presented. The bit error ratio performance of the adaptive antenna in various scenarios, which include the use of transmission power control (TPC) and diversity combining, is studied. It is shown that the adaptive antenna outperforms the steering beam technique when the signal-to-noise ratio is large and the active users are clustered. However, the performance of the adaptive antenna becomes very similar to that of the steering beam when there are a large number of randomly distributed active users in the sector.

Ha, QP & Negnevitsky, M 1970, 'Fuzzy tuning in electric power generation control', IEE Conference Publication, 4th International Conference on Advances in Power System Control, Operation & Management, INST ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS INSPEC INC, WANCHAI, HONG KONG, pp. 662-667.
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This paper presents the application of integral-proportional control with fuzzy tuning to the automatic generation control problem. Simulation results indicate that the control scheme is able to provide good performance in a single area as well as a two-area interconnected system with non-reheat or reheat turbines. Furthermore, it is shown that responses of the system employing the proposed controller are rather insensitive to parameter changes and speed governor deadband, with and without generation rate constraints. The control strategy depends only on area control error, requires low computational cost and is easy to implement.

Hadgraft, RG & Grundy, P 1970, 'A new degree in civil engineering', 1ST UICEE ANNUAL CONFERENCE ON ENGINEERING EDUCATION UNDER THE THEME: GLOBALISATION OF ENGINEERING EDUCATION, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, 1st UICEE Annual Conference on Engineering Education on Globalisation of Engineering Education, UICEE, FACULTY ENGINEERING, MONASH UNIV, CLAYTON, AUSTRALIA, pp. 78-82.

Hastings, G & Nguyen, H 1970, 'A motor speed estimator for the control of mean arterial pressure in heart operations', Proceedings of the 20th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Vol.20 Biomedical Engineering Towards the Year 2000 and Beyond (Cat. No.98CH36286), 20th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Vol.20 Biomedical Engineering Towards the Year 2000 and Beyond, IEEE, HONG KONG, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 440-443.
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Hastings, G, Ghevondian, N & Hung Nguyen 1970, 'A self-organising fuzzy estimator for hypoglycaemia monitoring in diabetic patients', Proceedings of the 20th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Vol.20 Biomedical Engineering Towards the Year 2000 and Beyond (Cat. No.98CH36286), 20th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Vol.20 Biomedical Engineering Towards the Year 2000 and Beyond, IEEE, HONG KONG, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 1371-1374.
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Hawryszkiewycz, I & Debenham, J 1970, 'A workflow system based on agents', Database and Expert Systems Applications, 9th International Conference, DEXA '98, Vienna, Austria, August 24-28, 1998, Proceedings, International Conference on Database and Expert Systems Applications, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Vienna, Austria, pp. 135-144.
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Hoang, D & Williamson, G 1970, 'A mixture of global and local gated experts for the prediction of high frequency foreign exchange rates', Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 329-340.
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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1998. This paper presents a new mixture of experts neural network architecture for the prediction of the US Dollar Swiss Franc exchange rate. This architecture achieves improved prediction results on noisy and non-stationary data. In contrast to previous efforts the current system was designed with a particular emphasis on solving the problems of local overfitting & underfitting caused by non-stationarity and noise in the data. The cascade correlation constructive neural network training algorithm was used for the fast training of near optimal complexity global & local experts. The Kohonen Self Organizing Map was used to find regions of the data on which to train local experts. Improved results were obtained by using a combination of the outputs of the global & local experts.

Hooli, K & Oppermann, I 1970, 'Effect of signal quantization on the performance of LMMSE receiver in WLL channels', IEEE International Symposium on Spread Spectrum Techniques Applications, IEEE 5th International Symposium on Spread Spectrum Techniques and Applications, IEEE, SUN CITY, SOUTH AFRICA, pp. 536-540.
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This paper examines the effect of signal quantization on the performance of an adaptive LMMSE DS-CDMA receiver in the uplink of low mobility, high data rate wireless local loop (WLL) application. The baseband receiver considered is the LMS-LMMSE receiver which includes the finite quantization of the incoming signal. Both AWGN channel and multipath channel model based on actual channel measurements are used in the computer simulations. Also the effect of imperfect power control on the signal quantization is considered. It is shown that the degradation in the performance of the receiver is relatively insignificant with practical levels of quantization.

Huang, XJ & Chen, HB 1970, 'Least-squares deconvolution of the mixed-phase unknown pulse', 1988 Seg Annual Meeting, pp. 734-737.
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The conventional least-square deconvolution technique is valid only when the conditions of a minimum-phase wavelet and a white reflectivity series are salisfied. When the wavelet is a mixed-phase pulse, however, the least-squares approach requires that the wavelet is known. In this paper a new least-squares deconvolution method suitable for mixed-phase unknown pulse is proposed. It is shown that one only has to loughly estimate the duration of the mixed-phase unknown wavelet before applying this deconvolution method to the seismic trace which is the convolution of the subierrain reflectivity series and mixedphase pulse wavelet. Tests on some synthetic data show that this method works satisfactorily and is insensitive to the preeslimated wavelet duration. It is also proved that the least-squares deconvolution for mixed-phase unknown pulse is equivalent to a gapped smoothing error filtering which can be decomposed into a forward multi-step prediction error filtering plus a backward multi-step prediction error filtering. It is believed that the new deconvolution technique will find practical applications in the geophysical data processing commercial use.

Hubert, CJ, Waldron, KJ & Venkataraman, SC 1970, 'Dynamic and Static Simulators for Wheeled Vehicles', Robotics 98, Third ASCE Specialty Conference on Robotics for Challenging Environments, American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 216-222.
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Terrain adaptive wheeled vehicles offer great promise for locomotion on rugged terrain. In order to properly design terrain adaptive vehicles or control schemes for such vehicles, one needs an effective simulator. Many simulators are based on detailed dynamic analysis. Featherstone's method of articulated inertias makes such dynamic simulators reasonably efficient. However, rover vehicles often operate at low speeds that make the dynamic analysis unnecessary. A simpler approach is to use only velocity and position information to obtain the next state. Simulation on rugged terrain requires the program to account for gravitational and contact forces. An algorithm using potential energy methods is proposed as an alternate rough terrain simulator. © 1998 American Society of Civil Engineers.

Indraratna, B, Ionescu, D & Christie, HD 1970, 'Construction potential of recycled railway ballast based on laboratory tests', ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNICS, VOLS 1-4, 3rd International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics, A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS, PORTUGAL, LISBON, pp. 777-782.

Joseph, T & Hung Nguyen 1970, 'Neural network control of wheelchairs using telemetric head movement', Proceedings of the 20th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Vol.20 Biomedical Engineering Towards the Year 2000 and Beyond (Cat. No.98CH36286), 20th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Vol.20 Biomedical Engineering Towards the Year 2000 and Beyond, IEEE, HONG KONG, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 2731-2733.
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Lane, M, Ni, W, Dauskardt, RH, Ma, Q, Fujimoto, H & Krishna, N 1970, 'Debonding of Interfaces in Multilayer Interconnect Structures', MRS Proceedings, Symposium on Advanced Interconnects and Contact Materials and Processes for Future Integrated Circuits, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, CA, SAN FRANCISCO, pp. 141-141.
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ABSTRACTThe reliability of microelectronic devices containing multilayer structures is profoundly influenced by the interfacial strength (adhesion) and resistance to fracture (debonding) of the many resulting bimaterial interfaces. Adhesion and consequent structural integrity are closely related to composition and processing conditions which determine key interfacial parameters, such as interfacial impurities, morphology and adjoining microstructures. Residual stresses, thermo-mechanical cycling and mechanical loading may drive time dependent fracture in these multilayer interconnect structures. Moisture present in the atmosphere and perhaps moisture present in the layers themselves can lead to premature failure and reduced lifetimes of these devices. We present unique data showing the effects of interface non-planarity on the interface fracture energy and the time-dependent delamination processes. Data is presented showing the effects of the phase angle of loading on the interface fracture energy and subcritical debonding processes. Behavior is rationalized in terms of the salient chemical reaction rate occurring at the debond tip. Implications for life prediction of devices are discussed.

Latva-aho, M, Juntti, M & Oppermann, I 1970, 'Reconfigurable adaptive RAKE receiver for wideband CDMA systems', VTC '98. 48th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference. Pathway to Global Wireless Revolution (Cat. No.98CH36151), VTC '98. 48th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference. Pathway to a Global Wireless Revolution, IEEE, OTTAWA, CANADA, pp. 1740-1744.
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Li, W, Wang, Y, Li, W, Zhang, J & Li, J 1970, 'Sparselized higher-order neural network and its pruning algorithm', IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks Conference Proceedings, 2nd IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence (WCCI 98), IEEE, ANCHORAGE, AK, pp. 359-362.
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In this paper, the fully-connected higher-order neuron and sparselized higher-order neuron are introduced, the mapping capabilities of the fully-connected higher-order neural networks are investigated, and that arbitrary Boolean function defined from {0,1}^N can be realized by fully-connected higher-order neural networks is proved. Based on this, in order to simplify the networks' architecture, a pruning algorithm of eliminating the redundant connection weights is also proposed, which can be applied to the implementation of sparselized higher-order neural classifier and other networks. The simulated results show the effectiveness of the algorithm.

Ling Guan, Perry, S, Romagnoli, R, Hausan Wong & Haosong Kong 1970, 'Neural vision system and applications in image processing and analysis', Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ICASSP '98 (Cat. No.98CH36181), 1998 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, IEEE, SEATTLE, WA, pp. 1245-1248.
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Liu, RP, Richards, A & Rogers, G 1970, 'MARSHNet, a superimposed QoS guaranteed virtual path network', IEEE GLOBECOM 1998 (Cat. NO. 98CH36250), IEEE GLOBECOM 1998, IEEE, SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA, pp. 7-12.
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This paper describes the design and configuration of a metropolitan ATM network consisting of two superimposed virtual networks. Virtual paths and virtual switches were created to construct the two Virtual Path Networks (VPNs). Creative ideas and novel techniques were employed for network partitioning, bandwidth sharing and QoS guarantees. These techniques did allow most of the design objectives to be met.

Louda, MA, Rye, DC, Dissanayake, MWMG & Durrant-Whyte, HF 1970, 'INS-based identification of quay-crane spreader yaw', Proceedings. 1998 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (Cat. No.98CH36146), IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, IEEE, KATHOLIEKE UNIV LEUVEN, LEUVEN, BELGIUM, pp. 3310-3315.
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Lu, HY, Zhu, JG, Hui, SYR & Ramsden, VS 1970, 'A generalized dynamic transformer circuit model including all types of core losses', 1998 International Conference on Power Electronic Drives and Energy Systems for Industrial Growth, 1998. Proceedings., 1998 International Conference on Power Electronics Drives and Energy Systems for Industrial Growth, IEEE, pp. 978-983.
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© 1998 IEEE. This paper describes a generalized dynamic transformer circuit model that includes all types of core losses, nonlinear magnetic characteristics, skin effects of eddy currents in the core, and thermal effects on hysteresis of core materials. A TLM-based transform with variable time steps is employed in the simulation. This model can provide an accurate prediction of transformer performance and core losses and is suitable for simulation of high frequency switching mode converters using transformer isolated outputs. Some interesting issues such as stray capacitance, are discussed. Simulations of a 500 W transformer in a full bridge inverter operated at 15 kHz and 25 kHz have been confirmed by experiments.

Lu, HY, Zhu, JG, Hui, SYR, Ramsden, VS, IEEE, IEEE & IEEE 1970, 'Dynamic circuit modeling of a high frequency transformer', PESC 98 RECORD - 29TH ANNUAL IEEE POWER ELECTRONICS SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2, 29th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, IEEE, FUKUOKA, JAPAN, pp. 1479-1485.

Luk, KC, Ball, JE & Sharma, A 1970, 'Rainfall forecasting through artificial neural networks', HYDROINFORMATICS '98, VOLS 1 AND 2, 3rd International Conference on Hydroinformatics, A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS, COPENHAGEN, DENMARK, pp. 797-804.

Madhavan, R, Dissanayake, G & Durrant-Whyte, H 1970, 'Map-building and map-based localization in an underground-mine by statistical pattern matching', Proceedings. Fourteenth International Conference on Pattern Recognition (Cat. No.98EX170), Fourteenth International Conference on Pattern Recognition, IEEE Comput. Soc, AUSTRALIA, BRISBANE, pp. 1744-1746.
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Madhavan, R, Dissanayake, MWMG & Durrant-Whyte, HF 1970, 'Autonomous underground navigation of an LHD using a combined ICP-EKF approach', Proceedings. 1998 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (Cat. No.98CH36146), IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, IEEE, KATHOLIEKE UNIV LEUVEN, LEUVEN, BELGIUM, pp. 3703-3708.
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Minjie Zhang & Chengqi Zhang 1970, 'Investigations on solution synthesis in distributed expert systems', 1997 IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Processing Systems (Cat. No.97TH8335), 1997 IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Processing Systems, IEEE, pp. 1108-1112.
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In this paper, a general procedure of distributed problem solving in DESs is formally described, solution synthesis and solution composition in DESs are compared, and the relationship between solution synthesis in DESs and conflict resolutions in DAI is analyzed. Furthermore, general methodologies used for solution synthesis in DESs are introduced and compared.

Naishadham, K & Esselle, K 1970, 'A hybrid implementation of the FDTD and moment methods', IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium. 1998 Digest. Antennas: Gateways to the Global Network. Held in conjunction with: USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting (Cat. No.98CH36194), IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium. 1998 Digest. Antennas: Gateways to the Global Network. Held in conjunction with: USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, IEEE, ATLANTA, GA, pp. 574-577.
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Nguyen, H, Hung, WT, Thornton, BS, Thornton, E & Lee, W 1970, 'Classification of microcalcifications in mammograms using artificial neural networks', PROCEEDINGS OF THE 20TH ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY, VOL 20, PTS 1-6, 20th Annual International Conference of the IEEE-Engineering-in-Medicine-and-Biology-Society, IEEE, HONG KONG, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 1006-1008.

Ollerton, RL & Shannon, AG 1970, 'Some properties of generalized Pascal squares and triangles', FIBONACCI QUARTERLY, pp. 98-109.

O'Neill, T & Leaney, J 1970, 'Open complex computer systems are no silver bullet', Proceedings. Fourth IEEE International Conference on Engineering of Complex Computer Systems (Cat. No.98EX193), Fourth IEEE International Conference on Engineering of Complex Computer Systems. ICECCS '98, IEEE Comput. Soc, pp. 79-86.
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© 1998 IEEE. Open systems, through the use of public, consensus based specifications or standards, are focussed on achieving the interoperability between, and the portability of components. In accommodating standards, open systems promise the advantages of plug-n-play technology, rapid prototyping and component re-use, while at the same time preventing system integration misfits, short system lifespan and difficulty in maintenance. In the development of open systems, it has been recognised that the specification and standardisation of interfaces, nor components, is of critical importance to realising these advantages. Due to the critical role of interfaces in open systems, the quality of the interface specifications used to engineer the interfaces is fundamental to the fulfilment of the promises of open systems. The authors contend that since current specifications and standards are deficient, then open complex computer systems, built using these specifications and standards, will indeed be no silver bullet. The authors present several ways forward, based on the inter-relationships between components, so that in the future the promises of open complex computer systems may still be fulfilled.

Oppermann, I 1970, 'Capacity of a DS-CDMA system supporting mixed modulation', IEEE GLOBECOM 1998 (Cat. NO. 98CH36250), IEEE GLOBECOM 1998, IEEE, SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA, pp. 3403-3407.
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Oppermann, I 1970, 'Quantization effects on a family of complex valued spreading sequences', 1988 IEEE 5th International Symposium on Spread Spectrum Techniques and Applications - Proceedings. Spread Technology to Africa (Cat. No.98TH8333), ISSSTA'98 International Symposium on Spread Spectrum Techniques and Applications, IEEE, SUN CITY, SOUTH AFRICA, pp. 696-700.
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Oppermann, I & Latva-Aho, M 1970, 'Capacity of a packetised wideband LMMSE CDMA system with antenna diversity', 1988 IEEE 5th International Symposium on Spread Spectrum Techniques and Applications - Proceedings. Spread Technology to Africa (Cat. No.98TH8333), ISSSTA'98 International Symposium on Spread Spectrum Techniques and Applications, IEEE, SUN CITY, SOUTH AFRICA, pp. 786-791.
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Oppermann, I & Latva-Aho, M 1970, 'Efficient packetised CDMA system for a high mobility urban environment', VTC '98. 48th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference. Pathway to Global Wireless Revolution (Cat. No.98CH36151), VTC '98. 48th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference. Pathway to a Global Wireless Revolution, IEEE, OTTAWA, CANADA, pp. 2192-2196.
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Perry, S & Sutton, J 1970, 'Sonar image enhancement in turbid environments', 1998 Joint Conference on Information Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.

Perry, SW & Ling Guan 1970, 'A statistics-based weight assignment in a Hopfield neural network for adaptive image restoration', 1998 IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks Proceedings. IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence (Cat. No.98CH36227), ICNN '98 - International Conference on Neural Networks, IEEE, ANCHORAGE, AK, pp. 922-927.
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Perry, SW & Ling Guan 1970, 'Perception based adaptive image restoration', Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ICASSP '98 (Cat. No.98CH36181), 1998 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, IEEE, SEATTLE, WA, pp. 2893-2896.
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Roughan, M, Veitch, D & Rumsewicz, M 1970, 'Computing queue-length distributions for power-law queues', Proceedings. IEEE INFOCOM '98, the Conference on Computer Communications. Seventeenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Gateway to the 21st Century (Cat. No.98CH36169), IEEE INFOCOM'98 Conference on Computer Communications Seventeenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies Gateway to the 21st Century, IEEE, IEEE, pp. 356-363.
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Roughan, M, Veitch, D, Abry, P, IEEE & IEEE 1970, 'On-line estimation of the parameters of long-range dependence', GLOBECOM 98: IEEE GLOBECOM 1998 - CONFERENCE RECORD, VOLS 1-6, IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM 98), IEEE, SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA, pp. 3716-3721.

Sirivivatnanon, V & Khatri, RP 1970, 'Selective use of Fly Ash concrete', American Concrete Institute, ACI Special Publication, pp. 37-57.
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Structural grade fly ash (FA) concrete and concrete with high volume of fly ash (HVFA) are well accepted and utilized in the Australian construction industry. These are concretes with fly ash (ASTM C 618 type F) making up between 10 and 50 %by weight of the total cementitious material. This paper is intended to demonstrate the importance of the selection of the appropriate amount of FA content for a range of applications. The durability performance of the FA concretes was compared with portland cement concretes of equivalent 28-day compressive strength, in terms of the resistance to carbonation, chloride penetration and sulfate attack. Some mixture design data for both FA and HVFA concretes and their mechanical properties are given. The likely optimum fly ash percentages for a range of applications are highlighted with respect to their properties and construction demands. It was found that a lower fly ash dosage would be more suitable for above-ground structures where a carbonation-related deterioration mechanism applied. However, for structures in aggressive sulfate ground condition or in marine environments, HVFA concrete was found to be much more suitable. Available field performance data have confirmed laboratory evaluated performance.

Stewart, MG 1970, 'A risk-benefit model incorporating serviceability loss functions', STRUCTURAL SAFETY AND RELIABILITY, VOLS. 1-3, 7th International Conference on Structural Safety and Reliability (ICOSSAR 97), A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS, JAPAN, INT ASSOC STRUCT SAFETY & RELIABIL, KYOTO, pp. 287-294.

Stewart, MG 1970, 'Risk-based approach to the assessment of existing bridges', Proceedings Conference of the Australian Road Research Board, pp. 181-205.
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Bridge performance can often be expressed in a reliability format, typically as the probability of failure. Information about present and anticipated bridge reliabilities, in conjunction with decision models, provides a rational and powerful decision-making tool for the structural assessment of bridges. For assessment purposes, an updated reliability (after an inspection) may be used for comparative or relative risk purposes. This may include the prioritization of risk management measures (risk ranking) for inspection, maintenance, repair or replacement. A risk-cost-benefit analysis may be used to quantify the expected cost of a decision. The present paper will present a broad overview of the concepts, methodology and immediate applications of risk-based assessments of bridges. In particular, two practical applications of reliability-based bridge assessment are considered. For example, a risk-cost-benefit analysis suggests that proof load testing may not be cost effective if the costs of bridge failure (unsuccessful test) and the test itself are considered.

Tellambura, C, Parker, MG & Barton, SK 1970, 'Channel estimation using discrete Fourier transform techniques', GLOBECOM 98: IEEE GLOBECOM 1998 - CONFERENCE RECORD, VOLS 1-6, IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM 98), IEEE, SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA, pp. 148-152.

Voinov, A, Costanza, R, Wainger, L, Boumans, R, Villa, F, Maxwell, T & Voinov, H 1970, 'Integrated ecological economic modeling of watersheds', PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1998 CONFERENCE ON MISSION EARTH: MODELING AND SIMULATION OF THE EARTH SYSTEM, Conference on Mission Earth - Modelling and Simulation of the Earth System, at the 1998 Western MultiConference, SOC COMPUTER SIMULATION, SAN DIEGO, CA, pp. 35-40.

Waldron, KJ 1970, 'Lower-Pair Joint Geometry', Volume 1B: 25th Biennial Mechanisms Conference, ASME 1998 Design Engineering Technical Conferences, American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
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Abstract This paper contains a geometrically based proof that the six lower pair joint types identified by Reuleaux are the only possible kinematic joints for which contact occurs solely over surfaces. The surface geometries for which line contact can occur and the relationship between the geometry of the contacting surfaces and the connectivity, or number of degrees of freedom of the joint is also discussed.

Wang, YJ & Lin, CT 1970, 'Runge Kutta Neural Network for identification of continuous systems', Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics, IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Intelligent Systems for Humans in a Cyberworld (SMC 98), IEEE, SAN DIEGO, CA, pp. 3277-3282.
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This paper proposes Runge Kutta Neural Networks (RKNNs) for identification of continuous-time nonlinear systems. These networks are constructed according to the Runge Kutta approximation method. The RKNNs can thus precisely model continuous-time systems and do long-term prediction of system state trajectories. Since the RKNNs model continuous-time systems, they can incorporate available continuous relationship (physical laws) of the identified systems into their structures directly. Also, they are insensitive to the size of sampling interval in prediction. We also show theoretically the superior generalization and long-term prediction capability of the RKNNs over the normal neural networks. A class of novel recursive least square (RLS) algorithms, called nonlinear recursive least square (NRLS) learning algorithms, are developed for the RKNNs. Computer simulations demonstrate the proved properties of the RKNNs.

Watterson, PA 1970, 'Phasor analysis of six-step 120° conduction permanent magnet motor drives', 1998 International Conference on Power Electronic Drives and Energy Systems for Industrial Growth, 1998. Proceedings., 1998 International Conference on Power Electronics Drives and Energy Systems for Industrial Growth, IEEE, pp. 558-561.
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© 1998 IEEE. The simplest drive for a permanent magnet motor is a three-phase bridge inverter switched according to the six-step, »120° conduction» algorithm. For the more complicated, higher frequency, switching algorithms which give (approximately) a sinusoidal current, phasor analysis of the per-phase equivalent circuit provides a simple accurate description of the phase current and voltage, at least for a motor with near-sinusoidal back-emf and near-uniform inductance. But for six-step switching, there are no well-known general formulae, even describing the relationship between applied DC voltage and motor no-load speed. This paper presents exact analytic phasor analysis for six-step, 120° conduction switching of permanent magnet motors with sinusoidal back-emf. Formulae are given for the fundamental components of voltage and current and for the inferred torque. These formulae enable the DC voltage and the switching advance angle to be determined to operate the motor at any desired torque, speed and fundamental current advance angle. In particular, it is frequently desired to operate the motor with minimum copper loss for a given torque. The copper loss will be close to minimum if the current fundamental is aligned with the back-emf. Using the formulae presented in the paper and a two-dimensional root-finding algorithm, the required switching angle and commutation angle can be determined and the DC link voltage inferred. The paper thus allows simple phasor analysis theory to be translated into six-step switching prescriptions.

Wu, XB & Esselle, KP 1970, 'Analytical formulation for three-dimensional scattering from an anisotropic-material-coated conducting rod', IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium. 1998 Digest. Antennas: Gateways to the Global Network. Held in conjunction with: USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting (Cat. No.98CH36194), IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium. 1998 Digest. Antennas: Gateways to the Global Network. Held in conjunction with: USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, IEEE, ATLANTA, GA, pp. 2160-2163.
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Zhang, C & Li, Y 1970, 'An algorithm for plan verification in multiple agent systems', Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 149-163.
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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1998. In this paper, we propose an algorithm which can improve Katz and Rosenschein’s plan verification algorithm. First, we represent the plan-like relations with adjacency lists and inverse adjacency lists to replace adjacency matrixes. Then, we present a method to avoid generating useless sub-graphs while generating the compressed set. Last, we compare two plan verification algorithms. We not only prove that our algorithm is correct, but also prove that our algorithm is better than Katz and Rosenschein’s algorithm both on time complexity and space complexity.

Zhang, C & Luo, X 1970, 'Transformation between the EMYCIN model and the Bayesian network', Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 205-219.
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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1998. If different expert systems use different uncertain reasoning models in a distributed expert system, it is necessary to transform the uncertainty of a proposition from one model to another when they cooperate to solve problems. This paper looks at ways to transform uncertainties between the EMYCIN model and the Bayesian network. In the past, the uncertainty management scheme employed the most extensively in expert systems was the EMYCIN model. Now the scheme is turning towards the Bayesian network. If we can combine, by means of the Internet, pre-existing stand-alone expert systems that use these two models into a distributed expert system, the ability of these individual expert systems in their real applications will be greatly improved. The work described in this paper is an important step in this direction.

Zhang, DM & Alem, L 1970, 'A generic case-based framework for assisting instructional design', ADVANCES IN CASE-BASED REASONING, 4th European Workshop on Case-Based Reasoning (EWCBR 98), Springer Berlin Heidelberg, TRINITY COLL, DUBLIN, IRELAND, pp. 322-333.
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Zhang, DM, Alem, L & Yacef, K 1970, 'Using multi-agent approach for the design of an intelligent learning environment', Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 220-230.
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Zhong, M, Zhu, J, Ramsden, VS & Guo, Y 1970, 'Magnetic Properties of Composite Soft Magnetic Materials with 2-D Fluxes', Proceedings of Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, University of Tasmania, Australia, Hobart, Australia, pp. 377-382.

Zhu, JG, Lu, HY, Ramsden, VS & Tran, K 1970, 'Temperature dependence of magnetic hysteresis of soft ferrites', NON-LINEAR ELECTROMAGNETIC SYSTEMS, 8th International Symposium on Non-Linear Electromagnetic Systems (ISEM Braunschweig), I O S PRESS, BRAUNSCHWEIG, GERMANY, pp. 495-498.

Zowghi, D & Nurmuliani, N 1970, 'Investigating Requirements Volatility During Software Development: Research in Progress', Proceedings of the Third Australian Conference on Requirements Engineering, Australian Workshop on Requirements Engineering, Victoria.