Publications

Law, S-S & Zhu, X-Q 2009, Damage Models and Algorithms for Assessment of Structures under Operating Conditions Structures and Infrastructures Book Series, CRC Press.
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This book is devoted to the condition assessment of a structure under operational loading, with most of the illustrations related to a bridge deck under a group of moving vehicular loads.

Niu, L, Lu, J & Zhang, G 2009, Cognition-Driven Decision Support for Business Intelligence, 1st, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin/Heidelberg.
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Cognition-driven decision support system (DSS) has been recognized as a paradigm in the research and development of business intelligence (BI). Cognitive decision support aims to help managers in their decision making from human cognitive aspects, such as thinking, sensing, understanding and predicting, and fully reuse their experience. Among these cognitive aspects, decision makers situation awareness (SA) and mental models are considered to be two important prerequisites fordecision making , particularly in ill-structured and dynamic decision situations with uncertainties, time pressure and high personal stake. In todays business domain,decision making is becoming increasingly complex. To make a successful decision, managers SA about their business environments becomes a critical factor. This book presents theoretical models as well practical techniques of cognitiondriven DSS. It first introduces some important concepts of cognition orientation indecision making process and some techniques in related research areas including DSS, data warehouse and BI, offering readers a preliminary for moving forward in this book. It then proposes a cognition-driven decision process (CDDP) model which incorporates SA and experience (mental models) as its central components. The goal of the CDDP model is to facilitate cognitive decision support to managers on the basis of BI systems. It also presents relevant techniques developed to support the implementation of the CDDP model in a BI environment

Yap, K-H, Guan, L, Perry, S & Wong, H-S 2009, Adaptive Image Processing, CRC Press.
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Yap, K-H, Guan, L, Perry, SW & Wong, HS 2009, Adaptive Image Processing A Computational Intelligence Perspective, Second Edition, CRC Press.
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Emphasizing developments in state-of-the-art CI techniques, such as content-based image retrieval, this book continues to provide educators, students, researchers, engineers, and technical managers in visual information processing with the ...

Yu, JX, Qin, L & Chang, L 2009, Keyword Search in Databases, 1, Morgan & Claypool Publishers, NA.
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It has become highly desirable to provide users with ?exible ways to query/search information over databases as simple as keyword search like Google search. This book surveys the recent developments on keyword search over databases, and focuses on ?nding structural information among objects in a database using a set of keywords. Such structural information to be returned can be either trees or subgraphs representing how the objects, that contain the required keywords, are interconnected in a relational database or in an XML database. The structural keyword search is completely different from ?nding documents that contain all the user-given keywords. The former focuses on the interconnected object structures, whereas the latter focuses on the object content. The book is organized as follows. In Chapter 1, we highlight the main research issues on the structural keyword search in different contexts. In Chapter 2, we focus on supporting structural keyword search in a relational database management system using the SQL query language. We concentrate on how to generate a set of SQL queries that can ?nd all the structural information among records in a relational database completely, and how to evaluate the generated set of SQL queries ef?ciently.In Chapter 3,we discuss graph algorithms for structural keyword search by treating an entire relational database as a large data graph. In Chapter 4, we discuss structural keyword search in a large tree-structured XML database.In Chapter 5,we highlight several interesting research issues regarding keyword search on databases. The book can be used as either an extended survey for people who are interested in the structural keyword search or a reference book for a postgraduate course on the related topics.

Yu, K, Sharp, I & Guo, YJ 2009, Ground‐Based Wireless Positioning, Wiley.
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Ground Based Wireless Positioning provides an in-depth treatment of non-GPS based wireless positioning techniques, with a balance between theory and engineering practice. The book presents the architecture, design and testing of a variety of wireless positioning systems based on the time-of-arrival, signal strength, and angle-of-arrival measurements. These techniques are essential for developing accurate wireless positioning systems which can operate reliably in both indoor and outdoor environments where the Global Positioning System (GPS) proves to be inadequate. The book covers a wide range of issues including radio propagation, parameter identification, statistical signal processing, optimization, and localization in large and multi-hop networks. A comprehensive study on the state-of-the-art techniques and methodologies in wireless positioning and tracking is provided, including anchor-based and anchor-free localisation in wireless sensor networks (WSN). The authors address real world issues such as multipath, non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation, accuracy limitations and measurement errors. Presenting the latest advances in the field, Ground Based Wireless Positioning is one of the first books to cover non-GPS based technologies for wireless positioning. It serves as an indispensable reference for researchers and engineers specialising in the fields of localization and tracking, and wireless sensor networks. • Provides a comprehensive treatment of methodologies and algorithms for positioning and tracking • Includes practical issues and case studies in designing real wireless positioning systems • Explains non-line-of-sight (NLOS) radio propagation and NLOS mitigation techniques • Balances solid theory with engineering practice of non-GPS wireless systems. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Alem, L 2009, 'Presence in Video-Mediated Interactions: Case Studies at CSIRO' in Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Springer London, pp. 369-392.
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Cao, L 2009, 'Actionable Knowledge Discovery' in Mehdi Khosrow-Pour (ed), Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Second Edition, IGI Global, Hershey, PA, USA, pp. 8-13.
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Actionable knowledge discovery is selected as one of the greatest challenges (Ankerst, 2002; Fayyad, Shapiro, & Uthurusamy, 2003) of next-generation knowledge discovery in database (KDD) studies (Han & Kamber, 2006). In the existing data mining, often mined patterns are nonactionable to real user needs. To enhance knowledge actionability, domain-related social intelligence is substantially essential (Cao et al., 2006b). The involvement of domain-related social intelligence into data mining leads to domaindriven data mining (Cao & Zhang, 2006a, 2007a), which complements traditional data-centered mining methodology. Domain-related social intelligence consists of intelligence of human, domain, environment, society and cyberspace, which complements data intelligence. The extension of KDD toward domain-driven data mining involves many challenging but promising research and development issues in KDD. Studies in regard to these issues may promote the paradigm shift of KDD from data-centered interesting pattern mining to domain-driven actionable knowledge discovery, and the deployment shift from simulated data set-based to real-life data and business environment-oriented as widely predicted.

Cao, L 2009, 'Introduction to Agent Mining Interaction and Integration' in Longbing Cao (ed), Data Mining and Multi-agent Integration, Springer US, New York, USA, pp. 3-36.
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In recent years, more and morc researchers have been involved in research on both agent technology and data mining. A clear disciplinary effort has been activa ted toward removing the boundary between them, that is the interaction and integrati on be tween agent technology and data mining. We refer this to agent mining as a new area. The marriage of agents and data mining is driven by challenges faced by both communities, and the need of developing more advanced intelligence, in formation processi ng and systems. This chapter presents an overall picture of agent mining from the perspective of positioning it as an emerging area. We summarize the main driving forces, compleme ntary essence, di sci plinary framework , applications, case studies, and trends and directions, as well as brief observation on agent-driven data mining, data mining-driven agents, and mutual issues in agent mini ng. Arguably, we draw the following conclusions: (I) agent mining emerges as a new area in the scientific fam il y, (2) both agent technology and data mining can greatly benefit from agent mining, (3) it is very promising to resu lL in additional advancement in intelligent information processing and systems. However, as a new open area, there are many issues waiting for research and development from theoretical, technological and practical perspectives.

Cao, L & He, X-Z 2009, 'Developing actionable trading agents' in Jain, LC & Nguyen, NT (eds), Knowledge Processing and Decision Making in Agent-Based Systems, Springer, Berlin, Germany, pp. 193-215.
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Trading agents are useful for developing and back-testing quality trading strategies to support smart trading actions in the market. However, most of the existing trading agent research oversimplifies trading strategies, and focuses on simulated ones. As a result, there exists a big gap between the deliverables and business needs when the developed strategies are deployed into the real life. Therefore, the actionable capability of developed trading agents is often very limited. This paper for the first time introduces effective approaches for optimizing and integrating multiple classes of strategies through trading agent collaboration. An integration and optimization approach is proposed to identify optimal trading strategy in each category, and further integrate optimal strategies crossing classes. Positions associated with these optimal strategies are recommended for trading agents to take actions in the market. Extensive experiments on a large quantity of real-life market data show that trading agents following the recommended strategies have great potential to obtain high benefits while low costs. This verifies that it is promising to develop trading agents toward workable and satisfying business needs.

Chaczko, Z & Resconi, G 2009, 'Morphotronic System Applications' in Moreno-Diaz, R, Pichler, F & Quesada-Arencibia Alexis, A (eds), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Las Palmas, Spain, pp. 905-912.
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This paper discusses a newly proposed Morphotronic System paradigm that can be used as a general computation model for construction of software. The Morphotronic System allows for a definition of very flexible software prototypes, in which a processing path can be interpreted as an extremum principle. This approach offers a significant improvement to traditional software practices. The system purpose is stated as a conceptual input to the computer system at a starting point of the computation process while the local machine state is completely ignored. The system context and its rules are generated as resources to allocate the computational components. The morphotronic system applies non-Euclidean geometry which allows to shape the context and to define the projection operators for an ideal network of forms.

Chen, F & Sun, Y 2009, 'An Efficient Unification-Based Multimodal Language Processor for Multimodal Input Fusion' in Multimodal Human Computer Interaction and Pervasive Services, IGI Global, pp. 58-86.
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Multimodal user interaction technology aims at building natural and intuitive interfaces allowing a user to interact with computers in a way similar to human-to-human communication, for example, through speech and gestures. As a critical component in a multimodal user interface, multimodal input fusion explores ways to effectively derive the combined semantic interpretation of user inputs through multiple modalities. Based on state–of-the-art review on multimodal input fusion approaches, this chapter presents a novel approach to multimodal input fusion based on speech and gesture; or speech and eye tracking. It can also be applied for other input modalities and extended to more than two modalities. It is the first time that a powerful combinational categorical grammar is adopted in multimodal input fusion. The effectiveness of the approach has been validated through user experiments, which indicated a low polynomial computational complexity while parsing versatile multimodal input patterns. It is very useful for mobile context. Future trends in multimodal input fusion will be discussed at the end of this chapter.

Dong, G, Li, J, Liu, G & Wong, L 2009, 'Mining Conditional Contrast Patterns' in Post-Mining of Association Rules, IGI Global, pp. 294-310.
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This chapter considers the problem of “conditional contrast pattern mining.” It is related to contrast mining, where one considers the mining of patterns/models that contrast two or more datasets, classes, conditions, time periods, and so forth. Roughly speaking, conditional contrasts capture situations where a small change in patterns is associated with a big change in the matching data of the patterns. More precisely, a conditional contrast is a triple (B, F1, F2) of three patterns; B is the condition/context pattern of the conditional contrast, and F1 and F2 are the contrasting factors of the conditional contrast. Such a conditional contrast is of interest if the difference between F1 and F2 as itemsets is relatively small, and the difference between the corresponding matching dataset of B?F1 and that of B?F2 is relatively large. It offers insights on “discriminating” patterns for a given condition B. Conditional contrast mining is related to frequent pattern mining and analysis in general, and to the mining and analysis of closed pattern and minimal generators in particular. It can also be viewed as a new direction for the analysis (and mining) of frequent patterns. After formalizing the concepts of conditional contrast, the chapter will provide some theoretical results on conditional contrast mining. These results (i) relate conditional contrasts with closed patterns and their minimal generators, (ii) provide a concise representation for conditional contrasts, and (iii) establish a so-called dominance-beam property. An efficient algorithm will be proposed based on these results, and experiment results will be reported. Related works will also be discussed.

Feng, M, Li, J, Dong, G & Wong, L 2009, 'Maintenance of Frequent Patterns' in Post-Mining of Association Rules, IGI Global, pp. 273-293.
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This chapter surveys the maintenance of frequent patterns in transaction datasets. It is written to be accessible to researchers familiar with the field of frequent pattern mining. The frequent pattern maintenance problem is summarized with a study on how the space of frequent patterns evolves in response to data updates. This chapter focuses on incremental and decremental maintenance. Four major types of maintenance algorithms are studied: Apriori-based, partition-based, prefix-tree-based, and conciserepresentation- based algorithms. The authors study the advantages and limitations of these algorithms from both the theoretical and experimental perspectives. Possible solutions to certain limitations are also proposed. In addition, some potential research opportunities and emerging trends in frequent pattern maintenance are also discussed.

Feuerlicht, G 2009, 'The Impact of New Trends in the Delivery and Utilization of Enterprise ICT on Supplier and User Organizations' in Al-Hakim, L & Memmola, M (eds), Business Web Strategy, IGI Global, USA, pp. 46-60.
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Enterprise information systems have rapidly evolved over the last decade. We expect these changes to accelerate during this decade as a result of new trends in enterprise computing. We argue in this chapter that information and communication technology (ICT) remains strategically important to organizations in the 21st century despite the prevailing trend to outsource ICT and related business processes. We have identified a number of important trends that include the move towards the software as a service (SaaS) model for enterprise applications, increased commitment to process orientation, and emphasis on managing the relationship between business and ICT using services. These trends lead to more effective management of ICT and closer integration of ICT with entrepreneurial activities and business processes in organizations, resulting in improvements in return on investment. These trends will have dramatic impact on both the suppliers and users of ICT, and will necessitate the reevaluation of the approach to ICT education as both the composition and qualifications of ICT workforce will undergo a fundamental change.

Franco, UA, Paul, JK, Daniel, RC, Dachuan, G & Simeon, JS 2009, 'Microarray Data Mining: Selecting Trustworthy Genes with Gene Feature Ranking' in Data Mining for Business Applications, Springer US, New York, USA, pp. 159-168.
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Gene expression datasets used in biomedical data mining frequently have two characteristics: they have many thousand attributes but only relatively few sample points and the measurements are noisy. In other words, individual expression measurements may be untrustworthy. Gene Feature Ranking (GFR) is a feature selection methodology that addresses these domain specific characteristics by selecting features (i.e. genes) based on two criteria: (i) how well the gene can discriminate between classes of patient and (ii) the trustworthiness of the microarray data associated with the gene. An example from the pediatric cancer domain demonstrates the use of GFR and compares its performance with a feature selection method that does not explicitly address the trustworthiness of the underlying data. © 2009 Springer US.

Guertler, MR 2009, 'Verknüpfung unterschiedlicher Sichten auf Entwicklungsprozesse: Matrix-basierter Umgang mit Entscheidungspunkten' in Buchenau, S & Rietz, G (eds), Geschäftsprozesse im Projektmanagement Best Practices der Implementierung, BoD – Books on Demand, pp. 13-100.

Guo, W & Ngo, H 2009, 'Specific options in biological wastewater treatment for reclamation and reuse' in Vigneswaran, S (ed), Water and Wastewater Treatment Technologies, EOLSS (Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems) Publications, Oxford, UK, pp. 308-378.
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This chapter focuses on a number of specific biological treatment technologies as options to wastewater reclamation with specific reference to concepts, treatment processes and configurations and its performance. These biological technologies will be classified and discussed in two main categories of non-membrane biological and membrane biological treatment systems.

JIN, ZM, WILLIAMS, S, TIPPER, J, INGHAM, E & FISHER, J 2009, 'TRIBOLOGY OF METAL-ON-METAL ARTIFICIAL HIP JOINTS' in Biomechanical Systems Technology, World Scientific Publishing Company, pp. 279-307.
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© 2009 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. Natural hip joints are briefly introduced, followed by artificial hip replacements. The main problem of osteolysis and loosening of prosthetic components in current polyethylene hip joints is briefly discussed, and alternative bearings, such as metal-on-metal, are introduced. A brief account of the historical development of metal-on-metal hip joint replacements is presented. An overview is given to tribology and its scope, as well as associated techniques. Detailed discussion of results and important findings for metal-onmetal hip implants are presented for contact mechanics, friction, lubrication, and wear. The importance of integrated studies of friction, wear, and lubrication is demonstrated in order to understand the complex tribology mechanism in metal-on-metal hip implants. Concerns about the long-term potential adverse biological reactions due to metallic ions and debris are discussed, and the importance of coupled tribological-biological studies of metal-on-metal hip implants is emphasized. Finally, future developments of both tribological techniques and new hip joint implants are summarized.

L.Tipper, J, Richards, L, Ingham, E & Fisher, J 2009, 'Characterization of UHMWPE Wear Particles' in UHMWPE Biomaterials Handbook, Elsevier, pp. 409-422.
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This chapter clearly shows that there are many published methods suitable for separating and characterizing ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) wear particles from tissues and simulator lubricants. Initial attempts to characterize UHMWPE wear particles released into the periprosthetic tissues around failing implants used histological staining and polarized light microscopy to identify UHMWPE. Many of these methods successfully remove proteins and lipids from particles, preserve particle morphology, and yield similar particle size distributions. Clearly, advances in technology are continually being employed and the limitations of each method are now widely recognized. Particle characterization, in terms of size and volume distributions and particle contribution to the osteolytic potential of new and existing UHMWPE materials, is recognized by academic and industrial stakeholders as being an important step in the preclinical assessment of total joint replacements. However, there is no one standard method for isolation or characterization of UHMWPE particles that can be applied to both tissues and simulator lubricant samples, and this would clearly be advantageous. © 2009 Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Lin, C-T, Chen, C-H & Lin, C-J 2009, 'Nonlinear System Control Using Functional-link-based Neuro-fuzzy Networks' in Recent Advances in Intelligent Control Systems, Springer London, pp. 249-275.
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This study presents a functional-link-based neuro-fuzzy network (FLNFN) structure for nonlinear system control. The proposed FLNFN model uses a functional link neural network (FLNN) to the consequent part of the fuzzy rules. This study uses orthogonal polynomials and linearly independent functions in a functional expansion of the FLNN. Thus, the consequent part of the proposed FLNFN model is a nonlinear combination of input variables. An online learning algorithm, which consists of structure learning and parameter learning, is also presented. The structure learning depends on the entropy measure to determine the number of fuzzy rules. The parameter learning, based on the gradient descent method, can adjust the shape of the membership function and the corresponding weights of the FLNN. Finally, the FLNFN model is applied in various simulations. Results of this study demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed FLNFN model. © 2009 Springer London.

Listowski, A, Ngo, H, Guo, W, Vigneswaran, S & Palmer, CG 2009, 'Assessment methodologies for water reuse scheme and technology' in Vigneswaran, S (ed), Water and Wastewater Treatment Technologies, EOLSS (Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems) Publications, Oxford, UK, pp. 279-320.
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This chapter illustrates the most basis assessment methodologies as decision support system and assessment framework for water reuse scheme and technology evaluation. It includes the analyses of life cycle, material flow, ecological footprint, health risk, energy consumption and economic and social impact in order to form rational concepts and approaches towards a comprehensive assessment method for water reuse.

Longbing, C 2009, 'Introduction to Domain Driven Data Mining' in Cao, L, Yu, PS, Zhang, C & Zhang, H (eds), Data Mining for Business Applications, Springer US, New York, USA, pp. 3-10.
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The mainstream data mining faces critical challenges and lacks of soft power in solving real-world complex problems when deployed. Following the paradigm shift from 'data mining' to 'knowledge discovery', we believe much more thorough efforts are essential for promoting the wide acceptance and employment of knowledge discovery in real-world smart decision making. To this end, we expect a new paradigm shift from 'data-centered knowledge discovery' to 'domain-driven actionable knowledge discovery'. In the domain-driven actionable knowledge discovery, ubiquitous intelligence must be involved and meta-synthesized into the mining process, and an actionable knowledge discovery-based problem-solving system is formed as the space for data mining. This is the motivation and aim of developing Domain Driven Data Mining (D 3 M for short). This chapter briefs the main reasons, ideas and open issues in D 3 M. © 2009 Springer US.

Müller-Tomfelde, C & Chen, F 2009, 'Temporal and Spatial Aspects of Pointing Gestures' in Multimodal Human Computer Interaction and Pervasive Services, IGI Global, pp. 166-186.
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The detailed and profound understanding of the temporal and spatial organisation of human pointing actions is key to enable developers to build applications that successfully incorporate multimodal human computer interaction. Rather than discussing an ideal detection method for manual pointing we will discuss crucial aspects of pointing actions in time and space to develop the right solution for a particular application. One core element of pointing in the temporal domain is the so called dwell-time, the time span that people remain nearly motionless during pointing at objects to express their intention. We also discuss important findings about the spatial characteristics of the target representation for the pointing gesture.The findings foster better understanding of the role of pointing gestures in combination with other modalities and inform developer with substantial knowledge about the temporal-spatial organisation of the pointing gesture.

Ngo, H, Guo, W & Xing, W 2009, 'Applied technologies in municipal solid waste landfill leachate treatment' in Vigneswaran, S (ed), Water and Wastewater Treatment Technologies, EOLSS (Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems) Publications, Oxford, UK, pp. 199-257.
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This chapter illustrates the municipal solid waste landfillâs characteristics and discharge standard, its pollution problems and environmental impacts, and its typical applied solution technologies. The applied treatment technologies are discussed based on two main catalogues of conventional and advanced technologies. The conventional technologies include: (i) physico-chemical (coagulation-flocculation, chemical precipitation, activated carbon adsorption, ion exchange, membrane filtration, chemical oxidation etc.); (ii) biological (aerobic or anaerobic conditions, suspended-growth or attached-growth conditions, and fixed-bed or moving-bed conditions). The advanced technologies are introduced to three integration groups of (i) physicochemical, (ii) multi-biological, and (iii) physicochemical-biological processes.

Niu, L, Lu, J & Zhang, G 2009, 'A Cognition-Driven Decision Support System: FACETS' in Studies in Computational Intelligence, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 143-156.
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Niu, L, Lu, J & Zhang, G 2009, 'Application Cases of FACETS' in Studies in Computational Intelligence, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 179-214.
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Niu, L, Lu, J & Zhang, G 2009, 'Business Intelligence' in Studies in Computational Intelligence, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 19-29.
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Niu, L, Lu, J & Zhang, G 2009, 'Cognition in Business Decision Support Systems' in Studies in Computational Intelligence, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 39-50.
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Niu, L, Lu, J & Zhang, G 2009, 'Cognition-Driven Decision Processes' in Studies in Computational Intelligence, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 53-73.
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Niu, L, Lu, J & Zhang, G 2009, 'Data Warehouse Query Construction and Situation Presentation' in Studies in Computational Intelligence, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 119-139.
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Niu, L, Lu, J & Zhang, G 2009, 'Decision Making and Decision Support Systems' in Studies in Computational Intelligence, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 3-18.
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Niu, L, Lu, J & Zhang, G 2009, 'Domain Knowledge Representation and Processing' in Studies in Computational Intelligence, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 77-96.
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Niu, L, Lu, J & Zhang, G 2009, 'Evaluation of Algorithms and FACETS' in Studies in Computational Intelligence, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 157-177.
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Niu, L, Lu, J & Zhang, G 2009, 'Managerial Cognition' in Studies in Computational Intelligence, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 31-37.
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Niu, L, Lu, J & Zhang, G 2009, 'Natural Language Processing for Situation Awareness' in Studies in Computational Intelligence, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 97-118.
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Resconi, G & Chaczko, Z 2009, 'Morphotronic System (Theory)' in NA (ed), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Las Palmas Spain, pp. 9-16.
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The Morphotronic approach postulates a significant improvement to traditional system design thinking based on the Turing Machine model. The paper presents a range of important concepts and definitions supporting this proposition.The Morphotronic system represents an abstract universe of the objects. This universe of objects has two interpretations as in the case of the voltages and currents in the electrical circuit. For the space of the voltages the objects are the voltages at edges of the electrical circuit. For the current space of the currents the objects are the currents in any edge. The dimension of the object space is equal to the number of edges in the electrical circuit. Such a space allows dual interpretation of the current and voltages. Other possible dual variables can be used in the morphotronic system as forces and the fluxes in mechanics or dissipative thermodynamics, in a general way the dual interpretation of the object space will be denoted as causes and effects. The morphogenetic system can be modelled by samples of the causes and effects. The morphotronic system with the samples generates the algorithm to implement the purpose in the system. Providing that the samples of the effect and the purpose denote a virtual cause, the vector E can be computed so that it represents the effective origin of the causes inside the purpose map. With the cause-effect rule the effective causes can be computed obtaining results that are coherent with the samples. Providing that the virtual cause is given by purpose the effective causes can be generated in agreement with the samples. The described algorithm is denoted as the projection operator that transforms a virtual cause (purpose) into an effective cause.

Ruiz, N, Chen, F & Oviatt, S 2009, 'Multimodal input' in Multimodal Signal Processing: Theory and Applications for Human-Computer Interaction, pp. 231-255.
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This chapter reviews the advantages of multimodal interfaces and presents some examples of state-of-the-art multimodal systems. The focus is on the links between multimodality and cognition, namely the application of human cognitive processing models to improve understanding of multimodal behavior in different contexts, particularly in situations of high mental demand. The growing interest in multimodal interface design is inspired largely by the goal of supporting more flexible, powerfully expressive, and low cognitive load means of human-computer interaction (HCI). They have the potential to expand computing to more mobile and complex real-world applications, to be used by a broader spectrum of everyday people and to accommodate more adverse usage conditions than in the past. The state-of-the-art multimodal input systems are currently only able to process two to three modal input channels, are application-specific, and have limited interaction vocabularies and grammars. The two most mature types of multimodal systems, in which the keyboard and mouse have been completely replaced, are those that combine either speech and pen input or speech and lip movements.

Shon, H 2009, 'Characteristics of Effluent Organic Matter in Wastewater' in Water and Wastewater Treatment Technologies, UNESCO & Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), Paris, France.

Shon, H 2009, 'Membrane Technology for Organic Removal in Wastewater' in Water and Wastewater Treatment Technologies, UNESCO & Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), Paris, France.

Silverman, BG, Bharathy, G & Kim, GJ 2009, 'Challenges of Country Modeling with Databases, Newsfeeds, and Expert Surveys.' in Uhrmacher, AM & Weyns, D (eds), Multi-Agent Systems, CRC Press / Taylor & Francis, pp. 271-300.
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Silverman, BG, Bharathy, GK & Nye, BD 2009, 'Gaming and Simulating Ethno-Political Conflicts' in Computational Methods for Counterterrorism, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 275-301.
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This chapter begins by describing a universally recurring socio-cultural game of inter-group competition for control of resources. It next describes efforts to author software agents able to play the game as real humans would - which suggests the ability to study alternative ways to influence them, observe PMESII effects, and potentially understand how best to alter the outcomes of potential conflict situations. These agents are unscripted, but use their decision making to react to events as they unfold and to plan out responses. For each agent, a software called PMFserv operates its perception and runs its physiology and personality/value system to determine fatigue and hunger, injuries and related stressors, grievances, tension buildup, impact of rumors and speech acts, emotions, and various collective and individual action decisions. The chapter wraps up with a correspondence test from a SE Asian ethnic conflict, the results of which indicate significant correlation between real and agentbased outcomes. © 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Simon, P & Thomas, P 2009, 'Application of Isoconversional Methods for the Processes Occurring in Glassy and Amorphous Materials' in Sestak, J, Holocek, M & Malek, J (eds), Some thermodynamic, structural and behavioral aspects of materials accentuating non-crystalline states, Nymburk, Pilsen, Czech Republic, pp. 248-264.

Sinha, S, Chaczko, Z & Klempous, R 2009, 'SNIPER: A Wireless Sensor Network Simulator' in Moreno-Diaz, R, Pichler, F & Quesada-Arencibia, A (eds), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Las Palmas, Spain, pp. 913-920.
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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is fast becoming the holy grail of digital surveillance, data monitoring and analysis. Being relatively cheap, low-powered and easy to deploy WSNs is being adopted in a range of different fields. Currently, the focus is towards optimizing techniques used to form sensor clusters and to route data within a network. In order to satisfy these goals a significant amount of research is being done globally and what tends to be lacking at times is the right tools to make such research work less time consuming and inexpensive. The use of simulation tools is one such adaptation that can help researchers closely analyse a particular aspect of WSN while sticking with a known environment that is applicable to other scenarios in a similar way. This paper presents the performance and features of WSNSim, a WSN Simulator and the immediate advantages that can be experienced by researchers working on various realms in this area.

Thomas, P, Heide, KÅ, esták, J, Füglein, EÅ & imon, P 2009, 'Properties of Some Natural Glasses: Australian Opals and Czech Moldavites' in aroslav, ÅEK, Miroslav, HE & JiÅ, ÃML (eds), Some thermodynamic, structural and behavioral aspects of materials accentuating non-crystalline stat, Nymburk, PlzeÅ¿, pp. 200-218.

Tran, Q, Henderson-Sellers, B & Hawryszkiewycz, IT 2009, 'Handbook of Research on Modern Systems Analysis and Design Technologies and Applications' in Syed, MR & Syed, SN (eds), Handbook of Research on Modern Systems Analysis and Design Technologies, IGI Global, Hershey, PA, USA, pp. 243-269.
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Method fragments for work units and workflows are identified for the support of agile methodologies. Using one such situational method engineering approach, the OPEN Process Framework, we show how the full set of these newly identified agile method fragments, each created from the relevant powertype pattern as standardized in the Australian Standard methodology metamodel of AS 4651, can be used to recreate four of the currently available agile methods: XP, Scrum, and two members of the Crystal familythus providing an initial validation of the approach and the specifically proposed method fragments for agile software development.

Tran, QNN, Henderson-Sellers, B & Hawryszkiewycz, I 2009, 'Agile Method Fragments and Construction Validation' in Handbook of Research on Modern Systems Analysis and Design Technologies and Applications, IGI Global, pp. 243-270.
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Method fragments for work units and workflows are identified for the support of agile methodologies. Using one such situational method engineering approach, the OPEN Process Framework, we show how the full set of these newly identified agile method fragments, each created from the relevant powertype pattern as standardized in the Australian Standard methodology metamodel of AS 4651, can be used to recreate four of the currently available agile methods: XP, Scrum, and two members of the Crystal family—thus providing an initial validation of the approach and the specifically proposed method fragments for agile software development.

Tu, P, Huang, X & Dutkiewicz, E 2009, 'Adaptive Subband Selection in OFDM-BasedCognitive Radios' in Cognitive Radio Systems, InTech.
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Wang, D, Kwok, NM, Liu, DK & Ha, QP 2009, 'Ranked Pareto Particle Swarm Optimization for Mobile Robot Motion Planning' in Liu, D, Wang, L & Tan, KC (eds), Studies in Computational Intelligence, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 97-118.
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The Force Field (F 2) method is a novel approach for multi-robot motion planning and coordination. The setting of parameters in the (F 2) method, noticeably, can affect its performance. In this research, we present the Ranked Pareto Particle Swarm Optimization (RPPSO) approach as an extension of the basic idea of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), which makes it capable of solving multiobjective optimization problems efficiently. In the RPPSO, particles are initiated randomly in the search space; these particles are then evaluated for their qualities with regard to all objectives. Those particles with highly-ranked qualities have preferences to enter the set of Global Best vectors, which stores many currently best solutions found by particles. Thus, particles in RPPSO will search towards many possible directions and the diversity among solutions is well preserved. Ideally, a set of optimal solutions will be found when the termination criterion is met. The effectiveness of the proposed RPPSO is verified in simulation studies. Satisfactory results are obtained for multiobjective optimization problems of multi-robot motion planning in challenging environments with obstacles. © 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Weily, AR, Bird, TS, Esselle, KP & Sanders, BC 2009, 'EBG Materials and Antennas' in Advanced Millimeter-Wave Technologies, Wiley, pp. 413-450.
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Wu, S, Zhao, Y, Zhang, H, Zhang, C, Cao, L & Bohlscheid, H 2009, 'Debt Detection in Social Security by Adaptive Sequence Classification' in Karagiannis, D & Jin, Z (eds), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 192-203.
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Debt detection is important for improving payment accuracy in social security. Since debt detection from customer transaction data can be generally modelled as a fraud detection problem, a straightforward solution is to extract features from transaction sequences and build a sequence classifier for debts. For long-running debt detections, the patterns in the transaction sequences may exhibit variation from time to time, which makes it imperative to adapt classification to the pattern variation. In this paper, we present a novel adaptive sequence classification framework for debt detection in a social security application. The central technique is to catch up with the pattern variation by boosting discriminative patterns and depressing less discriminative ones according to the latest sequence data. © 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Ye, Y, He, S, Li, J, Jia, W & Wu, Q 2009, 'Rough Sets and Knowledge Technology' in Wen, P, Li, Y, Polkowski, L, Yao, Y, Tsumoto, S & Wang, G (eds), Rough Sets and Knowledge Technology, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Germany, pp. 571-578.
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Spiral Architecture, a hexagonal image structure is a novel and powerful approach to machine vision system. The pixels on Spiral architecture are geometrically arranged using a 1D (Spiral) addressing scheme in an ascending order along a spiral-like curve. Spiral addition and Spiral multiplication are defined based on the Spiral addresses on Spiral Architecture. These two fundamental operations result in fast and easy translation, rotation and separation on images, and hence play very important roles for image processing on Spiral Architecture. Moreover, 2D coordinates according to rows and columns defined on Spiral Structure provide a good mapping to the ordinary 2D coordinates defined on the common square image structure. Therefore, how to convert the 1D Spiral addresses from and to the 2D coordinates on Spiral Architecture has become very important to apply the theory developed on a hexagonal image structure for image processing (e.g., rotation). In this paper, we perform a fast way to correctly locate any hexagonal pixel when its Spiral address is known, and compute the Spiral address of any hexagonal pixel when its location is known. As an illustration of the use of conversions, we demonstrate the accurate image translation and rotation using experimental results.

Ying, M, Duan, R, Feng, Y & Ji, Z 2009, 'Predicate Transformer Semantics of Quantum Programs' in Gay, S & Mackie, I (eds), Semantic Techniques in Quantum Computation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 311-360.
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This chapter presents a systematic exposition of predicate transformer semantics for quantum programs. It is divided into two parts: The first part reviews the state transformer (forward) semantics of quantum programs according to Selingerâs suggestion of representing quantum programs by superoperators and elucidates DâHondt-Panangadenâs theory of quantum weakest preconditions in detail. In the second part, we develop a quite complete predicate transformer semantics of quantum programs based on Birkhoffâvon Neumann quantum logic by considering only quantum predicates expressed by projection operators. In particular, the universal coujunctivity and termination law of quantum programs are proved, and Hoareâs induction rule is established in the quantum setting.

Zhang, Y & Xu, G 2009, 'Singular Value Decomposition' in Encyclopedia of Database Systems, Springer US, pp. 2657-2658.
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Zhang, Z, Grover, DP & Zhou, JL 2009, 'Monitoring of Pharmaceutical Residues in Sewage Effluents' in Nollet, LML (ed), Handbook of Water Purity and Quality, Elsevier, Iowa, pp. 315-342.
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The impact of chemical pollution has focused almost exclusively on the conventional priority pollutants. The growing use of pharmaceuticals worldwide, classified as emerging pollutants, has become a new environmental problem, which has raised great concern among scientists in the last few years. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are major contributors of pharmaceuticals in the environment. Because of their high consumption, pharmaceuticals along with their metabolites are continuously introduced to sewage systems, mainly through excreta, disposal of unused or expired drugs, or directly from pharmaceutical discharges. The increasing use of drugs in livestock, poultry production, and fish farming during the last five decades has caused a genetic selection of more harmful bacteria, which is a matter of great concern. The recent awareness of the potentially dangerous consequences of the presence of pharmaceuticals in the sewage effluent, the analytical methodology for the determination in complex matrices is still evolving and the number of methods described in the literature has grown considerably. Although pharmaceutical residues in the environment is a major concern and has been widely studied in sewage effluents, the residues of pharmaceuticals in aquatic systems are not yet included in the regular monitoring programs of regulatory bodies. © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Zhao, Y, Cao, L, Zhang, H & Zhang, C 2009, 'Data Clustering' in Handbook of Research on Innovations in Database Technologies and Applications, IGI Global, pp. 562-572.
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Clustering is one of the most important techniques in data mining. This chapter presents a survey of popular approaches for data clustering, including well-known clustering techniques, such as partitioning clustering, hierarchical clustering, density-based clustering and grid-based clustering, and recent advances in clustering, such as subspace clustering, text clustering and data stream clustering. The major challenges and future trends of data clustering will also be introduced in this chapter. The remainder of this chapter is organized as follows. The background of data clustering will be introduced in Section 2, including the definition of clustering, categories of clustering techniques, features of good clustering algorithms, and the validation of clustering. Section 3 will present main approaches for clustering, which range from the classic partitioning and hierarchical clustering to recent approaches of bi-clustering and semisupervised clustering. Challenges and future trends will be discussed in Section 4, followed by the conclusions in the last section.

Zhao, Y, Cao, L, Zhang, H & Zhang, C 2009, 'Handbook of Research on Innovations in Database Technologies and Applications' in Ferraggine, VE, Doorn, JH & Rivero, LC (eds), Handbook of Research on Innovations in Database Technologies and Applications: Current and Future Tr, IGI Global, USA, pp. 562-572.
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Clustering is one of the most important techniques in data mining. This chapter presents a survey of popular approaches for data clustering, including well-known clustering techniques, such as partitioning clustering, hierarchical clustering, density-based clustering and grid-based clustering, and recent advances in clustering, such as subspace clustering, text clustering and data stream clustering. The major challenges and future trends of data clustering will also be introduced in this chapter. The remainder of this chapter is organized as follows. The background of data clustering will be introduced in Section 2, including the definition of clustering, categories of clustering techniques, features of good clustering algorithms, and the validation of clustering. Section 3 will present main approaches for clustering, which range from the classic partitioning and hierarchical clustering to recent approaches of bi-clustering and semisupervised clustering. Challenges and future trends will be discussed in Section 4, followed by the conclusions in the last section.

Zhao, Y, Zhang, H, Cao, L, Zhang, H, Bohlscheid, H, Ou, Y & Zhang, C 2009, 'Data Mining Applications in Social Security' in Cao, L, Yu, PS, Zhang, C & Zhang, H (eds), Data Mining for Business Applications, Springer US, New York, USA, pp. 81-96.
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This chapter presents four applications of data mining in social security. The first is an application of decision tree and association rules to find the demographic patterns of customers. Sequence mining is used in the second application to find activity sequence patterns related to debt occurrence. In the third application, combined association rules are mined from heterogeneous data sources to discover patterns of slow payers and quick payers. In the last application, clustering and analysis of variance are employed to check the effectiveness of a new policy. © 2009 Springer US.

-, BM, -, ZC & -, MK 2009, 'Updating Electronic Health Records with Information from Sensor Systems: Considerations Relating To Standards and Architecture Arising From the Development of a Prototype System', Journal of Convergence Information Technology, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 21-26.
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Several countries around the globe are moving towards national and international standards for Electronic Health Records (EHRs). One function of the standards is to guide the long-term convergence of local systems into integrated evolving national health information systems. The Australian commonwealth government is implementing a nationwide EHR system whereby every Australian will be able to upload data to his or her EHR. Thus Australians, if they wish, will eventually be able to upload data from on-body sensors and in-home monitoring systems to their EHRs. This article explores issues associated with the architecture of systems which allow medical records to be updated with information from monitoring/sensor systems. A prototype was developed to determine some of the key architectural considerations. A sensor simulator was implemented for testing purposes which allows a user of the simulator to impersonate a bed or group of in-home or on-body sensors connected with a person who is in a hospital, retirement home or private home. Findings are discussed relating to key architectural considerations including security, maintainability and modularity.

Abdallah, ME & Waldron, KJ 2009, 'The mechanics of biped running and a stable control strategy', Robotica, vol. 27, no. 05, pp. 789-789.
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Abdul, JM, Vigneswaran, S, Shon, HK, Nathaporn, A & Kandasamy, J 2009, 'Comparison of granular activated carbon bio-sorption and advanced oxidation processes in the treatment of leachate effluent', Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 724-730.
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Agrawal, A, Kejalakshmy, N, Rahman, BMA & Grattan, KTV 2009, 'Soft Glass Equiangular Spiral Photonic Crystal Fiber for Supercontinuum Generation', IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 21, no. 22, pp. 1722-1724.
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Ahn, C, Bennett, N, Dunham, ST & Cowern, NEB 2009, 'Stress effects on impurity solubility in crystalline materials: A general model and density-functional calculations for dopants in silicon', Physical Review B, vol. 79, no. 7.
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Al Fugara, AM, Pradhan, B & Ahmed Mohamed, T 2009, 'Improvement of land-use classification using object-oriented and fuzzy logic approach', Applied Geomatics, vol. 1, no. 4, p. 111.
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Alavi, AH, Gandomi, AH, Gandomi, M & Sadat Hosseini, SS 2009, 'Prediction of maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of stabilised soil using RBF neural networks', The IES Journal Part A: Civil & Structural Engineering, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 98-106.
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This article proposes a novel approach for the prediction of maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC) of soil-stabiliser mix by using radial basis function (RBF) neural networks. RBF neural network is utilised to construct comprehensive and accurate models to be able to relate the MDD and OMC of stabilised soil to the properties of natural soil such as particle size distribution, plasticity, linear shrinkage and the type and quantity of stabilising additives. Two separate sets of RBF prediction models, one for the MDD and the other for the OMC, have been developed. A parametric study was also conducted in this study using the results obtained from the proposed models to evaluate the sensitivity of MDD and OMC due to variation of the influencing parameters. A comprehensive set of data including a wide range of soil types obtained from previously published stabilisation test results was used for training, validation and testing the prediction models. The accuracy of the proposed models is satisfactory when compared with that of the experimental results. The results of proposed RBF models were further compared with those of the existing models found in literature and found to be more accurate. © 2009 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Al-Mahmoud, F, Castel, A, François, R & Tourneur, C 2009, 'Strengthening of RC members with near-surface mounted CFRP rods', Composite Structures, vol. 91, no. 2, pp. 138-147.
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Altaee, A, Al-Rawajfeh, AE & Baek, YJ 2009, 'Application of Vibratory System to Improve the Critical Flux in Submerged Hollow Fiber MF Process', Separation Science and Technology, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 28-34.
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Areerachakul, N, Kitiphatmontree, M, Kandasamy, J, Kus, B, Duangduen, C, Pivsa-Art, S & Vigneswaran, S 2009, 'Submerged Membrane System with Biofilter as a Treatment to Rainwater', Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus, vol. 9, no. 5-6, pp. 431-438.
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Rainwater has been used as drinking water in Thailand for centuries especially in the rural parts and is accepted as an important water resource. From past to present, the quality of rainwater has changed with the landuse of the landscape, and its water quality is influenced by a diverse range of conditions such as the management of pollutant sources, the catchment condition, wind and meteorological conditions, and the location of rainwater collection points. In this study, the quality of rainwater collected off roofs at several locations was examined. Granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration was used as a pretreatment to microfiltration (MF) to remove the dissolved organic matter (DOC). After an initial adsorption period, the biofilm that formed on the GAC (biofilter) was found to remove DOC by up to 40%, 35%, and 15% for bed filter depths of 15, 10, and 5 cm, respectively. Biofilters also removed nitrate and phosphate by more than 80% and 35%. The hollow fiber membrane microfiltration with pore size of 0.1 μm was used to treat the effluent from biofiltration to remove the microorganisms/pathogens in the rainwater. Although there was no significant additional removal of DOC by MF, the biofilter removed all microorganisms. The use of biofilters as pretreatment to MF/UF could remove a higher amount of DOC, remove microorganisms, increase the membrane treatment efficiency, and reduce membrane fouling.

Arndt, GM, Dossey, L, Cullen, LM, Lai, A, Druker, R, Eisbacher, M, Zhang, C, Tran, N, Fan, H, Retzlaff, K, Bittner, A & Raponi, M 2009, 'Characterization of global microRNA expression reveals oncogenic potential of miR-145 in metastatic colorectal cancer', BMC Cancer, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 374-17.
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Abstract Background MicroRNAs (MiRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that control protein expression through various mechanisms. Their altered expression has been shown to be associated with various cancers. The aim of this study was to profile miRNA expression in colorectal cancer (CRC) and to analyze the function of specific miRNAs in CRC cells. MirVana miRNA Bioarrays were used to determine the miRNA expression profile in eight CRC cell line models, 45 human CRC samples of different stages, and four matched normal colon tissue samples. SW620 CRC cells were stably transduced with miR-143 or miR-145 expression vectors and analyzed in vitro for cell proliferation, cell differentiation and anchorage-independent growth. Signalling pathways associated with differentially expressed miRNAs were identified using a gene set enrichment analysis. Results The expression analysis of clinical CRC samples identified 37 miRNAs that were differentially expressed between CRC and normal tissue. Furthermore, several of these miRNAs were associated with CRC tumor progression including loss of miR-133a and gain of miR-224. We identified 11 common miRNAs that were differentially expressed between normal colon and CRC in both the cell line models and clinical samples. In vitro functional studies indicated that miR-143 and miR-145 appear to function in opposing manners to either inhibit or augment cell proliferation in a metastatic CRC model. The pathways targeted by miR-143 and miR-145 showed no significant overlap. Furthermore, gene expression analysis of metastatic versus non-metastatic isogenic cell lines indicated that miR-145 targets involved in cell cycle and neuregulin pathways were significantly down-regulated in the metastatic context.

Aryal, R, Kandasamy, J, Vigneswaran, S, Naidu, R & Lee, SH 2009, 'Review of Stormwater Quality, Quantity and Treatment Methods Part 1: Stormwater Quantity Modelling', Environmental Engineering Research, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 71-78.
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Aryal, R, Kandasamy, J, Vigneswaran, S, Naidu, R & Lee, SH 2009, 'Review of Stormwater Quality, Quantity and Treatment Methods Part 2: Stormwater: Quality Modelling', Environmental Engineering Research, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 143-149.
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In this paper, review of stormwater quality and quantity in the urban environment is presented. The review is presented in three parts. This second part reviews the mathematical techniques used in stormwater quality modelling and has been undertaken by examining a number of models that are in current use. The important features of models are discussed.

Aryal, R, Lebegue, J, Vigneswaran, S, Kandasamy, J & Grasmick, A 2009, 'Identification and characterisation of biofilm formed on membrane bio-reactor', Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 86-94.
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Experiments were conducted in a laboratory scale membrane bio-reactor (MBR) system equipped with a side stream flat sheet membrane. Six runs lasting different durations (2, 4, 6, 9, 15 and 20 days) were conducted at an aeration rate of 2 m3 h-1 m-2 to understand the temporal variation of chemistry of foulant that attached on the membrane surface. The foulant attached on the membrane surface was extracted with 0.5% (v/v) NaOH solution and the extract was analysed using fluorescent spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography. Variation of low- and high-molecular weight substances with evolution of time was compared. The results showed that the nature of foulant changed with the evolution of time. Four runs conducted for a short duration (2, 4, 6 and 9 days), low-molecular weight substances were dominant in the foulant whereas for long duration runs (15 and 20 days), high-molecular weight substances were mainly observed. Moreover, the foulant close to the membrane surface contained mainly protein and soluble microbial by-products.

Aryal, RK, Lebegue, J, Shon, HK, Vigneswaran, S, Kandasamy, J & Grasmick, A 2009, 'Temporal variation of foulant characteristics in membrane bioreactor', DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT, vol. 6, no. 1-3, pp. 69-73.
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Many studies have been performed to analyse the influence of compounds present in different fractions of the membrane foulants. The aim of this study was to reveal the changing chemistry of compounds present in membrane foulant with the evolution of time. Membrane fouling in a side stream membrane bioreactor (MBR) reactor was investigated. Constant flux filtration was employed in an MBR operation. Air bubbles were injected at 2 m3 h1 m2 for six different durations (2, 4, 6, 9, 15 and 20 days) of MBR operation. The foulant on the membrane surface was extracted using NaOH solution (5%) and analysed using fluorescent spectroscopy. The spectra showed the changing chemistry of foulant with the evolution of time. It showed low molecular weight substances such as amino acids and small aromatic proteins were dominant in the foulant at the beginning of the experiment but its concentration decreased with time. On the other hand BOD5 type substances concentration increased with time from the beginning of the experiment up to 9 days and there after decreased. The concentration of larger molecular weight soluble microbial by-products increased with evolution of time. Air bubbles at two aeration rate of 1m3 h1m2 and 2 m3 h1 m2 were also injected from the bottom of the membrane tanks to produce shear stresses on the membrane surface during 5 days of MBR operation to compare the effect of aeration in fouling propensity.

Aye, TM, Hedley, MJ, Loganathan, P, Lefroy, RDB & Bolan, NS 2009, 'Effect of organic and inorganic phosphate fertilizers and their combination on maize yield and phosphorus availability in a Yellow Earth in Myanmar', NUTRIENT CYCLING IN AGROECOSYSTEMS, vol. 83, no. 2, pp. 111-123.
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Phosphorus (P) deficiency is a major constraint for crop production in many parts of the world including Myanmar and field research into management of P fertilizers and P responsiveness of crops on infertile soils has been limited. The purpose of this study is to determine maize yield response to different forms of P fertilizers on an acidic (pH 4.9) P deficient (Olsen-P 8 mg kg -1) Yellow Earth (Acrisol) in Southern Shan State, Myanmar and to establish relationships between soil Olsen-P test values (0.5 M sodium bicarbonate extracted P) and maize yield. Field experiments were conducted during two cropping seasons. There were 15 treatments in total: P was applied at seven rates of a soluble P fertilizer as Triple superphosphate (TSP) (0-120 kg P ha-1) to establish a P response curve; one rate of a partially soluble P fertilizer (Chinese partially acidulated phosphate rock, CPAPR) and two organic P fertilizers (farmyard manure (FYM) and Tithonia diversifolia) at 20 kg P ha-1; combination of TSP and CPAPR at 20 kg P ha-1 with FYM and Tithonia at 20 kg P ha-1; an additional treatment (TSP 20 kg P ha-1 plus 2.5 t ha-1 dolomite) for assessing the liming effect of a local dolomite. In Year 1, applications of TSP at 40-60 kg P ha-1 produced near maximum grain yields, whereas in Year 2 this could be achieved with a reapplication of 20-30 kg P ha-1 on top of the residual value of the Year 1 application. In both years, CPAPR, TSP and Tithonia at 20 kg P ha-1 significantly increased maize grain yield, but FYM failed to increase grain yield. In Year 1, CPAPR and TSP effects on grain yield were higher than that of Tithonia but in Year 2 the effects were same for all these three treatments. In both years the combination of FYM (20 kg P ha -1) with TSP (20 kg P ha-1) produced significantly higher grain yield than TSP at 20 kg P ha-1 whereas 40 kg P ha-1 of TSP application did not significantly increase grain yield over the TSP application at 20 kg P ha-1. Similar results were o...

Azadeh, A, Aramoon, M & Saberi, M 2009, 'An integrated GA-time series algorithm for forecasting oil production estimation: USA, Russia, India, and Brazil', International Journal of Industrial and Systems Engineering, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 368-368.
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This study presents an integrated algorithm for forecasting oil production based on a Genetic Algorithm (GA) with variable parameters using stochastic procedures, time series and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The significance of the proposed algorithm is two fold. First, it is flexible and identifies the best model based on the results of ANOVA and MAPE, whereas previous studies consider the best fitted GA model based on Minimum Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) or relative error results. Second, the proposed algorithm may identify conventional time series as the best model for future oil production forecasting because of its dynamic structure, whereas previous studies assume that GA always provides the best solutions and estimation. To show the applicability and superiority of the proposed algorithm, the data for oil production in USA, Russia, India and Brazil from 2001 to 2006 are used and applied to the proposed algorithm. Copyright © 2009, Inderscience Publishers.

Azadeh, A, Ardalani, N & Saberi, M 2009, 'Improved estimation of sir in mobile Cdma systems by integration of artificial neural network and time series technique', Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 2955-2962.
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This study presents an integrated Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and time series framework to estimate and predict Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR) in Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS/CDMA) systems. It is difficult to model uncertain behavior of SIR with only conventional ANN or time series and the integrated algorithm could be an ideal substitute for such cases. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approach based on supervised multi layer perceptron (MLP) network are used in the proposed algorithm. All type of ANN-MLP are examined in present study. At last, Coefficient of Determination (R2) is used for selecting preferred model from different constructed MLP-ANN. One of unique feature of the proposed algorithm is utilization of Autocorrelation Function (ACF) to define input variables whereas conventional methods which use trial and error method. This is the first study that integrates ANN and time series for improved estimation of SIR in mobile CDMA systems. © 2009, INSInet Publication.

Azadeh, A, Khakestani, M & Saberi, M 2009, 'A flexible fuzzy regression algorithm for forecasting oil consumption estimation', Energy Policy, vol. 37, no. 12, pp. 5567-5579.
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Azadeh, A, Saberi, M, Anvari, M & Izadbakhsh, HR 2009, 'A Meta heuristic approach for performance assessment of production units', Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 6559-6569.
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Azadeh, A, Saberi, M, Gitiforouz, A & Saberi, Z 2009, 'A hybrid simulation-adaptive network based fuzzy inference system for improvement of electricity consumption estimation', Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 36, no. 8, pp. 11108-11117.
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Azadeh, A, Sharifi, S & Saberi, M 2009, 'Design and implementation of a human centered expert system for improvement of strategic planning in a manufacturer of construction products', Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 2447-2458.
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This paper introduces a human centered expert system for design and improvement of strategic planning in a manufacturer of construction products. The development process of the expert system is facilitated through knowledge base, learning module, inference engine, description tools and usability testing and inspection. To achieve the above objective, all indigenous and exogenous factors affecting strategic planning are categorized and translated into rules in the expert system. Moreover, general strategies and their decision circumstances or criteria are given to the system. The humancentered expert system is designed and tested for a medium-sized manufacturer of construction products. The s uperiority and applicability of the expert system was designed and tested for a manufacturer of construction products. This is the first study that introduces a human-centered expert system for improvement of strategic planning. © 2009, INSInet Publication.

Baccelli, F, Kauffmann, B & Veitch, D 2009, 'Inverse problems in queueing theory and Internet probing', Queueing Systems, vol. 63, no. 1-4, pp. 59-107.
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Baccelli, F, Kauffmann, B & Veitch, D 2009, 'Towards multihop available bandwidth estimation', ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 83-84.
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We evaluate the algorithm proposed in [1], which estimates the residual bandwidth on each hop of an Internet path using a para-metric model which consists of a Kelly queueing network. The evaluation is driven by simulation based on real network traces over a two node path. Correction factors are proposed and evaluated to cope with deviations from model assumptions.

Baccelli, F, Machiraju, S, Veitch, D & Bolot, J 2009, 'The Role of PASTA in Network Measurement', IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 1340-1353.
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Ball, JE 2009, 'Discussion of “Automatic Calibration of the U.S. EPA SWMM Model for a Large Urban Catchment” by J. Barco, K. M. Wong, and M. K. Stenstrom', Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, vol. 135, no. 12, pp. 1108-1110.
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Ball, JE 2009, 'Discussion of 'Automatic Calibration of the US EPA SWMM Model for a Large Urban Catchment' by J. Barco, K. M. Wong, and M. K. Stenstrom', JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE, vol. 135, no. 12, pp. 1108-1110.
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Bao, C, Hao, H, Li, Z-X & Zhu, X 2009, 'Time-varying system identification using a newly improved HHT algorithm', Computers & Structures, vol. 87, no. 23-24, pp. 1611-1623.
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Baxter, RM, Steinbeck, MJ, Tipper, JL, Parvizi, J, Marcolongo, M & Kurtz, SM 2009, 'Comparison of periprosthetic tissue digestion methods for ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene wear debris extraction', Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, vol. 91B, no. 1, pp. 409-418.
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AbstractThere is considerable interest in characterization of wear debris from polyethylene (UHMWPE) bearing components used in total joint replacement. To isolate UHMWPE wear debris, tissue samples must be excised from regions adjacent to revised UHMWPE implant components, followed by exposure to one of many available tissue digestion methods. Numerous studies demonstrate successful digestion, but the relative efficiency of each method is not clear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a variety of conditions for tissue digestion to provide a quantitative comparison of methods. Porcine and human hip tissues were exposed for 24 h to basic, acidic or enzymatic agents, filtered and digestion efficiency calculated based on the percentage of initial to final tissue weight. Of the conditions tested, 5 M NaOH, 5 M KOH, 15 M KOH or 15.8 M HNO3 yielded the most complete porcine hip tissue digestion (<1% residual tissue weight; p < 0.05). Proteinase K and Liberase Blendzyme 3 did not effectively digest tissue in a 24 h period. Similar to results from the porcine dataset, human tissues digestion was most efficient using 5 M NaOH, 5 M KOH or 15.8 M HNO3 (<1% residual tissue weight; p < 0.05). To verify that particle surface modifications did not occur after prolonged reagent exposure, GUR415 and Ceridust 3715 particles were immersed in each solution for 24 h. Overall, this study provides a framework for thorough and efficient digestive methods for UHMWPE wear debris extraction. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2009

Bennett, NS, Cowern, NEB & Sealy, BJ 2009, 'Model for electron mobility as a function of carrier concentration and strain in heavily doped strained silicon', Applied Physics Letters, vol. 94, no. 25, pp. 252109-252109.
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Strain engineering plays a pivotal role in modern devices due to the advantages it offers in enhancing carrier mobility, μ. In addition to strain, ε, carrier concentration, N, also determines mobility and an understanding of the functional dependence μ(N,ε) at various levels of strain is vital. Although well established for low and moderate doping, currently little is known about μ(N) for high carrier concentrations (&gt;1019 cm−3) in strained Si. We present experimental data to fill this void, allowing an extension of the current model for μ(N) [Masetti et al., IEEE Trans. Electron DevicesIETDAI0018-9383 30, 764 (1983)] to account for strain. We also consider the influence of strain induced from dopant atoms. Experiments show the effects of tensile strain as a mobility enhancer are reduced but still significant at high doping concentrations. The model reproduces this effect and accounts for μ(N,ε) across the full range of doping concentrations.

Beveridge, NJ, Tooney, PA, Carroll, AP, Tran, N & Cairns, MJ 2009, 'Down-regulation of miR-17 family expression in response to retinoic acid induced neuronal differentiation', Cellular Signalling, vol. 21, no. 12, pp. 1837-1845.
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Whole-genome microRNA and gene expression analyses were used to monitor changes during retinoic acid induced differentiation of neuroblasts in vitro. Interestingly, the entire miR-17 family was over-represented among the down-regulated miRNA. The implications of these changes are considerable, as target gene prediction suggests that the miR-17 family is involved in the regulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, synaptic plasticity and other markers of neuronal differentiation. Significantly, many of the target responses predicted by changes in miRNA expression were supported by the observed changes in gene expression. As expected, markers of neuronal differentiation such as anti-apoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2), myocyte enhancer factor-2D (MEF2D) and zipper protein kinase (MAP3K12; aka ZPK/MUK/DLK) were each up-regulated in response to differentiation. The expression of these genes was also reduced in response to miR-17 and miR-20a transfection, and more specifically they were also shown to contain functional miRNA recognition elements for members of the miR-17 family by reporter gene assay. This suggests that the miR-17 family have an integral role in fine-tuning the pathways involved in the regulation of neuronal differentiation. © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Beydoun, G 2009, 'Formal concept analysis for an e-learning semantic web', EXPERT SYSTEMS WITH APPLICATIONS, vol. 36, no. 8, pp. 10952-10961.
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Beydoun, G, Low, G, Henderson-Sellers, B, Mouratidis, H, Gomez-Sanz, JJ, Pavon, J & Gonzalez-Perez, C 2009, 'FAML: A Generic Metamodel for MAS Development', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 841-863.
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AbstractIn some areas of software engineering research, there are several metamodels claiming to capture the main issues. Though it is profitable to have variety at the beginning of a research field, after some time, the diversity of metamodels becomes an obstacle, for instance to the sharing of results between research groups. To reach consensus and unification of existing metamodels, metamodel-driven software language engineering can be applied. This paper illustrates an application of software language engineering in the agent-oriented software engineering research domain. Here, we introduce a relatively generic agent-oriented metamodel whose suitability for supporting modeling language development is demonstrated by evaluating it with respect to several existing methodology-specific metamodels. First, the metamodel is constructed by a combination of bottom-up and top-down analysis and best practice. The concepts thus obtained and their relationships are then evaluated by mapping to two agent-oriented metamodels: TAO and Islander. We then refine the metamodel by extending the comparisons with the metamodels implicit or explicit within five more extant agent-oriented approaches: Adelfe, PASSI, Gaia, INGENIAS, and Tropos. The resultant FAML metamodel is a potential candidate for future standardization as an important component for engineering an agent modeling language.

Beydoun, G, Low, G, Mouratidis, H & Henderson-Sellers, B 2009, 'A security-aware metamodel for multi-agent systems (MAS)', INFORMATION AND SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 832-845.
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This paper adopts a model-based security (MBS) approach to identify security requirements during the early stages of multi-agent system development. Our adopted MBS approach is underpinned by a metamodel independent of any specific methodology. It allows for security considerations to be embedded within any situated agent methodology which then prescribes security considerations within its work products. Using a standard model-driven engineering (MDE) approach, these work products are initially constructed as high abstraction models and then transformed into more precise models until code-specific models can be produced. A multi-agent system case study is used to illustrate the applicability of the proposed security-aware metamodel.

Biankin, AV, Kench, JG, Colvin, EK, Segara, D, Scarlett, CJ, Nguyen, NQ, Chang, DK, Morey, AL, Lee, C, Pinese, M, Kuo, SCL, Susanto, JM, Cosman, PH, Lindeman, GJ, Visvader, JE, Nguyen, TV, Merrett, ND, Warusavitarne, J, Musgrove, EA, Henshall, SM & Sutherland, RL 2009, 'Expression of S100A2 Calcium-Binding Protein Predicts Response to Pancreatectomy for Pancreatic Cancer', Gastroenterology, vol. 137, no. 2, pp. 558-568.e11.
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BACKGROUND & AIMS: Current methods of preoperative staging and predicting outcome following pancreatectomy for pancreatic cancer (PC) are inadequate. We evaluated the utility of multiple biomarkers from distinct biologic pathways as potential predictive markers of response to pancreatectomy and patient survival. METHODS: We assessed the relationship of candidate biomarkers known, or suspected, to be aberrantly expressed in PC, with disease-specific survival and response to therapy in a cohort of 601 patients. RESULTS: Of the 17 candidate biomarkers examined, only elevated expression of S100A2 was an independent predictor of survival in both the training (n = 162) and validation sets (n = 439; hazard ratio [HR], 2.19; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.48-3.25; P < .0001) when assessed in a multivariate model with clinical variables. Patients with high S100A2 expressing tumors had no survival benefit with pancreatectomy compared with those with locally advanced disease, whereas those without high S100A2 expression had a survival advantage of 10.6 months (19.4 vs 8.8 months, respectively) and a HR of 3.23 (95% Cl: 2.39-4.33; P < .0001). Of significance, patients with S100A2-negative tumors had a significant survival benefit from pancreatectomy even in the presence of involved surgical margins (median, 15.7 months; P = .0007) or lymph node metastases (median, 17.4 months; P = .0002). CONCLUSIONS: S100A2 expression is a good predictor of response to pancreatectomy for PC anti suggests that high S100A2 expression may be a marker of a metastatic phenotype. Prospective measurement of S100A2 expression in diagnostic biopsy samples has potential clinical Utility as a predictive marker of response to pancreatectomy and other therapies that target locoregional disease.

Biswajeet, P & Hamid, A 2009, 'Oil spill trajectory simulation and coastal sensitivity risk mapping', Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 73-80.
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This paper deals with detection of oil spill areas from Radarsat images for the Tanjung Piai coast of Strait of Malacca and subsequently model those spilled areas to generate coastal sensitivity index maps for the study area. Spill areas were classified based on their chemical composition and were extracted from satellite images supported with field surveys. Maps of the topography, land cover were constructed from the spatial data sets in GIS. Bathymetry map, shoreline sensitivity, socioeconomic, biological, wind and sea current data were extracted from various resources and modeled in GIS for oil spill trajectory simulation analysis. An oil spill simulation model was developed as a way to find the suitable solution for emergency response and management in case of any future spill occurs in the study area. Remote sensing, GIS and other geomatic systems can be employed to mitigate the ageold problems of information availability and timeliness, data management and synoptic inventory of natural resources when an oil spill caused by accident or human error. This paper describes application of remote sensing and GIS for detecting, mapping, evaluating and modeling of spills in sea environments in order to reduce responding time and qualify the decision making process in contingency planning.

Biswajeet, P & Mardiana, S 2009, 'Flood Hazrad Assessment for Cloud Prone Rainy Areas in a Typical Tropical Environment', DISASTER ADVANCES, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 7-15.

Biswajeet, P, Lee, S & Manfred, FB 2009, 'Use of geospatial data and fuzzy algebraic operators to landslide-hazard mapping', Applied Geomatics, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 3-15.

BLAMIRES, SJ, HOCHULI, DF & THOMPSON, MB 2009, 'Prey protein influences growth and decoration building in the orb web spider Argiope keyserlingi', Ecological Entomology, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 545-550.
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Abstract. 1. Protein is important for a foraging animal to consume, as it promotes growth and enhances survival, particularly in web‐building spiders, which need to invest considerable protein into web building and may trade‐off growth for web investment.2. The influence of dietary protein uptake on growth and web investment was tested in the orb web spider Argiope keyserlingi, by feeding them flies reared on three different media: (1) high protein, (2) low protein, and (3) standard (control) media. There was a negative correlation between protein and energy content of the flies across treatments; flies reared on the high protein media had the highest protein, but lowest energy, while flies reared on the low protein media had the lowest protein but highest energy.3. It was found that silk investment and web architecture in A. keyserlingi was not affected by diet. Growth and decoration building were both enhanced when spiders were fed a high protein diet.4. It was concluded that protein intake, rather than energy, influenced both growth and decoration building because: (1) protein intake enhances growth in other animals, (2) protein is essential for silk synthesis, especially aciniform silk, and (3) protein is a limiting factor actively sought by foraging animals in natural environments.

Bliuc, D 2009, 'Mortality Risk Associated With Low-Trauma Osteoporotic Fracture and Subsequent Fracture in Men and Women', JAMA, vol. 301, no. 5, pp. 513-513.
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Context There are few data on long-term mortality following osteoporotic fracture and fewer following subsequent fracture. Objectives To examine long-term mortality risk in women and men following all os-teoporotic fractures and to assess the association of subsequent fracture with that risk. Design, Setting, and Participants Prospective cohort from the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study of community-dwelling women and men aged 60 years and older from Dubbo, Australia, who sustained a fracture between April 1989 and May 2007. Main Outcome Measures Age- and sex-specific standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) compared with the overall Dubbo population for hip, vertebral, major, and minor fractures. Results In women, there were 952 low-trauma fractures followed by 461 deaths, and in men, 343 fractures were followed by 197 deaths. Age-adjusted SMRs were increased following hip fractures (SMRs, 2.43 [95% confidence interval [CI], 2.022.93] and 3.51 [95% CI, 2.65-4.66]), vertebral fractures (SMRs, 1.82 [95% CI, 1.522.17] and 2.12 [95% CI, 1.66-2.72]), major fractures (SMRs, 1.65 [95% CI, 1.312.08] and 1.70 [95% CI, 1.23-2.36]), and minor fractures (SMRs, 1.42 [95% CI, 1.19-1.70] and 1.33 [95% CI, 0.99-1.80]) for both women and men, respectively. Mortality was increased for all ages for all fractures except minor fractures for which increased mortality was only apparent for those older than 75 years. Increased mortality risk persisted for 5 years for all fractures and up to 10 years for hip fractures. Increases in absolute mortality that were above expected, for 5 years after fracture, ranged from 1.3 to 13.2 per 100 person-years in women and from 2.7 to 22.3 per 100 person-years in men, depending on fracture type. Subsequent fracture was associated with an increased mortality hazard ratio of 1.91 (95% CI, 1.54-2.37) in women and 2.99 (95% CI, 2.11-4.24) in men. Mortality risk following a subsequent fracture then declined but beyond 5 years still remained hig...

Blyweert-Layat, V, Joly, C, Gay, V & Miganne, G 2009, 'PP1 LE PRISM : un outil de communication à multiples facettes', Diabetes & Metabolism, vol. 35, pp. A91-A91.
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Bremner, MJ, Mora, C & Winter, A 2009, 'Are Random Pure States Useful for Quantum Computation?', PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, vol. 102, no. 19.
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We show the following: a randomly chosen pure state as a resource for measurement-based quantum computation iswith overwhelming probabilityof no greater help to a polynomially bounded classical control computer, than a string of random bits. Thus, unlike the familiar ``cluster states, the computing power of a classical control device is not increased from P to BQP (bounded-error, quantum polynomial time), but only to BPP (bounded-error, probabilistic polynomial time). The same holds if the task is to sample from a distribution rather than to perform a bounded-error computation. Furthermore, we show that our results can be extended to states with significantly less entanglement than random states.

Bridge, P, Pocock, NA, Nguyen, T, Munns, C, Cowell, CT & Thompson, MW 2009, 'Prediction of Appendicular Skeletal and Fat Mass in Children: Excellent Concordance of Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry and Magnetic Resonance Imaging', Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 22, no. 9, pp. 795-804.
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Broomhead, T, Ridoux, J & Veitch, D 2009, 'Counter availability and characteristics for feed-forward based synchronization', 2009 International Symposium on Precision Clock Synchronization for Measurement, Control and Communication, pp. 1-6.
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Budka, M & Gabrys, B 2009, 'Electrostatic Field Classifier for Deficient Data', Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing, vol. 57, pp. 311-318.
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This paper investigates the suitability of recently developed models based on the physical field phenomena for classification of incomplete datasets. An original approach to exploiting incomplete training data with missing features and labels, involving extensive use of electrostatic charge analogy has been proposed. Classification of incomplete patterns has been investigated using a local dimensionality reduction technique, which aims at exploiting all available information rather than trying to estimate the missing values. The performance of all proposed methods has been tested on a number of benchmark datasets for a wide range of missing data scenarios and compared to the performance of some standard techniques.

Buhl, M, Bohnen, F, Deuse, J & Schneider, R 2009, 'Systematic approach for production levelling in low volume and high mix production', Productivity Management, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 19-22.
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Production Levelling is a method to balance production- and logistics capacities, avoid waste and thereby increase the efficiency in production. In high volume production levelling is successfully implemented, but needs to be modified in order to adapt it to low volume and high mix production. This article introduces a systematic approach for production levelling considering constraints and targets of versatile low volume production. © GITO-Verlag.

Buhl, M, Bosch, RAG & Deuse, J 2009, 'Step-up model for levelling in low volume high mix production', PPS Management, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 26-29.
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The principle of production leveling is, expanding from the automotive industries, aimed to be implemented in the low volume high mix production. The creation of an even and repetitive production pattern by levelling is seen as main factor for smoothing the supply chain and as precondition for the realization of a low-inventory production. This can be realized only adapted due to inhomogeneous product-ranges and alternating customer-demands. In this article fundaments and possible stepups for production levelling in the low volume high mix production are shown. © GITO-Verlag.

Burdon, S, Chelliah, J & Bhalla, A 2009, 'Structuring enduring strategic alliances: the case of Shell Australia and Transfield Services', Journal of Business Strategy, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 42-51.
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PurposeThis paper provides insights into the evolution of the strategic alliance between Shell and Transfield Services in Sydney, Australia in the area of engineering and facilities management.Design/methodology/approachTo gain an in‐depth understanding of the distinct developmental phases in the alliance relationship, we conducted 12 interviews and a survey yielding 39 responses from the management and operations staff of both these organizations.FindingsInitially the alliance between Shell and Transfield Services was established with fundamental building blocks of trust and flexibility. However, as the relationship progressed with subsequent contract renewals, complex value adding demands were placed on the alliance. This paper provides insights into understanding three generations of evolution in the relationship‐starting from the building of a successful relationship based on labor savings and then on to one which seeks incremental innovations to become one of the most efficient maintenance operators in the world and finally seeking additional capabilities to continue improving alliance outcomes.Originality/valueThe paper is aimed at managers who are involved in structuring and managing outsourcing arrangements. Referring to outsourcing as an alliance arrangement, the paper points out that as alliance relationships mature, managers need to progress from a fee‐for‐service model to trusted collaboration, and finally to an alliance with joint strategic objectives. Drawing from the case of Shell and Transfie...

Burnham, DR & McGloin, D 2009, 'Radius measurements of optically trapped aerosols through Brownian motion', New Journal of Physics, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 063022-063022.
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Butler, JR, Wills, JB, Mitchem, L, Burnham, DR, McGloin, D & Reid, JP 2009, 'Spectroscopic characterisation and manipulation of arrays of sub-picolitre aerosol droplets', Lab Chip, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 521-528.
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Cao, L & He, T 2009, 'Developing actionable trading agents', Knowledge and Information Systems, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 183-198.
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Trading agents are useful for developing and back-testing quality trading strategies to support smart trading actions in the market. However, most of the existing trading agent research oversimplifies trading strategies, and focuses on simulated ones. As a result, there exists a big gap between the deliverables and business needs when the developed strategies are deployed into the real life. Therefore, the actionable capability of developed trading agents is often very limited. This paper for the first time introduces effective approaches for optimizing and integrating multiple classes of strategies through trading agent collaboration. An integration and optimization approach is proposed to identify optimal trading strategy in each category, and further integrate optimal strategies crossing classes. Positions associated with these optimal strategies are recommended for trading agents to take actions in the market. Extensive experiments on a large quantity of real-life market data show that trading agents following the recommended strategies have great potential to obtain high benefits while low costs. This verifies that it is promising to develop trading agents toward workable and satisfying business needs. © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2008.

Cao, L & Yu, P 2009, 'Behavior Informatics: An Informatics Perspective for Behavior Studies', IEEE Computational Intelligence Bulletin, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 6-11.
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Behavior is increasingly recognized as a key entity in business intelligence and problem-solving. Even though behavior analysis has been extensively investigated in social sciences and behavior sciences, in which qualitative and psychological methods have been the main means, nevertheless to conduct formal representation and deep quantitative analysis it is timely to investigate behavior from the informatics perspective. This article highlights the basic framework of behavior informatics, which aims to supply methodologies, approaches, means and tools for formal behavior modeling and representation, behavioral data construction, behavior impact modeling, behavior network analysis, behavior pattern analysis, behavior presentation, management and use. Behavior informatics can greatly complement existing studies in terms of providing more formal, quantitative and computable mechanisms and tools for deep understanding and use.

Cao, L, Gorodetsky, V & Mitkas, PA 2009, 'Agent Mining: The Synergy of Agents and Data Mining', IEEE Intelligent Systems, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 64-72.
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Autonomous agents and multiagent systems (or agents) and data mining and knowledge discovery (or data mining) are two of the most active areas in information technology. Ongoing research has revealed a number of intrinsic challenges and problems facing each area, which can't be addressed solely within the confines of the respective discipline. A profound insight of bringing these two communities together has unveiled a tremendous potential for new opportunities and wider applications through the synergy of agents and data mining. With increasing interest in this synergy, agent mining is emerging as a new research field studying the interaction and integration of agents and data mining. In this paper, we give an overall perspective of the driving forces, theoretical underpinnings, main research issues, and application domains of this field, while addressing the state-of-the-art of agent mining research and development. Our review is divided into three key research topics: agent-driven data mining, data mining-driven agents, and joint issues in the synergy of agents and data mining. This new and promising field exhibits a great potential for groundbreaking work from foundational, technological and practical perspectives.

Cao, L, Gorodetsky, V & Mitkas, PA 2009, 'Agents and data mining', IEEE Intelligent Systems, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 14-15.
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Cao, Y, Hao, X, Wang, Q & Zhang, X 2009, 'An effective method of measuring the activity of higher microorganisms in activated sludge', Huanjing Kexue Xuebao / Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, vol. 29, no. 7, pp. 1395-1399.
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A mechanical disruption method was experimentally applied to kill higher microorganisms in activated sludge; the activity of higher microorganisms could be indirectly calculated on the basis of the difference of oxygen uptake ratios (OURs) before and after disruption. The experiments indicated that a disperser could effectively break up and kill higher microorganisms and that they did not revive after enrichment for 138 h. As a control, yeasts were also disrupted by the disperser, to show that their numbers, morphology and activity were not mechanically affected, which implies that bacteria smaller than yeasts would not be mechanically affected either. To assure an almost identical morphology of flocs before and after disruption, the sludge after disruption was centrifuged to approach the same sludge volume index as before treatment. The activity of higher organisms could be calculated by measuring and comparing the OUR values of sludge samples before and after disruption, and was determined to be 12%-14% in this study.

Cardwell, H, Voinov, A & Starler, N 2009, 'The Energy‐Water Nexus: Potential Roles for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers', Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education, vol. 143, no. 1, pp. 42-48.
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Carpenter, CR, Keim, SM, Upadhye, S & Nguyen, HB 2009, 'Risk Stratification of the Potentially Septic Patient in the Emergency Department: The Mortality in the Emergency Department Sepsis (MEDS) Score', The Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 319-327.
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Background: The prompt recognition and management of septic patients remains a challenge within the busy Emergency Department (ED). Prognostic screening aids have traditionally required time-delayed laboratory measurements not validated upon the emergency medicine population. Recently, a brief prognostic tool has been derived and subsequently validated in heterogeneous ED populations. Clinical Question: Can a risk-stratification tool predict 1-month mortality in ED patients with suspected infection? Evidence Review: Six studies evaluating the Mortality in the Emergency Department Sepsis (MEDS) score were identified and evaluated. Results: Higher MEDS scores are associated with increasing mortality. MEDS score's short- and long-term prognostic accuracy is superior to other sepsis scales as well as isolated biomarkers C-reactive protein and procalcitonin. MEDS' prognostic accuracy in severe sepsis is inferior to undifferentiated systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) patients. Conclusion: The MEDS score is an accurate and reliable prognostic tool for 28-day mortality in ED SIRS patients, but may not be optimal for those with severe sepsis. © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Cetindamar, D, Phaal, R & Probert, D 2009, 'Understanding technology management as a dynamic capability: A framework for technology management activities', Technovation, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 237-246.
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Cetindamar, D, Wasti, SN, Ansal, H & Beyhan, B 2009, 'Does technology management research diverge or converge in developing and developed countries?', Technovation, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 45-58.
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Chan, KY, Chan, KW, Pong, GTY, Aydin, ME, Fogarty, TC & Ling, SH 2009, 'A statistics-based genetic algorithm for quality improvements of power supplies', EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 468-492.
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This paper presents a new statistics-based evolutionary algorithm to improve the qualities of power supplies, in which operational costs and the stability of the power supply are optimised to provide a highly smooth but low-cost power supply service to customers. The proposed method is incorporated with the characteristics of the stochastic method, evolutionary algorithm and a more systematical statistical method, orthogonal design. It intends to compensate for the built-in randomness of the stochastic method and, at the same time, overcome the limitations of local search methods that are not suitable for handling multi-optima problems. Case studies on the WSCC 9-bus and New England 39-bus systems indicate that the proposed approach outperforms the existing method in terms of robustness in solution and convergence speed while the solution quality that can offer a more stable and cheaper power supply to customers is achieved. Copyright © 2009, Inderscience Publishers.

Chanan, A, Kandasamy, J & Simmons, B 2009, 'Benefits of local government and university research alliances', Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Municipal Engineer, vol. 162, no. 2, pp. 111-116.
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Local government plays an integral role in the Australian economy with a cumulative annual expenditure of over Aus$20 billion representing around 2% of Australian GDP. Local government authorities employ around 1·3% of the Australian workforce and provide a wide range of services and infrastructure. There is a general lack of appreciation among council staff of the value of collaboration with universities and vice versa. However, staff at Kogarah Municipal Council, having been involved in partnership projects with universities, strongly value the benefits of such collaborations. Councils can provide a ‘one-stop-shop’ for applied research and its application for a range of disciplines from science and technology to arts and policy studies.

Chanan, A, Kandasamy, J, Vigneswaran, S & Sharma, D 2009, 'A gradualist approach to address Australia's urban water challenge', Desalination, vol. 249, no. 3, pp. 1012-1016.
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There is growing consensus worldwide against the conventional centralised approach to water management, and a âsoft pathâ for water management has emerged as a sustainable alternative. A âsoft pathâ for water management emphasizes the optimization of end-use efficiency, small-scaled management systems, incorporates fit-for-purpose water use, and recommends the use of diverse, locally appropriate and commonly decentralised infrastructures. However, large-scale desalination plants are currently being built for almost all metropolitan centres in Australia to ensure water supply security. Unlike âsoft pathâ for water management, large-scale desalination plants embody the traditional urban water supply approach. In spite of knowledge and values relating to the water cycle having shifted towards âsoft pathâ, the old organisational framework is believed to be hindering its adoption. Perhaps, therefore major water utilities in recent times have opted for the ideologically easier option of large-scale desalination conforming to the existing framework, instead of choosing a âsoft pathâ for water management with potential for decentralised management. This paper critically reviews the urban water management direction in metropolitan Australia and puts forward a âgradualist approachâ. It incorporates a comprehensive non-potable water reuse program necessary to build the familiarity and trust in water reuse, as a first step before introducing the idea of potable reuse.

Chang, L, Yu, JX & Qin, L 2009, 'Fast Probabilistic Ranking under x-Relation Model', CoRR, vol. abs/0906.4927.

Chen, G, Ying, M & Liu, Y 2009, 'Dealing with Uncertainty and Fuzziness in Intelligent Systems', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 223-225.
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CHEN, J, TAN, E & LI, Z 2009, 'A MACHINE LEARNING FRAMEWORK FOR REAL-TIME TRAFFIC DENSITY DETECTION', International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, vol. 23, no. 07, pp. 1265-1284.
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Traffic flow information can be employed in an intelligent transportation system to detect and manage traffic congestion. One of the key elements in determining the traffic flow information is traffic density estimation. The goal of traffic density estimation is to determine the density of vehicles on a given road from loop detectors, traffic radars, or surveillance cameras. However, due to the inflexibility of deploying loop detectors and traffic radars, there is a growing trend of using video-content-understanding technique to determine the traffic flow from a surveillance camera. But difficulties arise when attempting to do this in real-time under changing illumination and weather conditions as well as heavy traffic congestions. In this paper, we attempt to address the problem of real-time traffic density estimation by using a stochastic model called Hidden Markov Models (HMM) to probabilistically determine the traffic density state. Choosing a good set of model parameters for HMMs has a significant impact on the accuracy of traffic density estimation. Thus, we propose a novel feature extraction scheme to represent traffic density, and a novel approach to initialize and construct the HMMs by using an unsupervised clustering technique called AutoClass. We show through extensive experiments that our proposed real-time algorithm achieves an average traffic density estimation accuracy of 96.6% over various different illumination and weather conditions.

Chen, L, Bhowmick, SS & Nejdl, W 2009, 'COWES: Web user clustering based on evolutionary web sessions', Data & Knowledge Engineering, vol. 68, no. 10, pp. 867-885.
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Chen, L, Bhowmick, SS & Nejdl, W 2009, 'NEAR-Miner', Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1150-1161.
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Web archives preserve the history of autonomous Web sites and are potential gold mines for all kinds of media and business analysts. The most common Web archiving technique uses crawlers to automate the process of collecting Web pages. However, (re)downloading entire collection of pages periodically from a large Web site is unfeasible. In this paper, we take a step towards addressing this problem. We devise a data mining-driven policy for selectively (re)downloading Web pages that are located in hierarchical directory structures which are believed to have changed significantly (e.g., a substantial percentage of pages are inserted to/removed from the directory). Consequently, there is no need to download and maintain pages that have not changed since the last crawl as they can be easily retrieved from the archive. In our approach, we propose an off-line data mining algorithm called near- Miner that analyzes the evolution history of Web directory structures of the original Web site stored in the archive and mines negatively correlated association rules (near) between ancestor-descendant Web directories. These rules indicate the evolution correlations between Web directories. Using the discovered rules, we propose an efficient Web archive maintenance algorithm called warm that optimally skips the subdirectories (during the next crawl) which are negatively correlated with it in undergoing significant changes. Our experimental results with real data show that our approach improves the efficiency of the archive maintenance process signifi...

Chen, W, Li, J & Lu, P 2009, 'Progress of photonic crystal fibers and their applications', Frontiers of Optoelectronics in China, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 50-57.
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Chen, Y, Zhang, JA & Jayalath, ADS 2009, 'Low-Complexity Estimation of CFO and Frequency Independent I/Q Mismatch for OFDM Systems', EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, vol. 2009, no. 1.
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Cheng, TM, Savkin, AV, Celler, BG, Su, SW & Wang, N 2009, 'Universal algorithm for exercise rate estimation in walking, cycling and rowing using triaxial accelerometry', ELECTRONICS LETTERS, vol. 45, no. 8, pp. 394-U19.
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A technique that can reliably monitor exercise intensity plays an important role for the effectiveness and safety of an exercise prescription. A universal algorithm for the recursive estimation of exercise rate during a variety of aerobic exercises using measurements from a body-mounted triaxial accelerometer (TA) is proposed. Information about the type of exercise is not required by the algorithm and the TA can be mounted at the same location regardless of the exercise type. The algorithm involves period detection and data fusion. Experimental results demonstrate that the algorithm is effective for common aerobic exercises.

Cheng-Hung Chen, Cheng-Jian Lin & Chin-Teng Lin 2009, 'Nonlinear System Control Using Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Networks Based on a Modified Differential Evolution', IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews), vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 459-473.
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Cheng-Hung Chen, Cheng-Jian Lin & Chin-Teng Lin 2009, 'Using an Efficient Immune Symbiotic Evolution Learning for Compensatory Neuro-Fuzzy Controller', IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 668-682.
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Cheng-Jian Lin, Cheng-Hung Chen & Chin-Teng Lin 2009, 'A Hybrid of Cooperative Particle Swarm Optimization and Cultural Algorithm for Neural Fuzzy Networks and Its Prediction Applications', IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews), vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 55-68.
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Chiemchaisr, C, Passananon, S, Ngo, HH & Vigneswaran, S 2009, 'Simultaneous removal of particles and dissolved organic matter in floating media filter for surface water treatment', DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT, vol. 11, no. 1-3, pp. 109-114.
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This research investigated the performance of fl oating media fi lter in removing particles and dissolved organic matter from surface water. Pilot-scale study consists of fl oating plastic media pre-fi lter connected with either granular activated carbon (GAC) or sponge biological fi lter (BF) bed. In the fl oating plastic media fi lter, coagulation and fl occulation processes using poly-aluminum chloride (PACl) as coagulant at an optimum dose of 8 mg/L helped removing particles from raw water. The fl oating media fi lter was operated a fi ltration rate of 11 m3/m2.h whereas those in GAC and BF units were maintained at 2 m3/m2.h. Continuous operation for over 120 days gave 98% and 99% average removal effi ciencies of turbidity and UV254 in fl oating media fi lter in combination with GAC unit whereas and 78% and 52% removal effi ciencies of turbidity and UV254 removal were obtained in fl oating media fi lter in combination with BF. The removal of dissolved organic carbon in GAC and BF units reduced chlorine demand for disinfection by 29% and 14%. It could also reduce the sum of trihalomethane (THMs) ratio from 1.1 to 0.1 and 0.5 respectively.

Chinu, KJ, Johir, AH, Vigneswaran, S, Shon, HK & Kandasamy, J 2009, 'Biofilter as pretreatment to membrane based desalination: Evaluation in terms of fouling index', DESALINATION, vol. 247, no. 1-3, pp. 77-84.
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The removal of particulate matter and dissolved organic matter from seawater by the use of biofiltration was investigated. Granular activated carbon (GAC) and anthracite were used as biofilter media at two different filtration velocities. Filtrate quality was measured in terms of silt density index (SDI), modified fouling index (MFI) and turbidity removal. Reverse osmosis (RO) was used as a post-treatment. Both biofilters demonstrated similar fouling reduction behavior in terms of SDI and MFI. Fouling potential in terms of MFI values decreased to 10 s/L2 within the first 10â15 days of operation and kept constant up to the remaining experimental period of 55 days of operation for both GAC and anthracite biofilter. The filtrate turbidity was steady after 10 days and remained low at a value of 0.2â0.3 NTU and 0.28â0.31 NTU for anthracite and GAC biofilter, respectively. Furthermore, the headloss development was low and within 20 cm for biofilter operated at a low velocity of 5 m/h. A post-treatment of reverse osmosis after a pretreatment of GAC and anthracite biofilters showed a reduction in normalized flux decline (J/J0) from 0.22 to 0.12 and 0.35 to 0.21 during the first 20 h, respectively. The RO flux for seawater declined at a faster rate and continued even after 3 days when no pretreatment was provided.

Chua, B, Gallego-Ortega, D, de Molina, A, Ullrich, A, Lacal, J & Downward, J 2009, 'Regulation of Akt(ser473) phosphorylation by Choline kinase in breast carcinoma cells', Molecular Cancer, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 131-131.
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Cole, C, Sobala, A, Lu, C, Thatcher, SR, Bowman, A, Brown, JWS, Green, PJ, Barton, GJ & Hutvagner, G 2009, 'Filtering of deep sequencing data reveals the existence of abundant Dicer-dependent small RNAs derived from tRNAs', RNA-A PUBLICATION OF THE RNA SOCIETY, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 2147-2160.
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Deep sequencing technologies such as Illumina, SOLiD, and 454 platforms have become very powerful tools in discovering and quantifying small RNAs in diverse organisms. Sequencing small RNA fractions always identifies RNAs derived from abundant RNA species such as rRNAs, tRNAs, snRNA, and snoRNA, and they are widely considered to be random degradation products. We carried out bioinformatic analysis of deep sequenced HeLa RNA and after quality filtering, identified highly abundant small RNA fragments, derived from mature tRNAs that are likely produced by specific processing rather than from random degradation. Moreover, we showed that the processing of small RNAs derived from tRNA Gln is dependent on Dicer in vivo and that Dicer cleaves the tRNA in vitro. Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Copyright © 2009 RNA Society.

Cordero, ML, Rolfsnes, HO, Burnham, DR, Campbell, PA, McGloin, D & Baroud, CN 2009, 'Mixing via thermocapillary generation of flow patterns inside a microfluidic drop', New Journal of Physics, vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 075033-075033.
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Coronelli, D, Castel, A, François, R & Cleland, D 2009, 'Modelling the response of prestressed beams with corroded reinforcement', European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 653-669.
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Coronelli, D, Castel, A, Vu, NA & François, R 2009, 'Corroded post-tensioned beams with bonded tendons and wire failure', Engineering Structures, vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 1687-1697.
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Coulibaly, P, Babovic, V, Cluckie, I, Mynett, A & Ball, J 2009, '2009 Special Issue of the Journal of Hydroinformatics on Advances in Hydroinformatics Preface', JOURNAL OF HYDROINFORMATICS, vol. 11, no. 3-4, pp. 165-165.
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Coulibaly, P, Babovic, V, Cluckie, I, Mynett, A & Ball, J 2009, 'Preface: 2009 Special issue of the journal of Hydroinformatics on advances in hydroinformatics', Journal of Hydroinformatics, vol. 11, no. 3-4, p. 165.
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da Rocha, CG & Sattler, MA 2009, 'A discussion on the reuse of building components in Brazil: An analysis of major social, economical and legal factors', Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 104-112.
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Dackermann, U, Li, J & Samali, B 2009, 'Damage Identification in Timber Bridges Utilising the Damage Index Method and Neural Network Ensembles', Australian Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 181-194.
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Many of Australia's timber bridges are in aged and decayed conditions. In order to ensure the reliability of these structures and the safety of the public, condition assessment, damage detection and safety evaluation is necessary. This paper presents a damage identification procedure, which is based on global change of vibration characteristics of a structure. The developed method utilises the damage index (DI) method in combination with neural network techniques to identify damage in numerical and experimental timber beam structures. The neural network ensemble approach is utilised in order to respect important diversities of different modes and to integrate individual characteristics of vibrational mode separated damage features. The method considers field testing issues associated with measurement noise, limited number of sensor arrays and environmental fluctuations. The results of damage detection using the proposed approach demonstrate its ability to determine the location and severity of all present damage cases. The outcomes show that the developed damage detection method is effective, robust and reliable.

Dahou, Z, Mehdi Sbartaï, Z, Castel, A & Ghomari, F 2009, 'Artificial neural network model for steel–concrete bond prediction', Engineering Structures, vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 1724-1733.
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Davis, SJ, Ritz, CH & Burnett, IS 2009, 'Using Social Networking and Collections to Enable Video Semantics Acquisition', IEEE MULTIMEDIA, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 52-60.
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De Silva, P, Bucea, L & Sirivivatnanon, V 2009, 'Chemical, microstructural and strength development of calcium and magnesium carbonate binders', CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 460-465.
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Deng, W, Drozdowicz-Tomsia, K, Jin, D & Goldys, EM 2009, 'Enhanced Flow Cytometry-Based Bead Immunoassays Using Metal Nanostructures', Analytical Chemistry, vol. 81, no. 17, pp. 7248-7255.
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Deuse, J, Petzelt, D, Schallow, J, Reinhart, G, Wiedemann, M & Magenheimer, K 2009, 'Prozessharmonisierung in der Digitalen Fabrik auf Basis von Anwendungsprotokollen', Zeitschrift für wirtschaftlichen Fabrikbetrieb, vol. 104, no. 1-2, pp. 11-15.
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Kurzfassung Im Rahmen des Verbundprojekts „Anwendungsprotokoll zur Prozessharmonisierung in der Digitalen Fabrik“ (ADiFa) wird eine Methodik entwickelt, die eine standardisierte Beschreibung der über den Produktenstehungsprozess relevanten Daten der Digitalen Fabrik ermöglicht. Diese basiert auf anwendungsspezifischen Protokollen, die den Austausch von Daten für ein spezifisches Gebiet regeln und dadurch eine Harmonisierung der Planungsprozesse in der Digitalen Fabrik ermöglichen. Die konkrete Ausgestaltung und prototypische Implementierung der Methodik erfolgen am Beispiel des Anwendungsfelds „Zeitwirtschaft“.

Devitt, SJ, Fowler, AG, Tilma, T, Munro, WJ & Nemoto, K 2009, 'Classical Processing Requirements for a Topological Quantum Computing System', International Journal of Quantum Information, vol. 8, no. 1-2, pp. 121-147.
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Dedicated research into the design and construction of a large scale QuantumInformation Processing (QIP) system is a complicated task. The design of anexperimentally feasible quantum processor must draw upon results in multiplefields; from experimental efforts in system control and fabrication through tofar more abstract areas such as quantum algorithms and error correction.Recently, the adaptation of topological coding models to physical systems inoptics has illustrated a possible long term pathway to truly large scale QIP.As the topological model has well defined protocols for Quantum ErrorCorrection (QEC) built in as part of its construction, a more grounded analysisof the {\em classical} processing requirements is possible. In this paper weanalyze the requirements for a classical processing system, designedspecifically for the topological cluster state model. We demonstrate that viaextensive parallelization, the construction of a classical 'front-end' systemcapable of processing error correction data for a large topological computer ispossible today.

Devitt, SJ, Nemoto, K & Munro, WJ 2009, 'Quantum Error Correction for Beginners', Rep. Prog. Phys., vol. 76, no. 7, p. 076001.
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Quantum error correction (QEC) and fault-tolerant quantum computationrepresent one of the most vital theoretical aspect of quantum informationprocessing. It was well known from the early developments of this excitingfield that the fragility of coherent quantum systems would be a catastrophicobstacle to the development of large scale quantum computers. The introductionof quantum error correction in 1995 showed that active techniques could beemployed to mitigate this fatal problem. However, quantum error correction andfault-tolerant computation is now a much larger field and many new codes,techniques, and methodologies have been developed to implement error correctionfor large scale quantum algorithms. In response, we have attempted to summarizethe basic aspects of quantum error correction and fault-tolerance, not as adetailed guide, but rather as a basic introduction. This development in thisarea has been so pronounced that many in the field of quantum information,specifically researchers who are new to quantum information or people focusedon the many other important issues in quantum computation, have found itdifficult to keep up with the general formalisms and methodologies employed inthis area. Rather than introducing these concepts from a rigorous mathematicaland computer science framework, we instead examine error correction andfault-tolerance largely through detailed examples, which are more relevant toexperimentalists today and in the near future.

Dewan, A, Dubrow, R, Hoh, J, Liu, X, Wu, C, Yang, Y, Ying, Z & Zhang, H 2009, 'Detecting essential and removable interactions in genome-wide association studies', Statistics and Its Interface, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 161-170.
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Dickson-Deane, C 2009, 'Ben Shneiderman', ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 24-26.
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Dickson-Deane, C 2009, 'Eugene Spafford', ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 27-28.
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Ding, L, Hao, H & Zhu, X 2009, 'Evaluation of dynamic vehicle axle loads on bridges with different surface conditions', Journal of Sound and Vibration, vol. 323, no. 3-5, pp. 826-848.
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Dissanayake, T, Esselle, KP & Yuce, MR 2009, 'Dielectric Loaded Impedance Matching for Wideband Implanted Antennas', IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 57, no. 10, pp. 2480-2487.
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Dong, D, Lam, J & Tarn, TJ 2009, 'Rapid incoherent control of quantum systems based on continuous measurements and reference model', IET Control Theory & Applications, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 161-169.
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Dong, H, Hussain, FK & Chang, E 2009, 'A QoS-based service retrieval methodology for digital ecosystems', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WEB AND GRID SERVICES, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 261-283.
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The emergence of the World Wide Web and its influence on the fields of industry, commerce, healthcare and so on, has led to an innovative, dynamic, open, collaborative and interactive environment - the digital ecosystem. Whereas service plays an importan

Dong, Y, Xu, Y & Yu, S 2009, 'Linguistic multiperson decision making based on the use of multiple preference relations', Fuzzy Sets and Systems, vol. 160, no. 5, pp. 603-623.
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Dorrell, DG, Hsieh, M-F & Guo, Y 2009, 'Unbalanced Magnet Pull in Large Brushless Rare-Earth Permanent Magnet Motors With Rotor Eccentricity', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 4586-4589.
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Permanent magnet motors are now the focus of application in larger drive and generator systems. They often utilize rare-earth magnets where attractive forces are large and unbalanced magnetic pull (UMP) will be generated even when unexcited. In this paper, a 4-pole machine design is utilized which has either surface magnets or consequent poles. Dynamic eccentricity up to 80% is put into the machine model and a variety of simulations carried out to investigate the UMP. It is found that with strong and thick magnets the machine is robust and the UMP is almost load independent. The consequent pole rotor arrangement produces much higher UMP when the dynamic eccentricity aligns with the steel poles. In the simulations, the different stress components are investigated to assess the validity of a commonly held approximation where the radial force is taken to be a function of the square of the radial air-gap flux.

Doss, R, Li, G, Mak, V, Yu, S & Chowdhury, M 2009, 'Improving the QoS for information discovery in autonomic wireless sensor networks', Pervasive and Mobile Computing, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 334-349.
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Douglas, C, Fildes, B & Gibson, T 2009, 'Development of an occupant model for far-side vehicle crashes', International Journal of Vehicle Safety, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 173-173.
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The biofidelity and performance requirements for a far-side occupant model are described. Previous work is analysed that highlights the potential use of a modified version of the TNO Human Facet Model for simulating far-side impacts. The model's biofidelity and performance are compared with PMHS results from pelvic offset sled tests, pendulum tests and a full-scale far-side crash test. Results indicate that the model exhibits good biofidelity compared with PMHS results, specifically its ability to simulate: belt interaction with the shoulder; loading to the pelvis, thorax and abdomen and whole body kinematics in a full-vehicle far-side crash. The model's main limitations are that its thorax is less capable of matching the magnitude of deflection observed in the PMHS pendulum tests. Copyright © 2009, Inderscience Publishers.

Dovey, K 2009, 'The role of trust in innovation', The Learning Organization, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 311-325.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the role of trust in the collaborative learning processes that underpin innovation as a competitive strategy in organizations.Design/methodology/approachAs a conceptual paper, the argument is framed by academic perspectives, drawn from the academic literature on the topic and by professional and life experience.FindingsThe collaborative learning practices that underpin idea generation and realization in organizations are strongly dependent for their effectiveness upon the availability, within and beyond stakeholder networks, of trust and other key social capital resources.Practical implicationsIf innovation is dependent upon social capital resources, such as trust, then leadership endeavour needs to be much more focused upon the creation of a social environment that nurtures rich stakeholder and other relevant network, relationships. New forms of governance and power management, and more appropriate and aligned organizational structures, are required in organizations that are attempting to compete through innovation.Originality/valueThe paper's explication of the role of social capital resources, like trust, in organizational innovation offers new insights into this complex but increasingly vital form of competitive strategy.

Du, C, Yang, J, Wu, Q & Zhang, T 2009, 'Face recognition using message passing based clustering method', Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation, vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 608-613.
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Traditional subspace analysis methods are inefficient and tend to be affected by noise as they compare the test image to all training images, especifically when there are large numbers of training images. To solve such problem, we propose a fast face recognition (FR) technique called APLDA by combining a novel clustering method affinity propagation (AP) with linear discriminant analysis (LDA). By using AP on the reduced features derived from LDA, a representative face image for each subject can be reached. Thus, our APLDA uses only the representative images rather than all training images for identification. Obviously, APLDA is much more computationally efficient than Fisherface. Also, unlike Fisherface who uses pattern classifier for identification, APLDA performs the identification using AP once again to cluster the test image into one of the representative images. Experimental results also indicate that APLDA outperforms Fisherface in terms of recognition rate. © 2009 Elsevier Inc.

Du, Y, Luo, Z, Tian, Q & Chen, L 2009, 'Topology optimization for thermo-mechanical compliant actuators using mesh-free methods', Engineering Optimization, vol. 41, no. 8, pp. 753-772.
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This article presents an alternative topology optimization method for the design of compliant actuators using mesh-free methods, in which the thermo-mechanical multi-physics modelling and geometrically non-linear analysis are included. The relatively new mesh-free method rather than the standard finite element method (FEM) is used to discretize the design domain and interpolate the bulk density field, because the mesh-free method is in some cases more capable of modelling the large-displacement compliant mechanisms involving the geometrical non-linearity. An interpolation scheme is used to indicate the dependence of material properties on element pseudo densities which are distributed to the corresponding integration points, and the method for imposing essential boundary conditions in mesh-free methods is also discussed. Furthermore, the adjoint approach is incorporated into the mesh-free method to perform the design sensitivity analysis. The optimization problem is established mathematically as a non-linear programming problem to which a sequential convex programming method is applied. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by using a widely studied example.

Duan, R, Feng, Y & Ying, M 2009, 'Perfect Distinguishability of Quantum Operations', PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, vol. 103, no. 21.
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Duan, R, Feng, Y, Xin, Y & Ying, M 2009, 'Distinguishability of Quantum States by Separable Operations', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION THEORY, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1320-1330.
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In this paper, we study the distinguishability of multipartite quantum states by separable operations. We first present a necessary and sufficient condition for a finite set of orthogonal quantum states to be distinguishable by separable operations. An analytical version of this condition is derived for the case of (D - 1) pure states, where D is the total dimension of the state space under consideration. A number of interesting consequences of this result are then carefully investigated. Remarkably, we show there exists a large class of 2 ⊗ 2 separable operations not being realizable by local operations and classical communication. Before our work, only a class of 3⊗ 3 nonlocal separable operations was known [Bennett et al, Phys. Rev. A 59, 1070 (1999)]. We also show that any basis of the orthogonal complement of a multipartite pure state is indistinguishable by separable operations if and only if this state cannot be a superposition of one or two orthogonal product states, i.e., has an orthogonal Schmidt number not less than three, thus generalize the recent work about indistinguishable bipartite subspaces [Watrous, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 080505 (2005)]. Notably, we obtain an explicit construction of indistinguishable subspaces of dimension 7 (or 6) by considering a composite quantum system consisting of two qutrits (resp., three qubits), which is slightly better than the previously known indistinguishable bipartite subspace with dimension 8. © 2009 IEEE.

Dunwell, TL, Dickinson, RE, Stankovic, T, Dallol, A, Weston, V, Austen, B, Catchpoole, D, Maher, ER & Latif, F 2009, 'Frequent epigenetic inactivation of the SLIT2 gene in chronic and acute lymphocytic leukemia', Epigenetics, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 265-269.
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Recently a mouse model of T/natural killer acute lymphoblastic leukemia was used to assess global promoter methylation across the mouse genome using the restriction landmark genomic scanning technique. One of the methylated mouse genes identified in this way was Slit2. There are three mammalian SLIT genes (SLIT1, SLIT2, SLIT3), that belong to a highly conserved family of axon guidance molecules. We have previously demonstrated that SLIT2 is frequently inactivated in lung, breast, colorectal and glioma tumors by hypermethylation of a CpG island in its promoter region, whilst inactivating somatic mutations are rare. Furthermore, we demonstrated that SLIT2 acts as a tumor suppressor gene in breast and colorectal cancer cells. In this report we determined the methylation status of the SLIT2 gene in leukemias (CLL and ALL). SLIT2 was methylated in all ten leukemia cell lines analyzed (eight completely and two partially methylated). SLIT2 expression was restored after treating ALL lines with 5-aza-2dC. In primary ALL and CLL samples, SLIT2 was also frequently methylated, 58% (30/52) B-ALL; 83% (10/12) T-ALL and in 80% (24/30) CLL. Whilst DNA from peripheral blood and bone marrow from healthy control samples showed no SLIT2 methylation. Methylation results in leukemia cell lines and ALL and CLL primary samples were confirmed by direct sequencing of bisulfite modified DNA. Our results demonstrate that methylation of the SLIT2 5′ CpG island is conserved between mice and humans, and therefore is likely to be of functional importance. © 2009 Landes Bioscience.

Dunwell, TL, Hesson, LB, Pavlova, TV, Zabarovska, V, Kashuba, VI, Catchpoole, D, Chiaramonte, R, Brini, AT, Griffiths, M, Maher, ER, Zabarovsky, ER & Latif, F 2009, 'Epigenetic analysis of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia', Epigenetics, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 185-193.
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We used a chromosome 3 wide NotI microarray for identification of epigenetically inactivated genes in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Three novel genes demonstrated frequent methylation in childhood ALL. PPP2R3A (protein phosphatase 2, regulatory subunit B", α) was frequently methylated in T (69%) and B (82%)-ALL. Whilst FBLN2 (fibulin 2) and THRB (thyroid hormone receptor, β) showed frequent methylation in B-ALL (58%; 56% respectively), but were less frequently methylated in T-ALL (17% for both genes). Recently it was demonstrated that BNC1 (Basonuclin 1) and MSX1 (msh homeobox 1) were frequently methylated across common epithelial cancers. In our series of childhood ALL BNC1 was frequently methylated in both T (77%) and B-ALL (79%), whilst MSX1 showed T-ALL (25%) specific methylation. The methylation of the above five genes was cancer specific and expression of the genes could be restored in methylated leukemia cell lines treated with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine. This is the first report demonstrating frequent epigenetic inactivation of PPP2R3A, FBLN2, THRB, BNC1 and MSX1 in leukemia. The identification of frequently methylated genes showing cancer specific methylation will be useful in developing early cancer detection screens and for targeted epigenetic therapies. © 2009 Landes Bioscience.

Dyson, LE, Litchfield, A, Lawrence, E, Raban, R & Leijdekkers, P 2009, 'Advancing the m-learning research agenda for active, experiential learning: Four case studies', AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 250-267.
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This article reports on an m-learning research agenda instituted at our university in order to explore how mobile technology can enhance active, experiential learning. Details of the implementation and results of four areas of m-learning are presented: mobile supported fieldwork, fostering interactivity in large lectures with mobile technology, using mobile devices to learn about mobile technology and, finally, podcasting. These directions are informed by a concern for achieving m-learning practices consistent with sound educational theory and the needs of the contemporary, technologically aware student body. All four implementations have been successfully embedded in mainstream subjects on a continuing basis. Therefore they represent a departure from the project based approach of much m-learning reported in the literature. This outcome was achieved through a focus on the economic sustainability and feasibility of each case. An evaluation focusing on how well each case assisted students' learning found that, with the exception of lecture podcasting, all supported high quality experiential learning.

Dyson, LE, Raban, R, Litchfield, A & Lawrence, E 2009, 'Addressing the cost barriers to mobile learning in higher education', International Journal of Mobile Learning and Organisation, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 381-381.
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This paper addresses one of the main barriers to the widespread adoption of mobile learning in higher education, that of cost. Usage charges billed by telecommunications providers and the cost of mobile hardware are identified as the key cost issues. However, opportunities to overcome this barrier include the high rate of ownership of mobile phones by university students and technological solutions such as packet transmission technologies. The authors describe two experiments in low-cost mobile learning: one that uses packet technology (mobile WAP/WML) to build low-cost interactivity in the classroom and the second that involves mobile-supported fieldwork using several cost-saving strategies. © 2009 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

Eager, DM 2009, 'Encouraging risk', Australian Leisure Management, vol. 77, no. Nov/Dec, pp. 23-24.

Eager, DM 2009, 'Playground equipment and surfacing certification', Australasian Parks and Leisure Journal, vol. 12(1), no. Autumn, pp. 23-24.

Eager, DM 2009, 'Playground impact attenuating sand', Journal Institute of Public Works Engineering Australia, vol. Dec/Jan, pp. 76-78.

Eager, DM 2009, 'Safe Landings', Australian Leisure Management, vol. 74, no. May/Jun, pp. 58-59.

Eager, DM 2009, 'The certification of playground equipment and surfacing', Journal Institute of Public Works Engineering Australia, vol. Apr/May, pp. 80-81.

Eager, DM 2009, 'The importance of inclusive risk for children at play', Journal Institute of Public Works Engineering Australia, vol. Nov/Dec, pp. 64-65.

Eklund, JM & McGregor, C 2009, 'Standards for physiological data transmission and archiving for the support of the service of critical care', ACM SIGBED Review, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 1-6.
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Physiological data is monitored and displayed on medical devices around the world every day, and the volume of this data is steadily increasing and newer monitoring devices enter the clinical setting. However, the vast majority of this data is lost since it is most often displayed once as it is recorded, perhaps replayed one or more times while it exists in the device's volatile memory. What little data that is permanently recorded is most commonly saved through hand written annotations, in paper records and in some limited samples stored on hospital clinical information systems. Meanwhile, current methods of data analysis provide opportunities to utilize this data for improved care of these same critical care patients. A major inhibitor to this becoming reality is the lack of standards for the representation, transmission and storage of physiological data. HL7, for example, does not include definitions for time series data. Research into the use of these data will soon be reaching the clinical setting and the need for such standards to be defined is becoming urgent.

El Saliby, I, Okour, Y, Shon, HK, Kandasamy, J & Kim, IS 2009, 'Desalination plants in Australia, review and facts', DESALINATION, vol. 247, no. 1-3, pp. 1-14.
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Australia is the driest continent on earth and despite this the installed desalination capacity is still around 1% of the total world's desalination capacity. This paper reviews the main seawater issues considered in every desalination projectâthe history, the present situation and the future of desalination in Australia, the suitability of applying reverse osmosis (RO) and the project details of two desalination plants (Sydney and Perth). Ocean currents, seawater temperature and salinity are signifi cant indicators in the assessment of the feasibility of desalination as they aff ect the production costs, the maintenance frequency and the quality of the product water. Seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) is the only type of desalination technology currently used or proposed for future large-scale desalination plants in Australia. Every capital city except Darwin has considered building at least one desalination plant as a means of providing water security after several years of unprecedented drought that has signifi cantly reduced dam storage levels. Perth was the fi rst major city to use desalinated water for drinking water supply and by early 2009 Sydney will be the second city. Thirteen other large-scale SWRO plants are being planned or proposed at several locations for the purpose of supplying drinking water.

El Saliby, IJ, Okour, YH, Shon, HK, Vigneswaran, S, Kandasamy, J & Kim, J-H 2009, 'Detailed Investigation on the Effect of Washing TiO2 Prepared from Tisalts Flocculated Wastewater Sludge', Journal of Advanced Oxidation Technologies, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 194-201.
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AbstractIn this study, the effect of washing TiO

Elmir, M, Mehdaoui, R, Castel, A, Hamouine, A & François, R 2009, 'Vibratory analysis of a composite beam (reinforced concrete) subject to corrosion', International Review of Mechanical Engineering, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 100-103.
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This work is an attempt to study, with an experimental approach the effect of corrosion on the dynamic behaviour of the reinforced concrete structures by measuring the Eigen frequencies. For this purpose a test was applied on reinforced concrete healthy and corroded beams subjected to a vibratory mechanical excitation. For this test we made use of a vibrating pot and a signal analyzer. The spectral response of each beam gives information in the form of a signal which allows the measurement of these Eigen frequencies so that one can determine the effect of corrosion on the dynamic behaviour of the beam which represents the originality of our experimental approach. © 2009 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved.

Eslava, S, Kirschhock, CEA, Aldea, S, Baklanov, MR, Iacopi, F, Maex, K & Martens, JA 2009, 'Characterization of spin-on zeolite films prepared from Silicalite-1 nanoparticle suspensions', MICROPOROUS AND MESOPOROUS MATERIALS, vol. 118, no. 1-3, pp. 458-466.
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Fan, W, Yu, JX, Li, J, Ding, B & Qin, L 2009, 'Query translation from XPath to SQL in the presence of recursive DTDs.', VLDB J., vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 857-883.
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We study the problem of evaluating xpath queries over xml data that is stored in an rdbms via schema-based shredding. The interaction between recursion (descendants-axis) in xpath queries and recursion in dtds makes it challenging to answer xpath queries using rdbms. We present a new approach to translating xpath queries into sql queries based on a notion of extended XP ath expressions and a simple least fixpoint (lfp) operator. Extended xpath expressions are a mild extension of xpath, and the lfp operator takes a single input relation and is already supported by most commercial rdbms. We show that extended xpath expressions are capable of capturing both dtd recursion and xpath queries in a uniform framework. Furthermore, they can be translated into an equivalent sequence of sql queries with the lfp operator. We present algorithms for rewriting xpath queries over a (possibly recursive) dtd into extended xpath expressions and for translating extended xpath expressions to sql queries, as well as optimization techniques. The novelty of our approach consists in its capability to answer a large class of xpath queries by means of only low-end rdbms features already available in most rdbms, as well as its flexibility to accommodate existing relational query optimization techniques. In addition, these translation algorithms provide a solution to query answering for certain (possibly recursive) xml views of xml data. Our experimental results verify the effectiveness of our techniques. © 2009 Springer-Verlag.

Fang, F, Ni, B-J & Yu, H-Q 2009, 'Estimating the kinetic parameters of activated sludge storage using weighted non-linear least-squares and accelerating genetic algorithm', Water Research, vol. 43, no. 10, pp. 2595-2604.
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Fang, F, Ni, B-J, Li, X-Y, Sheng, G-P & Yu, H-Q 2009, 'Kinetic analysis on the two-step processes of AOB and NOB in aerobic nitrifying granules', Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 83, no. 6, pp. 1159-1169.
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Fatahi, B, Khabbaz, H & Indraratna, B 2009, 'Parametric studies on bioengineering effects of tree root-based suction on ground behaviour', ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING, vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 1415-1426.
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Using native vegetation to improve soil stiffness, stabilise slopes and control erosion is a rapidly evolving process. A theoretical model previously developed by the authors for the rate of tree root water uptake together with an associated numerical simulation is used to study the effects of a wide range of soil, tree, and atmospheric parameters on partially saturated ground. The influence of different parameters on the maximum initial rate of root water uptake is investigated through parametric and sensitivity analyses. Field measurements taken from previously published literature are compared with numerical predictions for validation. The rate of selected parameters such as potential transpiration and its distribution, suction at wilting point, the coefficient of permeability and the distribution of root length density are studied in detail. The analysis shows that the rate of potential transpiration increases the soil matric suction and ground settlement, while the potential transpiration rate has an insignificant effect on the distribution of soil suction. Root density distribution factors affect the size of the influence zone. Suction at the wilting point increases the soil matric suction and ground settlement, whereas the saturation permeability decreases the maximum soil matric suction generated. The analysis confirms that the most sensitive parameters, including the coefficients of the tree root system, the transpiration rate, the permeability of the soil and its suction at the wilting point should be measured or estimated accurately for an acceptable prediction of ground conditions in the vicinity of trees. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Feng, Y, Duan, R & Ying, M 2009, 'LOCALLY UNDETERMINED STATES, GENERALIZED SCHMIDT DECOMPOSITION, AND APPLICATION IN DEISTRIBUTED COMUTING', QUANTUM INFORMATION & COMPUTATION, vol. 9, no. 11-12, pp. 997-1012.
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Multipartite quantum states that cannot be uniquely determined by their reduced states of all proper subsets of the parties exhibit some inherit `high-order' correlation. This paper elaborates this issue by giving necessary and sufficient conditions for a pure multipartite state to be locally undetermined, and moreover, characterizing precisely all the pure states sharing the same set of reduced states with it. Interestingly, local determinability of pure states is closely related to a generalized notion of Schmidt decomposition. Furthermore, we find that locally undetermined states have some applications to the well-known consensus problem in distributed computation. To be specific, given some physically separated agents, when communication between them, either classical or quantum, is unreliable and they are not allowed to use local ancillary quantum systems, then there exists a totally correct and completely fault-tolerant protocol for them to reach a consensus if and only if they share a priori a locally undetermined quantum state

Ferrie, C & Emerson, J 2009, 'Framed Hilbert space: hanging the quasi-probability pictures of quantum theory', New J. Phys., vol. 11, p. 063040.
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Building on earlier work, we further develop a formalism based on themathematical theory of frames that defines a set of possible phase-space orquasi-probability representations of finite-dimensional quantum systems. Weprove that an alternate approach to defining a set of quasi-probabilityrepresentations, based on a more natural generalization of a classicalrepresentation, is equivalent to our earlier approach based on frames, andtherefore is also subject to our no-go theorem for a non-negativerepresentation. Furthermore, we clarify the relationship between thecontextuality of quantum theory and the necessity of negativity inquasi-probability representations and discuss their relevance as criteria fornon-classicality. We also provide a comprehensive overview of knownquasi-probability representations and their expression within the frameformalism.

Ferrie, C, Morris, R & Emerson, J 2009, 'Necessity of negativity in quantum theory', Phys. Rev. A, vol. 82, no. 4, p. 044103.
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A unification of the set of quasiprobability representations using themathematical theory of frames was recently developed for quantum systems withfinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces, in which it was proven that suchrepresentations require negative probability in either the states or theeffects. In this article we extend those results to Hilbert spaces of infinitedimension, for which the celebrated Wigner function is a special case. Hence,this article presents a unified framework for describing the set of possiblequasiprobability representations of quantum theory, and a proof that thepresence of negativity is a necessary feature of such representations.

Frost, SA, Nguyen, ND, Center, JR, Eisman, JA & Nguyen, TV 2009, 'Timing of Repeat BMD Measurements: Development of an Absolute Risk-Based Prognostic Model', Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 1800-1807.
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AbstractThis study attempted to address the following questions: for an individual who is at present nonosteoporotic, given their current age and BMD level, what is the individual's risk of fracture and when is the ideal time to repeat a BMD measurement? Nonosteoporotic women (n = 1008) and men (n = 750) over the age of 60 in 1989 from the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study were monitored until one of the following outcomes occurred: (1) BMD reached “osteoporosis” level (i.e., T-scores ≤ −2.5) or (2) an incident fragility fracture. During the follow-up period (average, 7 yr), 346 women (34%) and 160 men (21%) developed osteoporosis or sustained a low-trauma fracture. The risk of osteoporosis or fracture increased with advancing age (women: RR/10 yr, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1–1.6; men: RR/10 yr, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.7–2.9) and lower BMD levels (women: RR per −0.12 g/cm2, 3.2; 95% CI, 2.6–4.1; RR per −0.12 g/cm2, 2.6; 95% CI, 2.0–3.3). Using the predicted risk (of osteoporosis or fracture) of 10% as a cut-off level for repeating BMD measurement, the estimated time to reach the cut-off level varied from 1.5 (for an 80-yr-old woman with a T-score of −2.2) to 10.6 yr (for a 60-yr-old man with a T-score of 0). These results suggest that, based on an individual's current age and BMD T-score, it is possible to estimate the optimal time to repeat BMD testing for the individual. The prognostic model and approach presented in this study may help improve the individualization and management of osteoporosis.

Fu, Q, Wang, G, Lin, W & Huang, J 2009, 'One‐pot preparation of 3‐miktoarm star terpolymers via “click chemistry” and atom transfer nitroxide radical coupling reaction', Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 986-990.
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Fu, Q, Zhang, Z, Lin, W & Huang, J 2009, 'Single-Electron-Transfer Nitroxide-Radical-Coupling Reaction at Ambient Temperature: Application in the Synthesis of Block Copolymers', Macromolecules, vol. 42, no. 13, pp. 4381-4383.
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Fu, S-P, Zheng, Z, Yuan, X, Zhang, S-J, Gao, H-W, Li, Y & Hu, S-S 2009, 'Impact of Off-Pump Techniques on Sex Differences in Early and Late Outcomes After Isolated Coronary Artery Bypass Grafts', The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, vol. 87, no. 4, pp. 1090-1096.
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Gabrys, B & Anguita, D 2009, 'Nature-inspired learning and adaptive systems', Natural Computing, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 197-198.
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Gallego-Ortega, D, Ramirez de Molina, A, Ramos, MA, Valdes-Mora, F, Barderas, MG, Sarmentero-Estrada, J & Lacal, JC 2009, 'Differential Role of Human Choline Kinase α and β Enzymes in Lipid Metabolism: Implications in Cancer Onset and Treatment', PLoS ONE, vol. 4, no. 11, pp. e7819-e7819.
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Gandomi, AH & Alavi, AH 2009, 'Discussion on “Predicting the shear strength of reinforced concrete beams using artificial neural networks” by M.Y. Mansour, M. Dicleli, J.Y. Lee, J. Zhang [Eng Struct 26 (2004) 781–799]', Engineering Structures, vol. 31, no. 11, pp. 2801-2801.
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Gandomi, AH, Alavi, AH, Kazemi, S & Alinia, MM 2009, 'Behavior appraisal of steel semi-rigid joints using Linear Genetic Programming', Journal of Constructional Steel Research, vol. 65, no. 8-9, pp. 1738-1750.
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Gao, W, Zhang, N & Ji, J 2009, 'A new method for random vibration analysis of stochastic truss structures', Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 190-199.
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A new method called the random factor method (RFM) for the natural frequency, mode shape and random vibration analysis of stochastic truss structures is presented in this paper. Using the RFM, the structural physical parameters and geometry can be considered as random variables. The structural stiffness and mass matrices can then, respectively, be described by the product of two parts corresponding to the random factors and the deterministic matrix. The structural natural frequencies, mode shapes and random response can be expressed as the function of the random factors. By means of the random variable's functional moment method and the algebra synthesis method, computational expressions for the mean value, standard deviation and variation coefficient of the dynamic characteristics, mean square value of the stationary random displacement and stress response are developed. The influences of the randomness of the structural parameters on the dynamic characteristics, structural displacement and stress responses are demonstrated using a truss structure and Monte-Carlo simulations illustrate the efficiency of the proposed method. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

GAO, YA, ZHANG, G & LU, JIE 2009, 'A FUZZY MULTI-OBJECTIVE BILEVEL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM', International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making, vol. 08, no. 01, pp. 93-108.
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In a bilevel decision problem, both the leader and the follower may have multiple objectives, and the coefficients involved in these objective functions or constraints may be described by some uncertain values. To express such a situation, a fuzzy multi-objective bilevel (FMOBL) programming model and related solution methods are introduced. This research develops a FMOBL decision support system through implementing the proposed FMOBL methods.

Ge, Y & Esselle, KP 2009, 'Low‐profile resonant cavity antenna based on an in‐phase metamaterial surface', Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 731-733.
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AbstractA partially reflective metamaterial surface is designed to have in‐phase reflection property for the purpose of reducing the height of resonant cavity antennas. Since the reflection phase of the in‐phase is close to 0° at the operating band, the cavity height, that is, the distance between the metamaterial surface and the PEC ground, can be reduced from half wavelength to about a quarter wavelength, without using an artificial magnetic conductor as the ground. An example antenna is designed, fabricated, and measured to demonstrate the concept. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 731–733, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24134

Gerber, C & Crews, K 2009, 'Timber Stressed-Skin Panels: Design Guidelines for Australian Practice', Australian Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 207-216.
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this paper puts forward a design procedure and proposes, in the form of an amendment to Section 5 of AS1720.1-1997, to include these directives in a future edition of the design code. The design procedure discussed herein is thorough in scope and straightforward in application. It addresses the composite characteristics of SSP structures - composite action and tributary width of the sheathing. It provides clear guidelines for the assessment of both aspects. It also imposes a systematic verification of the different stresses experienced by the structure. This particular section of the design procedure considers both AS1720.1-1997 and Eurocode 5 (European Committee for Standardisation, 1995). In addition, a method to account for the two-way action ability of SSP structures is also proposed in the design procedure, which includes two equations derived by Gerber (2007). For defined applications, acceptable assessments of the load distribution in SSP systems are achieved with these two equations for loading on an exterior and interior joist, respectively.

Glamore, WC & Indraratna, B 2009, 'Tidal-forcing groundwater dynamics in a restored coastal wetland: implications of saline intrusion', Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 31-40.
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Godfrey, E & Hadgraft, R 2009, 'Engineering Education Research: Coming of age in Australia and New Zealand', Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 98, no. 4, pp. 307-308.
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Golab, AN & Indraratna, B 2009, 'Occurrence and consequences of acid sulphate soils and methods of site remediation', Geomechanics and Geoengineering, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 201-208.
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© 2009 Taylor & Francis. The oxidation of sulphides in acid sulphate soils (ASS) causes the acidification of many Australian coastal river systems. The acidity negatively impacts upon coastal ecosystems, aquaculture, agriculture and concrete and steel infrastructure. In the low-lying floodplains, relatively deep surface drains fitted with one-way floodgates lower the watertable, thereby exposing the sulphidic minerals to oxidation. On the Broughton Creek floodplain in SE Australia, four distinct remediation strategies have been developed to tackle the issue of acidification by ASS: (i) simple V-notch weirs that raise the level of the watertable surrounding the drains thereby submerging the pyrite and preventing the further formation of acidity; (ii) modified two-way floodgates that allow the inflow of tidal water into the drains, thereby buffering the acidity within the drain before it enters the river and raising the level of the watertable surrounding the drain; (iii) lateral impermeable lime barriers that both prevent oxidation of pyrite by stopping the downward movement of oxygen into the soil and neutralise the acidity in the groundwater; and (iv) permeable reactive barriers (PRB) that passively intercept the groundwater flow and neutralise the acidity. Each remediation strategy has a distinct role to suit the different terrain and groundwater conditions.

Golab, AN, Peterson, MA & Indraratna, B 2009, 'Selection of permeable reactive barrier materials for treating acidic groundwater in acid sulphate soil terrains based on laboratory column tests', Environmental Earth Sciences, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 241-254.
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Grover, DP, Zhang, ZL, Readman, JW & Zhou, JL 2009, 'A comparison of three analytical techniques for the measurement of steroidal estrogens in environmental water samples', Talanta, vol. 78, no. 3, pp. 1204-1210.
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Research into the analysis and monitoring of steroidal estrogens has grown significantly over the last decade, resulting in the emergence of a range of applicable techniques. In this study, three popular techniques, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) for the analysis of three highly potent steroidal estrogens in the aquatic environment have been compared. It has been observed that overall, the three techniques appear comparable in generating similar estrogen concentrations for river and effluent samples. Of the three techniques, the GC-MS technique is the simplest to operate, but fails to detect the estrogens at the lower-end of environmentally relevant concentrations. The tandem MS techniques are more selective than MS, and therefore able to detect lower concentration levels of the three steroidal estrogens of interest. However, the LC-MS-MS technique is more susceptible to matrix interferences for the analysis of samples, resulting in a reduction of the signal-to-noise ratio and a subsequent reduction in reliability and stability compared to GC-MS-MS. With the GC-MS-MS technique offering increased selectivity, the lowest limits of detection, and no false positive identification, it is recommended to be the preferred analytical technique for routine analysis of estrogens in environmental water samples. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Gui, L, Li, Q, Liu, B, Zhang, W & Zheng, C 2009, 'Low complexity channel estimation method for TDS-OFDM based Chinese DTTB system', IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1135-1140.
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Guillon, M, Miles, REH, Reid, JP & McGloin, D 2009, 'Thermo-optical resonance locking of an optically trapped salt-water microdroplet', New Journal of Physics, vol. 11, no. 10, pp. 103041-103041.
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Gunes, H & Piccardi, M 2009, 'Automatic Temporal Segment Detection and Affect Recognition From Face and Body Display', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS MAN AND CYBERNETICS PART B-CYBERNETICS, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 64-84.
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Psychologists have long explored mechanisms with which humans recognize other humans' affective states from modalities, such as voice and face display. This exploration has led to the identification of the main mechanisms, including the important role played in the recognition process by the modalities' dynamics. Constrained by the human physiology, the temporal evolution of a modality appears to be well approximated by a sequence of temporal segments called onset, apex, and offset. Stemming from these findings, computer scientists, over the past 15 years, have proposed various methodologies to automate the recognition process. We note, however, two main limitations to date. The first is that much of the past research has focused on affect recognition from single modalities. The second is that even the few multimodal systems have not paid sufficient attention to the modalities' dynamics: The automatic determination of their temporal segments, their synchronization to the purpose of modality fusion, and their role in affect recognition are yet to be adequately explored. To address this issue, this paper focuses on affective face and body display, proposes a method to automatically detect their temporal segments or phases, explores whether the detection of the temporal phases can effectively support recognition of affective states, and recognizes affective states based on phase synchronization/alignment. The experimental results obtained show the following: 1) affective face and body displays are simultaneous but not strictly synchronous; 2) explicit detection of the temporal phases can improve the accuracy of affect recognition; 3) recognition from fused face and body modalities performs better than that from the face or the body modality alone; and 4) synchronized feature-level fusion achieves better performance than decision-level fusion.

Guo, W, Ngo, H-H, Palmer, CG, Xing, W, Hu, AY-J & Listowski, A 2009, 'Roles of sponge sizes and membrane types in a single stage sponge-submerged membrane bioreactor for improving nutrient removal from wastewater for reuse', DESALINATION, vol. 249, no. 2, pp. 672-676.
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Sponge not only can reduce membrane fouling by means of mechanical cleaning and maintain a balance of suspended-attached microorganisms in submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR), but also can enhance dissolved organic matter and nutrient removal. This study investigated the performance of three different sizes of sponge (S28â30/45R, S28â30/60R and S28â30/90R) associated with continuous aerated SMBR. A laboratory-scale single stage sponge-SMBR (SSMBR) showed high performance for removing dissolved organic matter (>96%) and PO4âP (>98.8), while coarse sponges such as S28â30/45R, S28â30/60R could achieve more than 99% removal of NH4âN. When three-size sponges (S28â30/45R, S28â30/60R and S28â30/90R) were mixed at a ratio of 1:1:1 and in conjunction with two kinds of membranes (0.1 μm hollow fiber and 2 μm nonwoven), the SSMBR system has proved its generic merits of superior treated effluent quality and less membrane fouling. The NH4âN and PO4âP removal were found excellent, which were more than 99.8% and over 99% respectively. Molecular weight distribution also indicated that major fractions of organic matter could be successfully removed by SSMBR.

Guo, W, Xing, W, Ngo, H, Hu, YA, Palmer, CG & Zhang, R 2009, 'Enhancement of Organics removal by an Integrated Nonwoven Media Biofiter-submerged Membrane Adsorption Hybrid System', Journal of Applied Membrane Science & Technology, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1-8.

Guo, Y, Zhu, J & Dorrell, DG 2009, 'Design and Analysis of a Claw Pole Permanent Magnet Motor With Molded Soft Magnetic Composite Core', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 4582-4585.
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Soft magnetic composite (SMC) materials and SMC electromagnetic devices have undergone substantial development in the past decade. Much work has been conducted on designing and prototyping various types of electrical machine. However, the iron cores were often made by cutting existing SMC preforms that were formed by compacting SMC powder in simple cylinder or bar-shape molds, and the magnetic properties of the cores may deteriorate significantly during the cutting process. To investigate 'industry production-ready' products, this paper presents the design and analysis of a claw-pole permanent magnet (PM) motor with a molded SMC core of low mass density to replace the existing induction motor in a dishwasher pump. The magnetic properties of the molded SMC core are measured and utilized in the motor design and analysis. Finite element analysis (FEA) of magnetic field is carried out to accurately determine key motor parameters, and an improved phase variable model is applied to predict the motor performance. Both parameter computation and performance prediction are validated by the experimental results on the prototype. © 2009 IEEE.

Guo, YJ, Liu, D & Bird, NC 2009, 'Guest Editorial for the Special Issue on Antennas and Propagation Aspects of 60–90 GHz Wireless Communications', IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 57, no. 10, pp. 2817-2819.
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Gutierrez, F & Dyson, LE 2009, 'Confucian or Fusion?', The International Journal of Learning: Annual Review, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 373-384.
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This research aims to uncover the perceptions of first-year Confucian-heritage students towards their lived experience of university study in Australia. Data was gathered from the students via interviews and analyzed using a phenomenological approach. From the students perspective, prior experience of western-style pedagogy was found to be helpful in giving students an idea of what the Australian learning environment would entail, although many students still had difficulty with classroom interaction due to persistent cultural conditioning. In terms of teacher behaviour, important factors include the lecturer demonstrating an understanding of the students culture, using humour in teaching, being a role model, developing a good relationship with the student and demonstrating a commitment to their learning. Issues included the students lack of understanding of the true significance of assignments and lecturers misunderstanding of the valuable role of memorization in Confucian-heritage students learning. The findings of this work allow academics an insight into the lived educational experiences of the student participants. They may also be tentatively offered as a means of informing future course design and delivery, with the goal of improving the quality of student learning and, therefore, academic success.

Ha Hoang Kha, Hoang Duong Tuan & Nguyen, TQ 2009, 'Efficient Design of Cosine-Modulated Filter Banks via Convex Optimization', IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 966-976.
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This paper presents efficient approaches for designing cosine-modulated filter banks with linear phase prototype filter. First, we show that the design problem of the prototype filter being a spectral factor of 2 Mth-band filter is a nonconvex optimizati

Ha, PN, Fujita, H, Ozaki, K & Uchida, N 2009, 'Dynamic Performance of a Current-Phase Control Method for Zone-Control Induction Heating Systems', IEEJ Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 129, no. 7, pp. 691-697.
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Haapola, J, Rabbachin, A, Goratti, L, Pomalaza-Raez, C & Oppermann, I 2009, 'Effect of Impulse Radio–Ultrawideband Based on Energy Collection on MAC Protocol Performance', IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 58, no. 8, pp. 4491-4506.
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Hakim, A, Hossain, J & Khan, KA 2009, 'Temperature effect on the electrical properties of undoped NiO thin films', Renewable Energy, vol. 34, no. 12, pp. 2625-2629.
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Hall, N, White, C & O’Sullivan, AJ 2009, 'The relationship between adiponectin, progesterone, and temperature across the menstrual cycle', Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 279-283.
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Hao, X, Wang, Q, Zhang, X, Cao, Y & Mark Loosdrecht, CMV 2009, 'Experimental evaluation of decrease in bacterial activity due to cell death and activity decay in activated sludge', Water Research, vol. 43, no. 14, pp. 3604-3612.
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Hao, X, Zhang, X, Cao, Y & Wang, Q 2009, 'Determining the decay characteristics of nitrifying bacteria in activated sludge using molecular biological techniques', Huanjing Kexue Xuebao/Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, vol. 29, no. 10, pp. 2033-2040.
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The aerobic decay characteristics of nitrifying bacteria in a nitrifying sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and a biological nutrient removal (BNR) system were investigated by measuring maximal oxygen uptake rates (OURs), analyzing 16S rRNA with fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) and observing membrane integrity by LIVE/DEAD staining. The experimental results reveal that in the nitrifying SBR system, cell death was responsible for 33% of cell decay at SRT = 10 d and for 50% at SRT = 40 d. In other words, the activity decay contributed 67% and 50% of the total cell decay at SRT = 10 and 40 d respectively. A longer SRT should select for nitrifying bacteria better adapted to starvation conditions, and thus the selected nitrifying bacteria could quickly produce a stringent response. As a result, a reduced decay rate of the selected nitrifying bacteria is expected. In the BNR system (SRT = 15 d), the cell death was responsible for 45% of the total cell decay for nitrifying bacteria, and thus the activity decay accounted for 55% of the total cell decay. The different fractions of cell death of nitrifying bacteria in the two systems could be caused by different microbial compositions in the SBR and BNR systems.

Hasbi, A, Fan, T, Alijaniaram, M, Nguyen, T, Perreault, ML, O'Dowd, BF & George, SR 2009, 'Calcium signaling cascade links dopamine D1–D2 receptor heteromer to striatal BDNF production and neuronal growth', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 106, no. 50, pp. 21377-21382.
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Although the perturbation of either the dopaminergic system or brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels has been linked to important neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, there is no known signaling pathway linking these two major players. We found that the exclusive stimulation of the dopamine D1–D2 receptor heteromer, which we identified in striatal neurons and adult rat brain by using confocal FRET, led to the activation of a signaling cascade that links dopamine signaling to BDNF production and neuronal growth through a cascade of four steps: (i) mobilization of intracellular calcium through Gq, phospholipase C, and inositol trisphosphate, (ii) rapid activation of cytosolic and nuclear calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase IIα, (iii) increased BDNF expression, and (iv) accelerated morphological maturation and differentiation of striatal neurons, marked by increased microtubule-associated protein 2 production. These effects, although robust in striatal neurons from D5−/−mice, were absent in neurons from D1−/−mice. We also demonstrated that this signaling cascade was activated in adult rat brain, although with regional specificity, being largely limited to the nucleus accumbens. This dopaminergic pathway regulating neuronal growth and maturation through BDNF may have considerable significance in disorders such as drug addiction, schizophrenia, and depression.

Haskett, M, Oehlers, DJ, Mohamed Ali, MS & Wu, C 2009, 'Rigid body moment–rotation mechanism for reinforced concrete beam hinges', Engineering Structures, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 1032-1041.
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Haskett, M, Oehlers, DJ, Mohamed Ali, MS & Wu, C 2009, 'Yield Penetration Hinge Rotation in Reinforced Concrete Beams', Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 135, no. 2, pp. 130-138.
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Hassan, MH, Kalam, MA, Mahlia, TMI, Aris, I, Nizam, MK, Abdullah, S & Ali, Y 2009, 'Experimental Test of a New Compressed Natural Gas Direct Injection Engine', Energy & Fuels, vol. 23, no. 10, pp. 4981-4987.
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Hazelton, P, Malone, M & Gardner, A 2009, 'A multicultural, multidisciplinary short course to introduce recently graduated engineers to the global nature of professional practice', European Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 281-290.
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Since 2001, the International Institute of Women in Engineering (IIWE) at EPF, Ecole d'ingenieurs generaliste, Sceaux, France, has conducted a 3 week short course for culturally and discipline diverse, recently graduated and final year engineering students. The aim of this course is to introduce young engineers to broad global concepts and issues relating to their future professional practice, through intercultural learning. The initial course programme provided examples of engineering practices in various countries throughout the world. However, to achieve an intercultural, multidisciplinary learning outcome, a specific course theme and a project focussing on sustainable engineering and the inclusion of a variety of industrial visits were introduced in 2006. This paper will discuss the success of the strategies used to engage international students in the IIWE course activities, and after consideration of the results of participant surveys, the curriculum initiatives that followed

Hesson, LB, Dunwell, TL, Cooper, WN, Catchpoole, D, Brini, AT, Chiaramonte, R, Griffiths, M, Chalmers, AD, Maher, ER & Latif, F 2009, 'The novel RASSF6 and RASSF10 candidate tumour suppressor genes are frequently epigenetically inactivated in childhood leukaemias', Molecular Cancer, vol. 8, no. 1.
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Abstract Background The Ras-assocation family (RASSF) of tumour suppressor genes (TSGs) contains 10 members that encode proteins containing Ras-assocation (RA) domains. Several members of the RASSF family are frequently epigenetically inactivated in cancer, however, their role in leukaemia has remained largely uninvestigated. Also, RASSF10 is a predicted gene yet to be experimentally verified. Here we cloned, characterised and demonstrated expression of RASSF10 in normal human bone marrow. We also determined the methylation status of CpG islands associated with RASSF1–10 in a series of childhood acute lymphocytic leukaemias (ALL) and normal blood and bone marrow samples. Results COBRA and bisulphite sequencing revealed RASSF6 and RASSF10 were the only RASSF members with a high frequency of leukaemia-specific methylation. RASSF6 was methylated in 94% (48/51) B-ALL and 41% (12/29) T-ALL, whilst RASSF10 was methylated in 16% (8/51) B-ALL and 88% (23/26) T-ALL. RASSF6 and RASSF10 expression inversely correlated with methylation which was restored by treatment with 5-aza-2'deoxycytidine (5azaDC). Conclusion This study shows the hypermethylation profile of RASSF genes in leukaemias is distinct from that of solid tumours and represents the first report of inactivation of RASSF6 or RASSF10 in cancer. These data show epigenetic inactivation of the candidat...

HIBBERD, A, MASKAOUI, K, ZHANG, Z & ZHOU, J 2009, 'An improved method for the simultaneous analysis of phenolic and steroidal estrogens in water and sediment', Talanta, vol. 77, no. 4, pp. 1315-1321.
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This paper describes an improved method for the extraction and analysis of seven endocrine disrupting chemicals with wide-ranging polarities from water and sediments using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The analytes were 4-tert-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol, bisphenol A, estrone, 17β-estradiol, 17α-ethynylestradiol and 16α-hydroxyestrone. The optimised GC-MS/MS method produces increased selectivity and sensitivity compared to GC-MS, with limit of detection ranging from 0.01 to 0.49 ng L-1 in water and from 0.05 to 0.14 ng g-1 in sediment. Extraction from aqueous samples was performed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and from sediment samples by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). The improved method for the clean-up of sediment extracts carried out by SPE enhanced EDC recovery (86-102%) while reducing matrix interference and sample drying time. Derivatisation of final sample extracts was achieved using N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide and pyridine, and their stability was enhanced by reconstituting the derivatised extracts with hexane. The method was validated by spiking experiments which showed good recovery and reproducibility. The method was applied to samples taken from the Medway estuary in Kent, UK, where non-conservative behaviour of EDCs was demonstrated. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Hien, LV, Ha, QP & Phat, VN 2009, 'Stability and stabilization of switched linear dynamic systems with time delay and uncertainties', APPLIED MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTATION, vol. 210, no. 1, pp. 223-231.
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This paper considers the problem of exponential stability and stabilization of switched linear time-delay systems. The system parameter uncertainties are time-varying and unknown but norm-bounded. The delay in the system states is also time-varying. By using an improved Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional, a switching rule for the exponential stability and stabilization is designed in terms of the solution of Riccati-type equations. The approach allows for computation of the bounds that characterize the exponential stability rate of the solution. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the results.

Ho, DP, Vigneswaran, S & Ngo, HH 2009, 'Photocatalysis-membrane hybrid system for organic removal from biologically treated sewage effluent', SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 145-152.
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The application of semiconductor photocatalysis in treating wastewater has attracted growing interest due to its complete mineralisation of organic matter. Furthermore, coupling of photocatalytic process with microfiltration provided considerable advantages over the conventional methods. In this study, the photocatalytic reactivity of the catalysts was assessed at different operating conditions. The results show that the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content was halved at a concentration of 1.0 g/L of TiO2. With the addition of flocculant FeCl3, the oxidation process was significantly improved further by another 30%. The recovery of TiO2 upon photooxidation process was achieved by coupling the photocatalysis reactor with a low energy submerged membrane reactor. The results show superior DOC degradation of more than 80% by this hybrid system. Moreover, it was demonstrated that photosensitization with TiO2/UV could effectively reduce membrane fouling and enhance the permeate flux of the submerged membrane reactor. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Hoang, NT, Tuan, HD, Nguyen, TQ & Hoang, HG 2009, 'Optimized Analog Filter Designs With Flat Responses by Semidefinite Programming', IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 944-955.
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Analog filters constitute indispensable components of analog circuits. Inspired by recent advances in digital filter design, this paper provides a flexible design for analog filters. All-pole filters have maximally flat passband, so our design minimizes

Hohn, N, Papagiannaki, K & Veitch, D 2009, 'Capturing Router Congestion and Delay', IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 789-802.
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Holthaus, CV, Cannon, C, Elkin, R & Nguyen, HB 2009, 'Can My Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock Patients Wait Any Longer?', Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 135-136.
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Hong-Da, T, Zhong-Yuan, Y, Li-Hong, H & Yu-Min, L 2009, 'Lateral stress-induced propagation characteristics in photonic crystal fibres', Chinese Physics B, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 1109-1115.
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Ho-Pham, LT, Nguyen, ND & Nguyen, TV 2009, 'Effect of vegetarian diets on bone mineral density: a Bayesian meta-analysis', The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 90, no. 4, pp. 943-950.
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Background: The association between vegetarian diets and bone mineral density (BMD) is controversial because of conflicting findings from previous studies. Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of vegetarian diets on BMD by using a meta-analytic approach. Design: A systematic electronic literature search was conducted to identify all relevant articles on the association between vegetarian diet and BMD. Nine studies of 2749 subjects (1880 women and 869 men) were included in the analysis. Traditional and Bayesian methods of meta-analysis were applied to synthesize the data. Results: Overall, BMD was ≈4% lower in vegetarians than in omnivores (95% CI: 2%, 7%) at both the femoral neck and the lumbar spine. Compared with omnivores, vegans had a significantly lower lumbar spine BMD (6% lower; 95% CI: 2%, 9%), which was more pronounced than in lactoovovegetarians (2% lower; 95% CI: 1%, 4%). The probability that BMD was ≥5% lower in vegetarians than in omnivores (or ≈0.3 SD) was 42% for the femoral neck and 32% for the lumbar spine. There was no evidence of publication bias. There was a moderate degree of between-study heterogeneity; the coefficient of heterogeneity varied between 46% and 51%. Conclusion: The results suggest that vegetarian diets, particularly vegan diets, are associated with lower BMD, but the magnitude of the association is clinically insignificant. © 2009 American Society for Nutrition.

Ho-Pham, LT, Nguyen, ND, Vu, BQ, Pham, HN & Nguyen, TV 2009, 'Prevalence and risk factors of radiographic vertebral fracture in postmenopausal Vietnamese women', Bone, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 213-217.
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Ho-Pham, LT, Nguyen, PLT, Le, TTT, Doan, TAT, Tran, NT, Le, TA & Nguyen, TV 2009, 'Veganism, bone mineral density, and body composition: a study in Buddhist nuns', OSTEOPOROSIS INTERNATIONAL, vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 2087-2093.
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Hossain, FM, Murch, GE, Belova, IV & Turner, BD 2009, 'Electronic, optical and bonding properties of CaCO3 calcite', Solid State Communications, vol. 149, no. 29-30, pp. 1201-1203.
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Howe, AJ, Rodríguez, JF & Saco, PM 2009, 'Surface evolution and carbon sequestration in disturbed and undisturbed wetland soils of the Hunter estuary, southeast Australia', Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol. 84, no. 1, pp. 75-83.
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Hu, H, Li, Y & Wang, J 2009, 'Structural design and dynamic characteristics analysis for a magneto-rheological gun recoil shock absorber under impact load', Zhongguo Jixie Gongcheng/China Mechanical Engineering, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 389-393.
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A full-scale mock-up for MR shock absorber characterized with multistage slotted and smoothness disposal under impact load was firstly established. Considering the dynamic of MR shock absorber under impact load, an inertia factor was introduced to Herschel-Bulkley model, which led to two revised models, named as Herschel-Bulkley-Inertia model. And a suit of real-time measuring and controlling simulation experimental platform including hardware and software for dynamic response of MR gun recoil shock absorber under impact load was developed. The parameters in Bingham-Inertia model and Herschel-Bulkley-Inertia model were identificated by using the testing data. Further, the testing results prove that the designed MR gun recoil long-stroke shock absorber's dynamic performance under impact load can be well controlled by changing the applied current, and the dynamic response models for MR gun recoil shock absorber under impact load are proved.

Hu, HS, Wang, J & Li, YC 2009, 'Design and magnetic analysis of a gun recoil magneto-rheological damper', Dandao Xuebao/Journal of Ballistics, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 78-82.
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A gun recoil magneto-rheological (MR) damper under impact load was researched. A full-scale gun recoil MR damper with long-stroke, multistage slotted and smoothness disposal was designed. The coupling problem between structure and magnetic circuit for MR recoil damper was solved by the electromagnetic field finite element analysis software, and the electromagnetic field distribution of the designed gun recoil MR damper was also analyzed under different conditions, such as coil ringing direction, plunger and steel cylinder part's material selection, dampen channel, smoothness and chamfering disposal, etc. The magnetic circuit design rules of MR recoil damper under high impact load were also concluded. The simulation results indicate that the performance of the designed gun recoil damper satisfy the design requirements.

Huang, S, Wang, Z, Dissanayake, G & Frese, U 2009, 'Iterated D-SLAM map joining: evaluating its performance in terms of consistency, accuracy and efficiency', AUTONOMOUS ROBOTS, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 409-429.
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This paper presents a new map joining algorithm and a set of metrics for evaluating the performance of mapping techniques. The input to the new map joining algorithm is a sequence of local maps containing the feature positions and the final robot pose in a local frame of reference. The output is a global map containing the global positions of all the features but without any robot poses. The algorithm is built on the D-SLAM mapping algorithm (Wang et al. in Int. J. Robot. Res. 26(2):187-204, 2007) and uses iterations to improve the estimates in the map joining step. So it is called Iterated D-SLAM Map Joining (I-DMJ). When joining maps I-DMJ ignores the odometry information connecting successive maps. This is the key to I-DMJ efficiency, because it makes both the information matrix exactly sparse and the size of the state vector bounded by the number of features. The paper proposes metrics for quantifying the performance of different mapping algorithms focusing on evaluating their consistency, accuracy and efficiency. The I-DMJ algorithm and a number of existing SLAM algorithms are evaluated using the proposed metrics. The simulation data sets and a preprocessed Victoria Park data set used in this paper are made available to enable interested researchers to compare their mapping algorithms with I-DMJ. © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

Hung Gia Hoang, Hoang Duong Tuan & Nguyen, TQ 2009, 'Frequency-Selective KYP Lemma, IIR Filter, and Filter Bank Design', IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 956-965.
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For a transfer function F(e(3 omega)) of order n, Kalman-Yakubovich-Popov (KYP) lemma characterizes a general intractable semi-infinite programming (SIP) condition by a tractable semidefinite programming (SDP) for the entire frequency range. Some recent

Husain, SI, Yuan, J, Zhang, J & Martin, RK 2009, 'Time Domain Equalizer Design Using Bit Error Rate Minimization for UWB Systems', EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, vol. 2009, no. 1, pp. 9-9.
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Husnawan, M, Masjuki, HH, Mahlia, TMI, Mekhilef, S & Saifullah, MG 2009, 'Use of post flame metal-based and oxygenated additive combination for biodiesel-diesel blends', Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, vol. 68, no. 12, pp. 1049-1052.
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This paper presents effects of using vegetable oil-based additive combined with metal-based additive on exhaust emissions of 4-stroke diesel engine fueled with biodiesel. Tests were conducted using biodiesel from palm blended with diesel, palm polyol and MgO as a post-flame additive. A test with 100% conventional diesel fuel was also conducted for comparison purposes. PaImbiodiesel blended fuel with and without additive generally produced less emission compared to ordinary diesel. Moreover, post flame additives was found successfully diminishing poisonous exhaust gases from diesel engine combustion, eliminating stringent environmental issues on atmospheric pollution.

Indraratna, B, Attya, A & Rujikiatkamjorn, C 2009, 'Experimental Investigation on Effectiveness of a Vertical Drain under Cyclic Loads', Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 135, no. 6, pp. 835-839.
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Indraratna, B, Muttuvel, T & Khabbaz, H 2009, 'Modelling the erosion rate of chemically stabilized soil incorporating tensile force - deformation characteristics', CANADIAN GEOTECHNICAL JOURNAL, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 57-68.
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To evaluate the safety of embankment dams, it is necessary to estimate the erosion rate based on common geotechnical properties such as shear and tensile strength. However, the empirical expressions that are currently available in the literature for this purpose are often inadequate. In this paper, an analytical model is developed to model the erosion of a soil capturing its tensile behaviour based on the law of energy conservation. The erosion rate can be determined using the proposed model if the tensile force - deformation characteristics, dry density, mean particle diameter, and mean flow velocity are known. The proposed model is semi-empirical and can be validated with experimental results obtained from the novel process simulation apparatus for internal crack erosion (PSAICE) designed and built at the University of Wollon- gong, Australia. All tests were conducted on erodible silty sand stabilized with cement and lignosulfonate. The model validation clearly indicates that only a fraction of the energy (efficiency index) from the water stream is effectively used for erosion. © 2009 NRC Canada.

Indraratna, B, Rujikiatkamjorn, C, Vinod, J & Khabbaz, H 2009, 'A Review of Ballast Characteristics, Geosynthetics, Confining Pressures and Native Vegetation in Rail Track Stabilisation', Transport Engineering in Australia, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 25-36.
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Given the increased demand for freight transport for the mining and agriculture industries, and for greater public transport via trains due to increased fuel costs, heavier cyclic loading on existing tracks is now inevitable. Construction of rail tracks requires appropriate ballast specification to increase stability and performance of railway tracks. This paper aims to demonstrate and discuss some major aspects in relation to stabilisation of ballasted rail tracks overlying soft formation soils using geocomposites, prefabricated vertical drains and native vegetation. The use of geocomposites (ie. bonded geogrid-geotextile layers) for enhancing the performance of fresh and recycled ballast is described, with the aim of achieving reduced track settlement, increased resilient modulus and decreased ballast degradation. The effects of increasing the confi ning pressure on rail track behaviour, particularly with regard to particle breakage, have been studied using large-scale laboratory tests under cyclic loads. An elastoplastic stress-strain constitutive model for ballast was developed at the University of Wollongong, incorporating the degradation of particles as a particular feature, was introduced by capturing the breakage of particles during shearing, and the effects of cyclic loading on particle degradation and plastic deformation. In addition, numerical simulation using discrete element method has been carried out an assembly of irregular particles to investigate the mechanism of ballast breakage and to quantify breakage in relation to the ballast particle size distribution.

INDRARATNA, B, VINOD, JS & LACKENBY, J 2009, 'Influence of particle breakage on the resilient modulus of railway ballast', Géotechnique, vol. 59, no. 7, pp. 643-646.
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Numerous research studies have been carried out in the recent past to determine the influence on the resilient modulus of railway ballast of parameters such as stress history, number of loading cycles, density, grading, fines content, maximum grain size, aggregate type, particle shape and moisture content. However, the influence of particle breakage on the resilient modulus has not been described in depth. The current study highlights the influence of particle breakage on the resilient modulus of latite ballast (commonly used in railway track in New South Wales, Australia). Aggregate degradation is represented by the ballast breakage index (BBI). Laboratory test results indicate that the BBI has a profound influence on the resilient modulus of ballast. The resilient modulus increases with BBI, irrespective of the effective confining pressure. In addition, a simple hyperbolic relationship has been proposed between the resilient modulus MR and the bulk stress φ for latite ballast.

Isik, O & Esselle, KP 2009, 'Analysis of spiral metamaterials by use of group theory', Metamaterials, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 33-43.
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Monofilar, bifilar, trifilar and quadrifilar Archimedean spiral metamaterial particles are analyzed by using point group symmetry and the methods of crystallography. From the symmetry properties electromagnetic response is determined. Magnetic, electric and magnetoelectric modes of the particles are identified along with their isotropy characteristics. Theoretical methods show that all the particles, except monofilar spiral, are non-bianisotropic. Numerical simulation results are presented to verify the analysis. Finally, effective medium theory is applied to extract the effective permeability of the spiral medium. The results indicate negative values for permeability in certain frequency ranges. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Isik, O & Esselle, KP 2009, 'Design of monofilar and bifilar Archimedean spiral resonators for metamaterial applications', IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 929-935.
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Izadbakhsh, H, Hour Ali, M, Amirkhani, A, Montazeri, A & Saberi, M 2009, 'Performance assessment and optimization of the after-sale networks', World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 37, pp. 910-914.
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The after-sales activities are nowadays acknowledged as a relevant source of revenue, profit and competitive advantage in most manufacturing industries. Top and middle management, therefore, should focus on the definition of a structured business performance measurement system for the after-sales business. The paper aims at filling this gap, and presents an integrated methodology for the after-sales network performance measurement, and provides an empirical application to automotive case companies and their official service network. This is the first study that presents an integrated multivariate approach for total assessment and improvement of after-sale services. © 2009 WASET.ORG.

Jahirul, MI, Saidur, R, Masjuki, HH, Kalam, MA & Rashid, MM 2009, 'Application of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) for Prediction the Performance of a Dual Fuel Internal Combustion Engine', HKIE Transactions, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 14-20.
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Jakeman, AJ, Rizzoli, AE & Voinov, AA 2009, 'Outstanding reviewers for environmental modelling and software in 2008', Environmental Modelling & Software, vol. 24, no. 10, pp. 1137-1138.
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Javeed, MA, Chinu, K, Shon, HK & Vigneswaran, S 2009, 'Effect of pre-treatment on fouling propensity of feed as depicted by the modified fouling index (MFI) and cross-flow sampler-modified fouling index (CFS-MFI)', DESALINATION, vol. 238, no. 1-3, pp. 98-108.
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The effectiveness of different pretreatment on the fouling propensity of the feed was studied using synthetic wastewater. The fouling potential of the feed was characterized by the standard modified fouling index (MFI) and cross-flow sampler modified fouling index (CFSMFI). In CFSMFI, a cross-flow sampler was used to simulate the condition of a cross-flow filtration. The results indicated that the pretreatment such as flocculation with an optimum dose of 68 mg/l FeCl3 substantially reduced the fouling propensity of the feed. The standard MFI of flocculated wastewater was reduced by around 99% compared to that of the untreated wastewater. Similarly, the adsorption with powdered activated carbon (PAC) of 1 g/l reduced the standard MFI value to more than 99% compared to that of the untreated wastewater. The CFSMFI values were lower than the standard MFI values for both treated and untreated wastewater, suggesting that the standard MFI was overestimated. The overestimation of the standard MFI compared to that of the CFSMFI value was more than 99%. The effect of molecular weight distribution (MWD) of the foulants in the wastewater on the fouling propensity of the feed was investigated. The MWD was correlated with the MFI and CFSMFI indices. It yielded useful insights in understanding the effect of MW on MFI and CFSMFI and fouling propensity of the feed.

Jayed, MH, Masjuki, HH, Saidur, R, Kalam, MA & Jahirul, MI 2009, 'Environmental aspects and challenges of oilseed produced biodiesel in Southeast Asia', Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 2452-2462.
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Ji, JC & Zhang, N 2009, 'Nonlinear response of a forced van der Pol-Duffing oscillator at non-resonant bifurcations of codimension two', CHAOS SOLITONS & FRACTALS, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 1467-1475.
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Non-resonant bifurcations of codimension two may appear in the controlled van der Pol-Duffing oscillator when two critical time delays corresponding to a double Hopf bifurcation have the same value. With the aid of centre manifold theorem and the method of multiple scales, the non-resonant response and two types of primary resonances of the forced van der Pol-Duffing oscillator at non-resonant bifurcations of codimension two are investigated by studying the possible solutions and their stability of the four-dimensional ordinary differential equations on the centre manifold. It is shown that the non-resonant response of the forced oscillator may exhibit quasi-periodic motions on a two- or three-dimensional (2D or 3D) torus. The primary resonant responses admit single and mixed solutions and may exhibit periodic motions or quasi-periodic motions on a 2D torus. Illustrative examples are presented to interpret the dynamics of the controlled system in terms of two dummy unfolding parameters and exemplify the periodic and quasi-periodic motions. The analytical predictions are found to be in good agreement with the results of numerical integration of the original delay differential equation. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ji, JC, Zhang, N & Gao, W 2009, 'Difference resonances in a controlled van der Pol-Duffing oscillator involving time delay', CHAOS SOLITONS & FRACTALS, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 975-980.
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A non-resonant interaction of two Hopf bifurcations may appear after the trivial solution of a controlled van der Pol-Duffing oscillator without external excitation loses its stability, when two critical time delays corresponding to two Hopf bifurcations have the same value. In the vicinity of the non-resonant Hopf bifurcations, the presence of a periodic excitation in the controlled oscillator can induce difference resonances in the forced response, when the forcing frequency and the frequencies of the two Hopf bifurcations satisfy certain relationships. It is found that the frequency response curves of the controlled system under difference resonances are an isolated closed curve. The difference resonance response may admit two stable motions on a three-dimensional torus consisting of three frequencies. Illustrative examples are given to show the quasi-periodic motions. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Jian Zhang, Smith, DB, Hanlen, LW, Miniutti, D, Rodda, D & Gilbert, B 2009, 'Stability of Narrowband Dynamic Body Area Channel', IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 8, pp. 53-56.
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Jiang, ZY, Wei, D & Tieu, AK 2009, 'Analysis of cold rolling of ultra thin strip', Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 209, no. 9, pp. 4584-4589.
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Jinyan Li & Junghwan Kim 2009, 'Data-Aided Synchronization for MF-TDMA Multi-Carrier Demultiplexer/Demodulator (MCDD)', IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 623-632.
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Johir, AH, Khorshed, C, Vigneswaran, S & Shon, HK 2009, 'In-line flocculation-filtration as pre-treatment to reverse osmosis desalination', DESALINATION, vol. 247, no. 1-3, pp. 85-93.
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In this paper the performance of single and dual media filters with in-line flocculation have been examined as pretreatment to seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO). A comparison of filter performance was made between single medium filter (80 cm) consisting of sand or anthracite, and dual media filter consisting of sand (40 cm at the bottom) and anthracite (40 cm on top). Short term (6 hours) experiments were conducted with in-line coagulation followed by direct filtration. Filtration velocities of 5 m/h and 10 m/h were used. The performances of these filters were assessed in terms of turbidity removal, head loss build-up, and organic compound removal in terms of molecular weight distribution (MWD). The efficiency of the filter as pretreatment was evaluated in terms of silt density index (SDI) and modified fouling index (MFI). It was found that the turbidity removal was high and all the filters produced more or less same quality water. There was a slower buildup of head loss for coarser filter medium. A post treatment of reverse osmosis after an inline-flocculation-dual media filtration showed lower normalized flux decline (J/J0) (0.35 to 0.22 during the first 20 hours operation) while, seawater without any pretreatment showed steeper flux decline (0.18 to 0.11 at first 20 hours operation) in RO.

Johir, MAH, Lee, JJ, Vigneswaran, S, Kandasamy, J & Shaw, K 2009, 'Treatment of Stormwater using Fibre Filter Media', Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus, vol. 9, no. 5-6, pp. 439-447.
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In this study, a high-rate fibre filter was used as a pre-treatment to stormwater in conjunction with in-line flocculation. The effect of operating the fibre filter with different packing densities (105, 115 and 125 kg/m3) and filtration velocities (20, 40, 60 m/h) with and without in-line flocculation was investigated. In-line flocculation was provided using 5, 10 and 15 mg/L of ferric chloride (FeCl3·6H2O). The filter performance was studied in terms of pressure drop (ÎP), solids removal efficiency, heavy metals (total) removal efficiency and total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency. It is found that the use of in-line flocculation at a dose of 15 mg/L improved the performance of fibre filter as measured by turbidity removal (95%), total suspended solids reduction (98%), colour removal efficiency (99%), TOC removal (reduced by 30â40 %) and total coliform removal (93%). The modified fouling index reduced from 750â950 to 12 s/L2 proving that fibre filter can be an excellent pre-treatment to membrane filtration that may be consider as post-treatment. The removal efficiency of heavy metal was variable as their concentration in raw water was small. Even though the concentration of some of these metals such as iron, aluminium, copper and zinc were reduced, others like nickel, chromium and cadmium showed lower removal rates

Johir, MAH, Vigneswaran, S & Kandasamy, J 2009, 'Deep bed filter as pre-treatment to stormwater', Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. 12, no. 1-3, pp. 313-323.
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This paper presents the results of experiments on the application of dual media and single media deep bed filters as pre-treatments to stormwater. In-line flocculation-filtration experiments were conducted with dual and single media filter. The single filter media (80 cm) consisted of either anthracite or sand, and the dual media filter consisted of sand (40 cm at the bottom) and anthracite (40 cm on top). Filtration velocities of 5 m/h, 10 m/h and 15 m/h were examined. The removal efficiency for turbidity, suspended solids and TOC was found to be 95%, 99% and 30â45% respectively at a flocculant dose of FeCl3 of 15 mg/L. The anthracite filter media showed a lower headloss development (26 cm, operated at 5 m/h filtration velocity with FeCl3 dose of 5 mg/L). The removal efficiency for nitrogen was lower than phosphorus which was relatively good (up to 50%). The removal efficiency for heavy metals such as Cd, Pb, Cr and Ni was found to be very low for all tested filtration systems because concentrations of these metals in the influent were also low. This filter can be used as a pretreatment to a membrane filter as the modified fouling index was reduced from 750 s/L2 (for stormwater) to 15 s/L2 (for filtered effluent). Detailed submerged membrane filter experiments conducted with pre-treated water showed that the membrane filter can be successfully be used as post-treatment to in-line flocculant-filter at a sustainable flux of 10 L/m2.h to remove the remaining solids and pathogens. An increase of air scouring in the membrane unit decreased the pressure development although it did not have any effect on increasing the critical flux beyond 10 L/m2.h.

Jones, J, Wu, C, Oehlers, DJ, Whittaker, AS, Sun, W, Marks, S & Coppola, R 2009, 'Finite difference analysis of simply supported RC slabs for blast loadings', Engineering Structures, vol. 31, no. 12, pp. 2825-2832.
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Juszczyszyn, K, Musiał, K, Kazienko, P & Gabrys, B 2009, 'Temporal changes in local topology of an email-based social network', Computing and Informatics, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 763-779.
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The dynamics of complex social networks has become one of the research areas of growing importance. The knowledge about temporal changes of the network topology and characteristics is crucial in networked communication systems in which accurate predictions are important. The local network topology can be described by the means of network motifs which are small subgraphs - usually containing from 3 to 7 nodes. They were shown to be useful for creating profiles that reveal several properties of the network. In this paper, the time-varying characteristics of social networks, such as the number of nodes and edges as well as clustering coefficients and different centrality measures are investigated. At the same time, the analysis of three-node motifs (triads) was used to track the temporal changes in the structure of a large social network derived from e-mail communication between university employees. We have shown that temporal changes in local connection patterns of the social network are indeed correlated with the changes in the clustering coefficient as well as various centrality measures values and are detectable by means of motifs analysis. Together with robust sampling network motifs can provide an appealing way to monitor and assess temporal changes in large social networks.

Kadlec, P & Gabrys, B 2009, 'Architecture for development of adaptive on-line prediction models', Memetic Computing, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 241-269.
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This work presents an architecture for the development of on-line prediction models. The architecture defines unified modular environment based on three concepts from machine learning, these are: (i) ensemble methods, (ii) local learning, and (iii) meta learning. The three concepts are organised in a three layer hierarchy within the architecture. For the actual prediction making any data-driven predictive method such as artificial neural network, support vector machines, etc. can be implemented and plugged in. In addition to the predictive methods, data pre-processing methods can also be implemented as plug-ins. Models developed according to the architecture can be trained and operated in different modes. With regard to the training, the architecture supports the building of initial models based on a batch of training data, but if this data is not available the models can also be trained in incremental mode. In a scenario where correct target values are (occasionally) available during the run-time, the architecture supports life-long learning by providing several adaptation mechanisms across the three hierarchical levels. In order to demonstrate its practicality, we show how the issues of current soft sensor development and maintenance can be effectively dealt with by using the architecture as a construction plan for the development of adaptive soft sensing algorithms. © Springer-Verlag 2009.

Kadlec, P, Gabrys, B & Strandt, S 2009, 'Data-driven Soft Sensors in the process industry', Computers & Chemical Engineering, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 795-814.
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Kadupitige, SR, Leung, KC, Sellmeier, J, Sivieng, J, Catchpoole, DR, Bain, ME & Gaëta, BA 2009, 'MINER: exploratory analysis of gene interaction networks by machine learning from expression data', BMC Genomics, vol. 10, no. S3.
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Abstract Background The reconstruction of gene regulatory networks from high-throughput 'omics' data has become a major goal in the modelling of living systems. Numerous approaches have been proposed, most of which attempt only 'one-shot' reconstruction of the whole network with no intervention from the user, or offer only simple correlation analysis to infer gene dependencies. Results We have developed MINER (Microarray Interactive Network Exploration and Representation), an application that combines multivariate non-linear tree learning of individual gene regulatory dependencies, visualisation of these dependencies as both trees and networks, and representation of known biological relationships based on common Gene Ontology annotations. MINER allows biologists to explore the dependencies influencing the expression of individual genes in a gene expression data set in the form of decision, model or regression trees, using their domain knowledge to guide the exploration and formulate hypotheses. Multiple trees can then be summarised in the form of a gene network diagram. MINER is being adopted by several of our collaborators and has already led to the discovery of a new significant regulatory relationship with subsequent experimental validation. Conclusion Unlike most gene regulatory network inference methods, MINER allows the user to start from genes of interest and build the network gene-by-gene, incorporating domain expertise in the process. This approach has been used successfully with RNA microarray data but is applicable to other quantitative data produced by high-throughput technologies such as proteomics and 'next generation' DNA s...

Kai Zhang, Tsang, IW & Kwok, JT 2009, 'Maximum Margin Clustering Made Practical', IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 583-596.
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Motivated by the success of large margin methods in supervised learning, maximum margin clustering (MMC) is a recent approach that aims at extending large margin methods to unsupervised learning. However, its optimization problem is nonconvex and existing MMC methods all rely on reformulating and relaxing the nonconvex optimization problem as semidefinite programs (SDP). Though SDP is convex and standard solvers are available, they are computationally very expensive and only small data sets can be handled. To make MMC more practical, we avoid SDP relaxations and propose in this paper an efficient approach that performs alternating optimization directly on the original nonconvex problem. A key step to avoid premature convergence in the resultant iterative procedure is to change the loss function from the hinge loss to the Laplacian/square loss so that overconfident predictions are penalized. Experiments on a number of synthetic and real-world data sets demonstrate that the proposed approach is more accurate, much faster (hundreds to tens of thousands of times faster), and can handle data sets that are hundreds of times larger than the largest data set reported in the MMC literature.

Kalam, MA, Masjuki, HH, Redzuan, M, Mahlia, TMI, Fuad, MA, Mohibah, M, Halim, KH, Ishak, A, Khair, M, Shahrir, A & Yusoff, A 2009, 'Development and test of a new catalytic converter for natural gas fuelled engine', Sadhana, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 467-481.
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Kejalakshmy, N, Rahman, BMA, Agrawal, A, Tanvir, HM & Grattan, KTV 2009, 'Metal-Coated Defect-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber for THz Propagation', Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 1631-1637.
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Ken-Li Lin, Chin-Teng Lin, Pal, NR & Ojha, S 2009, 'Structural building blocks', IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 38-44.
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Kersten, W, Hülle, J, Möller, K & Lammers, T 2009, 'Kostenorientierte Analyse der Modularisierung', Zeitschrift für wirtschaftlichen Fabrikbetrieb, vol. 104, no. 12, pp. 1136-1141.
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Kurzfassung Modularisierungskonzepte finden vermehrt Anwendung, um den Zielkonflikt zwischen der Notwendigkeit einer höheren Variantenvielfalt sowie dem Bestreben zur Komplexitätsoptimierung und Standardisierung zu lösen. Die Umsetzung einer optimalen Produktstrategie und die erfolgversprechende Durchführung bzw. Erweiterung von Modularisierungskonzepten setzen eine verursachungsgerechte Kostenbewertung zur Entscheidungsunterstützung voraus. Ergebnis des vorliegenden Beitrags ist ein Rahmenkonzept für ein Entscheidungsunterstützungssystem zur Implementierung von Modularisierungskonzepten unter Berücksichtigung von Kostenwirkungen. Dazu wird eine strukturierte Vorgehensweise zur Identifikation und Bewertung von kostenbeeinflussenden Modularisierungswirkungen mit Hilfe von geeigneten Kennzahlen vorgestellt.

Kirchner, N, Liu, D & Dissanayake, G 2009, 'Surface Type Classification With a Laser Range Finder', IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL, vol. 9, no. 9, pp. 1160-1168.
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This paper presents a system for surface classification using a laser range finder. It is shown that the return intensities and range errors provide sufficient information to distinguish a wide range of surfaces commonly found in a number of environments. A supervised learning scheme (using curves representing the return intensity and range error as a function of angle of incidence) is used to classify the surface type of planar patches. Extensive experimental evidence is presented to demonstrate the potential of the proposed technique. The surface type classification, which uses a typical laser range finder, is targeted for use with autonomous robotic systems in which significantly different interaction is required for each of the various materials present. Results from an on-site experiment demonstrate that the information from the laser range finder is sufficient to identify the different materials (via their surface properties) present in a scene where a bridge structure is being prepared for grit blasting. © 2009 IEEE.

Kumarasinghe, D, Pettigrew, L & Nghiem, LD 2009, 'Removal of heavy metals from mining impacted water by an electrocoagulation-ultrafiltration hybrid process', Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. 11, no. 1-3, pp. 66-72.
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Kus, B & Kandasamy, J 2009, 'Low-Cost Filtration System to Treat First-Flush Stormwater', Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus, vol. 9, no. 5-6, pp. 347-355.
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The aim of this paper is to evaluate the performance of the low-flow filtration system (LFFS) that Kogarah Municipal Council developed for treating and reusing the highly polluted first-flush stormwater (FFSW) while allowing the cleaner subsequent major stormwater flows to be directed to the major street drainage. The LFFS was evaluated through laboratory investigations using columns packed with different filter media to test the removal efficiency of pollutants such as zinc (Zn), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), total organic content, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), and turbidity. The findings from this study demonstrate the effectiveness of the LFFS to largely reduce turbidity, TPH, and trace metals from the FFSW. The LFFS also partially removes dissolved organics, TP and TN. These pollutants are more commonly and effectively removed in subsequent processes of a stormwater treatment train. Further this paper highlights the importance of regular maintenance of the LFFS especially as it is only associated in removing the high pollutant loads during a storm event. Due to this first flush, a thick oily crust-formed layer requires monthly removal, and an entire replacement of the exhausted filter media is required quarterly. However considering the labor required to service the crust formed layer within the LFFS, it is more cost effective to replace the entire depth of filter media monthly.

Kwok, NM, Ha, QP, Liu, D & Fang, G 2009, 'Contrast Enhancement and Intensity Preservation for Gray-Level Images Using Multiobjective Particle Swarm Optimization', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AUTOMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 145-155.
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The contrast enhancement of gray-level digital images is considered in this paper. In particular, the mean image intensity is preserved while the contrast is enhanced. This provides better viewing consistence and effectiveness. The contrast enhancement is achieved by maximizing the information content carried in the image via a continuous intensity transform function. The preservation of image intensity is obtained by applying gamma-correction on the images. Since there is always a trade-off between the requirements for the enhancement of contrast and preservation of intensity, an improved multiobjective particle swarm optimization procedure is proposed to resolve this contradiction, making use of its flexible algorithmic structure. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is illustrated by a number of images including the benchmarks and an image sequence captured from a mobile robot in an indoor environment. © 2006 IEEE.

Kwon, B, Shon, HK & Cho, J 2009, 'Characterizations of Colloidal Organic Matter Isolated from Surface Water', SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 44, no. 13, pp. 3224-3238.
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This study investigated the effect of the molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of a dialysis membrane for the isolation of colloidal organic matter (COM) from surface water. Various dialysis membranes with different MWCO were used for the isolation of COM from Cebron reservoir natural organic matter (CRNOM). The COM included mainly amino sugars (3040%) and polysaccharides (3040%), with 23 of fatty acids over aromatic acids (F=A ratio), indicating that the COM were derived from microbial substances. As all the COM constituents were found to have similar characteristics, the MWCO of the dialysis membrane was not found to influence the COM characteristics.

Lai, A, Cairns, MJ, Tran, N, Zhang, H-P, Cullen, L & Arndt, GM 2009, 'RNA Modulators of Complex Phenotypes in Mammalian Cells', PLoS ONE, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. e4758-e4758.
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Lai, Y, Bennett, NS, Ahn, C, Cowern, NEB, Cordero, N & Greer, JC 2009, 'Transient activation model for antimony in relaxed and strained silicon', Solid-State Electronics, vol. 53, no. 11, pp. 1173-1176.
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Lawrence, SJ & Stewart, MG 2009, 'Reliability-Based Calibration of the Capacity Reduction Factor for Design of Masonry in Compression to AS3700', Australian Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 97-110.
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The paper examines the reliability of masonry walls designed for compression in accordance with AS3700. The results of a large number of tests on full-scale masonry walls in compression have been used to obtain probabilistic models of behaviour. Structural reliability was then estimated for vertical loading of unreinforced masonry walls loaded concentrically, considering variations of unit compressive strength, mortar type, tributary area and live-to-dead load ratios. A reliability-based calibration of the Australian masonry design code AS3700 was then conducted using a target reliability index specified in AS5104. Recommendations are made for changes to $ used for compression design in AS3700 that, if adopted, would lead to an increase of 66% in the design compressive strength of walls. © Institution of Engineers Australia, 2009.

Lee, BC, Kim, S, Shon, HK, Vigneswaran, S, Kim, SD, Cho, J, Kim, IS, Choi, KH, Kim, JB, Park, HJ & Kim, J-H 2009, 'Aquatic toxicity evaluation of TiO2 nanoparticle produced from sludge of TiCl4 flocculation of wastewater and seawater', JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH, vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 2087-2096.
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Flocculation using titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) as a coagulant is an efficient and economical application because the flocculated sludge can be recycled to produce a valuable byproduct, namely titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. However, toxicity of TiCl4 has not yet been assessed while it is used in water treatment. The aquatic toxicity of TiCl4 flocculation process was investigated to assess the environmental safety of the coagulant. D. magna and V. fischeri bioassays were carried out to evaluate the supernatant toxicity after TiCl4 flocculation. Artificial wastewater, biologically treated sewage effluent, and seawater were used to study the toxicity of TiCl4 flocculation. Results showed that supernatant toxicity was very low when TiCl4 flocculation was conducted (no observed effect concentration = 100 mg/L and lowest observed effect concentration = 150 mg/L exposed to D. magna and V. fischeri, respectively). Similarly, TiO2 nanoparticles recovered from wastewater and seawater flocculated sludge were also found to have low toxicity. The regenerated TiO2 nanoparticles indicated low toxicity values when compared to the commercial-TiO2 nanoparticle, P-25.

Lee, JE-Y & Seshia, AA 2009, '5.4-MHz single-crystal silicon wine glass mode disk resonator with quality factor of 2 million', Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, vol. 156, no. 1, pp. 28-35.
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Lee, JE-Y & Seshia, AA 2009, 'Parasitic feedthrough cancellation techniques for enhanced electrical characterization of electrostatic microresonators', Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, vol. 156, no. 1, pp. 36-42.
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Lee, JE-Y, Yan, J & Seshia, AA 2009, 'Low loss HF band SOI wine glass bulk mode capacitive square-plate resonator', Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 074003-074003.
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Lee, JJ, Johir, MAH, Chinu, KH, Shon, HK, Vigneswaran, S, Kandasamy, J, Kim, CW & Shaw, K 2009, 'Hybrid filtration method for pre-treatment of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO)', DESALINATION, vol. 247, no. 1-3, pp. 15-24.
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Hybrid processes combining fi bre fi lter with deep bed fi ltration process such as (i) fi bre fi lter and sand fi lter, (ii) fi bre fi lter and anthracite and (iii) fi bre fi lter and dual media fi lter were investigated as pre- treatments to SWRO. Seawater was drawn from Chowder Bay, Sydney. The eff ect of diff erent pretreatment hybrid systems was investigated in terms of silt density index (SDI10), modifi ed fouling index (MFI), headloss across the fi lters and reduction in turbidity and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The in-line fl occulation in fi bre fi lter improved the performance of the pretreatment hybrid system as measured by the MFI, SDI10, headloss, turbidity and DOC removal. The lowest SDI10 and MFI were found with a fi bre fi lter operated at a fi ltration velocity of 40 m/h followed by dual media fi lter operated at a fi ltration velocity of 5 m/h. The lowest headloss and turbidity was found with a fi bre fi lter operated at a fi ltration velocity of 40 m/hr followed by anthracite operated at a fi ltration velocity of 5 m/h. This system also gave an effl uent with the lowest DOC of 0.64 mg/L corresponding to a removal effi ciency of about 70%.

Lee, S & Pradhan, B 2009, 'Landslide susceptibility assessment and factor effect analysis: backpropagation artificial neural networks and their comparison with frequency ratio and bivariate logistic regression modelling'.

Lee, T 2009, 'A note on the sign degree of formulas'.
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Recent breakthroughs in quantum query complexity have shown that any formulaof size n can be evaluated with O(sqrt(n)log(n)/log log(n)) many quantumqueries in the bounded-error setting [FGG08, ACRSZ07, RS08b, Rei09]. Inparticular, this gives an upper bound on the approximate polynomial degree offormulas of the same magnitude, as approximate polynomial degree is a lowerbound on quantum query complexity [BBCMW01]. These results essentially answer in the affirmative a conjecture of O'Donnelland Servedio [O'DS03] that the sign degree--the minimal degree of a polynomialthat agrees in sign with a function on the Boolean cube--of every formula ofsize n is O(sqrt(n)). In this note, we show that sign degree is super-multiplicative under functioncomposition. Combining this result with the above mentioned upper bounds on thequantum query complexity of formulas allows the removal of logarithmic factorsto show that the sign degree of every size n formula is at most sqrt(n).

Lei, G, Li, YB, Shao, KR, Yang, GY & Zhao, J 2009, 'Sequential Kriging optimization method for superconducting magnetic energy storage', Zhongguo Dianji Gongcheng Xuebao/Proceedings of the Chinese Society of Electrical Engineering, vol. 29, no. 18, pp. 119-124.
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Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) is a research hotspot in the application field of superconducting materials. Using the property of low loss and fast response of superconducting magnet, SMES is employed as a multifunctional electromagnetic system to store and release the power for power system with the connection of power electronic converters. SMES has capacity to reach the objects, such as storing large amount of energy with very low loss, improving the power supply quality and enhancing the stability and reliability of power system. IEEE TEAM Workshop Problem 22 deals with the optimization design of SMES, which is a benchmark problem including low and high dimensional, discrete and continuous optimization cases. To address this problem, sequential optimization method (SOM) and Kriging model are fully discussed. It can be seen that SOM can obtain satisfactory solutions, and the overall computational effort needed is much less than that by direct optimization method. For the 3 parameters problem, the number of finite element sample points is less than 1/10 compared with that of direct method; and for the 8 parameters problem, that number is about 1/3 compared with that of direct method. So the proposed method can be widely employed in the optimization design problem of electromagnetic devices.

Lei, G, Shao, KR, Guo, Y, Zhu, J & Lavers, JD 2009, 'Improved Sequential Optimization Method for High Dimensional Electromagnetic Device Optimization', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 3993-3996.
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Improved sequential optimization method (SOM) and dimension reduction optimization method (DROM) are presented for high dimensional optimization design problems of electromagnetic devices. Improved SOM can simultaneously optimize the statistical approximate models and optimization algorithms more efficiently compared with SOM. Using DROM, a high dimensional problem can be converted into a low dimensional problem with expert experience or some design of experiment techniques. Then two TEAM benchmark problems (Problem 22 and Problem 25) are investigated to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed methods. From the experimental results, we can see that the presented methods can obviously reduce the computational cost of finite element analysis, while the optimal results also satisfy design specification.

Lei, G, Shao, KR, Li, YB, Yang, GY, Guo, Y, Zhu, J & Lavers, JD 2009, 'Bayesian Inversion Method and its Information Determination for the Estimation of Particle Size Distribution in Ferrofluids', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 3981-3984.
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Using Gaussian numerical integration formula, the problem of estimating the particle size distribution (PSD) in ferrofluids can be converted into an electromagnetic inverse problem. Then we present two Bayesian analytical estimators, minimum mean-square error estimator and maximum a posteriori estimator, to reconstruct the PSD of magnetic particles. In the implementation, weighted minimum norm approach, maximum likelihood estimator, and weighted least square estimator are employed to determine prior information for the unknown parameter. We also present two methods to provide the noise information for the error term. Finally, using Monte Carlo method, we give a ferrofluid example to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed methods.

Lei, J, Kong, FQ, Wu, CK & Li, YS 2009, 'Algorithm for ROI coding based on rate pre-allocation', Xi Tong Gong Cheng Yu Dian Zi Ji Shu/Systems Engineering and Electronics, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 745-749.
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In order to decrease the complexity of the traditional algorithm for ROI coding, a new algorithm based on rate pre-allocation is proposed. The code block of ROI is primarily encoded, and its coding stream length is controlled to implement from lossy to lossless ROI coding. Certain bytes are allocated to each block of background regions (BG) according to their entropy value. In the light of the allocated rate, T1 coding process on the block of BG can be real-time terminated. As a result, the whole coding process is simplified. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme can efficiently reduce the cost of computation and memory usage compared with the bit-plane lifting and rate-distortion slope lifting ROI coding methods, which is suitable for implementation in hardware.

Lei, J, Li, YS, Zhou, YX & Wu, CK 2009, 'An algorithm for multi-spectral image compression based on motion estimation and ROI', Guangzi Xuebao/Acta Photonica Sinica, vol. 38, no. 10, pp. 2707-2711.
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With the analyses of the characteristic of interferential multi-spectral images, a new compression algorithm was proposed, which is based on motion compensation and region of interest coding method. In order to eliminate the redundancy between the two successive frames, the motion estimation method was adopted. With the method based on ROI coding of EBCOT, the image produced after motion compensation was coded. ROI coding was completed by lifting the slope of rate-distortion of code block, as the result multi-spectral information was well protected, higher compression ratio and less computing complexity were obtained as well. Compared with the algorithm based on 3D DWT and bit-plane scale-shift method of ROI, experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can improve the reconstructed image quality, enhance the efficiency of image coding and efficiently protect the multi-spectral information.

Lei, J, Zhou, YX, Wu, CK, Li, YS & Kong, FQ 2009, 'A new image compression algorithm of the interferential multispectral images', Guangzi Xuebao/Acta Photonica Sinica, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 1534-1538.
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Based on the analysis of the interferential multispectral images, a new compression algorithm was proposed. The template matching algorithm in the wavelet domain was adopted to remove the redundancy between the two successive frames. The scheme adopted a ROI coding algorithm based on rate pre-allocated, with which the depth of T1 coding process could be controlled and the cost of computation and memory usage could be reduced. The proposed scheme is suitable for hardware implementation of interferential multispectral image compression system. And, the experimental results show that the proposed scheme achieves performance improvement over the conventional schemes in the interferential multispectral system.

Leijdekkers, P, Gay, VC & Barin, E 2009, 'Feasibility study of a non invasive cardiac rhythm management system', International Journal of Assistive Robotics and Systems, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 5-14.
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Lendzian, H, Schneider, R & Deuse, J 2009, 'Implementing standardized work in a customer specific small batch production', Productivity Management, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 13-16.
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Implementing lean production - especially the element of standardized work - in customer specific low volume production poses particular challenges. Achieving the goals like uncovering and eliminating waste takes great efforts without the guarantee of success. Therefore a cooperation of TU Dortmund and Bosch Rexroth AG is developing a model to increase efficiency and target achievement. Based on four different detail levels of standardized work, deviations are uncovered and visualized as well as the continuous improvement process is supported systematically. © GITO-Verlag.

Leyendekkers, JV, Shannon, AG & Wong, CK 2009, 'The spectra of primes', Proceedings of the Jangjeon Mathematical Society, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1-10.
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The right-end digits (REDs) of integers were used to construct spectra of primes within a background of composites. The spectra showed repeat patterns apparently related to the changing composite field. Specific composite sequences from Integer Structure analysis and Euler's prime equation, were discussed in relation to the use of 'marker' composites, to allow better interpretation of the spectra.

Lezana, P, Aguilera, R & Quevedo, DE 2009, 'Model Predictive Control of an Asymmetric Flying Capacitor Converter', IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 1839-1846.
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Lezana, P, Aguilera, R & Rodriguez, J 2009, 'Fault Detection on Multicell Converter Based on Output Voltage Frequency Analysis', IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 2275-2283.
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Li, H, Jiang, Z, Tieu, AK, Sun, W, Wei, D & Zhu, H 2009, 'Tribological features of roll surface in cold metal rolling', International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering, vol. 3, no. 5/6, pp. 407-407.
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Cold strip rolling under dry and lubricated conditions vas conducted oil a new developed mini-mill, which was installed ill the Gleeble 3500 Thermo-mechanical Simulator. The surface roughness and Power Spectrum Density (PSD) features of the rolls were analysed. Results show that the lubrication significantly reduces Surface roughness of the 4%Cr roll, but has less effect oil surface toughness of the 4%Cr with Ti-added roll. The surface deterioration of 4%Cr with Ti-added roll varies significantly with all increase of rolling passes. Asperities oil roll surface experience inhomogeneous variation, which indicates the deterioration of surface roughness is different for both roll materials.

Li, J & Hao, P 2009, 'Finding representative landmarks of data on manifolds', Pattern Recognition, vol. 42, no. 11, pp. 2335-2352.
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Li, J & Liu, Q 2009, '‘Double water exclusion’: a hypothesis refining the O-ring theory for the hot spots at protein interfaces', Bioinformatics, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 743-750.
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Abstract Motivation: The O-ring theory reveals that the binding hot spot at a protein interface is surrounded by a ring of residues that are energetically less important than the residues in the hot spot. As this ring of residues is served to occlude water molecules from the hot spot, the O-ring theory is also called ‘water exclusion’ hypothesis. We propose a ‘double water exclusion’ hypothesis to refine the O-ring theory by assuming the hot spot itself is water-free. To computationally model a water-free hot spot, we use a biclique pattern that is defined as two maximal groups of residues from two chains in a protein complex holding the property that every residue contacts with all residues in the other group. Methods and Results: Given a chain pair A and B of a protein complex from the Protein Data Bank (PDB), we calculate the interatomic distance of all possible pairs of atoms between A and B. We then represent A and B as a bipartite graph based on these distance information. Maximal biclique subgraphs are subsequently identified from all of the bipartite graphs to locate biclique patterns at the interfaces. We address two properties of biclique patterns: a non-redundant occurrence in PDB, and a correspondence with hot spots when the solvent-accessible surface area (SASA) of a biclique pattern in the complex form is small. A total of 1293 biclique patterns are discovered which have a non-redundant occurrence of at least five, and which each have a minimum two and four residues at the two sides. Through extensive queries to the HotSprint and ASEdb databases, we verified that biclique patterns are rich of true hot residues. Our algorithm and results provide a new way to identify hot spots by examining proteins' structural data. Availability: The biclique mining algorithm is available at http://www.ntu.edu.sg/home/jyli/dwe.html. ...

Li, S & Cohn, AG 2009, 'Reasoning with Topological and Directional Spatial Information', Computational Intelligence, 2012, 28(4):579-616, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 579-616.
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Current research on qualitative spatial representation and reasoning mainlyfocuses on one single aspect of space. In real world applications, however,multiple spatial aspects are often involved simultaneously. This paper investigates problems arising in reasoning with combinedtopological and directional information. We use the RCC8 algebra and theRectangle Algebra (RA) for expressing topological and directional informationrespectively. We give examples to show that the bipath-consistency algorithmBIPATH is incomplete for solving even basic RCC8 and RA constraints. Iftopological constraints are taken from some maximal tractable subclasses ofRCC8, and directional constraints are taken from a subalgebra, termed DIR49, ofRA, then we show that BIPATH is able to separate topological constraints fromdirectional ones. This means, given a set of hybrid topological and directionalconstraints from the above subclasses of RCC8 and RA, we can transfer the jointsatisfaction problem in polynomial time to two independent satisfactionproblems in RCC8 and RA. For general RA constraints, we give a method tocompute solutions that satisfy all topological constraints and approximatelysatisfy each RA constraint to any prescribed precision.

Li, Y & Esselle, KP 2009, 'Small EBG resonator high-gain antenna using in-phase highly-reflecting surface', Electronics Letters, vol. 45, no. 21, pp. 1058-1060.
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Li, Y, Guo, Y, Lei, G & Shao, K 2009, 'Sequential inference method of electromagnetic optimization in engineering', Huazhong Keji Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue Ban)/Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Natural Science Edition), vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 25-28.
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Sequential inference method was presented for engineering electromagnetic optimization by the combination of statistical approximate models with sequential sampling method. In the implementation, approximate models include radial basis model and compactly supported radial basis model; sequential sampling and optimization process is composed of coarse optimization process and fine optimization process. Compared with traditional direct optimization method, the optimization models constructed by the sequential sampling method only need a small sample data, and the overall computational effort needed is much less than that by direct optimization method. Meanwhile, sequential method can provide prior information for the optimization algorithm. Finally, to illustrate the performance of the new method, Monte Carlo simulation experiment and the IEEE TEAM Workshop Problem 22 are investigated. Analysis demonstrates that the computation cost of the new methods is less than 1/10 of direct optimization algorithm. The optimization results are also satisfied the design objectives.

Li, Y, Li, J, Samali, B & Wang, J 2009, 'Design considerations and experimental studies on semi-active smart pin joint', Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering in China, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 363-370.
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Hostile dynamic loadings such as severe wind storms, earthquakes, and sudden impacts can cause severe damage to many civil engineering structures. An intelligent structural system equipped with smart structural members that are controllable in real-time is an effective solution to structural damage and failure during such situations. Civil intelligent structures with controllable properties to adapt to any changes due to dynamic loadings can lead to effective protection of structures and their occupants. In this paper, design and testing of a semi-active magnetorheological (MR) pin joint, in which the moment resistance can be controlled in real-time by altering the magnetic field, is reported with the view of using it as a potential candidate for smart members in the development of intelligent structures. Design of prototype smart pin joints includes theoretical analysis related to the radius of the rotary plate, the property of MR fluids and the gap between the rotary plate and the casing based on the requirements of the dynamics of MR pin joints. FEM analysis was deployed to study the distribution of the magnetic field along the gap. It is found, from the theoretical analysis and experimental verification, that the MR pin joint with a diameter of 180 mm can produce a torque of up to 30 Nm, which meets requirements for semi-active members in a multi-storey prototype building model in the next stage of research and development. © Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag 2009.

Li, Y, Shao, K, Lei, G & Zhang, A 2009, 'Analysis and simulation of comb-drive electrostatic-structure coupled field', Huazhong Keji Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue Ban)/Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Natural Science Edition), vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 96-99.
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A 2D finite element model using reduced order modeling principles for lateral electrostatic comb-drive actuator was proposed, and its coupled field was analyzed. This technique could reduce the comb-drive to a group of equivalent lumped parameters finite elements, which capture the input and output device behavior and its static and dynamic characteristics. The complexity of reduced order model was reduced to a great extent and computing time is decreased. The problem of the strongly coupled field is effectively solved by reduced order modeling. The relation between structure parameters and the electrostatic force and the displacement was discussed. Simulation results were validated using a finite element method, which is not reduced, both methods give very similar results, the maximum displacement error is less than 5%.

Lin, C-T, Huang, T-Y, Liang, W-C, Chiu, T-T, Chao, C-F, Hsu, S-H & Ko, L-W 2009, 'Assessing Effectiveness of Various Auditory Warning Signals in Maintaining Drivers' Attention in Virtual Reality-Based Driving Environments', Perceptual and Motor Skills, vol. 108, no. 3, pp. 825-835.
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Drivers' fatigue contributes to traffic accidents, so drivers must maintain adequate alertness. The effectiveness of audio alarms in maintaining driving performance and characteristics of alarms was studied in a virtural reality-based driving environment. Response time to the car's drifting was measured under seven conditions: with no warnings and with continuous warning tones (500 Hz, 1750 Hz, and 3000 Hz), and with tone bursts at 500 Hz, 1750 Hz, and 3000 Hz. Analyses showed the audio warning signals significantly improved driving. Further, the tones' spectral characteristics significantly influenced the effectiveness of the warning.

Lin, C-T, Ko, L-W & Shen, T-K 2009, 'Computational intelligent brain computer interaction and its applications on driving cognition', IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 32-46.
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Lin, Y, Zheng, Z, Li, Y, Yuan, X, Hou, J, Zhang, S, Fan, H, Wang, Y, Li, W & Hu, S 2009, 'Impact of Renal Dysfunction on Long-Term Survival After Isolated Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery', The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, vol. 87, no. 4, pp. 1079-1084.
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Lindahl, M, José, M, Jurado, L, Pilar, M, Ramos, G & Carmen, M 2009, 'A decision making method for educational management based on distance measures', Revista de Metodos Cuantitativos para la Economia y la Empresa, vol. 8, pp. 29-49.
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We develop a new approach for decision making in educational management based on the use of distance measures. We focus on the selection of a studies plan from the perspective of an academic institution. We try to develop this approach showing the benefits of establishing an ideal plan that we compare with the available alternatives. We use the Minkowski distance, the ordered weighted averaging (OWA) operator and the interval numbers. The use of the Minkowski distance allows to make comparisons between the ideal plan and the available ones in the market. The OWA operator is an aggregation operator that provides a parameterized family of aggregation operators that includes the maximum, the minimum and the average criteria, among oth- ers. And the interval numbers is a very useful technique to represent the information when the environment is very complex, because it gives all the possible results from the minimum to the maximum. We introduce a new aggregation operator called the uncertain generalized ordered weighted aver- aging distance (UGOWAD) operator. It is a distance aggregation operator that uses the main characteristics of the Minkowski distance, the OWA op- erator and the interval numbers. We develop an illustrative example where we can see the usefulness of the UGOWAD operator to select a studies plan in education management. The main advantage of using the UGOWAD is that we can consider a wide range of distance aggregation methods in the decision problem. Then, the decision maker gets a more complete view of the decision problem, being able to select the alternative that better fits the interests.

Lindsay, ED, Murray, S, Liu, DK, Lowe, DB & Bright, CG 2009, 'Establishment reality vs. maintenance reality: how real is real enough?', European Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 229-234.
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Remote and virtual laboratories are increasingly prevalent alternatives to the face-to-face laboratory experience; however, the question of their learning outcomes is yet to be fully investigated. There are many presumptions regarding the effectiveness of these approaches; foremost amongst these assumptions is that the experience must be 'real' to be effective. Embedding reality into a remote or virtual laboratory can be an expensive and time-consuming task. Significant efforts have been expended to create 3D VRML models of laboratory equipment, allowing students to pan, zoom and tilt their perspective as they see fit. Multiple camera angles have been embedded into remote interfaces to provide an increased sense of 'realness'. This paper draws upon the literature in the field to show that the necessary threshold for reality varies depending upon how the students are interacting with the equipment. There is one threshold for when they first interact - the establishment reality - which allows the students to familiarise themselves with the laboratory equipment, and to build their mental model of the experience. There is, however, a second, lower, threshold - the maintenance reality - that is necessary for the students' ongoing operation of the equipment. Students' usage patterns rely upon a limited subset of the available functionality, focusing upon only some aspects of the reality that has been originally established. The two threshold model presented in this paper provides a new insight for the development of virtual laboratories in the future.

Lister, R 2009, 'CS research', ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 72-74.
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This is a regular invited column I write for this journal.

Lister, R, Fidge, C & Teague, D 2009, 'Further evidence of a relationship between explaining, tracing and writing skills in introductory programming', ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 161-165.
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This paper reports on a replication of earlier studies into a possible hierarchy of programming skills. In this study, the students from whom data was collected were at a university that had not provided data for earlier studies. Also, the students were taught the programming language 'Python', which had not been used in earlier studies. Thus this study serves as a test of whether the findings in the earlier studies were specific to certain institutions, student cohorts, and programming languages. Also, we used a non-parametric approach to the analysis, rather than the linear approach of earlier studies. Our results are consistent with the earlier studies. We found that students who cannot trace code usually cannot explain code, and also that students who tend to perform reasonably well at code writing tasks have also usually acquired the ability to both trace code and explain code.

Listowski, A, Ngo, HH, Guo, WS, Vigneswaran, S & Palmer, CG 2009, 'Concepts towards a novel integrated assessment methodology of urban water reuse', DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT, vol. 11, no. 1-3, pp. 81-92.
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Traditional supplies of large volumes of water and wastewater disposal technologies have offered a linear solution, thus intensifying environmental stress. In addition, provision of urban infrastructure especially any major augmentations are often the impractical or economically prohibitive. Urban water cycle should be viewed as an interactive and coordinated approach involving: Available water resources, Appropriate treatment technology producing fi t for purpose water quality, and Ascertaining long term balance between environmental, social and economic issues.

Liu, G, Sim, K, Li, J & Wong, L 2009, 'Efficient mining of distance‐based subspace clusters', Statistical Analysis and Data Mining: The ASA Data Science Journal, vol. 2, no. 5-6, pp. 427-444.
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AbstractTraditional similarity measurements often become meaningless when dimensions of datasets increase. Subspace clustering has been proposed to find clusters embedded in subspaces of high‐dimensional datasets. Many existing algorithms use a grid‐based approach to partition the data space into nonoverlapping rectangle cells, and then identify connected dense cells as clusters. The rigid boundaries of the grid‐based approach may cause a real cluster to be divided into several small clusters. In this paper, we propose to use a sliding‐window approach to partition the dimensions to preserve significant clusters. We call this model nCluster model. The sliding‐window approach generates more bins than the grid‐based approach, thus it incurs higher mining cost. We develop a deterministic algorithm, called MaxnCluster, to mine nClusters efficiently. MaxnCluster uses several techniques to speed up the mining, and it produces only maximal nClusters to reduce result size. Non‐maximal nClusters are pruned without the need of storing the discovered nClusters in the memory, which is key to the efficiency of MaxnCluster. Our experiment results show that (i) the nCluster model can indeed preserve clusters that are shattered by the grid‐based approach on synthetic datasets; (ii) the nCluster model produces more significant clusters than the grid‐based approach on two real gene expression datasets and (iii) MaxnCluster is efficient in mining maximal nClusters. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 2: 427‐444, 2009

Liu, RP, Rosberg, Z, Collings, IB, Wilson, C, Dong, AY & Jha, S 2009, 'Energy Efficient Reliable Data Collection in Wireless Sensor Networks with Asymmetric Links.', Int. J. Wirel. Inf. Networks, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 131-141.
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Field measurements reveal that radio link asymmetry has a severe impact on reliable data delivery. We analyze the energy efficiencies of selected reliability schemes for asymmetric radio links using theoretical models. The analysis provides guidelines for retransmission control so as to balance between reliability and energy consumption. We also design two enhancements to the "implicit" ARQ scheme addressing the negative effects of asymmetric radio links. The energy efficiencies of these algorithms are explicitly derived using our theoretical model and validated by simulations and field trials. Based on the analysis of the two enhanced algorithms, we propose an improvement, referred to as Energy Efficient Reliable Data Collection (EERDC) that controls the retransmissions of the enhanced ARQ schemes. Simulations and field trials confirm our theoretical findings and demonstrate that our proposed EERDC algorithm alleviates the impact of link asymmetry and achieves energy savings. © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

LIU, S-G, NI, B-J, WEl, L, TANG, Y & YU, H-Q 2009, 'Contact-Adsorption-Regeneration-Stabilization Process for the Treatment of Municipal Wastewater', Journal of Water and Environment Technology, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 83-90.
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Liu, X-W, Yu, H-Q, Ni, B-J & Sheng, G-P 2009, 'Characterization, Modeling and Application of Aerobic Granular Sludge for Wastewater Treatment', BIOTECHNOLOGY IN CHINA I, vol. 113, pp. 275-303.
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Longbing Cao, Ruwei Dai & Mengchu Zhou 2009, 'Metasynthesis: M-Space, M-Interaction, and M-Computing for Open Complex Giant Systems', IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 1007-1021.
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The studies of complex systems have been recognized as one of the greatest challenges for current and future science and technology. Open complex giant systems (OCGSs) are a family of specially complex systems with system complexities such as openness, human involvement, societal characteristic, and intelligence emergence. They greatly challenge multiple disciplines such as system sciences, system engineering, cognitive sciences, information systems, artificial intelligence, and computer sciences. As a result, traditional problem-solving methodologies can help deal with them but are far from a mature solution methodology. The theory of qualitative-to-quantitative metasynthesis has been proposed as a breakthrough and effective methodology for the understanding and problem solving of OCGSs. In this paper, we propose the concepts of M-Interaction, M-Space, and M-Computing which are three key components for studying OCGS and building problem-solving systems. M-Interaction forms the main problem-solving mechanism of qualitative-to-quantitative metasynthesis; M-Space is the OCGS problem-solving system embedded with M-Interactions, while M-Computing consists of engineering approaches to the analysis, design, and implementation of M-Space and M-Interaction. We discuss the theoretical framework, problem-solving process, social cognitive evolution, intelligence emergence, and pitfalls of certain types of cognitions in developing M-Space and M-Interaction from the perspectives of cognitive sciences and social cognitive interaction. These can help one understand complex systems and develop effective problem-solving methodologies. © 2009 IEEE.

Lowe, D, Murray, S, Lindsay, E & Liu, D 2009, 'Evolving Remote Laboratory Architectures to Leverage Emerging Internet Technologies', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON LEARNING TECHNOLOGIES, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 289-294.
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There is growing research into, and development of, the use of the internet to support remote access by students to physical laboratory infrastructure. These remote laboratories can, under appropriate circumstances, support or even replace traditional (proximal) laboratories, provide additional or improved access at reduced cost, and encourage interinstitutional sharing of expensive resources. Effective design of remote laboratories requires attention to the design of both the pedagogy and the technical infrastructure, as well as how these elements interact. In this paper, we consider the architectures of remote laboratories, the shortcomings of existing implementations, and we argue that emerging internet technologies can assist in overcoming these shortcomings. We also consider the opportunities which these technologies provide in moving beyond both existing remote laboratories and existing proximal laboratories, to create opportunities which were not previously possible. © 2009 IEEE.

Lu, DDC 2009, 'Integrated Power Converter Design to Meet Uninterruptible Supply and Short Surge Load Demands', Australian Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 179-189.
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This paper generalises the design of AC/DC switching power converters for applications with power factor correction, short surge load and uninterruptible power supply demands. The design focuses on achieving better utilisation of the DC bus voltage, fast transient response and provision of backup power. A number of new designs liave been identified. Experimental results of a selected converter topology design are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed power supply design concept. © 2009 Institution of Engineers Australia.

Lu, DD-C & Agelidis, VG 2009, 'Photovoltaic-Battery-Powered DC Bus System for Common Portable Electronic Devices', IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 849-855.
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Lu, DD-C, Iu, HH-C & Pjevalica, V 2009, 'Single-Stage AC/DC Boost–Forward Converter With High Power Factor and Regulated Bus and Output Voltages', IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 2128-2132.
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Lu, H, Zhu, J, Lin, Z & Guo, Y 2009, 'An inchworm mobile robot using electromagnetic linear actuator', Mechatronics, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 1116-1125.
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The capability of motion is one of the important aspects for a micro-robot to fulfill its given tasks. Micro-autonomous systems usually require large force, large displacement and less power consumption. Among different actuation schemes, electromagnetic actuator shows the benefit in a combination of force, displacement and cost effective control. A bristle-based inchworm mobile robot using a short stroke electromagnetic linear actuator is described in the paper. The main body and movable unit of the robot are joined by using a sealed bellows and the bristle legs are designed so that it can operate both on plane surfaces and in liquid. The actuator designed for the robot is a tubular type linear machine with an overall size of ?7 × 10 mm. The key dimensions of the actuator were determined through magnetic field analysis to achieve optimum force output and necessary travel stroke within the limited space. The predicted actuation force of the actuator is 20 mN and the stroke length is 1.2 mm. Two working prototypes of the actuator were constructed and the performance tests show the effectiveness of the design. A sensorless control scheme with a novel start-up strategy for the designed actuator was developed based on the robotic system modeling and the analyzed results show the satisfactory performance of the system.

Lu, J, Bai, C & Zhang, G 2009, 'Cost-benefit factor analysis in e-services using bayesian networks', EXPERT SYSTEMS WITH APPLICATIONS, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 4617-4625.
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This study applies Bayesian network techniques to analyze and verify the relationships among cost factors and benefit factors in e-service systems. This study first establishes a Bayesian network for e-service cost-benefit factor relationships based on our previous study [Lu, J. & Zhang, G. Q. (2003). Cost benefit factor analysis in e-services. International Journal of Service Industry Management (IJSIM), 14(5), 570-595]. It then calculates conditional probability distributions among these factors shown in the Bayesian network. Finally it runs a Junction-tree algorithm to conduct inference for verifying these cost-benefit factor relationships, and the data collected through a survey is as evidences in the inference process. Through the above application of Bayesian network techniques a set of useful findings is obtained for the costs involved in e-service developments against the benefits received by adopting these e-service systems. The case of 'increased investments in maintaining e-services' would significantly contribute to 'enhancing perceived company image', and the case of 'increased investments in security of e-service systems' would bring high benefits in 'building customer relationships' and 'improving cooperation between companies'. These findings have great potential to improve the strategic planning of businesses by determining more effective investments items and adopting more suitable development activities in e-service systems and applications. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Lu, J, Zhu, Y, Zeng, X, Koehl, L, Ma, J & Zhang, G 2009, 'A linguistic multi-criteria group decision support system for fabric hand evaluation', FUZZY OPTIMIZATION AND DECISION MAKING, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 395-413.
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Fabric hand evaluation (FHE) is the main measure in textile material selection for fashion design and development. Fabric hand evaluation requires considering multiple evaluation aspects/criteria by a group of evaluators. Some fabric features can also be measured using instruments. The evaluation often uses linguistic terms in the weights of criteria, and the weights and judgments of evaluators. To support a FHE-based material selection, this study first develops a fabric hand-based textile material evaluation model. It then proposes a human-machine measure integrated fuzzy multi-criteria group decision-making method. A software tool is also developed, which implements the proposed method and is applied in fabric hand-based textile material evaluation. © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

Lu, Q-Y, Zhang, Y, Wang, Y, Wang, D, Lee, R-P, Gao, K, Byrns, R & Heber, D 2009, 'California Hass Avocado: Profiling of Carotenoids, Tocopherol, Fatty Acid, and Fat Content during Maturation and from Different Growing Areas', Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 57, no. 21, pp. 10408-10413.
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LU, S, ZHANG, J & FENG, DD 2009, 'DETECTING GHOST AND LEFT OBJECTS IN SURVEILLANCE VIDEO', International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, vol. 23, no. 07, pp. 1503-1525.
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This paper proposes an efficient method for detecting ghost and left objects in surveillance video, which, if not identified, may lead to errors or wasted computational power in background modeling and object tracking in video surveillance systems. This method contains two main steps: the first one is to detect stationary objects, which narrows down the evaluation targets to a very small number of regions in the input image; the second step is to discriminate the candidates between ghost and left objects. For the first step, we introduce a novel stationary object detection method based on continuous object tracking and shape matching. For the second step, we propose a fast and robust inpainting method to differentiate between ghost and left objects by reconstructing the real background using the candidate's corresponding regions in the current input and background image. The effectiveness of our method has been validated by experiments over a variety of video sequences and comparisons with existing state-of-art methods.

Luo, L, Zhang, JA & Shi, Z 2009, 'Advanced Receiver Design for Quadrature OFDMA Systems', EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, vol. 2009, no. 1, pp. 10-10.
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Luo, Q & Tong, L 2009, 'Analytical solutions for nonlinear analysis of composite single-lap adhesive joints', International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 144-154.
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Luo, Q & Tong, L 2009, 'Constitutive equations for 0-3 polarized PLZT actuators', International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol. 46, no. 25-26, pp. 4313-4321.
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Luo, Q & Tong, L 2009, 'Energy release rates for interlaminar delamination in laminates considering transverse shear effects', Composite Structures, vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 235-244.
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Luo, Y, Kang, Z, Luo, Z & Li, A 2009, 'Continuum topology optimization with non-probabilistic reliability constraints based on multi-ellipsoid convex model', Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 297-310.
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Using a quantified measure for non-probab ilistic reliability based on the multi-ellipsoid convex model, the topology optimization of continuum structures in presence of uncertain-but-bounded parameters is investigated. The problem is formulated as a dou

Luo, Z, Tong, L & Kang, Z 2009, 'A level set method for structural shape and topology optimization using radial basis functions', Computers & Structures, vol. 87, no. 7-8, pp. 425-434.
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This paper presents an alternative level set method for shape and topology optimization of continuum structures. An implicit free boundary representation model is established by embedding structural boundary into the zero level set of a higher-dimensiona

Luo, Z, Tong, L & Ma, H 2009, 'Shape and topology optimization for electrothermomechanical microactuators using level set methods', Journal of Computational Physics, vol. 228, no. 9, pp. 3173-3181.
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In this short note, a shape and topology optimization method is presented for multiphysics actuators including geometrically nonlinear modeling based on an implicit free boundary parameterization method. A level set model is established to describe struc

Luo, Z, Tong, L, Luo, J, Wei, P & Wang, MY 2009, 'Design of piezoelectric actuators using a multiphase level set method of piecewise constants', Journal of Computational Physics, vol. 228, no. 7, pp. 2643-2659.
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This paper presents a multiphase level set method of piecewise constants for shape and topology optimization of multi-material piezoelectric actuators with in-plane motion. First, an indicator function which takes level sets of piecewise constants is used to implicitly represent structural boundaries of the multiple phases in the design domain. Compared with standard level set methods using n scalar functions to represent 2n phases, each constant value in the present method denotes one material phase and 2n phases can be represented by 2n pre-defined constants. Thus, only one indicator function including different constant values is required to identify all structural boundaries between different material phases by making use of its discontinuities. In the context of designing smart actuators with in-plane motions, the optimization problem is defined mathematically as the minimization of a smooth energy functional under some specified constraints. Thus, the design optimization of the smart actuator is transferred into a numerical process by which the constant values of the indicator function are updated via a semi-implicit scheme with additive operator splitting (AOS) algorithm. In such a way, the different material phases are distributed simultaneously in the design domain until both the passive compliant host structure and embedded piezoelectric actuators are optimized. The compliant structure serves as a mechanical amplifier to enlarge the small strain stroke generated by piezoelectric actuators. The major advantage of the present method is to remove numerical difficulties associated with the solution of the Hamilton-Jacobi equations in most conventional level set methods, such as the CFL condition, the regularization procedure to retain a signed distance level set function and the non-differentiability related to the Heaviside and the Delta functions. Two widely studied examples are chosen to demonstrate the effectiveness of the present method. © 20...

Ma, J, Lu, J & Zhang, G 2009, 'Information inconsistencies detection using a rule-map technique', EXPERT SYSTEMS WITH APPLICATIONS, vol. 36, no. 10, pp. 12510-12519.
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Timely detecting information inconsistencies (anomalies) in real-time information provides strong support for decision-making in a dynamic decision-making situation. Existing techniques for information inconsistencies detection mainly focus on stored information by using a single structured-fixed descriptive model which always requires support from sufficient prior knowledge. The aim of this study is to develop a method for information inconsistencies detection for real-time information in dynamic decision-making situation where prior knowledge is insufficient by using multiple descriptive models. First, a rule-map technique is presented. A rule-map is a hierarchical directed graph, whose vertexes are selected descriptive models and whose arcs represent the covering relationship between descriptive models. A rule-map provides a strategy for selecting detecting descriptive models by means of the covering relationship and its structure is adjustable with the change in a situation. Then, a real-time information inconsistencies detection method, named RMDID, is developed based on the rule-map technique, which can take full advantage of multiple descriptive models. Finally, the proposed RMDID method is tested through two real cases. Experiments indicate that the proposed rule-map technique can trace the changes of a dynamic decision-making situation and the developed RMDID method can efficiently detect potential anomalies in real-time information.

Mahmoud, A, Shendi, M, Pradhan, B & Attia, F 2009, 'Utilization of remote sensing data and GIS tools for and use sustainability analysis: case study in El-Hammam area, Egypt', Open Geosciences, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 347-367.
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Abstract The North-Western Coast of Egypt (NWCE) represents one of the high priority regions for future development in the country. El-Hammam area is located in the NWCE with an area of 94752 acres and is one of the main challenging regions for sustaianble development. In this study, we have used remote sensing and soil data in combination with GIS tools, for land use sustainable analysis (SLU) in El-Hammam area. The SLU was established based on various factors such as: land capability and suitability, water resources availability, economic return from water and financial return from land and water. A physiographic soil map for the study area was prepared using remote sensing and GIS. Multiple field surveys were carried out for collecting information on various soil map units (SMUs) and their profiles. Laboratory analysis for the collected samples was performed, and then the soil properties were stored as attributes in a geographical soil database linked with the SMUs. Furthermore, land capability assessment was done to define the suitable areas for agricultural production using a capability model built in ALES software. Results indicate that the area currently lacks high capability and moderate capability classes. By improving the soil properties, the soil can attain potential capability; and 55630 acres will become marginally capable. The assessment of soil physical suitability for different land use types (LUTs) were analysed in ALES software, in order to generate the most suitable areas. The results from the land suitability analysis indicated that, 17114 acres are moderately suitable for wheat and sorghum; whereas 15823 acres are moderately suitable for barley and 12752 acres are moderately suitable for maize, olive and figs. Finally, the SLU was investigated based on two scenarios; (1) the most SLU under the conditions of shortage of irrigation water: clover, barley and sorghum against figs, as the i...

Mahmud, A, Setiawan, I, Mansor, S, Shariff, A, Pradhan, B & Nuruddin, A 2009, 'Utilization of geoinformation tools for the development of forest fire hazard mapping system: example of Pekan fire, Malaysia', Open Geosciences, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 456-462.
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Abstract A study in modeling fire hazard assessment will be essential in establishing an effective forest fire management system especially in controlling and preventing peat fire. In this paper, we have used geographic information system (GIS), in combination with other geoinformation technologies such as remote sensing and computer modeling, for all aspects of wild land fire management. Identifying areas that have a high probability of burning is an important component of fire management planning. The development of spatially explicit GIS models has greatly facilitated this process by allowing managers to map and analyze variables contributing to fire occurrence across large, unique geographic units. Using the model and its associated software engine, the fire hazard map was produced. Extensive avenue programming scripts were written to provide additional capabilities in the development of these interfaces to meet the full complement of operational software considering various users requirements. The system developed not only possesses user friendly step by step operations to deliver the fire vulnerability mapping but also allows authorized users to edit, add or modify parameters whenever necessary. Results from the model can support fire hazard mapping in the forest and enhance alert system function by simulating and visualizing forest fire and helps for contingency planning.

Mak, BK-W, Tsz-Chung Lai, Tsang, IW & Kwok, JT-Y 2009, 'Maximum Penalized Likelihood Kernel Regression for Fast Adaptation', IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing, vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 1372-1381.
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This paper proposes a nonlinear generalization of the popular maximum-likelihood linear regression (MLLR) adaptation algorithm using kernel methods. The proposed method, called maximum penalized likelihood kernel regression adaptation (MPLKR), applies kernel regression with appropriate regularization to determine the affine model transform in a kernel-induced high-dimensional feature space. Although this is not the first attempt of applying kernel methods to conventional linear adaptation algorithms, unlike most of other kernelized adaptation methods such as kernel eigenvoice or kernel eigen-MLLR, MPLKR has the advantage that it is a convex optimization and its solution is always guaranteed to be globally optimal. In fact, the adapted Gaussian means can be obtained analytically by simply solving a system of linear equations. From the Bayesian perspective, MPLKR can also be considered as the kernel version of maximum a posteriori linear regression (MAPLR) adaptation. Supervised and unsupervised speaker adaptation using MPLKR were evaluated on the Resource Management and Wall Street Journal 5K tasks, respectively, achieving a word error rate reduction of 23.6% and 15.5% respectively over the speaker-independently model.

Matekovits, L, Heimlich, M & Esselle, KP 2009, 'TUNABLE PERIODIC MICROSTRIP STRUCTURE ON GAAS WAFER', Progress In Electromagnetics Research, vol. 97, pp. 1-10.
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Mazalek, A & Van Den Hoven, E 2009, 'Framing tangible interaction frameworks', AI EDAM-ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR ENGINEERING DESIGN ANALYSIS AND MANUFACTURING, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 225-235.
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Tangible interaction is a growing area of human-computer interaction research that has become popular in recent years. Yet designers and researchers are still trying to comprehend and clarify its nature, characteristics, and implications. One approach has been to create frameworks that help us look back at and categorize past tangible interaction systems, and look forward at the possibilities and opportunities for developing new systems. To date, a number of different frameworks have been proposed that each provide different perspectives on the tangible interaction design space, and which can guide designers of new systems in different ways. In this paper, we map the space of tangible interaction frameworks.We order existing frameworks by their general type, and by the facets of tangible interaction design they address. One of our main conclusions is that most frameworks focus predominantly on the conceptual design of tangible systems, whereas fewer frameworks abstract the knowledge gained from previous systems, and hardly any framework provides concrete steps or tools for building new tangible systems. In addition, the facets most represented in existing frameworks are those that address the interactions with or the physicality of the designed systems. Other facets, such as domain-specific technology and experience, are rare. This focus on design, interaction, and physicality is interesting, as the origins of the field are rooted in engineering methods and have only recently started to incorporate more design-inspired approaches. As such, we expected more frameworks to focus on technologies and to provide concrete building suggestions for new tangible interaction systems.

McGregor, C & Maeder, A 2009, 'eHealth and services computing in healthcare', Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, vol. 4, no. 2.

Medelyan, O, Milne, D, Legg, C & Witten, IH 2009, 'Mining meaning from Wikipedia', International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, vol. 67, no. 9, pp. 716-754.
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Meresman, H, Wills, JB, Summers, M, McGloin, D & Reid, JP 2009, 'Manipulation and characterisation of accumulation and coarse mode aerosol particles using a Bessel beam trap', Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol. 11, no. 47, pp. 11333-11333.
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MERIGO, J & GILLAFUENTE, A 2009, 'The induced generalized OWA operator', Information Sciences, vol. 179, no. 6, pp. 729-741.
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Merigó, JM & Casanovas, M 2009, 'Geometric operators in decision making with minimization of regret', World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 39, pp. 514-521.
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We study different types of aggregation operators and the decision making process with minimization of regret. We analyze the original work developed by Savage and the recent work developed by Yager that generalizes the MMR method creating a parameterized family of minimal regret methods by using the ordered weighted averaging (OWA) operator. We suggest a new method that uses different types of geometric operators such as the weighted geometric mean or the ordered weighted geometric operator (OWG) to generalize the MMR method obtaining a new parameterized family of minimal regret methods. The main result obtained in this method is that it allows to aggregate negative numbers in the OWG operator. Finally, we give an illustrative example.

Merigó, JM & Casanovas, M 2009, 'Induced aggregation operators in decision making with the Dempster-Shafer belief structure', International Journal of Intelligent Systems, vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 934-954.
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Merigó, JM & Gil-Lafuente, AM 2009, 'OWA operators in generalized distances', World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 33, pp. 866-873.
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Different types of aggregation operators such as the ordered weighted quasi-arithmetic mean (Quasi-OWA) operator and the normalized Hamming distance are studied. We introduce the use of the OWA operator in generalized distances such as the quasiarithmetic distance. We will call these new distance aggregation the ordered weighted quasi-arithmetic distance (Quasi-OWAD) operator. We develop a general overview of this type of generalization and study some of their main properties such as the distinction between descending and ascending orders. We also consider different families of Quasi-OWAD operators such as the Minkowski ordered weighted averaging distance (MOWAD) operator, the ordered weighted averaging distance (OWAD) operator, the Euclidean ordered weighted averaging distance (EOWAD) operator, the normalized quasi-arithmetic distance, etc.

Miles, REH, Guillon, M, Mitchem, L, McGloin, D & Reid, JP 2009, 'The influence of resonant absorption and heating on the equilibrium size of aqueous-solute aerosol droplets', Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol. 11, no. 33, pp. 7312-7312.
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Mironov, V, Zhang, J, Gentile, C, Brakke, K, Trusk, T, Jakab, K, Forgacs, G, Kasyanov, V, Visconti, RP & Markwald, RR 2009, 'Designer ‘blueprint’ for vascular trees: morphology evolution of vascular tissue constructs', Virtual and Physical Prototyping, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 63-74.
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Organ printing is a variant of the biomedical application of rapid prototyping technology or layer-by-layer additive biofabrication of 3D tissue and organ constructs using self-assembled tissue spheroids as building blocks. Bioengineering of perfusable intraorgan branched vascular trees incorporated into 3D tissue constructs is essential for the survival of bioprinted thick 3D tissues and organs. In order to design the optimal 'blueprint' for digital bioprinting of intraorgan branched vascular trees, the coefficients of tissue retraction associated with post-printing vascular tissue spheroid fusion and remodelling must be determined and incorporated into the original CAD. Using living tissue spheroids assembled into ring-like and tube-like vascular tissue constructs, the coefficient of tissue retraction has been experimentally evaluated. It has been shown that the internal diameter of ring-like and the height of tubular-like tissue constructs are significantly reduced during tissue spheroid fusion. During the tissue fusion process, the individual tissue spheroids also change their shape from ball-like to a conus-like form. A simple formula for the calculation of the necessary number of tissue spheroids for biofabrication of ring-like structures of desirable diameter has been deduced. These data provide sufficient information to design optimal CAD for bioprinted branched vascular trees of desirable final geometry and size.

Mo, T, Wang, Z, Xu, X & Wang, X 2009, 'A Virtualization-Based Service System Development Method', Journal of Service Science and Management, vol. 02, no. 01, pp. 1-9.
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Mokhtari, K, Reichard, CA & Gardner, A 2009, 'The Impact of Internet and Television Use on the Reading Habits and Practices of College Students', Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, vol. 52, no. 7, pp. 609-619.
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How much time do college students spend reading for recreational and academic purposes? Do Internet and television use displace or interfere with reading time? In this study, we used an innovative time‐diary survey method to explore whether the time students spend on the Internet or watching television displaces time that would be spent reading for academic or recreational purposes.كم من الوقت يقضي طلاب الجامعة في القراءة لأسباب المطالعة والدراسة؟ هل استخدام التلفاز أو الشبكة العالمية يحل محل القراءة أو يتدخل فيها؟ في هذه الدراسة استخدمنا مسحاً مبدعاً قائماً على كتابة يوميات بصدد قضاء الوقت كي نستقصي إذا كان الوقت الذي يقضي فيه الطلاب على الشبكة العالمية أو مشاهدة التلفاز يحل محل الوقت الذي كانوا قد سيقضوه بالقراءة لأسباب الدراسة أو المطالعة.大学生究竟花多少时间于为消遣和为学术目的而阅读？互联网和电视的使用有没有取代或妨碍学生阅读的时间？在本研究中，我们采用一个创新的时间日记调查方法，以探究大学生花在互联网或看电视的时间有没有取代他们会用于为学术或为消遣目的而阅读的时间。Combien de temps les étudiants de licence passent‐ils à lire à des fins récréatives et d'étude ? Est‐ce que l'utilisation d'Internet et de la télévision remplace ou interfère avec le temps consacré à la lecture ? Nous avons dans cette étude utilisé une méthode d'enquête innovante de journal budget‐temps quotidien pour savoir si le temps que les étudiants passent sur Internet ou à regarder la télévision remplace le temps qu'il auraient passé à lire à des fins récréatives ou d'étude.Сколько времени тратят студенты колледжа на развлекательное и академическое чтение? Оказывают ли Интернет и телевидение существенное воздействие на время, которые студенты посвящают чтению? В данном исследовании был использован инновационный метод – сочетание дневника учета времени и анкетирования, – который позволяет ответить на эти вопросы.¿Cuánto tiempo pasan los estudiantes colegiales leyendo, ya sea para entretenerse o para sus estudios? ¿Acaso la televisión y el Internet les quitan tiempo a estas actividades? En este estudio us...

Molina, B, Pileggi, SF, Esteve, M & Palau, CE 2009, 'A negotiation framework for content distribution in mobile transient networks', Journal of Network and Computer Applications, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 1000-1011.
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Mousavi, SR, Pirasteh, S & Amani, A 2009, 'Landslides and Active Faults Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques in Central Alborz Mountains, Iran', DISASTER ADVANCES, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 24-29.

Mullard, JA & Stewart, MG 2009, 'Stochastic Assessment of Timing and Efficiency of Maintenance for Corroding RC Structures', Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 135, no. 8, pp. 887-895.
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Reinforced concrete (RC) structures in a chloride environment are exposed to a particularly aggressive form of deterioration. Managing the maintenance and repair of structures subjected to these conditions is an important issue facing asset owners and operators. In the present paper, the criterion for repair is the extent of corrosion induced cracking. Common maintenance criteria and maintenance techniques are described and these are incorporated into a two-dimensional spatial time-dependent reliability model. This allows the number, timing, and extent of maintenance actions to be predicted over the service life of RC structures. The analysis includes the effect of inspection interval, maintenance technique, repair efficiency, and repair threshold. Results are presented for a typical RC bridge deck subject to a corrosive marine environment. It was found that repair efficiency affecting time to corrosion initiation of repaired concrete is more critical to the performance of the repair than the repair efficiency that affected corrosion rate. © 2009 ASCE.

NANDA, P & SIMMONDS, A 2009, 'A Scalable Architecture Supporting QoS Guarantees Using Traffic Engineering and Policy Based Routing in the Internet', International Journal of Communications, Network and System Sciences, vol. 02, no. 07, pp. 583-591.
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The study of Quality of Service (QoS) has become of great importance since the Internet is used to support a wide variety of new services and applications with its legacy structure. Current Internet architecture is based on the Best Effort (BE) model, which attempts to deliver all traffic as soon as possible within the limits of its abilities, but without any guarantee about throughput, delay, packet loss, etc. We develop a three-layer policy based architecture which can be deployed to control network resources intelligently and support QoS sensi-tive applications such as real-time voice and video streams along with standard applications in the Internet. In order to achieve selected QoS parameter values (e.g. loss, delay and PDV) within the bounds set through SLAs for high priority voice traffic in the Internet, we used traffic engineering techniques and policy based routing supported by Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). Use of prototype and simulations validates function-ality of our architecture

Nazem, M, Carter, JP, Sheng, D & Sloan, SW 2009, 'Alternative stress-integration schemes for large-deformation problems of solid mechanics', Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, vol. 45, no. 12, pp. 934-943.
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Netherton, MD & Stewart, MG 2009, 'Probabilistic modelling of safety and damage blast risks for window glazingThis paper is one of a selection of papers in the Special Issue on Blast Engineering.', Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 36, no. 8, pp. 1321-1331.
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There are many computational techniques to model the consequences to built infrastructure when subject to explosive blast loads; however, the majority of these do not account for the uncertainties associated with system response or blast loading. This paper describes a new computational model, called “Blast-RF” (Blast Risks for Facades), that incorporates existing (deterministic) blast-response models within an environment that considers threat and (or) vulnerability uncertainties and variability using probability and structural reliability theory. The structural reliability analysis uses stress limit states and the UK Glazing Hazard Guide's rating criteria to calculate probabilities of glazing damage and occupant safety hazards conditional on a given blast scenario. This allows the prediction of likelihood and extent of damage and (or) casualties, useful information for risk mitigation considerations, emergency service's contingency and response planning, collateral damage estimation, weaponeering, and post-blast forensic analysis.

Netherton, MD & Stewart, MG 2009, 'The effects of explosive blast load variability on safety hazard and damage risks for monolithic window glazing', International Journal of Impact Engineering, vol. 36, no. 12, pp. 1346-1354.
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Although the modelling of built infrastructure subject to blast loading has been well developed, considerable uncertainty remains with respect to explosive loading parameters and structural response. This paper focuses on facade glazing - as this poses significant safety hazards when affected by explosive blast loads. A structural reliability analysis is used to calculate probabilities of glazing damage and safety hazards conditional on given threat scenarios. The analysis considers the variability of explosive blast loading; in particular, from variations in explosive weight, explosion effects in terms of pressure, stand-off distance, inherent blast load variability and model error. Uncertainties in structural response (including the variability in glazing stress limits, situational geometry, fragment drag coefficients and modelling error) are then considered in the analysis. This allows the prediction of likelihood and extent of damage and casualties. It was found that damage and safety hazard risks are very sensitive to the accuracy of the blast loading prediction model and the inherent variability of blast loading. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Nghiem, LD & Hawkes, S 2009, 'Effects of membrane fouling on the nanofiltration of trace organic contaminants', Desalination, vol. 236, no. 1-3, pp. 273-281.
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Nghiem, LD, Tadkaew, N & Sivakumar, M 2009, 'Removal of trace organic contaminants by submerged membrane bioreactors', Desalination, vol. 236, no. 1-3, pp. 127-134.
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Ngo, H-H & Guo, W 2009, 'Membrane fouling control and enhanced phosphorus removal in an aerated submerged membrane bioreactor using modified green bioflocculant', BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY, vol. 100, no. 18, pp. 4289-4291.
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This study aims at developing a modified green bioflocculant (GBF) for membrane fouling control and enhanced phosphorus removal in a conventional aerated submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) to treat a high strength domestic wastewater (primary sewage treated effluent) for reuse. The GBF was evaluated based on long-term operation of a lab-scale SMBR. These results showed that SMBR system could achieve nearly zero membrane fouling at a very low dose of GBF addition (500 mg/day) with less backwash frequency (2 times/day with 2-min duration). The transmembrane pressure only increased by 2.5 kPa after 70 days of operation. The SMBR could also remove more than 95% and 99.5% dissolved organic carbon and total phosphorus, respectively. From the respiration tests, it was evident that GBF not only had no negative impact on biomass but also led to high oxygen uptake rate (OUR) (>30 mg O2/L h) and stable specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR). These results also indicated that GBF had no effect on nitrogen removal and nitrification process.

Ngo, HH, Chuang, H, Guo, WS, Ho, DP, Pham, TTN, Johnston, A, Lim, R & Listowski, A 2009, 'Resident's strategy survey on a new end use of recycled water in Australia', DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT, vol. 11, no. 1-3, pp. 93-97.
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The concept of using recycled water for washing machine was introduced as a new end use. As there is a noticeable lack social research in understanding the general public perceptions of this application, the resident's strategy survey was carried out at some selective suburbs in Sydney with demographically based significant differences of general, gender, age, education, and property style and ownership. The survey indicates that the majority in the community considers the use of recycled water for washing machine is indispensable in view of continuing drought and the associated water shortages. Given safety assurance and demonstration, recycled water for washing machine has a considerable proportion within the responses. The general level of knowledge in community clearly understand that recycled water is more environmentally friendly option, whereas from cleanness and public health point of view, higher quality water is required to be reused in washing machine. Moreover, the residents reckon to have a small unit for pre-treatment (point of use) before recycled water entering washing machines might assure the quality and safety. The survey also shows the major concerns for a resident to use recycled water for washing machine are public health, water cleanness and washing machine durability. © 2009 Desalination Publications.

Nguyen, DHN, Nguyen, HH & Hoang Duong Tuan 2009, 'Power Allocation and Error Performance of Distributed Unitary Space–Time Modulation in Wireless Relay Networks', IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 58, no. 7, pp. 3333-3346.
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A wireless relay network allows relays to cooperate with each other, emulate a virtual array of transmit antennas, and perform distributed space-time modulation of the source signals. In this paper, two types of relay networks are considered-one with no

Nguyen, HB, Daniel-Underwood, L, Van Ginkel, C, Wong, M, Lee, D, Lucas, AS, Palaganas, J, Banta, D, Denmark, TK & Clem, K 2009, 'An educational course including medical simulation for early goal-directed therapy and the severe sepsis resuscitation bundle: An evaluation for medical student training', Resuscitation, vol. 80, no. 6, pp. 674-679.
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Objective: Widespread application of early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) and the severe sepsis resuscitation bundle is limited by clinician knowledge, skills and experience. This study evaluated use of simulation-based teaching during medical training to increase future clinician knowledge in the above therapies for severe sepsis and septic shock. Methods: A prospective cohort study was performed with medical students at all levels of training. A 5-h course including didactic lectures, skill workshops, and a simulated case scenario of septic shock were administered to the participants. A checklist including 21 tasks was completed during the patient simulation. An 18-question pre-test, post-test and 2-week post-test were given. The participants completed a survey at the end of the course. Results: Sixty-three students were enrolled. There was statistical difference between the pre-test and each of the post-test scores: 57.5 ± 13.0, 85.6 ± 8.8, and 80.9 ± 10.9%, respectively. 20.6% of participants thought the pre-test was too difficult, whereas all participants thought the post-test was either appropriate or too easy. The task performance during the simulated septic shock patient was 94.1 ± 6.0%. The participants noted improvements in their confidence levels at managing severe sepsis and septic shock, and agreed that the course should be a requirement during medical school training. Conclusions: Medical simulation is an effective method of educating EGDT and the severe sepsis resuscitation bundle to medical students with limited experience in patient care. The results suggest that our course may be of further benefit at increasing clinical experience with this intensive protocol for the management of severe sepsis and septic shock. © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Nguyen, HT & Su, SW 2009, 'Conditions for triangular decoupling control', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONTROL, vol. 82, no. 9, pp. 1575-1581.
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The main purpose of this article is to explore the relationship of two existing conditions for the triangular decoupling problem. The first one is the triangular-diagonal-dominance condition proposed by Hung and Anderson. The second one is the stable coprime factorisation-described condition proposed by Gomez and Goodwin, which has been proven as a necessary and sufficient condition for the triangular decoupling problem. This article proves that the two conditions are actually equivalent. It also provides easy-to-use criteria for assessment of the solvability of the triangular decoupling problem.

Nguyen, HTT, von Schoultz, B, Pham, DMT, Nguyen, DB, Le, QH, Nguyen, DV, Hirschberg, AL & Nguyen, TV 2009, 'Peak bone mineral density in Vietnamese women', Archives of Osteoporosis, vol. 4, no. 1-2, pp. 9-15.
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This cross-sectional study showed that peak bone mineral density in Vietnamese women is comparable to that in Caucasian women; however, the prevalence of osteoporosis in post-menopausal Vietnamese women was slightly higher than in Caucasian women. The age of achieving peak bone mass in Vietnamese women was between 26 and 30 years. Introduction: While peak bone mass and its determinants have been well-documented in Caucasian populations, little has been studied in Asian populations. The present study was designed to estimate the peak bone mineral density (BMD), age of its attainment, and to examine the prevalence of osteoporosis in Vietnamese women aged 50+. Methods: The study was designed as a cross-sectional study with 328 women aged between 10 and 65 years (average age: 41) who were randomly selected from two districts around Hanoi city according to a stratified sampling scheme. BMD at the lumbar spine, femoral neck and total hip was measured by a DXA instrument (GE Lunar Prodigy, WI, USA). BMD was modeled as a cubic function of age, from which peak BMD and age at peak BMD were estimated. Bootstrap method was utilized to estimate the 95% confidence interval of peak BMD and age at peak BMD. From the peak BMD, T-score was calculated for each woman, and using the World Health Organization criteria, any woman with femoral neck BMD T-score ≤ -2.5 was classified as having osteoporosis. Results: Peak BMD was estimated at 1.16 g/cm2 (standard deviation [SD]: 0.13 g/cm2) at the lumbar spine, 1.02 g/cm2 (SD 0.12) at the total hip, and 0.94 g/cm 2 (SD 0.11) at the femoral neck. In the cubic polynomial model, the age at peak BMD was estimated to range between 27 and 29 years. The prevalence of osteoporosis among those aged between 50 and 65 years was 23%. This prevalence was higher than in Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Caucasian populations. Conclusion: These data suggest that although the peak BMD in Vietnamese women is comparable to, the prevalence of osteoporosis is hig...

Nguyen, TV 2009, 'Calcium supplement and bone loss', Osteoporosis International, vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 2149-2149.
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Nguyen, TV, Chandrashekar, K, Qin, Z, Parent, AD & Zhang, J 2009, 'Epidemiology of Intracranial Aneurysms of Mississippi: a 10-year (1997-2007) Retrospective Study', JOURNAL OF STROKE & CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 374-380.
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Background: Despite massive efforts, progress so far has been modest in isolating the genetic determinants for intracranial aneurysm (IA). More detailed epidemiology data might be essential for successful genome-wide association study. Here, we aimed to investigate epidemiology and identify the key risk factors associated with the pathogenesis of IA in a large specific population. Methods: We investigated the epidemiology and analyzed the risk factors of IA pathogenesis by using an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision database search of the patients treated at the University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, within the past 10-year period (1998-2007). All recruited patients were interviewed to assess multiple risk factors and comorbidities (hypertension, tobacco abuse, females sex, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, coronary obstructive pulmonary disease, alcohol abuse, stroke, hyperlipidemia, illicit drug use, and family history). Result: In this retrospective study, we identified several significant risk factors among well-defined human subjects. The 3 major risk factors identified for our IA population are hypertension, tobacco abuse, and female sex. However, African American race was not a significant risk factor in our study. Furthermore, top two risk factors (hypertension, tobacco abuse) were found to be highly associated with familial cases. Conclusions: In this study, using a specific and well-defined large population, we reported that some key risk factors were further confirmed to be strongly associated with the pathogenesis of IA whereas further investigation into racial factors is apparently needed. Our finding of the confounding effects of top risks with familial cases further complicated the genetic analysis of IA.

Nguyen, TV, Nguyen, TVT, Pham, TL, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH, Kandasamy, J, Nguyen, HK & Nguyen, DT 2009, 'Adsorption and removal of arsenic from water by iron ore mining waste', Water Science and Technology, vol. 60, no. 9, pp. 2301-2308.
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There is a global need to develop low-cost technologies to remove arsenic from water for individual household water supply. In this study, a purified and enriched waste material (treated magnetite waste, TMW) from the Trai Cau's iron ore mine in the Thai Nguyen Province in Vietnam was examined for its capacity to remove arsenic. The treatment system was packed with TMW that consisted of 75% of ferrous-ferric oxide (Fe3O4) and had a large surface area of 89.7 m2/g. The experiments were conducted at a filtration rate of 0.05 m/h to treat groundwater with an arsenic concentration of 380 μg/L and iron, manganese and phosphate concentrations of 2.07 mg/L, 0.093 mg/L and 1.6 mg/L respectively. The batch experimental results show that this new material was able to absorb up to 0.74 mg arsenic/g. The results also indicated that the treatment system removed more than 90% arsenic giving an effluent with an arsenic concentration of less than 30 μg/L while achieving a removal efficiency of about 80% for Mn2 +  and PO43−. This could be a promising and cost-effective new material for capturing arsenic as well as other metals from groundwater.

Nguyen, TV, Rahman, A, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH, Kandasamy, J, Nguyen, DT, Do, TA & Nguyen, TK 2009, 'Arsenic removal by iron oxide coated sponge: treatment and waste management', WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 60, no. 6, pp. 1489-1495.
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One of the problems in drinking water that raises concern over the world is that millions of people still have to use arsenic-contaminated water. There is a worldwide need to develop appropriate technologies to remove arsenic from water for household and community water supply systems. In this study, a new material namely iron oxide coated sponge (IOCSp) was developed and used to remove arsenic (As) from contaminated groundwater in Vietnam. The results indicated that lOCSp has a high capacity in removing both As (V) and As (III). The adsorption capacity of IOCSp was up to 4.6 mg As/g IOCSp, showing better than many other materials. It was observed from a pilot study that a small quantity of IOCSp (180 g) could reduce As concentration of 480 μg/L in 1.5 m3 of contaminated natural water to below 40 μg/L. In addition, an exhausted IOCSp, containing a large amount of arsenic (up to 0.42 wt %) could safely be disposed through the solidification/stabilization with cement. Addition of fly ash also reduced the amount of arsenic in the leachate. © IWA Publishing 2009.

Nguyen, VT, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH, Shon, HK & Kandasamy, J 2009, 'Arsenic removal by a membrane hybrid filtration system', DESALINATION, vol. 236, no. 1-3, pp. 363-369.
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Arsenic is a toxic semi-metallic element that can be fatal to human health. Membrane filtration can remove a number of contaminants from water, including arsenic. Removal of arsenic by membrane filtration is highly dependent on the species of arsenic and the properties of the membrane. The performance of the nanofilter is better for removing As(V) than As(III). About 57% of As(III) and 81% of As(V) was removed from 500 mg/L arsenic solutions by nanofiltration (NTR729HF, Nitto Denko Corp., Japan) of 700 molecular weight (MW) cutoff. The removal efficiency of microfiltration (MF) was much lower than that of nanofiltration (NF) due to its larger pore size. By comparison only 37% of As(III) and 40% of As(V) were removed by microfiltration (PVA membrane, Pure-Envitech, Korea). However, the removal efficiency of microfiltration was increased dramatically when a small amount of nanoscale zero valent iron (nZVI) was added. The removal efficiency by MF increased up to 90% with As(V) and 84% with As(III) when an amount of 0.1 g/L of nZVI was added into the arsenic solution.

Ni, B & Yu, H 2009, 'A thermodynamic analysis of the activated sludge process: Application to soybean wastewater treatment in a sequencing batch reactor', AIChE Journal, vol. 55, no. 10, pp. 2737-2745.
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AbstractA bioenergetic methodology was integrated with a modified activated sludge model No.1 (ASM1) to analyze the activated sludge process, with the treatment of soybean‐processing wastewater as an example. With the bioenergetic methodology established by McCarty and coworkers, the microbial yield was predicted and the overall stoichiometrics for biological reactions involving the key chemical and biological species in activated sludge were established. These obtained parameters were related to the ASM1 model, which was modified after coupling the biological reactions in activated sludge with electron balances. This approach was able to approximately describe the treatment of soybean wastewater by activated sludge in a sequencing batch reactor in terms of substrate utilization, biomass growth, and the elector acceptor consumption. Such an attempt provides useful information for accurate modeling of the complex activated sludge process. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009

Ni, B, Chen, Y, Liu, S, Fang, F, Xie, W & Yu, H 2009, 'Modeling a granule‐based anaerobic ammonium oxidizing (ANAMMOX) process', Biotechnology and Bioengineering, vol. 103, no. 3, pp. 490-499.
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AbstractA mathematical model was developed to describe the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) process in a granular upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. ANAMMOX granules were cultivated in the UASB reactor by seeding aerobic granules. The granule‐based reactor had a great N‐loading resistant capacity. The model simulation results on the 1‐year reactor performance matched the experimental data well. The yield coefficient for the growth and the decay rate coefficient of the ANAMMOX granules were estimated to be 0.164 g COD g−1 N and 0.00016 h−1, respectively. With this model, the effects of process parameters on the reactor performance were evaluated. Results showed that the optimum granule diameter for the maximum N‐removal should be between 1.0 and 1.3 mm and that the optimum N loading rate should be 0.8 kg N m−3 d−1. In addition, the substrate micro‐profiles in the ANAMMOX granules were measured with a microelectrode to explore the diffusion dynamics within the granules, and the measured profiles matched the predicted results well. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;103: 490–499. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Ni, B, Xie, W, Liu, S, Yu, H, Wang, Y, Gan‐Wang & Dai, X 2009, 'Modeling and simulation of the sequencing batch reactor at a full‐scale municipal wastewater treatment plant', AIChE Journal, vol. 55, no. 8, pp. 2186-2196.
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AbstractIn this work, we attempted to modify the Activated Sludge Model No.3 and to simulate the performance of a full‐scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) plant for municipal wastewater treatment. The long‐term dynamic data from the continuous operation of this SBR plant were simulated. The influent wastewater composition was characterized using batch measurements. After incorporating all the relevant processes, the sensitivity of the stoichiometric and kinetic coefficients for the model was thoroughly analyzed prior to the model calibration. The modified model was calibrated and validated with the data from both batch‐ and full‐scale experiments. Model predictions were compared with routine data in terms of chemical oxygen demand, NH4+‐N and mixed liquid volatile suspended solids in the SBR, combined with batch experimental data under different conditions. The model predictions match the experimental results well, demonstrating that the model is appropriate to simulate the performance of a full‐scale wastewater treatment plant even operated under perturbation conditions. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009

Ni, B-J, Fang, F, Rittmann, BE & Yu, H-Q 2009, 'Modeling Microbial Products in Activated Sludge under Feast−Famine Conditions', Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 43, no. 7, pp. 2489-2497.
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Ni, B-J, Fang, F, Xie, W-M, Sun, M, Sheng, G-P, Li, W-H & Yu, H-Q 2009, 'Characterization of extracellular polymeric substances produced by mixed microorganisms in activated sludge with gel-permeating chromatography, excitation–emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy measurement and kinetic modeling', Water Research, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 1350-1358.
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Ni, B-J, Xie, W-M, Liu, S-G, Yu, H-Q, Wang, Y-Z, Wang, G & Dai, X-L 2009, 'Granulation of activated sludge in a pilot-scale sequencing batch reactor for the treatment of low-strength municipal wastewater', Water Research, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 751-761.
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Ni, B-J, Zeng, RJ, Fang, F, Xu, J, Sheng, G-P & Yu, H-Q 2009, 'A Novel Approach to Evaluate the Production Kinetics of Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) by Activated Sludge Using Weighted Nonlinear Least-Squares Analysis', Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 43, no. 10, pp. 3743-3750.
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Nisola, GM, Cho, ES, Shon, HK, Tian, D, Chun, DJ, Gwon, EM & Chung, WJ 2009, 'Cell Immobilized FOG-Trap System for Fat, Oil, and Grease Removal from Restaurant Wastewater', Journal of Environmental Engineering, vol. 135, no. 9, pp. 876-884.
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Cell immobilized lipase-producing bacteria on three different matrices were incorporated in a fat-, oil-, and grease (FOG) trap system for restaurant wastewater treatment. During a 16-day laboratory-scale experiment for the treatment of synthetic FOG wastewater containing soybean oil, no significant difference (two-tailed t test at 95% confidence interval) in the FOG removal between two systems was observed at FOG influent < 1,000 mg/L. However, the typical trap showed lower FOG removal efficiency than the matrix-based system when the influent FOG concentration was increased to >= 5,000 mg/L. In addition, the matrix-based trap system was able to sustain a stable high FOG removal, with < 100 mg/L effluent, even at 10,000 mg/L influent FOG. Based on FOG heights measured and mass balance calculations, 97.4 and 99.5% of the total FOG load for 16 days were removed in a typical trap and matrix-based system, respectively. About 93.6% of the removal in the matrix-based was accounted to biodegradation. The 30-day full-scale operations demonstrated a distinguishably better performance in the matrix-based system (92.7 +/- 9.06% of 1,044.8 +/- 537.27 mg FOG/L) than in the typical trap system (74.6 +/- 27.13% of 463.4 +/- 296.87 mg FOG/L) for the treatment of barbeque restaurant wastewater. Similarly, matrix-based system revealed higher chemical oxygen demand removal (85.9 +/- 11.99%) than the typical trap system (60.4 +/- 31.26%). Characterizations of the influent, emulsified, adsorbed and effluent FOG indicated that straight saturated fatty acids constituted the cause of clogging problems in the FOG-trap and piping system.

Okour, Y, El Saliby, I, Shon, HK, Vigneswaran, S, Kim, J-H, Cho, J & Kim, IS 2009, 'Recovery of sludge produced from Ti-salt flocculation as pretreatment to seawater reverse osmosis', DESALINATION, vol. 247, no. 1-3, pp. 53-63.
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In this study, titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), titanium sulfate (Ti(SO4)2) and ferric chloride (FeCl3) flocculation as a pretreatment to seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) were investigated. Their ability to remove turbidity, seawater organic matter (SWOM) and controlling the feed water quality of SWRO was evaluated. Flux decline of SWRO and membrane autopsy were studied. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) produced from sludge after Ti-salt fl occulation was characterized in terms of particle structure and photocatalytic activity. A hybrid system of fl occulation followed by granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration was employed to remove the suspended micro-flocs after diff erent fl occulations. The optimum dose of 10 mg/L TiCl4 and FeCl3 were used. The turbidity removal for the three coagulants was marginal at different doses at pH 6 and 8. Flocculation followed by GAC fi ltration signifi cantly reduced the turbidity values from 1.5 NTU to about 0.35 NTU using TiCl4 and 0.40 using FeCl3. Silt density index (SDI15) was also decreased from 5.0 to 4.2 and 4.7, respectively. Removal of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), colour and UV absorbance after TiCl4 and FeCl3 flocculation followed by GAC fi ltration was found to be eff ective and similar. TiO2 produced from sludge showed very high photocatalytic activity under UV-irradiation. Acetaldehyde was completely removed after 45 min photocatalytic reaction

Okour, Y, Shon, HK & El Saliby, I 2009, 'Characterisation of titanium tetrachloride and titanium sulfate flocculation in wastewater treatment', WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 59, no. 12, pp. 2463-2473.
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Flocculation with titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) and titanium sulfate (Ti(SO4)2) was investigated in terms of different coagulant doses, pH, turbidity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), UV-254, colour, zeta potential, particle size and molecular weight distribution. The two coagulants were compared with the commonly used coagulants such as ferric chloride (FeCl3) and aluminium sulfate (Al2(SO4)3). Titanium tetrachloride showed the highest turbidity removal, while titanium sulfate showed the highest reduction of UV-254 and colour at all pH values. The four coagulants were found to have similar organic removal up to 6067% and resulted in similar organic removal in terms of various MW ranges. The decantability of the settled flocs was very high for titanium tetrachloride, titanium sulfate and ferric chloride compared with aluminium sulfate. The dominating coagulation mechanisms for titanium tetrachloride and titanium sulfate are still to be studied, since different precipitation reactions might take place at different pH even without flocculant addition. Titanium tetrachloride and titanium sulfate were found as effective new coagulants in wastewater treatment not only in terms of organic matter removal, but also in sludge reduction through the production of titanium dioxide.

Ono, M, Yamada, K, Endo, A, Avolio, F & Lamond, AI 2009, 'Analysis of Human Protein Replacement Stable Cell Lines Established using snoMEN-PR Vector', PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. e62305-e62305.
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RNA-mediated gene silencing, in the form of RNA interference (RNAi) or microRNAs (miRNAs) has provided novel tools for gene discovery and validation in mammalian cells. Here, we report on the construction and application of a random small RNA expression library for use in identifying small interfering RNA (siRNA) effectors that can modify complex cellular phenotypes in mammalian cells. The library is based in a retroviral vector and uses convergent promoters to produce unique small complementary RNAs. Using this library, we identify a range of small RNA-encoding gene inserts that overcome resistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)- or tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a)- induced cell death in colorectal cancer cells. We demonstrate the utility of this technology platform by identifying a key RNA effector, in the form of a siRNA, which overcomes cell death induced by the chemotherapeutic 5-FU. The technology described has the potential to identify both functional RNA modulators capable of altering physiological systems and the cellular target genes altered by these modulators.

Ou, Y, Cao, L & Zhang, C 2009, 'Adaptive Anomaly Detection of Coupled Activity Sequences', The IEEE Intelligent Informatics Bulletin, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 12-16.
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Many real-life applications often involve multiple sequences, which are coupled with each other. It is unreasonable to either study the multiple coupled sequences separately or simply merge them into one sequence, because the information about their interacting relationships would be lost. Furthermore, such coupled sequences also have frequently significant changes which are likely to degrade the performance of trained model. Taking the detection of abnormal trading activity patterns in stock markets as an example, this paper proposes a Hidden Markov Model-based approach to address the above two issues. Our approach is suitable for sequence analysis on multiple coupled sequences and can adapt to the significant sequence changes automatically. Substantial experiments conducted on a real dataset show that our approach is effective.

Pasha, SA, Vo, B-N, Tuan, HD & Ma, W-K 2009, 'A Gaussian Mixture PHD Filter for Jump Markov System Models', IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 919-936.
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The probability hypothesis density (PHD) filter is an attractive approach to tracking an unknown and time-varying number of targets in the presence of data association uncertainty, clutter, noise, and detection uncertainty. The PHD filter admits a closed-form solution for a linear Gaussian multi-target model. However, this model is not general enough to accommodate maneuvering targets that switch between several models. In this paper, we generalize the notion of linear jump Markov systems to the multiple target case to accommodate births, deaths, and switching dynamics. We then derive a closed-form solution to the PHD recursion for the proposed linear Gaussian jump Markov multi-target model. Based on this an efficient method for tracking multiple maneuvering targets that switch between a set of linear Gaussian models is developed. An analytic implementation of the PHD filter using statistical linear regression technique is also proposed for targets that switch between a set of nonlinear models. We demonstrate through simulations that the proposed PHD filters are effective in tracking multiple maneuvering targets.

Pathak, N, Nanda, P & Mahanti, GK 2009, 'Synthesis of Thinned Multiple Concentric Circular Ring Array Antennas using Particle Swarm Optimization', Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, vol. 30, no. 7, pp. 709-716.
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In this paper, we propose an optimization method based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm for thinning a large multiple concentric circular ring array of uniformly excited isotropic antennas and generate a pencil beam in the vertical plane with minimum relative side lobe level (SLL). The half-power beam width of the pattern is attempted to make equal to that of a fully populated array of same size and shape. The synthesis is performed with a standard particle swarm optimization technique as well as with an improved version of standard PSO. Simulation results of the proposed thinned array are compared with a fully populated array to illustrate the effectiveness of our proposed method. © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

Paul, G, Liu, D, Kirchner, N & Dissanayake, G 2009, 'An Effective Exploration Approach to Simultaneous Mapping and Surface Material-Type Identification of Complex Three-Dimensional Environments', JOURNAL OF FIELD ROBOTICS, vol. 26, no. 11-12, pp. 915-933.
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This paper presents an integrated exploration approach for geometric mapping and surface material-type identification of complex three-dimensional (3D) environments using a six-degree-of-freedom industrial robot manipulator. Maps of the surface geometry with the surface material type identified are required for an autonomous robotic system to perform operations in steel bridge maintenance. The proposed approach utilizes information theory to enable multiobjective exploration while new 3D geometric and surface-type data are fused via probabilistic updates. It is verified that the integrated approach enables the robotic system to perform exploration and surface inspection in real-world environments. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Pedraza, L, Rodriguez-Losada, D, Matia, F, Dissanayake, G & Valls Miro, J 2009, 'Extending the Limits of Feature-Based SLAM With B-Splines', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ROBOTICS, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 353-366.
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This paper describes a simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) algorithm for use in unstructured environments that is effective regardless of the geometric complexity of the environment. Features are described using B-splines as modeling tool, and the set of control points defining their shape is used to form a complete and compact description of the environment, thus making it feasible to use an extended Kalman-filter (EKF) based SLAM algorithm. This method is the first known EKF-SLAM implementation capable of describing general free-form features in a parametric manner. Efficient strategies for computing the relevant Jacobians, perform data association, initialization, and map enlargement are presented. The algorithms are evaluated for accuracy and consistency using computer simulations, and for effectiveness using experimental data gathered from different real environments. © 2009 IEEE.

Pedroso, DM, Sheng, D & Zhao, J 2009, 'The concept of reference curves for constitutive modelling in soil mechanics', Computers and Geotechnics, vol. 36, no. 1-2, pp. 149-165.
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Percival, J, Catley, C, McGregor, C & James, A 2009, 'A Design for Modelling the Impact of Information and Communication Technologies on Patient Journeys in Neonatal Intensive Care Units', Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol. 189, pp. 147-169.
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This paper presents the conceptual model of a survey and knowledge translation methodology to enable the assessment of the implementation of technology in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in order to determine the impact of information technology (IT) on information flows and patient care. Survey data, will be completed by healthcare practitioners from multiple roles, for various patient care scenarios, levels of care, and hospitals, and will then be translated using a structured data modelling approach into patient journey models. The data model is defined such that users can develop queries to generate patient journey models based on a pre-defined Patient Journey Model Architecture (PaJMa). PaJMa models will then be analyzed to build a visual representation of information flows and the use of IT in the NICU. The models will offer a sophisticated view of health informatics usage, providing not only details of what IT solutions a hospital utilizes, but also the impact that the IT solutions have when integrated into the patient journey, how they support the patient information flow, and why they improve the patient journey. © 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Petzelt, D, Schallow, J, Deuse, J & Ferstl, H 2009, 'Produktionsgerechte Produkte durch technische Mitgestaltung aus der Produktionsplanung', Zeitschrift für wirtschaftlichen Fabrikbetrieb, vol. 104, no. 11, pp. 988-992.
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Kurzfassung Produzierende Unternehmen müssen sich auf wettbewerbsorientierten Märkten behaupten, die sich durch eine starke Preiskonkurrenz sowie kurze Produktlebenszyklen auszeichnen. Um die eigene Marktposition zu festigen oder vielmehr zu verbessern, müssen Produktions-, Konstruktions- sowie Planungsprozesse optimal aufeinander abgestimmt sein. Die Feature-Technologie bietet in diesem Zusammenhang neue Möglichkeiten, um die Prozesse der Produktentstehung und den Informationsfluss zwischen den beteiligten Planungsbereichen zu verbessern. Die Feature-Technologie wird hierbei genutzt, um die individuellen und spezifischen Anforderungen, die sich in den verschiedenen Bereichen der Produktionsplanung an das Produkt ergeben, in standardisierter Form zu dokumentieren und an die Konstruktion zu übertragen. Auf diese Weise können Produktänderungen gezielt und mit allen Planern abgestimmt durchgeführt werden. Folglich lassen sich aufwändige Iterationsschleifen zwischen Konstruktion und Planung vermeiden.

Pezzaniti, D, Beecham, S & Kandasamy, J 2009, 'Influence of clogging on the effective life of permeable pavements', Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Water Management, vol. 162, no. 3, pp. 211-220.
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This paper investigates the ‘effective life’ (or useful lifespan) of permeable pavement installations subject to sediment loadings. The broad aims of this study, which included both laboratory and field work components, were to improve understanding of the long-term pavement hydraulic conductivity, to assess the effective life of permeable pavements and to quantify the degree of sediment trapping and associated pollutant retention. Three types of permeable pavement were investigated. For each type the effects of pavement cleaning were also investigated. Over a simulated 35 years of sediment loading conducted in the laboratory, the results showed reductions of 59–75% in hydraulic conductivity with an average sediment retention of 94%. Suspended sediment concentrations measured at the outflow of the laboratory test beds did not show any significant difference between pavers that were subjected to cleaning and those that were not. For the field studies presented in this paper, hydraulic conductivities were very high in locations where permeable pavements are subjected to small to moderate sediment loads. At other locations with high coarse sediment and organic sediment loads, hydraulic conductivity tests indicated that clogging occurred at a rapid rate, particularly where runoff flowing onto the pavement was concentrated.

Pham, HV, Dang, DT, Tran Minh, NN, Nguyen, ND & Nguyen, TV 2009, 'Correlates of environmental factors and human plague: an ecological study in Vietnam', International Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 1634-1641.
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Methods The study included all 510 communes of the Central Highlands region (with a total population of similar to 4 million) where 95% of incidence of plague cases in Vietnam had been reported from 1997 through 2002. Plague was clinically ascertained by using a standard protocol by WHO. Data on domestic fleas and rodents were obtained by using traps and periodic surveillance in accordance with the WHO guidelines. Temperature, duration of sunshine, rainfall and humidity were recorded as monthly averages by local meteorological stations. The association between these ecological factors and plague was assessed by using the Poisson regression model. Results From 1997 through 2002, 472 cases of plague were reported, of whom 24 (5.1%) died. The incidence of plague peaked during the dry season, with similar to 63% of cases occurring from February through April. The risk of plague occurrence was associated with an increased monthly flea index (RR and 95% CI: 1.93; 1.61-2.33 for months with the flea index > 1) and increased rodent density (RR 1.23; 1.15-1.32 per each 3% increase in density). Moreover, the risk of plague increased during the dry season (RR 2.07; 1.64-2.62), when rainfall fell < 10 mm (RR 1.44; 1.17-1.77). Conclusions These data suggest that the flea index, rodent density and rainfall could be used as ecological indicators of plague risk in Vietnam. The data also suggest that the occurrence of plague in Vietnam's Central Highlands is likely resulted from multiple causes that remain to be delineated.

Pham, TD, Brandl, M & Beck, D 2009, 'Fuzzy declustering-based vector quantization', Pattern Recognition, vol. 42, no. 11, pp. 2570-2577.
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Vector quantization is a useful approach for multi-dimensional data compression and pattern classification. One of the most popular techniques for vector quantization design is the LBG (Linde, Buzo, Gray) algorithm. To address the problem of producing poor estimate of vector centroids which are subjected to biased data in vector quantization; we propose a fuzzy declustering strategy for the LBG algorithm. The proposed technique calculates appropriate declustering weights to adjust the global data distribution. Using the result of fuzzy declustering-based vector quantization design, we incorporate the notion of fuzzy partition entropy into the distortion measures that can be useful for classification of spectral features. Experimental results obtained from simulated and real data sets demonstrate the effective performance of the proposed approach. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Phat, VN & Ha, QP 2009, 'H-infinity Control and Exponential Stability of Nonlinear Nonautonomous Systems with Time-Varying Delay', JOURNAL OF OPTIMIZATION THEORY AND APPLICATIONS, vol. 142, no. 3, pp. 603-618.
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This paper addresses the design of H ? state feedback controllers for a class of nonlinear time-varying delay systems. The interesting features here are that the system in consideration is nonautonomous with fast-varying delays, the delay is also involved in the observation output, and the controllers to be designed satisfy some exponential stability constraints on the closed-loop poles. By using the proposed Lyapunov functional approach, neither a controllability assumption nor a bound restriction on nonlinear perturbations is required to obtain new sufficient conditions for the H ? control. The conditions are derived in terms of a solution to the standard Riccati differential equations, which allows for simultaneous computation of the two bounds that characterize the stability rate of the solution.

Pietroni, N, Ganovelli, F, Cignoni, P & Scopigno, R 2009, 'Splitting cubes: a fast and robust technique for virtual cutting.', Vis. Comput., vol. 25, pp. 227-239.
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Pirasteh, S, Tripathi, NK, Mansor, S, Pradhan, B & Ramli, MF 2009, 'Landscapes rendition in Zagros Mountain, Iran using geoinformation technology', J Geom, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 17.

Pota, HR, Athanasius, GX, Li, L & Ugrinovskii, VA 2009, 'Robust Decentralized Control of Power Systems with OLTCs using Markov Jump Parameter Theory', Journal of CPRI, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 202-224.

Pradhan, B 2009, 'Effective Flood Monitoring System Using GIT Tools and Remote Sensing Data', Applied Geoinformatics for Society and Environment, pp. 63-71.

Pradhan, B 2009, 'Groundwater potential zonation for basaltic watersheds using satellite remote sensing data and GIS techniques', Open Geosciences, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 120-129.
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AbstractThis paper summarizes the findings of groundwater potential zonation mapping at the Bharangi River basin, Thane district, Maharastra, India, using Satty’s Analytical Hierarchal Process model with the aid of GIS tools and remote sensing data. To meet the objectives, remotely sensed data were used in extracting lineaments, faults and drainage pattern which influence the groundwater sources to the aquifer. The digitally processed satellite images were subsequently combined in a GIS with ancillary data such as topographical (slope, drainage), geological (litho types and lineaments), hydrogeomorphology and constructed into a spatial database using GIS and image processing tools. In this study, six thematic layers were used for groundwater potential analysis. Each thematic layer’s weight was determined, and groundwater potential indices were calculated using groundwater conditions. The present study has demonstrated the capabilities of remote sensing and GIS techniques in the demarcation of different groundwater potential zones for hard rock basaltic basin.

Pradhan, B & Lee, S 2009, 'Landslide risk analysis using artificial neural network model focussing on different training sites', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1-15.

Pradhan, B & Suleiman, Z 2009, 'Landcover mapping and spectral analysis using multi-sensor satellite data fusion techniques: case study in Tioman Island, Malaysia', Journal of Geomatics, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 71-78.

Pradhan, B, Lee, S & Buchroithner, MF 2009, 'Use of geospatial data and fuzzy algebraic operators to landslide-hazard mapping', Applied Geomatics, vol. 1, no. 1-2, pp. 3-15.
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Pradhan, B, Shafiee, M & Pirasteh, S 2009, 'Maximum flood prone area mapping using RADARSAT images and GIS: Kelantan river Basin', International Journal of Geoinformatics, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 11-23.
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This paper summarizes the findings of the maximum flood prone area mapping at Kelantan river basin, Malaysia, using multiple logistic regression model with the aid of GIS tools and remote sensing data. To map the maximum flood prone areas, at first the flood extent areas were extracted from RADARSAT 1 images and supported with ground data, existing reports and field notes. To evaluate the factors associated with flood prone areas, a spatial database was constructed from a topographical map, geological map, hydrological map, Global Positioning System (GPS) data, land cover map, SPOT 5 satellite image, digital elevation model (DEM), and precipitation data. Nine major parameters were extracted for the logistic regression analysis to determine each factor's rating, and the ratings were computed for flood prone area mapping analysis. Results indicate that flood prone area mapping which can be termed as susceptibility map can be performed at 1:25,000 which is comparable to some conventional medium scaled flood hazard map. The flood prone areas delineated on these map correspond to areas that would be inundated by significant flooding (approximately the 100 year flood). Qualitatively, the model seems to give reasonable results with accuracy observed was 84%. © Geoinformatics International.

Qian Wang & Dian-Wu Yue 2009, 'A General Parameterization Quantifying Performance in Energy Detection', IEEE Signal Processing Letters, vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 699-702.
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This letter presents a new look at the problem of energy detection with and without diversity schemes. The impact of channel fading and/or diversity scheme on the probability of missing detection is quantified and then the definition, sensing gain, is proposed based on the analytical result. The sensing gain proposed in this letter determines the slope of the probability of missing detection versus average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) curve, at high SNR, in a log-log scale. Our result shows that the sensing gain just has a relationship with the type of channel fading and/or diversity scheme and is totally irrelevant with the false alarm probability which is preset. © 2009 IEEE.

Qin, PY, Shi, XL, Liang, CH & Wu, B 2009, 'Novel X-band dual-mode bandpass filter based on the substrate integrated waveguide', Xi'an Dianzi Keji Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Xidian University, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 831-834.
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This paper presents a novel dual-mode filter with symmetric transmission zeros based on the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW). This filter contains two dual-mode SIW rectangular cavities. By making use of the inductive discontinuities in an SIW cavity, two coupling degenerate modes can be excited. Due to the phase difference between the two modes in each cavity, two transmission zeros on each side of the passband are created, so the out-of-band rejection of the filter is significantly increased. An SIW dual-mode filter with a center frequency of 12 GHz has been fabricated and measured using the proposed method. Experimental results agree well with the simulation results.

Quantian Luo & Liyong Tong 2009, 'Calculation of Energy Release Rates for Cohesive and Interlaminar Delamination Based on the Classical Beam-adhesive Model', Journal of Composite Materials, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 331-348.
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This article presents analytical formulas for determining mode I and II energy release rates for two cases: (a) cohesive fracture of adhesive joints and; (b) interlaminar delamination of layered beams. The formulas are firstly derived for calculating energy release rates GI and GII for a crack propagating in adhesive layer from one crack tip by using a classical beam-adhesive model. Then novel and simple closed-form formulas of G I and GII for an interface crack in layered beams are obtained by letting the adhesive thickness approach zero. In the present formulas, the effects of the asymmetry and each force component are clearly identified.

Quantian Luo & Liyong Tong 2009, 'Constitutive Modeling of Photostrictive Materials and Design Optimization of Microcantilevers', Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 1425-1438.
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This article presents constitutive models for photo-induced strains in photostrictive materials and an optimal design of microcantilevers driven by light illumination. Behaviors of photo-induced strains in semiconductors and polymeric materials are reviewed first, and then new phenomenological constitutive models are developed that depict two distinctive features of photo-induced strain profile: (a) dependence on variation of light intensity which decreases with the depth measured from the illuminated surface due to light attenuation and energy absorption; and (b) anisotropy or dependence on direction of light polarization. On the basis of the constitutive modeling of photo-induced strain in wafers, design optimization of microcantilevers is then investigated for both geometrically linear and non-linear deformations.

Rahman, BMA, Kejalakshmy, N, Uthman, M, Agrawal, A, Wongcharoen, T & Grattan, KTV 2009, 'Mode degeneration in bent photonic crystal fiber study by using the finite element method', Applied Optics, vol. 48, no. 31, pp. G131-G131.
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Raja, S, Thomas, PS, Stuart, BH, Guerbois, JP & O'Brien, C 2009, 'The estimation of pig bone age for forensic application using thermogravimetric analysis', JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY, vol. 98, no. 1, pp. 173-176.
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An accurate means of determining bone age is a goal for forensic scientists. In this study, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) has been used to examine pig bone specimens of different post-mortem age. Analysis of bone in both air and nitrogen atmospheres reveals a decrease in total mass loss as the bones age. Two mass loss steps due to the decomposition of the organic bone components were observed and show decreasing trends with age for decomposition in an air atmosphere. In a nitrogen atmosphere the decomposition was observed to be more complex and age dependence of the mass loss for each step was not identified. The TGA data, however, demonstrates the potential of the technique as a means of estimating post-mortem age of forensic bone specimens.

Ren, T, Mu, Y, Ni, B & Yu, H 2009, 'Hydrodynamics of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors', AIChE Journal, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 516-528.
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AbstractThe hydrodynamic characteristics of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors were investigated in this study. A UASB reactor was visualized as being set‐up of a number of continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) in series. An increasing‐sized CSTRs (ISC) model was developed to describe the hydrodynamics of such a bioreactor. The gradually increasing tank size in the ISC model implies that the dispersion coefficient decreased along the axial of the UASB reactor and that its hydrodynamic behavior was basically dispersion‐controlled. Experimental results from both laboratory‐scale H2‐producing and full‐scale CH4‐producing UASB reactors were used to validate this model. Simulation results demonstrate that the ISC model was better than the other models in describing the hydrodynamics of the UASB reactors. Moreover, a three‐dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was performed with an Eulerian‐Eulerian three‐phase‐fluid approach to visualize the phase holdup and to explore the flow patterns in UASB reactors. The results from the CFD simulation were comparable with those of the ISC model predictions in terms of the flow patterns and dead zone fractions. The simulation results about the flow field further confirm the discontinuity in the mixing behaviors throughout a UASB reactor. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009

Ren, WX, Hao, H & Zhu, X 2009, 'International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics: Foreword', International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics, vol. 9, no. 4.

Ren, W-X, Hao, H & Zhu, X 2009, 'SPECIAL ISSUE ON STRUCTURAL CONDITION ASSESSMENT, MONITORING AND IMPROVEMENT; EDITE ZHU FOREWORD', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL STABILITY AND DYNAMICS, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. V-V.

Ridoux, J & Veitch, D 2009, 'Ten Microseconds Over LAN, for Free (Extended)', IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 1841-1848.
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Riedel, S & Gabrys, B 2009, 'Pooling for Combination of Multilevel Forecasts', IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, vol. 21, no. 12, pp. 1753-1766.
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Rujikiatkamjorn, C & Indraratna, B 2009, 'Design procedure for vertical drains considering a linear variation of lateral permeability within the smear zone', Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 270-280.
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A system of vertical drains with surcharge preloading is an effective method for promoting radial drainage and accelerated soil consolidation. This study presents a procedure for the design of vertical drains that significantly extends the previous technique proposed by the authors to include: (i) a linear reduction of lateral permeability in the smear zone, (ii) the effect of overlapping smear zones in a closely spaced drain network, and (iii) the gain in undrained shear strength due to consolidation. Design examples are provided for both single stage and multi-stage embankment construction demonstrating the convenient use of the proposed solutions in practical situations.

Ruta, D & Gabrys, B 2009, 'A framework for machine learning based on dynamic physical fields', Natural Computing, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 219-237.
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Despite recent successes and advancements in artificial intelligence and machine learning, this domain remains under continuous challenge and guidance from phenomena and processes observed in natural world. Humans remain unsurpassed in their efficiency of dealing and learning from uncertain information coming in a variety of forms, whereas more and more robust learning and optimisation algorithms have their analytical engine built on the basis of some nature-inspired phenomena. Excellence of neural networks and kernel-based learning methods, an emergence of particle-, swarms-, and social behaviour-based optimisation methods are just few of many facts indicating a trend towards greater exploitation of nature inspired models and systems. This work intends to demonstrate how a simple concept of a physical field can be adopted to build a complete framework for supervised and unsupervised learning methodology. An inspiration for artificial learning has been found in the mechanics of physical fields found on both micro and macro scales. Exploiting the analogies between data and charged particles subjected to gravity, electrostatic and gas particle fields, a family of new algorithms has been developed and applied to classification, clustering and data condensation while properties of the field were further used in a unique visualisation of classification and classifier fusion models. The paper covers extensive pictorial examples and visual interpretations of the presented techniques along with some comparative testing over well-known real and artificial datasets. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007.

Sabir, MI, Xu, X & Li, L 2009, 'A review on biodegradable polymeric materials for bone tissue engineering applications', Journal of Materials Science, vol. 44, no. 21, pp. 5713-5724.
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Safari, HO, Pirasteh, S & Pradhan, B 2009, 'Upliftment Estimation of the Zagros Transverse Fault in Iran Using Geoinformatics Technology', Remote Sensing, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 1240-1256.
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The Izeh fault zone is a transverse fault zone with dextral strike slip (and some reverse component) in the Zagros Mountains (Iran). It causes some structural deformations. This fault zone is acting as eastern boundary of Dezful Embayment and forms subsidence of the embayment. The fault has been recognized using remote sensing techniques in conjunction with surface and subsurface analyses. The stratigraphic columns have been prepared in 3D form using Geographical Information System (GIS) tools on the basis of structural styles and thickness of lithologic units. Height differences for erosion levels have been calculated in stratigraphic columns with respect to the subsidence in the Dezful Embayment, which is related to Izeh zone. These height differences have been estimated to be 5,430 m in the central part (and 5,844 m in the northern part) from the Eocene to recent times. This study shows that comparison of the same erosion levels in Asmari-Pabdeh formation boundaries for interior and eastern block of the Izeh fault zone with the absolute uplifting due to the fault activity which is about 533 m per million years in the Izeh zone. The present study reveals that subtracting the absolute uplifting from total subsidence; the real subsidence of Dezful embayment from Eocene to Recent is 0.13 mm/year. The mean rate of uplifting along the Izeh fault zone is 0.015 mm/year.

Safavi-Naeini, M, Franklin, DR, Lerch, MLF, Petasecca, M, Pignatel, GU, Reinhard, M, Dalla Betta, G-F, Zorzi, N & Rosenfeld, AB 2009, 'Evaluation of Silicon Detectors With Integrated JFET for Biomedical Applications', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 1051-1055.
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This paper presents initial results from electrical, spectroscopic and ion beam induced charge (IBIC) characterisation of a novel silicon PIN detector, featuring an on-chip n -channel JFET and matched feedback capacitor integrated on its p-side (frontside). This structure reduces electronic noise by minimising stray capacitance and enables highly efficient optical coupling between the detector back-side and scintillator, providing a fill factor of close to 100%. The detector is specifically designed for use in high resolution gamma cameras, where a pixellated scintillator crystal is directly coupled to an array of silicon photodetectors. The on-chip JFET is matched with the photodiode capacitance and forms the input stage of an external charge sensitive preamplifier (CSA). The integrated monolithic feedback capacitor eliminates the need for an external feedback capacitor in the external electronic readout circuit, improving the system performance by eliminating uncontrolled parasitic capacitances. An optimised noise figure of 152 electrons RMS was obtained with a shaping time of 2 mus and a total detector capacitance of 2 pF. The energy resolution obtained at room temperature (2degC) at 27 keV (direct interaction of I-125 gamma rays) was 5.09%, measured at full width at half maximum (FWHM). The effectiveness of the guard ring in minimising the detector leakage current and its influence on the total charge collection volume is clearly demonstrated by the IBIC images.

Saied, P, Bismajeet, P & Amir, M 2009, 'Stability Mapping and Landslide Recognition in Zagros Mountain South West Iran: A Case Study', DISASTER ADVANCES, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 47-53.

Saito, S, Tilma, T, Devitt, SJ, Nemoto, K & Semba, K 2009, 'Experimentally realizable controlled NOT gate in a flux qubit/resonator system', Physical Review B, vol. 80, no. 22.
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Sakhaee, E, Wakamiya, N & Murata, M 2009, 'An energy‐efficient self‐organizing global extremity reporting scheme for sensor networks', Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 543-555.
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AbstractIn this paper we propose an energy‐efficient self‐organizing global extremity reporting scheme for wireless sensor networks. The proposed scheme assists applications of periodic reporting of extreme values (such as maximum or minimum temperature/pressure) across a wireless sensor field, back to the sink. Furthermore, an event‐driven counterpart is supplied for individual sensor nodes to supply their instantaneous sensed values back to the sink, once queried. The targeted sensors initially establish their relative distances to the sink in regards to number of hops, whilst the highest hopcount nodes (HHNs) from the sink identify themselves. The broadcast initiation of the HHNs have the ability to penetrate all nodes within the network towards the sink, and hence obtain the extreme value of the entire network in an efficient manner. This is due to the relative position of these special nodes within the network. Furthermore, the scheme does not require nodes to possess location information of themselves or other nodes, avoiding the need for the global positioning system (GPS) or other location‐aware methods. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed protocol in its target application. In particular, the advantage of HHN‐initiated broadcasting can be seen in both uniformly and randomly distributed topology networks. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Salvestrin, H & Hagare, P 2009, 'Removal of nitrates from groundwater in remote indigenous settings in and Central Australia', DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT, vol. 11, no. 1-3, pp. 151-156.
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Naturally occurring elevated levels of nitrates are detected in many of the groundwater bores in the arid zone of Central Australia. Such levels are associated with anemia in young babies, pregnant women and other vulnerable groups. Further, there is evidence that links long-term exposure to elevated levels of nitrates with gastric cancer. In many parts of arid Central Australia alternative sources of water are not available. The capacity to operate and maintain water treatment and supply systems in remote Indigenous communities varies due to access and levels of service provision, mobility of the residents and balance of skills within the communities. A need has thus been identifi ed for a low maintenance nitrate removal system. Conventional treatment processes do not remove nitrates. Alternatives, such as reverse osmosis, ion exchange or biological denitrifi cation are either complex, energy and water intensive, expensive, produce waste products requiring disposal or require continual maintenance and monitoring. Such preconditions are not able to be met in remote Indigenous communities. This paper reviews the problems of nitrates in the arid zone of Central Australia and explores existing technologies for their removal, relative to remote Indigenous settings. It identifi es a need for further investigations to tailor technology to the unique social, economic and cultural characteristics of these settings.

Seethamraju, R & Marjanovic, O 2009, 'Role of process knowledge in business process improvement methodology: a case study.', Bus. Process. Manag. J., vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 920-936.
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Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to analyse the importance and role of process knowledge in the business process (BP) improvement methodology with the help of a case study. Design/methodology/approach - The approach takes the form of a literature review that highlights the challenges and issues in the existing BP improvement methodologies. An in-depth case study that has embarked on a major BP improvement initiative that emphasizes individual and collective process knowledge in a real-life complex organization is presented. Findings - The paper confirms that BP improvement is, in fact, a complex, knowledge-intensive, collaborative process that consists of a set of coordinated, contextualized knowledge management processes. The design of the "to-be" process in this study is a knowledge co-creation process that uses collaborative exploration of different scenarios and contexts. Compared with the traditional BP improvement methodologies where the main emphasis is on the design of a new process model, the focus of the methodology employed in this case study is on the process of knowledge co-creation and transfer. Research limitations/implications - The paper leads to increased recognition of the knowledge and experience people develop, use and share while modeling, executing, and improving their BPs. It offers anecdotal evidence and general case study research limitations apply. Practical implications - Practitioners should focus more on key knowledge processes rather than BP models that often obscure the role of individual and collective process knowledge. Rather than investing limited resources in the mapping and modeling of existing processes, practitioners will be able to better serve their organizations if they concentrate on the improvement of the process by tapping the contextualized process knowledge possessed by the individual actors. Originality/value - In the expanding field of BP management, the study explores the increasing importance of individual...

SHANG, F, ABOLHASAN, M & WYSOCKI, T 2009, 'AN ENERGY-EFFICIENT ADAPTIVE CLUSTERING ALGORITHM FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS', International Journal of Information Acquisition, vol. 06, no. 02, pp. 117-126.
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In this paper, we consider a network of energy constrained sensors deployed over a region. Each sensor node in such a network is systematically gathering and transmitting sensed data to a base station (via clusterheads). This paper focuses on reducing the power consumption of wireless sensor networks. We first extend LEACH's stochastic clusterhead selection algorithm by an average energy-based (LEACH-AE) deterministic component to reduce energy consumption. And then an unequal clustering idea is introduced to further reduce energy consumption of clusterheads. Simulation results show that our modified scheme can extend the network life by up to 38% before the first node dies in the network. Through both theoretical analysis and numerical results, it is shown that the proposed algorithm achieves better performance than the existing clustering algorithms such as LEACH, DCHS, LEACH-C.

Shang, FJ, Abolhasan, M & Wysocki, T 2009, 'Distributed energy efficient unequal clustering algorithm for wireless sensor networks', Tongxin Xuebao/Journal on Communications, vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 34-43.
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A distributed energy-efficient unequal clustering (DEEUC) algorithm was proposed for wireless sensor networks by research current routing algorithms. The core of DEEUC has three parts. Firstly, when tentative clusterheads are selected, an average energy factor was introduced to balance the residual energy of the whole network nodes so that it may improve the network energy efficiency. Secondly, an energy consumption ratio function was proposed to balance energy-efficient of each node. Finally, an unequal clustering algorithm was proposed for single-hop homogeneous networks. Through both theoretical analysis and numerical results, it is shown that DEEUC prolongs the network lifetime significantly against the other clustering protocols such as LEACH-C and EECS. Under general instance, DEEUC may prolong the lifetime up to 30% against EECS.

Shapiro, NI, Trzeciak, S, Hollander, JE, Birkhahn, R, Otero, R, Osborn, TM, Moretti, E, Nguyen, HB, Gunnerson, KJ, Milzman, D, Gaieski, DF, Goyal, M, Cairns, CB, Ngo, L & Rivers, EP 2009, 'A prospective, multicenter derivation of a biomarker panel to assess risk of organ dysfunction, shock, and death in emergency department patients with suspected sepsis', Critical Care Medicine, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 96-104.
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OBJECTIVE:: To define a biomarker panel to predict organ dysfunction, shock, and in-hospital mortality in emergency department (ED) patients with suspected sepsis. DESIGN:: Prospective observational study. SETTING:: EDs of ten academic medical centers. PATIENTS:: There were 971 patients enrolled. Inclusion criteria: 1) ED patients age > 18; 2) suspected infection or a serum lactate level > 2.5 mmol/L; and 3) two or more systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria. Exclusion criteria: pregnancy, do-not-resuscitate status, or cardiac arrest. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:: Nine biomarkers were assayed from blood draws obtained on ED presentation. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify an optimal combination of biomarkers to create a panel. The derived formula for weighting biomarker values was used to calculate a "sepsis score," which was the predicted probability of the primary outcome of severe sepsis (sepsis plus organ dysfunction) within 72 hrs. We also assessed the ability of the sepsis score to predict secondary outcome measures of septic shock within 72 hrs and in-hospital mortality. The overall rates of each outcome were severe sepsis, 52%; septic shock, 39%; and in-hospital mortality 7%. Among the nine biomarkers tested, the optimal 3-marker panel was neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, protein C, and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. The area under the curve for the accuracy of the sepsis score derived from these three biomarkers was 0.80 for severe sepsis, 0.77 for septic shock, and 0.79 for death. When included in multivariate models with clinical variables, the sepsis score remained highly significant (p < 0.001) for all the three outcomes. CONCLUSIONS:: A biomarker panel of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, interleukin-1ra, and Protein C was predictive of severe sepsis, septic shock, and death in ED patients with suspected sepsis. Further study is warranted to prospectively validate the clinical utility of these...

Sharif, AO, Merdaw, AA, Al-Bahadili, H, Al-Taee, A, Al-Aibi, S, Rahal, Z & Derwish, GAW 2009, 'A new theoretical approach to estimate the specific energy consumption of reverse osmosis and other pressure-driven liquid-phase membrane processes', Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. 3, no. 1-3, pp. 111-119.
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Sharp, I, Kegen Yu & Guo, YJ 2009, 'GDOP Analysis for Positioning System Design', IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 58, no. 7, pp. 3371-3382.
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Geometric dilution of precision (GDOP) has been widely used as an accuracy metric for navigation and tracking systems. Since high accuracy in a positioning system requires both accurate measurement of the range and a good geometric relationship between the mobile device and the measuring points, the analysis of GDOP is an essential feature in determining the performance of a positioning system. In this paper, we perform GDOP analysis to obtain concise analytical expressions for a number of scenarios, which are generally applicable to geometries where the mobile device is surrounded by base stations. Comparison of the analytical results with simulations using the typical geometries of indoor positioning systems shows good agreement, except when the mobile position is close to a base station. This effect is a consequence of the ranging errors being a significant proportion of the range in short-range tracking systems and discontinuities in GDOP at the base station. The results provide useful information for the design and testing of tracking systems, as well as for the determination of the geometric deployment of base stations for good GDOP in the coverage area. © 2009 IEEE.

Sharp, I, Yu, K & Guo, YJ 2009, 'Peak and leading edge detection for time-of-arrival estimation in band-limited positioning systems', IET Communications, vol. 3, no. 10, pp. 1616-1627.
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The performance of the peak and leading edge detection methods for time-of-arrival (TOA) estimation in band-limited systems is examined. Analytical expressions for the detection performance in the presence of both random noise and multipath interference are derived. A dimensionless performance factor is presented that allows simple comparisons of the TOA estimation algorithms. These equations allow the performance tradeoff analysis to be undertaken without the need for simulations. It is shown that the leading edge detection method has significantly better multipath mitigation characteristics than the peak detection one, but at the expense of inferior noise performance. © 2009, The Institution of Engineering and Technology.

Shen, C, Paisitkriangkrai, S & Zhang, J 2009, 'Efficiently Learning a Detection Cascade with Sparse Eigenvectors', IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 22-35.
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In this work, we first show that feature selection methods other thanboosting can also be used for training an efficient object detector. Inparticular, we introduce Greedy Sparse Linear Discriminant Analysis (GSLDA)\cite{Moghaddam2007Fast} for its conceptual simplicity and computationalefficiency; and slightly better detection performance is achieved compared with\cite{Viola2004Robust}. Moreover, we propose a new technique, termed BoostedGreedy Sparse Linear Discriminant Analysis (BGSLDA), to efficiently train adetection cascade. BGSLDA exploits the sample re-weighting property of boostingand the class-separability criterion of GSLDA.

Sheng, D, Gens, A, Fredlund, DG & Sloan, SW 2009, 'Reply to Comments on “Unsaturated soils: From constitutive modelling to numerical algorithms” by Daichao Sheng, Antonio Gens, Delwyn G. Fredlund and Scott W. Sloan [Computers and Geotechnics 35(6) (2008) 810–824] by Jingshuang Li, Yichuan Xing and Yujing Hou', Computers and Geotechnics, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 1100-1100.
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Sheng, D, Nazem, M & Carter, JP 2009, 'Some computational aspects for solving deep penetration problems in geomechanics', Computational Mechanics, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 549-561.
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Shepherd, D & Bremner, MJ 2009, 'Temporally unstructured quantum computation', PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES, vol. 465, no. 2105, pp. 1413-1439.
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We examine theoretic architectures and an abstract model for a restricted class of quantum computation, called here temporally unstructured ('instantaneous') quantum computation because it allows for essentially no temporal structure within the quantum dynamics. Using the theory of binary matroids, we argue that the paradigm is rich enough to enable sampling from probability distributions that cannot, classically, be sampled efficiently and accurately. This paradigm also admits simple interactive proof games that may convince a sceptic of the existence of truly quantum effects. Furthermore, these effects can be created using significantly fewer qubits than are required for running Shor's algorithm. This journal is © 2009 The Royal Society.

Sherker, S, Ritchie, J, Eager, D & Dennis, R 2009, 'Soft landings: encouraging compliance with safety standards in Local Government Authority playgrounds', Health Promotion Journal of Australia, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 31-36.
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Issues addressed: Consistent with health promotion principles of good practice, addressing playground injury necessitates the creation of a supportive environment for the enhancement of wellbeing and the prevention of injuries. This study aims to survey local governments to: determine compliance with playground safety standards; establish frequency of playground inspections and maintenance; and identify motivators and barriers to compliance with safety standards. Methods: A survey of key informants for playground safety in all 152 local government councils in New South Wales (NSW) was undertaken. Results: Of 152 local councils in NSW (43 metropolitan and 109 non-metropolitan), 71.7% (n=109) completed the survey, 12.5% (n=19) refused to participate and no response was received by 15.8% (n=24). Self-reported compliance with key aspects of the standard was generally high. However, only 55% of councils complied with surface impact attenuation <200 gmax and <11,000 HIC. Further, only 14.7% of councils reported impact testing the playground surface during inspections. The main motivators to compliance included: reducing risk of litigation or liability; enhancing community and child safety, and minimising the risk of injury. The main barriers included a lack of: time; personnel, and a lack of adequate and appropriate funding. Conclusions: Local Government Authorities have a duty of care to ensure the safety of playgrounds in their jurisdiction. They require time, personnel and adequate and appropriate funding in order to achieve this aim.

Shon, H, Okour, Y, Saliby, IE, Park, J, Cho, DL, Kim, JB, Park, HJ & Kim, JH 2009, 'Preparation and characterisation of titanium dioxide produced from Ti-salt flocculated sludge in water treatment', Journal of the Korean Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 241-250.
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During the past few years, titanium salts were investigated as alternative coagulants for the removal of organic matter of different molecular sizes in contaminated water. The flocculation efficiency of Ti-salt was comparable to those of FeCl3 and Al2(SO4)3 salts, commonly used coagulants. Incinerated sludge-TiO2 showed higher surface area and photocatalytic activity than commercially available TiO2. Metal-doped forms were produced by adding coagulant aids such as iron (Fe-), aluminium (Al-) and (Ca-) calcium salts during Ti-salt flocculation to increase pH. Ca- and Al- doped TiO2 showed very high photocatalytic activity compared to Fe-doped TiO2. When tested in a pilot scale plant for treatment of dye wastewater to check practical feasibility of the novel process, the removal ratio of the chemical oxygen demand was comparable to those of commonly used coagulants but the settling of sludge was faster. The TiO2 generated after sludge incineration showed a high photocatalytic activity for degradation of volatile organic compounds and increased the rate of hydrogen production by water photosplitting. TiCl4 coagulant and TiO2 produced from different water sources with different concentrations had low acute toxicity compared to heavy metals and commercial TiO2 when examined based on D. Magna mortality. This paper presents the production, characterisation and the photoactivity of TiO2 produced from Ti-salt flocculated sludge. Different case studies are discussed to highlighted recent advances in this field.

Shon, HK, Kim, SH, Vigneswaran, S, Ben Aim, R, Lee, S & Cho, J 2009, 'Physicochemical pretreatment of seawater: fouling reduction and membrane characterization', DESALINATION, vol. 238, no. 1-3, pp. 10-21.
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The pretreatment of raw seawater is necessary to minimize the organic fouling of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) membranes. To predict the membrane fouling of the pretreated seawater, the modified fouling index (MFI) with ultrafiltration (UF) was investigated in terms of molecular weight distribution (MWD) and membrane characterization. The study was conducted with seawater drawn from Collioure, France. The concentration of total dissolved solids was 32,760 mg/L. The molecular weight (MW) of the initial seawater organic matter (SWOM) ranged from about 14160 Da to 280 Da. FeCl3 flocculation removed the majority of SWOM, while PAC adsorption could not remove the lowest MW fraction of organic matter (1110, 750 and 280 Da). The UF membranes with 30 kDa and 100 kDa MW cut-off removed the majority of of organic matter corresponding to the peaks 14,160 Da and 6560 Da in MWD. The MFI values obtained when using UF membranes of 30 kDa and 100 kDa with MF pretreatment were 19,700 s/L2 and 31,000 s/L2, respectively. The MFI values after pretreatments of FeCl3 flocculation and PAC adsorption significantly decreased to 6900 s/L2 and 6700 for 30 kDa UF and to 2300 s/L2 and 2500 s/L2 for 100 kDa UF, respectively. Some relation does exist for both membranes between the MFIUF values and Spb values obtained during the first peiod of filtration (pore blocking). The pore blocking zone significantly decreased after flocculation and adsorption pretreatment. This suggests that the pore blocking can be used as an indicator to predict membrane propensity. The detailed membrane characterization on the clean and fouled membrane surface after MFIUF experiments was made in terms of contact angle, zeta potential, functional group and microscopy.

Shon, HK, Puntsho, S, Chon, K, Aryal, R, Vigneswaran, S, Kim, IS & Cho, J 2009, 'A study on the influence of ionic strength on the elution behaviour of membrane organic foulant using advanced separation tools', DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT, vol. 11, no. 1-3, pp. 38-45.
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Although membrane technology has become a reliable and viable alternative for water and wastewater treatment, membrane fouling is a serious challenge. In this case study, we report application of different techniques to extract foulant from the hollow fibre membrane and char-acterize the foulant into various components of organic, inorganic and different fractions. The organic foulant was subjected to high-pressure size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) and flow field-flow fractionation (FlFFF) analysis to study the influence of ionic strength on its elution behaviour using NaCl and CaCl2 as carrier solutions. It was observed that an increase in ionic strength delayed the elution time of both the organic foulant and the Na-salt of Polysterene sulphone (PSS) with HPSEC. However, no such effect was observed with FlFFF analysis. Such study is significant because the characteristics of the membrane organic foulant are believed to be influenced by the carrier ionic conditions and pH and, therefore their subsequent interaction with the membrane and membrane fouling process. However with FlFFF, whether the influence of carrier ionic strength is limited to certain type of ionic carriers or certain groups of natural organic matter is a scope for further research. © 2009 Desalination Publications.

Shon, HK, Vigneswaran, S, Kandasamy, J, Kim, J-B, Park, HJ, Choi, SW & Kim, J-H 2009, 'Preparation of titanium oxide, iron oxide, and aluminium oxide from sludge generated from Ti-salt, Fe-salt and Al-salt flocculation of wastewater', JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 719-723.
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In this study, the settled floc (sludge) produced by aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3), ferric chloride (FeCl3) and titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) flocculation was recycled with a novel flocculation process, which has a significant potential to the lower cost of waste disposal, protect the environment and public health and yield economically useful by-products. Three coagulants removed 70% of organic matter in synthetic wastewater. The settled floc was incinerated in the range from 100 8C to 1000 8C. Alumina (Al2O3), hematite (Fe2O3), titanium oxide (TiO2) which are the most widely used metal oxides were produced from the wastewater sludge generated by the flocculation in wastewater with Al2(SO4)3, FeCl3 and TiCl4, respectively. TiO2 particles produced from the sludge consisted of the large amount of nano size particles. Hematite (Fe2O3) and grattarolaite (Fe3 (PO4)O3 or Fe3PO7) included the majority of micro size (40%) particles. Alumina (Al2O3) also consisted of micro size (40%). Due to TiO2 usefulness of the application, detailed characterisation of TiO2 after calcination at different temperatures were investigated in terms of X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray, surface area and photoactivity.

Shon, HK, Vigneswaran, S, Kandasamy, J, Zareie, MH, Kim, JB, Cho, DL & Kim, J-H 2009, 'Preparation and Characterization of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) from Sludge produced by TiCl4 Flocculation with FeCl3, Al-2(SO4)(3) and Ca(OH)(2) Coagulant Aids in Wastewater', SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 44, no. 7, pp. 1525-1543.
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In this study, TiCl4 coagulant together with coagulant aids such as FeCl3, Al2(SO4)3, and Ca(OH)2 were investigated to improve the photoactivity of titanium dioxide (TiO2) produced from sludge and to increase the resulting low pH value. After TiCl4 flocculation with three coagulant aids, the settled floc (sludge) was incinerated at 600°C to produce TiO2 doped with Fe, Al, and Ca elements. Fe-, Al-, and Ca-doped TiO2 was characterized in terms of structural, chemical, and photo-electronic properties. All the coagulant aids used together with Ti-salt flocculation effectively increased the pH values. The surface area of TiO2-WO (without any coagulant aids), Fe/TiO2, Al/TiO2, and Ca/TiO2 was 122 m2/g, 77 m2/g, 136 m2/g and 116 m2/g, respectively. The TiO2-WO, Fe/TiO2, Al/TiO2, and Ca/TiO2 was found to be of anatase phase. The XRD pattern on the Fe/TiO2 included an additional peak of hematite (α-Fe2O3). The majority of gaseous acetaldehyde with TiO2-WO and Ca/TiO2 for photocatalytic activity was completely removed within 40 minutes under UV irradiation.

Shon, HK, Vigneswaran, S, Zareie, MH, Ben Aim, R, Lee, E, Lee, J, Cho, J & Kim, IS 2009, 'Physico-chemical pretreatment to seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO): organic characterization and membrane autopsy', DESALINATION, vol. 236, no. 1-3, pp. 282-290.
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In this study, different pretreatment methods such as microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption and ferric chloride (FeCl3) flocculation were evaluated in terms of their capability in removing seawater organic matter (SWOM) and the characteristics of the foulants on the seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) membranes. A detailed experiment with a crossflow SWRO filtration unit was conducted with SR membrane (MWCO 100 Da) at 60 bar with seawater (conductivity = 48.9 mS/cm) drawn from south-western Korea. The SWOM removal by UF, NF, PAC adsorption and FeCl3 flocculation was 20.3, 28.9, 46 and 23.3%, respectively. SWOM used in this study predominantly consisted of small size organic matter (<1000 Da). A large amount of the hydrophobic fraction present in SWOM was removed by PAC adsorption. The SDI5min significantly decreased from 12.7 (without any pretreatment) to 3.2 (MF), 1.3 (UF), 1.0 (NF) and 4.4 (PAC adsorption). RO filtration of seawater with and without pretreatment showed significant flux decline (normalized flux decline (J/J0) = 0.17 ± 0.02) within 20-h operation. The elemental analyses made on the RO surface after direct RO filtration showed that the relative fraction of the carbon decreased, while sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), chlorine (Cl) and iron (Fe) elements were found in the foulants extracted from the fouled membrane surface. The average roughness of the clean membrane surface was 41.5 nm. After MF and UF pretreatment, the roughness slightly increased to 54.8 and 55.6 nm, respectively. On the other hand, without any pretreatment, with PAC adsorption and with FeCl3 flocculation, the roughness increased up to 69.7, 66.4 and 110 nm, respectively. It can be concluded that the pretreatment by MF and UF could relatively preserve the RO membrane surface.

Shuhong Wang, Xiangjun Meng, Ningning Guo, Haibo Li, Jie Qiu, Jian Guo Zhu, Youguang Guo, Dikai Liu, Yi Wang & Wei Xu 2009, 'Multilevel Optimization for Surface Mounted PM Machine Incorporating With FEM', IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 4700-4703.
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In this paper, Multilevel Genetic Algorithm (MLGA) is presented to solve the optimization of surface mounted permanent magnet synchronous machine (SPMSM), which has features of mixed continuous and discrete design variables, multi-modal objective functions, etc. Firstly, the multilevel optimization problem is described by using the problem matrix. The values in the problem matrix are deduced by correlation analysis. Secondly, the architecture and implementation of MLGA are carried out. Thirdly, the new algorithm is applied to a bilevel optimization of SPMSM to verify this multilevel optimization. The results compared with those of traditional genetic algorithm (GA) and discussions of the multilevel optimization are presented. © 2009 IEEE.

Siddiquee, N, Parween, S, Quddus, M & Barua, P 2009, 'Heavy Metal Pollution in Sediments at Ship Breaking Area of Bangladesh', ASIAN JOURNAL OF WATER ENVIRONMENT AND POLLUTION, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 7-12.

Sim, K, Li, J, Gopalkrishnan, V & Liu, G 2009, 'Mining maximal quasi‐bicliques: Novel algorithm and applications in the stock market and protein networks', Statistical Analysis and Data Mining: The ASA Data Science Journal, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 255-273.
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AbstractSeveral real‐world applications require mining of bicliques, as they represent correlated pairs of data clusters. However, the mining quality is adversely affected by missing and noisy data. Moreover, some applications only requirestronginteractions between data members of the pairs, but bicliques are pairs that displaycompleteinteractions. We address these two limitations by proposingmaximal quasi‐bicliques. Maximal quasi‐bicliques tolerate erroneous and missing data, and also relax the interactions between the data members of their pairs. Besides, maximal quasi‐bicliques do not suffer from skewed distribution of missing edges that prior quasi‐bicliques have. We develop an algorithmMQBminer, which mines the complete set of maximal quasi‐bicliques from either bipartite or non‐bipartite graphs. We demonstrate the versatility and effectiveness of maximal quasi‐bicliques to discover highly correlated pairs of data in two diverse real‐world datasets. First, we propose to solve a novel financial stocks analysis problem using maximal quasi‐bicliques to co‐cluster stocks and financial ratios. Results show that the stocks in our co‐clusters usually have significant correlations in their price performance. Second, we use maximal quasi‐bicliques on a mining protein network problem and we show that pairs of protein groups mined by maximal quasi‐bicliques are more significant than those mined by maximal bicliques. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company

Simon, A, Nghiem, LD, Le-Clech, P, Khan, SJ & Drewes, JE 2009, 'Effects of membrane degradation on the removal of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) by NF/RO filtration processes', Journal of Membrane Science, vol. 340, no. 1-2, pp. 16-25.
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Singh, G & Kandasamy, J 2009, 'Evaluating performance and effectiveness of water sensitive urban design', Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. 11, no. 1-3, pp. 144-150.
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Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) is something of a catch-all term for environmentally sustainable water resource management in urban areas. Water sensitive urban design offers an alternative to the traditional conveyance approach to stormwater management. It seeks to minimise the extent of impervious surfaces and mitigate changes to the natural water balance, through on-site reuse of water as well as through temporary storage. By integrating major and minor fl ow paths in the landscape and adopting a range of water sensitive design techniques, the size of the structural stormwater system required can be signifi cantly reduced. WSUD techniques include detention and retention basins to lower peak fl ows, grassed swales and vegetation to facilitate water infi ltration and pollutant fi ltration. WSUD has been adopted widely in Australia and is being implemented in varied local government areas. The major challenge to the success of WSUD is however its measure of effectiveness over the life cycle given that it demands high maintenance. The aim of this paper is to provide a snapshot of effectiveness of WSUD implemented in Kogarah Municipal Council using two case studies and presents results on improvement in water quality through both site specifi c and water quality monitoring of the bays.

Smallwood, A, Thomas, PS, Ray, AS & Simon, P 2009, 'Application of a Fickian model of diffusion to the dehydration of graded specimens of a precious Australian sedimentary opal derived from Coober Pedy', JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY, vol. 97, no. 2, pp. 685-688.
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A model developed for the estimation of the diffusion coefficient based on Fickian diffusion is applied to the dehydration of a Coober Pedy white play of colour (precious) opal using thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The model was originally applied to bulk and powdered opal (opal with no bulk). In this paper the opal was graded prior to TG analysis. The diffusion coefficient was calculated and is reported up to the critical point of water.

Smith, DB, Zhang, JA, Hanlen, LW, Miniutti, D, Rodda, D & Gilbert, B 2009, 'Temporal correlation of dynamic on-body area radio channel', Electronics Letters, vol. 45, no. 24, pp. 1212-1213.
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Smith, P & Vigneswaran, S 2009, 'Effect of backwash and powder activated carbon (PAC) addition on performance of side stream membrane filtration system (SSMFS) on treatment of biological treatment effluent', Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. 11, no. 1-3, pp. 46-51.
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In this study, a pilot scale Side Stream Membrane Filtration System (SSMFS) was used to demonstrate the need for optimization of backwash conditions and the addition of PAC. Through an investigation of the amount of fouling each cycle that can be restored through backwashing over a short-term, a good operating point for long-term operation was developed. Periodic removal of 1.5% of the PAC slurry mixture (7.5 L out of 500 L) and PAC replacement (15 g/d) was found to have a positive impact on the reduction of membrane fouling. © 2009 Desalination Publications.

Sprinkle, J, Eklund, JM, Gonzalez, H, Grotli, EI, Upcroft, B, Makarenko, A, Uther, W, Moser, M, Fitch, R, Durrant-Whyte, H & Sastry, SS 2009, 'Model-based design: a report from the trenches of the DARPA Urban Challenge', SOFTWARE AND SYSTEMS MODELING, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 551-566.
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Stausberg, JR, Deuse, J & Baudzus, B 2009, 'Didaktische Hilfsmittel zur Umsetzung schlanker Produktionssysteme', Zeitschrift für wirtschaftlichen Fabrikbetrieb, vol. 104, no. 10, pp. 847-852.
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Kurzfassung Die Einführung eines schlanken Produktionssystems zur Produktivitätssteigerung in einem Wertstrom führt in der Organisation eines Betriebs und in den Arbeitsaufgaben der Mitarbeiter zu großen Veränderungen. Für das übergeordnete Verständnis und die Akzeptanz dieser Veränderungen sind alle Mitarbeiter in integrierten Schulungsmaßnahmen vorzubereiten und zu qualifizieren. In der primären Schulung werden Prinzipen und Methoden des Produktionssystems zusammenhängend erläutert. Darauf aufbauend können vertiefende Schulungen durchgeführt werden. Da neben der rein fachlichen Wissensvermittlung auch eine positive Erwartungshaltung gegenüber dem Produktionssystem erreicht werden soll, können traditionelle Schulungsmethoden ohne didaktische Hilfsmittel diese Anforderungen nicht mehr erfüllen. Das Planspiel erweist sich im Vergleich zu anderen didaktischen Instrumenten für diese Anforderungen als geeignete Ergänzung. Es integriert handlungsorientierte Ansätze, zielgruppenspezifische Unterstützung und die Möglichkeit einer umfassenden Verdeutlichung von Zusammenhängen und deren Auswirkungen.

Stewart, M & Reid, S 2009, 'Disaster & hazard mitigation', Australian Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 9, no. 1.

Stewart, MG 2009, 'Mechanical behaviour of pitting corrosion of flexural and shear reinforcement and its effect on structural reliability of corroding RC beams', Structural Safety, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 19-30.
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A spatial time-dependent reliability model is developed for a RC beam subject to corrosion-induced pitting corrosion, for shear and flexural limit states. The analysis considers the spatial and time-dependent variability of pitting corrosion, structural resistance and load effects. The amount of corrosion loss can significantly affect the mechanical behaviour of reinforcement, namely low corrosion loss can result in ductile yielding, whereas a higher corrosion loss can result in brittle fracture. The progression from ductile to brittle behaviour is spatially and time-dependent. To estimate how such phenomena affects structural reliability the structural resistance of reinforcement is modelled as either (i) perfectly ductile parallel system or (ii) perfectly brittle parallel system. It was found that the probability of failure assuming brittle reinforcement behaviour is up to 450% higher than assuming ductile behaviour. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Stewart, MG & Suo, Q 2009, 'Extent of spatially variable corrosion damage as an indicator of strength and time-dependent reliability of RC beams', Engineering Structures, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 198-207.
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A spatial time-dependent reliability model is developed for a RC beam subject to corrosion-induced pitting corrosion. The analysis considers the spatial and time-dependent variability of pitting corrosion and its effect on cover cracking and shear and flexural resistance. The model uses extreme value theory to predict maximum pit depth as a function of bar diameter and reinforcing bar length. The effect of corrosion on the mechanical behaviour of reinforcement and associated loss of ductility is also considered. A 1D spatial model is included where concrete properties, concrete cover and the surface chloride concentration are treated as random fields. The model is then used to predict the likelihood and extent of corrosion-induced cracking (corrosion damage). The spatial time-dependent reliability model allows the loss of structural capacity and reliability to be calculated conditional to the observed extent of corrosion damage. This allows the interaction between corrosion damage and loss of structural safety to be inferred for a deteriorating RC beam. It was found that the crack width at time of structural collapse is often well in excess of 1 mm. It was also found that the extent and location of severe cover cracking is an important indicator of structural reliability. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Styrkarsdottir, U, Halldorsson, BV, Gretarsdottir, S, Gudbjartsson, DF, Walters, GB, Ingvarsson, T, Jonsdottir, T, Saemundsdottir, J, Snorradóttir, S, Center, JR, Nguyen, TV, Alexandersen, P, Gulcher, JR, Eisman, JA, Christiansen, C, Sigurdsson, G, Kong, A, Thorsteinsdottir, U & Stefansson, K 2009, 'New sequence variants associated with bone mineral density', Nature Genetics, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 15-17.
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Su, SW, Celler, BG, Savkin, AV, Nguyen, HT, Cheng, TM, Guo, Y & Wang, L 2009, 'Transient and steady state estimation of human oxygen uptake based on noninvasive portable sensor measurements', MEDICAL & BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERING & COMPUTING, vol. 47, no. 10, pp. 1111-1117.
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The main motivation of this study is to establish an ambulatory cardio-respiratory analysis system for the monitoring and evaluation of exercise and regular daily physical activity. We explored the estimation of oxygen uptake by using noninvasive portable sensors. These sensors are easy to use but may suffer from malfunctions under free living environments. A promising solution is to combine sensors with different measuring mechanisms to improve both reliability and accuracy of the estimation results. For this purpose, we selected a wireless heart rate sensor and a tri-axial accelerometer to form a complementary sensor platform. We analyzed the relationship between oxygen uptake measured by gas analysis and data collected from the simple portable sensors using multivariable nonlinear modeling approaches. It was observed that the resulting nonlinear multivariable model could not only achieve a better estimate compared with single input single output models, but also had greater potential to improve reliability.

Subramony, SH, Nguyen, TV, Langford, L, Lin, X, Parent, AD & Zhang, J 2009, 'Identification of a new form of autosomal dominant spastic paraplegia', Clinical Genetics, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 113-116.
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Suo, Q & Stewart, MG 2009, 'Corrosion cracking prediction updating of deteriorating RC structures using inspection information', Reliability Engineering & System Safety, vol. 94, no. 8, pp. 1340-1348.
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It is well known that the corrosion-induced cracking of reinforced concrete (RC) structures varies in time and space due to the inherent spatial variability of concrete cover, concrete strength, surface chloride concentration and other material, environmental and dimensional properties. A model for predicting the likelihood and extent of RC corrosion-induced cracking considering spatial variability is reviewed. The uncertainties of predictions can be reduced by the effective use of information obtained from visual inspections regarding structural performance, such as cracking proportion and crack width. The paper uses a spatial time-dependent reliability analysis combined with visual inspection data to predict the likelihood and extent of RC corrosion-induced cracking. In this study, RC slabs and beams are used to illustrate the influence of inspection information updating on the future likelihood and extent of corrosion-induced cracking. Concrete strength, concrete cover and the surface chloride concentrations are modelled as spatial variables. Monte-Carlo simulation is employed to calculate the updated cracking proportions. The analysis considers various inspection scenarios which include different inspection intervals, inspection times, cracking proportion and crack width. It was found that the occurrence or observance of cracking changes the future cracking prediction significantly. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Tang, X, Ma, M, Ostry, D, Jiao, B & Guo, Y 2009, 'Characterizing impulsive network traffic using truncated α-stable processes', IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 13, no. 12, pp. 980-982.
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It has been recently recognized that aggregated traffic in a variety of networks exhibits a similar impulsiveness over a wide range of aggregation levels, but approaches a Gaussian distribution in the limit as the aggregation level grows. Although several traffic models have been proposed in the past decade, their accuracy in simultaneously characterizing the above properties still needs to be further improved. In this letter, we propose a truncated α-stable process model which is able to capture the impulsiveness of observed network traffic as well as its tendency toward the Gaussian distribution with aggregation. An inherent physical mechanism is also proposed to give insight into the underlying meaning of the proposed model. Simulation results show that the proposed process achieves close agreement with real traffic and outperforms previous models. © 2006 IEEE.

Taylor, JG, Cheuk, AT, Tsang, PS, Chung, J-Y, Song, YK, Desai, K, Yu, Y, Chen, Q-R, Shah, K, Youngblood, V, Fang, J, Kim, SY, Yeung, C, Helman, LJ, Mendoza, A, Ngo, V, Staudt, LM, Wei, JS, Khanna, C, Catchpoole, D, Qualman, SJ, Hewitt, SM, Merlino, G, Chanock, SJ & Khan, J 2009, 'Identification of FGFR4-activating mutations in human rhabdomyosarcomas that promote metastasis in xenotransplanted models', JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION, vol. 119, no. 11, pp. 3395-3407.
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Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a childhood cancer originating from skeletal muscle, and patient survival is poor in the presence of metastatic disease. Few determinants that regulate metastasis development have been identified. The receptor tyrosine kinase FGFR4 is highly expressed in RMS tissue, suggesting a role in tumorigenesis, although its functional importance has not been defined. Here, we report the identification of mutations in FGFR4 in human RMS tumors that lead to its activation and present evidence that it functions as an oncogene in RMS. Higher FGFR4 expression in RMS tumors was associated with advanced-stage cancer and poor survival, while FGFR4 knockdown in a human RMS cell line reduced tumor growth and experimental lung metastases when the cells were transplanted into mice. Moreover, 6 FGFR4 tyrosine kinase domain mutations were found among 7 of 94 (7.5%) primary human RMS tumors. The mutants K535 and E550 increased autophosphorylation, Stat3 signaling, tumor proliferation, and metastatic potential when expressed in a murine RMS cell line. These mutants also transformed NIH 3T3 cells and led to an enhanced metastatic phenotype. Finally, murine RMS cell lines expressing the K535 and E550 FGFR4 mutants were substantially more susceptible to apoptosis in the presence of a pharmacologic FGFR inhibitor than the control cell lines expressing the empty vector or wild-type FGFR4. Together, our results demonstrate that mutationally activated FGFR4 acts as an oncogene, and these are what we believe to be the first known mutations in a receptor tyrosine kinase in RMS. These findings support the potential therapeutic targeting of FGFR4 in RMS.

Teymourtash, AR & Ebrahimi Warkiani, M 2009, 'Natural convection over a non-isothermal vertical flat plate in supercritical fluids', Scientia Iranica, vol. 16, no. 6 B, pp. 470-478.
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In many applications, convection heat transfer is coupled with conduction and radiation heat transfer, which generate temperature gradients along the walls and may greatly affect natural convection heat transfer. The main objective of this study is to calculate the heat-transfer characteristics for natural convection from a non-isothermal vertical flat plate into a supercritical fluid. The influence of the non-uniformity of wall temperature on the heat transfer by natural convection along a vertical plate, having a linearly distributed temperature (characterized by the slope S) is also investigated. The thermal expansion coefficient is considered as a function of the temperature, the pressure, the van der Waals constants and the compressibility factor. The trends of the curves obtained with this equation and with values from tables of thermodynamic properties were similar and diverged at a critical point. These features confirmed the validity of this equation. Then, the governing systems of partial differential equations are solved numerically using the finite difference method. The local Nusselt number was then calculated and plotted as a function of the local Rayleigh number. It was observed that a positive slope of temperature distribution increases the heat transfer rate and a negative slope decreases it. © Sharif University of Technology, December 2009.

Teymourtash, AR & Warkiani, ME 2009, 'Natural Convection over a Non-Isothermal Vertical Flat Plate in Supercritical Fluids', SCIENTIA IRANICA TRANSACTION B-MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 470-478.

Thongkam, J, Xu, G, Zhang, Y & Huang, F 2009, 'Toward breast cancer survivability prediction models through improving training space', Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 36, no. 10, pp. 12200-12209.
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Due to the difficulties of outlier and skewed data, the prediction of breast cancer survivability has presented many challenges in the field of data mining and pattern precognition, especially in medical research. To solve these problems, we have proposed a hybrid approach to generating higher quality data sets in the creation of improved breast cancer survival prediction models. This approach comprises two main steps: (1) utilization of an outlier filtering approach based on C-Support Vector Classification (C-SVC) to identify and eliminate outlier instances; and (2) application of an over-sampling approach using over-sampling with replacement to increase the number of instances in the minority class. In order to assess the capability and effectiveness of the proposed approach, several measurement methods including basic performance (e.g., accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity), Area Under the receiver operating characteristic Curve (AUC) and F-measure were utilized. Moreover, a 10-fold cross-validation method was used to reduce the bias and variance of the results of breast cancer survivability prediction models. Results have indicated that the proposed approach leads to improving the performance of breast cancer survivability prediction models by up to 28.34% due to the improved training data space.

TIAN, H-D, YU, Z-Y, HAN, L-H & LIU, Y-M 2009, 'Effect of the structural parameters of photonic crystal fibers on propagation characteristics', The Journal of China Universities of Posts and Telecommunications, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 89-128.
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Using a full-vector finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, this article explores the propagation characteristics of photonic crystal fiber (PCF) theoretically. The dependence of structural parameters on the effective index of the fundamental guided mode, effective index of the fundamental cladding mode, mode field diameter, confinement loss, effective mode area, and chromatic dispersion in PCF have been studied, respectively. The research presents a reference for designing of PCF with a specific purpose. © 2009 The Journal of China Universities of Posts and Telecommunications.

TIAN, L, YANG, Y-B, FANG, G-F, SHI, J-L & DUTKIEWICZ, E 2009, 'A Scheduling Set Based Integrated Scheduling Algorithm for Unicast and Multicast Traffic *', Journal of Software, vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 3196-3206.
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A new problem is addressed, which is how to improve energy efficiency for both unicast and multicast services without violating QoS requirements of mobile stations in 802.16e wireless networks. To solve this problem, a scheduling set based integrated scheduling (SSBIS) algorithm is proposed. SSBIS partitions all the mobile stations into multicast scheduling sets and a unicast scheduling set. All the unicast data of the mobile stations in the multicast scheduling sets are transmitted in the adjacent intervals of their multicast data transmission periods, and for the mobile stations in the unicast scheduling set, longest sleep duration based (LSDB) scheduling scheme is obtained using convex optimization to improve energy efficiency of the whole system. Numerical results show that SSBIS can save overall energy significantly and guarantee the minimum data rates of mobile stations at the same time. © 2008 by Journal of Software.

Tijing, LD, Kim, HY, Lee, DH, Kim, CS & Cho, YI 2009, 'Use of an Oscillating Electric Field to Mitigate Mineral Fouling in a Heat Exchanger', Experimental Heat Transfer, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 257-270.
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To, WK, Paul, G, Kwok, NM & Liu, D 2009, 'An efficient trajectory planning approach for autonomous robots in complex bridge environments', International Journal of Computer Aided Engineering and Technology, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 185-185.
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This paper presents an efficient trajectory planning approach for a 6DOF robotic manipulator conducting grit-blasting in complex bridge structural environments. The proposed approach extends upon robotic grit-blasting planning and incorporates joint movement minimisation in addition to path length minimisation. A genetic algorithm is implemented to optimise initial path plans based on a heuristic pattern for the coverage of surface areas to be blasted. A customised gradient based method is applied for the generation of collision-free joint configurations for grit-blasting based on the identified path plan. A grit-blasting coverage model is developed for discrete non-planar 3D coverage determination to verify the performance of the plan. Extensive simulation and experimental results are also presented in this paper. © 2009 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

Tomamichel, M, Colbeck, R & Renner, R 2009, 'Duality Between Smooth Min- and Max-Entropies', IEEE Trans. on Inf. Theory, 56 (2010) 4674-4681, vol. 56, no. 9, pp. 4674-4681.
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In classical and quantum information theory, operational quantities such asthe amount of randomness that can be extracted from a given source or theamount of space needed to store given data are normally characterized by one oftwo entropy measures, called smooth min-entropy and smooth max-entropy,respectively. While both entropies are equal to the von Neumann entropy incertain special cases (e.g., asymptotically, for many independent repetitionsof the given data), their values can differ arbitrarily in the general case. In this work, a recently discovered duality relation between (non-smooth)min- and max-entropies is extended to the smooth case. More precisely, it isshown that the smooth min-entropy of a system A conditioned on a system Bequals the negative of the smooth max-entropy of A conditioned on a purifyingsystem C. This result immediately implies that certain operational quantities(such as the amount of compression and the amount of randomness that can beextracted from given data) are related. Such relations may, for example, haveapplications in cryptographic security proofs.

Tran, BNH, Nguyen, ND, Center, JR, Eisman, JA & Nguyen, TV 2009, 'Enhancement of Absolute Fracture Risk Prognosis with Genetic Marker: The Collagen I Alpha 1 Gene', Calcified Tissue International, vol. 85, no. 5, pp. 379-388.
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Tran, N 2009, 'Fast and Simple microRNA Northern Blots', Biochemistry Insights, vol. 2, pp. BCI.S2257-BCI.S2257.
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RNA northern blots provide robust measurements of gene expression. The simple northern blot technique described in this report has been optimised to provide rapid, reproducible detection and analysis of mature and precursor forms of microRNAs. This protocol economises on the use of commercially available components and secondly reduces the hybridisation step to 2 hours.

Tran, N 2009, 'Fast and Simple micro-RNA Northern Blots', BIOCHEMISTRY INSIGHTS, vol. 2, pp. 1-3.
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RNA northern blots provide robust measurements of gene expression. The simple northern blot technique described in this report has been optimised to provide rapid, reproducible detection and analysis of mature and precursor forms of microRNAs. This protocol economises on the use of commercially available components and secondly reduces the hybridisation step to 2 hours.

Tran, NN, Pham, DH, Hoang Duong Tuan & Nguyen, HH 2009, 'Orthogonal Affine Precoding and Decoding for Channel Estimation and Source Detection in MIMO Frequency-Selective Fading Channels', IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 1151-1162.
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A new affine precoding and decoding method for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) frequency-selective fading channels is proposed. The optimal design of the affine precoder consists of a linear precoder and a training sequence, which is superimposed o

Tsai, P, Cao, L, Hintz, T & Jan, T 2009, 'A bi-modal face recognition framework integrating facial expression with facial appearance', Pattern Recognition Letters, vol. 30, no. 12, pp. 1096-1109.
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Among many biometric characteristics, the facial biometric is considered to be the least intrusive technology that can be deployed in the real-world visual surveillance environment. However, in facial biometric, little research attention has been paid to facial expression changes. In fact, facial expression changes have often been treated as noise that would degrade the recognition performance. This paper studies an innovative viewpoint: (1) whether facial expression changes, namely facial behavior, can be positively used for face recognition or not? (2) furthermore, can facial behavior be integrated with facial appearance for assisting the extra-personal separation to enhance face recognition performance? We propose a bi-modal face recognition framework which integrates facial expression with facial appearance. Substantial experiments on multiple facial appearance and facial expression data have been conducted. Our experimental results have validated that facial behavior can play a positive role in face recognition and can assist facial appearance in extra-personal separation in multiple modalities for personal identification improvement.

Upitis, A, Peterson, J, Lukey, C & Nghiem, LD 2009, 'Metallic ion extraction using polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs): Optimising physical strength and extraction rate', Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. 6, no. 1-3, pp. 41-47.
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Val, DV & Stewart, MG 2009, 'Reliability Assessment of Ageing Reinforced Concrete Structures—Current Situation and Future Challenges', Structural Engineering International, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 211-219.
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This paper provides a brief description of the framework for reliability-based analysis/assessment of ageing reinforced concrete structures. The main emphasis is made on modelling deterioration due to corrosion of reinforcing steel. A critical overview of existing models for corrosion initiation, corrosion-induced cracking, and effects of corrosion on deflections and strength of reinforced concrete (RC) structures is presented, including discussion of future research needs. Recent accomplishments of the authors in this area are described. Special attention is paid to the role of spatial variability of deterioration on results of reliability assessment, which is illustrated by two examples.

Val, DV, Chernin, L & Stewart, MG 2009, 'Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Corrosion-Induced Cover Cracking in Reinforced Concrete Structures', Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 135, no. 4, pp. 376-385.
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In the paper corrosion-induced crack initiation and propagation are investigated experimentally and numerically, with particular emphasis on quantifying the proportion of corrosion products that are dissipated within the concrete pores and cracks, thus reducing the pressure exerted by corrosion products on the surrounding concrete. Initially, experimental data on crack initiation and propagation obtained from accelerated corrosion tests of reinforced concrete slabs are presented. A comparison of finite-element model results and experimental data is used to estimate the amount of corrosion products penetrating into concrete pores and cracks, which is an essential parameter for prediction of corrosion initiation and propagation. It was found that the amount of corrosion products penetrating into the concrete pores before crack initiation is larger than that obtained by other researchers. The paper also showed that corrosion products do not fully fill corrosion-induced cracks in concrete immediately after their initiation as the cracks are being filled gradually over time and the thicker the concrete cover the longer it will take to fully fill a crack. © 2009 ASCE.

Valdés-Mora, F, Gómez del Pulgar, T, Bandrés, E, Cejas, P, Ramírez de Molina, A, Pérez-Palacios, R, Gallego-Ortega, D, García-Cabezas, MA, Casado, E, Larrauri, J, Nistal, M, González-Barón, M, García-Foncillas, J & Lacal, JC 2009, 'TWIST1 Overexpression is Associated with Nodal Invasion and Male Sex in Primary Colorectal Cancer', Annals of Surgical Oncology, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 78-87.
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van Boerdonk, K, Tieben, R, Klooster, S & van den Hoven, E 2009, 'Contact through canvas: an entertaining encounter', PERSONAL AND UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 551-567.
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When meeting someone new, the first impression is often influenced by someoneâs physical appearance and other types of prejudice. In this paper, we present TouchMeDare, an interactive canvas, which aims to provide an experience when meeting new people, while preventing visual prejudice and lowering potential thresholds. The focus of the designed experience was to stimulate people to get acquainted through the interactive canvas. TouchMeDare consists of a flexible, opaque canvas, which plays music when touched simultaneously from both sides. Dynamic variation of this bodily contact is reflected through real-time adaptations of the musical compositions. Two redesigns were qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated and a final version was placed in the Lowlands Festival as a case study. Evaluation results showed that some explanation was needed for the initial interaction with the installation. On the other hand, after this initial unfamiliarity passed, results showed that making bodily contact through the installation did help people to get acquainted with each other and increased their social interaction.

Van Landingham, M, Nguyen, TV, Roberts, A, Parent, AD & Zhang, J 2009, 'Risk factors of congenital hydrocephalus: a 10 year retrospective study', Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, vol. 80, no. 2, pp. 213-217.
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Veitch, D 2009, 'Scale Invariance in Computer Network Traffic', Scaling, Fractals and Wavelets, pp. 413-436.
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Veitch, D, Ridoux, J & Korada, SB 2009, 'Robust Synchronization of Absolute and Difference Clocks Over Networks', IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 417-430.
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Vessalas, K, Ray, AS, Thomas, P, Sri Ravindrarajah, R, Joyce, PA & Haggman, J 2009, 'Pitchstone Fines - A New Naturally Occuring Pozzolan from North Queensland', Concrete Forum, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 11-15.
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Global warming presents an ever-challenging battle to humankind, as emissions arising from industrially produced gteenhouse gases are predicted to alter the long-term climatic patterns of earth. Harmful environmental emissions arising during the manufactute of Portland cements (C) can be effectively reduced by incorporating siliceous-aluminous based supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), as partial cement replacements. In Australia, mined pitchstone fines (PF), derived as waste material from expandable perlire production, area viable SCM for reducing cement consumption using an eco-friendly approach. This paper reports on the results of an experimental investigation into the pozzolanic activity of PP. Up to 40% cement was replaced with PF in mortar mixes. In addition, PP was used to partially replace sand. Strength activity index (SM) values for PP were evaluated using accelerated 28-day compressive strengths for all PP substitution levels, with flows and wet densities of mortar mixes reported.

Vessalas, K, Thomas, PS, Ray, AS, Guerbois, J-P, Joyce, P & Haggman, J 2009, 'Pozzolanic reactivity of the supplementary cementitious material pitchstone fines by thermogravimetric analysis', JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY, vol. 97, no. 1, pp. 71-76.
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Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis was applied to the characterisation of the pozzolanic reaction in mortars containing the supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) pitchstone fines (PF) and fly ash (FA) as partial replacements for Portland cement (PC). TG analysis was used to determine the proportion of calcium hydroxide (CH) present from the hydration of the PC based on the dehydroxylation of the CH present in the blended PC-SCM mortars. The consumption of CH indicated that both SCMs underwent the pozzolanic reaction and that PF was found to compare favourably in its pozzolanic reactivity of FA, the industry and globally accepted standard artificial pozzolan.

VEXLER, A & WU, C 2009, 'An Optimal Retrospective Change Point Detection Policy', Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 542-558.
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Abstract. Since the middle of the twentieth century, the problem of making inferences about the point in a surveyed series of observations at which the underlying distribution changes has been extensively addressed in the economics, biostatistics and statistics literature. Cumulative sum‐type statistics have commonly been thought to play a central role in non‐sequential change point detections. Alternatively, we present and examine an approach based on the Shiryayev–Roberts scheme. We show that retrospective change point detection policies based on Shiryayev–Roberts statistics are non‐asymptotically optimal in the context of most powerful testing.

Vexler, A, Wu, C, Liu, A, Whitcomb, BW & Schisterman, EF 2009, 'An extension of a change-point problem', Statistics, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 213-225.
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We consider a specific classification problem in the context of change-point detection. We present generalized classical maximum likelihood tests for homogeneity of the observed sample in a simple form which avoids the complex direct estimation of unknown parameters. This paper proposes a martingale approach to transformation of test statistics. For sequential and retrospective testing problems, we propose the adapted Shiryayev-Roberts statistics in order to obtain simple tests with asymptotic power one. An important application of the developed methods is in the analysis of exposure's measurements subject to limits of detection in occupational medicine. © 2009 Taylor & Francis.

Vilariño, DL, Ferrer, DC, Sánchez, VMB, Tetzlaff, R & Lin, C-T 2009, 'CNN Technology for Spatiotemporal Signal Processing', EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, vol. 2009, no. 1.
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Voinov, A & Cardwell, H 2009, 'The Energy‐Water Nexus: Why Should We Care?', Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education, vol. 143, no. 1, pp. 17-29.
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Vu, NA, Castel, A & François, R 2009, 'Effect of stress corrosion cracking on stress–strain response of steel wires used in prestressed concrete beams', Corrosion Science, vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 1453-1459.
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Waldron, K 2009, 'The state of the art of climbing and walking robots', Industrial Robot: An International Journal, vol. 36, no. 4.
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Waldron, KJ, Estremera, J, Csonka, PJ & Singh, SPN 2009, 'Analyzing Bounding and Galloping Using Simple Models', Journal of Mechanisms and Robotics, vol. 1, no. 1.
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This paper focuses on modeling the gait characteristics of a quadrupedal gallop. There have been a number of studies of the mechanics of the stance phase in which a foot is in contact with the ground. We seek to put these studies in the context of the stride, or overall motion cycle. The model used is theoretical, and is kept simple in the interest of transparency. It is compared to empirical data from observations of animals, and to data from experiments with robots such as our KOLT machine, and results from sophisticated simulation studies. Modeling of the energy loss inherent in the interaction between the system and the environment plays a key role in the study. Results include the discovery of a hidden symmetry in the gait pattern, usually regarded as being completely asymmetrical. Another result demonstrates that the velocities with which the two front feet impact and leave the ground are different, and similarly for the rear feet. The velocities of the foot pairs mirror each other. This is consistent with empirical observation, but is at variance with the assumption used almost universally when modeling stance. A further result elicits the importance of the pitch moment of inertia and other effects that make the mammalian architecture, in which the center of mass is closer to the shoulders than to the hips, beneficial..

Walker, R & Indraratna, B 2009, 'Consolidation analysis of a stratified soil with vertical and horizontal drainage using the spectral method', Géotechnique, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 439-449.
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A novel use of the spectral method to determine excess pore water pressure during vertical consolidation of multi-layered soil with time constant material properties is presented, considering a unit cell with combined vertical and radial drainage. Equal strain conditions are assumed in the analysis. The novel adoption of material properties that vary in a linear fashion with depth allows arbitrary distributions of properties to be modelled. By incorporating surcharge and vacuum loading that vary with both depth and time, a wide range of consolidation problems can be analysed. The spectral method is a meshless approach producing a series solution to the consolidation problem based on matrix operations. Accuracy can be improved by increasing the number of terms used in the series solution. The model is verified by the analysis of selected case studies characterised by: analytical free strain consolidation with thin sand layers (surcharge only); laboratory test and embankment trial with surcharge and vacuum loading; and ground subsidence caused by groundwater pumping.

Walker, R, Indraratna, B & Sivakugan, N 2009, 'Vertical and Radial Consolidation Analysis of Multilayered Soil Using the Spectral Method', Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 135, no. 5, pp. 657-663.
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Wang, C, Lu, J & Zhang, G 2009, 'Web ontology data matching for integration: method and framework', International Journal of Web Information Systems, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 220-238.
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PurposeMatching relevant ontology data for integration is vitally important as the amount of ontology data increases along with the evolving Semantic web, in which data are published from different individuals or organizations in a decentralized environment. For any domain that has developed a suitable ontology, its ontology annotated data (or simply ontology data) from different sources often overlaps and needs to be integrated. The purpose of this paper is to develop intelligent web ontology data matching method and framework for data integration.Design/methodology/approachThis paper develops an intelligent matching method to solve the issue of ontology data matching. Based on the matching method, it also proposes a flexible peer‐to‐peer framework to address the issue of ontology data integration in a distributed Semantic web environment.FindingsThe proposed matching method is different from existing data matching or merging methods applied to data warehouse in that it employs a machine learning approach and more similarity measurements by exploring ontology features.Research limitations/implicationsThe proposed method and framework will be further tested for some more complicated real cases in the future.Originality/valueThe experiments show that this proposed intelligent matching method increases ontology data matching accuracy.

Wang, L, Dimitrijev, S, Han, J, Iacopi, F & Zou, J 2009, 'Transition between amorphous and crystalline phases of SiC deposited on Si substrate using H3SiCH3', Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 311, no. 19, pp. 4442-4446.
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Wang, L, Su, SW, Celler, BG, Chan, GSH, Cheng, TM & Savkin, AV 2009, 'Assessing the human cardiovascular response to moderate exercise: feature extraction by support vector regression', PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 227-244.
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This study aims to quantitatively describe the steady-state relationships among percentage changes in key central cardiovascular variables (i.e. stroke volume, heart rate (HR), total peripheral resistance and cardiac output), measured using non-invasive means, in response to moderate exercise, and the oxygen uptake rate, using a new nonlinear regression approachâsupport vector regression.

WANG, L, WU, Q, LI, M, GONZÀLEZ, J & GENG, XIN 2009, 'EDITORIAL', International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, vol. 23, no. 07, pp. 1221-1222.
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Wang, L, Wu, Q, Wang, H, Geng, X & Li, M 2009, 'Image/video-based pattern analysis and HCI applications', Pattern Recognition Letters, vol. 30, no. 12, pp. 1047-1047.
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Wang, Y, Yue, DW, Wang, Q & He, RX 2009, 'Channel statistics based cooperative spectrum sensing for cognitive radios', Dianbo Kexue Xuebao/Chinese Journal of Radio Science, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 1049-1054.
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Cooperative spectrum sensing for cognitive radios was studied with the assumption that the control channels between cognitive radios and the fusion center are Nakagami-m fading channels. The likelihood ratio test equation with the knowledge of the channel statistics was derived. With this method, the fusion center can perform cooperative spectrum sensing without the instantaneous channel state information, and the spectrum sensing process is simplified and more suitable for practical applications. The performance of the proposed cooperative spectrum sensing was analyzed through simulation, the results of which show that the performance of the proposed channel statistics based spectrum sensing method degrades performance slightly compared with the channel state information based likelihood ratio test, but when the average receive SNR is high or the fading effect is weak, the performance of the proposed method can approach that of the channel state information based likelihood ratio test. In addition, the number of cognitive radios has almost no influence on the performance difference between the two methods.

Wang, Y, Zhu, X, Hao, H & Ou, J 2009, 'Guided wave propagation and spectral element method for debonding damage assessment in RC structures', Journal of Sound and Vibration, vol. 324, no. 3-5, pp. 751-772.
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Watt, DJ, Kayis, B & Willey, K 2009, 'Identifying key factors in the evaluation of tenders for projects and services', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 250-260.
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Clients select contractors on the basis of the relative importance of tender evaluation criteria, such as, experience, expertise, past performance, and cost. This paper presents the results of a recent study that sought to identify a suite of representative (principal) tender evaluation and contractor selection criteria for use in future research. The study included an examination of management literature on contractor selection and tender evaluation, and an exploratory survey. For each we developed a separate master list and mapped all identified and reported criteria into one of 16 defined categories. Threshold tests were applied to identify common and unique categories and an absolute difference test to determine the principal categories of criteria used in the evaluation of tenders. The study, using a pragmatic and heuristic approach, resulted in the identification of eight principal categories suitable for our research program. The findings indicate that the preferred criteria for evaluating tenders are those which provide a measure of contractors' ability in terms of their management and technical capability, past experience and performance, reputation, and the proposed method of delivery or technical solution.

Wei, D, Huang, J, Zhang, A, Jiang, Z, Tieu, AK, Wu, F, Shi, X & Jiao, S 2009, 'Deformation of oxide scale and surface roughness transfer during hot rolling of stainless steel 304L', International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering, vol. 3, no. 5/6, pp. 459-459.
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The oxidation characteristic of stainless steel 304L in humid air and the deformation behaviour of the oxide scale during hot rolling at 1050 degrees C were investigated. The surface roughness transfer during hot rolling was discussed. With ail increase of reduction, the oxide scale thickness decreases linearly, the Surface roughness also decreases obviously and the integrity of oxide scale increases. The thickness decrease of thick oxide scale is more rapid than a thin oxide scale. The surface roughness always decreases with an increase of reduction, and the oxide scale thickness affects the surface roughness transfer during hot rolling.

Wei, DB, Huang, JX, Zhang, AW, Jiang, ZY, Tieu, AK, Shi, X, Jiao, SH & Qu, XY 2009, 'Study on the oxidation of stainless steels 304 and 304L in humid air and the friction during hot rolling', WEAR, vol. 267, no. 9-10, pp. 1741-1745.
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In rolling process, the contact friction is of crucial importance for accurate modeling, optimum design and control of industrial rolling processes. It is important to characterize the features of the oxide scale of stainless steel in hot strip rolling because the scale on the strip surface affects friction coefficient and thermal conductivity coefficient. To some extent, the rolling force and friction condition depend on the thickness and the microstructure of the oxide scale. Oxidation tests of stainless steels 304 and 304L were carried out in a high temperature electric resistance furnace. The humid air in which the water vapour content can be controlled was generated and remained to flow into the chamber of the furnace in 2.5 x 10(-4) m(3)/s to study the effect of humidity on the oxidation of stainless steels. The microstructure and thickness of oxide scale layer of stainless steels were obtained and two or three oxide layers can be found. The humid air has a significant effect on the growth of oxide scale. Hot rolling tests were carried out on Hille 100 rolling mill. The friction condition at the roll-strip interface during hot rolling of stainless steel was determined and the transfer of surface roughness was discussed.

Wei, DB, Jiang, ZY, Lu, C, Tang, Y & Tieu, AK 2009, 'Experimental study of the effects of rough texture on surface deformation during cold metal forming', Wear, vol. 267, no. 9-10, pp. 1746-1751.
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Both longitudinal and transverse frictions arising from plane strain during cold metal forming are of crucial importance for the accurate modelling, optimum design, and control of industrial processes. However, the influence of the friction and roughness along the transverse direction has been neglected in much previous research. Oblique roughness textures are considered, and the scale of roughness asperities is enlarged in this study. Four types of prism patterns, in which the angles between the longitudinal direction and the top line of prism are 90 degrees, 60 degrees, 30 degrees, and 0 degrees, and three types of pyramid patterns, in which the top angles are 151.9 degrees, 161.1 degrees, and 168.6 degrees, were designed and manufactured using samples of annealed Al 6060T5. All compression tests were completed in 10 passes, and the total displacement of the pressure head was 5.4 mm. The first five passes were carried out on an Instron 8033 Materials Testing Machine, and the last five passes on a 500-ton compression-testing machine. The surface morphologies of the deformed peak were analysed, and the top areas of the deformed peak were measured. The effects of the angle between the longitudinal direction and the top line of the prism texture or the top angle of the pyramid texture on the surface morphology of the deformed peak are not obvious. The angles have a relatively significant effect on the deformation behaviour of the surface layer during cold metal forming when the deformation is small. The pattern with a top angle of 161.1 degrees, which is the closest to the real value, shows the highest deformation resistance when the displacement of the pressure head is less than 1.2 mm. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Weily, AR & Jay Guo, Y 2009, 'Circularly Polarized Ellipse-Loaded Circular Slot Array for Millimeter-Wave WPAN Applications', IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 57, no. 10, pp. 2862-2870.
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A circularly polarized slot array suitable for millimeter wave WPAN applications is presented. The array uses a new type of circularly polarized element, comprising a circular slot loaded with an elliptical patch, and is fed by a microstrip line. The array is implemented on liquid crystal polymer (LCP), which is both low-loss and low-cost. A total of 8 array elements are used in a 4 × 2 configuration to achieve a maximum gain target of greater than 14 dBic. Sequential rotation of the elements within each of the 2 × 2 sub-arrays is used to increase the axial ratio bandwidth. Other novel features of the array are the finite ground plane, and open cavity structure used to support the LCP substrate of the slot array above a reflector plate. Measured and computed results presented for the packaged array confirm its wide impedance, axial ratio, and gain bandwidths. The effect of the packaged array back-short on the measured axial ratio is also discussed. © 2009 IEEE.

Wen, H, Lin, C, Chen, Z-J, Yin, H, He, T & Dutkiewicz, E 2009, 'An Improved Markov Model for IEEE 802.15.4 Slotted CSMA/CA Mechanism', Journal of Computer Science and Technology, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 495-504.
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IEEE 802.15.4 protocol is proposed to meet the low latency and energy consumption needs in low-rate wireless applications, however, few analytical models are tractable enough for comprehensive evaluation of the protocol. To evaluate the IEEE 802.15.4 slotted CSMA/CA channel access mechanism in this paper, we propose a practical and accurate discrete Markov chain model, which can dynamically represent different network loads. By computing the steady-state distribution probability of the Markov chain, we obtain an evaluation formula for throughput, energy consumption, and access latency. Then we further analyze the parameters that influence performance including packet arrival rate, initial backoff exponent and maximum backoff number. Finally, NS2 simulator has been used to evaluate the performance of the 802.15.4 CSMA/CA mechanism under different scenarios and to validate the accuracy of the proposed model. © 2009 Springer.

White, CP 2009, 'Calcium metabolism in pregnancy and lactation', Obstetric Medicine, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 2-5.
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Homeostatic adaptation to maternal calcium metabolism is a prerequisite for optimal delivery of sufficient calcium to the fetus and neonate during pregnancy and lactation, respectively. This article outlines the major adaptations known to occur and the physiological regulators likely to be principally involved. Importantly, different adaptive responses are used in pregnancy and lactation. The rarity of calcium disorders in pregnancy underscores the successful implementation of these adaptations in most women. For those few women with either pre-existing or pregnancy-acquired disorders of calcium metabolism, a knowledge of normal physiology is essential to understand the implications for managing these disorders in pregnant women.

Willey, K & Gardner, A 2009, 'Developing team skills with self‐ and peer assessment', Campus-Wide Information Systems, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 365-378.
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PurposeSelf‐ and peer assessment has proved effective in promoting the development of teamwork and other professional skills in undergraduate students. However, in previous research approximately 30 percent of students reported that its use produced no perceived improvement in their teamwork experience. It was hypothesised that a significant number of these students were probably members of a team that would have functioned well without self‐ and peer assessment and hence the process did not improve their teamwork experience. This paper aims to report the testing of this hypothesis.Design/methodology/approachThe paper reviews some of the literature on self‐ and peer assessment, outlines the online self‐ and peer assessment tool SPARKPLUS, and analyses the results of a post‐subject survey of students in a large multi‐disciplinary engineering design subject.FindingsIt was found that students who were neutral as to whether self‐ and peer assessment improved their teamwork experience cannot be assumed to be members of well‐functioning teams.Originality/valueTo increase the benefits for all students it is recommended that self‐ and peer assessment focuses on collaborative peer learning, not just assessment of team contributions. Furthermore, it is recommended that feedback sessions be focused on learning not just assessment outcomes and graduate attribute development should be recorded and tracked by linking development to categories required for professional accreditation.

Willey, K & Gardner, A 2009, 'Improving self‐ and peer assessment processes with technology', Campus-Wide Information Systems, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 379-399.
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PurposeAs a way of focusing curriculum development and learning outcomes universities have introduced graduate attributes, which their students should develop during their degree course. Some of these attributes are discipline‐specific, others are generic to all professions. The development of these attributes can be promoted by the careful use of self‐ and peer assessment. The authors have previously reported using the self‐ and peer assessment software tool SPARK in various contexts to facilitate opportunities to practise, develop, assess and provide feedback on these attributes. This research and that of the other developers identified the need to extend the features of SPARK, to increase its flexibility and capacity to provide feedback. This paper seeks to report the results of the initial trials to investigate the potential of these new features to improve learning outcomes.Design/methodology/approachThe paper reviews some of the key literature with regard to self‐ and peer assessment, discusses the main aspects of the original online self‐ and peer assessment tool SPARK and the new version SPARKPLUS, reports and analyses the results of a series of student surveys to investigate whether the new features and applications of the tool have improved the learning outcomes in a large multi‐disciplinary Engineering Design subject.FindingsIt was found that using self‐ and peer assessment in conjunction with collaborative peer learning activities increased the benefits to students and improved engagement. Furthermore it was found that the new features available in SPARKPLUS facilitated efficient implementation of additional self‐ and peer assessment proces...

Wirth, MA, Klotz, C, Deffenbaugh, DL, McNulty, D, Richards, L & Tipper, JL 2009, 'Cross-linked glenoid prosthesis: A wear comparison to conventional glenoid prosthesis with wear particulate analysis', Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 130-137.
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Wolf, SJ, Wakelin, LPG, He, Z, Stewart, BW & Catchpoole, DR 2009, 'In vitro assessment of novel transcription inhibitors and topoisomerase poisons in rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines', Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology, vol. 64, no. 6, pp. 1059-1069.
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Purpose: Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children. Current chemotherapy regimes include the topoisomerase II poison etoposide and the transcription inhibitor actinomycin D. Poor clinical response necessitate identification of new agents to improve patient outcomes. Methods: We assessed the in vitro cytotoxicity (MTT assay) of DNA intercalating agents in five established human RMS cell lines. These include novel classes of transcription inhibitors and topoisomerase poisons, previously shown to have potential as anti-cancer agents. Results: Amongst the former agents, bisintercalating bis(9-aminoacridine-4-carboxamides) linked through the 9-position, and bis(phenazine-1-carboxamides) linked via their side chains, are compared with established transcription inhibitors. Amongst the latter, monofunctional acridine-4-carboxamides related to N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl] acridine-4-carboxamide, DACA, are compared with established topoisomerase poisons. Conclusions: Our findings specifically highlight the topoisomerase poison 9-amino-DACA, its 5-methylsulphone derivative, AS-DACA, and the bis(phenazine-1-carboxamide) transcription inhibitor MLN944/XR5944, currently in phase I trial, as candidates for further research into new agents for the treatment of RMS. © 2009 Springer-Verlag.

Wong, MHW, Dobbins, TA, Tseung, J, Tran, N, Lee, CS, O’Brien, CJ, Clark, J & Rose, BR 2009, 'Oestrogen receptor β expression in pleomorphic adenomas of the parotid gland', Journal of Clinical Pathology, vol. 62, no. 9, pp. 789-793.
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Aims:Pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary gland have gender and age distributions suggesting that oestrogen has a causal role. However, oestrogen receptor (ER)α is expressed at low levels in normal salivary gland tissues and data from salivary gland tumours are conflicting. There is preliminary evidence that the recently described ERβ may be the major ER in salivary gland tissue. The aim of this study was to determine the nature and extent of ERβ expression in pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary gland.Methods:Pleomorphic adenomas and normal tissues of the parotid gland from 49 patients were tested for ERα and ERβ expression by semiquantitative immunohistochemistry. Associations were sought with patient age and gender.Results:ERα and ERβ expression was localised mainly to the nuclei of ductal cells in normal tissues and the epithelial components in pleomorphic adenomas. Within each tissue and receptor type there were no associations between ER positivity and patient age or gender. ERβ was expressed in almost twice as many normal tissues and pleomorphic adenomas as ERα. Expression of ERβ was also significantly higher in tumour compared with normal tissues.Conclusions:This is thought to be the first study of ERβ in pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary gland. Findings support ERβ as the major ER in salivary glands, and provide evidence that ERβ may have a role in the development of pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary gland.

Wood, MDK, Liyong Tong, Quantian Luo, Xiannian Sun, Katzos, A & Rispler, AR 2009, 'Failure of Stitched Composite L-Joints Under Tensile Loading — Experiment and Simulation', Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 715-742.
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This article presents an experimental and numerical investigation into the influence of transverse stitching on failure of composite L-joints under tensile loading. Six unstitched and six stitched L-joint specimens were manufactured and tested under quasi static tensile loading. It was observed that the average measured failure load and the associated crosshead displacement for the stitched L-joint specimens are increased significantly compared to those for the unstitched specimens. Full 3D and 2D plane strain finite element (FE) models were developed to simulate both stitched and unstitched L-joints with an implemented stitch element. The load—displacement curves and results predicted via FE models compare favorably with the experimental results. For the stitched L-joints, it is shown that the observed delamination in the elbow region of the flange can be modeled by using a softening model for epoxy layer.

Wu, C, Chen, W & Oehlers, DJ 2009, '10.4028/0-87849-349-2.795', Key Engineering Materials, vol. 400-402, pp. 795-800.
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Currently, there are adequate guidelines available for FRP retrofitting RC structures against static and seismic loads. However, there is still limited information on retrofitting RC structures against short-duration dynamic loading effects such as blast loading. Due to the increasing threat of terrorism in recent years, retrofitting of RC structures against blast loading is of paramount importance in structural engineering. In this paper, a dynamic model that is based on single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) approach is developed for the analysis of the response of retrofitted fixed end supported RC slabs subjected to blast loads. A previously validated layered capacity analysis method is used to determine the yielded and ultimate blast resistant capacity of a cross-section of a RC slab which allows varying strain rates with time along the depth of the member. The corresponding deflections are determined by plastic hinge analysis. To simplify the calculation process, a tri-linear resistance-deflection function which consists of elastic, elasto-plastic and plastic region for fixed end supported RC slabs is converted to an equivalent bilinear function. This developed model can adequately predict the retrofitted members' response to blast loading. It is then is used to conduct a parametric study to optimise the retrofitting of RC slabs subjected to blast loading by varying the quantity, material type and technique of retrofitting.

Wu, C, Nurwidayati, R & Oehlers, DJ 2009, 'Fragmentation from spallation of RC slabs due to airblast loads', International Journal of Impact Engineering, vol. 36, no. 12, pp. 1371-1376.
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Wu, C, Oehlers, DJ & Day, I 2009, 'Layered Blast Capacity Analysis of FRP Retrofitted RC Member', Advances in Structural Engineering, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 435-449.
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Fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) retrofitting of RC structures against blast loading is an emerging research area of major significance. Currently, several guidelines are available for the FRP retrofitting of RC structures against monotonic and seismic loads. However, no advice is provided from these guidelines for the retrofit RC structures against blast loading. This paper formulates a layered model that allows for both FRP strengthening and the consideration of strain rate effects on the blast resistant capacity of flexural structural members. The layered model is incorporated into a single degree of freedom model for dynamic analyses and it is validated with blast tests. The validated model is then used in a parametric study which investigates the changes in strength, ductility and energy absorption capacities of flexural FRP strengthened members under blast loads. It is found that the capacity of a flexural member to resist a blast load can be increased greatly with the use of compressive face plating with the ductility of the flexural member being the key factor.

Wu, C, Oehlers, DJ, Rebentrost, M & Leach, J 2009, '10.4028/0-87849-349-2.107', Key Engineering Materials, vol. 400-402, pp. 107-112.
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Displacement-controlled design method is now being used by current guidelines such as TM5 and ASCE to design RC members against airblast load. If the maximum deflection of the designed member under airblast loads is less than the allowable deflection, the designed member is considered to be safe. Although the displacement-controlled design method is easy to use, it may not result in a design having maximum energy-absorption capacity against airblast loads, especially for a design of a reinforced ultra-high performance fibre concrete (RUHPFC) member which is of both high strength and high ductility, that is, high energy-absorption capacity. In this paper, a layered analysis model allowing for varying strain rates with time as well as along the depth of the member was used to calculate energy-ab sorption of a simple supported RUHPFC slab under airblast loads. An optimal reinforcement ratio of the slab was achieved by maximizing the energy absorption of the slab under different reinforcement ratios. The energy-controlled design method was validated by field blast tests. Using the validated design method, a designed slab with the optimal reinforcement ratio was also tested and the effectiveness of the design was demonstrated.

Wu, C, Oehlers, DJ, Rebentrost, M, Leach, J & Whittaker, AS 2009, 'Blast testing of ultra-high performance fibre and FRP-retrofitted concrete slabs', Engineering Structures, vol. 31, no. 9, pp. 2060-2069.
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Wuthnow, A & Deuse, J 2009, 'Production control at high type diversity in the electronic production', PPS Management, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 43-46.
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Conwip: An alternative to classical pull The continuous rise of type diversity, long throughput times as well as high demand fluctuations coin many value streams in the electronic industry. The implementation of levelling and pull principles shall help enable regular sequences and standardized work in production. In this article a solution is pointed out by presenting a case study which describes the implementation of a hybrid Conwip production control combined with levelling. © GITO-Verlag.

Wuthnow, A & Deuse, J 2009, 'Production Control at High Type Diversity in the Electronic Production Conwip: An alternative to classical pull', PPS MANAGEMENT, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 43-46.

Wuthnow, A & Deuse, J 2009, 'Systematische Nivellierung von Wertströmen', Zeitschrift für wirtschaftlichen Fabrikbetrieb, vol. 104, no. 4, pp. 229-234.
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Kurzfassung Im Toyota Production System bildet die Nivellierung der Produktion die Basis für kontinuierliche Verbesserung. Jedoch fehlen hinsichtlich der Nivellierung bis dato die notwendige methodische Durchdringung und das Verständnis bezüglich der Anwendung, um die wesentlichen Voraussetzungen für ein verbesserungsfähiges Umfeld zu schaffen. In diesem Artikel wird eine Methodik zur Nivellierung vorgestellt, die verschiedene Methoden vereint und ergänzt, um Unternehmen durch den Umsetzungsprozess zu führen. Die Methodik dient als Leitfaden und zeigt neben der systematischen Vorgehensweise auch die Integration in einen geführten Verbesserungsprozess auf. Der erste Teil dieser Arbeit stellt die theoretischen Grundlagen dar und beschreibt die Notwendigkeit der Definition einer Regelsystematik. Teil zwei erläutert die drei Hauptstufen der Methodik mit ihren Primärmerkmalen und fokussiert dabei die möglichen Arten der Umsetzung.

Xu, YL, Zhang, J, Li, JC & Xia, Y 2009, 'Experimental Investigation on Statistical Moment-based Structural Damage Detection Method', Structural Health Monitoring, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 555-571.
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Although vibration-based structural damage detection methods have demonstrated various degrees of success, the damage detection of civil structures still remains as a challenging task. The main obstacles include the insensitivity to local damage and the high sensitivity to measurement noise. A new structural damage detection method based on the statistical moments of dynamic responses of a structure has been recently proposed by the authors, and the numerical study manifested that the proposed method is sensitive to local structural damage but insensitive to measurement noise. The experimental investigation on this method is presented in this article. Three shear building models with and without damage were built and subjected to ground motions generated by a shaking table. The displacement and acceleration responses of each building model at each floor were recorded. The recorded ground motion and building responses as well as identified structural damping ratios were then used to identify damage locations and severities using the statistical moment-based damage detection method. The identified damage locations and severities were compared with the theoretical values. The comparison is found satisfactory, and the method proposed is effective and feasible.

Yafi, E, Al-Hegami, AS, Alam, MA & Biswas, R 2009, 'Incremental mining of shocking association patterns', World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 37, pp. 801-805.
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Association rules are an important problem in data mining. Massively increasing volume of data in real life databases has motivated researchers to design novel and incremental algorithms for association rules mining. In this paper, we propose an incremental association rules mining algorithm that integrates shocking interestingness criterion during the process of building the model. A new interesting measure called shocking measure is introduced. One of the main features of the proposed approach is to capture the user background knowledge, which is monotonically augmented. The incremental model that reflects the changing data and the user beliefs is attractive in order to make the over all KDD process more effective and efficient. We implemented the proposed approach and experiment it with some public datasets and found the results quite promising.

Yang Wang 2009, 'Real-Time Moving Vehicle Detection With Cast Shadow Removal in Video Based on Conditional Random Field', IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 437-441.
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Yang, D, Liu, X, Jin, Y, Zhu, Y, Zeng, D, Jiang, X & Ma, H 2009, 'Electrospinning of Poly(dimethylsiloxane)/Poly(methyl methacrylate) Nanofibrous Membrane: Fabrication and Application in Protein Microarrays', Biomacromolecules, vol. 10, no. 12, pp. 3335-3340.
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Yang, G, Zhang, Y, Lei, G, Shao, KR, Guo, Y, Zhu, J & Lavers, JD 2009, 'A Novel Superposition RBF Collocation Method to Solve Moving Conductor Eddy Current Problems', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 3977-3980.
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This paper presents a novel radial basis function (RBF) collocation method to solve the moving conductor eddy current problem. The magnetic field is considered an addition of two fields generated respectively by the excitation current and the eddy current according to the source superposition principle. The corresponding governing equations are decoupled and solved with the RBF. Moving coordinate systems in which the separate fields are computed are also constructed to avoid the model reconfiguration caused by the motion. Electromagnetic field equations are analyzed with kinetic equations and circuit equations together to simulate the motion process. A practical engineering problem is computed to verify the method.

Yang, Z, Ding, G, Cai, H, Xu, X, Wang, H & Zhao, X 2009, 'Analysis and elimination of the ‘skip contact’ phenomenon in an inertial micro-switch for prolonging its contact time', Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 045017-045017.
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Yanti, PAA & Mahlia, TM 2009, 'Market Transformation Due to Implementation of Energy Efficiency Standards and Labels Implementation for Electric Motor', Journal of Applied Sciences, vol. 9, no. 14, pp. 2630-2634.
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This study attempts to investigate about the market transformation of electric motor due to implementation of minimum energy efficiency standards and energy labels. The study found that efficiency of electric motor will increase from 90.0 to 92.5% due to implementation of standards and will increase further to 93.5% due to energy labels, this study is only investigate electric motor, however the method is also applicable for predicting market transformation for other product without major modification. © 2009 Asian Network for Scientific Information.

Yanti, PAA & Mahlia, TMI 2009, 'Considerations for the selection of an applicable energy efficiency test procedure for electric motors in Malaysia: Lessons for other developing countries', Energy Policy, vol. 37, no. 9, pp. 3467-3474.
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Yao, AM, Keen, SAJ, Burnham, DR, Leach, J, Leonardo, RD, McGloin, D & Padgett, MJ 2009, 'Underdamped modes in a hydrodynamically coupled microparticle system', New Journal of Physics, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 053007-053007.
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Yao, S, Li, J & Shi, Z 2009, 'Phosphate Ion Removal from Aqueous Solution Using an Iron Oxide-Coated Fly Ash Adsorbent', Adsorption Science & Technology, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 603-614.
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The ability of an iron oxide/fly ash composite adsorbent prepared with municipal solid waste fly ash and iron nitrate to remove phosphate ions from aqueous solutions has been tested. The characteristics and physicochemical performances of the composite were investigated via nitrogen adsorption and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies. The comparative adsorption of phosphate ions by the composite adsorbent and fly ash was investigated using batch experiments. It was found that the adsorption properties of the composite adsorbent towards phosphate ions depended on the pH value of the solution and the anion concentration in the same. The equilibrium data were analyzed using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, from which it was shown that the adsorption capacities for phosphate ions at pH 3.0 were 27.39 mg/g for iron oxide/fly ash and 18.90 mg/g for fly ash. The results showed the adsorption patterns for phosphate ions with fly ash and iron oxide/fly ash composite adsorbent showed a better match to the Freundlich model rather than the Langmuir model. The adsorption kinetic data could be well described by the Lagergren pseudo-second-order kinetic equation. The effect of temperature on the adsorption phenomena was investigated, the results indicating that phosphate ion removal by iron oxide/fly ash composite adsorbent was endothermic in nature.

Yi Wang, Jianguo Zhu, Shuhong Wang, Youguang Guo & Wei Xu 2009, 'Nonlinear Magnetic Model of Surface Mounted PM Machines Incorporating Saturation Saliency', IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 4684-4687.
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In this paper a comprehensive nonlinear model of surface mounted permanent magnet synchronous machine (SPMSM) is proposed considering both the structural and the saturation saliencies to enable the numerical simulation of new rotor position detection algorithms. With an identifiable parameter matrix, a numerical nonlinear inductance model is developed, in which the rotor position and the stator current are taken as the variables. After experimentally identifying out all the parameters, a nonlinear mathematic model of SPMSM is built up. With all the machine dimensions and physical parameters, finite-element analysis (FEA) is applied to calculate the magnetic field of the machine. FEA and performance simulation results are used to verify the new nonlinear model, which can be further used as a virtual model to develop, simulate, and verify the saturation saliency detection strategies.

Ying, M & Feng, Y 2009, 'An Algebraic Language for Distributed Quantum Computing', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS, vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 728-743.
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A classical circuit can be represented by a circuit graph or equivalently by a Boolean expression. The advantage of a circuit graph is that it can help us to obtain an intuitive understanding of the circuit under consideration, whereas the advantage of a Boolean expression is that it is suited to various algebraic manipulations. In the literature, however, quantum circuits are mainly drawn as circuit graphs, and a formal language for quantum circuits that has a function similar to that of Boolean expressions for classical circuits is still missing. Certainly, quantum circuit graphs will become unmanageable when complicated quantum computing problems are encountered, and in particular, when they have to be solved by employing the distributed paradigm where complex quantum communication networks are involved. In this paper, we design an algebraic language for formally specifying quantum circuits in distributed quantum computing. Using this language, quantum circuits can be represented in a convenient and compact way, similar to the way in which we use Boolean expressions in dealing with classical circuits. Moreover, some fundamental algebraic laws for quantum circuits expressed in this language are established. These laws form a basis of rigorously reasoning about distributed quantum computing and quantum communication protocols. © 2009 IEEE.

Ying, M, Feng, Y, Duan, R & Ji, Z 2009, 'An Algebra of Quantum Processes', ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL LOGIC, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 1-36.
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We introduce an algebra qCCS of pure quantum processes in which communications by moving quantum states physically are allowed and computations are modeled by super-operators, but no classical data is explicitly involved. An operational semantics of qCCS is presented in terms of (nonprobabilistic) labeled transition systems. Strong bisimulation between processes modeled in qCCS is defined, and its fundamental algebraic properties are established, including uniqueness of the solutions of recursive equations. To model sequential computation in qCCS, a reduction relation between processes is defined. By combining reduction relation and strong bisimulation we introduce the notion of strong reduction-bisimulation, which is a device for observing interaction of computation and communication in quantum systems. Finally, a notion of strong approximate bisimulation (equivalently, strong bisimulation distance) and its reduction counterpart are introduced. It is proved that both approximate bisimilarity and approximate reduction-bisimilarity are preserved by various constructors of quantum processes. This provides us with a formal tool for observing robustness of quantum processes against inaccuracy in the implementation of its elementary gates. © 2009 ACM.

Ying, Z & Zhu, X 2009, 'Response analysis of piezoelectric shells in plane strain under random excitations', Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 152-160.
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Yong Zhang, Guangyuan Yang, Shao, KR, Youguang Guo, Jianguo Zhu & Lavers, JD 2009, 'Multiscale Combined Radial Basis Function Collocation Method for Eddy Currents Analysis in High-Speed Moving Conductors', IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 3973-3976.
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A novel multiscale combined radial basis function (RBF) collocation method, as a truly meshless method, is presented to overcome the shortage of general RBF collocation method and is applied to analyze eddy currents in high-speed moving conductors in this paper. A typical example is set here to illustrate the accuracy and affectivity of the proposed method, including a comparison with general RBF collocation method and finite element method (FEM).

Yu, K & Guo, YJ 2009, 'Anchor Global Position Accuracy Enhancement Based on Data Fusion', IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 1616-1623.
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The location information of sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks is crucial for various applications such as emergency rescue operations, environmental monitoring, home automation, and traffic control. In this paper, a new method to improve the anchor location accuracy in wireless sensor networks is proposed based on fusion of Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements and anchor-to-anchor parameter estimates. Novel algorithms are derived to increase the accuracy of anchor locations using both anchor-to-anchor distance and angle-of-arrival (AOA) estimates for both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-LOS (NLOS) scenarios. When using anchor-to-anchor distance estimates in LOS conditions, an optimization-based algorithm is developed. The Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) is derived to benchmark positioning accuracy in 3-D environments with both GPS measurements and anchor-to-anchor parameter estimates, which has not been studied in the literature. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms can substantially improve anchor position accuracy, and the performance of the proposed algorithms approaches the CRLB. © 2008 IEEE.

Yu, K & Guo, YJ 2009, 'Anchor-free localisation algorithm and performance analysis in wireless sensor networks', IET Communications, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 549-560.
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A hybrid anchor-free localisation scheme for multihop wireless sensor networks is presented. First, a relatively dense group of nodes is selected as a base, which are localised by using the multidimensional scaling method. Secondly, the robust quads (RQ) method is employed to localise other nodes, following which the robust triangle and radio range (RTRR) approach is used to perform the localisation task. The RQ and the RTRR methods are used alternately until no more nodes can be localised by the two approaches. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid localisation algorithm performs well in terms of both accuracy and the success rate of localisation. To evaluate the accuracy of anchor-free localisation algorithms, the authors derive two different accuracy measures: the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) to benchmark the coordinate estimation errors and the approximate lower bound to benchmark the distance errors. Simulation results demonstrate that both the CRLB and the distance error lower bound provide references for the accuracy of the location algorithms. © 2009 The Institution of Engineering and Technology.

Yu, K & Guo, YJ 2009, 'Statistical NLOS Identification Based on AOA, TOA, and Signal Strength', IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 274-286.
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Nonline-of-sight (NLOS) propagation is one of the challenges in radio positioning. Significant attention has been drawn to the mitigation of the NLOS effect in recent years. This paper focuses on the identification of NLOS conditions by employing the statistical decision theory. A Neyman-Pearson (NP) test method is first derived for scenarios where either 1-D or 2-D angular measurements are provided. A time-of-arrival (TOA) based method is then developed under idealized conditions to provide a performance reference. In the presence of both TOA and received signal strength (RSS) measurements, a joint identification method is derived to efficiently exploit the TOA and RSS measurements. Analytical expressions of the probability of detection (POD) and the probability of false alarm (PFA) are derived for all the scenarios considered. Two theorems and one corollary regarding the line-of-sight (LOS) conditions based on the angle of arrival (AOA) are also presented, and the proofs are provided. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed methods perform well, and the joint TOA- and RSS-based method considerably outperforms the TOA-based methods. The proposed methods are robust to the model errors, as demonstrated through simulations. It is also shown that the analytical results agree well with the simulated ones. © 2009 IEEE.

Yu, K, Guo, YJ & Hedley, M 2009, 'TOA-based distributed localisation with unknown internal delays and clock frequency offsets in wireless sensor networks', IET Signal Processing, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 106-118.
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Locating sensor nodes in an ad hoc wireless sensor network (WSN) is a challenging task. In general, the network nodes are not synchronised and the internal delays within the nodes are unknown. Here, time-of-arrival (TOA)-based localisation is investigated when practical parameters such as clock time offset, clock frequency offset and system internal delay are all involved. The TOA measurements are made between each pair of nodes that are within radio range. First, an efficient frequency offset (FO) estimation algorithm is derived. Then, a two-stage localisation scheme is proposed. In the first stage, localisation starts from the nodes with the largest numbers of neighbouring anchors and priority is always given to nodes with more neighbouring anchors and/or localised nodes. In the second stage, the locations of all neighbouring nodes are exploited to improve location accuracy. Two iterative algorithms are developed: the Taylor series-based least squares (TS-LS) method and the sequential quadratic programming (SQP) optimisation method. During the localisation process, a number of measures are taken to ensure the reliability of each location estimate to avoid abnormal errors and reduce error propagation. The Cramer-Rao lower bound is also derived to benchmark the location accuracy. © The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009.

Yuan, C, Jin, Z, Tipper, JL & Yan, X 2009, 'Numerical surface characterization of wear debris from artificial joints using atomic force microscopy', Science Bulletin, vol. 54, no. 24, pp. 4583-4588.
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Yue Li, Archer, JW, Tello, J, Rosolen, G, Ceccato, F, Hay, SG, Hellicar, A & Guo, YJ 2009, 'Performance Evaluation of a Passive Millimeter-Wave Imager', IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 57, no. 10, pp. 2391-2405.
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A cross-correlating 186-GHz passive millimeter-wave imager has been built. The key components in the signal processing hardware are two 186-GHz receivers and a broadband complex correlator. To evaluate the performance of this imager, its point-spread function, beam pattern, baseline vector, and their variations with the scanning direction have been experimentally measured and derived. Some of these results are needed for optimizing the imager’s parameter settings. Others are required for implementing the modulated-beam and modulated-scene algorithms proposed in a previous paper dealing with the imager’s fringe in its point-spread function. These results will also reveal any problems in the construction process of the imager. The theoretical bases for these measurements are analyzed. Novel algorithms for deriving each antenna’s point-spread function and beam pattern, as well as the imager’s baseline vector from the measurement results of the imager’s point-spread function and beam pattern are proposed and successfully applied in the measurements. Experimental results are presented and discussed. © 2009 IEEE.

Yue, D & Wang, Q 2009, 'Capacity of orthogonal space-time block codes in MISO fading channels with co-channel interference and noise', Science in China Series F: Information Sciences, vol. 52, no. 9, pp. 1697-1703.
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Orthogonal space-time block codes (OSTBCs) are an efficient mean in order to exploit the diversity offered by the wireless multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel. This paper considers capacity problems of OSTBCs over spatially correlated multiple-input single-out (MISO) Rayleigh fading channels in the presence of spatially correlated Rayleigh co-channel interference and additive Gaussian noise, and derives exact expressions of the ergodic capacity and outage probability (capacity distribution) for such OSTBCs. Some numerical examples are given to illustrate the effect of co-channel interference on the ergodic and outage capacity of OSTBCs. © 2009 Science in China Press and Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Yun, Y-H, Shon, H-K & Yoon, S-D 2009, 'Preparation and characterization of molecularly imprinted polymers for the selective separation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid', Journal of Materials Science, vol. 44, no. 22, pp. 6206-6211.
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As a method of preparing ligand-selective cavities in a synthetic polymer matrix, molecular imprinting technique has been attracting significant interest from a large number of areas in chemistry and analytical sciences. In this study, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were prepared with styrene, 4-vinylpyridine (4-VPy), and divinylbenzene (DVB) for the separation of hazardous 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and the selectivity of MIPs as adsorbed 2,4-D and structurally similar materials was evaluated. The template was removed through the swelling process of toluene/ethanol, and the removal ratio was about 95-99%, respectively. MIPs synthesized in this study had good adsorption selectivity in the presence of other materials, although there was a difference of adsorption quantities (uptake) in the functional monomer (4-VPy contents) and the cross-linker (DVB contents). The results exhibit that the selectivity of MIPs was improved significantly by controlling the cross-linker. We expect that molecular imprinting technique will serve as a novel method for selective separation of specific materials in various fields, especially in the fields of environment and pharmaceutics. © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

Yunkai Huang, Jianguo Zhu & Youguang Guo 2009, 'Thermal Analysis of High-Speed SMC Motor Based on Thermal Network and 3-D FEA With Rotational Core Loss Included', IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 4680-4683.
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This paper presents the thermal analysis of a high-speed motor with soft magnetic composite (SMC). Due to the high operation frequency, the core loss is much greater than the other losses and, hence, is the major heat source in the high-speed motor. Therefore, it is of crucial importance to be able to calculate the core loss accurately. In this paper, the rotational core-loss model is employed and implemented by using 3-D magnetic-field analysis (FEA). Two methods to model the thermal behavior are presented. The first method uses a combination of lumped and distributed thermal parameters, which are obtained from motor dimensions and thermal constants. The second method employs 3-D FEA to accurately calculate the temperature distribution. Core losses are directly coupled into the thermal calculation by keeping the same hexahedral meshing for magnetic-field analysis and thermal analysis. A testing bench for the high-speed SMC motor prototype has been set up to measure the core loss. The temperature rises were measured by thermal probes. The calculation and measurement results are compared and discussed.

Zandieh, M, Azadeh, A, Hadadi, B & Saberi, M 2009, 'Application of Artificial Neural Networks for Airline Number of Passenger Estimation in Time Series State', Journal of Applied Sciences, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 1001-1013.
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This study presents an integrated Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) to estimate and predict airline number of passenger in Iran. All type of ANN-Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP) is examined to this estimation. The ANN models are implemented on MATLAB software. Auto-Correlation Function (ACF) is utilized to define input variables. Finally, the best type of ANN-MLP is determined with Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Kruskal-Wallis test is used for asses the impact of raw data, preprocessed data and post process method on ANN performance. Monthly airline number of passenger of Iran airline from 1993 to 2005 is considered as the case of this study. © 2009 Asian Network for Scientific Information.

Zeng, X, Pei, J, Wang, K & Li, J 2009, 'PADS: a simple yet effective pattern-aware dynamic search method for fast maximal frequent pattern mining', Knowledge and Information Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 375-391.
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While frequent pattern mining is fundamental for many data mining tasks, mining maximal frequent patterns efficiently is important in both theory and applications of frequent pattern mining. The fundamental challenge is how to search a large space of ite

Zhang, G & Lu, J 2009, 'A linguistic intelligent user guide for method selection in multi-objective decision support systems', INFORMATION SCIENCES, vol. 179, no. 14, pp. 2299-2308.
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Some multi-objective decision-making (MODM) methods are more effective than others for particular decision problems and/or particular decision makers. It is therefore necessary to provide a set of MODM methods in a multi-objective decision support system (MODSS) to support a wide range of problem solving. However, it is always difficult for decision makers to select the most suitable method for individual cases because MODM methods involve a deep knowledge of mathematics. To handle this difficulty, this study develops a MODM method selection guide supported by a fuzzy matching optimization method. In this paper, we first present the modelling process for the knowledge of characteristics of the main MODM methods. We then present related matching techniques between the characteristics of a real-world decision-making situation and a set of predefined situation descriptions (characteristics of a MODM method) where the elements of the two sets may be expressed by linguistic terms. Based on this process, a fuzzy matching optimization-based MODM method selection approach is proposed. The approach applies general fuzzy numbers, fuzzy distance, fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making concepts, and rule-based inference techniques to recommend the most suitable method from a MODM method-base. The approach is adopted in a linguistic intelligent user guide within a MODSS. Experiments have shown that the development of the linguistic intelligent user guide can increase the ability of the MODSS to support decision makers in arriving at a satisfactory solution in a most effective way. © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Zhang, G, Dillon, TS, Cai, K-Y, Ma, J & Lu, J 2009, 'Operation properties and delta-equalities of complex fuzzy sets', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPROXIMATE REASONING, vol. 50, no. 8, pp. 1227-1249.
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A complex fuzzy set is a fuzzy set whose membership function takes values in the unit circle in the complex plane. This paper investigates various operation properties and proposes a distance measure for complex fuzzy sets. The distance of two complex fuzzy sets measures the difference between the grades of two complex fuzzy sets as well as that between the phases of the two complex fuzzy sets. This distance measure is then used to define δ-equalities of complex fuzzy sets which coincide with those of fuzzy sets already defined in the literature if complex fuzzy sets reduce to real-valued fuzzy sets. Two complex fuzzy sets are said to be δ-equal if the distance between them is less than 1 - δ. This paper shows how various operations between complex fuzzy sets affect given δ-equalities of complex fuzzy sets. An example application of signal detection demonstrates the utility of the concept of δ-equalities of complex fuzzy sets in practice. © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Zhang, G, Ma, J & Lu, J 2009, 'Emergency management evaluation by a fuzzy multi-criteria group decision support system', STOCHASTIC ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND RISK ASSESSMENT, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 517-527.
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Emergency risk management (ERM) is a process which involves dealing with risks to the community arising from emergency events. Emergency management evaluation as one of the important parts of ERM aims assessing and improving social preparedness and organizational ability in identifying, analyzing, and treating emergency risks. This study first develops an emergency management evaluation model. It then proposes an extended fuzzy multi-criteria group evaluation method, which can deal with both subjective and objective criteria under multi-levels by a group of evaluators, for emergency management evaluation. A fuzzy multi-criteria group decision support system (FMCGDSS) is then developed to implement the proposed method for the case of emergency operating center/system evaluation. © Springer-Verlag 2008.

Zhang, H, Zhao, Y, Cao, L, Zhang, C & Bohlscheid, H 2009, 'Customer Activity Sequence Classification for Debt Prevention in Social Security', Journal of Computer Science and Technology, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 1000-1009.
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From a data mining perspective, sequence classification is to build a classifier using frequent sequential patterns. However, mining for a complete set of sequential patterns on a large dataset can be extremely time-consuming and the large number of patterns discovered also makes the pattern selection and classifier building very time-consuming. The fact is that, in sequence classification, it is much more important to discover discriminative patterns than a complete pattern set. In this paper, we propose a novel hierarchical algorithm to build sequential classifiers using discriminative sequential patterns. Firstly, we mine for the sequential patterns which are the most strongly correlated to each target class. In this step, an aggressive strategy is employed to select a small set of sequential patterns. Secondly, pattern pruning and serial coverage test are done on the mined patterns. The patterns that pass the serial test are used to build the sub-classifier at the first level of the final classifier. And thirdly, the training samples that cannot be covered are fed back to the sequential pattern mining stage with updated parameters. This process continues until predefined interestingness measure thresholds are reached, or all samples are covered. The patterns generated in each loop form the sub-classifier at each level of the final classifier. Within this framework, the searching space can be reduced dramatically while a good classification performance is achieved. The proposed algorithm is tested in a real-world business application for debt prevention in social security area. The novel sequence classification algorithm shows the effectiveness and efficiency for predicting debt occurrences based on customer activity sequence data.

Zhang, J & Du, Q 2009, 'Numerical Studies of Discrete Approximations to the Allen–Cahn Equation in the Sharp Interface Limit', SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 3042-3063.
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Zhang, J, Das, S & Du, Q 2009, 'A phase field model for vesicle–substrate adhesion', Journal of Computational Physics, vol. 228, no. 20, pp. 7837-7849.
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Zhang, J, Luo, L & Shi, Z 2009, 'Quadrature OFDMA systems based on layered FFT structure', IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 850-860.
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Zhang, J, Yang, C, Huang, C, Li, Y, Dai, N, Lu, P, Jiang, Z, Chen, W & Li, J 2009, '10 W CW ytterbium-doped fiber laser with 4 × 1 fused fiber bundle combiner', Frontiers of Optoelectronics in China, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 61-63.
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Zhang, JA, Kennedy, RA & Abhayapala, TD 2009, 'Reduced-Rank Shift-Invariant Technique and Its Application for Synchronization and Channel Identification in UWB Systems', EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, vol. 2008, no. 1, pp. 38-38.
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Zhang, R, Castel, A & François, R 2009, 'Serviceability Limit State criteria based on steel–concrete bond loss for corroded reinforced concrete in chloride environment', Materials and Structures, vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 1407-1421.
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Zhang, R, Castel, A & François, R 2009, 'The corrosion pattern of reinforcement and its influence on serviceability of reinforced concrete members in chloride environment', Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 39, no. 11, pp. 1077-1086.
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Zhang, R, Khorshed, C, Vigneswaran, S & Kandasamy, J 2009, 'Submerged microfiltration coupled with physcio-chemical processes as pretreatment to sea water desalination', Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. 11, no. 1-3, pp. 52-57.
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In this study, the critical fl ux of the submerged membrane system was experimentally evaluated when it was used for seawater with and without pre-treatment. In this study, different processes such as fl occulation with ferric chloride (FeCl3) and different doses of PAC adsorption were used as a pre-treatment. The pretreatment of fl occulant of 2 mg/L of FeCl3 and adsorption with the dose of 1 g/L PAC showed an improvement in the critical fl ux from 5 L/m2.h to 6.7 L/m2.h and 13.3 L/m2.h respectively. The performance of these pretreatments was also determined in terms of modifi ed fouling index using ultrafi lter membrane (UF-MFI). UF-MFI and SDI indicated that PAC adsorption was a better pretreatment than fl occulation for the seawater used in this study. Molecular weight distribution (MWD) of seawater organic matter was also examined after different pretreatments. MWD of the raw seawater was mainly in the range from 1510 to 130 Da. It is observed that FeCl3 fl occulation and PAC adsorption as pretreatments partially removed the organic matter of 1510 Da and 130Da respectively

Zhang, X, Cairns, M, Rose, B, O'Brien, C, Shannon, K, Clark, J, Gamble, J & Tran, N 2009, 'Alterations in miRNA processing and expression in pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary gland', International Journal of Cancer, vol. 124, no. 12, pp. 2855-2863.
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AbstractGenome‐wide microRNA (miRNA) expression profiling of salivary gland pleomorphic adenomas revealed a distinct expression signature consisting largely of upregulated miRNAs compared with matched normal tissue. Microarray data were confirmed by quantitative real time RT‐PCR (q‐RTPCR). Five miRNA genes upregulated in the tumours were found in close proximity to fragile sites and/or cancer associated genomic regions. Interestingly, q‐RTPCR revealed an increase in the expression of components of the miRNA processing machinery (Dicer, Drosha, DGCR8 and p68) in tumours suggesting that the deregulation of miRNA expression may result from increased miRNA biogenesis. Target gene prediction analysis of the altered miRNAs indicated that genes in a number of signalling pathways important in tumourigenesis including WNT, MAPK and JAK‐STAT were overrepresented. Significantly, the oncogene PLAG1 was overexpressed in our cohort and may be potentially regulated by these miRNAs. This is the first study to examine changes in the miRNA milieu in pleomorphic adenoma, the most common salivary gland tumour. This study has demonstrated an upregulation of both miRNAs genes and an upregulation of the miRNA processing machinery. These changes may be potential underlying mechanisms for the development of these benign tumours. © 2009 UICC

Zhang, Y & Xu, G 2009, 'On web communities mining and recommendation', Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 561-582.
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AbstractBecause of the lack of a uniform schema for web documents and the sheer amount and dynamics of web data, both the effectiveness and the efficiency of information management and retrieval of web data are often unsatisfactory when using conventional data management and searching techniques. To address this issue, we have adopted web mining and web community analysis approaches. On the basis of the analysis of web document contents, hyperlinks analysis, user access logs and semantic analysis, we have developed various approaches or algorithms to construct and analyze web communities, and to make recommendations. This paper will introduce and discuss several approaches on web community mining and recommendation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Zhang, Y, Wang, D, Lee, R-P, Henning, SM & Heber, D 2009, 'Absence of Pomegranate Ellagitannins in the Majority of Commercial Pomegranate Extracts: Implications for Standardization and Quality Control', Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 57, no. 16, pp. 7395-7400.
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Zhang, YX & Yang, CH 2009, 'Recent developments in finite element analysis for laminated composite plates', Composite Structures, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 147-157.
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Zhao, B-H, Yue, Z-B, Ni, B-J, Mu, Y, Yu, H-Q & Harada, H 2009, 'Modeling anaerobic digestion of aquatic plants by rumen cultures: Cattail as an example', Water Research, vol. 43, no. 7, pp. 2047-2055.
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Zhao, HY, Zheng, W, Meng, ZX, Zhou, HM, Xu, XX, Li, Z & Zheng, YF 2009, 'Bioelectrochemistry of hemoglobin immobilized on a sodium alginate-multiwall carbon nanotubes composite film', Biosensors and Bioelectronics, vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 2352-2357.
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Zhao, Y, Shapiro, D, Mcgloin, D, Chiu, DT & Marchesini, S 2009, 'Direct observation of the transfer of orbital angular momentum to metal particles from a focused circularly polarized Gaussian beam', Optics Express, vol. 17, no. 25, pp. 23316-23316.
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Zheng, Z, Fan, H, Feng, W, Zhang, S, Yuan, X, Wang, L, Song, Y & Hu, S 2009, 'Surgery of left ventricular aneurysm: a propensity score-matched study of outcomes following different repair techniques', Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 431-436.
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Zheng, Z, Lu, J, Zhang, G & He, Q 2009, 'Rule sets based bilevel decision model and algorithm', EXPERT SYSTEMS WITH APPLICATIONS, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 18-26.
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Bilevel decision addresses the problem in which two levels of decision makers, each tries to optimize their individual objectives under certain constraints, act and react in an uncooperative, sequential manner. As bilevel decision making often involves many uncertain factors in real world problems, it is hard to formulate the objective functions and constraints of the leader and the follower in modelling a real bilevel decision problem. This study explores a new approach that uses rule sets to formulate a bilevel decision problem. It first develops related theories to prove the feasibility to model a bilevel decision problem by rule sets. It then proposes an algorithm to describe the modelling process. A case study is discussed to illustrate the functions and effectiveness of the proposed rule sets based bilevel decision modelling algorithm. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Zhou, A & Sheng, D 2009, 'Yield stress, volume change, and shear strength behaviour of unsaturated soils: validation of the SFG model', Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol. 46, no. 9, pp. 1034-1045.
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The model recently presented by Sheng, Fredlund, and Gens, known as the SFG model, provides a consistent explanation of yield stress, shear strength, and volume change behaviour of unsaturated soils as functions of suction. All these functions are based on one single equation that defines the volume change with suction and stress changes. This paper provides a systematic validation of the equation and the derived shear strength criterion against experimental data. The experimental data used include those for samples prepared from slurry soils and compacted soils. It is shown that (i) the method currently used to determine yield stresses of unsaturated soils is incorrect, (ii) volume change behaviour of unsaturated soils can be well predicted by the SFG model, and (iii) shear strength behaviour of unsaturated soils can be represented very well by the criterion in the SFG model.

Zhou, JL, Zhang, ZL, Banks, E, Grover, D & Jiang, JQ 2009, 'Pharmaceutical residues in wastewater treatment works effluents and their impact on receiving river water', Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 166, no. 2-3, pp. 655-661.
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Various pharmaceutical residues are being discharged from wastewater treatment works (WTW) effluents, the impact of which on river water quality is of high relevance to environmental risk assessment. The concentrations of eleven pharmaceutical compounds were determined in three WTWs in England, and the river Ouse receiving effluents from Scaynes Hill WTW. Results show that five compounds propranolol, sulfamethoxazole, carbamazepine, indomethacine and diclofenac were detected in all wastewater and river water samples, with carbamazepine showing the highest concentrations (up to 2336 ng L-1) in WTW influent. Different compounds were removed to different extent in the WTWs, varying from 43 to 92%, with the highest performance obtained by the WTW with tertiary treatment (sand filtration). The pharmaceutical residues from Scaynes Hill WTW were eventually discharged into the river Ouse, causing an elevation in their concentrations downstream of the outfall. This was confirmed by the good agreement between measured concentrations and those predicted by a simple dilution model. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

ZHU, X & HAO, H 2009, 'DAMAGE DETECTION OF RC SLABS USING NONLINEAR VIBRATION FEATURES', International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics, vol. 09, no. 04, pp. 687-709.
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Studied herein are the signatures of nonlinear vibration characteristics of damaged reinforced concrete structures using the wavelet transform (WT). A two-span RC slab built in 2003 was tested to failure in the laboratory. Vibration measurements were carried out at various stages of structural damage. The vibration frequencies, mode shapes, and damping ratios at each loading stage were extracted and analyzed. It is found that the vibration frequencies are not sensitive to small damages, but are good indicators when damage is severe. The dynamic responses are also analyzed in the time–frequency domain by WT and the skeleton curve is constructed to describe the nonlinear characteristics in the reinforced concrete structures. The results show that the skeleton curves are good indicators of damage in the reinforced concrete structures because they are more sensitive to small damages than vibration frequencies.

Zhu, XQ, Law, SS & Hao, H 2009, 'Damage assessment of reinforced concrete beams including the load environment', Structural Engineering and Mechanics, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 765-779.
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Zihlif, M, Catchpoole, DR, Stewart, BW & Wakelin, LPG 2009, 'Effects of DNA threading bis(9-aminoacridine-4-carboxamides) on global gene expression.', Cancer Genomics Proteomics, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 317-323.
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The capacity of series of DNA-threading bis(9-aminoacridine-4-carboxamides) comprising ethylmorpholino, ethylpiperidine and N-methylpiperidin-4-yl sidechains joined by different linkers, to modulate gene expression in human leukaemia cells was investigated. The chosen compounds provided the opportunity for probing the relationships between the structure ligand structure and the drug effects on transcription, information that might lead to a greater understanding of their potential as antitumour agents. As revealed by DNA microarray analysis of 6000 genes, at equitoxic doses, 5xIC(50) values for growth inhibition, all of the drugs perturb transcription, resulting in both up- and down-regulation of many hundreds of genes, 24 h after drug exposure. Under these conditions, the capacity to inhibit transcription decreases in the order C3NC3 morpholino > C2pipC2 morpholino > C8 piperidine > C8NMP > C2pipC2 piperidine. Cluster analysis segregated the examined agents into two groups: the first included C2pipC2 morpholino and C3NC3 morpholino and the second C2pipC2 piperidine, C8 piperidine and C8NMP. This classification agreed with the ontological analysis for the markedly up-regulated genes that showed a relatively specific profile for each group. Interestingly, the general up-regulation responses for the first group (C3NC3 morpholino and C2pipC2 morpholino) indicated marked up-regulation amongst the transcription gene set, which suggests that the transcription machinery is the main target for the members of this group. While in the second group (C2pipC2 piperidine, C8 piperidine, C8NMP), the general up-regulation responses for the three agents are dominated by the protein modification process ontological class, implying at least involvement of topoisomerase poisoning in their mode of action.

Ab Aziz, R, Zowghi, D & McBride, T 1970, 'Towards a classification of requirements relationships', Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering, SEKE 2009, International Conference on Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering, Knowledge Systems Institute Graduate School, Boston, Massachusetts, pp. 26-32.
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Requirements are related to and affect each other in many different ways. Developing a comprehensive knowledge of these relationships is an important part of understanding requirements. This paper proposes a classification of requirements relationships from several perspectives such as Feature Oriented, Aspect Oriented and Goal Oriented Approaches. We compare and contrast these relationship classifications and provide examples of each to increase our understanding of this complex phenomenon. This paper aims at integrating requirements relationship classifications from major bodies of work in requirements engineering and to improve awareness on the role they play in software testing practices.

Ab Aziz, R, Zowghi, D & McBride, TM 1970, 'Towards a Classification of Requirements Relationships', Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering (SEKE 2009), International Conference on Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering, Knowledge Systems Institute Graduate School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, pp. 26-32.
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Requirements are related to and affect each other in many different ways. Developing a comprehensive knowledge of these relationships is an important part of understanding requirements. This paper proposes a classification of requirements relationships from several perspectives such as Feature Oriented, Aspect Oriented and Goal Oriented Approaches. We compare and contrast these relationship classifications and provide examples of each to increase our understanding of this complex phenomenon. This paper aims at integrating requirements relationship classifications from major bodies of work in requirements engineering and to improve awareness on the role they play in software testing practices.

Abolhasan, M, Hagelstein, B & Wang, JC-P 1970, 'Real-world performance of current proactive multi-hop mesh protocols', 2009 15th Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications, 2009 15th Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC), IEEE, Shanghai, Shanghai, China, pp. 44-47.
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The proliferation of mesh or ad hoc network protocols has lead to a push for protocol standardisation. While there are a number of both open-source and proprietary mesh routing protocols being developed, there is only a small amount of literature available that shows relative strengths and weaknesses of different protocols. This paper investigates the performance of a number of available routing protocols using a real-world testbed. Three routing protocols - optimised link state routing (OLSR), better approach to mobile ad hoc network (B.A.T.M.A.N.) and BABEL - were chosen for this study. Our investigations focus on the multi-hopping performance and the ability of each routing protocol to recover from link failures. Our results show that B.A.T.M.A.N. and BABEL outperform OLSR both in terms of multi-hopping performance and in route re-discovery latency.

Adnan, R, Masjuki, HH & Mahlia, TMI 1970, 'An experimental investigation of unmodified DI diesel engine with hydrogen addition', 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE), 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE), IEEE, pp. 45-49.
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The consumption of fossil fuels spawns environmental considerations in addition to issues of energy demand, national security and resource availability. At global level, scientists warn that the combustion of fossil fuels is significantly changing the world's climate system. Local or regional concerns include smog, acid rain, and health implications of urban air pollution. Due to stringent emission norms and depletion of petroleum resources there has been a continuous effort to use alternative fuels such as hydrogen. It has its own benefits and limitations if it is used in conjunction with conventional fuel in diesel engine. The purpose of this article was to investigate the effect of hydrogen addition on performance and exhaust gas emission of stationary diesel engine. In this study, hydrogen was used as secondary fuel in a single cylinder 406 c.c. diesel engine. The hydrogen was injected through intake manifold and diesel was injected directly inside the combustion chamber. Series of experiments were conducted and it can be seen the effect of hydrogen addition in the increase of peak pressure from 5 bar to a maximum 21 bar, IMEP from 1.0 to 1.7 bar , indicated power from 4%-16%. There were also increases in NOx and CO emissions from 48-197 ppm and 423-758 ppm, respectively. Hydrogen addition causes increase in exhaust gas temperature from 3.1% to 10.2% particularly at 2500 rpm and reduction in O 2 emissions from 3.9% to 7.6% (by volume) throughout all engine speeds. ©2009 IEEE.

Agrawal, A, Kejalakshmy, N, Rahman, BMA & Grattan, KTV 1970, 'Soft Glass Spiral PCF with Flat Anomalous Dispersion at 1064nm and γ>2000 W−1km−1 at 1550nm', Optical Fiber Communication Conference and National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, OSA, pp. JThA2-JThA2.
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A soft-glass spiral PCF design is analysed using the FEM approach showing γ >2000 W-1km-1 at 1550nm and 4000 W-1km-1(1064nm). The design exhibits low, flat anomalous dispersion (~15 ps/nm.km and dispersion slope~0.25ps/nm2.km) at 1064nm. © Optical Society of America.

Agrawal, A, Kejalakshmy, N, Rahman, BMA & Grattan, KTV 1970, 'Soft glass spiral PCF with flat anomalous dispersion at 1064nm and γ2000 W^-1km^-1 at 1550nm', Conference on Optical Fiber Communication, Technical Digest Series.
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A soft-glass spiral PCF design is analysed using the FEM approach showing γ 2000 W-1km-1 at 1550nm and 4000 W -1km-1 (1064nm). The design exhibits low, flat anomalous dispersion (∼15 ps/nm.km and dispersion slope∼0.25ps/nm2.km) at 1064nm. © 2009 IEEE.

Aguilera, RP & Quevedo, DE 1970, 'Capacitor voltage estimation for predictive control algorithm of flying capacitor converters', 2009 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology, 2009 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology - (ICIT), IEEE, Churchill, AUSTRALIA, pp. 1-6.
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Aguilera, RP & Quevedo, DE 1970, 'Predictive control formulation for achieving a reduced finite control set in flying capacitor converters', 2009 European Control Conference (ECC), 2009 European Control Conference (ECC), IEEE, Budapest, Hungary, pp. 3955-3960.
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© 2009 EUCA. Multilevel Converters (MCs) have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional two level converters. These topologies present a better output voltage quality due to the reduction of the voltage steps by increasing the voltage number levels. Within the MC family, flying capacitor converters present a special attraction due to the easy way to increase output voltage levels by adding cells. Recently model predictive control algorithms have reached a special interest in MCs applications. In particular, finite control set predictive control algorithms applied to flying capacitor converters have shown that it is possible to achieve a good performance in the control of capacitor voltages and output current. For that purpose, at each sample time the controller explores all the switching states and determines the optimal one to be applied. However, the number of switching states grow exponentially in relation to the number of cells. This increases the time that the algorithm takes to find the optimal switching state. In this paper we present an off- line strategy to reduce the number of switching states to be explored in a finite control set predictive algorithm by using only those which produce that the system state point towards to the reference. Moreover, a sampling period design is presented to guarantee that the system state remains inside of a positive invariant set.

Al Aamri, H, Abolhasan, M, Wysocki, T & IEEE 1970, 'On Optimising Route Discovery in Absence of Previous Route Information in MANETs', 2009 IEEE VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-5, 69th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, IEEE, Barcelona, SPAIN, pp. 63-67.

AlAamri, H, Abolhasan, M & Wysocki, T 1970, 'On Optimising Route Discovery in Absence of Previous Route Information in MANETs', VTC Spring 2009 - IEEE 69th Vehicular Technology Conference, 2009 IEEE 69th Vehicular Technology Conference Spring, IEEE, Barcelona, Spain, pp. 1-5.
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This paper present a new routing protocol for Ad hoc networks, called On-demand Tree-based Routing Protocol (OTRP). This protocol combines the idea of hop-by-hop routing such as AODV with an efficient route discovery algorithm called Tree-based Optimized Flooding (TOF) to improve scalability of Ad hoc networks when there is no previous knowledge about the destination. To achieve this in OTRP, route discovery overheads are minimized by selectively flooding the network through a limited set of nodes, referred to as branching-nodes. The theoretical analysis and simulation results showed that OTRP outperforms AODV, DYMO, and OLSR and it reduces overheads as number of nodes and traffic increase.

AlAamri, H, Abolhasan, M & Wysocki, T 1970, 'Routing metric for multi-interface and power-aware nodes in heterogeneous MANETs', 2009 15th Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications, 2009 15th Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC), IEEE, Shanghai, Shanghai, China, pp. 372-375.
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This paper presents heterogeneity ratio (HR) as a new routing metric for heterogeneous MANETs. This metric is the ratio of number of powerful nodes to hop count that is used to select the best path to destination. Node heterogeneity is modeled in terms of: types and number of different interfaces, power, and transmission ranges. Our proposed routing metric is based on developing route discovery algorithm that is implemented on the top of on-demand tree-based routing protocol (OTRP)[2] to accommodate nodes heterogeneity. Simulation results show that using HR with OTRP heterogeneity aware outperforms other metrics like minimal hop count and maximal number of powerful nodes.

Alempijevic, A, Kodagoda, S & Dissanayake, G 1970, 'Mutual Information Based Data Association', PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2009 FIFTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT SENSORS, SENSOR NETWORKS AND INFORMATION PROCESSING, Conference on Novel Optical Systems Design and Optimization XIII, IEEE, San Diego, CA, pp. 97-102.

Alempijevic, A, Kodagoda, S, Dissanayake, G & IEEE 1970, 'Cross-Modal Localization Through Mutual Information', 2009 IEEE-RSJ INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT ROBOTS AND SYSTEMS, International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, IEEE, St Louis, Missouri, pp. 5597-5602.
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Relating information originating from disparate sensors observing a given scene is a challenging task, particularly when an appropriate model of the environment or the behaviour of any particular object within it is not available. One possible strategy to address this task is to examine whether the sensor outputs contain information which can be attributed to a common cause. In this paper, we present an approach to localise this embedded common information through an indirect method of estimating mutual information between all signal sources. Ability of L1 regularization to enforce sparseness of the solution is exploited to identify a subset of signals that are related to each other, from among a large number of sensor outputs. As opposed to the conventional L2 regularization, the proposed method leads to faster convergence with much reduced spurious associations. Simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the findings. © 2009 IEEE.

Alempijevic, A, Kodagoda, S, Dissanayake, G & IEEE 1970, 'Mutual Information Based Data Association', 2009 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT SENSORS, SENSOR NETWORKS AND INFORMATION PROCESSING (ISSNIP 2009), International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing, IEEE, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 97-102.
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Relating information originating from disparate sensors without any attempt to model the environment or the behaviour of any particular object within it is a challenging task. Inspired by human perception, the focus of this paper will be on observing objects moving in space using sensors that operate based on different physical principles and the fact that motion has in principle, greater power to specify properties of an object than purely spatial information captured as a single observation in time. The contribution of this paper include the development of a novel strategy for detecting a set of signals that are statistically dependent and correspond to each other related by a common cause. Mutual Information is proposed as a measure of statistical dependence. The algorithm is evaluated through simulations and three application domains, which includes, (1.) Grouping problem in images, (2.) Data association problem in moving observers with dynamic targets, and (3.) Multi-modal sensor fusion. © 2009 IEEE.

Al-hassan, M, Lu, H & Lu, J 1970, 'A framework for delivering personalized e-government services from a citizen-centric approach', Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Information Integration and Web-based Applications & Services, iiWAS '09: 11th International Conference on Information Integration and Web-based Applications & Services, ACM, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp. 436-440.
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E-government is becoming more attentive towards providing intelligent personalized online services to citizens so that citizens can receive better services with less time and effort. This paper proposes a new conceptual framework for delivering personalized e-government services to citizens from a citizen-centric approach, called Pe-Gov service framework. This framework outlines the main components and their interconnections. Detailed explanations about these components are given and the special features of this framework are highlighted. This framework has the potential to outperform the existing e-Gov service systems as illustrated by two real life examples.

Al-Kilidar, H & Johnson, C 1970, 'The Use of Wikispace in Engineering Education', 20th Annual Conference for the Australasian Association for Engineering Education, Annual Conference of Australasian Association for Engineering Education, The School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Austral, Adelaide, South Australia, pp. 381-387.
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Wikispaces was piloted as an educational tool for improving teaching and learning at the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales with class of 54 enrolled students. An active and self-directed learning approach was used in this subject based on interactive/ discussion-based lectures and tutorials, debates and presentations as well as private study. Students experiences and readings were to be reflected through contributions to class and wiki discussions to facilitate brain-storming, inquisitions and facilitate students' learning from each other. This paper reflects on the use of Wikispaces as a teaching strategy and presents results of students' responses to a questionnaire about the use of the wiki tool, and general teaching and learning of the subject. Analyses of responses suggested that students expressed positive experiences using wikispaces and that wikispaces correlated positively with students' performance.

Al-Kilidar, H, Hamedanimojarrad, P & Davis, SR 1970, 'Towards a Framework for Sustainability Indicators in Construction Developments', CRIOCM2009: INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ADVANCEMENT OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND REAL ESTATE, VOLS 1-6, pp. 476-485.

Alonso Martin, H, Revel, A & Huynh, P 1970, 'Heat Loss and Evaporation Rate from an Agitated Water Tank', Proceedings of the 7th World Conference on Experimental Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics, World Conference on Experimental Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics, AGH University of Science and Technology Press, Krakow, Poland, pp. 1207-1214.
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ABSTRACT. Experiments have been performed to investigate the heat loss and evaporation rate from an open-top tank of heated water that is also agitated vigorously by air bubbling through it. High consumption of electrical energy in heating the solutions for an electroplating process prompted this study; and the experimental set-up thus serves as a model for an electroplating tank in this process. Air is injected from the tanks floor, and an electrical heater is used to maintain water at a constant, elevated temperature, compensating the heat being lost to the surroundings. A heat transfer model is developed for the process and is seen to agree well with measurements. Waters evaporation rate is found to be proportional to the injected air flow rate, and that most of the supplied energy goes into evaporating the water.

Alsmairat, I, Shankaran, R, Orgun, M & Dutkiewicz, E 1970, 'Securing Session Initiation Protocol in Voice over IP Domain', 2009 Eighth IEEE International Conference on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing, 2009 International Conference on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing (DASC), IEEE, pp. 78-83.
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Voice service is vulnerable to a number of attacks that can compromise the confidentiality, integrity and authenticity of voice communication. This paper describes the design of communication protocols for securing SIP based VOIP communication. It presents the architectural principles involved and the overall security solution comprising the design of secure extensions to SIP messages. Finally it evaluates the performance of the proposed scheme and presents some results. © 2009 IEEE.

Antle, AN, Corness, G, Bakker, S, Droumeva, M, van den Hoven, E, Bevans, A & ACM 1970, 'Designing to Support Reasoned Imagination through Embodied Metaphor', C & C 09: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2009 ACM SIGCHI CONFERENCE ON CREATIVITY AND COGNITION, C&C' 09, ACM, Berkeley, CA, USA, pp. 275-284.
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Supporting users' reasoned imagination in sense making during interaction with tangible and embedded computation involves supporting the application of their existing mental schemata in understanding new forms of interaction. Recent studies that include an embodied metaphor in the interaction model, which relates action-based inputs to digital outputs, have provided evidence that this approach is beneficial. Yet the design of such systems has been difficult and full of setbacks. Wide spread adoption of this approach requires a better understanding of how to design such embodied metaphor-based interactional models. We analyze three recent design-based research studies in which we have been involved in order to derive design knowledge that may inform others. Following a case study methodology we identify kernels or points in the design process where discontinuities between predicted and actual interaction highlight important design knowledge.

Aoki, Y, Sri Ravindrarajah, R & Khabbaz, H 1970, 'Effect Of Fly Ash Performance Of Pervious Concrete', Ninth ACI International Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixtures in Concrete and Tenth ACI International Conference on Recent Advances in Concrete Technology and Sustainability Issues - SUPPLEMENTARY PAPERS, ACI International Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixtures in Concrete and Tenth ACI International Conference onRecent Advances in Concrete Technology and Sustainability Issues, ACI International Conference, Seville, Spain, pp. 511-520.
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Production of good quality pervious concrete is necessary to meet specification requirements for the construction of durable concrete pervious pavements. This paper reports and discusses the results of an experimental investigation into the physical and engineering properties ofpervious concrete having varying amounts of fly ash as the cement replacement material. The following properties were studied: porosity density, compressive strength weight loss on drying, free drying shrinkage and water permeability. The results thowed that porosity has significant effect on compressive strength and permeability of pervioos concrete. Replacement of cement with fly ash up to 50%, by mass ofbinder, had no significant effect on the water permeability and shrinkage ofshe pervious concrete, although marginal effect on strength was noticed.

Ashamalla, AN, Beydoun, G & Low, G 1970, 'Towards Agent-Oriented Approach to a Call Management System.', ISD, International Conference on Information Systems Development, Springer, Nanchang, China, pp. 345-356.
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There is more chance of a completed sale if the end customers and relationship managers are suitably matched. This in turn can reduce the number of calls made by a call centre reducing operational costs such as working time and phone bills. This chapter is part of ongoing research aimed at helping a CMC to make better use of its personnel and equipment while maximizing the value of the service it offers to its client companies and end customers. This is accomplished by ensuring the optimal use of resources with appropriate real-time scheduling and load balancing and matching the end customers to appropriate relationship managers. In a globalized market, this may mean taking into account the cultural environment of the customer, as well as the appropriate profile and/or skill of the relationship manager to communicate effectively with the end customer. The chapter evaluates the suitability of a MAS to a call management system and illustrates the requirement analysis phase using i∗ models.

Athab, HS & Lu, DD-C 1970, 'Quasi-active power factor correction using transformer-assisted driving voltage', 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems - ISCAS 2009, IEEE, Taipei, TAIWAN, pp. 1981-1984.
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Athab, HS, Ramar, K & Dah-Chuan Lu, D 1970, 'An efficient quasi-active power factor correction scheme', 2009 IEEE Symposium on Industrial Electronics & Applications, Applications (ISIEA 2009), IEEE, pp. 536-541.
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This paper presents a novel input current shaper based on a quasi-active power factor correction (PFC) scheme. The power factor is improved by adding two auxiliary windings coupled to the transformer of a cascade dc/dc flyback converter. The auxiliary windings are placed between the input rectifier and the low-frequency filter capacitor to serve as a magnetic switch to drive an input inductor. Since the dc/dc converter is operated at high switching frequency, the auxiliary windings produce a high frequency pulsating source such that the input current conduction angle is significantly lengthened and the input current harmonics is reduced. It eliminates the use of active switch and control circuit for PFC. The input inductor can be designed to operate in discontinuous current mode (DCM) with lower harmonic content or continuous conduction mode (CCM) with higher efficiency. However, a trade-off between efficiency and harmonic content must be made. Operating principles, analysis, simulation and practical results of the proposed method are presented. © 2009 IEEE.

Babister, KM, Retallick, ME & Ball, JE 1970, 'Two dimensional simulation in urban areas', Proceedings of H2009 the 32nd Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium, Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium, Engineers Australia, Newcastle, Australia, pp. 430-438.
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A number of areas associated with current practices for floodplain modelling have been highlighted during the revision of ARR as requiring further investigation. One of these areas and hence the reason for one of the revision projects is the need for guidance on 2D modelling in urban areas. This need for guidance has increased as 2D models have become the tool of choice for prediction of flood behaviour within urban floodplains throughout Australia. These 2D models also are being used to simulate rainfall-runoff processes that traditionally have been modelled using conceptual lumped storage rainfall-runoff routing models. The revision project implemented to satisfy this need adopted a non-traditional approach. Instead of inviting a small group of authors to write the project report, a team of authors that represented model suppliers, experienced users, academics and clients from across Australia was assembled. The team used an online wiki tool to develop content collaboratively. Outlined in this paper are the process, experiences learned and details of the final report arising from this project.

Bakker, S, Antle, AN & van den Hoven, E 1970, 'Identifying embodied metaphors in children's sound-action mappings', Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children, IDC '09: The 8th International Conference on Interactive Design and Children, ACM, Como, Italy, pp. 140-149.
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Physical activity and manipulating physical objects can be beneficial for learning. Earlier studies [2] have shown that interaction models that rely on unconscious and embodied knowledge (based on embodied metaphors) can benefit the learning process. However, more than one embodied metaphor might be applicable. In this paper, we present the results of a user study (n=65) designed to identify embodied metaphors seven to nine year old children use when enacting abstract concepts related to musical sound. The results provide evidence that multiple different embodied metaphors can unconsciously be used to structure the understanding of these concepts. In addition, we have identified and categorized commonly used metaphors based on the children's enactments of changing sound concepts.

Ball, JE, Babister, KM & Phillips, B 1970, 'Estimation of Design Flood Flows Considering Climate Change', 33rd IAHR Congress Water Engineering For A Sustainable Environment, International Association of Hydraulic Engineering & Research, International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research, Vancouver, Canada, pp. 734-740.
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Since 1958, when it was first released, Australian Rainfall and Runoff has remained one of the most influential and widely used guidelines for estimation of flood flows in Australia. Since publication of the current edition, initially published in 1987, there have been advances in the theory of flood flows and changes in the application of engineering hydrology to the estimation of flood flows which warrant updating of the current document. One area where these advances have been significant has been in the understanding of the potential for climate change and the influence on current estimates of flood flows. As a result of these advances, the Federal Department of Climate Change in conjunction with EngineersAustralia has developed a funding package for the Australian Rainfall and Runoff Revision Projects. Presented herein are details of the projects undertaken as part of this funding package and how the information from these projects will be utilised in the revision of Australian Rainfall and Runoff.

Bang Zhang, Getian Ye, Yang Wang, Jie Xu & Herman, G 1970, 'Finding shareable informative patterns and optimal coding matrix for multiclass boosting', 2009 IEEE 12th International Conference on Computer Vision, 2009 IEEE 12th International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), IEEE, Kyoto, JAPAN, pp. 56-63.
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Bang Zhang, Getian Ye, Yang Wang, Wei Wang, Jie Xu, Gunawan Herman & Jun Yang 1970, 'Informative frequent assembled feature for face detection', 2009 16th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), 2009 16th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing ICIP 2009, IEEE, Cairo, EGYPT, pp. 1205-1208.
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Barzinpour, F, Izadbakhsh, HR, Azadeh, A & Saberi, M 1970, 'A Genetic Algorithm for Total Assessment of Telecommunication Sectors', 2009 3RD IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DIGITAL ECOSYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES, 3rd IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies, IEEE, Istanbul, TURKEY, pp. 242-+.

Barzmpour, F, Izadbakhsh, HR, Azadeh, A & Saben, M 1970, 'A genetic algorithm for total assessment of telecommunication sectors', 2009 3rd IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies, 2009 3rd IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies (DEST), IEEE, pp. 97-102.
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This paper presents a genetic algorithm (GA) to assessment the decision making units (DMU). The Telecommunication sectors based on standards indicators identified by international telecommunication union (ITU) are considered for total assessment by the proposed approach. The indicators are categorized as telephone network size, other services, quality of service, traffic, tariffs, staff, demography, economy, information technology, broadcasting and mobile services. To present the applicability of the proposed approach, data for the year 2003 of 62 developed and developing countries are used. A total of 9 indicators are considered, out of which 4 are inputs and 5 are outputs respectively. The results of GA are verified by Principle Component Analysis (PCA) approach. The results show weak and strong points of each sector and identify the most efficient inputs or outputs, which can aid management in overall assessment. The proposed approach of this study may be easily used for assessment of other sectors. ©2009 IEEE.

Beamish, B, Kizil, M, Willey, K & Gardner, AP 1970, 'Monitoring mining engineering undergraduate perceptions of contribution to group project work', Proceedings of the 20th Australasian Association for Engineering Education Conference, Annual Conference of Australasian Association for Engineering Education, The School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia, pp. 318-325.
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A combination of self and peer assessment is a powerful and rich teaching and learning management tool that can be used to monitor and evaluate group performance in project work. An on-line system (SPARKPLUS â Self and Peer Assessment Resource Kit) has been developed to simplify this process for the academic. This system generates factors for both the peer assessment weighting to be applied for individual contribution and the studentâs perception of their contribution compared to their peers by using key assessment criteria and a rigorous algorithm that is applied to the student evaluations of themselves and their peers. This paper describes and evaluates the introduction of SPARKPLUS to assess the performance of Mining Engineering Undergraduates in Year 3 at The University of Queensland in the first semester of 2008 in two of their core undergraduate courses that required group project work to be completed for assessment. The results obtained from this initial trial show the potential for improving student behaviour in group work through a structured approach to monitoring and feedback of their performance. It was found that male students with GPAs ⤠5 tend to overestimate their contribution to group work more frequently than their peers whereas the opposite applies for male students with GPAs > 5.

Beck, C, Miro, JV, Dissanayake, G & IEEE 1970, 'Trajectory Optimisation for Increased Stability of Mobile Robots Operating in Uneven Terrains', 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONTROL AND AUTOMATION, VOLS 1-3, IEEE International Conference on Control and Automation, IEEE, Christchurch, NZ, pp. 1913-1919.
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A mechanism capable of enhancing the safety of paths followed by mobile robots which significantly modify their mass distribution while operating in uneven terrains is presented. This is the case, for instance, of kinematically reconfigurable platforms or robots equipped with manipulator arms. For a given path, a trajectory optimiser that finds suitably 'safer' paths in terms of tip-over prevention and equal force distribution over the supporting contact points is proposed. Other kinematic considerations such as operating within given nominal joint positions or low energy motions can also be exploited to improve system stability while being deployed in specific domains such as security, rescue, etc. Simulation results of the proposed optimised motion planner for an iRobot Explorer tracked vehicle are presented. They are also compared with a non-optimised planners to show the validity of the approach. ©2009 IEEE.

Beck, D & Wong, STC 1970, 'Conference Scene: Wake-Up Call for The Engineering and Biomedical Science Communities in Nanomedicine', Nanomedicine, Informa UK Limited, pp. 515-517.
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The IEEE-NIH 4th Life Science Systems and Applications Workshop 2009 (LiSSA ’09) was jointly organized by the IEEE LiSSA Technical Committee and the NIH Nano Task Force. It was endorsed by the NIH Biomedical Information Science and Technology Initiative (BISTI) and the National Library of Medicine. The workshop was held in the Natcher Conference Center on the NIH campus in Bethesda, MD, USA. It took place on the 9–10 April, 2009, during the NIH NanoWeek and had approximately 200 delegates from around the globe (including North America, Europe, Asia and Australia) from both engineering and biomedical science disciplines. The conference featured around 40 talks, including nine plenary speakers emphasizing current state-of-the-art nanotechnology practices, developments and industry applications. All talks were scheduled in three oral and seven special sessions, as well as three breakout sessions. In addition, the interactive poster sessions hosted over 30 abstracts and attracted much attention from the audience; these sessions were readily used by many attendees to connect with colleagues of similar interest. In this article, we provide some of the highlights from the workshop.

Beck, D, Zhou, X, Pham, T, Sabatini, B & Wong, STC 1970, 'An image driven systems biology approach for neurodegenerative disease studies in the TSC-mTOR pathway', 2009 IEEE/NIH Life Science Systems and Applications Workshop, 2009 IEEE/NIH Life Science Systems and Applications Workshop (LiSSA) Formerly known as LSSA and, IEEE, pp. 36-39.
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In this brief paper we present an overview of the TSC-mTOR pathway and its importance in neurodegenerative disease (ND). We illustrate the influence of ND on dendritic spine morphology. Then we discuss some details of functional gene networks (FGN) and use this information to propose an image driven systems biology approach for the construction of a FGN for ND. We conclude on its importance and the prospective outcome of our study. © 2009 IEEE.

Bennett, NS, Ahn, C, Cowern, NEB & Pichler, P 1970, 'Review of Stress Effects on Dopant Solubility in Silicon and Silicon-Germanium Layers', Solid State Phenomena, Trans Tech Publications, Ltd., pp. 173-180.
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We present a review of both theoretical and experimental studies of stress effects on the solubility of dopants in silicon and silicon-germanium materials. Critical errors and limitations in early theory are discussed, and a recent treatment incorporating charge carrier induced lattice strain and correct statistics is presented. Considering all contributing effects, the strain compensation energy is the primary contribution to solubility enhancement in both silicon and silicon-germanium for dopants of technological interest. An exception is the case of low-solubility dopants, where a Fermi level contribution is also found. Explicit calculations for a range of dopant impurities in Si are presented that agree closely with experimental findings for As, Sb and B in strained Si. The theoretical treatment is also applied to account for stress effects in strained SiGe structures, which also show close correlation with recently derived experimental results for B-doped strained SiGe which are presented here for the first time.

Benter, A, Xu, R, Moore, W, Antolovich, M & Gao, J 1970, 'Fragment size detection within homogeneous material using ground penetrating radar', 2009 International Radar Conference 'Surveillance for a Safer World', RADAR 2009.
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Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) offers the ability to observe the internal structure of a pile of rocks. Large fragments within the pile may not be visible on the surface. Determining these large fragment sizes before collection can improve mine productivity. This research has examined the potential to identify objects where the background media and the object exhibit the same dielectric properties. Preliminary results are presented which show identification is possible using standard GPR equipment.

Bernardo, DV & Hoang, D 1970, 'Network Security Considerations for a New Generation Protocol UDT', 2009 2ND IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTER SCIENCE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, VOL 3, IEEE International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology, IEEE Communications Society, Beijing China, pp. 125-130.
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This paper evaluates security issues of the recently designed and implemented next generation protocol UDTv4 and offers two contributions to this area of research. Firstly, since UDT is a relatively new protocol, its security requirements have not been considered and explored. An examination investigating its security requirements in implementation is performed. The objective is to achieve a wide class of security methods used on existing mature protocols such as TCP and UDP, and other developed variants such as DCCP and STCP. This will assist investigators, designers, and users who consider and incorporate security when implementing UDT. Secondly, it aims to provide ways of securing applications and traffic using UDT protocol as well as making recommendations for adequate methods to address its security requirements. This will highlight UDT's security limitations and determine the threshold of feasible security schemes within the constraints under which UDT was designed and developed.

Bernardo, DV, Chua, BB & Hoang, D 1970, 'Quantitative security risk assessment (SRA) method: An empirical case study', 2009 World Congress on Nature & Biologically Inspired Computing (NaBIC), 2009 World Congress on Nature & Biologically Inspired Computing (NaBIC), IEEE, Comibatore, India, pp. 972-977.
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This paper introduces a novel approach to a more practical Quantitative SRA. The approach formalized in this paper is based on the methods described in various risk assessment frameworks that were described by existing international standards with adjustments combining qualitative and ranking method based on distance-based approach. The successful implementation of this approach in four organizations provides an alternative conventional means of performing a more practical Quantitative SRA, in a manner consistent with current set of standards and practices.

Beydoun, G 1970, 'Using Formal Concept Analysis towards Cooperative E-Learning', KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION: APPROACHES, ALGORITHMS AND APPLICATIONS, 10th Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (PRICAI 2008), SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN, Hanoi, VIETNAM, pp. 109-117.

Beydoun, G, Krishna, AK, Ghose, A & Low, GC 1970, 'Towards Ontology-Based MAS Methodologies: Ontology-Based Early Requirements', INFORMATION SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT: CHALLENGES IN PRACTICE, THEORY AND EDUCATION, VOLS 1AND 2, 16th International Conference on Information Systems Development, SPRINGER, Natl Univ Ireland, Cairnes Grad Sch Business, Galway, IRELAND, pp. 923-935.
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Bhatia, TA, Patil, KI & Choudhary, PA 1970, 'Distillation Operations - Methods, Operational and Design Issues', National Conference on Advances in Heat and Mass Transfer, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India.
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Distillation is one of the oldest and most common methods for the purification of liquids. It has been used for centuries to concentrate dilute alcoholic beverages and to obtain perfumes from fruits and flowers. In this paper various methods of distillation,operating principles, equipment for distillation are discussed in detail. Various design and operating policies for binary distillation columns are discussed with objective of maximizing production rate. Significant increasing in capacity can be realized byoptimum design of column-i.e. number of trays, trays hold up, reflux drum hold up etcand optimum operation- i.e. reflux ratio and start up procedure. Equipment andcolumn size issues discussed here may be useful to practicing engineers in early stage of distillation design. Some issues in the design and operation of a batch and continuous distillation column are addressed.

Bliuc, D, Nguyen, ND, Nguyen, TV, Eisman, JA & Center, JR 1970, 'Role of bone density and clinical risk factors in mortality risk following all osteoporotic fractures in elderly women and men: An 18-year prospective study from Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study', Bone, 2nd Joint Meeting of the International-Bone-and-Mineral-Society/Australian-New-Zealand-Bone-and-Mineral-Society, Elsevier BV, Sydney, AUSTRALIA, pp. S21-S22.
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Bogdanov, A & Qiao, Y 1970, 'On the Security of Goldreich’s One-Way Function', APPROXIMATION, RANDOMIZATION, AND COMBINATORIAL OPTIMIZATION, 12th International Workshop on Approximation Algorithms for Combinatorial Optimization Problems/13th International Workshop on Randomization and Computation, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berkeley, CA, pp. 392-405.
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Bogg, P, Beydoun, G & Low, G 1970, 'Problem-Solving Methods in Agent-Oriented Software Engineering.', ISD, International Conference on Information Systems Development, Springer, Nanchang, China, pp. 243-254.
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Problem-solving methods (PSM) are abstract structures that describe specific reasoning processes employed to solve a set of similar problems. We envisage that off-the-shelf PSMs can assist in the development of agent-oriented solutions, not only as reusable and extensible components that software engineers employ for designing agent architecture solutions, but just as importantly as a set of runtime capabilities that agents themselves dynamically employ in order to solve problems. This chapter describes PSMs for agent-oriented software engineering (AOSE) that address interaction-dependent problem-solving such as negotiation or cooperation. An extension to an AOSE methodology MOBMAS is proposed whereby PSMs are integrated in the software development phases of MAS Organization Design, Internal Design, and Interaction Design. In this way, knowledge engineering drives the development of agent-oriented systems. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011.

Bogg, P, Beydoun, G & Low, G 1970, 'TOWARDS PROBLEM SOLVING METHODS IN MULTI-AGENT SYSTEMS', ICSOFT 2009: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOFTWARE AND DATA TECHNOLOGIES, VOL 2, 4th International Conference on Software and Data Technologies, INSTICC-INST SYST TECHNOLOGIES INFORMATION CONTROL & COMMUNICATION, Sofia, BULGARIA, pp. 308-313.

Bor-Chen Kuo, Chun-Hsiang Chuang, Cheng-Hsuan Li & Chin-Teng Lin 1970, 'Subspace selection based multiple classifier systems for hyperspectral image classification', 2009 First Workshop on Hyperspectral Image and Signal Processing: Evolution in Remote Sensing, 2009 First Workshop on Hyperspectral Image and Signal Processing: Evolution in Remote Sensing (WHISPERS), IEEE, Grenoble, FRANCE, pp. 1-4.
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Brakel, JW, Gay, V & Leijdekkers, P 1970, ''From the hippocratic oath to electronic data storage': Ethical aspects for m-health projects in Australia', Proceedings of the IADIS International Conference e-Health 2009, Part of the IADIS Multi Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems, MCCSIS 2009, International Association for Development of the Information Society International Conference, IADIS Press, Algarve, Portugal, pp. 115-122.
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This paper discusses the issue of ethics when it comes to trialling m-health applications in a hospital environment in Australia. Our team has developed a personalised health monitoring application for smart phones using wireless biosensors to monitor and instruct patients. This paper discusses some of the Australian guidelines regarding ethical aspects of running technological trials of such mobile health projects on cardiac patients. Ethical issues regarding mobile health projects can be generally divided in two parts. The first one concerns any potential dangers to the patient's health. Although testing can also be done on healthy test subjects, the best way to acquire real-life test-data is to perform tests on actual cardiac patients. The second one is the privacy aspect in the doctor-patient relationship as some patients do not want to be identified as having a disease or do not want to have their records kept on file and used in scientific publications. Nevertheless, to show the benefits of this personalized m-health monitoring, a technical trial has to be conducted and research data needs to be published in a verifiable way. This paper gives an introduction into ethical regulations, organizations and issues in Australia. It describes, in detail, the issues involved in conducting technical trials in Australian hospitals. The paper gives several recommendations on how to deal with ethics in personalised m-health monitoring projects. © 2009 IADIS.

Braun, R, Chaczko, Z & Chiang, F 1970, 'Towards a new information-centric view of Wireless Sensor Networks', BROADBANDCOM 2009 - Selected Papers on Broadband Communication, Information Technology and Biomedical Applications, International Conference of Broadband Communication, Information Technology and Biomedical Applications, BroadBandCom '09, Wroclaw, Poland, pp. 229-232.
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This paper presents a new paradigm for viewing the work of Wireless Sensor Networks. The Observed Field (OF) is described as a multi-dimensional Information Space (ISp). The Wireless Sensor Network is described as a Transformation Space (TS), while the information collector is a single point consumer of information, described as an Information Sink (ISi). Formal mathematical descriptions are suggested for the OF and the ISp. Mathematical descriptions for the TS and the ISi, based on the notion of Path Mutual Information, are proposed. Information flows from ISp to ISi via TS. TS can be formally thought of as a multi-dimensional transform function between ISp and ISi. It can be aggregated into a notional multidimensional value. This formal mathematical description can be used to create numerical optimization routines for generating TSs, against cost functions such as power consumption, and constraints such as maximum distance between sensors.

Bremner, MJ 1970, 'Are random pure states useful for quantum computation?', Institute of Mathematics and its Applications Conference on Quantum Computing and Complexity of Quantum Simulation, London.
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Quantum computing represents the prodigiously fertile union of quantum physics with the theory of computation and especially issues of computational complexity. It is known that quantum processes can offer solutions to some information processing tasks that are exponentially more efficient than any known classical methods. Perhaps the most celebrated example is Shor's 1994 quantum algorithm for integer factorisation. In recent years there has been a surge of activity in our understanding of quantum computational power and its prospective applicability and limitations. A variety of problems in diverse areas of mathematics, has been identified (so-called BQP-complete problems) that have efficient quantum algorithms and also embody the full power of efficient quantum computation. In quantum many body physics (including study of quantum circuits, of local hamiltonians, and of further formalisms such as measurement based computing) some problems have been shown, surprisingly, to admit efficient classical solution while others (e.g. certain ground state properties of local hamiltonians) are likely to be computationally intractible, having been shown to be so-called QMA-complete. Quantum entanglement is often regarded as an essential ingredient in these considerations and there has been considerable development in understanding its scaling behaviour in many body systems. This conference is devoted to recent theoretical developments in these areas and related issues. Invited speakers will be requested to include overview material (in addition to recent research) with the aim of making the essential ideas of these important developments accessible to a broader audience of QIP researchers.

Bremner, MJ 1970, 'Instantaneous quantum computation', Institute of Mathematics and its Applications Conference on Quantum Computing and Complexity of Quantum Simulation, London.
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Quantum computing represents the prodigiously fertile union of quantum physics with the theory of computation and especially issues of computational complexity. It is known that quantum processes can offer solutions to some information processing tasks that are exponentially more efficient than any known classical methods. Perhaps the most celebrated example is Shor's 1994 quantum algorithm for integer factorisation. In recent years there has been a surge of activity in our understanding of quantum computational power and its prospective applicability and limitations. A variety of problems in diverse areas of mathematics, has been identified (so-called BQP-complete problems) that have efficient quantum algorithms and also embody the full power of efficient quantum computation. In quantum many body physics (including study of quantum circuits, of local hamiltonians, and of further formalisms such as measurement based computing) some problems have been shown, surprisingly, to admit efficient classical solution while others (e.g. certain ground state properties of local hamiltonians) are likely to be computationally intractible, having been shown to be so-called QMA-complete. Quantum entanglement is often regarded as an essential ingredient in these considerations and there has been considerable development in understanding its scaling behaviour in many body systems. This conference is devoted to recent theoretical developments in these areas and related issues. Invited speakers will be requested to include overview material (in addition to recent research) with the aim of making the essential ideas of these important developments accessible to a broader audience of QIP researchers.

Bremner, MJ 1970, 'Instantaneous quantum computation', Twelth Workshop on Quantum Information Processing, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA.
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Fifteen years ago, Shor's efficient quantum algorithms for factoring integers and evaluating discrete logarithms launched the field of quantum information processing (QIP) into the public consciousness. QIP is now one of the most active and fastest-growing research areas in computer science and physics, spanning topics such as quantum computation, quantum communication, and quantum cryptography. QIP 2009 is the twelfth in a series of international workshops dedicated to disseminating recent theoretical advances in this field.

Bremner, MJ 1970, 'Most quantum states are useless for measurement-based quantum computation', Twelth Workshop on Quantum Information Processing, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA.
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Fifteen years ago, Shor's efficient quantum algorithms for factoring integers and evaluating discrete logarithms launched the field of quantum information processing (QIP) into the public consciousness. QIP is now one of the most active and fastest-growing research areas in computer science and physics, spanning topics such as quantum computation, quantum communication, and quantum cryptography. QIP 2009 is the twelfth in a series of international workshops dedicated to disseminating recent theoretical advances in this field.

Brodka, P, Musial, K & Kazienko, P 1970, 'A Performance of Centrality Calculation in Social Networks', 2009 International Conference on Computational Aspects of Social Networks, 2009 International Conference on Computational Aspects of Social Networks (CASON), IEEE, ESIGETEL, Fontainebleau, FRANCE, pp. 24-31.
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Brodka, P, Musial, K & Kazienko, P 1970, 'Efficiency of Node Position Calculation in Social Networks', KNOWLEDGE-BASED AND INTELLIGENT INFORMATION AND ENGINEERING SYSTEMS, PT II, PROCEEDINGS, 13th International Conference on Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Univ Chile, Fac Phys Sci & Math, Santiago, CHILE, pp. 455-463.
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Brooks, PA, Manamperi, P, Liu, D & Dissanayake, G 1970, 'A robotic grit-blasting system for steel bridge maintenance', The 2009 Australasian Corrosion Association (ACA) conference, 15-18 November 2009,, Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia.
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Corrosion is the primary cause of failure in steel bridges. Stripping of rust and deteriorated paint and then repainting the steel are the procedures in steel bridge maintenance, and is one of the biggest expenditure items in bridge maintenance activities. Grit-blasting, which is an effective and efficient method of paint stripping, is extremely labour intensive and hazardous. Workers have to not only spend long periods of time handling forces of 100N and above, but also need to take precautions to avoid exposure to the dust containing hazardous materials and chemicals. Thus supplementing manual labour in grit-blasting with robotic aids has a significant health, safety and economic impact.

Broomhead, T, Ridoux, J & Veitch, D 1970, 'Counter availability and characteristics for feed-forward based synchronization', Precision Clock Synchronization for Measurement, Control and Communication, 2009. ISPCS 2009. International Symposium on, IEEE, pp. 1-6.

Burnham, DR & McGloin, D 1970, 'Modelling aerosol optical tweezers', Advances in Imaging, Optical Trapping Applications, OSA, pp. OTuB3-OTuB3.
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Burnham, DR & McGloin, D 1970, 'Modelling aerosol optical tweezers', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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In this talk we discuss our recent work on the modelling of airborne optical traps, looking at the Brownian motion the particles, but paying particular attention to the optical forces that influence trap behaviour. © 2008 Optical Society of America.

Cagno, E, Trucco, P, Trianni, A & Sala, G 1970, 'A modular energy scan model for SMEs', IMETI 2009 - 2nd International Multi-Conference on Engineering and Technological Innovation, Proceedings, pp. 205-210.
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The growth of energy need - especially of new consumers like China and India -, the uncertainty in fuel prices and the scarcity of use of renewable sources pave the way to the emerging role of energy efficiency as a competitive advantage in a globalised market. Unfortunately small & medium enterprises (SMEs), the large majority of firms in a country, generally do not have a high operational energy efficiency, since they are characterized mainly by scarcely standardized operations and cannot afford too expensive energy audits and management programs. This paper aims at introducing an innovative framework that has been developed to achieve the operational energy efficiency of SMEs. Firstly, through an accurate breakdown of the firm into functional units, the main consuming areas are identified so that a criticality index can be defined; secondly, an enhancement index highlights the gap of each unit towards the best available techniques/practices (BAT/Ps) in energy management programs. Finally, a synthetic index (priority index) created by the junction of the two previous indexes, points out the most profitable areas in which energy saving actions should be implemented. The methodology, particularly quick and simple, has been successfully tested in 25 SMEs in Northern Italy.

Cao, L 1970, 'Data Mining in Financial Markets', Advanced Data Mining and Applications, 5th International Conference, ADMA 2009, International Conference on Advanced Data Mining and Applications, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Budapest, Hungary, pp. 4-4.
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Cao, L, Luo, D & Zhang, C 1970, 'Ubiquitous Intelligence in Agent Mining', ADMI 2009, International Workshop on Agents and Data Mining Interaction, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Budapest, Hungary, pp. 23-35.
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Agent mining, namely the interaction and integration of multi-agent and data mining, has emerged as a very promising research area. While many mutual issues exist in both multi-agent and data mining areas, most of them can be described in terms of or related to ubiquitous intelligence. It is certainly very important to define, specify, represent, analyze and utilize ubiquitous intelligence in agents, data mining, and agent mining. This paper presents a novel but preliminary investigation of ubiquitous intelligence in these areas. We specify five types of ubiquitous intelligence: data intelligence, human intelligence, domain intelligence, network and web intelligence, organizational intelligence, and social intelligence. We define and illustrate them, and discuss techniques for involving them into agents, data mining, and agent mining for complex problem-solving. Further investigation on involving and synthesizing ubiquitous intelligence into agents, data mining, and agent mining will lead to a disciplinary upgrade from methodological, technical and practical perspectives.

Cao, Y, Peng, X, Kun, Z, Niu, Z, Xu, G & Wang, W 1970, 'Query Expansion Based on Query Log and Small World Characteristic', WEB INFORMATION SYSTEMS ENGINEERING - WISE 2009, PROCEEDINGS, 10th International Conference on Web Information Systems Engineering (WISE 2009), Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Poznan, POLAND, pp. 573-580.
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Catley, C, Smith, K, McGregor, C & Tracy, M 1970, 'Extending CRISP-DM to Incorporate Temporal Data Mining of Multidimensional Medical Data Streams: A Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Case Study', 2009 22ND IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON COMPUTER-BASED MEDICAL SYSTEMS, 22nd IEEE International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems, IEEE, NM, Albuquerque, pp. 418-+.

Catley, C, Smith, K, McGregor, C & Tracy, M 1970, 'Extending CRISP-DM to incorporate temporal data mining of multidimensional medical data streams: A neonatal intensive care unit case study', 2009 22nd IEEE International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems, 2009 22nd IEEE International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems (CBMS), IEEE, pp. 1-5.
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Using a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) case study, this work investigates the current CRoss Industry Standard Process for Data Mining (CRISP-DM) approach for modeling Intelligent Data Analysis (IDA)-based systems that perform temporal data mining (TDM). The case study highlights the need for an extended CRISP-DM approach when modeling clinical systems applying Data Mining (DM) and Temporal Abstraction (TA). As the number of such integrated TA/DM systems continues to grow, this limitation becomes significant and motivated our proposal of an extended CRISP-DM methodology to support TDM, known as CRISP-TDM. This approach supports clinical investigations on multi-dimensional time series data. This research paper has three key objectives: 1) Present a summary of the extended CRISP-TDM methodology; 2) Demonstrate the applicability of the proposed model to the NICU data, focusing on the challenges associated with multi-dimensional time series data; and 3) Describe the proposed IDA architecture for applying integrated TDM. ©2009 IEEE.

Chaczko, Z, Kohli, AS, Chiu, C & Mahadevan, V 1970, 'Patient Information Management: Application of Performance Theories for Healthcare', 2009 International Conference on Information and Multimedia Technology, 2009 International Conference on Information and Multimedia Technology, IEEE, Jeju Island, South Korea, pp. 173-178.
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This paper conceptualises the development of a Patient Information Management system to assist health care professionals and carers in providing an enhanced level of support to patients. By focusing on throughput analysis and mission criticality the system designers can make valued judgement on the needs of the professional and system's long term requirements.

Chaczko, Z, Moses, P & Chiu, C 1970, 'Co-operative Extended Kohonen Mapping (EKM) for Wireless Sensor Networks.', EUROCAST, International Conference Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain February 15-20, 2009, Springer, Spain, pp. 897-904.
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This paper discusses a methodology to manage wireless sensor networks (WSN) with self-organising feature maps, using co-operative Extended Kohonen Maps (EKMs). EKMs have been successfully demonstrated in other machine-learning contexts such as learning sensori-motor control and feedback tasks. Through a quantitative analysis of the algorithmic process, an indirect-mapping EKM can self-organise from a given input space, such as theWSNs external factors, to administer theWSNs routing and clustering functions with a control parameter space. Preliminary results demonstrate indirect mapping with EKMs provide an economical control and feedback mechanism by operating in a continuous sensory control space when compared with direct mapping techniques. By training the control parameter, a faster convergence is made with processes such as the recursive least squares method. The management of a WSNs clustering and routing procedures are enhanced by the co-operation of multiple self-organising EKMs to adapt to actively changing conditions in the environment.

CHACZKO, Z, MOULTON, B, MAHADEVAN, V & CAROLY, M 1970, 'DEVELOPMENT OF A PLATFORM-INDEPENDENT SCADA SYSTEM FOR HOTEL AUTOMATION USING SOAP PROTOCOL', Software Technology and Engineering, Proceedings of the International Conference on ICSTE 2009, WORLD SCIENTIFIC, pp. 222-229.
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Chan, KY, Yiu, KFC, Low, SY, Nordholm, S & Ling, SH 1970, 'Speech recognition enhancement using beamforming and a genetic algorithm', NSS: 2009 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NETWORK AND SYSTEM SECURITY, International Conference on network and System Security, IEEE, Gold Coast, Australia, pp. 510-515.
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This paper proposes a genetic algorithm (GA) based beamformer to optimize speech recognition accuracy for a pre-trained speech recognizer. The proposed beamformer is designed to tackle the non-differentiable and non-linear natures of speech recognition by employing the GA algorithm to search for the optimal beamformer weights. Specifically, a population of beamformer weights is reproduced by crossover and mutation until the optimal beamformer weights are obtained. Results show that the speech recognition accuracies can be greatly improved even in noisy environments. © 2009 IEEE.

Chandran, D 1970, 'Social networking on the Internet: Crisis puts a new face', Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Internet Technologies and Applications, ITA 09, International Conference on Internet Technologies and Applications, Glyndwr University, Wrexham, UK, Wrexham, UK, pp. 367-375.
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Over the past few years a dramatic increase in the use of Social networking websites, to the point in which it is considered unusually to not be part of one (or more) of them. Rather than attempt to explore a very specific section of social networking websites, I chose to look at some of the issues which have received some review over the past few years, and highlight some of the communication issues that result from the increased use of these websites. For this study, MySpace, Facebook and Friendster have been considered. Importance has been given to areas such as impression management, user profile, disclosure of personal information and role of these sites during the time of crisis. The paper suggests future areas of research.

Chang, L, Yu, JX & Qin, L 1970, 'Context-sensitive document ranking.', CIKM, ACM, pp. 1533-1536.
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Ranking is a main research issue in IR-styled keyword search over a set of documents. In this paper, we study a new keyword search problem, called context-sensitive document ranking, which is to rank documents with an additional context that provides additional information about the application domain where the documents are to be searched and ranked. The work is motivated by the fact that additional information associated with the documents can possibly assist users to find more relevant documents when they are unable to find the needed documents from the documents alone. In this paper, a context is a multi-attribute graph, which can represent any information maintained in a relational database. The context-sensitive ranking is related to several research issues, how to score documents, how to evaluate the additional information obtained in the context that may contribute the document ranking, how to rank the documents by combining the scores/costs from the documents and the context. More importantly, the relationships between documents and the information stored in a relational database may be uncertain, because they are from different data sources and the relationships are determined systematically using similarity match which causes uncertainty. In this paper, we concentrate ourselves on these research issues, and provide our solution on how to rank the documents in a context where there exist uncertainty between the documents and the context. We confirm the effectiveness of our approaches by conducting extensive experimental studies using real datasets. Copyright 2009 ACM.

Chang, L, Yu, JX & Qin, L 1970, 'Query ranking in probabilistic XML data.', EDBT, International Conference on Extending Database Technology, ACM, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, pp. 156-167.
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Twig queries have been extensively studied as a major fragment of XPATH queries to query XML data. In this paper, we study PXML-RANK query, (Q, k), which is to rank top-k probabilities of the answers of a twig query Q in probabilistic XML (PXML) data. A new research issue is how to compute top-k probabilities of answers of a twig query Q in PXML in the presence of containment (ancestor/descendant) relationships. In the presence of the ancestor/descendant relationships, the existing dynamic programming approaches to rank top-k probabilities over a set of tuples cannot be directly applied, because any node/edge in PXML may have impacts on the top-k probabilities of answers. We propose new algorithms to compute PXML-RANK queries efficiently and give conditions under which a PXML-RANK query can be processed efficiently without enumeration of all the possible worlds. We conduct extensive performance studies using both real and large benchmark datasets, and confirm the efficiency of our algorithms. Copyright 2009 ACM.

Chang, RL, Stern, L, Sondergaard, H & Hadgraft, R 1970, 'Places for learning engineering: A preliminary report on informal learning spaces', 2009 Research in Engineering Education Symposium, REES 2009.
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This is a report on an investigation of undergraduate engineering learning spaces that were newly introduced in 2008. The new spaces include formal learning spaces designed to enable student-centred, small group learning, and informal café-style spaces. The project investigates the research question: Does an availability of spaces for informal learning lead to an increase in behaviours that one might expect to be conducive to increased informal or collaborative learning? The initial findings from the survey data suggest that there may be some increased use of informal learning spaces if they are made available to students. © 2009 Chang, R.L., Stern, L., Sondergaard, H., and Hadgraft, R.

Cheema, MA, Lin, X, Zhang, Y, Wang, W & Zhang, W 1970, 'Lazy updates', Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment, VLDB Endowment, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), Lyon, France, pp. 1138-1149.
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In this paper, we study the problem of continuous monitoring of reverse k nearest neighbor queries. Existing continuous reverse nearest neighbor monitoring techniques are sensitive towards objects and queries movement. For example, the results of a query are to be recomputed whenever the query changes its location. We present a framework for continuous reverse k nearest neighbor queries by assigning each object and query with a rectangular safe region such that the expensive recomputation is not required as long as the query and objects remain in their respective safe regions. This significantly improves the computation cost. As a by-product, our framework also reduces the communication cost in client-server architectures because an object does not report its location to the server unless it leaves its safe region or the server sends a location update request. We also conduct a rigid cost analysis to guide an effective selection of such rectangular safe regions. The extensive experiments demonstrate that our techniques outperform the existing techniques by an order of magnitude in terms of computation cost and communication cost.

Chen, B, Lam, W, Tsang, I & Wong, T-L 1970, 'A Semi-Supervised Framework for Feature Mapping and Multiclass Classification', Proceedings of the 2009 SIAM International Conference on Data Mining, Proceedings of the 2009 SIAM International Conference on Data Mining, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Sparks, Nevada, pp. 341-352.
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We propose a semi-supervised framework incorporating feature mapping with multiclass classification. By learning multiple classification tasks simultaneously, this framework can learn the latent feature space effectively for both labeled and unlabeled data. The knowledge in the transformed space can be transferred not only between the labeled and unlabeled data, but also across multiple classes, so as to improve the classification performance given a small amount of labeled data. We show that this problem is equivalent to a sequential convex optimization problem by applying constraint concave-convex procedure (CCCP). Efficient algorithm with theoretical guarantee is proposed and computational issue is investigated. Extensive experiments have been conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed framework.

Chen, C, Rigatos, GG, Dong, D & Lam, J 1970, 'Partial feedback control of quantum systems using probabilistic fuzzy estimator', Proceedings of the 48h IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) held jointly with 2009 28th Chinese Control Conference, 2009 Joint 48th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) and 28th Chinese Control Conference (CCC), IEEE, pp. 3805-3810.
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Chen, D, Zhang, G & Fan, J 1970, 'Abstraction framework and complexity of model checking based on the Promela models', 2009 4th International Conference on Computer Science & Education, Education (ICCSE), IEEE, pp. 857-861.
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Chen, L & Bhowmick, SS 1970, 'In the Search of NECTARs from Evolutionary Trees', DATABASE SYSTEMS FOR ADVANCED APPLICATIONS, PROCEEDINGS, 14th International Conference on Database Systems for Advanced Applications, SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA, pp. 714-+.

Chen, L, Wright, P & Nejdl, W 1970, 'Improving music genre classification using collaborative tagging data', Proceedings of the Second ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, WSDM'09: Second ACM International Conference on Web Search and Web Data Mining, ACM, pp. 84-93.
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Chen, P & Li, J 1970, 'Prediction of protein long-range contacts using GaMC approach with sequence profile centers', 2009 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine Workshop, 2009 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine Workshop, BIBMW, IEEE, pp. 128-135.
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In this paper, we apply an evolutionary optimization classifier, referred to as genetic algorithm-based multiple classifier (GaMC), to the long-range contacts prediction. As a result, about 44.1% contacts between long-range residues (with a sequence separation of at least 24 amino acids) are founded around the sequence profile (SP) centre when evaluating the top L/5 (L is the sequence length of protein) classified contacts if the SP centers are known. Meanwhile, with the knowledge of sequence profile center and the GaMC method, about 20.42% long-range contacts are correctly predicted. Results showed that SP center may be a sound pathway to predict contact map in protein structures. ©2009 IEEE.

Chen, P & Li, J 1970, 'Prediction of Protein Long-Range Contacts Using GaMC Approach with Sequence Profile Centers', BIBMW: 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOINFORMATICS AND BIOMEDICINE WORKSHOP, IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBMW 2009), IEEE, DC, Washington, pp. 126-133.

Chen, Y, Zhang, J & Jayalath, D 1970, 'Clipping Noise Compensation for OFDMA Systems', 2009 Australian Communications Theory Workshop, 2009 Australian Communications Theory Workshop (AusCTW), IEEE, IEEE, pp. 100-104.
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Chen, Y-C, Duann, J-R, Lin, C-L, Chuang, S-W, Jung, T-P & Lin, C-T 1970, 'Motion-Sickness Related Brain Areas and EEG Power Activates', FOUNDATIONS OF AUGMENTED COGNITION, PROCEEDINGS, 5th International Conference on Foundation of Augmented Cognition, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, San Diego, CA, pp. 348-354.
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Cheng, B, Ritz, C & Burnett, I 1970, 'Spatial audio coding by squeezing: Analysis and application to compressing multiple soundfields', European Signal Processing Conference, pp. 909-913.
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Spatially Squeezed Surround Audio Coding (S 3AC) proposed by the authors provides efficient compression of multi-channel surround audio. Compression is achieved by exploiting human sound localisation blur to save the surround soundfield information in a squeezed stereo soundfield. In this paper, the localisation loss during the S 3AC analysis/synthesis is evaluated and the minimum size of the S 3AC squeezed soundfield is derived in a frequency dependent form. Results from perceptual listening tests show that, compared with standard squeezing from a 360° surround soundfield to a 60° stereo soundfield, a more intensive squeezing method, such as from 360°-to-5°, does not introduce audible localisation distortion. This leads to a further application of S 3AC for compressing more than one surround soundfield into a single stereo downmix for applications such as spatialised teleconferencing. This application is also described and perceptually evaluate. © EURASIP, 2009.

Cheng, E, Burnett, IS & Ritz, C 1970, 'The effect of microphone directivity patterns on spatial cues for reverberant multichannel meeting speech analysis', European Signal Processing Conference, pp. 2181-2185.
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Multiparty meetings common to many business environments often have participants who are generally stationary. Hence, active speakers can be disambiguated by location, and meeting analysis research groups have proposed the use of speaker location information (spatial cues) for meeting segmentation and higher level analysis. As the cues are estimated from multi-microphone recordings, this paper studies the effect of varying microphone directivity patterns on the spatial cue accuracy and reliability. Results from theoretical simulations and recordings from a real reverberant environment suggest that different spatial cues (based on inter-microphone signal time delays or amplitude level differences) optimally respond to different microphone directivity patterns, where time delay accuracy was found to be independent of the relative microphone configuration. © EURASIP, 2009.

Chen-Yu Lee, Chin-Teng Lin & Chao-Ting Hong 1970, 'Spatio-temporal analysis in smoke detection', 2009 IEEE International Conference on Signal and Image Processing Applications, 2009 IEEE International Conference on Signal and Image Processing Applications, IEEE, pp. 80-83.
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Smoke detection in video surveillance images has been studied for years. However, given an image in open or large spaces with typical smoke and the disturbance of commonly moving objects such as pedestrians or vehicles, robust and efficient smoke detection is still a challenging problem. In this paper, we present a novel and reliable framework for automatic smoke detection. It exploits three features: edge blurring, the gradual change of energy and the gradual change of chromatic configuration. In order to gain proper generalization ability with respect to sparse training samples, the three features are combined using a support vector machine based classifier. This system has been run more than 6 hours in various conditions to verify the reliability of fire safety in the real world.

Cheong, CY, Tan, KC & Liu, DK 1970, 'Solving the berth allocation problem with service priority via multi-objective optimization', 2009 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Scheduling, 2009 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Scheduling (CI-Sched), IEEE, Sheraton Music City Hotel, Nashville, TN, USA, pp. 95-102.
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This paper studies a multi-objective instance of the berth allocation problem (BAP). The BAP involves the determination of exact berthing times and positions of incoming ships in a container port so as to minimize concurrently the three objectives of makespan of the port, total waiting time of the ships, and degree of deviation from a predetermined service priority schedule. These objectives represent the interests of both port and ship operators. Unlike most existing approaches in the literature which are singleobjective- based, a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) that incorporates the concept of Pareto optimality is proposed for solving the multi-objective BAP. The multiobjective approach reveals several interesting characteristics of the BAP.

Cheuk, A, Taylor, J, Tsang, P, Chung, J-Y, Song, Y, Desai, K, Yu, Y, Chen, Q-R, Shah, K, Mendoza, A, Wei, J, Khanna, C, Catchpoole, D, Qualman, S, Hewitt, S, Merlino, G, Chanock, S & Khan, J 1970, 'Identification and characterization of activating mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 in rhabdomyosarcoma', CANCER RESEARCH, AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH.

Chiang, F & Braun, R 1970, 'A Biologically Inspired Service Architecture in Ubiquitous Computing Environments', Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), International Working Conference on Active and Programmable Networks, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Sophia Antopolis, France, pp. 253-258.
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This paper describes the design of a scalable bio-mimetic framework in the management domain of complex Ubiquitous Service-Oriented Networks. An autonomous network service management platform - SwarmingNet is proposed. In this SwarmingNet architecture, the required network service processes are implemented by a group of highly diverse and autonomic objects. These objects are called Tele-Service Solons as elements of TeleService Holons, analogue to individual insects as particles of the whole colony. A group of TSSs have the capabilities of fulfilling the complex tasks relating to service discovery and service activation. We simulate a service configuration process for Multimedia Messaging Service, and a performance comparison is made between the bio-agents scheme and normal multi-agents scheme. ©IFIP International Federation for Information Processing 2009.

Chotiprayanakul, P & Liu, DK 1970, 'Workspace mapping and force control for small haptic device based robot teleoperation', 2009 International Conference on Information and Automation, 2009 International Conference on Information and Automation (ICIA), IEEE, Zhuhai/Macau, China, pp. 1613-1618.
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When a large robot manipulator is remotely controlled by means of a small haptic device, there are two issues which should be addressed: mapping of robot arm workspace and haptic device workspace, and accurate and safe control of the movement of the robot arm. This paper presents a haptic device workspace spanning control method for haptic-based teleoperation. The spanning control method includes haptic-space scaling control, drift control and edge motion control. A force control algorithm is also presented to control the robot arm's motion in complex 3D environments. Experimental results demonstrate that the mapping method and the force control algorithm can remotely control a robot arm to rapidly reach target positions, minimize the oscillation of the haptic device handle, achieve accurate positioning and provide the operator with efficient touch sensing. © 2009 IEEE.

Chotiprayanakul, P & Liu, DK 1970, 'Workspace Mapping and Force Control for Small Haptic Device based Robot Teleoperation', ICIA: 2009 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFORMATION AND AUTOMATION, VOLS 1-3, IEEE International Conference on Information and Automation (ICIA 2009), IEEE, Zhuhai, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 1588-1593.

Choudhury Deepankar & Nimbalkar Sanjay 1970, 'Seismic stability of tailings dam by using pseudo-dynamic method', Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering: The Academia and Practice of Geotechnical Engineering, IOS Press, pp. 1542-1545.
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Seismic stability of tailings dams and embankments is an important topic which needs the special assessments by the researchers as it is mainly governed by the safety concerns. Several researchers in the past had attempted to investigate the seismic stability of earthen dams and embankments by using conventional pseudo-static method of analysis. However, the crude estimate of finding the approximate seismic acceleration makes the pseudo-static approach too conservative to adopt in the stability assessment. Although a few researchers in the recent past highlighted the limitations and drawbacks of the pseudo-static approach, there are very limited studies being reported worldwide for the seismic stability assessment of earthen dams and embankments by using alternative methods of analysis. In this paper, a recently developed and modified pseudo-dynamic method of analysis is used to compute the seismic inertia forces acting on the sliding wedge of the tailings dam by considering the effects of time of seismic accelerations, phase differences in the propagating shear and primary waves in the soil during an earthquake, frequency of earthquake excitation etc. with the horizontal and vertical seismic accelerations. The factor of safety decreases with increase in the seismic accelerations and phase difference in body waves. Influence of various parameters such as seismic acceleration coefficients, period of lateral shaking on seismic stability of tailings dam are studied under harmonic seismic loading conditions for both empty and full water cases. Present results are compared with the pseudo-static based solutions to validate the findings of the pseudo-dynamic method of analysis.

Christie, D, Nimbalkar, S & Indraratna, B 1970, 'The performance of rail track incorporating the effects of ballast breakage, confining pressure and geosynthetic reinforcement', Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfields - Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on the Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfields, 8th International Conference on the Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfields, CRC Press, Champaign, IL, pp. 5-24.
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Rail tracks are often placed on ballast which offers the desirable resiliency to cyclic loads. However ballasted beds need periodic maintenance due to deformation and degradation associated with breakage and fouling. A proper understanding of load transfer mechanisms and their effect on ballast breakage are prerequisites for minimizing maintenance costs. Recycled ballast is a cheaper and environmentally viable option but its strength characteristics need to be investigated beforehand. This paper demonstrates the analytical, numerical and laboratory investigations carried out to investigate the geotechnical behavior of ballast, including shear strength, ballast breakage, and confining pressure. The potential use of geosynthetics for improving the stability and drainage of railway tracks under high monotonic and cyclic loading is also studied. Field tests were carried out to measure the in-situ stresses of ballast on a section of instrumented track funded and built by RailCorp, Australia. © 2009 Taylor & Francis Group, London.

Chuang, S-W, Huang, R-S, Ko, L-W, Jeng, J-L, Duann, J-R, Jung, T-P & Lin, C-T 1970, 'Independent modulators mediate spectra of multiple brain processes in a VR-based driving experiment', SPIE Proceedings, SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing, SPIE, pp. 73431C-73431C.
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This study explores the use of Independent Component Analysis (ICA) applied to normalized logarithmic spectral changes in the activities of brain processes separated by spatial filters learned from electroencephalogram (EEG) data using a temporal ICA. EEG data were collected during 1-2 hour virtual-reality based driving experiments, in which subjects were instructed to maintain their cruising position and compensate for randomly induced drifts using the steering wheel. ICA was first applied to 30-channel EEG data to separate the recorded signals into a sum of maximally temporally independent components (ICs) for each of 15 subjects. Logarithmic spectra of IC activities were then submitted to PCA-ICA to find spectrally fixed and temporally independent modulator (IM) processes. The second ICA detected and modeled independent co-modulatory systems that multiplicatively affect the activities of spatially distinct IC processes. Across subjects, we found two consistent temporally independent modulators: theta-beta and alpha modulators that mediate spectral activations of the distinct cortical areas when the participants experience waves of alternating alertness and drowsiness during long hour simulated driving. Furthermore, the time courses of the theta-beta modulator were highly correlated with concurrent changes in subject driving error (a behavioral index of drowsiness). © 2009 SPIE.

Clancy, M, Caspersen, M & Lister, R 1970, 'ICER'09 - Proceedings of the 2009 ACM Workshop on International Computing Education Research: Foreword', ICER'09 - Proceedings of the 2009 ACM Workshop on International Computing Education Research.

Clancy, M, Caspersen, ME & Lister, RF 1970, 'Proceeding of the fifth International workshop on Computing education research', Fifth International Computing Education Research Workshop, International Computing Education Research Workshop, Association for Computing Machinery, Berkeley, CA, USA, pp. 1-165.
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The fifth International workshop on Computing education research workshop attracted 24 submissions. All papers were double-blind peer-reviewed by members of the international program committee. After the reviewing, 13 papers (54%) were accepted for inclusion in the conference, written by authors across nine countries: Australia, Finland, Germany, Israel, New Zealand, Sweden, the Philippines, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America. The papers spanned a wide variety of topics, including tools and tool use; conceptions, preconceptions, and misconceptions; attitudes; collaborative learning; research categorization; teacher adaptation to new paradigms; and broad-scale adoption of CS innovation.

Clarke, J, Lethbridge, J, Liu, RP & Terhorst, A 1970, 'Integrating mobile telephone based sensor networks into the sensor web', 2009 IEEE Sensors, 2009 IEEE Sensors, IEEE, Christchurch, NEW ZEALAND, pp. 1010-1014.
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Dalvand, H, Nguyen, HT & Ha, QP 1970, 'Design of Second-Order Sliding Mode Controllers for MR Damper-Embedded Smart Structures', Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (IAARC), 26th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction, International Association for Automation and Robotics in Construction (IAARC), Austin USA, pp. 332-340.
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Design of a current controlled system for MR damper-embedded civil structures

Demirjian, S, Chaczko, Z, Moulton, B & Mahadevan, V 1970, 'EVALUATION OF AN APPRAOCH FOR DEVELOPING A TOUCH SCREEN UI FOR RESIDENTIAL AGED CARE SERVICES', PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2009 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, Proceedings of the International Conference on ICSTE 2009, WORLD SCIENTIFIC, pp. 215-221.
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Ding, GK & Ge, J 1970, 'Green revolution - a challenge to improve environmental performance of existing housing stocks', 2009 Conference on Green Building: Towards Eco-City, Conference on Green Building: Towards Eco-City, Architecture and Building Research Institute, Ministry of the Interior, Taipei, Taiwan, pp. 135-149.
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Climate change is one of the most pressing issues facing Australia today. This is a challenge and responsibility that is shared by all Australian households. Improvements to energy and water efficiency of houses can significantly cut greenhouse gas emissions and reduce utility bills. In July 2004 the New South Wales (NSW) government introduced the Building Sustainability Index (BASIX) to assess potential performance of a dwelling against a set of pre-determined criteria. Housing construction in NSW is the first in Australia to be subjected to mandatory sustainability requirements. BASIX is an online assessment tool which sets scores required to obtain development approval in new residential projects. BASIX is mandated only to improve environmental performance of new residential buildings and does not attempt to improve environmental performance of existing housing stocks which continue to consume natural resources and pollute the environment. Existing houses represent approximately 98% of residential building stocks in NSW and any improvement to these dwellings will have a profound impact on reducing the negative effects of the environment. This paper examines the sustainable upgrading strategies in improving environmental performance of three existing single dwellings in meeting the minimum BASIX requirements. This paper presents an economic analysis of sustainable upgrading using Net Present Value. The results suggest that sustainable upgrading of existing housing stocks is feasible and the scheme will be more attractive if the payback period is reduced with further government financial assistance.

Dissanayake, T, Esselle, KP & Yuce, M 1970, 'UWB antenna impedance matching in biomedical implants', European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, EuCAP 2009, Proceedings, pp. 3523-3526.
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Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology has been considered for the physical layer in recently proposed IEEE802.15 standard (TG6) for Wireless Body Area networks. Wireless links covered by this standard will operate in UWB unlicensed band with antennas on implanted devices having small form factors. Except for those installed on-body and on external receivers, the antenna will be operating in-body, surrounded by body tissue. Body tissues have high dielectric constants and are highly dissipative. Once implanted beneath multiple layers of tissue, the device, which is expected to be consuming very low power, experience heavy losses in its transmission and reception path. Therefore, it is essential that antenna losses, both mismatch and resistive, are minimised. In this paper we will demonstrate a method to minimize antenna mismatch losses by loading the antenna with insulating material.

Dong, H, Hussain, FK & Chang, E 1970, 'A Hybrid Concept Similarity Measure Model for Ontology Environment', ON THE MOVE TO MEANINGFUL INTERNET SYSTEMS: OTM 2009 WORKSHOPS, On the Move Confederated International Conference and Workshops, Springer-verlag Berlin, Vilamoura, PORTUGAL, pp. 848-857.
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In this paper, we present a hybrid concept similarity measure model for the ontology environment. Whilst to date many similar technologies have been developed for semantic networks, few of them can be directly applied to the semantic-rich ontology enviro

Dong, H, Hussain, FK & Chang, E 1970, 'Paradox in Applications of Semantic Similarity Models in Information Retrieval', IT REVOLUTIONS, pp. 60-68.
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Semantic similarity models are a series of mathematical models for computing semantic similarity values among nodes in a semantic net. In this paper we reveal the paradox in the applications of these semantic similarity models in the field of information retrieval, which is that these models rely on a common prerequisite - the words of a user query must correspond to the nodes of a semantic net. In certain situations, this sort of correspondence can not be carried out, which invalidates the further working of these semantic similarity models. By means of two case studies, we analyze these issues. In addition, we discuss some possible solutions in order to address these issues. Conclusion and future works are drawn in the final section. © 2009 ICST Institute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering.

Dong, H, Hussain, FK & Chang, E 1970, 'Semantic Service Search, Service Evaluation and Ranking in Service Oriented Environment', IT REVOLUTIONS, pp. 111-117.
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The theory of Service Oriented Environment (SOE) emerges with advanced connectivity of the Internet technologies, openness of business environment and prosperousness of business activities. Service, as a critical object impenetrating every corner of SOE, is a hot research topic in many research domains. Software Engineering (SE), as a subject in engineering field, its researchers pay more attention to supporting advanced technologies for promoting service activities in SOE. In this paper, we draw the position in the research field of semantic service search, service evaluation and ranking in SOE. By means of the case study and literature review research approach, we discover the research motivations and research issues in this field. © 2009 ICST Institute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering.

Dong, H, Hussain, FK & Chang, E 1970, 'State of the Art in Semantic Focused Crawlers', COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE AND ITS APPLICATIONS - ICCSA 2009, PT II, International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications, Springer-verlag Berlin, Seoul, SOUTH KOREA, pp. 910-924.
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Nowadays, the research of focused crawler approaches the field of semantic web, along with the appearance of increasing semantic web documents and the rapid development of ontology mark-up languages. Semantic focused crawlers are a series of focused craw

Dong, H, Hussain, FK, Chang, E & IEEE 1970, 'A Hybrid Service Metadata Clustering Methodology in the Digital Ecosystem Environment', 2009 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCED INFORMATION NETWORKING AND APPLICATIONS WORKSHOPS: WAINA, VOLS 1 AND 2, International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications, IEEE, Bradford, ENGLAND, pp. 238-243.
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Digital Ecosystem is defined as 'an open, loosely coupled, domain clustered, demand-driven, self-organizing and agent-based environment, in which each species is proactive and responsive for its own benefit and profit' [1]. Species in the Digital Ecosyst

Dong, H, Hussain, FK, Chang, E & IEEE 1970, 'An Ontology-based Webpage Classification Approach for the Knowledge Grid Environment', 2009 FIFTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SEMANTICS, KNOWLEDGE AND GRID (SKG 2009), International Conference on Semantics, Knowledge and Grid, IEEE, Zhuhai, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 120-127.
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With the rapid growth of the amount of information available in the Web, webpage classification technologies are widely employed by many search engines in order to formulate user queries and make users' search tasks easier. Knowledge Grid is a new form o

Dong, Y, Blazeski, L, Sullivan, D, Kanhere, S & Chou, CT 1970, 'Petrolwatch: Using mobile phones for sharing petrol prices', The 7th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications and Services, Kraków, Poland.
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Price dispersion of homogeneous goods is widely prevalentin our economy. For instance, on 18 January 2008, around9pm, two service stations in Roseville, Sydney, that are lessthan 1 km apart, were selling unleaded fuel at 1.359 and1.439 Australian dollars per litre. Consumers who have accessto the pricing information can benefit economically (e.g., a5.5% saving in the above scenario). Several websites suchas GasBuddy,motormouth1 enable consumers to comparefuel prices. However, the fuel price information is collectedmanually, by volunteers or employees, which is cumbersome,error-prone and not up-to-date. In this demo, we will demonstratethe operation of our PetrolWatch system [2], [3], whichautomatically collects fuel prices using camera phones. Thisis the first instance of applying participatory sensing [1] insharing consumer pricing information.

Dong, Y, Liu, R, Kanhere, S & Chou, C 1970, 'CONTEXT ASSISTED AUTOMATIC FUEL PRICE COLLECTION IN MOBILE PHONE BASED PARTICIPATORY SENSOR NETWORKS', 2009 5th International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing, Fifth International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing, Melbourne.

Duan, L, Tsang, IW, Xu, D & Chua, TS 1970, 'Domain adaptation from multiple sources via auxiliary classifiers', Proceedings of the 26th International Conference On Machine Learning, ICML 2009, International Conference on Machine Learning, Omnipress, Montreal, Quebec, pp. 289-296.
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We propose a multiple source domain adaptation method, referred to as Domain Adaptation Machine (DAM), to learn a robust decision function (referred to as target classifier) for label prediction of patterns from the target domain by leveraging a set of pre-computed classifiers (referred to as auxiliary/source classifiers) independently learned with the labeled patterns from multiple source domains. We introduce a new data-dependent regularizer based on smoothness assumption into Least-Squares SVM (LS-SVM), which enforces that the target classifier shares similar decision values with the auxiliary classifiers from relevant source domains on the unlabeled patterns of the target domain. In addition, we employ a sparsity regularizer to learn a sparse target classifier. Comprehensive experiments on the challenging TRECVID 2005 corpus demonstrate that DAM outperforms the existing multiple source domain adaptation methods for video concept detection in terms of effectiveness and efficiency.

Duan, L, Tsang, IW, Xu, D & Chua, T-S 1970, 'Domain adaptation from multiple sources via auxiliary classifiers', Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML '09: The 26th Annual International Conference on Machine Learning held in conjunction with the 2007 International Conference on Inductive Logic Programming, ACM, pp. 289-296.
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We propose a multiple source domain adaptation method, referred to as Domain Adaptation Machine (DAM), to learn a robust decision function (referred to as target classifier) for label prediction of patterns from the target domain by leveraging a set of pre-computed classifiers (referred to as auxiliary/source classifiers) independently learned with the labeled patterns from multiple source domains. We introduce a new datadependent regularizer based on smoothness assumption into Least-Squares SVM (LS-SVM), which enforces that the target classifier shares similar decision values with the auxiliary classifiersfrom relevant source domains on the unlabeled patterns of the target domain. In addition, we employ a sparsity regularizer to learn a sparse target classifier. Comprehensive experiments on the challenging TRECVID 2005 corpus demonstrate that DAM outperforms the existing multiple source domain adaptation methods for video concept detection in terms of effectiveness and fficiency. Copyright 2009.

Duann, J-R, Chen, P-C, Ko, L-W, Huang, R-S, Jung, T-P & Lin, C-T 1970, 'Detecting Frontal EEG Activities with Forehead Electrodes', FOUNDATIONS OF AUGMENTED COGNITION, PROCEEDINGS, 5th International Conference on Foundation of Augmented Cognition, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, San Diego, CA, pp. 373-379.
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Dunlu Peng, Chen Li & Huan Huo 1970, 'An extended UsernameToken-based approach for REST-style Web Service Security Authentication', 2009 2nd IEEE International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology, 2009 2nd IEEE International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology, IEEE, pp. 582-586.
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Dunwell, T, Hesson, L, Catchpoole, D, Maher, E & Latif, F 1970, 'The novel RASSF6 and RASSF10 candidate tumor suppressor genes are frequently epigenetically inactivated in childhood leukemias', CANCER RESEARCH, AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH.

Dunwell, T, Hesson, L, Pavlova, T, Zabarovska, V, Catchpoole, D, Griffiths, M, Maher, E, Zabarovsky, E & Latif, F 1970, 'Epigenetic analysis of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia', CANCER RESEARCH, AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH.

Dyadyuk, V, Bunton, JD & Guo, YJ 1970, 'Study on high rate long range wireless communications in the 71-76 and 81-86 GHz bands', European Microwave Week 2009, EuMW 2009: Science, Progress and Quality at Radiofrequencies, Conference Proceedings - 39th European Microwave Conference, EuMC 2009, pp. 1315-1318.
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Performance of high data rate wireless line-of-sight communications in the E-band is analysed using an example of the spectrally efficient multi-gigabit system reported earlier. This paper discussed available technologies, potentials of a further increase of the communication range and challenges in development of the future multi-gigabit wireless networks. © 2009 EuMA.

Dyadyuk, V, Guo, YJ & Bunton, JD 1970, 'Multi-gigabit wireless communication technology in the E-band', 2009 1st International Conference on Wireless Communication, Vehicular Technology, Information Theory and Aerospace & Electronic Systems Technology, Electronic Systems Technology (Wireless VITAE), IEEE, pp. 137-141.
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The enabling technologies and challenges in development of multi-gigabit wireless communication systems in the E-band are discussed. Potentials of the further improvement of the fixed wireless links performance and feasibility of development of the future ad-hoc or mobile wireless networks in the E-band are evaluated. © 2009 IEEE.

Dyadyuk, V, Guo, YJ & Bunton, JD 1970, 'Multi-Gigabit Wireless Communication Technology in the E-band', 2009 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATION, VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, INFORMATION THEORY AND AEROSPACE & ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY, VOLS 1 AND 2, 1st International Conference on Wireless Communication, Vehicular Technology, Information Theory and Aerospace and Electronic Systems Technology, IEEE, Aalborg, DENMARK, pp. 142-146.

Dyson, LE & Brady, F 1970, 'Mobile Phone Adoption and Use in Lockhart River Aboriginal Community', EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MOBILE BUSINESS, PROCEEDINGS, 8th International Conference on Mobile Business, IEEE COMPUTER SOC, Dalian, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 37-37.

Dyson, LE & Brady, F 1970, 'Mobile Phone Adoption and Use in Lockhart River Aboriginal Community', 2009 Eighth International Conference on Mobile Business, 2009 Eighth International Conference on Mobile Business, IEEE, Dalian, Liaoning, China, pp. 170-175.
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This paper reports on an ethnographic study of mobile phone adoption and use in a remote Aboriginal community in Cape York, Australia. The researchers found that, within nine months of the introduction of the 3G network, 58% of the Indigenous people interviewed had acquired a mobile phone, a much higher rate of adoption than any other ICT. The phones were employed for communication, with multimedia uses (music, games, videos, photos) also very popular. Issues included the cost, robustness and usability of the devices, although most people managed costs well by purchasing pre-paid phones. The findings suggest a number of possible initiatives that government, service providers and business could consider to leverage mobile phone usage and develop capacity in the community.

Dyson, LE & Litchfield, AJ 1970, 'The mPortal: Supporting Collaboration to Develop mLearning Strategies for Educational Transformation', 8th World Conference on Mobile and Contextural Learning, World Conference on Mobile and Contextural Learning, University of Florida, Florida USA, pp. 112-118.
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This paper proposes the establishment of an online portal to influence and support best practice in mLearning. With the growing interest in mLearning to address the learning styles of a generation of students who have grown up with digital technology, and the adoption of mobile technology by Indigenous peoples and in developing countries, there is a need for an accessible body of knowledge of mLearning principles, teaching strategies and case-studies. An mPortal would foster collaboration between researchers and educators and inform emerging national and international approaches to using mobile technologies at all levels of the education sector and across all disciplines.

Dyson, LE, Litchfield, A, Raban, R & Tyler, J 1970, 'Interactive classroom mlearning and the experiential transactions between students and lecturer', ASCILITE 2009 - The Australasian Society for Computers in Learning in Tertiary Education, pp. 233-242.
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This paper seeks to address a major deficit in understandings of mobile learning, that is, its lack of a solid theoretical foundation. An overview of existing theoretical concepts of mobile learning is presented, followed by an analysis of interactive classroom systems and the learning that they provide. The implementation of a specific interactive system mInteract in the lectures of a large accounting subject is described. mInteract is a Web- based system using no-to-low cost data-packet technology and provides for interactions from students' own Internet-enabled mobile devices. The paper examines, by means of reflections from the lecturer and students, the learning which took place during the implementation. The analysis demonstrates that interactive mobile learning can be interpreted using experiential learning theory, and that both students and lecturers engage in experiential learning. Furthermore, they enter into transactions of knowledge which are facilitated by the mobile learning system. © 2009 Laurel Evelyn Dyson, Andrew Litchfield, Ryszard Raban and Jonathan Tyler.

Dyson, LE, Litchfield, AJ, Raban, R & Tyler, JV 1970, 'Reflections on interactive classroom mLearning and the experiential transactions between students and lecturer', Same places, different spaces. Proceedings ascilite Auckland 2009, Annual Conference of the Australasian Society for Computers in Learning in Tertiary Education, The University of Auckland, Auckland University of Technology, and Australasian Society for Computer, Auckland, New Zealand, pp. 232-242.
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This paper seeks to address a major deficit in understandings of mobile learning, that is, its lack of a solid theoretical foundation. An overview of existing theoretical concepts of mobile learning is presented, followed by an analysis of interactive classroom systems and the learning that they provide. The implementation of a specific interactive system mInteract in the lectures of a large accounting subject is described. mInteract is a Webbased system using no-to-low cost data-packet technology and provides for interactions from students own Internet-enabled mobile devices. The paper examines, by means of reflections from the lecturer and students, the learning which took place during the implementation. The analysis demonstrates that interactive mobile learning can be interpreted using experiential learning theory, and that both students and lecturers engage in experiential learning. Furthermore, they enter into transactions of knowledge which are facilitated by the mobile learning system.

Eager, DM 1970, 'Development and use of an electronic impact measurement device', William Evans Fellowship, Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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William Evans Fellowship - Public Lecture II

Eager, DM 1970, 'Engineered solutions to childhood injury problems', William Evans Fellowship, Department of Preventative and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin.
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William Evans Fellowship - Public Lecture III

Eager, DM 1970, 'Inclusive Risk - Childhood Development', 9th National Injury Prevention and Safety Conference, Melbourne, Australia.
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David Eager, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia This paper discusses the concept of risk as it relates to children and their healthy development. In particular it discusses the need for this risk to be inclusive. It needs to be layered allowing children of different ages and abilities to explore and take considered risks that expand their boundaries. It generally taken as a given that a playground designer will design inclusiveness into their playspace â inclusiveness for all abilities is the name of the game, allowing children of all abilities whether they are able bodied or wheelchair bound feel like the playspace has been designed for them. Risk in our society is generally associated with something negative. What a lot of people fail to realise is that risk can have both positive and negative consequences. We need to correct this counter-productive negative mindset and replace it with a mindset that includes the benefits of risk. More importantly the provision or application of this risk needs to be imbedded into the design. It needs to be imbedded to a depth so that the child is unaware of its inclusion. I am not for a moment saying we should design unsafe playspaces and turn back the hazard reduction clock. To do so would undo the progress and intervention strategies imbedded in our various safety Standards. This would be akin to removing seat belts and air bags from our cars. Lets engineer some fear and adventure in our design while retaining the hazard removal filter.

Eager, DM 1970, 'Playground safety standards and their role in enhancing participation in physical activity and preventing injuries', William Evans Fellowship, School of Physical Education, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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William Evans Fellowship - Public Lecture I

Eager, DM 1970, 'Playground surfacing - Myths and facts', International Public Works Conference, Melbourne, Australia.
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Playground surfacing is the least understood area of playground design, installation and maintenance. It is the causal link to the majority of playground injuries. Inadequate or poorly maintained undersurfacing is the most common non-compliance issue that is consistently identified in playground studies. It is the undersurfacing onto which our children will impact when they inevitably fall off the play equipment and it is this undersurfacing that is absolutely necessary for the absorption and attenuation of these falls. This short paper attempts to answer questions on playground surfacing that you have been afraid to ask, some questions you have asked and not obtained a satisfactory answer, and maybe some questions that you may not have even considered. This paper will discuss but not be limited to the following questions: What is playground surfacing? Why is playground surfacing required? How do the various playground surfacing systems work? When does a playground require surfacing? What is adequate surfacing? What are the various types of playground surfaces. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each system? Does the surfacing need to be tested? What needs to be measured? When and how should it be tested? Onsite testing vs offsite testing? Certified vs non certified? Will a tested compliant system eliminate accidents?

Eager, DM, Mitchell, R & Davidson, P 1970, 'Impact attenuating surface - Additional performance requirements', Parks and Leisure Australia 2007, Darwin, Australia.
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The current Australia playground impact attenuating surfacing (IAS) Standard AS/NZS4422:1997 uses three criteria to determine the safety of playground surfaces: Head Injury Criteria (HIC); Maximum g-force (gmax); and Impact duration (contact time). A failure to meet any of these criteria results in a playground IAS being deemed unsafe. The benchmark for these criteria is the possibility of sustaining brain injury which was chosen as it reflects the worst possible outcome. Thus the criteria were selected to prevent brain injury rather than prevent injuries such as broken bones. There have been recent publications recommending that standards for playground equipment be changed. The continuing concerns about the AS/NZS4422:1997 Standard are due to the continually high injury and hospitalisation injuries rates in Australia. Mitchell et al. found that during an 11 years period there had been almost 17,000 hospitalisations, which equated to a rate of 106 incidents for every 100,000 kids, and despite the increased use of Australian Standards, the hospitalisation rate in NSW from 1993 to 2004 has increased of from 83.3 to 130.3 per 100,000 children. Similar results have been reported in Victoria where the incidence of playground related injuries when adjusted for population rose by 20%. This paper will discuss through the presentation of experimental data how the existing three criteria fail to fully capture the true injury predictors for most IAS. It will also suggest additional pass/fail criteria that are better indicators of injury when measuring the IAS performance.

Eastwood, M & Gabrys, B 1970, 'A Non-sequential Representation of Sequential Data for Churn Prediction', KNOWLEDGE-BASED AND INTELLIGENT INFORMATION AND ENGINEERING SYSTEMS, PT I, PROCEEDINGS, 13th International Conference on Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Univ Chile, Fac Phys Sci & Math, Santiago, CHILE, pp. 209-218.
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Eslava, S, Urrutia, J, Busawon, AN, Baklanov, MR, Iacopi, F, Maex, K, Kirschhock, CEA & Martens, JA 1970, 'Effects of Silica Sources on Nanoporous Organosilicate Films Templated with Tetraalkylammonium Cations', MRS Proceedings, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, pp. 53-58.
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AbstractNanoporous organosilicate films have been recently prepared using tetraalkylammonium cations in acid and basic media, outperforming other materials. Resulting films using basic medium were called zeolite-inspired low-k dielectrics. Here we study the dependence of the properties of these films on the used silica sources: methyltrimethoxy silane (MTMS) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). A set of experiments varying the MTMS:TEOS ratio were prepared in acid medium and characterized. A textural, physico-chemical, mechanical, and electrical characterization of this series of experiments is presented.

Eyal, A & Braun, R 1970, 'A Model for Scalable and Autonomic Network Management', ACTIVE AND PROGRAMMABLE NETWORKS, 7th International Working Conference on Active and Programmable Networks, SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN, Sophia Antipolis, FRANCE, pp. 194-199.

Eyal, A & Braun, R 1970, 'A Model for Scalable and Autonomic Network Management', Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), International Working Conference on Active and Programmable Networks, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Nice, France, pp. 194-199.
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Current telecommunication network management systems rely extensively on human intervention. They are also prone to fundamental changes as the managed network evolves. These two attributes, combined with the growing complexity of networks and services, make the cost of network management very high. In recent years, we have witnessed the emergence of artificial intelligence applications. Some are aimed at the creation of autonomic network management systems. This paper offers a novel approach to the design of a network management system that incorporates intelligent agents. As a benchmark to this model, we use two approaches most widely in use in network management systems today. The focus of this paper is on synchronization issues, service discovery and policy enforcement. ©IFIP International Federation for Information Processing 2009.

Fachrunnisa, O, Hussain, FK & Chang, E 1970, 'Current research trends and directions for future research in trust maintenance for virtual environments', Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Information Integration and Web-based Applications & Services, iiWAS '09: 11th International Conference on Information Integration and Web-based Applications & Services, ACM, pp. 718-724.
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Trust is widely acknowledged as being important for the efficient and effective operation of business in virtual environments. This is because trust functions like a glue that holds and links virtual agents together as they relate and collaborate remotely. In virtual environments, trust needs to be established swiftly as there is little time to build it gradually in the absence of face-to-face meetings. However, the manner in which trust develops and is maintained is a critical factor in relationships, both physically and virtually. In virtual environments, trust needs to be managed including network connection as well as social aspects of interaction. Maintaining trust in virtual environments is defined as an effort to maximize the benefits of such virtual relationship and to prevent the level of trust from decreasing. In this paper, we undertake a general survey of the current situation of trust maintenance in virtual environments. We review several researches from the perspective of terminology, strategies presented, and types of strategies. We describe the benefits and shortcomings of each strategy, conduct an integrative review of these strategic approaches, and make suggestions for future research. © 2010 ACM.

Fan, J, Zhang, S, Jia, X & Zhang, G 1970, 'The Restricted Connectivity of Locally Twisted Cubes', 2009 10th International Symposium on Pervasive Systems, Algorithms, and Networks, 2009 10th International Symposium on Pervasive Systems, Algorithms, and Networks, IEEE, pp. 574-578.
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Fan, J, Zhou, W, Han, Y & Zhang, G 1970, 'Efficient Algorithms to Embed Hamiltonian Paths and Cycles in Faulty Crossed Cubes', ICCSSE 2009: PROCEEDINGS OF 2009 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTER SCIENCE & EDUCATION, 4th International Conference on Computer Science and Education, IEEE, PEOPLES R CHINA, Nanning, pp. 1837-1842.

Fang, G & Dutkiewicz, E 1970, 'BodyMAC: Energy efficient TDMA-based MAC protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks', 2009 9th International Symposium on Communications and Information Technology, 2009 9th International Symposium on Communications and Information Technology (ISCIT), IEEE, pp. 1455-1459.
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Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) enable placement of tiny biomedical sensors on or inside the human body to monitor vital body signs. The IEEE 802.15.6 task group is developing a standard to optimize WBAN performance by defining the physical layer (PHY) and media access control (MAC) layer specifications. In this paper an energy efficient MAC protocol (BodyMAC) is proposed. It uses flexible bandwidth allocation to improve node energy efficiency by reducing the possibility of packet collisions and by reducing radio transmission times, idle listening and control packets overhead. BodyMAC is based on a Downlink and Uplink scheme in which the Contention Free Part in the Uplink subframe is completely collision free. Three types of bandwidth allocation mechanisms allow for flexible and efficient data and control communications. An efficient Sleep Mode is introduced to reduce the idle listening duration, especially for low duty cycle nodes in the network. Simulation results show superior performance of BodyMAC compared to that of the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC. ©2009 IEEE.

Fanian, K, Tuan, HD & Nguyen, TQ 1970, 'Efficient design of 2-D nonseparable filters of low complexity', 2009 16th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), 2009 16th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing ICIP 2009, IEEE, Cairo, Egypt, pp. 4001-4004.
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By using Semi-Definite Programming (SDP) as a tool, a new deign for Two-Dimensional (2-D) Diamond-Shaped (DS) filters is developed. Surprisingly, the diamond shape of the filter is exactly expressed by using simple 2-D trigonometric polynomial curves of

Fathi, MH, Mortazavi, V, Hanifi, A & Roohani, SI 1970, 'Synthesis, characterization and bioactivity evaluation of nano-structured hydroxyapatite', WIT Transactions on Engineering Sciences, MATERIALS CHARACTERISATION 2009, WIT Press, pp. 309-317.
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Ferri, M, Mancarella, F, Yan, J, Lee, JE-Y, Seshia, AA, Zalesky, J, Soga, K & Roncaglia, A 1970, 'Design and prototyping of a MEMS-based crackmeter for structural monitoring', TRANSDUCERS 2009 - 2009 International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference, TRANSDUCERS 2009 - 2009 International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference, IEEE, pp. 315-318.
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Feuerlicht, G 1970, 'Design of Composable Services', Fourth International Workshop on Engineering Service-Oriented Applications: Design and Composition, (WESOA08), International Workshop on Engineering Service-Oriented Applications: Design and Composition, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Sydney, Australia, pp. 15-27.
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Service composition methods range from industry standard approaches based on Web Services and BPEL to Semantic Web approaches that rely on AI techniques to automate service discovery and composition. Service composition research mostly focuses on the dynamic (workflow) aspects of compositions. In this paper we consider the static component of service composition and discuss the importance of compatibility of service interfaces in ensuring the composability of services. Using a flight booking scenario example we show that reducing the granularity of services by decomposition into service operations with normalized interfaces produces compatible interfaces that facilitate service assembly. We then show how relational algebra can be used to represent service operations and provide a framework for service assembly.

Feuerlicht, G, Pokorný, J, Richta, K & Ruttananontsatean, N 1970, 'Integration of Weakly Heterogeneous Semistructured Data', 17th International Conference on Information Systems Development (ISD2008), International Conference on Information Systems Development, Springer US, Paphos, Cyprus, pp. 69-78.
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While most business applications typically operate on structured data that can be effectively managed using relational databases, some applications use more complex semistructured data that lacks a stable schema. XML techniques are available for the management of semistructured data, but such techniques tend to be ineffective when applied to large amounts of heterogeneous data, in particular in applications with complex query requirements. In this paper we describe an approach that relies on the mapping of multiple semistructured data sets to objectrelational structures and uses an object-relational database to support complex query requirements. We illustrate this approach using weakly heterogeneous oceanographic data.

Feuerlicht, G, Zirpins, C, Ortiz, G, Chung, Y-J, Lamersdorf, W & Emmerich, W 1970, 'Third International Workshop on Engineering Service-Oriented Applications: Analysis, Design & Composition', Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 336-337.
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Wide adoption of SOA (Service-Oriented Architecture) by the industry and the growing number of large-scale Web Services projects have created an urgent need for research community and industry practitioners to develop comprehensive methodologies that support the entire SDLC (Software Development Lifecycle) of service-oriented applications. To ensure that resulting services are stable, reusable and extendable, such methodologies must be based on sound engineering principles and guide developers through the analysis, design, implementation and deployment phases of the service-oriented SDLC. © 2009 Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Fis, AM & Cetindamar, D 1970, 'Unlocking the relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and performance', PICMET '09 - 2009 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering & Technology, Technology, IEEE, pp. 1819-1830.
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Corporate entrepreneurship is the implementation of a value creation process in an organizational setting. Consistent with the Schumpeterian understanding of entrepreneurship, a "new combination" that should directly affect the performance of the firm is formed; and the process of forming this new combination manifests itself as an outcome of a complex social mechanism affected by internal and external factors. However, in spite of the biasing anecdotal evidence, conventional wisdom, and tendency in favor of entrepreneurship, a "black box" between firm-level entrepreneurship and performance has pervaded the relationship. Nevertheless, the model proposed in this study brings a new and distinguishing line of sight into the firm-level entrepreneurship literature: rather than being an equivalent, the entrepreneurial orientation construct is treated as an antecedent of corporate entrepreneurship; moreover the behavioral construct of corporate entrepreneurship is placed in between this strategic posture and performance, to complete "the missing" link between firm-level entrepreneurship and performance. It is proposed that this formulation of roles and meanings attached to both terms, leads to a solid, conclusive, and systematic direct positive relationship between firm level entrepreneurship and performance. Empirical findings confirm this proposal, making this formulation the most important contribution of this study to the firm level entrepreneurship literature. © 2009 PICMET.

Fitch, R, Lal, R & IEEE 1970, 'Experiments with a ZigBee Wireless Communication System for Self-Reconfiguring Modular Robots', ICRA: 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION, VOLS 1-7, IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, IEEE, Kobe, JAPAN, pp. 3965-3970.

Folowosele, F, Etienne-Cummings, R & Hamilton, TJ 1970, 'A CMOS switched capacitor implementation of the Mihalas-Niebur neuron', 2009 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference, 2009 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS), IEEE, pp. 105-108.
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The Mihalas-Niebur neural model is a generalized model of the leaky integrate-and-fire neuron with adaptive threshold. It has been shown in simulation to be capable of producing most of the known spiking and bursting patterns of cortical neurons [1]. We present results from the first circuit implementation of the model with six spiking patterns observed in biological regular-spiking, fast-spiking and low-threshold spiking inhibitory neurons. The circuit was implemented in a 0.5um CMOS process occupying an area of 277um by 177um. ©2009 IEEE.

Folowosele, F, Harrison, A, Cassidy, A, Andreou, AG, Etienne-Cummings, R, Mihalas, S, Niebur, E & Hamilton, TJ 1970, 'A switched capacitor implementation of the generalized linear integrate-and-fire neuron', 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems - ISCAS 2009, IEEE, Taipei, TAIWAN, pp. 2149-2152.
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Francois, R, Castel, A & Zhang, R 1970, 'Effect of corrosion on load-bearing capacity and flexural stiffness of reinforced concrete elements', RILEM Workshop on Long-Term Performance of Cementitious Barriers and Reinforced Concrete in Nuclear Power Plants, NUCPERF 2009, RILEM Workshop on Long-Term Performance of Cementitious Barriers and Reinforced Concrete in Nuclear Power Plants, R I L E M PUBLICATIONS, Cadarache, FRANCE, pp. 23-31.
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This article deals with the long term performance of reinforced concrete elements aged in chloride environment. The analysis of the initiation phase of corrosion show that for a same concrete an increase of concrete cover is not sufficient to delay the onset of corrosion. The analysis of the serviceability of reinforced concrete members allows to highlight two different behaviours during the propagation phase: The first phase points out a decrease of the stiffness of reinforced concrete element due to the decrease of bond between rebars and this phase is followed by a stabilisation of stiffness when the bond is totally loss; then the corrosion process could continue without external sign or warnings. The analysis of the load-bearing capacity after 14 and 23 years allows to understand the relationship between the ultimate load and the steel cross-section reduction due to corrosion. Regarding the structural performance reduction, results have shown that the propagation period can be as long as the initiation phase in the service life. Therefore, the propagation period should be considered as a normal step in the service life.

Frost, SA, Nguyen, ND, Eisman, JA & Nguyen, TV 1970, 'Misdiagnosis of osteoporosis based on a single bone mineral density measurement', Bone, 2nd Joint Meeting of the International-Bone-and-Mineral-Society/Australian-New-Zealand-Bone-and-Mineral-Society, Elsevier BV, Sydney, AUSTRALIA, pp. S104-S105.
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Fu, CM-S & Lu, DD-C 1970, 'Shorting-inductor approach for dimming high power light-emitting diodes', 2009 International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS), 2009 International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS 2009), IEEE, pp. 417-422.
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Parallel dimming for reducing the intensity of High Power Light-Emitting Diode (HP-LED) is an effective way of achieving high contrast ratio and wide dimming range. However the scheme has limitation due to response of control loop and higher power dissipation due to losses during turn-off period. Therefore shorting-inductor approach is proposed in this paper which is capable of achieving improvement in efficiency while keeping similar level of performance. Moreover the proposed strategy for dimming HP-LED is considered to be more flexible in its design. For example the converter can provide dimming feature even if controller is not used to keep track of inductor current. This indicates performance of the method is assured with different types of control strategy which implies wider deployment in different applications.

Fu, CM-S & Lu, DD-C 1970, 'Shorting-Inductor Approach for Dimming High Power Light-Emitting Diodes', 2009 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON POWER ELECTRONICS AND DRIVE SYSTEMS, VOLS 1 AND 2, 8th International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS), IEEE, Taipei, TAIWAN, pp. 1312-1317.

Gabrys, B 1970, 'Learning with Missing or Incomplete Data', IMAGE ANALYSIS AND PROCESSING - ICIAP 2009, PROCEEDINGS, 15th International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing (ICIAP 2009), Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Vietri sul Mare, ITALY, pp. 1-4.
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Gall, M, Grill, A, Iacopi, F, Koike, J & Usui, T 1970, 'Materials, Processes, and Reliability for Advanced Interconnects for Micro- and Nanoelectronics - 2009: Preface', Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings.

Gannapathy, VR, Ahmad, MR, Suaidi, MK, Johal, MS & Dutkiewicz, E 1970, 'Concurrent MAC with Short Signaling for multi-hop Wireless Mesh Networks', 2009 International Conference on Ultra Modern Telecommunications & Workshops, Workshops (ICUMT), IEEE, pp. 1-7.
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The IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol continues to suffer from throughput degradation when directly applied in multi-hop Wireless Mesh Network (WMN). The Request-to-Send/Clear-to-Send (RTS/CTS) signaling partially solved hidden node problems however the exposed node problems remain unaddressed. The IEEE 802.11 MAC does not allow the exposed nodes to initiates its transmission for the entire duration of ongoing transmission over multi-hop network leads to throughput degradation. Moreover, the amount of needed signaling packets takes place at every hop reduces the overall multi-hop throughput significantly. This project proposes a set of enhancement to the existing IEEE 802.11 DCF MAC by enabling concurrent transmission by the exposed nodes and reduces the amount of signaling packets (CMAC-SS) required at every hop until the data packet reaches its destination. Analytical models are developed and simulated over quasi-static Rayleigh fading channel. The multi-hop network performances are evaluated in terms of throughput and delay. The CMAC-SS protocol outperforms the existing IEEE DCF MAC with more than 14% increase in overall throughput of multi-hop WMN. ©2009 IEEE.

Gao, Y, Zhang, G & Lu, J 1970, 'A particle swarm optimization based algorithm for fuzzy bilevel decision making with constraints-shared followers', Proceedings of the 2009 ACM symposium on Applied Computing, SAC09: The 2009 ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, ACM, Hawaii, USA, pp. 1075-1079.
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In a bilevel decision problem, decision making may involve multiple followers and fuzzy demands. This research focuses on the problem of fuzzy linear bilevel decision making with multiple followers who share common constraints (FBCSF). Based on the ranking relationship among fuzzy sets defined by cut set and satisfactory degree α, a FBCSF model is presented and a particle swarm optimization based algorithm is developed. The experiments reveal that solutions obtained by this algorithm are reasonable and stable. Copyright 2009 ACM.

Gao, Y, Zhang, G, Lu, J & Wee, H-M 1970, 'A Fuzzy Bi-level Pricing Model and a PSO Based Algorithm in Supply Chains', NEURAL INFORMATION PROCESSING, PT 2, PROCEEDINGS, International Conference on Neural Information Processing, Springer, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 226-233.
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Due to rapid technological innovation and severe competition, the upstream component price and the downstream product cost in hi-tech industries usually decline significantly with time. In building a pricing supply chain model, some coefficients are generally obtained from experiments and cannot be defined as crisp numbers. Thus, an effective fuzzy pricing supply chain model becomes crucial. This paper establishes a fuzzy bi-level pricing model for buyers and vendors in supply chains. Then, a particle swarm optimization (PSO) based algorithm is developed to solve problems defined by this model. Experiments show that this PSO-based algorithm can solve fuzzy bi-level pricing problems effectively.

Gay, V, Leijdekkers, P & Barin, E 1970, 'A mobile rehabilitation application for the remote monitoring of cardiac patients after a heart attack or a coronary bypass surgery.', PETRA, International Conference on PErvsive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments, ACM, Corfu, Greece, pp. 1-7.
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This paper describes a personalised rehabilitation application using a smart phone (PDA) and wireless (bio) sensors. It instructs and motivates patients to follow their exercise programme and keeps track of their progress. It also monitors the relevant biosignals and provides immediate feedback to the patient. Sensors transmit data to the mobile phone where it is analysed locally and the data can also be instantaneously transmitted to a healthcare centre for remote monitoring by a health professional. The rehabilitation application is personalised for each cardiac patient and provides tailored advice (e.g. exercise more, slow down). A trial with a rehabilitation centre is in progress in which we investigate whether the personalised rehabilitation application improves the success of the rehabilitation programme in terms of patient compliance with recommended life style changes (such as increase physical activity or lose weight) and whether use of the system brings peace of mind to cardiac patients.

Ge, J & Ding, GK 1970, 'Energy efficient and water reduction programs on households in Australia', 2009 Conference on Green Building: Towards Eco-City, Conference on Green Building: Towards Eco-City, Architecture and Building Research Institute, Ministgry of the Interior, Taiwan, pp. 56-66.
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In 2009, the Australian government has formulated strategies to provide $3.9 billion Energy Efficient Home Package for cutting energy waster and $12.9 billion Water for the Future plan for reducing the use of drinking water, aim of tackling climate change and reducing green house emission. Under the strategies, there are incentive schemes for households of the existing homes, which include a) rebates of up to $500 for installing a new rainwater tank or a permanent grey water treatment system; b) offers of up to $1,600 ceiling insulation or installation of solar hot water system or an assistance of up to $1,000 installing insulation in private rental properties; c) cash rebates of up to $8,000 for the installation of solar photovoltaic systems on homes; and d) providing detailed, quality household sustainability assessments and green renovations packs to Australian households as well as access to low interest Green Loans of up to $10,000 each to make existing homes more energy and water efficient. This paper studies whether the incentive schemes motivate households and how much attraction of the schemes for households. The paper starts to review government policies for home energy efficient and water reduction programs in Australia and compare schemes provided by other countries. Case studies on incomes and expenses for a standard family, costs and benefits, as well as elements impact on households of taking the government incentive schemes are examined. The paper comments on the current incentive programs provided by the government and argue that education on attitude toward saving electricity and water should be one of the important parts of the programs.

Ge, JX & Ding, GKC 1970, 'Cost Effective and Sustainable?: Photovoltaic (PV) Rebate Program in Australia', 2009 International Conference on Management and Service Science, 2009 International Conference on Management and Service Science (MASS), IEEE, Beijing, China, pp. 1-4.
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The Australian Government has recently announced a Renewable Energy Target (RET) scheme to provide up front payments of $8,000 for around 25,250 households of income less than $100,000 per year installing a 150 watt solar panel system starting on 01 July 2009 using $202 million taxpayers' money. The scheme has not included households' with incomes greater than $100,000, nor developers who produce new houses. Whether the policies are effective and sustainable is arguable. This paper examines policies designed to encourage households to install solar panel system in Australia and demonstrates reasons for supporting developers to build green houses using Net Present Value (NPV) analysis in a case study. The findings suggest that the government should support installation of solar systems by both households and the developers. ©2009 IEEE.

Ge, Y & Esselle, KP 1970, 'A Dielectric Resonator Antenna for UWB Applications', 2009 IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM AND USNC/URSI NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE MEETING, VOLS 1-6, IEEE Antennas and Propagation International Symposium /USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, IEEE, N Charleston, SC, pp. 2268-2271.

Ge, Y & Esselle, KP 1970, 'A dielectric resonator antenna for UWB applications', 2009 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 2009 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium (APSURSI), IEEE, pp. 1-4.
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A stacked ultra-wideband dielectric resonator antenna of rectangular shape is presented. The antenna is composed of a dielectric resonator and a thin dielectric segment. Both reside above a ground plane, and is excited by a coaxial probe. Unlike in previous designs that have a dielectric resonator of a lower permittivity above one or more thin segments of higher permittivity, the top dielectric resonator in this antenna has a higher permittivity than the lower segment. Theoretical results show that an ultra-wide band 10-dB return loss, from 3.1 GHz to 10.7 GHz, can be achieved. © 2009 IEEE.

Ge, Y & Esselle, KP 1970, 'A UWB Probe-Fed Dielectric Resonator Antenna', VTC Spring 2009 - IEEE 69th Vehicular Technology Conference, 2009 IEEE 69th Vehicular Technology Conference Spring, IEEE, pp. 1-2.
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This paper presents a stacked rectangular dielectric resonator antenna for ultra-wideband applications. The antenna is composed of a dielectric resonator and a thin dielectric segment, and is excited by a coaxial probe. Theoretical results show that an ultra-wide band, from 3.1 GHz to 10.7 GHz, can be achieved. © 2009 IEEE.

Ge, Y & Esselle, KP 1970, 'A UWB Probe-fed Dielectric Resonator Antenna', 2009 IEEE VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-5, 69th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, IEEE, Barcelona, SPAIN, pp. 302-303.

Ge, Y & Esselle, KP 1970, 'An extremely compact dielectric resonator antenna for space-limited UWB wireless communication devices', European Microwave Week 2009, EuMW 2009: Science, Progress and Quality at Radiofrequencies, Conference Proceedings - 6th European Radar Conference, EuRAD 2009, 6th European Radar Conference, IEEE, Rome, ITALY, pp. 393-396.
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An extremely compact ultrawideband (UWB) dielectric resonator antenna is presented for potential use in compact UWB wireless communication devices. The antenna consists of a dielectric resonator of relatively high permitted attached to a thin dielectric segment of relatively low permittivity, positioned on a ground plane. The current version is fed by a coaxial probe although other feeding methods are possible. The use of two dielectrics and multiple resonance modes have helped this design to cover the entire FCC UWB band (3.1 - 10.6 GHz, 1:3.4 or 109.5% bandwidth) in a very small volume. The antenna size has been further reduced, without compromising the bandwidth, by removing about half of the dielectric volume and applying a metal coating on one side of the dielectrics. © 2009 EuMA.

Ge, Y, Sun, Y, Lu, S & Dutkiewicz, E 1970, 'ADSD: An Automatic Distributed Spectrum Decision method in Cognitive Radio networks', 2009 First International Conference on Future Information Networks, 2009 First International Conference on Future Information Networks (ICFIN), IEEE, pp. 253-258.
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With the development of Cognitive Radio networks, in order to fully utilize the scarce spectrum resources, secondary users are capable of exploiting the available spectrum of primary users. However, when there are several spectrum options available, how to select an appropriate one for the secondary user according to the spectrum quality and the QoS requirements of different kinds of applications is a new challenge. In this paper, we propose a new Automatic Distributed Spectrum Decision (ADSD) method to solve this problem. ADSD considers multiple characterization parameters, in particular, the primary users' arrival probability, to estimate the quality of the available spectrum options. A weight self-generation mechanism is included to automatically determine the weights of different parameters, thus avoiding the difficulty and irrationality when relying on the users to specify the weights directly. In addition, in conjunction with the reconfiguration mechanism, ADSD can reduce the rate of spectrum handoffs by reconfiguring the transmission parameters rather than making a new decision for the existing transmission. Simulation results show that without any users' interference, ADSD can automatically select the appropriate spectrum for transmission and significantly improve the Cognitive Radio network performance in terms of throughput and the spectrum handoff rate. ©2009 IEEE.

Govardhan, S & Feuerlicht, G 1970, 'Itinerary Planner: A Mashup Case Study', Service-Oriented Computing - ICSOC 2007 Workshops - Lecture Notes In Computer science, International Conference on Service Oriented Computing, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Vieena, Austria, pp. 3-14.
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The wide adoption of Web Services and the availability of web APIs are transforming the web into a programmatic environment for developing innovative web applications that combine information from various sources to provide a rich user experience. These mashup applications are characterized by rapid development using existing data sources and the use of new technologies such as AJAX, JSON, etc. Developers often focus on delivering rich functionality via the browser environment and pay little attention to the design and maintainability of the applications. In this paper we describe our experience in developing an Itinerary Planner travel application, and discuss the challenges associated with developing mashups. In the conclusion, we briefly discuss the lessons learned in addressing these challenges and how these lessons can be applied to future mashup projects.

Goyal, ML & Zhang, G 1970, 'Using attribute and attitude assessment for bidding in automated auctions.', iiWAS, ACM, pp. 380-384.
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An automated auction is an efficient market institution for real-world trading of commodities. This paper presents a novel fuzzy bidding strategy (FAA-Bid), which employs assessments of multiple attributes of items as well as agents' attitude on bidding item to procure an item in automated auction. The assessment of attributes adapts the fuzzy sets technique to handle uncertainty of the bidding process as well use heuristic rules to determine attitude of bidding agents in simulated auctions to procure goods. The overall assessment is used to determine a price range based on current bid, which finally selects the best one as the new bid. © 2010 ACM.

Gray, SD & Ball, JE 1970, 'Coupled One and Two-Dimensional Modelling in Urban Catchments-Reducing Uncertainty in Flood Estimation', Proceedings of H2009 the 32nd Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium, Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium, Engineers Australia, Newcastle, Australia, pp. 420-429.
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This study tests the 1D/2D coupled modelling approach on its ability to emulate the âroad❠portion of runoff which is conveyed in the kerb/gutter alignment. The event modelled is an approximately 1 in 1 year ARI event in magnitude. Given itâs small ARI it may be supposed that it is mainly comprised of runoff from impervious surfaces (10% roof and 90% road and others). In the event flow from the road moves as sheet flow to the kerb where it is routed to inflow pits. Via the pits it enters the pipe and at the downstream end of the pipe it is gauged. The modelling system is found to be capable of matching the gauged hydrograph for the relatively small event very well. What is also found however is that model parameters that might, in a 1D model, be relatively well informed by field inspection, are instead required to be altered outside recommended ranges in order to optimise the fit between gauged and modelled flow. That is, there is a degree of conceptualisation in the 1D/2D system that was unexpected.

Guangqian, Z, Li, Z & Xin, L 1970, 'Time-Shifting Tracking and Locating Algorithm for RLTLUM System', 2009 International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems, 2009 International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems (IIS), IEEE, pp. 7-10.
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Guo, L, Wang, S, Guo, N, Qiu, J, Zhu, JG, Guo, Y, Wang, Y & Xu, W 1970, 'Analysis and Optimization of Electromagnetic Coilgun', APPLIED ELECTROMAGNETICS AND MECHANICS (II), 14th International Symposium on Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics (ISEM 2009), JAPAN SOCIETY APPLIED ELECTROMAGNETICS & MECHANICS, Xi'an Jiatong Univ, Xian, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 161-+.

Guo, Y, Xu, W, Zhu, J, Lu, H, Wang, Y & Jin, J 1970, 'Design and analysis of a linear induction motor for a prototype HTS maglev transportation system', 2009 International Conference on Applied Superconductivity and Electromagnetic Devices, 2009 International Conference on Applied Superconductivity and Electromagnetic Devices (ASEMD), IEEE, Chengdu, China, pp. 81-84.
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This paper investigates the design and analysis of a linear induction motor (LIM) drive for a prototype transportation system, which is levitated by the interaction force between high temperature superconducting (HTS) bulks placed on the ground and permanent magnets (PMs) mounted on the bottom of the vehicle, while the driving force is provided by a linear induction motor system on the side of the prototype vehicle. An equivalent electrical circuit is applied to predict the motor characteristics and the computation results show that the proposed LIM drive system is appropriate for driving the HTS maglev transportation prototype.

Guo, Y, Zhu, J, Dorrell, D, Lu, H, Wang, Y & IEEE 1970, 'Development of a Claw Pole Permanent Magnet Motor with a Molded Low-Density Soft Magnetic Composite Stator Core', 2009 IEEE ENERGY CONVERSION CONGRESS AND EXPOSITION, VOLS 1-6, IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, IEEE, San Jose, CA, pp. 703-710.

Guo, Y, Zhu, J, Lu, H, Wang, Y & Jin, J 1970, 'Design and analysis of a permanent magnet motor with SMC core for driving dishwasher pump', 2009 International Conference on Applied Superconductivity and Electromagnetic Devices, 2009 International Conference on Applied Superconductivity and Electromagnetic Devices (ASEMD), IEEE, 138, pp. 138-141.
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This paper presents the development of a permanent magnet motor with soft magnetic composite (SMC) stator core for driving a dishwasher pump. The unique properties of the SMC, such as 3D magnetic isotropy and molding production technique, have been taken into account in the design. 3D magnetic field finite element analysis is carried out to accurately compute the motor parameters and an equivalent electrical circuit is derived to predict the motor performance. Analysis results show that the developed motor is appropriate.

Gürtler, MR, Kreimeyer, M & Lindemann, U 1970, 'Extending the active sum/passive sum measure to include boolean operators: A case study', Proceedings of the 11th International DSM Conference, 11th International DSM Conference, Hanser, Greenville, South Carolina, pp. 79-92.

Gutierrez, F & Dyson, LE 1970, 'Managing Employee Expectations of Organizational Change: A Case Study of IT Outsourcing at an Australian Bank', KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND INNOVATION IN ADVANCING ECONOMIES-ANALYSES & SOLUTIONS, VOLS 1-3, IBIMA (International Business Information Management Association), Marrakech, pp. 1158-1165.
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Ha Pham Ngoc, Fujita, H, Ozaki, K & Uchida, N 1970, 'Dynamic performance of a current-phase control method for zone-control induction heating systems', 2009 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, 2009 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition. ECCE 2009, IEEE, San Jose, CA, USA, pp. 833-839.
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Print Request Permissions This paper presents a phase angle control method of coil currents in a zone-control induction heating (ZCIH) system, which has split working coils on a work piece. The ZCIH system controls the amplitude of each coil current to make the temperature distribution on the work piece uniform. The coil currents should be adjusted to be in phase with each other to control the current amplitude in a wide range from 0 to 100%. This paper derives the phase-angle change of the coil current in transient states, and reveals that the phase-angle change can be considered as a first-order response. A phase-angle controller was designed and examined in experiments with a two-zone ZCIH system, making it possible to adjust the current phase angle not only in steady states but also in transient states.

Hamilton, TJ, Nelson, NM, Sander, D & Abshire, P 1970, 'A cell impedance sensor based on a silicon cochlea', 2009 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference, 2009 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS), IEEE, pp. 117-120.
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In this paper, we present the design of an integrated CMOS sensor for cell impedance measurement. To achieve simultaneous measurements over a wide frequency range, the impedance sensor has been developed using silicon cochleae as both the input stimulus generator and the output frequency analyzer. This solution, inspired by the accuracy and efficiency of biological systems, has several advantages. The silicon cochlea is able to make measurements over a very wide frequency range (from Hz to MHz) with variable resolution. Power consumption of the sensor is below 30μW due to the biasing regime used in the silicon cochleae. Furthermore, the implementation of the sensor is fully autonomous requiring no reference clocks or signal generators, facilitating integration into larger cell analysis systems. ©2009 IEEE.

Hamilton, TJ, Tapson, J, Rapson, M, Jin, C & Van Schaik, A 1970, 'Understanding the mathematics of hearing using electronic circuits', ANZIAM Journal, Australian Mathematical Publishing Association, Inc., pp. 300-300.
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The human cochlea is a fascinating transduction organ that illustrates the ingenious way in which engineering problems are solved in nature. A healthy cochlea has a dynamic range in the order of 120 dB; that is, the difference between the roar of the engines of a Boeing 747 and the faintest whisper. We discuss the recent assertion that the cochlea is governed by the dynamics of a Hopf bifurcation. In our cochlea model we discretise the basilar membrane into resonant sections with logarithmically decreasing characteristic frequencies. We show that the observed active behaviour of the cochlea can be modelled as a change in the quality factor of the individual resonant sections in a discretised model, and that this has dynamics which embody the Hopf bifurcation. © Austral. Mathematical Soc. 2010.

Hanlen, LW, Smith, D, Zhang, JA & Lewis, D 1970, 'Key-sharing via channel randomness in narrowband body area networks: Is everyday movement sufficient?', Proceedings of the 4th International ICST Conference on Body Area Networks, 4th International ICST Conference on Body Area Networks, ICST, ICST (Institute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering), pp. 17-17.
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Hao, H, Ding, L & Zhu, X 1970, 'INTERACTION BETWEEN VEHICLE AND BRIDGE WITH DIFFERENT RANDOM SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND ITS IMPLICATION ON DYNAMIC AXLE LOADS', ENVIRONMENTAL VIBRATIONS: PREDICTION, MONITORING, MITIGATION AND EVALUATION, VOLS I AND II, 4th International Symposium on Environment Vibrations - Prediction, Monitoring, Mitigation and Evaluation, SCIENCE PRESS BEIJING, Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 1117-1125.

Hasan, M, Cheema, MA, Lin, X & Zhang, Y 1970, 'Efficient Construction of Safe Regions for Moving kNN Queries over Dynamic Datasets', LNCS - Advances in Spatial and Temporal Databases - Proceedings of SSTD, SSTD, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Aalborg, Denmark, pp. 373-379.
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The concept of safe region has been used to reduce the computation and communication cost for the continuous monitoring of k nearest neighbor (kNN) queries. A safe region is an area such that as long as a query remains in it, the set of its kNNs does not change. In this paper, we present an efficient technique to construct the safe region by using cheap RangeNN queries. We also extend our approach for dynamic datasets (the objects may appear or disappear from the dataset). Our proposed algorithm outperforms existing algorithms and scales better with the increase in k

Haskett, M, Ali, MSM, Oehlers, DJ & Wu, C 1970, 'Influence of Bond on the Hinge Rotation of FRP Plated Beams', Advances in Structural Engineering, SAGE Publications, pp. 833-843.
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Fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) plate reinforcement is a brittle material which has a brittle interfacial bond with concrete. This can lead to the misconception that all FRP retrofitting techniques provide brittle members and, hence, limited rotational capacity which has severe limitations for structural applications. This paper shows that the FRP reinforcement behaviour is but one of three components that govern the rotational capacity of plated reinforced concrete beam hinges. It is shown that FRP retrofitted beams and slabs can achieve ductile behaviour and provide rotational capacity and, furthermore, that the rotational capacity of FRP plated members depends very importantly on the interface bond characteristics.

Havryliv, M, Geiger, F, Guertler, M, Naghdy, F & Schiemer, G 1970, 'The Carillon and Its Haptic Signature: Modeling the Changing Force-Feedback Constraints of a Musical Instrument for Haptic Display', HAPTIC AND AUDIO INTERACTION DESIGN, PROCEEDINGS, 4th International Conference on Haptic and Audio Interaction Design, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Dresden Univ Technol, Dresden, GERMANY, pp. 91-99.
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Hawryszkiewycz, I 1970, 'Workspace requirements for complex adaptive systems', 2009 International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems, 2009 International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems, IEEE, Baltimore, US, pp. 342-347.
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Business processes are becoming increasingly collaborative and dynamic in nature. Correspondingly computer systems must provide the systems to support both the collaboration and changing work practices. This paper describes the modelling and technical requirements to support such processes. It suggests that any support system must be consistent with the more open nature of dynamic systems and provide the design methods and technical support systems to support them. The paper describes a collaborative metamodel to model dynamic systems and ways to convert the models to implementations. The paper stresses the need for lightweight technologies to support dynamic systems and uses the models to define requirements of such technologies.

Hawryszkiewycz, IT 1970, 'Identifying and Supporting Collaborative Architectures', Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 442-449.
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Hawryszkiewycz, IT 1970, 'Knowledge Science, Engineering and Management', Third International Conference on Knowledge Science, Engineering and Management: Lecture Notes in Computer Science vol 5914, International Conference on Knowledge Science, Engineering and Management, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Vienna, Austria, pp. 442-449.
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Knowledge management is becoming more integrated into business processes rather than as a standalone activity. Knowledge workers increasingly collaborate and share knowledge as the process proceeds to create new products and services. The paper proposes the development of a collaborative architecture to define the collaboration and a collaborative infrastructure to support the collaboration. It defines the collaborative architecture in terms of an enterprise social network. It then shows how to convert the collaborative architecture to a collaborative infrastructure based on Web 2.0 technologies

Hawryszkiewycz, IT 1970, 'Modeling Complex Adaptive Systems', Information Systems: Modeling, Development, and Integration: Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, eCOMO, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Sydney, Australia, pp. 458-468.
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The paper describes ways to model systems that dynamically change as their environment changes. The generic term complex adaptive systems (Kovacs, 2005) is increasingly used to describe systems in such environments. Complex adaptive systems are generally defined (Holland, 1995) as made up of many agents (which may represent cells, individuals, firms, projects) acting in parallel, constantly acting and reacting to what the other agents are doing. The control of complex adaptive systems tends to be highly dispersed and decentralized. The overall behaviour of the system is the result of a huge number of decisions made every moment by many individual agents. Processes in such systems need to be equally adaptive and we refer to them as complex adaptive processes. Currently there are no widely accepted methodologies to model and design complex adaptive processes. Most methodologies for information systems design focus on prescribed processes. The paper describes ways to model such systems. The models will differ from existing modeling techniques as they combine business functions with social structures in ways that facilitate social connectivity and interactivity needed to adapt to changing situations within the business context. At the same time the social networks will be used to define the knowledge requirements that capture the outcome of work exchanges to support process continuity. It develops the idea of collaboration graphs to integrate social network into business models. It develops a blueprint based on three parts, business models, collaboration and knowledge and develops models based on integrating these three components. It then demonstrates the methods in outsourcing environments and principles of implementation of the models using contemporary technologies.

Hawryszkiewycz, IT 1970, 'Specifying Collaborative System Requirements in Terms of Platforms and Services', Information Systems Development - Proceedings of 16th International Conference on Information Systems Development, International Conference on Information Systems Development, Springer US, Galway, Ireland, pp. 267-280.
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Increasing collaboration in business processes has resulted in increased demand for information systems that support collaboration in business processes. Many system development methodologies, however, are oriented towards defining processes that are fixed both in their process steps and process functions. Collaborative systems, however, are more uncertain in nature and collaborative processes usually evolve to accomplish the goal. Hence requirements cannot be specified to the same level of detail. Collaborative processes are often user driven and requirements must accommodate such users by providing a flexible platform of services that can be configured by users to fit their work practices. This paper introduces the concept of collaboration level as a way to specify collaborative platforms of services and ways to implement such platforms.

Hazelton, PA & Gardner, AP 1970, 'Posters: A means for both technical and social communication', SEFI 37th Annual Conference 2009, Annual Conference of European Society for Engineering Education, Delft University of Technology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 1-4.
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Posters are used to convey information concisely and clearly. It requires judgement to decide on how much information to include, whether this information should be presented in a graphical or textual form, and how to organise the information in the space of the poster. A poster is the initial assessment task at the short course run by the International Institute of Women in Engineering (IIWE) at EPF, Ecole d'ingenieurs generaliste, and in association with ParisX1 University. This three week short course has been offered since 2001 and is intended for recently graduated or final year engineering students from diverse cultural and disciplinary backgrounds. The poster was chosen as the initial assessment task because young professionals are generally asked to present in this way at professional conferences. There were several aims associated with use of the poster: 1. to develop students' poster making skills 2. to help students who are shy or lacking confidence in English skills to be able to have a means of communication with each other and with staff 3. to initiate the discussion around the sustainability theme of the course. The poster display also defines the participants' space in a foreign university - it defines 'our space' for the duration of the course. The posters are assessed against criteria for both content and visual impact by three members of staff who provide feedback to the participants. An award for best poster is presented at the end of the course to recognise the skill involved in creating an effective poster. Participants in the 2008 IIWE course were surveyed to determine the effectiveness of presenting and using a poster considering these aims. This paper shows that the response was very positive in regards to the poster being useful for both gaining an understanding of fellow participants and their discipline and cultural diversity. The introduction of the concept of the individual environmental footprint and its link to the sustai...

Herman, G, Ye, G, Yang Wang, Jie Xu & Bang Zhang 1970, 'Multi-instance learning with relational information of instances', 2009 Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV), 2009 Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV), IEEE, pp. 1-7.
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Multi-instance learning (MIL) has many applications, including image and text categorization. One of the most effective approaches to MIL is by using Support Vector Machines with multi-instance kernels. In this paper we propose a multi-instance kernel, called MIR-Kernel, that takes into account the relational information of instances when computing similarities between bags. The relational information of instances are derived from the statistics of the distances between instances in feature space. The aim of MIR-Kernel is to efficiently capture the context in which instances occur within bags, so that it is able to better compute the similarities between bags. Experimental results on image and text categorization demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method compared to other methods. © 2009 IEEE.

Hernandez-Gutierrez, A, Nieto, JI, Vidal-Calleja, T & Nebot, E 1970, 'Large scale visual odometry using stereo vision', Proceedings of the 2009 Australasian Conference on Robotics and Automation, ACRA 2009.
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This paper presents a system for egomotion estimation using a stereo head camera. The camera motion estimation is based on features tracked along a video sequence. The system also estimates the tridimensional geometry of the environment by fusing the visual information from multiple views. Furthermore, the paper presents comparisons between two different algorithms. The first one is by applying triangulation to 3D points. Motion estimation using 3D points suffers from the problem of nonisotropic noise due to the large uncertainty in depth estimation. To deal with this problem we present results with a second approach that works directly in the disparity space. Experimental results using a mobile platform are presented. The experiments cover long distances in urban-like environments with the presence of dynamic objects. The system presented is part of a bigger project involving autonomous navigation using vision only.

Heshmati, RAA, Alavi, AH, Keramati, M & Gandomi, AH 1970, 'A Radial Basis Function Neural Network Approach for Compressive Strength Prediction of Stabilized Soil', Road Pavement Material Characterization and Rehabilitation, GeoHunan International Conference 2009, American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 147-153.
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This study considers the use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to predict the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of soil-stabilizer mix. Radial basis function (RBF) as one of the most widely used ANN architectures is utilized to construct comprehensive models to relate the UCS of stabilized soil to the properties of natural soil and type and quantity of stabilizing additives. A comprehensive set of data obtained from previously published stabilization test results was used for model development. A subsequent parametric study was carried out and the trends of the results have been confirmed via previous laboratory studies. The RBF based estimates are compared with the experimental and numerical results of other researchers and found to be more accurate. © 2009 ASCE.

Hicks, B, Gray, SD & Ball, JE 1970, 'A critical review of the Urban Rational Method', Proceedings of H2009 the 32nd Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium, Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium, Engineers Australia, Newcastle, Australia, pp. 1424-1433.
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Since ARR 1987 improved statistical techniques have been presented which are ideal for producing regression relationships relating different catchment characteristics to peak flow. A unique feature of the quantile regression technique is that as different catchment characteristics become more or less important to peak flow their varying significance can be incorporated. For example the importance of losses declines for larger longer events where previous areas become saturated and start to contribute runoff. As a first step towards carrying out the quantile regression work, a database of available gauged data has been compiled. The data base is still being finalised however at the end of the proofing process, whereby gauges are checked for length of record, completeness, quality, ratings, stability of upstream development, it is expected that only a handful of gauges will be found to be suitable. Given the paucity of data it is not possible to establish relationships, by regression, between various catchment characteristics and peak flow for urban catchment. Thus the paper calls for a focus on urban gauging in Australia. This paper suggests that a goal be established, for the establishment of urban gauging sites across Australia (and the maintenance of existing sites) with the suggestion being that such work can be funded as part of climate change research.

Hitchens, M & Lister, R 1970, 'A focus group study of student attitudes to lectures', Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology Series, Australasian Computing Education Conference, Australian Computer Society Inc., Wellington, New Zealand, pp. 93-100.
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This paper reports on the findings from focus groups, conducted at Macquarie University, on the attitudes of computing students to lectures. Students felt that two things were vital for a good lecture: (1) that the lecturer goes beyond what is written in the lecture notes; (2) that the lecture is interactive, by which students meant that the lecturer asks if students understand concepts and adjusts the delivery accordingly, and also the lecturer answers the students' questions. The students in the focus groups also discussed what makes for a bad lectures: (1) lecturers reading straight from slides; (2) lecturers who 'blame the students', by saying that students don't work hard enough and are too lazy to turn up to lectures; and (3) lecturers who cover the material too slowly or too quickly. The most prominent reason given for not attending lectures was the timetabling of lectures in such a way that students had too few classes in one day to make the sojourn to university worthwhile. Any university seeking to improve attendance at lectures should perhaps look as much to improving its timetabling practices as it does to improving the practices of its individual lecturers. © 2009, Australian Computer Society, Inc.

Hoang, DB & Foureur, M 1970, 'Welcome from the technical program chairs', 2009 11th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (Healthcom), 2009 11th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (Healthcom 2009), IEEE, pp. 2-2.
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Hoang, HG, Tuan, HD & Nguyen, TQ 1970, 'Analog flat filter design', 2009 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ICASSP 2009 - 2009 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, IEEE, Taipei, TAIWAN, pp. 3225-3228.
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This paper proposes a systematic approach for the design of a general class of analog infinite-impulse-response (IIR) filters, which includes all well-known classical analog filters as a special case. All specifications including the conventional ones an

Homayounfard, H & Kennedy, PJ 1970, 'HDAX: Historical symbolic modelling of delay time series in a communications network', Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology Series, Australian Data Mining Conference, Australian Computer Society, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 129-137.
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There are certain performance parameters like packet delay, delay variation (jitter) and loss, which are decision factors for online quality of service (QoS) traffic routing. Although considerable efforts have been placed on the Internet to assure QoS, the dominant TCP/IP - like the best-effort communications policy - does not provide sufficient guarantee without abrupt change in the protocols. Estimation and forecasting end-to-end delay and its variations are essential tasks in network routing management for detecting anomalies. A large amount of research has been done to provide foreknowledge of network anomalies by characterizing and forecasting delay with numerical forecasting methods. However, the methods are time consuming and not efficient for real-time application when dealing with large online datasets. Application is more difficult when the data is missing or not available during online forecasting. Moreover, the time cost in statistical methods for trivial forecasting accuracy is prohibitive. Consequently, many researchers suggest a transition from computing with numbers to the manipulation of perceptions in the form of fuzzy linguistic variables. The current work addresses the issue of defining a delay approximation model for packet switching in communications networks. In particular, we focus on decision-making for smart routing management, which is based on the knowledge provided by data mining (informed) agents. We propose a historical symbolic delay approximation model (HDAX) for delay forecasting. Preliminary experiments with the model show good accuracy in forecasting the delay time-series as well as a reduction in the time cost of the forecasting method. HDAX compares favourably with the competing Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) algorithm in terms of execution time and accuracy. © 2009, Australian Computer Society, Inc.

Hongsheng, H, Jiong, W, Suxiang, Q, Yancheng, L & Xuezheng, J 1970, 'Investigation on controllability of a Magnetorheological gun recoil damper', 2009 International Conference on Information and Automation, 2009 International Conference on Information and Automation (ICIA), IEEE, pp. 1044-1049.
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Its primary purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive investigation on the controllability of a Magnetorheological (MR) gun recoil damper. Performances of MR damper under random load, mainly in the transportation applications, seismic protection in civil engineering and windrain- induced load in Cable Bridge, have been well investigated by many researchers. However, little research has been focused on the dynamic performance and its controllability of MR damper under impact load. At present, a systematic architecture has still not been formed, including its structure design, dynamicmodelling and controlling method of a MR damper subjected to impact load. In this paper, the research is developed and aims at the MR gun recoil damper. To evaluate its controllability of a MR gun recoil damper, a test rig which uses a closed bump to produce an impact load is developed. A novel large-scale singleended MR damper without the accumulator is used as the specimen. First, impact tests were done to evaluate the response time of the special designed long-stroke MR gun recoil damper, corresponding to the step signal of the operating current. Then, three revised control strategies, including on-off control method, PID control method, adaptive fuzzy control method, were investigated to confirm its controllability of the MR damper under impact load. Compared with on-off control and PID control policy, it is indicated by test results that this developed MR gun recoil damper has a bette r controllability using the adaptive fuzzy control policy. © 2009 IEEE.

Hongsheng, H, Jiong, W, Suxiang, Q, Yancheng, L, Xuezheng, J & IEEE 1970, 'Investigation on Controllability of a Magnetorheological Gun Recoil Damper', ICIA: 2009 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFORMATION AND AUTOMATION, VOLS 1-3, 2nd International Conference on Smart Materials and Nanotechnology in Engineering, SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, Weihai, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 1023-1028.
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Hongsheng, H, Juan, W, Jiong, W, Suxiang, Q & Yancheng, L 1970, 'Investigation on modeling and controability of a magnetorheological gun recoil damper', SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART MATERIALS AND NANOTECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING.
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Hongsheng, H, Juan, W, Jiong, W, Yancheng, L & Xuezheng, J 1970, 'Investigation on its properties for MR damper under high impact load', ISTM/2009: 8TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON TEST AND MEASUREMENT, VOLS 1-6, 8th International Symposium on Test Measure, INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS LTD, Chongqing, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 2186-2189.

Ho-Pham, LT, Nguyen, ND & Nguyen, TV 1970, 'Effect of vegetarian diet on bone mineral density: A Bayesian meta-analysis', Bone, 2nd Joint Meeting of the International-Bone-and-Mineral-Society/Australian-New-Zealand-Bone-and-Mineral-Society, Elsevier BV, Sydney, AUSTRALIA, pp. S78-S78.
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Hossain, MJ, Pota, HR & Kumble, C 1970, 'Transfer Limit Enhancement Using Decentralized Robust STATCOM Control for Wind Farm', 2009 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference, 2009 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference, IEEE, Wuhan, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 1-4.
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Hossain, MJ, Pota, HR, Ugrinovskii, V & Ramos, RA 1970, 'A robust STATCOM control to augment LVRT capability of fixed speed wind turbines', Proceedings of the 48h IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) held jointly with 2009 28th Chinese Control Conference, 2009 Joint 48th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) and 28th Chinese Control Conference (CCC), IEEE, Shanghai, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 7843-7848.
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Hossain, MJ, Pota, HR, Ugrinovskii, V & Ramos, RA 1970, 'Excitation control for large disturbances in power systems with dynamic loads', 2009 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, Energy Society General Meeting (PES), IEEE, Calgary, CANADA, pp. 757-+.
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Hossain, MJ, Pota, HR, Ugrinovskii, V & Ramos, RA 1970, 'Robust STATCOM control for the enhancement of fault ride-through capability of fixed speed wind generators', 2009 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications, 2009 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications (CCA), IEEE, St Petersburg, RUSSIA, pp. 1505-1510.
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Hossain, MS & Hossain, MJ 1970, 'Performance analysis of a novel fuzzy logic and MTPA based speed control for IPMSM drive with variable d- and q-axis inductances', 2009 12th International Conference on Computers and Information Technology, 2009 12th International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (ICCIT), IEEE, pp. 361-366.
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This paper presents a novel speed control scheme of an Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (IPMSM) using Fuzzy logic controller considering variable direct and quadrature axis inductances. The Fuzzy logic controller (FLC) has been designed on the basis of indirect vector control scheme of the IPMSM drive. The complete vector control scheme of the IPMSM drive incorporating the FLC is simulated for a IPMSM using Matlab/Simulink. The performances of the proposed FLC based IPMSM drive are investigated and compared to those obtained from the maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) based drive at various dynamic operating conditions, such as, certain change in command speed, step change in load, etc. The comparative results show that the FLC is more robust and, hence, found to be a suitable replacement of the MTPA control for the high performance industrial drive applications. ©2009 IEEE.

Hu, G, Huang, S, Dissanayake, G & IEEE 1970, '3D I-SLSJF: A Consistent Sparse Local Submap Joining Algorithm for Building Large-Scale 3D Map', PROCEEDINGS OF THE 48TH IEEE CONFERENCE ON DECISION AND CONTROL, 2009 HELD JOINTLY WITH THE 2009 28TH CHINESE CONTROL CONFERENCE (CDC/CCC 2009), IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, IEEE, Shanghai, China, pp. 6040-6045.
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This paper presents an efficient and reliable algorithm for autonomous robots to build large-scale three dimensional maps by combining small local submaps. The algorithm is a generalization of our recent work on two dimensional map joining algorithm - Iterated Sparse Local Submap Joining Filter (I-SLSJF). The 3D local submap joining problem is formulated as a least squares optimization problem and solved by Extended Information Filter (EIF) together with smoothing and iterations. The resulting information matrix is exactly sparse and this makes the algorithm efficient. The smoothing and iteration steps improve the accuracy and consistency of the estimate. The consistency and efficiency of 3D I-SLSJF is demonstrated by comparing the algorithm with some existing algorithms using computer simulations. ©2009 IEEE.

Huang, A, Milne, D, Frank, E & Witten, IH 1970, 'Clustering Documents Using a Wikipedia-Based Concept Representation', ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY AND DATA MINING, PROCEEDINGS, 13th Pacific-Asia Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Bangkok, THAILAND, pp. 628-636.
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Huang, H-S, Pal, NR, Ko, L-W & Lin, C-T 1970, 'Automatic Identification of Useful Independent Components with a View to Removing Artifacts from EEG Signal', IJCNN: 2009 INTERNATIONAL JOINT CONFERENCE ON NEURAL NETWORKS, VOLS 1- 6, International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, IEEE, GA, Atlanta, pp. 2646-+.

Huang, J, He, Y, Sun, Y, Zhao, W & Zhu, X 1970, 'A new SoC video ghost canceller', 2009 52nd IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2009 52nd IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS), IEEE, pp. 1143-1146.
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A video ghost canceller, which reduces the effect of multi-path signal echoes (ghosts), is described in this paper. An adaptive LMS algorithm was used to improve the received image quality of PAL or NTSC broadcasts. The internal 576-tap digital filter, which is comprised of a 144-tap FIR and a 430-tap IIR filter, cancels ghosts occurring from -6.15μS before to +41.6μS after the main signal. In order to reduce the chip area occupied by the filter, an algorithm that combines the error threshold and the error accumulation methods is applied for reducing the coefficients word-length. Also, a tap-decimated equalizer is proposed, which can greatly reduce the number of the multipliers in the adaptive filter. The system on chip (SoC) device performs all the functions required for ghost cancellation, eliminating the need for external DSP controllers, memory, sync detection, D/A converters, A/D converters, and user programming. From chip tests, the canceller can remove the ghost whose power is lower than -6dB compared to that of the main signal and make ghost residue down to -40 dB. When operating at a rate of 14.318 MHz (4Fsc), it dissipates 1.3W from a 3.3V power supply. © 2009 IEEE.

Huang, ML, Liang, J & Nguyen, QV 1970, 'A Visualization Approach for Frauds Detection in Financial Market', 2009 13th International Conference Information Visualisation, 2009 13th International Conference Information Visualisation, IV, IEEE, Barcelona, Spain, pp. 197-202.
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The traditional solutions to the stock market security are not sufficient in identifying attackers and further attack plans from the analysis of existing events. Therefore, it is difficult for analysts to prevent future unexpected events or frauds by only monitoring the realtime trading information. The event-driven fraud detection in financial market could not help analysts to find attack plans and the further intention of attackers. This paper proposed a new framework of visual analytics for stock market security. The proposed solution consists of two stages: 1) Visual Surveillance of Market Performance, and 2) Behavior-Driven Visual Analysis of Trading Networks. In the first stage, we use a 3D treemap to monitor the realtime stock market performance and to identify a particular stock that produced an unusual trading pattern. We then move to the next stage: social network visualization to conduct behavior-driven visual analysis of suspected pattern. Through the visual analysis of social (or trading) network, analysts may finally identify the attackers (the sources of the fraud), and further attack plans. © 2009 IEEE.

Huang, X & Guo, Y 1970, 'Achieving higher throughput for OFDM systems with parallel packet transmission', Australia communications theory workshop, Australia communications theory workshop, Sydney, Australia.

Huang, X & Guo, YJ 1970, 'Frequency and Space Precoded MIMO OFDM with Substream Adaptation', 2009 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 2009 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, IEEE, pp. 1-6.
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A new frequency and space precoding scheme for multiple input multiple output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems is presented. For frequency precoding, the data symbols to be transmitted are divided into multiple substreams, and a predefined unitary matrix is applied to each substream to obtain different linear combinations of data symbols in the substream to gain frequency diversity. For space precoding, different precoding matrices selected from a predefined orthogonal matrix are used to allocate each frequency precoded data symbol to all transmit antennas to gain spatial diversity. The number of substreams and the corresponding data symbol mapping scheme are also adaptively determined at the receiver under varying received signal strength and MIMO channel conditions, and are made available to the transmitter through a low-rate feedback channel. Simulation results show that the proposed MIMO OFDM system with adaptive substream selection can effectively exploit both frequency and spatial diversity, and deliver the maximum system throughput. © 2009 IEEE.

Huang, X & Guo, YJ 1970, 'MSE Bounds for Phase Estimation in Presence of Recursive Nuisance Parameters', GLOBECOM 2009 - 2009 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, GLOBECOM 2009 - 2009 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, IEEE, pp. 1-5.
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The mean squared error (MSE) is commonly used to measure and compare the performance of various phase estimation techniques in communications and signal processing systems. When the received signal contains recursive nuisance parameters, the MSE is extremely difficult to obtain and even the conventional modified Cramér-Rao bound (MCRB) can not be readily applied. In this paper, a recursive MSE bound and its simplified calculation method are proposed to solve the problem. As an application example, an adaptive hybrid antenna array and its associated angle-of-arrival (AoA) estimation technique are presented. The MSE of the AoA estimation is simulated and compared with the recursive MSE bound and MCRB. The results show that the proposed recursive MSE bound provides a tighter lower MSE bound than the recursive MCRB.

Huang, X & Guo, YJ 1970, 'Parallel Packet Transmission Based on OFDM', 2009 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 2009 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, IEEE, pp. 1-6.
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This paper proposes a parallel packet transmission (PPT) scheme based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). The principle of the PPT scheme is to divide a packet into a number of smaller parallel packets, and transmit each smaller packet over an individual subcarrier of the OFDM symbols instead of spreading the data bits in a packet across a number of different subcarriers. It is proved theoretically that the proposed PPT scheme has higher average throughput than the conventional serial packet transmission without precoding. Furthermore, simulation results show that the OFDM system with PPT outperforms the precoded OFDM system with minimum mean squared error equalization in both uncoded and coded cases in terms of average throughput. The PPT scheme provides an alternative and simpler means to combat frequency-selective fading. © 2009 IEEE.

Huang, X, Guo, YJ & Bunton, J 1970, 'Adaptive AoA Estimation and Beamforming with Hybrid Antenna Arrays', 2009 IEEE 70th Vehicular Technology Conference Fall, 2009 IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC 2009-Fall), IEEE, pp. 1-5.
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A new type of hybrid antenna array consisting of analogue subarrays followed by a digital beamformer is proposed for practical implementation of long range high data rate millimetre wave communications systems. An adaptive algorithm, referred to as the differential beam search (DBS), is proposed for the angle of arrival (AoA) estimation to control the phase shifters in the analogue subarrays and to perform digital beamforming. This algorithm does not need the knowledge of a reference signal and effectively solves the phase ambiguity problem in AoA estimation inherent to the practical subarray configuration. The performance of the proposed DBS algorithms is demonstrated by simulations. © 2009 IEEE.

Huang, Y, Lin, H, Zhu, J & Guo, Y 1970, 'Magneto-thermal analysis of a high-speed SMC motor based on 3-D FEA', 2009 International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS), 2009 International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS 2009), IEEE, Taipei, Taiwan, pp. 563-567.
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This paper presents a magneto-thermal model for high-speed SMC motor. Due to high frequency, core loss is much greater than other losses and it is of crucial importance to be able to calculate the core loss accurately. By using time-stepping FEA, the total core loss is computed by summing up the separately calculated alternating and rotational hysteresis, eddy current and anomalous losses in each element. The core loss in each element is coupled with the thermal analysis by keeping the same mesh structure between the magnetic and thermal analyses. Other losses such as air frictional loss and rotor loss are included in the model due to high speed. This model is applied to a 2kW, 20krpm claw pole motor with a SMC core. The 3-D FEA is conducted for the core loss and temperature calculation because flux path in claw pole motor is purely three dimensional. The results are compared with experiments.

Huo, H, Chen, Q, Wang, G & Peng, D 1970, 'Keyword Search on Streaming XML Fragments', 2009 First International Conference on Information Science and Engineering, 2009 First International Conference on Information Science and Engineering, IEEE, pp. 4919-4922.
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Husnawan, M, Masjuki, HH, Mahlia, TMI, Saifullah, MG & Kalam, MA 1970, 'The Use of Dihydroxy Fatty Acid and Palm-Based Polyol as Selected Components of Envo-Diesel Fuel Blends to Reduce C.I. Engine Gaseous Emissions and Carbon Deposits', SAE Technical Paper Series, Powertrains, Fuels and Lubricants Meeting, SAE International.
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Nowadays, engine problems such as higher NOx, increase in smoke content and low brake power output due to biofuel fueled engine have been reduced by several improvements by using additives or modifications on engine itself. This paper presents a type of compositions and proper combination of selected chemical components which may be used in palm olein-diesel blends namely "Envo-Diesel". The blended component was designed as an additive package which was blended with diesel-biofuel at 99:1 up to 95:5 percent ratios. Blended fuels with additive have been used in the single cylinder engine which operated under 2000 rpm for 100 hours. Engine performance and emissions tests were conducted as well as engine deposit analysis was done after 100 hours engine operation time. The result was found that by using combined additive engine fuel consumption was decreased about 5%, NOx and SO x emission also reduced about 10% and carbon deposit was found less compared to other fuels especially for higher percentage of additive. Other results such as engine power and CO emission were found quite similar with 100% diesel fuel. These phenomena was shown that by using selected additive in certain amount found to be suitable to reduce diesel engine consumption and exhaust emissions as well as minimizing carbon deposit. Copyright © 2009 SAE International.

Husnawan, M, Masjuki, HH, Mahlia, TMI, Saifullah, MG & Mohammad, EN 1970, 'The use of renewable basestock lubricant containing metal-free additive and their effects on triboproperties and diesel engine CO2 emission', World Tribology Congress 2009 - Proceedings, p. 576.
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In every IC engine, there will be a certain amount of unburned fuel that passes through piston rings and enters the lubricating oil that affects lubricant degradation trough reactions with chemical species and will cause greater wear in the engine as well as influencing the combustion efficiency indefinitely. Renewable based-lubricant with the presence of non-metallic additive reduce wear rate. There is a significant material weight loss and lower friction coefficient. The renewable based lube oil with additive also succeeds in reducing CO2 emission ∼ 5% compared to the mineral based. This is an abstract of a paper presented at the 2009 World Tribology Congress (Kyoto, Japan 9/6-11/2009).

Hussain, O, Dillon, T, Chang, E & Hussain, F 1970, 'A Fuzzy Inference Model for Risk based Informed Decision-Making in e-Business', 2009 International Conference on Network-Based Information Systems, 2009 International Conference on Network-Based Information Systems (NBIS), IEEE, Indianapolis, ID, pp. 519-524.
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Since its invention, the web has considerably advanced and it now provides its users with sophisticated technologies and processes for facilitating interactions. This has enabled users to complete their tasks by efficient ways and in turn increase their

Hussain, O, Dillon, T, Chang, E & Hussain, F 1970, 'A Methodology for Transactional Risk Assessment and Decision Making in e-Business Interactions', 2009 IEEE International Conference on e-Business Engineering, 2009 IEEE International Conference on e-Business Engineering, IEEE, Macau, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 157-164.
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The development and advancement of technologies have enabled users to complete their tasks efficiently. They have also provided them with various options and alternatives to complete and achieve their tasks. In such an environment, it is imperative for a

Hussain, O, Dillon, T, Chang, E & Hussain, F 1970, 'Determining the Net Financial Risk for Decision Making in Business Interactions', 2009 International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications, 2009 International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications, IEEE, Bradford, ENGLAND, pp. 822-829.
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In a business interaction, transactional risk highlights the uncertainty associated in not achieving the desired outcomes. The assessment of transactional risk gives the interacting user the different levels of failure in achieving its desired outcomes a

Huynh, P 1970, 'Free-Convection Flow Through a Two-Dimensional Box With Openings on Opposite Walls', Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Computational Heat and Mass Transfer (ICCHMT'09) - Progress in Computational Heat and Mass transfer, International Conference on Computational Heat and Mass Transfer, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China, Guangzhou, China, pp. 519-526.
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Free-convection flow through a two-dimensional rectangular box having openings at opposite corners on the vertical walls is investigated numerically, using a commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software package. Convection is induced when the box's ceiling or its floor is imposed with a temperature that is different to that of the ambient fluid, while all other walls are insulated. The fluid here is air near standard conditions, with a molecular Prandtl number of 0.707. Computation is performed for a range of Rayleigh-number values, up to about 2.7×109. Chien's turbulence model of low-Reynolds-number K-e is used. When convection is induced by a cold roof or a hot floor, higher flow rate and heat transfer occur. However the resultant flow and temperature variation are more confined to the wall regions, while the rest of the box is relatively much less affected. All this is in contrast to when convection is due to a hot roof or a cold floor.

Iacopi, F, Rooyackers, R, Loo, R, Vanherle, W, Milenin, A, Arstila, K, Verhulst, A, Takeuchi, S, Bender, H, Caymax, M, Hantschel, T, Vandooren, A, Vereecken, PM, De Gendt, S & Heyns, M 1970, 'Seedless Templated Growth of Hetero-Nanostructures for Novel Microelectronics Devices', MRS Proceedings, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, pp. 37-42.
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AbstractThe feasibility of a templated seedless approach for growing segmented p-i-n nanowires –based diodes based on selective epitaxial growth is demonstrated. Such diodes are the basic structure for a TunnelFET device. This approach has the potential for being easily scalable at a full-wafer processing, and there is no theoretical limitation for control on nanowires growth and properties when scaling down their diameters, as opposed to an unconstrained vapor-liquid-solid growth. Moreover, Si/SixGe1-x hetero-structures are implemented, showing that this can improve the TFET ON current not only thanks to the lowered barrier for the band-to-band source-channel tunneling, but additionally thanks to its lower thermal budget for growth, allowing for better control of the abruptness of the doping profile at the source-channel tunneling interface.

I-Hung Khoo, Reddy, HC, Van, L-D & Lin, C-T 1970, '2-D digital filter architectures without global broadcast and some symmetry applications', 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems - ISCAS 2009, IEEE, Taipei, TAIWAN, pp. 952-955.
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Indraratna B., Rujikiatkamjorn C. & Kelly R. 1970, 'Modelling of combined vacuum and surcharge preloading with vertical drains', Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering: The Academia and Practice of Geotechnical Engineering, IOS Press, pp. 2204-2207.
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In this study, 2D and 3D numerical analyses were conducted to predict embankment behaviour on soft clay foundations stabilised by Combined Vacuum and Surcharge Preloading. To determine the equivalent plane strain permeability, a revised conversion procedure for plane strain condition considering linear permeability variation in the smear zone is proposed. The equivalent permeability coefficients are then incorporated in finite element codes, employing the modified Cam-clay theory. The advantages and limitations of vacuum application through vertical drains are discussed through two selected case histories from China and Australia and the predictions are compared with the available field data. Apart from realistic 3D numerical modelling, it is demonstrated that the equivalent plane strain analysis can now be used as a predictive tool with acceptable accuracy.

Indraratna Buddhima 1970, 'Technical Session 4a: Ground Improvement/Grouting/Dredging', Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering: The Academia and Practice of Geotechnical Engineering, IOS Press, pp. 3319-3335.
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Indraratna, B, Rujikiatkamjorn, C, Kelly, R & Buys, H 1970, 'Soft Soil Foundation Improved by Vacuum and Surcharge Preloading at Ballina Bypass, Australia', Ground Improvement Technologies and Case Histories, International Symposium on Ground Improvement Technologies and Case Histories, Research Publishing Services, Singapore, SINGAPORE, pp. 95-105.
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Jamdagni, A, Tan, T, Liu, R, Nanda, P & He, S 1970, 'A Frame Work for Geometrical Structure Anomaly Detection Model', The sixth annual CSIRO ICT Centre Science and Engineering Conference, Centre Science and Engineering Conference, CSIRO, Australian Technology Park, NSW, Australia, pp. 109-110.
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The growth of Internet offers quality and convenience to human life, but at the same time provides a platform for hackers and criminals. The Internet security hence becomes an important issue. Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is designed to detect intrusion and also to prevent a system from being compromised. In this paper, we present a novel Geometrical Structure Anomaly Detection (GSAD) model. GSAD employs pattern recognition techniques previously used in human detection [2}.

Jamdagni, A, Tan, Z, Nanda, P, He, X & Liu, R 1970, 'Intrusion Detection Using Geometrical Structure', 2009 Fourth International Conference on Frontier of Computer Science and Technology, 2009 Fourth International Conference on Frontier of Computer Science and Technology (FCST), IEEE, Shanghai, China, pp. 327-333.
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We propose a statistical model, namely Geometrical Structure Anomaly Detection (GSAD) to detect intrusion using the packet payload in the network. GSAD takes into account the correlations among the packet payload features arranged in a geometrical structure. The representation is based on statistical analysis of Mahalanobis distances among payload features, which calculate the similarity of new data against precomputed profile. It calculates weight factor to determine anomaly in the payload. In the 1999 DARPA intrusion detection evaluation data set, we conduct several tests for limited attacks on port 80 and port 25. Our approach establishes and identifies the correlation among packet payloads in a network. © 2009 IEEE.

Jeng, JJ, McGregor, C & Schiefer, J 1970, 'RTSOAA 2009 Message', 2009 33rd Annual IEEE International Computer Software and Applications Conference, 2009 33rd Annual IEEE International Computer Software and Applications Conference, IEEE, pp. xviii-xviii.
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Jesudoss, A, Sulaiman, A, Chandran, D & Raja, K 1970, 'Opportunity of Mobile Technologies towards the Excellence in the e-Governance of Rwanda', Proceedings of the International Conference on Millenium Development Goals (MDG) - The Role of ICT and other appropriate technologies, International Conference on Millenium Development Goals (MDG) - The Role of ICT and other appropriate technologies, Excel India Publishers, Chennai, India, pp. 18-26.

JIANG, ZY, WEI, DW & TIEU, AK 1970, 'AN INFLUENCE FUNCTION METHOD ANALYSIS OF COLD STRIP ROLLING', Engineering Plasticity and Its Applications From Nanoscale to Macroscale, Proceedings of the 9th AEPA2008, WORLD SCIENTIFIC, Daejeon, SOUTH KOREA, pp. 356-361.
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Jianlong Zhou & Takatsuka, M 1970, 'Automatic Transfer Function Generation Using Contour Tree Controlled Residue Flow Model and Color Harmonics', IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, IEEE Information Visualization Conference/IEEE Visualization Conference, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Atlantic City, NJ, pp. 1481-1488.
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Jin, X, Yang, Y, Tian, L, Pang, D, Shi, J & Dutkiewicz, E 1970, 'QoS-Aware Optimal Power Allocation with Channel Inversion Regularization Precoding in MU-MIMO', 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOLS 1-8, IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC 2009), IEEE, Dresden, GERMANY, pp. 3270-+.

Jin, X, Yang, Y, Tian, L, Pang, D, Shi, J & Dutkiewicz, E 1970, 'QoS-Aware Optimal Power Allocation with Channel Inversion Regularization Precoding in MU-MIMO', 2009 IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC 2009 - 2009 IEEE International Conference on Communications, IEEE, pp. 1-5.
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In multiuser MIMO systems, the Channel Inversion Regularization (CIR) precoding outperforms Zero-Forcing (ZF) in the case of a small number of users and low SNR. However, unlike the zero-interference ZF, the optimal power allocation issue using CIR is a nonconvex optimization problem which will become more intractable with nonconvex QoS constraints. In this paper we focus on the challenging QoS-aware optimal power allocation problem, aiming to maximize the system sum rate and guarantee the users' minimum data rates. As a result, an "Iterative Geometric Programming" (IGP) strategy is proposed which transforms the underlying problem to a series of tractable Geometric Programming (GP) problems through an iterative convex approximation. Extensive simulations have been conducted and the results indicate that IGP is quite suitable to tackle the problem, which can achieve a good balance between the system sum rate and the individual QoS requirements. ©2009 IEEE.

Jin, Z, Chen, X & Zowghi, D 1970, 'Performing Projection in Problem Frames Using Scenarios', APSEC 09: SIXTEENTH ASIA-PACIFIC SOFTWARE ENGINEERING CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS, Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference, IEEE, Batu Ferringhi, Penang, Malaysia, pp. 249-256.
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In the Problem Frames (PF) approach there are five basic problem frames and some variants to them. When a problem is being analysed, it is initially matched against these frames. If the problem does not fit into the basic problem frames or their variants, then problem analysis is performed. It has been recognised that ‘projection’ is an effective technique for analysing problems. That is, each sub-problem is considered as a projection of the main problem concerned only with the phenomena relevant to that sub-problem. The PF approach lacks a precise definition of problem projection and does not provide specific instructions on how to perform this projection. In this paper, we use the concept of projection from relational algebra and combine it with concepts from the PF and scenario-based approaches to present a conceptual model for conducting problem projection in requirements engineering. This model and ontology extend problem description at scenario level and support systematic derivation of sub-problems from scenarios. We also provide a detailed process description for performing projection for problem analysis and present the utility of our approach with a case study.

Johnston, A, Candy, L & Edmonds, E 1970, 'Designing for conversational interaction', Proceedings of the International Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression, New Interfaces for Musical Expression, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA, pp. 207-212.
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In this paper we describe an interaction framework which classifies musicians’ interactions with virtual musical instruments into three modes: instrumental, ornamental and conversational. We argue that conversational interactions are the most difficult to design for, but also the most interesting. To illustrate our approach to designing for conversational interactions we describe the performance work Partial Reflections 3 for two clarinets and interactive software. This software uses simulated physical models to create a virtual sound sculpture which both responds to and produces sounds and visuals.

Jones, V, Gay, VC, Leijdekkers, P, Rienks, R & Hermens, H 1970, 'Personalised mobile services supporting the implementation of clinical guidelines', 4th workshop on Personalisation for e-Health, Workshop on Personalisation for e-Health, AIME 2009, Verona, Italy, pp. 10-14.
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Telemonitoring is emerging as a compelling application of Body Area Networks (BANs). We describe two health BAN systems developed respectively by a European team and an Australian team and discuss some issues encountered relating to formalization of clinical knowledge to support realtime analysis and interpretation of BAN data. Our example application is an evidence-based telemonitoring and teletreatment application for home-based rehabilitation. The application is intended to support implementation of a clinical guideline for cardiac rehabilitation following myocardial infarction. In addition to this the proposal is to establish the patientâs individual baseline risk profile and, by real-time analysis of BAN data, continually re-assess the current risk level in order to give timely personalised feedback. Static and dynamic risk factors are derived from literature. Many sources express evidence probabilistically, suggesting a requirement for reasoning with uncertainty; elsewhere evidence requires qualitatie reasoning: both familiar modes of reasoning in KBSs. However even at this knowledge acquisition stage some issues arise concerning how best to apply the clinical evidence. Furthermore, in cases where insufficient clinical evidence is currently available, telemonitoring can yield large collections of clinical data with the potential for data mining in order to furnish more statistically powerful and accurate clinical evidence.

Jun Yang, Yang Wang, Getian Ye, Arcot Sowmya, Bang Zhang & Jie Xu 1970, 'Feature clustering for vehicle detection and tracking in road traffic surveillance', 2009 16th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), 2009 16th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing ICIP 2009, IEEE, Cairo, EGYPT, pp. 1145-1148.
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Jupp, JR, Eckert, C & Clarkson, PJ 1970, 'DIMENSIONS OF DECISION SITUATIONS IN COMPLEX PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT', ICED 09 - THE 17TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENGINEERING DESIGN, VOL 3: DESIGN ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT, pp. 239-250.
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Decision-making is a multifaceted phenomenon. Yet in design, many models describing decisionmaking and approaches to decision support are based on simplistic process models and assumptions. This paper reviews the literature surrounding both decision processes and decision support systems, before presenting the authors' own insights from a series of construction and engineering case studies. Based on an analysis of the literature and case study findings, a set of dimensions for classifying factors influencing decision situations is presented. Using this taxonomy the authors then structure the decision process as a dynamic and iterative activity before discussing its implications for decision support systems in design.

Juszczyszyn, K & Musiał, K 1970, 'Structural Changes in an Email-Based Social Network', AGENT AND MULTI-AGENT SYSTEMS: TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS, PROCEEDINGS, 3rd KES International Symposium on Agent and Multi-Agent Systems, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Uppsala Univ, Uppsala, SWEDEN, pp. 40-49.
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Juszczyszyn, K, Musial, A, Musial, K & Brodka, P 1970, 'Molecular dynamics modelling of the temporal changes in complex networks', 2009 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, 2009 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC), IEEE, Trondheim, NORWAY, pp. 553-559.
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Jutao, H, Qingkui, C, Huan, H & JingJing, Z 1970, 'An Adaptive Load Balanced on Demand Routing Protocol', 2009 International Conference on Networks Security, Wireless Communications and Trusted Computing, 2009 International Conference on Networks Security, Wireless Communications and Trusted Computing (NSWCTC), IEEE, pp. 86-89.
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Kadlec, P & Gabrys, B 1970, 'Evolving on-line prediction model dealing with industrial data sets', 2009 IEEE Workshop on Evolving and Self-Developing Intelligent Systems, 2009 IEEE Workshop on Evolving and Self-Developing Intelligent Systems (ESDIS), IEEE, Nashville, TN, pp. 24-31.
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Kadlec, P & Gabrys, B 1970, 'Soft Sensor Based on Adaptive Local Learning', Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 1172-1179.
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When it comes to application of computational learning techniques in practical scenarios, like for example adaptive inferential control, it is often difficult to apply the state-of-the-art techniques in a straight forward manner and usually some effort has to be dedicated to tuning either the data, in a form of data pre-processing, or the modelling techniques, in form of optimal parameter search or modification of the training algorithm. In this work we present a robust approach to on-line predictive modelling which is focusing on dealing with challenges like noisy data, data outliers and in particular drifting data which are often present in industrial data sets. The approach is based on the local learning approach, where models of limited complexity focus on partitions of the input space and on an ensemble building technique which combines the predictions of the particular local models into the final predicted value. Furthermore, the technique provides the means for on-line adaptation and can thus be deployed in a dynamic environment which is demonstrated in this work in terms of an application of the presented approach to a raw industrial data set exhibiting drifting data, outliers, missing values and measurement noise. © 2009 Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Kadlec, P & Gabrys, B 1970, 'Soft sensors: where are we and what are the current and future challenges?', IFAC Proceedings Volumes, Elsevier BV, pp. 572-577.
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In this work we present a summary of the review on data-driven soft sensors published in [1] together with a proposal of how to deal with the identified issues and challenges. We discuss the most common approaches for the development of soft sensors followed by a critical analysis of the main issues in the current soft sensor development. Currently, these are the time which has to be spent on the model development including data pre-processing and model building together with the effort which needs to be spent on periodical performance assessment and re-training of the model. Based on the identified problems we propose a solution based on a model development architecture which can accommodate different data preprocessing techniques, predictive modelling methods as well as approaches for model adaptation. The architecture is based on a structure which unifies several concepts from machine learning such as ensemble methods, local learning, meta learning and concept drift handling. Using the above mechanisms it provides means for automated data pre-processing, model validation, selection and adaptation which can be used to significantly simplify the soft sensor building and maintenance process. Copyright © 2007 International Federation of Automatic Control.

Kaili Weng, Nghia Nguyen, Nguyen, HT & Su, S 1970, 'Rate estimation for the monitoring of rehabilitation exercises', 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, IEEE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, pp. 6267-6270.
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This study investigates the rate estimation problem encountered in rehabilitation exercise monitoring by using noninvasive portable sensors. The purpose of this paper has two main parts. The first part is to find suitable approaches for the rate detection of tri-axial accelerometer (TA) signals and ECG signals respectively. It is found that the integral type approaches (the average magnitude difference function (AMDF) and autocorrelation function (ACF)) are particularly suitable for TA signal pre-processing, while differential type approaches are very efficient for electrocardiographic (ECG) signal pre-processing. The second part is to develop a square wave matching method to detect the rate from the pre-processed signals. Experimental results indicate that the proposed methods can effectively detect pace rate from TA and heart rate from ECG and remove undesirable spikes.

Kalam, MA, Masjuki, HH, Mahlia, TMI, Fuad, MA, Halim, K, Ishak, A, Khair, M, Yusoff, A & Shahrir, A 1970, 'Experimental Test of a New Compressed Natural Gas Engine with Direct Injection', SAE Technical Paper Series, Powertrains, Fuels and Lubricants Meeting, SAE International.
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This paper presents experimental test results of a new compressed natural gas direct injection (CNG-DI) engine that has been developed from modification of a multi cylinder gasoline port injection (PI) engine. The major modifications done are (1) the injection system has been modified to gas direct injection using new high pressure gas injectors, (2) compression ratio has been changed from 10 to 14 through modification of piston and cylinder head, and (3) new spark plugs with long edge were used to ignite the CNG fuel. The CNG pressure at common rail was kept at 20 bar to be injected into engine cylinder. The engine has been operated with full throttle conditions to compare all the results with original base engine such as gasoline port injection engine and the CNG bi-fuel engine where the base engine has been converted to bi-fuel injection system to be operated with gasoline and CNG fuels. Hence, it can be mentioned that the original gasoline port injection engine has been modified to CNG bi-fuel and CNG-DI systems. The bi-fuel injection was developed using a gas conversion kit with gas port injection injectors. The test results obtained from CNG fuel using two different systems (i.e. bi-fuel and DI) will be investigated and compared with original gasoline engine. The test was conducted with computer controlled dynamometer to measure brake power, specific fuel consumption (SFC), exhaust emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and unburned hydrocarbon (HC). The objective of this investigation is to compare the test results between "CNG-DI", with "CNG-BI" and "gasoline - PI" engines with the same displacement volume. It was found that the CNG-DI engine produces 4% higher brake power at 6000 rpm as compared to original gasoline fueled engine. The CNG-BI engine produces maximum power of 57 kW at 5500 rpm which is 23% lower than CNG-DI engine's peak power (at 6000 rpm). The average BSFC of CNG-DI engine was 0.28% and 8% lower than gasoline-P...

Kamaleswaran, R, McGregor, C & Percival, J 1970, 'Service oriented architecture for the integration of clinical and physiological data for real-time event stream processing', 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, IEEE, Minneapolis, MN, pp. 1667-1670.
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Kang, K 1970, 'Supportive Web Design for Users from Different Culture Origins in E-Commerce', HCI International 2009, HCI International, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Sadiego, USA, pp. 467-474.
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This paper presents an investigation of supportive design features for users from different cultural origins in global e-commerce sites applying the principles of human computer interaction to web interface design. This investigation was necessitated from a need to establish an understanding of the barriers in the implementation of e-business on a global level. The paper begins with an overview of current business-to-user (B2C) e-commerce implementation on the web, and then describes cultural issues in the global e-commerce.

Karantonis, P & Parnell, J 1970, 'Road noise aspects of the NSW Infrastructure SEPP's 'development in Rail Corridors and Busy Roads - Interim Guideline'', Annual Conference of the Australian Acoustical Society 2009 - Acoustics 2009: Research to Consulting, pp. 260-267.
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On 21 December 2007 State Environmental Planning Policy (Infrastructure) 2007 (known as the 'Infrastructure SEPP') was gazetted and subsequently came into effect in NSW on 1 January 2008 to facilitate the effective delivery of infrastructure across the State. Key objectives of this planning policy were to: protect the safety and integrity of key transport infrastructure from adjacent development; and ensure that adjacent development achieves an appropriate acoustic amenity by meeting the internal noise criteria specified in the Infrastructure SEPP. A major initiative of this SEPP is that for the first time a planning instrument has established internal noise levels [35dB(A) for bedrooms and 40dB(A) for other habitable rooms] in new residential developments planned along identified transport corridors. To support the Infrastructure SEPP, the NSW Department of Planning released Development in Rail Corridors and Busy Roads - Interim Guideline in December 2008. This document was developed with significant input from acoustic experts and other government agencies, and provides guidance on building design, internal layout and architectural principles to achieve an acceptable internal acoustic environment as well as synergies in addressing air and noise impacts. The Guideline also provides general guidance on strategic planning for Councils and other government agencies, or private proponents investigating possible locations for new residential and other sensitive development that require development approval. In addition, it provides guidance on site selection to reduce or avoid the need for mitigation measures for new residential (eg single/dual occupancy, multi-unit, etc) dwellings. The present paper focuses on the aspects of the Guideline which apply to the management of road traffic noise. It presents a summary of the technical background, assumptions and considerations given in relation to all of the road traffic noise information contained within the Gu...

Karimi, F & Chiang Choon Poo, D 1970, 'Personal and external determinants of medical bloggers' knowledge sharing behavior', Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Wiley, pp. 1-23.
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AbstractThis paper investigates the factors affecting medical bloggers' knowledge sharing behavior from both personal and external aspects. We develop a model based on the social cognitive theory and augment it with the social capital theory. The model is empirically examined based on the survey data collected from 75 bloggers writing on medical issues, and evaluated with confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Among the personal factors, we examined outcome expectations including reputation and enjoyment in helping others. Encouragement by others, identification and interaction ties were investigated as external factors. Enjoyment in helping others and reputation were found to have significant direct affect on medical bloggers' knowledge sharing behavior, while encouragement by others, identification, and interaction ties showed no significant direct affect. However, encouragement by others exhibited significant impact on reputation and enjoyment in helping others. The implications for theory and practice, and future possible research are discussed.

Kasisopha, N, Wongthongtham, P & Hussain, FK 1970, 'Semantic Wild as a Basis for Software Engineering Ontology Evolution', ON THE MOVE TO MEANINGFUL INTERNET SYSTEMS: OTM 2009 WORKSHOPS, On the Move Confederated International Conference and Workshops, Springer-verlag Berlin, Vilamoura, PORTUGAL, pp. 858-865.
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Ontology plays a vital role in sharing a common understanding of the domain among groups of people and provides terminology interpretable by machines. Recently, ontology has grown and continued to evolve constantly, but there are not many tools to provid

Kazienko, P, Musiał, K & Zgrzywa, A 1970, 'Evaluation of node position based on email communication', Control and Cybernetics, Conference on Data Processing Technologies, POLISH ACAD SCIENCES SYSTEMS RESEARCH INST, Poznan, POLAND, pp. 67-86.
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Rapid development of various kinds of social networks within the Internet enabled investigation of their properties and analyzing their structure. An interesting scientific problem in this domain is the assessment of the node position within the directed, weighted graph that represents the social network of email users. The new method of node position analysis, which takes into account both the node positions of the neighbors and the strength of connections between network nodes, is presented in the paper. The node position can be used to discover key network users, who are the most important in the population and who have potentially the greatest influence on others. The experiments carried out on two datasets enabled studying the main properties of the new measure.

Kejalakshmy, N, Azizur Rahman, BM, Agrawal, A, Tanvir, H & Grattan, KTV 1970, 'Defect-Core PCF with Metal Coated Central Air-hole For THz Propagation', Optical Fiber Communication Conference and National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, OSA, pp. JThA3-JThA3.
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A rigorous finite element analysis on a new Teflon PCF with metal coated central air-hole shows the formation a Surface Plasmon assisted fundamental mode with controllable modal properties for THz sensing application. © 2008 Optical Society of America.

Kejalakshmy, N, Rahman, BMA, Agrawal, A, Tanvir, H & Grattan, KTV 1970, 'Defect-core PCF with metal coated central air-hole for THz propagation', Conference on Optical Fiber Communication, Technical Digest Series.
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A rigorous finite element analysis on a new Teflon PCF with metal coated central air-hole shows the formation a Surface Plasmon assisted fundamental mode with controllable modal properties for THz sensing application. © 2009 IEEE.

Kejalakshmy, N, Rahman, BMA, Agrawal, A, Tanvir, H & Grattan, KTV 1970, 'Defect-core PCF with metal coated central air-hole for THz propagation', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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A rigorous finite element analysis on a new Teflon PCF with metal coated central air-hole shows the formation a Surface Plasmon assisted fundamental mode with controllable modal properties for THz sensing application. © 2008 Optical Society of America.

Kennard, R, Edmonds, E & Leaney, J 1970, 'Separation anxiety: Stresses of developing a modern day separable User Interface', 2009 2nd Conference on Human System Interactions, 2009 2nd Conference on Human System Interactions (HSI), IEEE, Catania, Italy, pp. 228-235.
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The evolution of user interface (UI) tools has generally regarded the UI as separable from the underlying application it represents. This viewpoint leaves the UI having to restate invariants already specified in other subsystems of an application, and any discrepancy between the versions in the UI and those in the subsystems leads to errors. This paper explores a sample of real world subsystems in use by enterprise applications today, and underscores the problem of duplication between them and the UI. It then surveys the prevalence of this issue within mainstream software development.

Kennard, R, Edmonds, E, Leaney, J & IEEE 1970, 'Separation Anxiety: stresses of developing a modern day Separable User Interface', HSI: 2009 2ND CONFERENCE ON HUMAN SYSTEM INTERACTIONS, 2nd Conference on Human System Interactions, IEEE, Catania, ITALY, pp. 225-232.

Kennedy, PJ, Ong, K & Christen, P 1970, 'Data Mining and Analytics', Data Mining and Analytics 2009 (AusDM'09), Australian Data Mining Conference, Australian Computer Society, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 1-218.

Kennedy, PJ, Ong, KL & Christen, P 1970, 'Preface', Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology Series.

Khabbaz, H & Indraratna, B 1970, 'Development of a Smart Tool for Capturing Novel Advancement in Ballasted Rail Track Substructure', Congress e-Proceedings, 8th International Congress on Civil Engineering, International Congress on Civil Engineering, Department Of Civil And Environmental Engineering Of Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, pp. 1-8.
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The obligation of keeping a competitive edge against other means of transportation has increased the pressure on the railway industry to improve its efficiency and decrease the maintenance costs. In this paper, several innovative solutions are presented to improve the rail track foundations including optimum particle ballast grading and confining pressure as well as stabilising tracks overlying soft soils employing different techniques. A smart tool for predicting the performance of rail track substructure is also developed. This smart tool provides the user optimum construction parameters and required geotechnical properties according to various subgrade conditions, train loads and speeds.

Khalilpour, R & Karimi, IA 1970, 'Evaluation of LNG, CNG, GTL and NGH for Monetization of Stranded Associated Gas with the Incentive of Carbon Credit', All Days, International Petroleum Technology Conference, IPTC, pp. 3568-3572.
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Abstract Associated gas is estimated to account for 17% of global gas reserves. However, majority of associated gas resources are small or located offshore which have made the utilization uneconomical. Operators have thus preferred either flaring or re-injecting the gas rather than utilization. Currently, none of these two options are favored as it is proven that gas re-injection has reverse effect on well recovery over time. Gas flaring is also not pleasant (even not permitted) because of stringent environmental regulations such as carbon tax. These reasons and the elevating energy prices have increased attentions towards utilization of associated gas resources. There are a number of gas utilization technologies that have the potential to make the development of stranded gas resources economically viable. Some of these however have not yet been fully developed and proven on a commercial scale, though being conceptually feasible. The most advanced among these alternative technologies include LNG, CNG, GTL and NGH. These processes are highly capital-intensive and require considerable gas reserves to justify their deployment. Accordingly, these technologies are challenged to be economical when the size of the field is small (like most of the associated gas resources) or the markets are located far away from the field. In this study, we have investigated each of these processes based on different variables such as reservoir capacity, distance to market, process CAPEX & OPEX, safety, etc. This paper discusses the pros and cons of these processes and presents the sweet spot for each of the technologies based on gas reserve and distance to market. Associated Gas Problem Associated gas is natural g...

Khalilpour, R & Karimi, IA 1970, 'Optimal LNG contract selection using mixed integer linear programming', AIChE Annual Meeting, Conference Proceedings.

Khan, A, Saqib, M & Kaleem, Z 1970, 'Functional unit level parallelism in RISC architecture', Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Frontiers of Information Technology, FIT '09: 7th International Conference on Frontiers of Information Technology, ACM, pp. 1-4.
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This paper presents the design and implementation of RISC processor having five stages pipelined architecture. Functional unit parallelism is exploited through the implementation of pipelining in five stages of RISC processor. The hazards which come to life due to parallelism are data, structural, and control hazards .In order to achieve the true benefits of the parallelism through pipelining; these hazards must be properly handled. The data hazards are solved using bypassing in which we forward the required value of the operand to the succeeding instruction. Structural hazards are solved by implementing three port register file so that two operand reading and one register writing can be performed in parallel without degrading the performance. Control hazards arise from Branch, Jump and Call instructions. To solve these problems, we insert automated NOP in stage2, stage3 and stage4. The processor designed is a fully functional processor which can execute any program including jump statements, switch statements, loops and subroutines which are the basic ingredients of any computer program. Copyright 2009 ACM.

Khan, MAY & Veitch, D 1970, 'Isolating Physical PER for Smart Rate Selection in 802.11', IEEE INFOCOM 2009, 2009 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM, IEEE, IEEE, pp. 1080-1088.
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Khawaja, MA, Chen, F, Owen, C & Hickey, G 1970, 'Cognitive Load Measurement from User’s Linguistic Speech Features for Adaptive Interaction Design', HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION - INTERACT 2009, PT I, 12th IFIP International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Uppsala, SWEDEN, pp. 485-489.
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Ki, SK & Lu, DDC 1970, 'Averaged Small-Signal Modeling of a Non-Isolated Single-Stage Single-Switch AC/DC Converter', 2009 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON POWER ELECTRONICS AND DRIVE SYSTEMS, VOLS 1 AND 2, 8th International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS), IEEE, Taipei, TAIWAN, pp. 1469-1473.

Ki, SK & Lu, DDC 1970, 'Averaged small-signal modeling of a non-isolated single-stage single-switch AC/DC converter', 2009 International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS), 2009 International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS 2009), IEEE, pp. 304-308.
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A transformerless single-stage single-switch AC/DC converter was reported and analyzed recently. The converter features high power factor capability, high conversion efficiency, reduced voltage stress on bulk capacitor, low manufacturing cost and small in size. In this paper, its averaged small signal model is analyzed and presented for the control purpose. By applying small ac signal perturbations and statespace averaging technique, the crucial dynamic transfer functions are derived. Bode plots of the transfer functions are also given for designing the controller. The experimental results validate the model and show in good agreement.

Kivva, T, Huynh, P, Gaston, MJ & Munn, D 1970, 'A numerical study of ventilation flow through a 3-dimensional room with a fan', Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Turbulence, Heat and Mass Transfer, The 6th International Symposium on Turbulence, Heat and Mass Transfer, Begell House Inc., Rome, Italy, pp. 1-10.
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Numerical simulation of ventilation flow through a real-sized 3-dimensional room containing warm air has been performed, using a commercial CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) software package. The standard K-e turbulence model with wall functions is used. Fans flow rate only affects significantly the rooms temperature when this rate is low, corresponding to the free-convection-dominating regime. In forced-convection regime, increasing the flow rate results in little change in the rooms temperature, but can also enlarge pockets of undesirable warm air. Positioning a window higher gives rise to more efficient ventilation. An exhaust fan reduces the rooms average temperature significantly more than an in-blowing fan.

Ko, L-W, Tsai, I-L, Yang, F-S, Chung, J-F, Lu, S-W, Jung, T-P & Lin, C-T 1970, 'Real-Time Embedded EEG-Based Brain-Computer Interface', ADVANCES IN NEURO-INFORMATION PROCESSING, PT II, 15th International Conference on Neuro-Information Processing, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Auckland, NEW ZEALAND, pp. 1038-1045.
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Koppi, T, Sheard, J, Naghdy, F, Chicharo, J, Edwards, SL, Brookes, W & Wilson, D 1970, 'What our ICT graduates really need from us: A perspective from the workplace', Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology Series, Australasian Computing Education Conference, Australian Computer Society Inc., Wellington, New Zealand, pp. 101-109.
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A national Discipline-Based Initiative (DBI) project for Information and Communications Technology (ICT), funded by the Australian Learning and Teaching Council, has sought the opinions of recent graduates of ICT in the workplace to help inform the curriculum. An online survey was devised to question graduates on workplace requirements and university preparation for abilities categorized as: personal/interpersonal; cognitive; business and technical. The graduates in employment have highlighted broad mismatches between the requirements of their professional work in these categories and the preparation for employment they received from university. A regression analysis was used to determine influences on graduates' opinions of the preparation they received at university. The quantitative and qualitative results from this survey could have far-reaching consequences for ICT education and this initiative will enable the development of curricula that ensures graduates are equipped with the skills required by the ICT industry. © 2009, Australian Computer Society, Inc.

Kraaijenbrink, E, van Gils, F, Cheng, Q, van Herk, R & van den Hoven, E 1970, 'Balancing Skills to Optimize Fun in Interactive Board Games', HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION - INTERACT 2009, PT I, Interact '09, Springer-Verlag, Uppsala, Sweden, pp. 301-313.
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Playing games against people with a different skill level can be boring or frustrating, which decreases fun. A solution is to introduce specific rules that balance a game. In this paper we describe a study in which we used an electronic board game with tangible interaction to investigate whether balancing a game indeed increases fun experienced. We also investigate whether balancing skill levels implicitly (players are unaware) or explicitly (players are aware) has an influence on the fun experienced. We found that players who lost a game felt more successful in the balanced game compared to the unbalanced game. The balanced game also offered the players more fun experience than they expected beforehand. Finally, players preferred to play an explicitly balanced game because it increased the feeling of effort and challenge.

Kreimeyer, M, Braun, S, Gürtler, M & Lindemann, U 1970, 'Extending Multiple Domain Matrices to allow for the modeling of Boolean operators in process models', DS 58-1: Proceedings of ICED 09, the 17th International Conference on Engineering Design, 17th International Conference on Engineering Design, Design Society, Stanford, pp. 1-12.
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This paper suggests an approach to combine the analytical advantages of matrix-based notation with the modeling capabilities of graphical notation in order to model process flows including logic operators. Matrix-based notation is exemplified by Design Structure Matrices (DSM) and Multiple Domain Matrices (MDM), graphical notation by Event driven Process Chains (EPC), both being established standards in industry. DSM and MDM offer algorithmic methods for analyses, but so far without a means of modeling decision points (AND, OR, XOR). EPC allows for an easy modeling of process flows with parallel and alternative paths. However, it does not feature comprehensive analyses, making it difficult to systematically analyze a process model. In this research, MDM was therefore extended to include logic operators, thus combining the two approaches to transfer EPC and similar models into a matrix-based description and vice versa; this makes any graphical model that uses Boolean logic accessible to algorithmic analysis available in MDM. Generally spoken, the proposed modeling scheme opens up a way of generic modeling of logic operations in matrix-based notations.

Kuo, V & Fitch, R 1970, 'Towards a parallel wireless radio communication architecture for modular robots', Proceedings of the 2009 Australasian Conference on Robotics and Automation, ACRA 2009.
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Provisioning a scalable communication architecture in self-reconfiguring (SR) modular robots is one of the major challenges in their large-scale implementation in hardware. The infrared and hardwired communication systems usually employed are complex, are unreliable, and can lead to unrecoverable errors. Wireless mesh networks offer a robust and versatile solution but do not scale in terms of bandwidth and latency. By exploiting the unique properties of modular robots, we address the scalability problem in this paper. We propose a novel multi-radio, multi-channel mesh network architecture that guarantees fixed bandwidth and latency for inter-module communication, independent of the robot size. We present experimental results using modified ZigBee radios in a well-controlled setup that is free from unpredictable properties of radio propagation such as multi-path interference. By eliminating variables that would otherwise be present in a practical environment, we are able to precisely validate the principles and assumptions of our architecture. Using results from our experiments as a baseline we also qualitatively show that our approach has in-built protection from multi-path interference.

Kusakunniran, W, Li, H & Zhang, J 1970, 'A Direct Method to Self-Calibrate a Surveillance Camera by Observing a Walking Pedestrian', 2009 Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications, 2009 Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications, IEEE, Melbourne, VIC, pp. 250-255.
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Recent efforts show that it is possible to calibrate a surveillance camera simply from observing a walking human. This procedure can be seen as a special application of the camera self-calibration technique. Several methods have been proposed along this

Kusakunniran, W, Wu, Q, Li, H & Zhang, J 1970, 'Automatic Gait Recognition Using Weighted Binary Pattern on Video', 2009 Sixth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance, 2009 Sixth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance (AVSS), IEEE, Genoa, Italy, pp. 49-54.
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Human identification by recognizing the spontaneous gait recorded in real-world setting is a tough and not yet fully resolved problem in biometrics research. Several issues have contributed to the difficulties of this task. They include various poses, different clothes, moderate to large changes of normal walking manner due to carrying diverse goods when walking, and the uncertainty of the environments where the people are walking. In order to achieve a better gait recognition, this paper proposes a new method based on Weighted Binary Pattern (WBP). WBP first constructs binary pattern from a sequence of aligned silhouettes. Then, adaptive weighting technique is applied to discriminate significances of the bits in gait signatures. Being compared with most of existing methods in the literatures, this method can better deal with gait frequency, local spatial-temporal human pose features, and global body shape statistics. The proposed method is validated on several well known benchmark databases. The extensive and encouraging experimental results show that the proposed algorithm achieves high accuracy, but with low complexity and computational time. © 2009 IEEE.

Kusakunniran, W, Wu, Q, Li, H & Zhang, J 1970, 'Multiple views gait recognition using View Transformation Model based on optimized Gait Energy Image', 2009 IEEE 12th International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops, ICCV Workshops, 2009 IEEE 12th International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops, ICCV Workshops, IEEE, Kyoto, Japan, pp. 1058-1064.
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Gait is one of well recognized biometrics that has been widely used for human identification. However, the current gait recognition might have difficulties due to viewing angle being changed. This is because the viewing angle under which the gait signature database was generated may not be the same as the viewing angle when the probe data are obtained. This paper proposes a new multi-view gait recognition approach which tackles the problems mentioned above. Being different from other approaches of same category, this new method creates a so called View Transformation Model (VTM) based on spatial-domain Gait Energy Image (GEI) by adopting Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) technique. To further improve the performance of the proposed VTM, Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) is used to optimize the obtained GEI feature vectors. When implementing SVD there are a few practical problems such as large matrix size and over-fitting. In this paper, reduced SVD is introduced to alleviate the effects caused by these problems. Using the generated VTM, the viewing angles of gallery gait data and probe gait data can be transformed into the same direction. Thus, gait signatures can be measured without difficulties. The extensive experiments show that the proposed algorithm can significantly improve the multiple view gait recognition performance when being compared to the similar methods in literature. ©2009 IEEE.

Kwok, NM, Fang, G, Ha, QP & IEEE 1970, 'Moving Average-based Stock Trading Rules from Particle Swarm Optimization', 2009 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE, VOL I, PROCEEDINGS, International Conference on Artiicial Intelligence and Computational Intelligence, IEEE, Inc., Shanghai China, pp. 149-153.
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Trading rules derived from technical analysis are valuable tools in making profits from the financial market. Among those trading rules, the moving average-based rule has been the most widely adopted choice by a large number of investors. Buy/sell signals are identified when curves of long/short averages cross each other. With an attempt to optimize the rule and maximize the trading profit, this paper propose the use of the particle swarm optimization algorithm to determine the appropriate long/short durations when calculating the averages. Trading signals are subsequently generated by the golden cross strategy. The best combination of long/short durations is determined by comparing the profits that can be made among alternative durations. Real-world indices, covering three years approximately, from several established and emerging stock markets are used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Kwok, NM, Ha, QP & Fang, G 1970, 'Effect of color space on color image segmentation', PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2009 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON IMAGE AND SIGNAL PROCESSING, VOLS 1-9, International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, IEEE, Inc., Tianjin China, pp. 1369-1373.
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A study of color image segmentation with its dependence on color space representation is presented. Segmentation has been one of the basic procedures in image processing. Because of the three-fold increase in color signal dimension as compared to black-and-white images, an advantage resulting from the choice of color space representation could be taken to enhance the performances of processes such as segmentation and feature matching. However, the choice of a particular color space is still largely application dependent. This work attempts to study a number of popular color space schemes on the basis of the maximum information that the space is able to convey to the segmentation process. Thus, a reduction in the complexity of the segmentation procedure is achievable when it is operating on a single color space domain. The amount of information contained in the segmented objects is adopted as a measure to determine the segmentation rule. Several aerial images over planted fields are employed in experiments and their satisfactory segmentation results are used to conclude the study.

Laird, I, Lu, DD-C & Agelidis, VG 1970, 'High-gain switched-coupled-inductor boost converter', 2009 International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS), 2009 International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS 2009), IEEE, pp. 423-428.
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When a low voltage DC power source is used, a DC-DC converter with a high step-up voltage gain is required to raise the voltage to more applicable levels. This is typically achieved in classical converters which often have to be driven by pulse width modulation (PWM) waves with extremely high duty cycles. Although theoretically step-up converters can achieve an infinite gain as the duty cycle approaches unity, in reality the gain will peak due to losses in the converter. Increasing the duty cycle beyond this point will only degrade the voltage gain. A solution to this problem is to use a converter that will produce the desired gain at a smaller duty cycle. This paper proposes replacing the inductor in the classical boost converter with a switched-coupled-inductor (SCL) configuration in order to achieve high gains with moderate duty cycles. Mathematical analysis is presented along with selected experimental results to support the theoretical considerations.

Laird, I, Lu, DD-C & Agelidis, VG 1970, 'High-Gain Switched-Coupled-Inductor Boost Converter', 2009 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON POWER ELECTRONICS AND DRIVE SYSTEMS, VOLS 1 AND 2, 8th International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS), IEEE, Taipei, TAIWAN, pp. 1272-1277.

Lal, R & Fitch, R 1970, 'A hardware-in-the-loop simulator for distributed robotics', Proceedings of the 2009 Australasian Conference on Robotics and Automation, ACRA 2009.
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Developing planning and control algorithms for distributed robotic systems involves implementing complex asynchronous algorithms on embedded hardware platforms with limited computational resources. The ability to efficiently validate such algorithms in hardware is critical, yet challenging due to their decentralised nature. We propose the use of hardware-in-the-loop simulation as an intermediate step to improve the process of performing such validation. We present the design and implementation of a custom hardware-in-the-loop simulator consisting of 27 embedded units with wireless communication and a special gateway device for interfacing with a desktop computer. We also present two case studies that illustrate the use and benefits of this system.

Lammers, T & Held, T 1970, 'The Impact of the Implementation of the EC Regulation No 561/2006 on German Small and Medium-Sized Trucking Companies', Erich Schmidt Verlag GmbH & Co KG.

Lawrence, E, Loke, L, Raban, R, Brookes, W & Aubrey, T 1970, 'Towards an Understanding of Collaboration in Teaching Technology Subjects in an Amalgamated Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology', 2009 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MOBILE, HYBRID, AND ON-LINE LEARNING (ELML), International Conference on Mobile, Hybrid, and On-Line Learning, IEEE Computer Society Conference Publications, Cancun, Mexico, pp. 47-52.
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The paper sets out a collaborative approach for teaching technology subjects. It Illustrates the benefits of this approach over the single academic owning a particular subject. The paper presents preliminary findings from interviews with academics in a newly combined Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology. It concludes by pointing the way to the future of htis funded research project.

Lawrence, E, Navarro, KF, Hoang, D, Lim, YY & IEEE 1970, 'Data Collection, Correlation and Dissemination of Medical Sensor Information in a WSN', ICNS: 2009 FIFTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NETWORKING AND SERVICES, International Conference on Networking and Services, IEEE, Valencia, Spain, pp. 402-408.
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This paper describes the development of a Wireless Sensor Network personal health monitoring system called Medical MoteCare which uses a combination of medical and environmental sensors. SNMP and CodeBlue agents are incorporated in the system as is the network management software JaguarSX. Network management models and tools provide an alternative, scalable and affordable solution to WSN health monitoring applications that allow for data storage correlation and dissemination as well as timely alerts when parameters are breached. This work forms part of a large grant aimed at providing assistive healthcare for the elderly.

Lee, C, Moulton, B & Chaczko, Z 1970, 'Bio-inspired agent-based system for cooperative decision-making and control of unmanned aerial vehicles', BROADBANDCOM 2009 - Selected Papers on Broadband Communication, Information Technology and Biomedical Applications, International Conference of Broadband Communication, Information Technology and Biomedical Applications, BroadBandCom '09, Wroclaw, Poland, pp. 105-110.
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The control of large fleets of unmanned aerial vehicles has been a topic of considerable interest in recent years. The problem is extremely complex, and becomes more difficult as the number of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) increases. Several approaches for addressing the problem draw from biologically inspired computational methods. This work, which stems from an engineering student's final year thesis project, considers the viability of a pheromone trail based approach in a multi-agent system. The system was developed employing the Prometheus methodology using MaSE and JADE, and treats each UAV as a semi-autonomous agent. Preliminary trials suggest that the approach may have potential for enabling the desired system behaviour.

Lee, T & Shraibman, A 1970, 'Disjointness is Hard in the Multiparty Number-on-the-Forehead Model', computational complexity, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, pp. 309-336.
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Lee, T, Schechtman, G & Shraibman, A 1970, 'Lower Bounds on Quantum Multiparty Communication Complexity', 2009 24th Annual IEEE Conference on Computational Complexity, 2009 24th Annual IEEE Conference on Computational Complexity (CCC), IEEE, pp. 254-262.
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Leijdekkers, P, Gay, V & Barin, E 1970, 'Trial Results of a Novel Cardiac Rhythm Management System Using Smart Phones and Wireless ECG Sensors', AMBIENT ASSISTIVE HEALTH AND WELLNESS MANAGEMENT IN THE HEART OF THE CITY, PROCEEDING, International Conference On Smart homes and health Telematics, LNCS Springer, Tours, France, pp. 32-39.
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This paper discusses the trial results of a personalised Cardiac Rhythm Management (CRM) system using a smart phone (PDA) and a wireless ECG sensor. The system is used in a trial to record and diagnose abnormal cardiac arrhythmias. This novel approach uses standard mobile phones, off-the-shelf ECG sensors and personalised feedback to the patient when compared to a conventional clinical Holter and event monitor systems. The preliminary results are discussed of an ongoing trial conducted with the Royal North Shore Hospital in Sydney Australia. The results indicate the viability of the system for commercial purposes.

Leijdekkers, P, Gay, VC, Lawrence, EM & Barin, E 1970, 'A PDA-based software interface for remote vital sign monitoring: initial clinical experience', Europace 2009 Vol 11 (suppl 1) Pg 163, CardioRhythm, Europace, Hong Kong, pp. 163-164.

Lemke, C, Riedel, S & Gabrys, B 1970, 'Dynamic combination of forecasts generated by diversification procedures applied to forecasting of airline cancellations', 2009 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence for Financial Engineering, 2009 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence for Financial Engineering (CIFEr), IEEE, pp. 85-91.
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The combination of forecasts is a well established procedure for improving forecast performance and decreasing the risk of selecting an inferior model out of an existing pool of models. Work in this area mainly focuses on combining several functionally different models, but some publications also deal with combining forecasts with the same functional approach. In the latter case, individual forecasts are generated by diversifying one or more model parameters or, if dealing with hierarchical data, by using forecasts from different levels. This work looks at multi-dimensional data from airline industry, with the aim of improving the forecast of cancellation rates for bookings. Three different methods are employed for the generation of individual forecasts. Forecast combinations are usually implemented in a more or less static structure, either including all available forecasts or trimming a fixed percentage of the worst performing models. For a big number of individual forecasts, this procedure can become inefficient. In this paper, a dynamic approach of pooling and trimming is applied to the generated forecasts for airline cancellation data. © 2009 IEEE.

Leong, T & Brynskov, M 1970, 'Confessions: Engaging with Values through Urban Conversations', 21st Annual Conference of the Australian Computer-Human Interaction Special Interest Group: Design, ACM Press, Melbourne, pp. 209-216.

Leong, TW & Brynskov, M 1970, 'CO ₂ nfession', Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the Australian Computer-Human Interaction Special Interest Group: Design: Open 24/7, OZCHI '09: Proceedings of the 21st conference of the computer-human interaction special interest group of Australia on Computer-human interaction: design, ACM, pp. 209-216.
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It has been suggested that future directions of HCI would need to place human values at its core. One approach towards this complex endeavor is to build an understanding of these values through examining systems designed to address them. This paper focuses on an urban installation - -CO2nfession/ CO2mmitment - -that deals with one such (societal) value: environmental sustainability. Designed to solicit personal opinions about climate change, we found the 'confessional' aspect of the installation encouraged strong reflexivity amongst 'users' with regards to this value and precipitated personal considerations about future actions. More importantly this reflexivity exposes people's lived and felt experiences about this societal value, unearthing their ambivalences, hindrances but also motivations. This installation highlights an alternate approach that can complement current efforts without taking a 'big stick' approach. Instead, urban media technologies can be harnessed to engage people with this value on their own terms, through encouraging conversations and supporting reflexivity. © ACM 2009.

Leveaux, R 1970, 'Using Technology in Sport to Support Referee's Decision Making', KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND INNOVATION IN ADVANCING ECONOMIES-ANALYSES & SOLUTIONS, VOLS 1-3, Knowledge Management and Innovation in Advancing Economies, International Business Information Management Association, Marrakech, Morocco, pp. 1184-1191.
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The main aim and focus of this work is to examine the technologies that are currently being used by some of the professional and Olympic sports, to assist referees in making the correct decisions. Five major sports in Australia were examined through discussion groups and interviews. The participants in the study had all officiated from the grassroots level to the elite level, using the technologies being adopted by their sport. The findings present that, in the majority of the examined sports, differing degrees of technology is being applied to aid in the decision making process. When used, technology does provide a mechanism to ensure the correctness of decisions. The success of the introduction of decision support technology is dependant on its usability, appropriate application and acceptance by the officials and participants of the match. The diligent use and application of appropriate technologies can be used as an effective aid to refereeing. Since the introduction of the use of technology to assist the referee, illegal play and tactics have been dramatically reduced and to a certain extent eliminated: subsequently these technologies have been a major contributor to the provision of a fairer platform for competition and led to improved player performance. The findings provide a basis for further studies and possible trials with technologies to assist the referee in providing fair competition and to improve the quality of referees decision making.

Leveaux, RR 1970, 'The Effect of University Sport in The Assimilation to University Life: An Australian Perspective', The Effect of University Sport in The Assimilation to University Life: An Australian Perspective, FISU / UBOC, Belgrade, pp. 1-6.

Lezana, P, Aguilera, R & Quevedo, D 1970, 'Steady-state issues with finite control set model predictive control', 2009 35th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics, IECON 2009 - 35th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics (IECON), IEEE, pp. 1776-1781.
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Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control (FCS-MPC) is a novel and promising control scheme for power converters and drives. Many practical and theoretical issues have been presented in the literature, showing good performance of this technique. The present work deals with one of the most relevant aspects of any controller, namely, the steady-state operation. As will be shown, basic FCS-MPC formulations can be enhanced to achieve a zero average steady-state error. We focus on a simple H-Bridge power converter with two complementary switches and discuss benefits and drawbacks of our proposal. ©2009 IEEE.

Lezana, P, Aguilera, R & Quevedo, D 1970, 'Steady-State Issues with Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control', IECON: 2009 35TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF IEEE INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOLS 1-6, 35th Annual Conference of the IEEE-Industrial-Electronics-Society, IEEE, PORTUGAL, Porto, pp. 1663-+.
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Li, HJ, Jiang, ZY, Wei, DB, Du, YB, Han, JT & Tieu, AK 1970, 'Surface Profile Simulation during Plane Strain Compression by Crystal Plasticity Finite Element Method', Advanced Materials Research, 12th International Symposium on Advances in Abrasive Technology, Trans Tech Publications, Ltd., Gold Coast, AUSTRALIA, pp. 538-543.
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With the technology advancement, crystal plasticity finite element modeling becomes more and more popular in the simulation of metal forming process. In order to obtain a better understanding of the difference between the Taylor model and finite element model during the simulation of metal forming process, an implicit time-integration procedure with the two polycrystal models is applied in the commercial finite element code ABAQUS to simulate the plane strain compression separately. FCC metal is used in this study. The simulation shows that the two polycrystal models both can predict the compression process approximately. The two modelling results of surface roughness show an agreement with that of the experimental results. However, the side profile calculated by the Taylor polycrystal model is much steeper and straighter than that of finite element polycrystal model. The experimental surface roughness curve shows a high frequency fluctuation. It is much steeper than those of the two models. The simulation results also show that the von Mises stress from the Taylor model is much higher than that of the finite element model.

Li, L, Xu, G, Zhang, Y & Kitsuregawa, M 1970, 'Enhancing Web Search by Aggregating Results of Related Web Queries', Web Information Systems Engineering - WISE 2009 Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Web Information Systems Engineering - WISE 2009, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Poznan, Poland, pp. 203-217.
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Currently, commercial search engines have implemented methods to suggest alternative Web queries to users, which helps them specify alternative related queries in pursuit of finding needed Web pages. In this paper, we address the Web search problem on related queries to improve retrieval quality by devising a novel search rank aggregation mechanism. Given an initial query and the suggested related queries, our search system concurrently processes their search result lists from an existing search engine and then forms a single list aggregated by all the retrieved lists. In particular we propose a generic rank aggregation framework which considers not only the number of wins that an item won in a competition, but also the quality of its competitor items in calculat- ing the ranking of Web items. The framework combines the traditional and random walk based rank aggregation methods to produce a more reasonable list to users. Experimental results show that the proposed approach can clearly improve the retrieval quality in a parallel man- ner over the traditional search strategy that serially returns result lists. Moreover, we also empirically investigate how different rank aggregation methods affect the retrieval performance.

Li, W & Hoang, D 1970, 'A New Security Scheme for E-health System', PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2009 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON COLLABORATIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND SYSTEMS, International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems, IEEE Computer Society, Baltimore, Maryland USA, pp. 361-366.
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Security is a critical requirement for the e-health system because the patient's sensitive information can be accessed remotely and this makes the entire system vulnerable to malicious attacks. In this paper, we present a novel role-interaction-organization security model and apply it to the e-health system which is modeled as a multi-agent system. The roles in our proposed model do not only determine access rights passively, but also initiate requests to interact dynamically with the agents who meet the security requirements. The interaction and the organization models help to identify the actions and responsibilities that a role can assume in the system within the organization and any dynamic interactions it can partake. A simple case from the e-health system is given to illustrate the application of the model. ©2009 IEEE.

Li, Y & Esselle, KP 1970, 'Consideration of Bandwidth of the Small EBG-Resonator Antenna Using the In-Phase Highly-Reflecting Surfaces', 2009 IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM AND USNC/URSI NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE MEETING, VOLS 1-6, IEEE Antennas and Propagation International Symposium /USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, IEEE, N Charleston, SC, pp. 1192-1195.

Li, Y & Esselle, KP 1970, 'Consideration of bandwidth of the small EBG-resonator antenna using the in-phase highly-reflecting surfaces', 2009 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 2009 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium (APSURSI), IEEE, pp. 1-4.
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The drawback of the small EBG-resonator antenna using a square-patch in-phase highlyreflecting surface (HRS), proposed in [1], is its narrow bandwidth. The theoretical method is cleared for analyzing the effect of the bandwidth of the in-phase HRS on the bandwidth of the EBG-resonator antenna in this paper. To enhance the gain bandwidth of the antenna according to the theoretical rule, a double-layer mushroom-type in-phase HRS surface, whose reflection phase decreases much slower with frequency than that of the square-patch HRS, is designed. Results of an antenna application with wider bandwidth at 11.9 GHz are shown. © 2009 IEEE.

Li, Y, Yang, Q, Liu, H, Zhu, J, Guo, Y & Xu, W 1970, 'Study on a wind-solar complementary power inverter', 2009 International Conference on Applied Superconductivity and Electromagnetic Devices, 2009 International Conference on Applied Superconductivity and Electromagnetic Devices (ASEMD), IEEE, Chengdu, China, pp. 159-162.
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This paper studies a wind-solar complementary singlephase sine wave power inverter, including the hardware structure, operating principle, and method to the charging and discharging design. A dual-level three-state intelligent float charging based on PIC single chip control is brought forward for combining the special characteristics of wind-solar energy system. It helps the automatic transfer between charging and discharging and active protection of the battery. Unattended wind-solar complementary power system is achieved. With the help of reasonable calculation and simulation analysis, the final parameters are determined. A prototype of 500W/220V/50Hz single-phase sine wave power inverter has been fabricated. Through the model experiment the output voltage waveforms are found in conformity at both no-load and full-load, and the THD is very low. Therefore, the workability and validity are proved.

Li, Y-F, Kwok, JT, Tsang, IW & Zhou, Z-H 1970, 'A Convex Method for Locating Regions of Interest with Multi-instance Learning', European Conference on Machine Learning and Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases (LNCS 5782) Part II, European Conference on Machine Learning and Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Bled, Slovenia, pp. 15-30.
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In content-based image retrieval (CBIR) and image screening, it is often desirable to locate the regions of interest (ROI) in the images automatically. This can be accomplished with multi-instance learning techniques by treating each image as a bag of instances (regions). Many SVM-based methods are successful in predicting the bag labels, however, few of them can locate the ROIs. Moreover, they are often based on either local search or an EM-style strategy, and may get stuck in local minima easily. In this paper, we propose two convex optimization methods which maximize the margin of concepts via key instance generation at the instance-level and bag-level, respectively. Our formulation can be solved efficiently with a cutting plane algorithm. Experiments show that the proposed methods can effectively locate ROIs, and they also achieve performances competitive with state-of-the-art algorithms on benchmark data sets.

Li, YF, Tsang, IW, Kwok, JT & Zhou, ZH 1970, 'Tighter and convex maximum margin clustering', Journal of Machine Learning Research, pp. 344-351.
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Maximum margin principle has been successfully applied to many supervised and semi-supervised problems in machine learning. Recently, this principle was extended for clustering, referred to as Maximum Margin Clustering (MMC) and achieved promising performance in recent studies. To avoid the problem of local minima, MMC can be solved globally via convex semi-definite programming (SDP) relaxation. Although many efficient approaches have been pro- posed to alleviate the computational burden of SDP, convex MMCs are still not scalable for medium data sets. In this paper, we propose a novel convex optimization method, LG-MMC, which maximizes the margin of opposite clusters via 'Label Generation'. It can be shown that LG-MMC is much more scalable than existing convex approaches. Moreover, we show that our convex relaxation is tighter than state-of-art con- vex MMCs. Experiments on seventeen UCI datasets and MNIST dataset show significant improvement over existing MMC algorithms.© 2009 by the authors.

Liang, S-F, Liu, C-S, Chang, W-L, Tsao, Y-H, Ko, L-W & Lin, C-T 1970, 'Assessment of musical training induced neuroplasticity by auditory event related potentials and neural networks', 2009 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, 2009 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN 2009 - Atlanta), IEEE, pp. 1797-1801.
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Music provides a tool to study numerous aspects of neuroscience from motion-skill to emotion since listening to and producing music involves many brain functions. The musician's brain is also regarded as an ideal model to investigate plasticity of the human brain. In this paper, an EEG-based neural network is proposed to assess neuroplasticity induced by musical training. A musical chord perception experiment is designed to acquire and compare the behavioral and neural responses of musicians and non-musicians. The ERPs elicited by the consonant and dissonant chords are combined together as the features of the model. The principle component analysis (PCA) is used to reduce feature dimensions and the dimension-reduced features are input to a feedforward neural network to recognize the brain potentials belong to a musician or a non-musician. The accuracy can reach 97% in average for leave-one-out cross validation of six subjects in this experiment. It demonstrates the feasibility of assessing effects of musical training by ERP signals elicited by musical chord perception. © 2009 IEEE.

Liang, S-F, Liu, C-S, Chang, W-L, Tsao, Y-H, Ko, L-W & Lin, C-T 1970, 'Assessment of Musical Training Induced Neuroplasticity by Auditory Event Related Potentials and Neural Networks', IJCNN: 2009 INTERNATIONAL JOINT CONFERENCE ON NEURAL NETWORKS, VOLS 1- 6, International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, IEEE, GA, Atlanta, pp. 3109-+.

Liao, L-D, Chao, PC-P, Chen, I-C, Meng, H-F, Chai, C-H, Lin, C-T & Huang, Y-P 1970, 'Achieving High Directionality and Extraction of Light Emission from Polymer Light Emitting Diodes via ITO/Organic Photonic Crystals', 2009 SID INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM DIGEST OF TECHNICAL PAPERS, VOL XL, BOOKS I - III, 47th Annual Symposium of the Society-for-Information-Display, SOC INFORMATION DISPLAY, TX, San Antonio, pp. 1726-+.

Liao, L-D, Chao, PC-P, Chen, Y-H, Lin, C-T, Ko, L-W, Lin, H-H & Hsu, W-H 1970, 'A novel hybrid bioelectrode module for the zero-prep EEG measurements', 2009 IEEE Sensors, 2009 IEEE Sensors, IEEE, Christchurch, NEW ZEALAND, pp. 939-942.
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Lin Luo, Jian Zhang & Zhenning Shi 1970, 'MIMO Quadrature-OFDMA systems', 2009 IEEE 20th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, 2009 IEEE 20th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC 2009), IEEE, IEEE, pp. 2739-2743.
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Lin, AT-H, Lee, JE-Y, Yan, J & Seshia, AA 1970, 'Enhanced transduction methods for electrostatically driven MEMS resonators', TRANSDUCERS 2009 - 2009 International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference, TRANSDUCERS 2009 - 2009 International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference, IEEE, pp. 561-564.
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Lin, C-T, Ko, L-W, Chang, C-J, Wang, Y-T, Chung, C-H, Yang, F-S, Duann, J-R, Jung, T-P & Chiou, J-C 1970, 'Wearable and Wireless Brain-Computer Interface and Its Applications', FOUNDATIONS OF AUGMENTED COGNITION, PROCEEDINGS, 5th International Conference on Foundation of Augmented Cognition, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, San Diego, CA, pp. 741-748.
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Lin, C-T, Yang, F-S, Chiou, T-C, Ko, L-W, Duann, J-R & Gramann, K 1970, 'EEG-Based Spatial Navigation Estimation in a Virtual Reality Driving Environment', 2009 Ninth IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and BioEngineering, 2009 Ninth IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and BioEngineering (BIBE), IEEE, Taichung, TAIWAN, pp. 435-438.
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Ling, SH, Lau, SC, Luo, M, Ge, SS & IEEE 1970, 'Dynamic Resource Allocation with Machine Degradation using Decentralized Multi-Agent Approach', 2009 IEEE/ASME INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCED INTELLIGENT MECHATRONICS, VOLS 1-3, IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics, IEEE, Singapore, SINGAPORE, pp. 1169-1174.

Ling, SH, Nguyen, HT & Chan, KY 1970, 'A New Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Neural Network Optimization', NSS: 2009 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NETWORK AND SYSTEM SECURITY, International Conference on network and System Security, IEEE, Gold Coast, Australia, pp. 516-521.
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This paper presents a new particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm for tuning parameters (weights) of neural networks. The new PSO algorithm is called fuzzy logic-based particle swarm optimization with cross-mutated operation (FPSOCM), where the fuzzy inference system is applied to determine the inertia weight of PSO and the control parameter of the proposed cross-mutated operation by using human knowledge. By introducing the fuzzy system, the value of the inertia weight becomes variable. The cross-mutated operation is effectively force the solution to escape the local optimum. Tuning parameters (weights) of neural networks is presented using the FPSOCM. Numerical example of neural network is given to illustrate that the performance of the FPSOCM is good for tuning the parameters (weights) of neural networks. © 2009 IEEE.

Lister, R & Box, I 1970, 'A citation analysis of the ACSC 2006 - 2008 proceedings, with reference to the CORE conference and journal rankings', Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology Series, Australasian Computer Science Conference, Australian Computer Society Inc., Wellington, New Zealand, pp. 7-16.
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This paper compares the CORE rankings of computing conferences and journals to the frequency of citation of those journals and conferences in the Australasian Computer Science Conference (ACSC) 2006, 2007 and 2008 proceedings. The assumption underlying this study is that there should be a positive relationship between citation rates and the CORE rankings. Our analysis shows that the CORE rankings broadly reflect the ACSC citations, but with some anomalies. While these anomalies might be minor in the larger scheme of things, anomalies need to be addressed, as the careers of individual academics may depend upon it. Rankings are probably here to stay, and this paper ends with some suggestions on how the rankings process should now evolve, so that it becomes more transparent. Copyright © 2009, Australian Computer Society, Inc.

Lister, R & Box, I 1970, 'A citation analysis of the AUIC 2006 - 2008 proceedings, with reference to the CORE conference and journal rankings', Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology Series, pp. 35-44.
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This paper compares the CORE rankings of computing conferences and journals to the frequency of citation of those journals and conferences in the Australasian User Interface Conference (AUIC) 2006, 2007 and 2008 proceedings. The assumption underlying this study is that there should be a positive relationship between citation rates and the CORE rankings. Our analysis shows that CORE conference and journal rankings broadly reflect the AUIC citations, but we note some anomalies. While these anomalies might be minor in the larger scheme of things, any anomalies need to be addressed, as the careers of individual academics may depend upon it. The concept of conference and journal rankings is probably here to stay, and this paper ends with some suggestions on how the rankings process should now evolve, so that it becomes more transparent. © 2009, Australian Computer Society, Inc.

Lister, R & Box, I 1970, 'A citation analysis of the ICER 2005-07 proceedings', Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology Series, Australasian Computing Education Conference, Australian Computer Society Inc., Wellington, New Zealand, pp. 119-128.
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This paper identifies the most commonly cited conferences, journals and books of the 43 papers within the first three ICER proceedings. A large array of conferences, journals, and books were cited. However, only a small set of journals and conferences were cited frequently, and the majority were only cited within a single paper, which is consistent with a power law distribution, as predicted by Zipf's Law. The most commonly cited books are concerned with education in general (29%) or psychology (20%), while 17% of books are concerned with computer science education and 12% with computing content. The citation results for ICER are contrasted with earlier published citation analyses of SIGCSE 2007 and ACE2005-07. © 2009, Australian Computer Society, Inc.

Lister, R, Fidge, C & Teague, D 1970, 'Further evidence of a relationship between explaining, tracing and writing skills in introductory programming', Proceedings of the 14th annual ACM SIGCSE conference on Innovation and technology in computer science education, ITiCSE '09: Annual Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education, ACM, Paris, France, pp. 161-165.
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ABSTRACT: This paper reports on a replication of earlier studies into a possible hierarchy of programming skills. In this study, the students from whom data was collected were at a university that had not provided data for earlier studies. Also, the students were taught the programming language "Python", which had not been used in earlier studies. Thus this study serves as a test of whether the findings in the earlier studies were specific to certain institutions, student cohorts, and programming languages. Also, we used a non-parametric approach to the analysis, rather than the linear approach of earlier studies. Our results are consistent with the earlier studies. We found that students who cannot trace code usually cannot explain code, and also that students who tend to perform reasonably well at code writing tasks have also usually acquired the ability to both trace code and explain code.

Litchfield, A, Raban, R, Dyson, LE, Leigh, E, Tyler, J & IEEE 1970, 'Using Students' Devices and a No-To-Low Cost Online Tool to Support Interactive Experiential mLearning', ICALT: 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCED LEARNING TECHNOLOGIES, IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies, IEEE Computer Society, Riga latvia, pp. 674-678.
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The rapid evolution and ubiquitous use of mobile devices is an historical opportunity to improve experiential interactivity in education practices to support deep learning. A major barrier to the widespread adoption of mLearning in higher education is that of cost. Usage charges and the cost of mobile hardware are key issues. Opportunities to overcome this barrier include the high rate of ownership of mobile phones by university students and technological solutions such as packet transmission technologies. The paper introduces mInteract, a system which uses packet technology (mobile WAP/WML) to build no-to-low cost interactivity into learning spaces. The online tool supports active experiential learning transactions for both student and teacher. In 2008 mInteract was trialled in a subject with large numbers. Focus group feedback is presented that indicates high levels of engagement with both users and non-users of the tool.

Liu, J, Zhong, S & Esselle, KP 1970, 'A printed monopole antenna with extremely wide bandwidth', 2009 Asia Pacific Microwave Conference, 2009 Asia Pacific Microwave Conference - (APMC 2009), IEEE, Singapore, SINGAPORE, pp. 1969-1972.
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Liu, M, Huang, S & Dissanayake, G 1970, 'A new observation model for B-Spline SLAM', Proceedings of the 2009 Australasian Conference on Robotics and Automation, ACRA 2009, Australasian Conference on Robotics and Automation, Australian Robotics and Automation Association Inc., Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-8.
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Recently, a novel laser data based SLAM algorithm using B-Spline as features has been developed in [Pedraza et al., 2007]. EKF is used in the proposed BS-SLAM algorithm and the state vector contains the current robot pose together with the control oints of the splines. The obervation model used for the EKF update is the intersections of the laser beams with the splines contained in the map. In this paper, we propose a new observation model for B-Spline SLAM. By properly defining the control pointsfor the splines, the observation model can be expressed as a function of relative positions between control points and the robot pose, which is the same format as what used in point feature based SLAM. This new observation model make it possible to apply optimization based techniques to B-Spline SLAM, which has the potential to resolve the inconsistency issues of B-Spline SLAM.

Liu, Q, Chen, Y-PP & Li, J 1970, 'High Functional Coherence in k-Partite Protein Cliques of Protein Interaction Networks', 2009 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine, 2009 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM), IEEE, Washington, DC, pp. 111-117.
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Liu, RP, Sutton, G & Collings, IB 1970, 'A 3-D Markov Chain Queueing Model of IEEE 802.11 DCF with Finite Buffer and Load', 2009 IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC 2009 - 2009 IEEE International Conference on Communications, IEEE, Dresden, GERMANY, pp. 1-5.
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Liu, W, Li, S & Renz, J 1970, 'Combining RCC-8 with qualitative direction calculi: Algorithms and complexity', IJCAI International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, AAAI Press, Pasadena, California, USA, pp. 854-859.
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Increasing the expressiveness of qualitative spatial calculi is an essential step towards meeting the requirements of applications. This can be achieved by combining existing calculi in a way that we can express spatial information using relations from both calculi. The great challenge is to develop reasoning algorithms that are correct and complete when reasoning over the combined information. Previous work has mainly studied cases where the interaction between the combined calculi was small, or where one of the two calculiwas very simple. In this paper we tackle the important combination of topological and directional information for extended spatial objects. We combine some of the best known calculi in qualitative spatial reasoning (QSR), the RCC8 algebra for representing topological information, and the Rectangle Algebra (RA) and the Cardinal Direction Calculus (CDC) for directional information. Although CDC is more expressive than RA, reasoning with CDC is of the same order as reasoning with RA. We show that reasoning with basic RCC8 and basic RA relations is in P, but reasoning with basic RCC8 and basic CDC relations is NP-Complete.

Liu, Y, Xu, D, Tsang, IW & Luo, J 1970, 'T-IRS', Proceedings of the 17th ACM international conference on Multimedia, MM09: ACM Multimedia Conference, ACM, pp. 983-984.
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In this demonstration, we present a (quasi) real-time textual query based image retrieval system (T-IRS) for consumer photos by leveraging millions of web images and their associated rich textual descriptions (captions, categories, etc.). After a user provides a textual query (e.g., "boat"), our system automatically finds the positive web images that are related to the textual query "boat" as well as the negative web images which are irrelevant to the textual query. Based on these automatically retrieved positive and negative web images, we employ the decision stump ensemble classifier to rank personal consumer photos. To further improve the photo retrieval performance, we also develop a novel relevance feedback method, referred to as Cross-Domain Regularized Regression (CDRR), which effectively utilizes both the web images and the consumer images. Our system is inherently not limited by any predefined lexicon.

Liu, Y, Xu, D, Tsang, IW & Luo, J 1970, 'Using large-scale web data to facilitate textual query based retrieval of consumer photos', Proceedings of the 17th ACM international conference on Multimedia, MM09: ACM Multimedia Conference, ACM, pp. 55-64.
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The rapid popularization of digital cameras and mobile phone cameras has lead to an explosive growth of consumer photo collections. In this paper, we present a (quasi) real-time textual query based personal photo retrieval system by leveraging millions of web images and their associated rich textual descriptions (captions, categories, etc.). After a user provides a textual query (e.g., "pool"), our system exploits the inverted file method to automatically find the positive web images that are related to the textual query "pool" as well as the negative web images which are irrelevant to the textual query. Based on these automatically retrieved relevant and irrelevant web images, we employ two simple but effective classification methods, k Nearest Neighbor (kNN) and decision stumps, to rank personal consumer photos. To further improve the photo retrieval performance, we propose three new relevance feedback methods via cross-domain learning. These methods effectively utilize both the web images and the consumer images. In particular, our proposed cross-domain learning methods can learn robust classifiers with only a very limited amount of labeled consumer photos from the user by leveraging the pre-learned decision stumps at interactive response time. Extensive experiments on both consumer and professional stock photo datasets demonstrated the effectiveness and efficiency of our system, which is also inherently not limited by any predefined lexicon. Copyright 2009 ACM.

Liuming Guo, Ningning Guo, Shuhong Wang, Jie Qiu, Jian Guo Zhu, Youguang Guo & Yi Wang 1970, 'Optimization for capacitor-driven coilgun based on equivalent circuit model and genetic algorithm', 2009 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, 2009 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition. ECCE 2009, IEEE, San Jose, USA, pp. 234-239.
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This paper presents an analysis and optimal design of a capacitor-driven inductive coilgun. The electromagnetic FEA model of the capacitor-driven inductance coilgun is established and simulated by using Ansoft. In order to speed up the optimization, an equivalent circuit is designed for simulation of the performances of coilgun. A piece-wise model of projectile is built to account for the eddy current. The simulated results are compared with the modeling of FEA value to verify the developed circuit model. It shows that the results are in a good agreement. The optimization of coilgun is achieved by employing the genetic algorithm (GA) based on the circuit model. It is suggested that the proposed algorithm achieves a better result in the energy efficiency of the coilgun system, and obtain a higher muzzle velocity of the projectile.

Lixin Duan, Tsang, IW, Dong Xu & Maybank, SJ 1970, 'Domain Transfer SVM for video concept detection', 2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), IEEE, Miami Beach, FL, pp. 1375-+.
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Low, G, Beydoun, G, Henderson-Sellers, B & Gonzalez-Perez, C 1970, 'Towards Method Engineering for Multi-Agent Systems: A Validation of a Generic MAS Metamodel', AGENT COMPUTING AND MULTI-AGENT SYSTEMS, Pacific Rim International Workshop on Multi-Agents, Springer-Verlag, Bangkok, pp. 255-267.
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It is a widely accepted premise that no single methodology can be suitable for all Multi-Agent System (MAS) software projects. This premise is playing a significant role in the appearance of new methodologies at an increasing pace. To effectively harness the software engineering knowledge of methodologies, method engineering is an appealing approach. It focuses on project-specific methodology construction from existing method fragments and it requires a generic product-focussed metamodel to serve as a representational infrastructure to unify existingmethodologies into a single specification.As part of its ongoing validation towards method engineering forMAS development,we present our generic metamodel and illustrate in this paper its wide applicability with respect to 10 methodologies extant agent-oriented. This validation provides further evidence to support the use of our metamodel towards the construction of situated MAS methodologies.

Lu, DD-C, Iu, HH-C & Pjevalica, V 1970, 'Single-stage AC/DC boost-forward converter with high power factor, regulated bus and output voltages', 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems - ISCAS 2009, IEEE, Taipei, TAIWAN, pp. 2645-2648.
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Lu, DDC, Zhao, W & Agelidis, VG 1970, 'Integrated photovoltaic-battery converter design for DC power system', AUPEC'09 - 19th Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference: Sustainable Energy Technologies and Systems.
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Advanced photovoltaic power systems require a bidirectional power converter functioning as a battery charger and a voltage regulator to maintain state-of-charge of the battery and regulate the load voltage respectively. This paper presents a photovoltaic power system which performs maximum power point tracking, battery charging and regulation of the load voltage with an integrated converters configuration. No bidirectional converter is needed. The proposed converter can be used in dc power system or dc microgrid. Experimental results are reported to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Lu, H & Nguyen, TTS 1970, 'Experimental Investigation of PSO Based Web User Session Clustering', 2009 International Conference of Soft Computing and Pattern Recognition, 2009 International Conference of Soft Computing and Pattern Recognition, IEEE, Malacca, Malaysia, pp. 647-652.
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Web user session clustering is very important in web usage mining for web personalization. This paper proposes a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) based sequence clustering approach and presents an experimentally investigation of the PSO based sequence clustering methods, which use three original PSO variants and their corresponding variants of a hybrid PSO with real value mutation. The investigation was conducted in 45 test cases using five web user session datasets extracted from a real world web site. The experimental results of these methods are compared with the results obtained from the traditional k-means clustering method. Some interesting observations have been made. In the most of test cases under consideration, the PSO and PSO-RVM methods have better performance than the k-means method. Furthermore, the PSO-RVM methods show better performance than the corresponding PSO methods in the cases in which the similarity measure function is more complex. © 2009 IEEE.

Lu, J, Shambour, Q & Zhang, G 1970, 'Recommendation technique-based government-to-business personalized e-services', NAFIPS 2009 - 2009 Annual Meeting of the North American Fuzzy Information Processing Society, NAFIPS 2009 - 2009 Annual Meeting of the North American Fuzzy Information Processing Society, IEEE, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA, pp. 1-6.
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One of the new directions in current e-government development is to provide personalized online services to citizens and businesses. Recommendation techniques can bring a possible solution for this issue. This study proposes a hybrid recommendation approach to provide personalized government to business (G2B) e-services. The approach integrates fuzzy setsbased semantic similarity and traditional item-based collaborative filtering methods to improve recommendation accuracy. A recommender system named Intelligent Business Partner Locator (IBPL) is designed to apply the proposed recommendation approach for supporting government agencies to recommend business partners.

Lu, N, Lu, J & Zhang, G 1970, 'An Integrated Knowledge Adaption Framework for Case-Based Reasoning Systems', KNOWLEDGE-BASED AND INTELLIGENT INFORMATION AND ENGINEERING SYSTEMS, PT II, PROCEEDINGS, International Conference on Knowledge-Based and Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, Springer, Santiago, Chile, pp. 372-379.
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The development of effective knowledge adaption techniques is one of the promising solutions to improve the performance of case-based reasoning (CBR) systems. Case-base maintenance becomes a powerful method to refine knowledge in CBR systems. This paper proposes an integrated knowledge adaption framework for CBR systems which contains a meta database component and a maintenance strategies component. The meta database component can help track changes of interested concepts and therefore enable a CBR system to signal a need for maintenance or to invoke adaption on its own. The maintenance strategies component can perform cross-container maintenance operations in a CBR system. This paper also illustrates how the proposed integrated knowledge adaption framework assists decision makers to build dynamic prediction and decision capabilities. © 2009 Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Lu, N, Lu, J & Zhang, G 1970, 'Maintaining Footprint-Based Retrieval for Case Deletion', NEURAL INFORMATION PROCESSING, PT 2, PROCEEDINGS, International Conference on Neural Information Processing, Springer, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 318-325.
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The effectiveness and efficiency of case-based reasoning (CBR) systems depend largely on the success of case-based retrieval. The case-base maintenance (CBM) issues become imperative and important especially for modern societies. This paper proposes a new competence model and a new maintenance procedure for the proposed competence model. Based on the proposed competence maintenance procedure, footprint-based retrieval (FBR), a competence-based case base retrieval method, is able to preserve its own retrieval effectiveness and efficiency. © 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Lu, Z, Kadi, A, Aubrey, T & IEEE 1970, 'A CME Based Channel Estimation Approach for MIMO-OFDM Systems', 2009 5TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, NETWORKING AND MOBILE COMPUTING, VOLS 1-8, International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, IEEE Press, Beijing, China, pp. 783-786.
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A pilot-assisted, conditional model-order estimation (CME) based channel estimation algorithm is presented. The algorithm is proposed for MIMO-OFDM systems and can detect both channel frequency responses and number of multi-path taps. In addition, the modified CME estimator is also verified its capacity in determining the nonzero taps. The performance of the proposed approach is compared to the popular minimum description length (MDL) algorithm for estimation of the number of channel paths, by means of simulation in the context of a 2x2 MIMO-OFDM transceiver system. Result indicates that the new algorithm is superior in channel order estimation to the MDL algorithm in MMO-OFDM system over a noisy frequency selective fading channel.

Lun-De Liao, Chao, PC-P, Jian-Ting Chen, Wei-Dar Chen, Wei-Hsuan Hsu, Chi-Wei Chiu & Chin-Teng Lin 1970, 'A Miniaturized Electromagnetic Generator With Planar Coils and Its Energy Harvest Circuit', IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, International Magnetics Conference 2009 (INTERMAG), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Sacramento, CA, pp. 4621-4627.
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Luo, F & Li, J 1970, 'Discovering Transcriptional Regulation by Integrating Protein-Protein Interaction, Gene Expression and Transcriptional Interaction Data', OPTIMIZATION AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY, 3rd International Symposium on Optimization and Systems Biology, WORLD PUBLISHING CORPORATION, PEOPLES R CHINA, Chinese Acad Sci, Zhangjiajie, pp. 109-116.

Luo, Q & Tong, L 1970, 'Fracture Prediction of Adhesively Bonded Structures Using Energy Release Rates', Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, Informa UK Limited, pp. 1415-1440.
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Luo, Q & Tong, L 1970, 'Use of optically transparent lead lanthanum zirconate titanate as actuators and sensors', SPIE Proceedings, Second International Conference on Smart Materials and Nanotechnology in Engineering, SPIE, Weihai, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 749311-749311.
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Ma, J, Zhang, G, Lu, J & Ruan, D 1970, 'Impute Missing Assessments by Opinion Clustering in Multi-Criteria Group Decision Making Problems', PROCEEDINGS OF THE JOINT 2009 INTERNATIONAL FUZZY SYSTEMS ASSOCIATION WORLD CONGRESS AND 2009 EUROPEAN SOCIETY OF FUZZY LOGIC AND TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, IFSA World Congress, IFSA/EUSFLAT, Lisbon, Portugal, pp. 555-560.
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Multi-criteria group decision-making and evaluation (MCGDME) method typically aggregates information in evaluation tables. For various reasons, evaluation tables (decision matrix) often include missing data that highly affect correct decision-making and evaluation. Most existing imputation methods of missing data are based on statistical features which do not exist in an MCGDME setting. This paper proposes an imputation method of missing data (IMD) in evaluation tables. The IMD method measures the similarity betweent two evaluators' mental models. Evaluators are then classed into several groups based on their similarities by using fuzzy clustering methods. Finally, missing data are imputated under the assumption that the imputated value of missing data does not change the previous clustering results. The proposed IMD method is implemented and tested in two numerical experiments.

MacDougall, C, Percival, J & McGregor, C 1970, 'Integrating health information technology into clinical guidelines', 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, IEEE, Minneapolis, MN, pp. 4646-4649.
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Maimour, M, Pham, C & Hoang, D 1970, 'A Congestion Control Framework for Handling Video Surveillance Traffics on WSN', 2009 International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering, 2009 International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering, IEEE, Vancouver, Canada, pp. 943-948.
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This paper focuses on congestion control but while previous works considered scalar sensor nodes which only report events in the size of a few bytes, we are addressing congestion control for information-intensive flows such as video flows for surveillance applications in pervasive wireless multimedia sensor networks. The proposed framework that we describe in order to efficiently handle information-intensive flows in a WSN. This work addresses congestion control with a multi-path routing facility. Next, an efficient congestion detection is proposed as the radio medium is most likely to introduce packet losses due to contention on the radio channel, and not only because of buffer overflow. Then a light-weight load repartition mechanism sits on top in order to take advantages to the path diversity, keeping as long as possible the sending rate constant thus keeping the video quality as high as possible. Simulations are performed in order to get insights into the performances of our proposals.

Manamperi, P, Brooks, PA, Liu, D & Dissanayake, G 1970, 'Advanced robotic technologies for steel bridge maintenance', The 7th Austroads Bridge Conference website, The 7th Austroads Bridge Conference, Austroads, Auckland, New Zealand, pp. 1-8.
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Bridges are essential in transport infrastructure worldwide. Corrosion is the primary cause of failure in steel bridges, and is minimized by painting the steel structure. Steel bridge coating maintenance consists of two procedures: the stripping of rust and deteriorated paint and then repainting the steel; and is one of the biggest expenditure items in bridge maintenance activities. An effective and efficient method of paint stripping is grit blasting, and herein lies the critical problem. Grit blasting is extremely labour intensive and hazardous. Workers have to not only spend long periods of time handling forces of 100N and above, but also need to take precautions to avoid exposure to the dust containing hazardous materials and chemicals. Thus supplementing manual labour in grit blasting with robotic aids will have a significant health, safety and economic impact.

Mansor, S, Taher, S, Marghany, M, Pradhan, B & Mahmud, AR 1970, 'Sea Surface Salinity Algorithm from MODIS Data', EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, p. 1799.

Marjanovic, O 1970, 'Inside Agile Processes: A Practitioner's Perspective', 2009 42nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2009 42nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, IEEE, pp. 1-10.
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Organizational agility is achieved through timely awareness and agile Business Processes (BPs). Yet, in Business Process Management (BPM), agility tends to be associated only with operational BPs and is often reduced to technical agility. This paper argues that agility should be investigated in the context of other types of processes, especially knowledge-intensive emergent business processes (EBPs), as they are, by definition, agile. This paper describes an action research project that uses a holistic model of BPM to investigate a real-life example of EBPs, taking a practitioner's perspective. © 2009 IEEE.

Marjanovic, O 1970, 'Inside Agile Processes: A Practitioner's Perspective.', HICSS, IEEE Computer Society, pp. 1-10.
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Marjanovic, O 1970, 'Looking beyond technology: A framework for business intelligence and business process management integration', 22nd Bled eConference eEnablement: Facilitating an Open, Effective and Representative eSociety - Proceedings, 22nd Bled eConference eEnablement - Facilitating an Open, Effective and Representative eSociety, UNIV MARIBOR, Bled, SLOVENIA, pp. 382-397.
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While the initiatives for BPM and BI integration are becoming more and more prominent, especially with the raise of operational BI, current integration efforts remain mostly at the technical level. This paper argues that BPM and BI integration should be investigated from a holistic perspective, rather than reduced to technical problems. The paper aims to investigate the integration problem in terms of different types of business processes, the associated types of decisions and the information needs of decision makers. It then proposes a theoretical framework that could be used as a starting point towards an evolving roadmap for BI and BPM integration. The paper also describes an exploratory case study used to confirm the proposed framework.

Marjanovic, O 1970, 'Looking Beyond Technology: A Framework for Business Intelligence and Business Process Management Integration.', Bled eConference, pp. 18-18.

Marjanovic, O 1970, 'Teradata university network: Creating opportunities for teaching leadership in emerging business disciplines.', ITI, 31st International Conference on Information Technology Interfaces, IEEE, Cavtat, CROATIA, pp. 421-426.
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Matekovits, L, Esselle, K & Orefice, M 1970, 'Twin-dog-bone vs. hourglass structures in periodic arrangement: A comparative study', 2009 Loughborough Antennas & Propagation Conference, Propagation Conference (LAPC), IEEE, pp. 677-680.
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Quantification of bandwidth for surface waves in a periodic Fabry-Perot cavity-like structure with one grounded plane and one loaded terminal plane is presented. The loads are twin shapes printed on the two surfaces of a dielectric layer. In particular, dog-bone and hourglass-like shapes are considered and compared. Numerical investigations demonstrate the dependency of surface-wave stop-band limits and their central frequency on a parameter that defines the exact shape of metallisation. The considered twin-hourglass structures present a larger band gap with respect to the dog-bone shape, a feature that can be exploited in wideband applications. ©2009 IEEE.

McGloin, D, Guillon, M, Rudd, D, Burnham, DR, Summers, MD, Firmin, J, Butler, JR, Wills, JB, Mitchem, L, Meresman, H, Reid, JP & Sheridan, A 1970, 'Towards airborne optofluidics', 2009 International Symposium on Optomechatronic Technologies, 2009 International Symposium on Optomechatronic Technologies (ISOT 2009), IEEE, pp. 404-408.
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This paper details progress towards the possibility of creating integrated optical devices capable of manipulating and analyzing airborne particles in the form of aerosols. We also describe work designed to look at the possibility of controlling optical cavities created using liquid aerosols using light. © 2009 IEEE.

McGloin, D, Guillon, M, Rudd, D, Burnham, DR, Summers, MD, Firmin, J, Butler, JR, Wills, JB, Mitchem, L, Meresman, H, Reid, JP & Sheridan, A 1970, 'Towards Airborne Optofluidics Optical Manipulation Techniques for Airborne Particles', ISOT: 2009 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON OPTOMECHATRONIC TECHNOLOGIES, International Symposium on Optomechatronic Technologies, IEEE, Istanbul, TURKEY, pp. 394-+.

McGregor, C & Smith, KP 1970, 'A Survey of Physiological Monitoring Data Models to support the Service of Critical Care', 2009 IEEE 33RD INTERNATIONAL COMPUTER SOFTWARE AND APPLICATIONS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2, IEEE 33rd International Computer Software and Applications Conference, IEEE, Seattle, WA, pp. 777-782.

McGregor, C & Smith, KP 1970, 'A Survey of Physiological Monitoring Data Models to Support the Service of Critical Care', 2009 33rd Annual IEEE International Computer Software and Applications Conference, 2009 33rd Annual IEEE International Computer Software and Applications Conference, IEEE, pp. 104-109.
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Vast quantities of data is created by utilizing sensors to gather information from patients located in intensive care units worldwide through physiological monitoring. The service oriented architectural model has emerged as a mechanism to support data interchange in a structured way to support the provision of services. The nature of critical care is such that clinicians provide a service of care, often to patients that are not located within their intensive care unit, and prior to the arrangement of transport to their unit. As a result opportunities exist to utilize the service oriented approach to provide a service of critical care. This research presents a survey of how recent computing and IT research as applied to physiological collection, transmission and storage of physiological data utilizes the service of critical care concept based on a service oriented architecture approach. © 2009 IEEE.

McGregor, C, Smith, KP & Eklund, JM 1970, 'A survey of recent physiological monitoring and transmission to support the service of critical care', 2009 22nd IEEE International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems, 2009 22nd IEEE International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems (CBMS), IEEE, pp. 1-7.
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Vast quantities of data is sensed from patients located in intensive care units worldwide through physiological monitoring. In recent times the service oriented architectural model has emerged as a mechanism to providing a structured computing approach to support the provision of services. The nature of critical care is such that clinicians provide a service of care, often to patients that are not located within their intensive care unit. As a result opportunities exist to utilize the service oriented approach to provide a service of critical care. This research presents a survey of recent computing research as applied to physiological collection and transmission to support intelligent patient monitoring using the service of critical care concept based on a service oriented architecture approach. ©2009 IEEE.

McGregor, C, Smith, KP & Eklund, JM 1970, 'A Survey of Recent Physiological Monitoring and transmission to support the Service of Critical Care', 2009 22ND IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON COMPUTER-BASED MEDICAL SYSTEMS, 22nd IEEE International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems, IEEE, Albuquerque, NM, pp. 363-369.

Mehboob, Z & Zowghi, D 1970, 'Industrial perspectives on architecture level change impact analysis in Web systems evolution', 2009 11th IEEE International Symposium on Web Systems Evolution, 2009 11th IEEE International Symposium on Web Systems Evolution (WSE), IEEE, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, pp. 17-26.
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Change impact analysis (CIA) approaches are mostly developed based on the understanding of both system development process and system architecture. It is thus reasonable to assume that if the development process or system architecture is fundamentally different, then CIA approaches must address these differences accordingly. This is particularly relevant in the context of Web systems, given that these systems often have a specific set of characteristics related to differences both in the architecture and the process through which they are developed. To investigate this issue we have interviewed web designers/architects and reported the industrial perspectives on using current architecture CIA approaches. The interview findings reveal a set of elicited needs that an architecture CIA approach should address to be suitably adopted during Web systems evolution. Additionally, systematic classification of these needs indicates the focus areas and their relevance in Web systems. Finally, the study findings provide guidance for the possible extension of architecture CIA approaches specifically for Web systems.

Mehboob, Z, Zowghi, D & Lowe, D 1970, 'An Approach for Comparison of Architecture Level Change Impact Analysis Methods and their relevance in Web Systems Evolution', ASWEC 2009: 20TH AUSTRALIAN SOFTWARE ENGINEERING CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS, Australian Software Engineering Conference, IEEE Computer Society Press, Gold Coast, Australia, pp. 162-172.
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Change impact analysis (CIA) methods have been developed to identify the consequences of making changes to system artifacts and to support decision making with regards to that change. There is a growing body of research on CIA methods that specifically addresses changes and their impacts at a system architecture level. Most of the methods have been developed and validated on software system domain. However, there is little research consensus on: (i) the features that architectural CIA methods should comprehensively address; and (ii) which existing methods are comparatively suitable in a particular system domain such as Web systems. This paper presents a comparison approache that offer guidance on the selection of the most appropriate method for CIA activity and suitability of these methods in the context of Web systems.

Merigo, JM 1970, 'On the Use of the OWA Operator in the Weighted Average and its Application in Decision Making', WORLD CONGRESS ON ENGINEERING 2009, VOLS I AND II, World Congress on Engineering 2009, INT ASSOC ENGINEERS-IAENG, Imperial Coll London, London, ENGLAND, pp. 82-87.

MERIGÓ, JM 1970, 'INDUCED GENERALIZED AGGREGATION OPERATORS IN THE WEIGHTED AVERAGE', Intelligent Decision Making Systems, Proceedings of the 4th International ISKE Conference on Intelligent Systems and Knowledge Engineering, WORLD SCIENTIFIC, Hasselt Univ, Hasselt, BELGIUM, pp. 625-630.
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MERIGÓ, JM 1970, 'ON THE UNIFICATION BETWEEN THE PROBABILITY, THE WEIGHTED AVERAGE AND THE OWA OPERATOR', Intelligent Decision Making Systems, Proceedings of the 4th International ISKE Conference on Intelligent Systems and Knowledge Engineering, WORLD SCIENTIFIC, Hasselt Univ, Hasselt, BELGIUM, pp. 375-380.
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Merigó, JM 1970, 'Probabilistic decision making with the OWA operator and its application in investment management', 2009 International Fuzzy Systems Association World Congress and 2009 European Society for Fuzzy Logic and Technology Conference, IFSA-EUSFLAT 2009 - Proceedings, Joint World Congress of International-Fuzzy-Systems-Association (IFSA)/European Conference of European-Society-for-Fuzzy-Logic-and-Technology (EUSFLAT), EUROPEAN SOC FUZZY LOGIC & TECHNOLOGY, Lisbon, PORTUGAL, pp. 1364-1369.
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We develop a new model for decision making under risk environment and under uncertainty. We introduce a new aggregation operator that unifies the probabilities and the ordered weighted averaging (OWA) operator in the same formulation. We call it the probabilistic ordered weighted averaging (POWA) operator. This aggregation operator provides a more complete representation of the decision problem because it is able to consider probabilistic information and the attitudinal character of the decision maker. We study different properties and families of the POWA operator. We also develop an illustrative example of the new approach in a decision making problem about selection of investments.

Merigó, JM 1970, 'The Fuzzy Probabilistic Weighted Averaging Operator and its Application in Decision Making', 2009 Ninth International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications, 2009 Ninth International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications, IEEE, Univ Pisa, Pisa, ITALY, pp. 485-490.
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MERIGÓ, JM & CASANOVAS, M 1970, 'USING DISTANCE MEASURES IN HEAVY AGGREGATION OPERATORS', Intelligent Decision Making Systems, Proceedings of the 4th International ISKE Conference on Intelligent Systems and Knowledge Engineering, WORLD SCIENTIFIC, Hasselt Univ, Hasselt, BELGIUM, pp. 589-594.
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Merigó, JM & Gil-Lafuente, AM 1970, 'Some Basic Results of Fuzzy Research in the ISI Web of Knowledge', 2009 Ninth International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications, 2009 Ninth International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications, IEEE, Univ Pisa, Pisa, ITALY, pp. 1215-1220.
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Merigó, JM & Gil-Lafuente, AM 1970, 'The fuzzy induced generalized OWA operator and its application in business decision making', 2009 International Fuzzy Systems Association World Congress and 2009 European Society for Fuzzy Logic and Technology Conference, IFSA-EUSFLAT 2009 - Proceedings, Joint World Congress of International-Fuzzy-Systems-Association (IFSA)/European Conference of European-Society-for-Fuzzy-Logic-and-Technology (EUSFLAT), EUROPEAN SOC FUZZY LOGIC & TECHNOLOGY, Lisbon, PORTUGAL, pp. 1661-1666.
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We present the fuzzy induced generalized OWA (FIGOWA) operator. It is an aggregation operator that uses the main characteristics of the fuzzy OWA (FOWA) operator, the induced OWA (IOWA) operator and the generalized OWA (GOWA) operator. Therefore, it uses uncertain information represented in the form of fuzzy numbers, generalized means and order inducing variables. The main advantage of this operator is that it includes a wide range of mean operators in the same formulation such as the FOWA, the IOWA, the GOWA, the induced GOWA, the fuzzy IOWA, the fuzzy generalized mean, etc. We study some of its main properties. A further generalization by using quasi-arithmetic means is also presented. This operator is called Quasi-FIOWA operator. We also develop an application of the new approach in a strategic decision making problem.

Merigo, JM, Gil-Lafuente, AM & Gil-Aluja, J 1970, 'Induced Aggregation Operators in the Generalized Adequacy Coefficient', WORLD CONGRESS ON ENGINEERING 2009, VOLS I AND II, World Congress on Engineering 2009, INT ASSOC ENGINEERS-IAENG, Imperial Coll London, London, ENGLAND, pp. 7-11.

Merigó, JM, Gil-Lafuente, AM & Martorell, O 1970, 'On the Use of the Uncertain Induced OWA Operator and the Uncertain Weighted Average and its Application in Tourism Management', 2009 Ninth International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications, 2009 Ninth International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications, IEEE, Univ Pisa, Pisa, ITALY, pp. 856-861.
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Miro, JV, Osswald, V, Patel, M & Dissanayake, G 1970, 'Robotic Assistance with Attitude: a Mobility Agent for Motor Function Rehabilitation and Ambulation Support', 2009 IEEE 11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON REHABILITATION ROBOTICS, VOLS 1 AND 2, 11th IEEE International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics, IEEE, Kyoto, JAPAN, pp. 616-+.

Miro, JV, Osswald, V, Patel, M & Dissanayake, G 1970, 'Robotic assistance with attitude: A mobility agent for motor function rehabilitation and ambulation support', 2009 IEEE International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics, the Community (ICORR), IEEE, Kyoto, Japan, pp. 529-534.
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This paper presents the design of an intelligent walking aid for the frail and elderly as well as for patients who are recovering from surgical procedures, in order to enhance safer mobility for these study populations. The device augments a conventional rolling walker aid with sensing and navigational abilities to safely travel through an environment following user's perceived intentions, unless collisions or instability is imminent. The agent, embodied as a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP), critically relies on minimal user input to seamlessly recognise user's short-term intended behaviour, constantly updating this projection to allow for inconspicuous user-robot integration. This, in turn, shifts user's focus from fine motor-skilled control to coarse indications broadly intended to convey intention. Overall, the system can afford an increase in safety for the cognitive user through preventative care - reduced number of falls or collision with surrounding objects, minimising health-care expenses as well as increasing independent living for people with gait disorders. Successful simulation and experimental results demonstrate the validity of the proposed architecture for a practical robotic rollator design. ©2009 IEEE.

Mlkoumian, NS, Melkumyan, AS & Wu, CQ 1970, 'Suggestion of a method for predicting different response characteristics including major cracks induced by blast loading in concrete slabs using machine learning', Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Shock and Impact Loads on Structures, pp. 435-440.
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The paper suggests a technique for predicting major cracks and other response characteristics of different concrete slabs under blast loadings using the methods of supervised statistical machine learning. To construct the input-output dataset for the learning stage, data from finite number of experiments with different spherical and cylindrical charges have been used. The parameters of the covariance function have been optimized maximizing the log of the marginal likelihood for the experimental results. The obtained parameters are then used in the inference stage when the behaviour of the concrete slab is statistically predicted for new blast cases not considered in the experiments. The results demonstrate that by conducting only a finite number of experiments and by applying the proposed machine learning techniques, one can predict the responses of the concrete slabs for infinite number of combinations of the parameters of the experiment. This can significantly decrease the number of experiments required for constructing reliable mechanical models. The proposed method provides predictions even in the case when there are only a few experimental results. The uncertainty will be high in this case of few experiments; however the uncertainty will be significantly reduced once new experimental results are provided to the proposed Bayesian predictive model.

Moghaddam, Z & Piccardi, M 1970, 'Deterministic Initialization of Hidden Markov Models for Human Action Recognition', 2009 Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications, 2009 Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications, IEEE, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 188-195.
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Human action recognition is often approached in terms of probabilistic models such as the hidden Markov model or other graphical models. When learning such models by way of Expectation- Maximisation algorithms, arbitrary choices must be made for their initial parameters. Often, solutions for the selection of the initial parameters are based on random functions. However, in this paper, we argue that deterministic alternatives are preferable, and propose various methods. Experiments on a video dataset prove that the deterministic initialization is capable of achieving an accuracy that is comparable to or above the average from random initializations and suffers from no deviation thanks to its deterministic nature. The methods proposed naturally extend to be used with other graphical models such as dynamic Bayesian networks and conditional random fields.

Mohamed Mowjoon, D, Agbinya, JI & Chaczko, ZC 1970, 'Replicating Cytokines in Modelling Signal Exchange between Nodes in Wireless Mesh Networks', The International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists 2009, IAENG International Conference on Communication Systems and Applications, Newswood Limited, International Association of Engineers, Regal Kowloon Hotel, Kowloon, Hong Kong, pp. 315-318.
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In recent years wireless mesh network (WMN) technologies and their applications have been actively researched and developed as the promising solution for future wireless mobile networks. Conversely security of WMN is often a secondary reflection in development. In our previous work we proposed Artificial Immune System model to employ in secure routing in WMN. This paper proposes an emerging perception to model danger signal exchange between nodes in WMN by emulating the function of Cytokines in Human Immune System (HIS).

More, FJ, Weng, K, Mclean, P & Su, S 1970, 'Analysis of nonlinear and linear behaviors of heart rate for running exercise', 2009 4th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications, 2009 4th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), IEEE, Xi'an, China, pp. 3920-3925.
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This study investigates the nonlinear/linear behaviors of human heart rate response to treadmill exercise, for young and healthy subjects. The heart rate of the subject is measured, starting at a speed of 7 km/h, and increasing until the maximum heart rate for the subject is reached. The obtained nonlinear model is complicated and is not robust. Furthermore, sustained exercise at maximum heart rate is not always safe. For these reasons, this is not a suitable method for running exercise. Instead, we develop simple linear models for the same speed range, which is suitable for treadmill running exercise. We also propose a new model, called 'H model', to predict the percentage of heart rate reserve during running exercise. It has been proven that the presented model can predict the percentage change of heart rate for running exercise in the identified linear response range. © 2009 IEEE.

Musial, K & Juszczyszyn, K 1970, 'Motif-Based Analysis of Social Position Influence on Interconnection Patterns in Complex Social Network', 2009 First Asian Conference on Intelligent Information and Database Systems, 2009 First Asian Conference on Intelligent Information and Database Systems, ACIIDS, IEEE, Dong Hoi, VIETNAM, pp. 34-39.
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Musiał, K & Juszczyszyn, K 1970, 'Properties of Bridge Nodes in Social Networks', COMPUTATIONAL COLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE: SEMANTIC WEB, SOCIAL NETWORKS AND MULTIAGENT SYSTEMS, 1st International Conference on Computational Collective Intelligence, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Wroclaw, POLAND, pp. 357-364.
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Musial, K, Juszczyszyn, K, Gabrys, B & Kazienko, P 1970, 'Patterns of Interactions in Complex Social Networks Based on Coloured Motifs Analysis', ADVANCES IN NEURO-INFORMATION PROCESSING, PT II, 15th International Conference on Neuro-Information Processing, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Auckland, NEW ZEALAND, pp. 607-614.
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Musiał, K, Kazienko, P & Bródka, P 1970, 'User position measures in social networks', Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Social Network Mining and Analysis, KDD09: The 15th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, ACM, pp. 1-9.
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Network analysis offers many centrality measures that are successfully utilized in the process of investigating the social network profile. The most important and representative measures are presented in the paper. It includes indegree centrality, proximity prestige, rank prestige, node position, outdegree centrality, eccentrality, closeness centrality, and betweenes centrality. Both feature analysis and experimental comparative studies revealed the general profile of selected measures.

Nadimi, V, Azadeh, A, Saberi, M, Fattahi, S, Danesh, B & Tajvidi, A 1970, 'An artificial neural network algorithm and time series for improved forecasting of oil estimation: A case study of south korea and united kingdom (2001-2008)', 2009 3rd IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies, 2009 3rd IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies (DEST), IEEE, pp. 739-744.
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This paper presents an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithm to improve oil production forecasting. ANN algorithm is developed by different data preprocessing methods and considering different training algorithms and transfer functions in ANN models. Bayesian regularization backpropagation (BR), Levenberg-Marquardt back propagation (LM) and Gradient descent with momentum and adaptive learning rate backpropagation (GDX) are used as training algorithms. Also, log sigmoid and Hyperbolic tangent sigmoid are used as transfer functions. 240 ANN in 6 groups are examined with one to forthy neuron in hidden layer. The efficiency of constructed ANN models is examined in South Korea via mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). One of feature of the proposed algorithm is utilization of Autocorrelation Function (ACF) to define input variables whereas conventional methods use trial and error method. Monthly oil production in South Korea January 2001 to July 2008 is considered as the case of this study. ©2009 IEEE.

Neshat, M & Yaghobi, M 1970, 'Designing a Fuzzy Expert System of Diagnosing the Hepatitis B Intensity Rate and Comparing it with Adaptive Neural Network Fuzzy System', WCECS 2009: WORLD CONGRESS ON ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE, VOLS I AND II, World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science, INT ASSOC ENGINEERS-IAENG, San Francisco, CA, pp. 797-+.

Neshat, M & Yaghobi, M 1970, 'FESHDD: Fuzzy expert system for hepatitis B diseases diagnosis', 2009 Fifth International Conference on Soft Computing, Computing with Words and Perceptions in System Analysis, Decision and Control, 2009 Fifth International Conference on Soft Computing, Computing with Words and Perceptions in System Analysis, Decision and Control (ICSCCW), IEEE.
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Ngoc, HP, Fujita, H, Ozaki, K & Uchida, N 1970, 'Dynamic Performance of a Current-Phase Control Method for Zone-Control Induction Heating Systems', 2009 IEEE ENERGY CONVERSION CONGRESS AND EXPOSITION, VOLS 1-6, IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, IEEE, San Jose, CA, pp. 348-+.

Nguyen, DHN, Nguyen, HH & Tuan, HD 1970, 'A Novel Power Allocation Scheme for Distributed Space-Time Coding', 2009 IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC 2009 - 2009 IEEE International Conference on Communications, IEEE, Dresden, GERMANY, pp. 1-6.
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Nguyen, DHN, Nguyen, HH & Tuan, HD 1970, 'Distributed Beamforming in Relay-Assisted Multiuser Communications', 2009 IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC 2009 - 2009 IEEE International Conference on Communications, IEEE, Dresden, GERMANY, pp. 1-5.
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Nguyen, HT, Ghevondian, N & Jones, TW 1970, 'Real-Time Bayesian Neural-Network Detection of Nocturnal Hypoglycemia in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Using a Novel Non-Invasive Hypoglycemia Monitor', DIABETES, 69th Annual Meeting of the American-Diabetes-Association, AMER DIABETES ASSOC, New Orleans, LA, pp. A72-A72.

Nguyen, HT, Ghevondian, N & Jones, TW 1970, 'Real-time detection of nocturnal hypoglycemic episodes using a novel non-invasive hypoglycemia monitor', Proceedings of the 31st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society: Engineering the Future of Biomedicine, EMBC 2009, pp. 3822-3825.
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Hypoglycemia or low blood glucose is a common and serious side effect of insulin therapy in patients with diabetes. Hypoglycemia is unpleasant and can result in unconsciousness, seizures and even death. HypoMon is a real-time non-invasive monitor that measures relevant physiological parameters continuously to provide detection of hypoglycemic episodes in Type 1 diabetes mellitus patients (T1DM). Based on heart rate and corrected QT interval of the ECG signal, we have continued to develop effective algorithms for early detection of nocturnal hypoglycemia. From a clinical study of 24 children with T1DM, associated with natural occurrence of hypoglycemic episodes at night, their heart rates increased (1.021±0.264 vs. 1.068±0.314, P<0.053) and their corrected QT intervals increased significantly (1.030±0.079 vs. 1.052±0.078, P<0.002). It is interesting to note that QT interval and heart rate are less correlated when the patients experienced hypoglycemic episodes through natural occurrence compared to when clamp studies were performed. The overall data were organized into a training set (12 patients) and a test set (another 12 patients) randomly selected. Using the optimal Bayesian neural network which was derived from the training set with the highest log evidence, the estimated blood glucose profiles produced a significant correlation (P<0.02) against measured values in the test set. ©2009 IEEE.

Nguyen, HT, Ghevondian, N & Jones, TW 1970, 'Real-time detection of nocturnal hypoglycemic episodes using a novel non-invasive hypoglycemia monitor', 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, IEEE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, pp. 3822-3825.
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Hypoglycemia or low blood glucose is a common and serious side effect of insulin therapy in patients with diabetes. Hypoglycemia is unpleasant and can result in unconsciousness, seizures and even death. HypoMon is a realtime non-invasive monitor that measures relevant physiological parameters continuously to provide detection of hypoglycemic episodes in Type 1 diabetes mellitus patients (T1DM). Based on heart rate and corrected QT interval of the ECG signal, we have continued to develop effective algorithms for early detection of nocturnal hypoglycemia. From a clinical study of 24 children with T1DM, associated with natural occurrence of hypoglycemic episodes at night, their heart rates increased (1.021+/-0.264 vs. 1.068+/-0.314, P < 0.053) and their corrected QT intervals increased significantly (1.030+/-0.079 vs. 1.052+/-0.078, P < 0.002). It is interesting to note that QT interval and heart rate are less correlated when the patients experienced hypoglycemic episodes through natural occurrence compared to when clamp studies were performed. The overall data were organized into a training set (12 patients) and a test set (another 12 patients) randomly selected. Using the optimal Bayesian neural network which was derived from the training set with the highest log evidence, the estimated blood glucose profiles produced a significant correlation (P < 0.02) against measured values in the test set.

Nguyen, JS, Nguyen, TH & Nguyen, HT 1970, 'Semi-autonomous wheelchair system using stereoscopic cameras', 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, IEEE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, pp. 5068-5071.
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This paper is concerned with the design and development of a semi-autonomous wheelchair system using stereoscopic cameras to assist hands-free control technologies for severely disabled people. The stereoscopic cameras capture an image from both the left and right cameras, which are then processed with a Sum of Absolute Differences (SAD) correlation algorithm to establish correspondence between image features in the different views of the scene. This is used to produce a stereo disparity image containing information about the depth of objects away from the camera in the image. A geometric projection algorithm is then used to generate a 3-Dimensional (3D) point map, placing pixels of the disparity image in 3D space. This is then converted to a 2-Dimensional (2D) depth map allowing objects in the scene to be viewed and a safe travel path for the wheelchair to be planned and followed based on the user's commands. This assistive technology utilising stereoscopic cameras has the purpose of automated obstacle detection, path planning and following, and collision avoidance during navigation. Experimental results obtained in an indoor environment displayed the effectiveness of this assistive technology. ©2009 IEEE.

Nguyen, N, Nguyen, HT & Su, S 1970, 'Robust multivariable strategy and its application to a powered wheelchair', 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, IEEE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, pp. 7114-7117.
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The paper proposes a systematic robust multivariable control strategy based on combination of systematic triangularization technique and robust control strategies. Two design stages are required. In the first design stage, multivariable control problem is reduced into a series of scalar control problems via triangularization technique. For each specific scalar system, two advanced control strategies are proposed and implemented in the second design stage. The first one is based on Model Predictive Control, which is an iterative, finite horizon optimization procedure. The second control strategy is known as Neuro-Sliding Mode Control, which integrates Sliding Mode Control (SMC) and Neural Network Design to achieve both chattering-free and system robustness. Real-time implementation on a powered wheelchair system confirms that robustness and desired performance of a multivariable system under model uncertainties and unknown external disturbances can indeed be achieved by the combination of triangularization technique and Neuro-Sliding Mode Control. ©2009 IEEE.

Nguyen, ND, Frost, SA, Center, JR, Eisman, JA & Nguyen, TV 1970, 'Do men and women have similar absolute risk of fracture?', Bone, 2nd Joint Meeting of the International-Bone-and-Mineral-Society/Australian-New-Zealand-Bone-and-Mineral-Society, Elsevier BV, Sydney, AUSTRALIA, pp. S39-S39.
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Nguyen, TV 1970, 'Contribution of genetic factors to the individualized prognosis of fracture', Bone, 2nd Joint Meeting of the International-Bone-and-Mineral-Society/Australian-New-Zealand-Bone-and-Mineral-Society, Elsevier BV, Sydney, AUSTRALIA, pp. S35-S35.
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Nguyen, TV, Nguyen, ND, Frost, SA, Center, JR & Eisman, JA 1970, 'Five-year and 10-year absolute risk of clinical vertebral fracture for individuals', Bone, 2nd Joint Meeting of the International-Bone-and-Mineral-Society/Australian-New-Zealand-Bone-and-Mineral-Society, Elsevier BV, Sydney, AUSTRALIA, pp. S87-S88.
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Nguyen, V, Tran, TT, Pham, TL, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, H, Nguyen, H & Nguyen, DT 1970, 'Use of a Novel Ferrous-Ferric oxide Material from Waste of Iron Ore Mining for Arsenic Removal', The 3rd IWA-ASPIRE Conference & Exhibition (IWA-ASPIRE 2009), The 3rd IWA-ASPIRE Conference & Exhibition (IWA-ASPIRE 2009), IWA, Taiwan, pp. 1-9.

Ni, W & Collings, IB 1970, 'Centralized Inter-Network Spectrum Sharing with Opportunistic Frequency Reuse', GLOBECOM 2009 - 2009 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, GLOBECOM 2009 - 2009 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, IEEE, Honolulu, HI, pp. 1-6.
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Ni, W, Wang, H & Li, Z 1970, 'Centralized Proportional Fair (PF) Scheduling with Concurrent Transmission Enabled in Wireless Multi-Hop OFDMA Networks', 2009 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 2009 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, IEEE, pp. 1-6.
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The paper proposes the scheduling method to not only implement the proportional fairness between terminal users but also improve spectral efficiency by enabling concurrent transmission (CT) in wireless multi-hop OFDMA networks. The overhead reduction of channel quality information (CQI) is presented in coupling with the proposed scheduling and hereafter its performance with the reduced CQI is discussed. Simulation results illustrate the proposed scheme outperforms the prior art on both spectral efficiency and fairness. © 2009 IEEE.

Nie, F, Xu, D, Tsang, IW & Zhang, C 1970, 'Spectral embedded clustering', IJCAI International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, AAAI, Pasadena, CA, USA, pp. 1181-1186.
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In this paper, we propose a new spectral clustering method, referred to as Spectral Embedded Clustering (SEC), to minimize the normalized cut criterion in spectral clustering as well as control the mismatch between the cluster assignment matrix and the low dimensional embedded representation of the data. SEC is based on the observation that the cluster assignment matrix of high dimensional data can be represented by a low dimensional linear mapping of data. We also discover the connection between SEC and other clustering methods, such as spectral clustering, Clustering with local and global regularization, K-means and Discriminative K-means. The experiments on many realworld data sets show that SEC significantly outperforms the existing spectral clustering methods as well as K-means clustering related methods.

Otoom, AF, Concha, OP, Gunes, H & Piccardi, M 1970, 'Mixtures of Normalized Linear Projections', ADVANCED CONCEPTS FOR INTELLIGENT VISION SYSTEMS, PROCEEDINGS, Advanced Concepts for Intelligent Vision Systems, Springer, Bordeaux, France, pp. 66-76.
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High dimensional spaces pose a challenge to any classification task. In fact, these spaces contain much redundancy and it becomes crucial to reduce the dimensionality of the data to improve analysis, density modeling, and classification. In this paper, we present a method for dimensionality reduction in mixture models and its use in classification. For each component of the mixture, the data are projected by a linear transformation onto a lower-dimensional space. Subsequently, the projection matrices and the densities in such compressed spaces are learned by means of an Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm. However, two main issues arise as a result of implementing this approach, namely: 1) the scale of the densities can be different across the mixture components and 2) a singularity problem may occur. We suggest solutions to these problems and validate the proposed method on three image data sets from the UCI Machine Learning Repository. The classification performance is compared with that of a mixture of probabilistic principal component analysers (MPPCA). Across the three data sets, our accuracy always compares favourably, with improvements ranging from 2.5% to 35.4%. © 2009 Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Paimin, AN, Hadgraft, RG & Prpic, JK 1970, 'An exploration of the conative domain among engineering students', 2009 Research in Engineering Education Symposium, REES 2009.
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Concerns about student retention, demotivation and lack of confidence in engineering courses has been discussed over the past 15 years. This study suggests the need of exploration study on conative domain to prepare students for future challenges in engineering study. One promising line of research is to promote a deeper understanding of the concept of conative domain, to explain the confusion between the idea of conation as motivation and resilience, and to discuss several researches on conation in educational contexts. This paper is part of an ongoing PhD research project that aims to explore conative domain among engineering students. It reviews existing literature in this topic and presents preliminary findings from surveys and interviews. The results from surveys showed students were less confident of their own technical skills and have a lower level of self-esteem compared to employers' perception. Results from lecturers' interviews showed students' attitudes and interest were the major obstacle that affects their willingness in exploring engineering skills.

Paisitkriangkrai, S, Chunhua Shen & Jian Zhang 1970, 'Efficiently training a better visual detector with sparse eigenvectors', 2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), IEEE, Miami, FL, pp. 1129-1136.
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Face detection plays an important role in many vision applications. Since Viola and Jones [1] proposed the first real-time AdaBoost based object detection system, much ef- fort has been spent on improving the boosting method. In this work, we first show

Paisitkriangkrai, S, Chunhua Shen & Zhang, J 1970, 'Efficiently training a better visual detector with sparse eigenvectors', 2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2009 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPR Workshops), IEEE, pp. 1129-1136.
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Pang, D, Tian, L, Hu, J, Zhou, J, Shi, J & Dutkiewicz, E 1970, 'Downlink Scheduling for QoS-Guaranteed Services in Multi-User MIMO Systems with Limited Feedback', 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOLS 1-8, IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC 2009), IEEE, Dresden, GERMANY, pp. 4810-+.

Pang, D, Tian, L, Hu, J, Zhou, J, Shi, J & Dutkiewicz, E 1970, 'Downlink Scheduling for QoS-Guaranteed Services in Multi-User MIMO Systems with Limited Feedback', 2009 IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC 2009 - 2009 IEEE International Conference on Communications, IEEE, pp. 1-5.
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Significant throughput gains and system fairness can be obtained by employing scheduling schemes based on precoding techniques. However, QoS guarantee requirements are seldom taken into account. In this paper, we propose a downlink scheduling algorithm for QoS-guaranteed services in multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems with limited feedback. The proposed algorithm combines stream selection with multi-user packet scheduling. To maximize the overall capacity and reduce co-channel interference, streams are selected in accordance with precoding matrices. In multi-user packet scheduling, the base station first determines the SDMA region size for the primary streams. In addition, packet scheduling for the secondary streams is performed to completely exploit spatial multiplexing gains. Numerical results show that, at the cost of slightly lower system fairness, the proposed algorithm can achieve higher spectrum efficiency, and have a noticeable improvement in guaranteeing QoS requirements in terms of data rates and delay. ©2009 IEEE.

Park, M, Jin, JS, Xu, M, Wong, WSF, Luo, S & Cui, Y 1970, 'Microscopic image segmentation based on color pixels classification', Proceedings of the First International Conference on Internet Multimedia Computing and Service, ICIMCS '09: The First International Conference on Internet Multimedia Computing and Service, ACM, pp. 53-59.
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The computer-assisted microscopy systems can increase the accuracy of the analysis. To guarantee correct results in computer-assisted microscopy, accurate nuclei segmentation is crucially important since images segmentation is the first step towards image understanding and image analysis. In this paper, we present clustering techniques to segment homogeneous clusters in RGB color space and then label each cluster as a different region. According to the evaluation process, 97% of nuclei pixels were correctly delineated with our algorithm and on average 90% of nuclei were correctly detected. Our methods could be of value to computer-based systems designed to objectively interpret microscopic images by accurate nuclei segmentation. Copyright 2009 ACM.

Parnell, J, Kitto, D & Wassermann, J 1970, 'Assessing and regulating noise impacts from large open cut coal mines in Australia', 8th European Conference on Noise Control 2009, EURONOISE 2009 - Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics.
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Regulating the noise impacts from large coal mines is a difficult task, particularly given the variations in topography and meteorological conditions that can occur over setbacks of up to 5 km that may separate potentially impacted receivers from the mine site. In NSW, criteria established by the Industrial Noise Policy are applied to sensitive noise receivers such as residences that may be impacted by mine noise. In many instances this results in criteria being set at Leq = 35 dB(A) with reductions for tonal qualities. Exceedance of this criteria may be negotiated by agreement, but exceedances of more than 5 dB require the mine to offer property acquisition. Despite the adoption of some of the most stringent criteria in the world the Department of Planning still receives a high number of complaints from surrounding residents. The present paper examines the methodology used to establish Project Specific Noise Levels and how these are used to manage noise impacts. In addition the paper examines the complexities that occur in measuring compliance, and the development of a directional microphone array that is used to assign noise levels in a large and diverse noise catchment often containing more than one mine.

Parnell, J, Samuels, S & Tsitsos, C 1970, 'The performance of noise barriers in attenuating road traffic noise', 8th European Conference on Noise Control 2009, EURONOISE 2009 - Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics.
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As part of continuing investigation into noise barrier optimisation, a research and development study to conduct insitu empirical testing of several full size prototype barrier designs was funded by the NSW State Government. Of particular interest to this study was a design known as a Random Edge Profile Barrier. Literature research had found that there was a body of evidence indicating that a barrier with an edge irregularity can cause a substantial degradation of the diffracted signal. It is generally accepted 1-3 that an increase in insertion loss occurs because the jagged edge causes a reduction in coherence of the diffracted signal being transmitted to the shadow zone as compared to a conventional straight edge barrier. It has been suggested 4 that the mechanism for this is that the jagged geometry on the top of a barrier alters the sound pressure level in the shadow zone by causing the region of the barrier nearest the receiver to admit multiple paths with variable phase. The direct waves from the diffracting edges of the barrier and waves subsequently reflected from the ground plane are superimposed at the receiver causing constructive or destructive interference at the receiver. The present study followed a methodology that included construction of an 80m long by 2.4m high barrier that served as the base for an additional conventional top as well as a random profile and T-Top novel cap. Empirical data collected showed that for the receiver locations investigated, a random edge barrier will out-perform a conventional barrier of the same nominal height for most frequencies associated with broadband tyre/road noise. A T-Top barrier was found to perform better than a conventional barrier of similar height for most frequencies whilst a conventional barrier offered the most practical solution for attenuation of low frequency noise.

Parvin, S, Ali, S, Singh, J, Hussain, F & Han, S 1970, 'Towards DoS attack prevention based on clustering architecture in mobile IP communication', 2009 35th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics, IECON 2009 - 35th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics (IECON), IEEE, Porto, Portugal, pp. 3183-3188.
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Mobile IP communication, like wired communication and mobile ad hoc networking, is vulnerable to Denial-of-Service (DOS) attacks. In this paper, we propose using a lightweight packet filtering technique in different domains and base stations to reduce/el

Pasha, SA & Tuan, HD 1970, 'Nonlinear filtering for continuous-time systems using the linear fractional transformation model', 2009 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ICASSP 2009 - 2009 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, IEEE, Taipei, Taiwan, pp. 3289-3292.
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In this paper, we propose Bayesian filtering technique for continuous-time dynamical models with sampled-data measurements using the linear fractional transformation (LFT) model which transforms the nonlinear state space model into an exact equivalent linear model with a simple nonlinear feedback loop. The linear model is amenable to Euler discretization. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed filtering technique gives better approximation and tracking performance than the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) which diverges for highly nonlinear problems. ©2009 IEEE.

Pasha, SA, Tuan, HD & Apkarian, P 1970, 'The LFT based PHD filter for nonlinear jump Markov models in multi-target tracking', Proceedings of the 48h IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) held jointly with 2009 28th Chinese Control Conference, 2009 Joint 48th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) and 28th Chinese Control Conference (CCC), IEEE, Shanghai, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 5478-5483.
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PERKINS, AD & WALDRON, KJ 1970, 'HEURISTIC CONTROL OF BIPEDAL RUNNING: STEADY-STATE AND ACCELERATED', Mobile Robotics, Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Climbing and Walking Robots and the Support Technologies for Mobile Machines, WORLD SCIENTIFIC, Istanbul, TURKEY, pp. 575-582.
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Petrelli, D, van den Hoven, E & Whittaker, S 1970, 'Making History: Intentional Capture of Future Memories', CHI2009: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 27TH ANNUAL CHI CONFERENCE ON HUMAN FACTORS IN COMPUTING SYSTEMS, VOLS 1-4, CHI 2009 - Digital Life New World, ACM, Boston, USA, pp. 1723-1732.
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'Lifelogging' technology makes it possible to amass digital data about every aspect of our everyday lives. Instead of focusing on such technical possibilities, here we investigate the way people compose long-term mnemonic representations of their lives. We asked 10 families to create a time capsule, a collection of objects used to trigger remembering in the distant future. Our results show that contrary to the lifelogging view, people are less interested in exhaustively digitally recording their past than in reconstructing it from carefully selected cues that are often physical objects. Time capsules were highly expressive and personal, many objects were made explicitly for inclusion, however with little object annotation. We use these findings to propose principles for designing technology that supports the active reconstruction of our future past.

Pham, TQ, Perry, SW & Fletcher, PA 1970, 'Paper Fingerprinting Using alpha-Masked Image Matching', 2009 Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications, 2009 Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications, IEEE, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA, pp. 439-446.
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Pham, TT, Nguyen, HH & Tuan, HD 1970, 'Power Allocation in Wireless Relay Networks with Partial Channel State Information', 2009 IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC 2009 - 2009 IEEE International Conference on Communications, IEEE, Dresden, GERMANY, pp. 1-5.
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Pham, TT, Nguyen, HH, Nguyen, DHN & Tuan, HD 1970, 'MMSE Relaying and Power Allocation over Frequency-Selective Rayleigh Fading Channels', GLOBECOM 2009 - 2009 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, GLOBECOM 2009 - 2009 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, IEEE, Honolulu, HI, pp. 1-6.
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Phung, HM, Hoang, DB & Lawrence, E 1970, 'A Front-End for Collaborative Task Planning on the Grid', PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2009 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON COLLABORATIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND SYSTEMS, International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., Maryland, USA, pp. 292-299.
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Grid systems allow the sharing of distributed resources of registered participants to perform tasks whose demand may exceed the capacity of individual participating organization. However, the collaborative aspect of Grids is still underdeveloped as they lack features and mechanisms for interaction and collaboration. This paper presents the design and development of an integrated Front-End as a workplace for collaborative task planning over a Grid. The Front-End allows parties to design their joint workplan interactively and collaboratively in real time in the form of editing activities and Business Process Execution Language (BPEL) workflows. The resulting workplan will be executed by the underlying Grid and forms a basis for further collaboration. The Front-End is in fact the centerpiece of our collaborative Framework within a larger Active Assistive Grid infrastructure. ©2009 IEEE.

Phung, HM, Hoang, DB & Lawrence, E 1970, 'A Novel Collaborative Grid Framework for Distributed Healthcare', CCGRID: 2009 9TH IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CLUSTER COMPUTING AND THE GRID, IEEE International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing, IEEE computer Society, Shanghai China, pp. 514-519.
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The increasing ageing population around the world presents an unprecedented challenge in developing economically viable healthcare systems for our societies. To overcome this challenge and maintain a decent level of healthcare, further innovation and deployment of information technologies in the field of healthcare are the keys. Our earlier work puts forward 'An Active Grid Infrastructure for Elderly Care' solution whereby elderly people are monitored non-intrusively to provide essential health information about them; the information concerning their condition is kept in an 'active' health record; and resources involved in the system can be shared by multiple caregivers or organizations allowing them to collaborate in developing relevant care programs for these elderly persons. This paper focuses on the design of the collaborative component of the solution. A framework is proposed for an integrated Grid system that supports collaborative task planning and workflow development. The system will enable healthcare professionals to access the necessary resources, collaborate with each other to develop and execute treatment workflows in a user-friendly and intuitive manner. The paper will discuss the requirements and design principles for key components of the system and present its preliminary implementation. © 2009 IEEE.

Pileggi, SF 1970, 'A multi-domain framework for Wireless Vehicular Sensor Network', 2009 International Conference on Ultra Modern Telecommunications & Workshops, Workshops (ICUMT), IEEE, pp. 1-8.
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Proposed solution is an extendible multi-domain core framework for Wireless Vehicular Sensor Network (WVSN). The key idea is providing a lightweight architecture as alternative to the typical vertical concept of domain specific ad-hoc solution: the more flexible horizontal approach assumes a core framework that can be particularized in function of considered application. Modern wireless sensor platforms are flexible smart nodes that provide relatively limited computation, storage, communication and sensing resource, ad-hoc designed for advanced networking. WVSN assumes nodes mounted on vehicles. Because limited resource that commonly characterizes WSN, protocols stacks and mechanisms are designed in accordance with a soft-state model in order to assure high-performance and robustness for time-critical messages in both vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside interaction. ©2009 IEEE.

Pileggi, SF, Molina, B, Palau, CE & Esteve, M 1970, 'Move for all (M4All): Alive J2ME content exchange facility for mobile environments', 2009 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, 2009 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME), IEEE, pp. 1780-1783.
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Context-aware and live multimedia content production and delivery can be considered as key issues for enabling dynamic sharing among members of living social networks. The proposed cross-platform environment, deployed on J2ME technology, enables mobile users with a suitable tool for content production, dynamic context and metadata integration and content publication directly from smart devices. Multimedia content is provided with an extensible semantic and functional data model that makes shared content easily to be catalogued, classified and managed within large scale communities. Moreover, an advanced context management model provides users with multiple options for effective content publication. Support for live streaming and potential interaction with multiple social communities makes the platform really flexible within different domains and application fields. ©2009 IEEE.

Pontt, J, Rodriguez, J, Martin, JS, Aguilera, R & Robles, H 1970, 'Dynamic and Steady Behavior of Harmonic Filter for Compensating Resonance in Mining Systems', IFAC Proceedings Volumes, Elsevier BV, pp. 342-347.
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Pradhan, B 1970, 'Hot spot detection and monitoring using MODIS and NOAAAVHRR images for wild fire emergency preparedness', Proceedings of the 2nd Applied Geoinformatics for Society and Environment (AGSE) conference, pp. 53-61.

Pradhan, B & Buchroithner, MF 1970, 'Manifestation of likelihood ratio and advanced fuzzy logic model for tropical rainfall induced landslide analysis', 11th Plinius Conference on Mediterranean Storms, held September 7-10, 2009 in Barcelona, Spain. http://meetings. copernicus. org/plinius11, id. Plinius11-21.

Pradhan, B, Bolch, T & Buchroithner, MF 1970, 'Elevation modeling using radargrammetry: Case study from Malaysia', Proc. AGILE, pp. 1-11.

Pradhan, B, Buchroithner, MF & Mansor, S 1970, 'Assessment of neural network, frequency ratio and regression models for landslide susceptibility analysis', EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, p. 264.

Pradhan, B, Lee, S & Buchroithner, MF 1970, 'Cross-application of artificial neural network model for landslide susceptibility analysis', Proceedings, 33rd International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, ISRSE 2009, pp. 547-550.
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This paper presents cross application of landslide susceptibility analysis in Malaysia, using a Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing techniques. Landslide locations were identified in the study area from interpretation of aerial photographs and from field surveys. Topographical, geological data and satellite images were collected, processed, and constructed into a spatial database using GIS and image processing. There are about ten landslide occurrence factors were selected and these factors were analyzed using an advanced artificial neural network model to generate the landslide susceptibility map. Each factor's weight was determined by the back-propagation training method. Then the landslide susceptibility indices were calculated using the trained back-propagation weights, and finally the landslide susceptibility map was generated using GIS tools. For the verification and cross-verification, the weights of the each study area were applied to each study areas.

Pradhan, B, Lee, S & Buchroithner, MF 1970, 'GIS application on spatial landslide analysis using statistical based models', SPIE Proceedings, SPIE Europe Remote Sensing, SPIE, pp. 74781B-74781B.
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Pradhan, B, Lee, S & Buchroithner, MF 1970, 'Landslide risk analysis using fuzzy logic based geospatial model and geinformation techniques', EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, p. 265.

Prpic, JK & Hadgraft, RG 1970, 'Building a community of scholars', 2009 Research in Engineering Education Symposium, REES 2009.
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This is an outline for a workshop aimed at building and strengthening a global community of researchers in engineering education. © 2009 Authors.

Qi, H, Rong, M & Zhang, G 1970, 'A behavior-driven model of component interaction adaptation', 2009 4th International Conference on Computer Science & Education, 2009 4th International Conference on Computer Science & Education (ICCSE 2009), IEEE, pp. 871-875.
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Qian, M, Huang, Y, Shi, J, Yuan, Y, Tian, L & Dutkiewicz, E 1970, 'A Novel Radio Admission Control Scheme for Multiclass Services in LTE Systems', GLOBECOM 2009 - 2009 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, GLOBECOM 2009 - 2009 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, IEEE, pp. 1-6.
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In this paper, a novel radio admission control (RAC) scheme is proposed for handling multiclass services in Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems. An objective function of maximizing the number of admitted users is proposed to evaluate the system capacity. To solve the optimization problem, we present a combined complete sharing (CS) and virtual partitioning (VP) resource allocation model and develop a service degradation scheme in case of resource limitations in the proposed RAC scheme. Call blocking probability, system resource utilization and system capacity are used as performance metrics and are evaluated by using a K-dimensional Markov Chain model. Numerical results show that an optimal proportion of resource deployment for different service groups can be identified to maximize system capacity while at the same time maintaining quality of service (QoS) constraints of all admitted users.

Qian, M, Huang, Y, Shi, J, Yuan, Y, Tian, L & Dutkiewicz, E 1970, 'A Novel Radio Admission Control Scheme for Multiclass Services in LTE Systems', GLOBECOM 2009 - 2009 IEEE GLOBAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-8, IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM 09), IEEE, Honolulu, HI, pp. 2230-2235.

Qin, L, Yu, JX & Chang, L 1970, 'Keyword search in databases: the power of RDBMS.', SIGMOD Conference, Proceedings of ACM Conference on Management of Data, ACM, Providence, Rhode Island, USA, pp. 681-694.
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Keyword search in relational databases (RDBs) has been extensively studied recently. A keyword search (or a keyword query) in RDBs is specified by a set of keywords to explore the interconnected tuple structures in an RDB that cannot be easily identified using SQL on RDBMSs. In brief, it finds how the tuples containing the given keywords are connected via sequences of connections (foreign key references) among tuples in an RDB. Such interconnected tuple structures can be found as connected trees up to a certain size, sets of tuples that are reachable from a root tuple within a radius, or even multi-center subgraphs within a radius. In the literature, there are two main approaches. One is to generate a set of relational algebra expressions and evaluate every such expression using SQL on an RDBMS directly or in a middleware on top of an RDBMS indirectly. Due to a large number of relational algebra expressions needed to process, most of the existing works take a middleware approach without fully utilizing RDBMSs. The other is to materialize an RDB as a graph and find the interconnected tuple structures using graph-based algorithms in memory. In this paper we focus on using SQL to compute all the interconnected tuple structures for a given keyword query. We use three types of interconnected tuple structures to achieve that and we control the size of the structures. We show that the current commercial RDBMSs are powerful enough to support such keyword queries in RDBs efficiently without any additional new indexing to be built and maintained. The main idea behind our approach is tuple reduction. In our approach, in the first reduction step, we prune tuples that do not participate in any results using SQL, and in the second join step, we process the relational algebra expressions using SQL over the reduced relations. We conducted extensive experimental studies using two commercial RDBMSs and two large real datasets, and we report the efficiency of our approach...

Qin, L, Yu, JX, Chang, L & Tao, Y 1970, 'Querying Communities in Relational Databases.', ICDE, IEEE Computer Society, Shanghai, China, pp. 724-735.
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Keyword search on relational databases provides users with insights that they can not easily observe using the traditional RDBMS techniques. Here, an l-keyword query is specified by a set of l keywords, {k1, k 2, ⋯ , kl}. It finds how the tuples that contain the keywords are connected in a relational database via the possible foreign key references. Conceptually, it is to find some structural information in a database graph, where nodes are tuples and edges are foreign key references. The existing work studied how to find connected trees for an l-keyword query. However, a tree may only show partial information about how those tuples that contain the keywords are connected. In this paper, we focus on finding communities for an l-keyword query. A community is an induced subgraph that contains all the l-keywords within a given distance. We propose new efficient algorithms to find all/top-k communities which consume small memory, for an l-keyword query. For topk l-keyword queries, our algorithm allows users to interactively enlarge k at run time. We conducted extensive performance studies using two large real datasets to confirm the efficiency of our algorithms. © 2009 IEEE.

Qin, L, Yu, JX, Chang, L & Tao, Y 1970, 'Scalable Keyword Search on Large Data Streams.', ICDE, IEEE 25th International Conference on Data Engineering, IEEE Computer Society, Shanghai, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 1199-1202.
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Qin, PY, Weily, AR, Guo, YJ & Liang, CH 1970, 'A reconfigurable quasi-Yagi folded dipole antenna', 2009 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 2009 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium (APSURSI), IEEE, IEEE, pp. 1-4.
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Qin, PY, Weily, AR, Guo, YJ & Liang, CH 1970, 'A Reconfigurable Quasi-Yagi Folded Dipole Antenna', 2009 IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM AND USNC/URSI NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE MEETING, VOLS 1-6, IEEE Antennas and Propagation International Symposium /USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, IEEE, N Charleston, SC, pp. 2092-+.

Qumer, A & Henderson-Sellers, B 1970, 'Agile Software Solution Framework: An Analysis of Practitioners' Perspectives', INFORMATION SYSTEMS: MODELING, DEVELOPMENT, AND INTEGRATION, Information Systems: Modeling, Development, and Integration, Springer-Verlag, Campbelltown, NSW, pp. 41-52.
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We have developed an agile software solution framework (ASSF) to create and tailor situation-specific agile methods by using a method engineering approach. Here, we report on a questionnaire-based survey with thirty-three experts in order to determine the relevance and importance of the aspects or elements of agile software development methodology specified in ASSF. We have analysed the relevance and importance that each respondent places on the identified elements of the ASSF. © 2009 Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Rabbachin, A, Quek, TQS, Oppermann, I & Win, MZ 1970, 'Effect of uncoordinated network interference on UWB autocorrelation receiver', 2009 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband, 2009 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband, IEEE, Vancouver, CANADA, pp. 65-70.
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Rabbachin, A, Quek, TQS, Oppermann, I & Win, MZ 1970, 'Effect of uncoordinated network interference on UWB energy detection receiver', 2009 IEEE 10th Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications, 2009 IEEE 10th Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPAWC), IEEE, Perugia, ITALY, pp. 692-696.
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Rahman, BMA, Tanvir, H, Kejalakshmy, N, Agrawal, A, Themistos, C & Grattan, KTV 1970, 'Characterisation of Terahertz wave confinement in Quantum Cascade Lasers', Advances in Optical Sciences Congress, Integrated Photonics and Nanophotonics Research and Applications, OSA, pp. IMG2-IMG2.
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Terahertz Quantum Cascade Laser waveguides were characterized using the vector finite element method. Waveguides based on GaSb/AlGaSb multiple quantum well structures were simulated, for which detailed mode profiles, power confinement and loss factors are shown. © 2009 OSA.

Rahman, BMA, Tanvir, H, Kejalakshmy, N, Agrawal, A, Themistos, C & Grattan, KTV 1970, 'Characterisation of terahertz wave confinement in quantum cascade lasers', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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Terahertz Quantum Cascade Laser waveguides were characterized using the vector finite element method. Waveguides based on GaSb/AlGaSb multiple quantum well structures were simulated, for which detailed mode profiles, power confinement and loss factors are shown. © 2009 OSA.

Raja, S, Stuart, BH & Thomas, P 1970, 'The development of analytical techniques for the determination of forensic bone age', 5th European Academy of Forensic Science Conference Book of Abstracts, 5th European Academy of Forensic Science Conference, Glasgow, pp. 1-1.

Raja, S, Thomas, P & Stuart, BH 1970, 'A study of storage conditions and treatments for forensic bone specimens using thermogravimetric analysis', Medicta 2009 Book of Abstracts, 9th Mediterranean Conference on Calorimetry and Thermal Analysis, Marseille.

Raja, S, Thomas, P, Stuart, BH & O'Brien, C 1970, 'Pyrolysis gas chromatography - mass spectrometry analysis for the estimation of pig bone age', 21st Congress of the International Academy of Legal Medicine Abstracts, Congress of the International Academy of Legal Medicine, Lisbon.

Ramli, HAM, Sandrasegaran, K, Basukala, R & Wu, L 1970, 'Modeling and simulation of packet scheduling in the downlink long term evolution system', 2009 15th Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications, 2009 15th Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC), IEEE, Shanghai, China, pp. 68-71.
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Long term evolution (LTE) is the next generation wireless system that uses orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) technology in the downlink. Packet scheduling becomes paramount as the wireless systems are moving towards all IP transmissions. Since LTE system is relatively new, very little work has been published to date that can precisely model and simulate the downlink LTE system environment. This paper provides detailed descriptions on modeling and simulation of packet scheduling in the downlink LTE system using a C++ simulation tool. The tool accurately modeled the wireless system parameters and can be used for study of optimization of the LTE system.

Ranga, Y & Esselle, KP 1970, 'CPW-Fed Semicircular Slot Antenna for UWB PCB Applications', 2009 IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM AND USNC/URSI NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE MEETING, VOLS 1-6, IEEE Antennas and Propagation International Symposium /USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, IEEE, N Charleston, SC, pp. 2523-2526.

Ranga, Y & Esselle, KP 1970, 'CPW-Fed semicircular slot antenna for UWB PCB applications', 2009 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, amp; USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, IEEE, pp. 1-4.
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Ranga, Y, Esselle, KP, Weily, AR & Verma, AK 1970, 'A compact antenna with high gain for ultra wide band systems', European Microwave Week 2009, EuMW 2009: Science, Progress and Quality at Radiofrequencies, Conference Proceedings - 39th European Microwave Conference, EuMC 2009, 37th European Microwave Conference, IEEE, Rome, ITALY, pp. 85-88.
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A compact antenna with an improved gain is proposed for ultra-wideband (UWB) systems. A semicircular slot antenna fed by a CPW to CPW transition at the edges of semicircles is employed as the base UWB radiator and a short, two-plate, TEM-like horn is mounted on the surface to enhance the gain over the entire UWB bandwidth. Theoretical and experimental investigations have been conducted to verify the effectiveness of a two-plate short horn as a means for gain enhancement. Experimental results indicate a wide impedance bandwidth from 2.86 to 11.6 GHz and an approximately 3 dB gain enhancement across the band. © 2009 EuMA.

Ranga, Y, Esselle, KP, Weily, AR & Verma, AK 1970, 'A compact antenna with high gain for ultra wide band systems', 2009 European Microwave Conference (EuMC), 2009 European Microwave Conference (EuMC), IEEE, pp. 85-88.
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Ray, AS, Connan, H, Liu, B & Thomas, P 1970, 'Alumina-Silica Rich Clay Brick Waste In Hydrothermally Treated Cement-Based Construction Products', Proceedings of the 34th Conference on Our World In Concrete & Structures, Conference On Our World In Concrete & Structures, CI-Premier Conference Organisation, Singapore, Singapore, pp. 289-296.
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An urgent need for creative, sustainable approaches, which minimise the environmental impact of conventional Portland Cement (PC) -based construction materials, is recognised throughout the world. In recent years intensive research has been directed to the use of alumino-silicate materials to produce blended PC. The reduction of CO2 emissions, through the minimisation of PC consumption in the manufacture of PC-based construction products, and utilisation of industrial byproducts, to limit environmental impact, are the principal drivers of this worldwide activity. A number of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) containing alumina and silica such as fly ash, granulated blast furnace slag and silica fume are well known additives for the production of blended PCs due to their pozzolanic properties. The potential of other by-products such as those from the construction and demolition industry are less known however, even though they represent an excellent source of reactive alumina and silica-rich material. This paper deals with fired clay bricks (CB), generated as a waste product from construction and demolition activities, and their value as an additive in the manufacture of PC-based construction products. The research findings reported in this paper are from laboratory scale experiments conducted under hydrothermal conditions in an autoclave where fmely ground Cl3 waste was incorporated in the mixes. From a combination of analytical techniques including X-ray Diffraction, Differential Thermal Analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy and solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, it was established that the aluminosilicate phase in the fired clay bricks promoted the development of the tobermorite, the principal binder in most calcium silicate products under hydrothermal conditions. The use of CB waste as a cement replacement for the manufacture of these products was also demonstrated as a viable option.

Raza, M, Hussain, FK & Chang, E 1970, 'Quality Measures for Digital Business Ecosystems Formation', IT REVOLUTIONS, pp. 118-121.
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To execute a complex business task, business entities may need to collaborate with each other as individually they may not have the capability or willingness to perform the task on its own. Such collaboration can be seen implemented in digital business ecosystems in the form of simple coalitions using multi-agent systems or by employing Electronic Institutions. A major challenge is choosing optimal partners who will deliver the agreed commitments, and act in the coalition's interest. Business entities are scaled according to their quality level. Determining the quality of previously unknown business entities and predicting the quality of such an entity in a dynamic environment are crucial issues in Business Ecosystems. A comprehensive quality management system grounded in the concepts of Trust and Reputation can help address these issues. © 2009 ICST Institute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering.

Regmi, G, Indraratna, B & Nghiem, LD 1970, 'Long-term Performance of a Permeable Reactive Barrier in Acid Sulphate Soil Terrain', Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, pp. 409-419.
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Deep drainage technique utilised for flood mitigation in low-land coastal areas of Australia during the late 1960s has resulted in the generation of sulphuric acid in soil by the oxidation of pyritic materials. Further degradation of the subsurface environment with widespread contamination of the underlying soil and groundwater presents a major and challenging environmental issue in acid sulphate soil (ASS) terrains. Although several ASS remediation techniques recently implemented in the floodplain of Southeast Australia including operation of gates, tidal buffering and lime injections could significantly control the pyrite oxidation, they could not improve the long-term water quality. More recently, permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) filled with waste concrete aggregates have received considerable attention as an innovative, cost-effective technology for passive in situ clean up of groundwater contamination. However, long-term efficiency of these PRBs for treating acidic groundwater has not been established. This study analyses and evaluates the performance of a field PRB for treating the acidic water over 2.5 years. The pilot-scale alkaline PRB consisting of recycled concrete was installed in October 2006 at a farm of southeast New South Wales for treating ASS-impacted groundwater. Monitoring data of groundwater quality over a 30 month period were assessed to evaluate the long-term performance of the PRB. Higher pH value (∼pH 7) of the groundwater immediately downstream of the PRB and higher rates of iron (Fe) and aluminium (Al) removal efficiency (>95%) over this study period indicates that recycled concrete could successfully treat acidic groundwater. However, the overall pH neutralising capacity of the materials within the barrier declined with time from an initial pH 10.2 to pH 7.3. The decline in the performance with time was possibly due to the armouring of the reactive material surface by the mineral precipitates in the form of iron and aluminium hydroxi...

Retallick, ME, Babister, KM, Varga, C, Ball, JE & Askew, E 1970, 'Do Filtered Temporal Patterns Resemble Real Patterns?', Proceedings of H2009 the 32nd Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium, Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium, Engineers Australia, Newcastle, Australia, pp. 135-145.
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Since publication of ARR87, available computer resources have increased thus enabling the analysis of a pluviograph record. This analysis typically involves extracting the significant storm events and determining the temporal patterns of these storms. These extracted temporal patterns will then be scaled for the design rainfall depth and filtered if necessary. Presented herein are the results of a study into the observed and filtered temporal patterns derived from the Sydney Observatory Hill pluviograph record. It was found that filtering changed the ranking of periods within the storm, changed the depth of antecedent rainfall prior to the intense part of the rainfall event, and changed the percentage of the storm occurring in the core of the storm (most intense part of the storm). Furthermore, if aggressive filtering of the observed temporal pattern is required, the user is probably better to not filter at all as the pattern will no longer resemble the original pattern.

Ricciato, F, Coluccia, A, D'Alconzo, A, Veitch, D, Borgnat, P & Abry, P 1970, 'On the Role of Flows and Sessions in Internet Traffic Modeling: An Explorative Toy-Model', GLOBECOM 2009 - 2009 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, GLOBECOM 2009 - 2009 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, IEEE, IEEE, pp. 1-8.
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Richard Yi Da Xu & Kemp, M 1970, 'Multiple curvature based approach to human upper body parts detection with connected ellipse model fine-tuning', 2009 16th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), 2009 16th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing ICIP 2009, IEEE, pp. 2577-2580.
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In this paper, we discuss an effective method for detecting human upper body parts from a 2D image silhouette using curvature analysis and ellipse fitting. First we smooth the silhouette so that we can determine just the global features: the head, hands and armpits. Next we reduce the smoothing to detect the local features of the neck and elbows. We model the human upper body by multiple connected ellipses. Thus we segment the body by the extracted features. Ellipses are fitted to each segment. Lastly, we apply a non-linear least square method to minimize the differences between the connected ellipse model and the edge of the silhouette. ©2009 IEEE.

Ruo Du, Qiang Wu, Xiangjian He, Wenjing Jia & Daming Wei 1970, 'Facial expression recognition using histogram variances faces', 2009 Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV), 2009 Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV), IEEE, Snowbird, USA, pp. 1-7.
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In human's expression recognition, the representation of expression features is essential for the recognition accuracy. In this work we propose a novel approach for extracting expression dynamic features from facial expression videos. Rather than utilising statistical models e.g. Hidden Markov Model (HMM), our approach integrates expression dynamic features into a static image, the Histogram Variances Face (HVF), by fusing histogram variances among the frames in a video. The HVFs can be automatically obtained from videos with different frame rates and immune to illumination interference. In our experiments, for the videos picturing the same facial expression, e.g., surprise, happy and sadness etc., their corresponding HVFs are similar, even though the performers and frame rates are different. Therefore the static facial recognition approaches can be utilised for the dynamic expression recognition. We have applied this approach on the well-known Cohn-Kanade AU-Coded Facial Expression database then classified HVFs using PCA and Support Vector Machine (SVMs), and found the accuracy of HVFs classification is very encouraging. © 2009 IEEE.

Safavi-Naeini, M, Franklin, DR, Petasecca, M, Lerch, MLF, Kirkham, R, Moorhead, G, Dunn, P, De Geronimo, G & Rosenfeld, AB 1970, 'SiPM based Detector Module and Digital Data Acquisition System for PET: Initial Results', 2009 IEEE NUCLEAR SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM CONFERENCE RECORD, VOLS 1-5, IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference 2009, IEEE, Orlando, FL, pp. 2679-2682.
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Sakal, A, Ball, JE & Smith, GP 1970, 'Sydney catchment authoritys' real-time flow forecasting system mike flood watch', The International Conference of Science and Information Technology for Sustainable Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, International Conference on Hydroinformatics, Universidad de Concepcion, Chile, pp. 1-7.
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Australia is one of the driest inhabited continents on earth. Water has been vital to the survival and prosperity of Sydney. The need to ensure a reliable water supply through times of drought and erratic seasonal rainfall has driven the development of several complex and innovative water supply schemes. The Sydney Catchment Authority (SCA) protects five catchment areas where water is collected by natural landscape to provide water for Sydney and manages 21 dams, total area of 16000 square kilometres. Management and operation of the storages is a complex process. Operational decisions affecting the management of the storages are made on a daily basis and require accurate and up-to-date information. The SCA uses GIS based real-time flow monitoring and in-flow forecasting system aimed to provide baseline information for supporting the daily operation of the storages. A key feature of the systemâs success has been the ability to integrate existing hydrologic models and automate their operation with measured data real-time to produce real time forecasts of catchment inflows. The real-time flow forecasting system is under ongoing improvement. Shortly it will be configured with a fully distributed hydrological model which will be fed with real-time radar derived rainfall estimates and 36 hours rainfall forecast from MezoLAPS climate model to provide 36 hours flow forecasts.

Sakhaee, E, Leibnitz, K, Wakamiya, N & Murata, M 1970, 'Bio-inspired layered clustering scheme for self-adaptive control in wireless sensor networks', 2009 2nd International Symposium on Applied Sciences in Biomedical and Communication Technologies, 2009 2nd International Symposium on Applied Sciences in Biomedical and Communication Technologies (ISABEL), IEEE, pp. 1-6.
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Sakhaee, E, Wakamiya, N & Murata, M 1970, 'A Transmission Range Reduction Scheme for Reducing Power Consumption in Clustered Wireless Sensor Networks', GLOBECOM 2009 - 2009 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, GLOBECOM 2009 - 2009 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, IEEE, pp. 1-6.
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Sakhaee, E, Wakamiya, N & Murata, M 1970, 'Self-Organized Data-Energy-Aware Clustering and Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks', 2009 International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering, 2009 International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering, IEEE, pp. 550-557.
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Saleh, A & Gardner, AP 1970, 'Digital animations as a visual learning tool for Structural Analysis', Proceedings of the 20th Australasian Association for Engineering Education Conference, Annual Conference of Australasian Association for Engineering Education, The School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia, pp. 229-236.
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A number of digital animation clips have been developed to explore the effectiveness of their use in teaching of the subject Structural Analysis at the University of Technology, Sydney.The subject Structural Analysis is perceived by most students as challenging not only because of the theory and analysis concepts covered, but also because in its application it is difficult to visualise how structures behave when subjected to loads. The animation clips that were developed bring âmovement and lifeâ to structures that are traditionally presented in textbooks as static. It is anticipated that this will assist students to visualise the behaviour of structures and to better understand difficult concepts and methods taught in the subject. The intended uses of the animations are (1) in-class demonstration of behaviour of structures and methods of structural analysis and (2) as a self learning tool for students. This paper will present examples of the animations, how they have been used in teaching of Structural Analysis and feedback from students on their effectiveness.

Samuels, S, Hall, A & Parnell, J 1970, 'Recent Australian investigations into the acoustic attributes of road pavement surfaces', 38th International Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering 2009, INTER-NOISE 2009, pp. 368-379.
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This paper summarises the outcomes of two recent investigations into the acoustic attributes of Australian road pavement surfaces. One of these investigations involved the repeated collection of roadside noise data, measured according to the statistical passby technique, over a period of six years. The data were analysed to determine values of a parameter known as the Statistical Passby Index which quantify the acoustic performance of the pavement surfaces. A new method was developed for applying the outcomes of this investigation to the prediction of road traffic noise on the various types of pavement surface over a six year period. In the other investigation data were collected according to the controlled test passby method on a separate set of pavement surfaces. A range of more than 14 dB(A) in passby noise levels was observed over the pavement surface types investigated. The outcomes of this investigation were compared against the results of similar studies of 75 road pavement surfaces constructed overseas.

Sanati, F & Lu, J 1970, 'Multilevel Life-Event Abstraction Framework for e-Government Service Integration', 9TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON E-GOVERNMENT, PROCEEDINGS, European Conference on e-Government, Academic Conferences International (ACI), London England, pp. 550-558.
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One of the fundamental attributes of modern government service delivery mechanism is the ability to offer a citizen-centric view of the government model. Life-event model is the most widely adopted paradigm supporting the idea of composing a single complex service that corresponds to an event in a citizens life. Elementary building blocks of Life-event are based on atomic services offered from multiple government agencies. Composite services are desirable mainly because of their added value to businesses and government agencies. This study found that the methodological mechanics of service integration, and in particular, the requirements engineering for services integration has been overlooked. It introduces a multilevel modelling framework for analysis and design of Life-event within the government service integration context based on the principle of abstraction. It also proposes a top down multilevel abstraction approach to model Life-event candidates and elicit their requirements and specification. This study explains the problem space of e-government service delivery integration, and stresses the ontology analysis and modelling as one of the essential requirements for modelling Life-events.

Savitha, R, Vigneswaran, S, Suresh, S & Sundararajan, N 1970, 'Adaptive beamforming using complex-valued Radial Basis Function neural networks', TENCON 2009 - 2009 IEEE Region 10 Conference, TENCON 2009 - 2009 IEEE Region 10 Conference, IEEE, pp. 1-6.
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Beamforming is an array signal processing problem of forming a beam pattern of an array of sensors. In doing so, beams are directed to the desired direction (beam-pointing) and the nulls are directed to interference direction (null-steering). In this paper, the performance of beamforming using the Fully Complex-valued RBF network (FC-RBF) with the fully complexvalued activation function is compared with the performance of the existing complex-valued RBF neural networks. It was observed that the FC-RBF network performed better than the other complex-valued RBF networks in suppressing the nulls and steering beams, as desired. The learning speed of the FC-RBF network was also faster than the Complex-valued Radial Basis Function network. Comparison of these performances with the optimum Matrix method showed that the beampattern of the FCRBF beamformer was closer to the beampattern of the matrix method. © 2009 IEEE.

Sehestedt, S, Kodagoda, S, Alempijevic, A & Dissanayake, G 1970, 'Efficient learning of motion patterns for robots', Proceedings of the 2009 Australasian Conference on Robotics and Automation, ACRA 2009, Australasian Conference on Robotics and Automation, Australian Robotics and Automation Association Inc., Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-7.
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In this work we present a novel approach to learning dynamics of an environment perceived by a mobile robot. More precisely, we are interested in general motion patterns occurring in the environment rather than object dependent ones. A sampling algorithm is used to update a sample set, which represents observed dynamics, using the Bayes rule. From this set of samples a Hidden Markov Model is learnt online, which allows fast and efficient matching and prediction in the learnt model. Such models are useful for a number of tasks such as path planning, localisation and compliant motion. The approach is validated through simulation as well as experiments.

Shao, Z, Zhan, Y & Guo, Y 1970, 'Fuzzy neural network-based model reference adaptive inverse control for induction machines', 2009 International Conference on Applied Superconductivity and Electromagnetic Devices, 2009 International Conference on Applied Superconductivity and Electromagnetic Devices (ASEMD), IEEE, Chengdu, China, pp. 56-59.
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In this paper, because the induction machines are described as the plants of highly nonlinear and parameters timevarying, in order to obtain a very well control performances that a conventional model reference adaptive inverse control (MRAIC) can not be gotten, a fuzzy neural network-based model reference adaptive inverse control strategy for induction motors is presented based on the rotor field oriented motion model of induction machines. The fuzzy neural network control (FNNC) is incorporated into the model reference adaptive control (MRAC), a fuzzy basis function network controller (FBNC) and a fuzzy neural network identifier (FNNI) for asynchronous motors adjustable speed system are designed. The proposed controller for asynchronous machines resolves the shortage of MRAC, and employs the advantages of FNNC and MRAC. Simulation results show that the proposed control strategy is of the feasibility, correctness and effectiveness.

Shi, Y, Choi, E, Taib, R & Chen, F 1970, 'Designing Cognition-Adaptive Human–Computer Interface for Mission-Critical Systems', INFORMATION SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT: TOWARDS A SERVICE PROVISION SOCIETY, 17th International Conference on Information Systems Development, Springer US, Univ Cyprus, Dept Comp Sci, Paphos, CYPRUS, pp. 111-119.
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Shujau, M, Ritz, CH & Burnett, IS 1970, 'Designing acoustic vector sensors for localisation of sound sources in air', European Signal Processing Conference, pp. 849-853.
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This paper investigates the design and application of an Acoustic Vector Sensor (AVS), traditionally used for underwater applications, for localisation of sound sources in air. The paper investigates the relationship between the design factors and the accuracy of Direction of Arrival (DOA) estimates for sources of varying frequency and compares the performance of an AVS with a Uniform Linear Array (ULA) of comparable size. Results show that the design of the AVS is critical in achieving polar responses that result in DOA estimates of high accuracy. For our proposed design, DOA estimates were found to be more accurate for a range of source frequencies when compared to an existing AVS design and were significantly more accurate than those obtained from a ULA of comparable size. © EURASIP, 2009.

Simoes, AM, Alazard, D, Tuan, HD & Apkarian, P 1970, 'Lateral flight control design for a highly flexible aircraft using a nonsmooth method', Proceedings of the 48h IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) held jointly with 2009 28th Chinese Control Conference, 2009 Joint 48th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) and 28th Chinese Control Conference (CCC 2009), IEEE, Shanghai, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 696-701.
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Singh, SPN & Waldron, KJ 1970, 'Generalized Dog Motion Measurements to Support a Simple Model of Rotary Galloping Locomotion', Mobile Robotics, Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Climbing and Walking Robots and the Support Technologies for Mobile Machines, WORLD SCIENTIFIC, Istanbul, TURKEY, pp. 741-748.
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Smart, K & Aubrey, T 1970, 'Evaluation of a magnetic near field scanner', 2009 Asia Pacific Microwave Conference, 2009 Asia Pacific Microwave Conference - (APMC 2009), IEEE, Singapore, pp. 413-416.
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Traditionally, the measurement of antenna performance often required significant capital outlay on anechoic test chambers and associated test equipment. A novel device manufactured by Canadian company Emscan that can perform some of these measurements in a bench-top environment may offer a solution. A study was undertaken into the performance of the Emscan near-field scanner. Comparisons with measurements taken in anechoic chamber and theoretical models using CST microwave studio are used in the evaluation of the scanner as well as measurements of repeatability and accuracy.

Smith, D, Hanlen, L, Zhang, J, Miniutti, D, Rodda, D & Gilbert, B 1970, 'Characterization of the Dynamic Narrowband On-Body to Off-Body Area Channel', 2009 IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC 2009 - 2009 IEEE International Conference on Communications, IEEE, IEEE, pp. 1-6.
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Smith, D, Hanlen, L, Zhang, JA, Miniutti, D, Rodda, D & Gilbert, B 2009, 'Characterization of the Dynamic Narrowband On-Body to Off-Body Area Channel', 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOLS 1-8, IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC 2009), IEEE, Dresden, GERMANY, pp. 4207-+.

Smith, DB, Jian Zhang, Hanlen, LW, Miniutti, D, Rodda, D & Gilbert, B 1970, 'A simulator for the dynamic on-body area propagation channel', 2009 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 2009 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium (APSURSI), IEEE, pp. 1-4.
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Smith, DB, Zhang, JA, Hanlen, LW, Miniutti, D, Rodda, D & Gilbert, B 1970, 'A Simulator for the Dynamic On-Body Area Propagation Channel', 2009 IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM AND USNC/URSI NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE MEETING, VOLS 1-6, IEEE Antennas and Propagation International Symposium /USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, IEEE, SC, N Charleston, pp. 1244-+.

Smith, S, Winchester, D, Jamieson, R & Nguyen, HT 1970, 'Information systems security compliance in e-government', PACIS 2009 - 13th Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems: IT Services in a Global Environment, Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems, AIS Electronic Library, Hyderabad, Inidia, pp. 1-13.
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The aim of this research paper is the development of a Fuzzy Logic model framed on Activity Theory to predict and benchmark compliance of Government agencies activities, with information systems security (ISS) standard, AS17799 (2006). The ISS standard has 10 main categories and 127 controls for which survey questions were asked in an online process. This project is a longitudinal study that commenced in 2002. The questions for the Fuzzy Logic project were piloted in August 2002, followed by three annual surveys from November 2002. The paper describes the development of an enhanced Fuzzy Logic model using Activity Theory. The results from the Fuzzy Logic model helped to focus attention and monitor the progress of agencies that appear unlikely to reach ISS compliance. The main contribution of this study is the simplification of a complex system guided by Activity Theory using a fuzzy logic tool for analysis of a large number of inputs across a large number of agencies. A practical contribution to the New South Wales Government was that the Fuzzy Logic tool removed the complexity in computation, saved time and resources. Our approach using Fuzzy Logic also permits input from expert's embracing an organisations human capital.

Sola, J, Vidal-Calleja, T & Devy, M 1970, 'Undelayed initialization of line segments in monocular SLAM', 2009 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, 2009 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS 2009), IEEE, St. Louis, MO, pp. 1553-1558.
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This paper presents 6-DOF monocular EKF-SLAM with undelayed initialization using linear landmarks with extensible endpoints, based on the Plücker parametriz-ation. A careful analysis of the properties of the Plücker coordinates, defined in the projective space ℙ5, permits their direct usage for undelayed initialization. Immediately after detection of a segment in the image, a Plücker line is incorporated in the map. A single Gaussian pdf includes inside its 2-sigma region all possible lines given the observed segment, from arbitrarily close up to the infinity range, and in any orientation. The lines converge to stable 3D configurations as the moving camera gathers observations from new viewpoints. The line's endpoints, maintained out of the map, are constantly retro-projected from the image onto the line's local reference frame. An extending-only policy is defined to update them. We validate the method via Monte Carlo simulations and with real imagery data. © 2009 IEEE.

Sood, SC, Kattiyapornpong, U, Miller, K & Woodside, A 1970, 'Assessing perceived destination image and brand equity through web 2.0', Travel and Tourism Research Association Conference Proceedings, 40th Travel and Tourism Research Association Conference, Travel and Tourism Research Association, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Stewart, MG 1970, 'CONDITION ASSESSMENT, TIME-DEPENDENT RELIABILITY AND REMAINING SERVICE LIFE PREDICTION FOR DETERIORATING STRUCTURES', 4TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON LIFETIME ENGINEERING OF CIVIL INFRASTRUCTURE, 4th International Symposium on Lifetime Engineering of Civil Infrastructure, SCIENCE PRESS BEIJING, Changsha, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 26-37.

Stewart, MG 1970, 'Strength, reliability and asset management of corroding rc structures', 49th Annual Conference of the Australasian Corrosion Association 2009: Corrosion and Prevention 2009, pp. 678-691.
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Many reinforced concrete (RC) structures are deteriorating due to chloride and/or carbonation induced corrosion. A spatial time-dependent structural reliability model is developed that calculates (i) strength degradation with time, (ii) probability and extent of corrosion damage (cover cracking) and (iii) probability of collapse for RC structures subject to pitting corrosion. This enables accurate service life predictions to be made. These models include the spatial and temporal variability of cover, concrete strength, chloride exposure, corrosion rate, corrosion initiation, cover cracking, pit depth, etc., as well as the time-dependent variability of loadings. The effect of maintenance strategies, such as periodic inspections, on updated reliability and service life predictions are also estimated. Illustrative examples are given for RC beams whose performance and reliability are updated using visual inspection findings of corrosion damage. Information about service life prediction, and updating based on (new) condition assessment findings, is essential for asset management of deteriorating structures.

Su, SW, Anderson, BDO, Chen, W, Nguyen, HT & IEEE 1970, 'Multi-realization of nonlinear systems', PROCEEDINGS OF THE 48TH IEEE CONFERENCE ON DECISION AND CONTROL, 2009 HELD JOINTLY WITH THE 2009 28TH CHINESE CONTROL CONFERENCE (CDC/CCC 2009), IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, IEEE, Shanghai, China, pp. 5901-5905.
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The system multi-realization problem is to find a state-variable realization for a set of systems, sharing as many parameters as possible. A multi-realization can be used to efficiently implement a multi-controller architecture for Multiple Model Adaptive Control (MMAC). We extend the linear multi-realization problem to nonlinear systems. The problem of minimal multi-realization of a set of MIMO systems is introduced and solved for feedback linearizable systems.

Su, SW, Nguyen, H, Jarman, R, Zhu, J, Lowe, D, McLean, P, Huang, S, Nguyen, NT, Nicholson, R & Weng, K 1970, 'Model predictive control of gantry crane with input nonlinearity compensation', World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems Engineering, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, Penang, Malaysia, pp. 312-316.
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This paper proposed a nonlinear model predictive control (MPC) method for the control of gantry crane. One of the main motivations to apply MPC to control gantry crane is based on its ability to handle control constraints for multivariable systems. A pre-compensator is constructed to compensate the input nonlinearity (nonsymmetric dead zone with saturation) by using its inverse function. By well tuning the weighting function matrices, the control system can properly compromise the control between crane position and swing angle. The proposed control algorithm was implemented for the control of gantry crane system in System Control Lab of University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), and achieved desired experimental results. © 2009 WASET.ORG.

Sui, Y, Zhou, X & Yang, G 1970, 'QoS decomposition for dependable service-oriented middleware', 2009 ISECS International Colloquium on Computing, Communication, Control, and Management, 2009 ISECS International Colloquium on Computing, Communication, Control, and Management (CCCM), IEEE, pp. 103-108.
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In this paper, a dependable service-oriented middleware (DSM) is proposed by introducing the concept of Quality of Service (QoS) into service-oriented architecture. DSM provides a dependable framework with the functionalities of QoS monitoring, configuration and runtime management to fulfill user's QoS request. The overall QoS requirement of the entire composite service is satisfied with the method of planning and guaranteeing the QoS of each atomic service. Our approach is to decompose the QoS requirement for the composite service into separate ones for the atoms, and to deliver expected QoS for each atomic service with adaptive service scheduling mechanisms. This paper first presents a group-based service redundancy management and QoS decomposition model to support dependable service-oriented architecture; then demonstrates the structure and components of DSM; finally experimental results indicate good performance of the proposed framework and algorithms. ©2009 IEEE.

Sun, T & Lu, DD-C 1970, 'Applying Time-Multiplexing Control to Single-Stage Forward-based Power-Factor-Corrected Converter', 2009 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON POWER ELECTRONICS AND DRIVE SYSTEMS, VOLS 1 AND 2, 8th International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS), IEEE, Taipei, TAIWAN, pp. 1342-1346.

Sun, T & Lu, DD-C 1970, 'Applying time-multiplexing control to single-stage forward-based power-factor-corrected converter', 2009 International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS), 2009 International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS 2009), IEEE, pp. 309-313.
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A new forward-based single-stage power-factor-corrected converter is proposed. A portion of input power is directly transferred to the output through the forward converter to improve the efficiency of power conversion. The flyback auxiliary circuit is added to the forward converter to reduce low line-frequency output voltage ripple. In an effort to lower the size and cost of the converter, a single transformer is used for all the power conversion with Time Multiplexing Control (TMC). The simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed scheme with high power factor and tight output regulation.

Sun, Y, Ge, Y, Lu, S, Dutkiewicz, E & Zhou, J 1970, 'Automatic Flow Distribution and Management in Heterogeneous Networks', GLOBECOM 2009 - 2009 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, GLOBECOM 2009 - 2009 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, IEEE, pp. 1-8.
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With the development of heterogeneous networks, multimode terminals are becoming more and more popular. However, when there are several different kinds of sessions requiring transmission simultaneously, how to distribute these sessions among the available access networks according to the different features of the flows and the current link conditions of the candidate networks is a new challenge. In this paper, we propose a new solution to the flow distribution problem for multimode terminals. Our proposal, Automatic Flow Distribution (AFD), includes a network selection algorithm located at the terminals and an admission control algorithm located at the access points of the networks. Consequently, the terminals and the networks can cooperate with each other and realize automatic flow distribution among the different available access networks. We utilize the notion of priority, ensuring that the more important sessions have preferential use of the network resources. In addition, in order not to excessively deteriorate the transmission performance of the lower priority flows, a probabilistic suspension scheme is introduced. Finally, the AFD method utilizes the concept of "entropy" to automatically compute the weights of different attributes which influence the flow distribution decision making, thus avoiding the users' difficulty to specify the weights manually.

Sun, Y, Ge, Y, Lu, S, Dutkiewicz, E & Zhou, J 1970, 'Automatic Flow Distribution and Management in Heterogeneous Networks', GLOBECOM 2009 - 2009 IEEE GLOBAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-8, IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM 09), IEEE, Honolulu, HI, pp. 1616-1623.

Sun, Y, Shi, Y, Chen, F & Chung, V 1970, 'Skipping spare information in multimodal inputs during multimodal input fusion', Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces, IUI09: 14th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, ACM, pp. 451-456.
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In a multimodal interface, a user can use multiple modalities, such as speech, gesture, and eye gaze etc., to communicate with a system. As a critical component in a multimodal interface, multimodal input fusion explores the ways to effectively interpret the combined semantic interpretation of user's multimodal inputs. Although multimodal inputs may contain spare information, few multimodal input fusion approaches have tackled how to deal with spare information in multi-modal inputs. This paper proposes a novel multimodal input fusion approach to flexibly skip spare information in multi-modal inputs and derive semantic interpretation of them. The evaluation about the proposed approach confirms that the approach makes human-computer interaction more natural and smooth. Copyright 2009 ACM.

Sun, Y, Shi, YD, Chen, F & Chung, V 1970, 'Building a Practical Multimodal System with a Multimodal Fusion Module', HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION, PT II, 13th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN, San Diego, CA, pp. 93-102.

Tajvidi, A, Azadeh, A, Saberi, M, Izadbakhsh, H, Danesh, B & Gitiforouz, A 1970, 'An Integrated Simulated-Based Fuzzy Regression Algorithm and Time Series for Energy Consumption Estimation with Non-Stationary Data and case studies', 2009 3RD IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DIGITAL ECOSYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES, 3rd IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies, IEEE, TURKEY, Istanbul, pp. 670-+.

Tajvidi, A, Azadeh, A, Saberi, M, Izadbakhsh, H, Danesh, B & Gitiforouz, A 1970, 'An integrated simulated-based fuzzy regression algorithm and time series for energy consumption estimation with non-stationary data and case studies', 2009 3rd IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies, 2009 3rd IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies (DEST), IEEE, pp. 139-143.
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This study presents an integrated fuzzy regression, computer simulation and time series framework to estimate and predict electricity demand for seasonal and monthly changes in electricity consumption especially in developing countries such as China and Iran with non-stationary data. Furthermore, it is difficult to model uncertain behavior of energy consumption with only conventional fuzzy regression or time series and the integrated algorithm could be an ideal substitute for such cases. After reviewing various fuzzy regression models and studying their advantages and shortcomings, the preferred model is selected for estimation by the proposed algorithm. Computer simulation is developed to generate random variables for monthly electricity consumption. Truly, fuzzy regression is run with Computer simulation output too. Preferred Time series model is selected from linear or nonlinear models. For this, after selecting preferred ARIMA model, Mcleod-Li test is applied to determine nonlinearity condition. When, nonlinearity condition is satisfied, the preferred nonlinear model is selected and defined as preferred time series model. At last, preferred model from fuzzy regression and time series model is selected by Granger-Newbold. Also, the impact of data preprocessing and post processing on the fuzzy regression performance is considered by the proposed algorithm. In addition, another unique feature of the proposed algorithm is utilization of Autocorrelation Function (ACF) to define input variables whereas conventional methods use trial and error method. Monthly electricity consumption of Iran from March 1994 to February 2005 is considered as the case of this study. The MAPE estimation of Genetic Algorithm (GA), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) versus the proposed algorithm shows the appropriateness of the proposed algorithm. ©2009 IEEE.

Tan, Z, He, X & Nanda, P 1970, 'Web Service Locating Unit in RFID-Centric Anti-counterfeit System', 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing with Applications, 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing with Applications, IEEE, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, pp. 389-393.
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Abstract-The problem of piracy has disturbed people's daily life for hundreds of years and has not been relieved until now, though many existing anti-counterfeit solutions have been applied. However, due to the emergences of Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) technologies, there is a more reliable alternative solution to construct authentication system. On the other hand, there arises another issue of how to simplify the deployment of RFID-centric anti-counterfeit system over the Internet. In this article, we propose an approach, Web Service Locating Unit (WSLU), to achieve this goal to manage numbers of RFID-centric authentication services (relied on web services).

Tang, M, Zhou, Y, Cui, P, Wang, W, Li, J, Zhang, H, Hou, Y & Yan, B 1970, 'Discovery of Migration Habitats and Routes of Wild Bird Species by Clustering and Association Analysis', ADVANCED DATA MINING AND APPLICATIONS, PROCEEDINGS, 5th International Conference on Advanced Data Mining and Applications, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 288-301.
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Tavoukjian, A & Johnston, AJ 1970, 'Neural Networks and Evolutionary Algorithms in Music Composition', Proceedings of the Australasian Computer Music Conference, Australasian Computer Music Conference, Australasian Computer Music Association, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia, pp. 72-78.
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In this paper we describe a system developed to generate short musical phrases in the same style as a set of training melodies. The system uses an ensemble of neural networks to rate the similarity of a generated musical phrase to a set of human composed phrases. Given this rating a genetic algorithm is used to effectively 'search' for other similar phrases. Preliminary evaluations indicate that the proposed approach shows promise. A limitation of the system is the relatively simple representation of musical phrases employed and the processing time required to use this technique on longer phrases.

Tet Fei Yap, Ambikairajah, E, Choi, E & Chen, F 1970, 'Phase based features for cognitive load measurement system', 2009 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ICASSP 2009 - 2009 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, IEEE, Taipei, TAIWAN, pp. 4825-4828.
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Thakur P.K., Indraratna B. & Vinod J.S. 1970, 'DEM simulation of effect of confining pressure on ballast behaviour', Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering: The Academia and Practice of Geotechnical Engineering, IOS Press, pp. 602-605.
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In this paper, an attempt has been made to investigate the influence of confining pressure on deformation and degradation behaviour of railway ballast using the Discrete Element Method (DEM). A novel approach has been employed to model the two dimensional projection of field size ballast particles as cluster of bonded particles. Bonded particles are held together by a bond, and debonding is considered as particle breakage. A series of cyclic loading simulations using DEM were carried out on an assembly of angular ballast particles at different confining pressures (10 kPa to 240 kPa). The results highlight that the development of axial strain during cyclic loading as a function of initial confining pressure and number of cycles. Very high axial strain and breakage of particles have been observed at low confining pressure (&lt; 30 kPa) owing to dilative volumetric strain behaviour. In terms of particle breakage, there exists an optimum range of confining pressures where breakage is minimal. In addition, the evolution of particle displacement vectors explains the breakage mechanism and associated deformations during cyclic loading.

Thanigaivelan, B, Postula, A & Hamilton, TJ 1970, 'A modified MOSFET small-signal model based on affine arithmetic concepts', 2009 Asia Pacific Conference on Postgraduate Research in Microelectronics & Electronics (PrimeAsia), Electronics (PrimeAsia), IEEE, Shanghai, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 73-76.
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Thi, TH, Lu, S, Zhang, J, Cheng, L & Wang, L 1970, 'Human Body Articulation for Action Recognition in Video Sequences', 2009 Sixth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance, 2009 Sixth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance (AVSS), IEEE, Genova, pp. 92-97.
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This paper presents a new technique for action recognition in video using human body part-based approach, combining both local feature description of each body part, and global graphical model structure of the human action. The human body is divided into elementary points from which a Decomposable Triangulated Graph will be built. The temporal variation of human activity is encoded in the velocity distribution of each node in the graph, while the graph structure shows the spatial configuration of all the nodes in the action. Tracking trajectories of unlabeled good feature points are correctly labeled using Maximum a Posterior probability. Dynamic Programming is then implemented to boost up the exhaustive search for the optimal labeling of unknown body parts and the best possible action. A simple and efficient technique for building the optimal structure of the human action graph is also implemented. Experimental results on the KTH dataset proves the success and potential applications of this proposed technique. © 2009 IEEE.

Thiruvenkatanathan, P, Yan, J, Lee, JE-Y & Seshia, AA 1970, 'Enhancing parametric sensitivity using mode localization in electrically coupled MEMS resonators', TRANSDUCERS 2009 - 2009 International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference, TRANSDUCERS 2009 - 2009 International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference, IEEE, pp. 2350-2353.
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Thomas-Kerr, J, Ritz, C & Burnett, IS 1970, 'Semantic-aware delivery of multimedia', 2009 9th International Symposium on Communications and Information Technology, 2009 9th International Symposium on Communications and Information Technology. ISCIT 2009, IEEE, pp. 1498-1503.
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This paper describes a system that is able to take arbitrary semantic metadata, and utilize it in the multimedia delivery decision-making process. Format independence is achieved using schema languages to describe the details of any given content or metadata, so that declarative mapping rules can be specified for translating from format-specific data points to format-independent concepts that are directly used by the framework. The system utilizes the criterion of "semantic-distortion", as an extension of Rate-Distortion Optimization based multimedia delivery. Several short video clips were encoded using H.264/SVC scalable video coding, and Scalable-To-Lossless (SLS) audio coding and adapted to four target bit rates. Subjective tests found a 72% preference for those clips which had been adapted so as to devote more bandwidth to the semantically important parts of the content when compared with standard objective-based bit-rate adaptation. ©2009 IEEE.

Thuraisingham, RA, Tran, Y, Craiga, A, Wijesuriya, N & Hung Nguyen 1970, 'Using microstate intensity for the analysis of spontaneous EEG: Tracking changes from alert to the fatigue state', 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, IEEE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, pp. 4982-4985.
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Fatigue is a negative symptom of many illnesses and also has major implications for road safety. This paper presents results using a method called microstate segmentation (MSS). It was used to distinguish changes from an alert to a fatigue state. The results show a significant increase in MSS instantaneous amplitude during the fatigue state. Plotting the linear gradient of the nonlinear part of the phase data from the MSS also showed a significant difference (P<0.01) in the gradients of the alert state compared to the fatigue state. The results suggest that MSS can be used in analyzing spontaneous electroencephalography (EEG) signals to detect changes in physiological states. The results have implications for countermeasures used in detecting fatigue.

Tian, B, Chang, E, Dillon, TS, Han, S, Hussain, FK & IEEE 1970, 'An Authenticated Self-Healing Key Distribution Scheme Based on Bilinear Pairings', 2009 6TH IEEE CONSUMER COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2, IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference, IEEE, Las Vegas, NV, pp. 1061-1065.
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Self-healing key distribution mechanism can be utilized for distributing session keys over an unreliable network. A self-healing key distribution scheme using bilinear pairings is proposed in this paper. As far as we know, it is the first pairing-based a

To, AW, Paul, G, Kwok, N & Liu, D 1970, 'An integrated approach to planning for autonomous grit-blasting robot in complex bridge environments', Proceedings of 2008 Fourth I*PROMS Virtual Conference International Conference on Innovative Production Machines and Systems, International Conference on Innovative Production Machines and Systems, Whittles Publishing, Cardiff University, Wales, UK, pp. 313-318.
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This paper describes an integrated approach to robot manipulator path and motion planning in complex bridge environments. It incorporates grit-blasting specific considerations including blasting effect, coverage, path length and robot arm joint movement. A genetic algorithm is implemented for path planning with the use of environment data to increase planning efficiency. A customized gradient based method is applied in selecting collision free joint configurations for the identified path. A grit-blast coverage model is also developed for discrete non-planar 3D coverage determination to verify the performance of the planned path and motion.

Tran, BNH, Nguyen, ND, Center, JR, Eisman, JA & Nguyen, TV 1970, 'Contribution of fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene to bone loss: The Dubbo osteoporosis epidemiology study', Bone, 2nd Joint Meeting of the International-Bone-and-Mineral-Society/Australian-New-Zealand-Bone-and-Mineral-Society, Elsevier BV, Sydney, AUSTRALIA, pp. S116-S116.
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Tran, BNH, Nguyen, ND, Center, JR, Eisman, JA & Nguyen, TV 1970, 'Contributions of the FTO gene to fracture risk', Bone, 2nd Joint Meeting of the International-Bone-and-Mineral-Society/Australian-New-Zealand-Bone-and-Mineral-Society, Elsevier BV, Sydney, AUSTRALIA, pp. S19-S19.
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Tran, LC, Mertins, A, Dutkiewicz, E & Huang, X 1970, 'Unitary differential space-time-frequency codes for MB-OFDM UWB', 2009 9th International Symposium on Communications and Information Technology, 2009 9th International Symposium on Communications and Information Technology (ISCIT), IEEE, pp. 1161-1166.
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In a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) multiband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) ultra-wideband (UWB) system, coherent detection where the channel state information (CSI) is assumed to be exactly known at the receiver requires the transmission of a large number of symbols for channel estimation, thus reducing the bandwidth efficiency. This paper examines the use of unitary differential space-time frequency codes (DSTFCs) in MB-OFDM UWB, which increases the system bandwidth efficiency due to the fact that no CSI is required for differential detection. The proposed DSTFC MB-OFDM system would be useful when the transmission of multiple channel estimation symbols is impractical or uneconomical. Simulation results show that the application of DSTFCs can significantly improve the bit error performance of conventional differential MB-OFDM system (without MIMO). ©2009 IEEE.

Tran, LC, Mertins, A, Huang, X & Dutkiewicz, E 1970, 'Novel cooperative communication schemes for Space-Time-Frequency Coded MB-OFDM UWB', 2009 3rd International Conference on Signal Processing and Communication Systems, 2009 3rd International Conference on Signal Processing and Communication Systems (ICSPCS 2009), IEEE, Omaha, NE, USA, pp. 1-6.
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Cooperative communication has been intensively considered for general wireless and sensor networks. However, it has been almost untouched in Space-Time-Frequency Coded Multi-band OFDM Ultra-Wideband (STFC MB-OFDM UWB) systems. This paper thus proposes two cross-layer designs for cooperative communication, namely Simple Cooperative Communication Scheme (SCCS) and Advanced Cooperative Communication Scheme (ACCS), in slow fading scenarios. In the former, nodes always cooperate with one another despite the possibly erroneous reception at the partner nodes, while in the latter, nodes cooperate only in the case of successful reception. Simulations show that these schemes may considerably improve the performance of STFC MB-OFDM UWB without any increase of transmission power. © 2009 IEEE.

Trianni, A, Locatelli, G & Trucco, P 1970, 'Competitiveness of small-medium reactors: A probabilistic study on the economy of scale factor', International Congress on Advances in Nuclear Power Plants 2009, ICAPP 2009, pp. 114-121.
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With steady increase in energy consumption, the vulnerability of the fossil fuel supply, and environmental concerns, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has initiated the Next Generation Nuclear Power Plants (NGNP), also known as Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR). The VHTR is planned to be operational by 2021 with possible demonstration of a hydrogen generating plant. Various engineering design studies on both the reactor plant and energy conversion system are underway. For this and related Generation IV plants, it is the goal to not only meet safety criteria but to also be efficient, economically competitive, and environmentally friendly (proliferation resistant). Traditionally, heat exchanger (HX) design is based on two main approaches: Log-Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) and effectiveness-NTU (ε-NTU). These methods yield the dimension of the HX under anticipate condition and vice-versa. However, one is not assured that the dimension calculated give the best performing HX when economics are also considered. Here, we develop and show a specific optimization algorithm (exercise) using LMTD and simple (optimal) design theory to establish a reference case for the Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger (PCHE). Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was further used as a design tool to investigate the optimal design of PCHE thermohydraulic flow. The CFD results were validated against the Blasius correlation before being subjected to optimal design analyses. Benchmark results for the pipe flow indicated that the predictive ability of SST k-ω is superior to the other (standard and RNG k-ε and RSM) turbulence models.The difference between CFD and the empirical expression is less than 10%.

Trieu, HT, Willey, K, Nguyen, HT & IEEE 1970, 'Adaptive Shared Control Strategies Based in the Bayesian Recursive Technique in an Intelligent Wheelchair', 2009 ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY, VOLS 1-20, IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Annual Conference, IEEE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, pp. 7118-7121.
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In this paper we present an adaptive shared control method for an intelligent wheelchair based on the Bayesian recursive technique to assist a disable user in performing obstacle avoidance tasks. Three autonomous tasks have been developed for different types of environments to improve the performance of the overall system. The system combines local environmental information gathered using a laser range finder sensor with the user's intentions to select the most suitable autonomous task in different situations. The evidences of these tasks are estimated by the Bayesian recursive technique during movements of the wheelchair. The most appropriate task is chosen to be the with the highest evidence value. Experimental results show significant performance improvements compared to our previously reported shared control methods. ©2009 IEEE.

Tsai, P, Tran, TP & Cao, L 1970, 'Expression-invariant facial identification', 2009 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 2009 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics - SMC, IEEE, San Antonio, Texas, USA, pp. 5151-5155.
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Facial identification has been recognized as most simple and non-intrusive technology that can be applied in many places. However, there are still many unsolved facial identification problems due to different intra-personal variations. In particular, when images of the databases appear at different facial expressions, most currently available facial recognition approaches encounter the expression-invariant problem in which neutral faces are difficult to be recognized. In this paper, a new approach is proposed to transform facial expressions to neutral-face like images; hence enabling image retrieval systems to robustly identify a persons face for which its learning and testing face images differ in facial expression.

Tuan, HD, Kha, HH & Nguyen, HH 1970, 'Mutual information-based optimal training design for spatially correlated MIMO-OFDM', 2009 International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems (ISPACS), 2009 International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communications Systems (ISPACS 2009), IEEE, Kanazawa, JAPAN, pp. 13-16.
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Tuan, HD, Luong, V-J & Nguyen, HH 1970, 'Optimization of training sequences for spatially correlated MIMO-OFDM', 2009 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ICASSP 2009 - 2009 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, IEEE, Taipei, Taiwan, pp. 2681-2684.
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The optimal training sequence for channel estimation in spatially correlated multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems has not been found for an arbitrary signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Only one class o

Vafi, S, Wysocki, T & Abolhasan, M 1970, 'Serially Concatenated Turbo Codes', 2009 5th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, 2009 5th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM), IEEE, Beijing, China, pp. 1-4.
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The paper presents a new scheme of concatenated codes, referred to as serially concatenated turbo (SCT) codes. The code is constructed as the serial combinations of two turbo codes, i.e. turbo recursive systematic convolutional (RSC) codes and turbo Bose Ray Chaudhuri Hocquenghem (BCH) codes, linked by a pseudo-random interleaver. In comparison with the conventional turbo RSC codes, SCT codes have higher minimum distance values. Based on conducted simulations, it is found that SCT codes outperform turbo RSC codes at the waterfall and error floor regions, while they require reasonable number of iterations at their iterative decoding structure to achieve good performance.

Vafi, S, Wysocki, T, Abolhasan, M & IEEE 1970, 'Serially Concatenated Turbo Codes', 2009 5TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, NETWORKING AND MOBILE COMPUTING, VOLS 1-8, 5th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, IEEE, Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 521-524.

Varga, C, Ball, JE & Babister, KM 1970, 'An Alternative Approach for Developing Temporal Patterns', Proceedings of H2009 the 32nd Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium, Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium, Engineers Australia, Newcastle, Australia, pp. 146-157.
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An important component of estimating the flood flow is the temporal pattern associated with the design rainfall burst. The purpose of this paper, as part of the current revision of ARR, is to develop a new methodology for developing rainfall temporal patterns which will be presented together with a discussion of the implication for design flood flow estimation. Historical storms at two locations, namely Sydney and Richmond (New South Wales, Australia), were divided arbitrarily by meteorological origin into frontal or convective storms. These categories of historical storms were subdivided further by the location of the centre of mass of the storm. The relevant statistical properties for these storms were extracted for each of these categories and used in the development of the design temporal patterns. The proposed approach is based on a non-dimensional conditional random walk to generate an indefinite number of synthetic storms that preserve the internal structure of real storms. This approach allowed better representation of the temporal variability than the AVM method however, some problems with internal burst frequency were observed. Finally, rather than developing a single rainfall temporal pattern, the proposed approach develops a suite of synthetic design temporal patterns which enables the designer to assess the sensitivity of the peak flow estimate to the temporal pattern of rainfall.

Varga, C, Ball, JE & Babister, M 1970, 'A hydroinformatic approach to development of design temporal patterns of rainfall', IAHS-AISH Publication, Hydroinformatics in Hydrology, Hydrogeology and Water Resources, IAHS Publication 331, Hyderabad, India, pp. 20-29.
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Estimation of the design rainfall for design flood estimation remains a problem for many engineering hydrologists despite many research studies into appropriate methodologies. An important aspect of flood flow estimation through catchment simulation is the design rainfall. Presented herein is a new approach for estimation of the temporal pattern of rainfall during a hypothetical design storm. The basis of the approach is a conditional random walk in non-dimensional space to create a finite number of storm patterns based on the probability that the storm event is convective or frontal and the probability that the storm centre of mass is located at the beginning, middle, or end of the storm event It is shown that the resultant storm patterns more closely reflect historical patterns man alternative methods for estimating the design temporal pattern of rainfall. Copyright © 2009 IAHS Press.

Veitch, D, Augustin, B, Teixeira, R & Friedman, T 1970, 'Failure Control in Multipath Route Tracing', IEEE INFOCOM 2009, 2009 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM, IEEE, IEEE, pp. 1395-1403.
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Venables, A, Tan, G & Lister, R 1970, 'A closer look at tracing, explaining and code writing skills in the novice programmer', Proceedings of the fifth international workshop on Computing education research workshop, ICER '09: International Computing Education Research Workshop, ACM, Berkeley, CA, USA, pp. 117-128.
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Abstract: The way in which novice programmers learn to write code is of considerable interest to computing education researchers. One research approach to understanding how beginners acquire their programming abilities has been to look at student performance in exams. Lopez et al. (2008) analyzed student responses to an end-of-first-semester exam. They found two types of questions accounted for 46% of the variance on the code writing portion of the same exam. One of those types of question required students to trace iterative code, while the other type required students to explain what a piece of code did. In this paper, we investigate whether the results by Lopez et al. may be generally indicative of something about novice programmers, or whether their results are just an artifact of their particular exam. We studied student responses to our own exam and our results are broadly consistent with Lopez et al. However, we did find that some aspects of their model are sensitive to the particular exam questions used. Specifically, we found that student performance on explaining code was hard to characterize, and the strength of the relationship between explaining and code writing is particularly sensitive to the specific questions asked. Additionally, we found Lopez et al.'s use of a Rasch model to be unnecessary, which will make it far easier for others to conduct similar research.

Vessalas, K, Ray, AS, Thomas, P, Joyce, PA & Haggman, J 1970, 'Assessment of chemical durability of pitchstone fines in Portland cement blended mortars', Concrete Solutions 09: Adding value in changing climates - Proceedings of the 24th Biennial Conference of the Concrete Institute of Australia, Concrete Solutions 09: Adding value in changing climates - 24th Biennial Conference of the Concrete Institute of Australia, Concrete Institute of Australia, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-9.
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The use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) as partial replacement of Portland cement (PC) is an effective way of reducing the consumption of PC. This investigation is aimed at assessing some chemical durability aspects of PC-SCM blended mortars containing pitchstone fines (PF) and fly ash (FA) at 20% and 40% replacement levels of PC. Hardened mortar cubes containing these two pozzolanic SCMs and a control mortar containing 100% PC were prepared and pre-aged in lime-saturated water for 28-days. These specimens were then immersed into 1M solution of sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) and their mass and pH recorded after 28-days and 56-days. Specimens were also immersed in deionised water as a control environment for comparison of mass change and pH. In the case of PF, data from 1M Na2SO4 immersion demonstrate increasing substitution rate provides lower mass gain. In contrast, increasing replacement rate of PC by FA in 1M Na2SO4 demonstrates higher mass gain comparable to 100% PC.

Vezzani, R, Piccardi, M & Cucchiara, R 1970, 'An efficient Bayesian framework for on-line action recognition', 2009 16th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), 2009 16th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing ICIP 2009, IEEE, Cairo, Egypt, pp. 3553-3556.
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On-line action recognition from a continuous stream of actions is still an open problem with fewer solutions proposed compared to time-segmented action recognition. The most challenging task is to classify the current action while finding its time boundaries at the same time. In this paper we propose an approach capable of performing on-line action segmentation and recognition by means of batteries of HMM taking into account all the possible time boundaries and action classes. A suitable Bayesian normalization is applied to make observation sequences of different length comparable and computational optimizations are introduce to achieve real-time performances. Results on a well known action dataset prove the efficacy of the proposed method.

Vidal-Calleja, TA, Berger, C & Lacroix, S 1970, 'Event-driven loop closure in multi-robot mapping', 2009 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, 2009 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS 2009), IEEE, St Louis, MO, pp. 1535-1540.
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A large-scale mapping approach is combined with multiple robots events to achieve cooperative mapping. The mapping approach used is based on hierarchical SLAM global level and local maps, which is generalized for the multi-robot case. In particular, the

Vinod, JS, Indraratna, B & Mahamud, MAA 1970, 'Internal Erosional Behaviour of Lignosulfonate Treated Dispersive Clay', Ground Improvement Technologies and Case Histories, International Symposium on Ground Improvement Technologies and Case Histories, Research Publishing Services, Singapore, SINGAPORE, pp. 549-554.
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Wang, J 1970, 'Automotive Supply Chain Performance Influencing Path Analysis Based on Fuzzy Petri Net', 2009 International Conference on Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering, 2009 International Conference on Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering, IEEE, Xian, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 359-362.
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Wang, JC-P, Abolhasan, M, Franklin, DR & Safaei, F 1970, 'OLSR-R³: Optimised link state routing with reactive route recovery', 2009 15th Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications, 2009 15th Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC), IEEE, Shanghai, pp. 359-362.
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The optimised link state routing (OLSR) is a proactive routing protocol which relies on periodical broadcast of routing packets. However, due to the one-to-many relationship of broadcast traffic, the delivery of these packets can not be guaranteed by underlying MAC protocol, particularly in a congested condition. In this paper, the possible routing pathologies and failures of OLSR in a congested network are explored. In addition, a hybrid routing protocol which integrates OLSR with Reactive Route Recovery (OLSR-R3) is proposed to rectify the erratic routing behaviour described in this paper. Simulation studies are presented which show that the proposed solution is effective in addressing the underlining problems.

Wang, JC-P, Abolhasan, M, Franklin, DR, Safaei, F & IEEE 1970, 'Characterising the Behaviour of IEEE 802.11 Broadcast Transmissions in Ad Hoc Wireless LANs', 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOLS 1-8, IEEE International Confernece on Communications, IEEE, Dresden, Germany, pp. 4934-4938.
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This paper evaluates the performance of the IEEE 802.11 broadcast traffic under both saturation and non-saturation conditions. The evaluation highlights some important characteristics of IEEE 802.11 broadcast traffic as compared to corresponding unicast traffic. Moreover, it underlines the inaccuracy of the broadcast saturation model proposed by Ma and Chen due to the absence of backoff counter freeze process when channel is busy. Computer simulations are used to validate the accuracy of the new model and demonstrate the importance of capturing the freezing of backoff counter in the analytical study of IEEE 802.11 broadcast.

Wang, JC-P, Abolhasan, M, Franklin, DR, Safaei, F & IEEE 1970, 'End-to-End Path Stability of Reactive Routing Protocols in IEEE 802.11 Ad Hoc Networks', 2009 IEEE 34TH CONFERENCE ON LOCAL COMPUTER NETWORKS (LCN 2009), IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks, IEEE, Zurich, Switzerland, pp. 499-505.
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Over the years, a considerable research effort has been applied to the design of ad hoc network routing protocols. However, there is still a lack of understanding of the subtle interactions between routing protocols and lower layers in the protocol stack. In this paper, the instability which may arise when reactive routing protocols interact with the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol is investigated. In particular, several erratic behaviours of the Ad hod On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in a congested IEEE 802.11 ad hoc network are demonstrated. A cross-layer solution is proposed based on an Adaptive Bulk Trigger policy and a Dynamic Window Selection scheme. Simulation studies are presented which show that the proposed solution is effective in alleviating erratic behaviour of AODV and improving the end-to-end path stability.

Wang, JJ, Hu, G, Huang, S & Dissanayake, G 1970, '3D landmarks extraction from a range imager data for SLAM', Proceedings of the 2009 Australasian Conference on Robotics and Automation, ACRA 2009, Australasian Conference on Robotics and Automation, Australian Robotics and Automation Association Inc., Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-8.
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This paper introduces a new 3D landmark extraction method using the range and intensity images captured by a single range camera. Speeded up robust features (SURF) detection and matching is used to extract and match features from the intensity images. The range image information is used to transfer the selected 2D features into 3D points. The range measurement bias and uncertainty of the range camera are analysed, and their models are developed for improving the range estimation. After outliers' detection and removal using random sampling consensus (RANSAC), reliable 3D points are obtained. 3D landmarks for simultaneous localisation and mapping (SLAM) are selected from the 3D points considering several factors, such as the uncertainty and geometry of their locations. Because of the availability of the SURF descriptor, the data association in SLAM has been performed using both the geometry and the descriptor information. The proposed method is tested in unstructured indoor environments, where the range camera moves in six degrees of freedom. Experimental results demonstrate the success of the proposed 3D landmark extraction method for SLAM.

Wang, JJ, Kodagoda, S & Dissanayake, G 1970, 'Vision aided GPS/INS system for robust land vehicle navigation', 22nd International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation 2009, ION GNSS 2009, pp. 195-204.
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This paper introduces a new approach for improving land vehicle navigation by integrating a digital camera with a GNSS receiver and a MEMS INS, to provide seamless robust navigation solutions in urban environment. As a camera has the ability to detect surrounding environment, it can measure its relative position and direction to the surrounding objects. The integration of heterogeneous sensors with very different characters, such as GNSS, INS and image in this approach, can complement each other and provide cost-effective and robust navigation solutions. In the proposed system, INS is selected as the reference navigation sensor as it provides complete navigation solutions without disruptions. The navigation errors caused by its inherent nonlinear and time-varying characteristics can be corrected by the camera and GNSS. Vision based navigation (VBN) is one of the fundamental issues in computer vision and is relatively well developed. In this paper mono vision (MV) based navigation technologies are merged with GNSS and INS measurement, termed as GNSS/INS/MV (GlMV) integration. VBN is at the core of proposed robust navigation system, in which a relative range scale factor is estimated by continuously applying structure-from-motion in the MV navigation. Due to the complexity of multi-sensor integration, it needs an optimal sensor fusion framework with reliable system design, modeling and quality control procedures. The proposed sensor fusion method consists of two local and one master data fusion units, based on extended Kalman filter and fuzzy logic. It takes the advantages of federate architecture, and can select using either GNSS or VBN navigation solutions for PNS correction according to their quality. GNSS/INS integration is the mainstream for navigation when the vehicle travels in an open area with good GNSS signal. At the same time, the modeling parameters of INS and camera are estimated. When the system is navigating in areas with weak GNSS signals,...

Wang, JJ, Kodagoda, S, Dissanayake, G, Wang, J, Feng, Y & Wang, C 1970, 'Vision Aided GPS/INS System for Robust Land Vehicle Navigation', PROCEEDINGS OF THE 22ND INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL MEETING OF THE SATELLITE DIVISION OF THE INSTITUTE OF NAVIGATION (ION GNSS 2009), 22nd Int. Tech. Meeting of the Satellite Division of the U.S. Inst. of Navigation, U.S. Inst. of Navigation, Savannah International Convention Center, Savannah, GA, US, pp. 600-609.
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: This paper introduces a new approach for improving land vehicle navigation by integrating a digital camera with a GNSS receiver and a MEMS INS, to provide seamless robust navigation solutions in urban environment. As a camera has the ability to detect surrounding environment, it can measure its relative position and direction to the surrounding objects. The integration of heterogeneous sensors with very different characters, such as GNSS, INS and image in this approach, can complement each other and provide cost-effective and robust navigation solutions. In the proposed system, INS is selected as the reference navigation sensor as it provides complete navigation solutions without disruptions. The navigation errors caused by its inherent nonlinear and time-varying characteristics can be corrected by the camera and GNSS. Vision based navigation (VBN) is one of the fundamental issues in computer vision and is relatively well developed. In this paper mono vision (MV) based navigation technologies are merged with GNSS and INS measurement, termed as GNSS/INS/MV (GIMV) integration. VBN is at the core of proposed robust navigation system, in which a relative range scale factor is estimated by continuously applying structure-from-motion in the MV navigation. Due to the complexity of multi-sensor integration, it needs an optimal sensor fusion framework with reliable system design, modeling and quality control procedures. The proposed sensor fusion method consists of two local and one master data fusion units, based on extended Kalman filter and fuzzy logic. It takes the advantages of federate architecture, and can select using either GNSS or VBN navigation solutions for INS correction according to their quality. GNSS/INS integration is the mainstream for navigation when the vehicle travels in an open area with good GNSS signal. At the same time, the modeling parameters of INS and camera are estimated. When the system is navigating in areas with weak GNSS signals, such as...

Wang, S, Zhang, G, Zhang, X & Yang, Y 1970, 'A Method for Detecting Behavioral Mismatching Web Services', 2009 Sixth Web Information Systems and Applications Conference, 2009 Sixth Web Information Systems and Applications Conference (WISA 2009), IEEE, pp. 116-121.
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Wang, W, Shen, C, Zhang, J & Paisitkriangkrai, S 1970, 'A Two-Layer Night-Time Vehicle Detector', 2009 Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications, 2009 Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications, IEEE, Melbourne, VIC, pp. 162-167.
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We present a two-layer night time vehicle detector in this work. At the first layer, vehicle headlight detection [1, 2, 3] is applied to find areas (bounding boxes) where the possible pairs of headlights locate in the image, the Haar feature based AdaBoo

Wassantachat, T, Li, Z, Chen, J, Wang, Y & Tan, E 1970, 'Traffic Density Estimation with On-line SVM Classifier', 2009 Sixth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance, 2009 Sixth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance (AVSS), IEEE, Genoa, ITALY, pp. 13-18.
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Watt, DJ, Kayis, B & Willey, K 1970, 'Supplier Selection Criteria in Different Project Environments: An Empirical Study', Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Logistics (14th ISL): Global supply chains and inter-firm networks, International Symposium on Logistics, Nottingham University Business School, UK, Istanbul, Turkey, pp. 495-501.
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Research in identifying the relative importance of criteria used to select a preferred supplier has, for the most part, relied on subjective lists of criteria being presented to respondents. This paper is a summary of the research conducted by the authors to quantify the importance of nine common criteria used in an actual evaluation and selection of a contractor/supplier. Unique choice sets were constructed, each comprising 3 tender evaluation outcomes (alternatives) described in terms of all criteria, but with varying levels. Respondents simultaneously evaluated all three alternatives within each choice set and selected the most preferred. Utility estimates for each criterion level were determined as was the overall contribution made by the individual criterion. Results indicate past project performance, technical expertise and cost are the most important criteria in an actual choice of contractor with organisational experience, workload, and reputation being the least important.

Wee, H-M, Lu, J, Zhang, G, Chiao, H-E & Gao, Y 1970, 'A Decision Making Model for Vendor-Buyer Inventory Systems', ROUGH SETS, FUZZY SETS, DATA MINING AND GRANULAR COMPUTING, PROCEEDINGS, International Conference on Rough Sets, Fuzzy Sets, Data Mining and Granular Computing, Springer, Delhi, India, pp. 336-+.
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In a vendor-buyer supply chain, the buyer's economic order quantity and the vendor's optimal number of deliveries are derived either independently or collaboratively. In this paper, we establish a two-stage vendor-buyer inventory system decision model by using bi-level decision making approach. The experimental result shows that the proposed bi-level decision model can effectively handle two-stage vendor-buyer inventory problems and obtain better results than the existing methods.

Wei Xu, Jianguo Zhu, Longcheng Tan, Youguang Guo, Shuhong Wang & Yi Wang 1970, 'Optimal design of a linear induction motor applied in transportation', 2009 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology, 2009 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology - (ICIT), IEEE, Gippsland, Australia, pp. 1-6.
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Several optimal design schemes of a single-sided linear induction motor (SLIM) adopted in linear metro are presented in this paper. Firstly, the equivalent circuit of SLIM fully considering the end effects, half-filled slots, back-iron saturation and skin effect is proposed, based on one-dimensional air-gap magnetic equations. In the circuit, several coefficients including longitudinal end effect coefficients Kr(s) and Kx(s), transversal end edge effect coefficients Cr(s) and Cx(s), and skin effect coefficient Kf are achieved by using the dummy electric potential method and complex power equivalence between primary and secondary sides. Furthermore, several optimal design restraint equations of SLIM are provided in order to improve the operational efficiency and reduce the primary weight. These nonlinear equations are solved by using genetic algorithm and mixture penalty function method. The optimal schemes are compared with the original design of one company, where analysis on parameters is made in detail. These results show that the optimal schemes are reasonable for improving the performance of SLIM.

Wei Xu, Jianguo Zhu, Youguang Guo, Longcheng Tan & Shuhong Wang 1970, 'Analysis on performance of linear induction motor basing on winding function method', 2009 4th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications, 2009 4th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), IEEE, Xi'an, China, pp. 3639-3642.
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Winding function method is adopted in this paper basing on air-gap magnetic flux density equations, and a new equivalent circuit is presented so as to analyze single linear induction motor (SLIM) applied in linear metro. Steady and dynamic performances of SLIM can be predicted by this circuit considering end effects, half filled slots, saturated iron and skin effect. To begin with, Dynamic situation under constant current constant frequency and several stable cases like constant current constant frequency or variable frequencies, constant voltage constant frequency or variable frequencies are presented in detail. Then, dynamic characteristics of SLIM under slip frequency control in both constant current and voltage drive regions are investigated. Furthermore, comparisons between conclusions on phase current, thrust, efficiency of high power SLIM and experimental results are made. The results indicate that winding function method is definitely reasonable to describe performance of SLIM, especially its end effects. It can be used in the design and performance prediction of SLIM. © 2009 IEEE.

Wei Xu, Jianguo Zhu, Youguang Guo, Yi Wang, Yongchang Zhang & Longcheng Tan 1970, 'Equivalent circuits for single-sided linear induction motors', 2009 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, 2009 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition. ECCE 2009, IEEE, San Jose, USA, pp. 1288-1295.
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Single-sided linear induction motors (SLIMs) have lately been applied in transportation system traction drives, especially in the intermediate speed range. They have merits such as the ability to exert thrust on the secondary without mechanical contact, high acceleration or deceleration, less wheel wear, small turning circle radius and flexible road line. The theory of operation for these machines can be directly derived from rotary induction motors, but several issues involving the transversal edge and the longitudinal end effects, and half-filled slots at the primary ends, need to be investigated. In this paper, a T model equivalent circuit is proposed which is based on onedimensional magnetic equations of the air-gap, where half-filled slots are considered by an equivalent pole number. Then, it deduces two-axis equivalent circuits to study the SLIM dynamic performance. The theoretical analyses have been validated by experimental results on SLIM prototypes.

Wen, S & Zeng, Z 1970, 'Stabilization of Switched Dynamic Neural Networks with Discrete Delays', COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS, 4th International Symposium on Intelligence Computation and Applications, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Huangshi, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 398-405.
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Wenjun Zhang, Lin Gui, Bo Liu, Jian Xiong & Dingxiang Lin 1970, 'Services and trial test of CMMB system', 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Broadband Multimedia Systems and Broadcasting, 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Broadband Multimedia Systems and Broadcasting (BMSB), IEEE, Bilbao, SPAIN, pp. 1-4.
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Whalley, JL & Lister, R 1970, 'The BRACElet 2009.1 (Wellington) Specification', Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology Series, Australasian Computing Education Conference, Australian Computer Society Inc., Wellington, New Zealand, pp. 9-18.
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BRACElet is a multi-institutional computer education research study of novice programmers. The project is open to new members. The purpose of this paper is to: (1) provide potential new members with an overview of BRACElet, and (2) specify the common core for the next data collection cycle. In this paper, BRACElet is taking the unusual step of making its study design public before data is collected. We invite anyone to run their own study using our study design, and publish their findings, irrespective of whether they formally join BRACElet. We look forward to reading their paper. © 2009, Australian Computer Society, Inc.

Willey, K & Gardner, A 1970, 'Changing student's perceptions of self and peer assessment', 2009 Research in Engineering Education Symposium, REES 2009, Research in Engineering Education Symposium, University of Melbourne School of Engineering, Palm Cove Queensland, pp. 1-9.
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The authors have previously reported the effectiveness of using self and peer assessment to improve learning outcomes by providing opportunities to practise, assess and provide feedback on students' learning and development. Despite this work and the research of others, we found a significant number of students perceive self and peer assessment to be an instrument to facilitate fairness, focusing on its free-rider deterrent capacity, rather than providing opportunities for reflection and feedback to complete the learning cycle. We assumed that these perceptions were enforced by the fact that the main use of self and peer assessment was to moderate marks and provide feedback to individuals on their contribution to team tasks. We hypothesised that these perceptions would change if students were provided with opportunities to use self and peer assessment for different purposes. In this paper we report testing this hypothesis by using self and peer assessment multiple times a semester to not only assess team contributions but to assess individual student assignments and in benchmarking exercises. Our aim was to test whether this approach would assist students to gain more benefit from self and peer assessment processes while simultaneously breaking down their narrow focus on fairness. © 2009 Keith Willey & Anne Gardner.

Willey, K & Gardner, A 1970, 'Self and peer assessment: A necessary ingredient in developing and tracking students' graduate attributes', 2009 Research in Engineering Education Symposium, REES 2009, Research in Engineering Education Symposium, University of Melbourne School of Engineering, Palm Cove Queensland, pp. 1-9.
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Recently there has been a shift to focus on assessing students' learning outcomes in terms of graduate attributes which they should develop and demonstrate during the course of their degree. A number of universities have tried to address these issues for example by using software tools such as ReView to track attribute development or by producing both academic and professional skill development transcripts. However, many attributes such as teamwork and the ability to give and receive feedback are typically practised in collaborative peer exercises. Furthermore these exercises are often conducted outside of regular class sessions, hence thorough assessment of these attributes should include input from both individual students and their peers. Hence we propose that any method of developing and tracking student's graduate attributes should include self and peer assessment. © 2009 Keith Willey & Anne Gardner.

Willey, K & Gardner, AP 1970, 'Assessment for learning: using minor assessment to promote major learning', Conference Proceedings ATN Assessment Conference 2009: Assessment in Different Dimensions, ATN Assessment Conference, RMIT University, Melbourne, pp. 352-362.
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The authors have previously reported the effectiveness of using self and peer assessment to improve learning outcomes in groupwork by providing opportunities to practise, assess and provide feedback on studentsâ attribute development. Combining this research and that reported in the literature regarding learning-oriented assessment we theorised that self and peer assessment would be an ideal tool to develop and efficiently facilitate activities specifically designed to be student centred and promote learning. In this paper we report the effectiveness of a self and peer assessment activity specifically designed to promote collaborative peer learning, require students to take responsibility for their learning and improve their judgement, while at the same time only imposing a small assessment load on academics.

Willey, K & Gardner, AP 1970, 'Investigating the capacity of self and peer assessment to engage students and increase their desire to learn', SEFI 37th Annual Conference 2009, Annual Conference of European Society for Engineering Education, Delft University of Technology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 1-11.
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The authors have previously reported the effectiveness of using self and peer assessment to improve learning outcomes by providing opportunities to practise, assess and provide feedback on students' attribute development. Despite this work and the research of others, we have found a significant number of students perceive self and peer assessment to be an instrument to facilitate fairness focusing on its freerider deterrent capacity, rather than providing opportunities for reflection and feedback to complete the learning cycle. It is the authors' intention that all students would benefit, both from the reflective nature of self and peer assessment and the feedback it provides, and for these benefits to be seen as valuable and desirable so that students are eager to participate. In this paper we report investigating the use of self and peer assessment multiple times for different purposes within a single subject. In particular, we examine whether providing students with multiple opportunities to practise and receive feedback in different contexts encourages peer learning, increases engagement and students' desire to learn.

Willey, K & Gardner, AP 1970, 'Investigating the Potential of Self and Peer Assessment to Develop Learning Oriented Assessment Tasks', Proceedings of the 20th Australasian Association for Engineering Education Conference, Annual Conference of Australasian Association for Engineering Education, The School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia, pp. 943-952.
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The authors have previously reported the effectiveness of using self and peer assessment to improve learning outcomes in groupwork by providing opportunities to practise, assess and provide feedback on studentsâ attribute development. Combining this research and that reported in the literature on learning-oriented assessment we theorised that self and peer assessment would be an ideal tool to develop and facilitate assessments specifically designed to promote learning. In this paper we report testing this theory by integrating self and peer assessment into different learning oriented assessment tasks within a single subject. These tasks use self and peer assessment to not only assess a studentâs contribution to a team project but also assess individual student assignments, their understanding and judgement. The results demonstrate that self and peer assessment is an extremely effective tool in facilitating learning orientated assessments.

Won, J-I, Shin, S, Ha, K-S, Kwon, J-K & Koo, Y-S 1970, 'The novel SCR-based ESD protection device with high holding voltage', 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems - ISCAS 2009, IEEE, pp. 1779-1782.
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In this paper we present the circuits and simulation results for a silicon neuron which is based on a modified version of the Mihalas-Niebur neural model [1]. This silicon neuron produces 15 of the 20 known neural spiking and bursting behaviors. It has low complexity and reliable matching and can thus be easily integrated into more complex neuromorphic systems. Implemented in a 0.15um 1.5V CMOS process, each neuron consumes about 7.5nW of power at 1kHz and occupies an area of 70um by 70um. ©2009 IEEE.

Wu, C & Lok, TS 1970, 'Preface', Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Shock and Impact Loads on Structures.

Wu, C, Huang, L, Oehlers, DJ & Kuznetsov, VA 1970, 'Experimental study of reinforced concrete slabs protected with aluminum foam under blast loading', Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Shock and Impact Loads on Structures, pp. 709-714.
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Aluminum foam is a novel lightweight material that has many excellent plastic mechanical properties. Application of aluminum foam as a sacrificial cladding on the bearing face of retrofitted structures could enhance the resistance capacities of structures against impact or blast loading. The aluminum foam undergoes great plastic deformation under transient dynamic loads before becoming fully densified, thus absorbing blast energy. In order to investigate the blast mitigation effect of aluminium foams, three 2000 × 1000 × 100 mm reinforced concrete (RC) slabs retrofitted with 12.7 mm, 25 mm and 43.2 mm thick aluminum foam sheets with densities of 450 kg/m3, 450 kg/m3 and 140 kg/m3, respectively, were subjected to explosive blast loads. The incident pressures of the blast loads, the deflections at the mid-span of the specimens were measured. A control sample of an un-retrofitted RC slab was loaded by blasting under similar conditions. It has been found that the RC slab that was covered with a 25 mm thick foam sheet reached a maximum dynamic deflection of 22mm, which is 43% less than the 38.9 mm deflection of the unretrofitted slab, while the slab overlaid with the 43.2 mm thick foam sheet experienced a maximum dynamic deflection of 31mm.

Wu, C, Oehlers, DJ, Rebentrost, M & Leach, J 1970, 'Energy-Controlled Design of Reinforced Ultra-High Performance Fiber Concrete Slabs against Airblast Loads', Key Engineering Materials, 2nd International Conference on Advances in Concrete and Structures, Trans Tech Publications, Ltd., Changsha, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 107-112.
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Displacement-controlled design method is now being used by current guidelines such as TM5 and ASCE to design RC members against airblast load. If the maximum deflection of the designed member under airblast loads is less than the allowable deflection, the designed member is considered to be safe. Although the displacement-controlled design method is easy to use, it may not result in a design having maximum energy-absorption capacity against airblast loads, especially for a design of a reinforced ultra-high performance fibre concrete (RUHPFC) member which is of both high strength and high ductility, that is, high energy-absorption capacity. In this paper, a layered analysis model allowing for varying strain rates with time as well as along the depth of the member was used to calculate energy-absorption of a simple supported RUHPFC slab under airblast loads. An optimal reinforcement ratio of the slab was achieved by maximizing the energy absorption of the slab under different reinforcement ratios. The energy-controlled design method was validated by field blast tests. Using the validated design method, a designed slab with the optimal reinforcement ratio was also tested and the effectiveness of the design was demonstrated.

Wu, C, Ozbakkloglu, T, Huang, ZY & Ma, G 1970, 'Experimental investigation of FRP confined reinforced concrete under impact loads', Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Shock and Impact Loads on Structures, pp. 715-719.
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Buildings and infrastructure may experience extreme circumstances such as terrorist bomb attacks, missile attacks and vehicle collisions and their key structural members, such as columns, could be shattered, leading to the collapse of the whole building and a large number of injuries and casualties. To protect these buildings and infrastructure against extreme loading, it is necessary to strengthen key structural components using advanced retrofit technologies. Recent research has demonstrated that FRP-confined concrete can significantly enhance structural members' strength and ductility under static loads and it is expected that this retrofit can also used to strengthen structural components under the impact and blast loads. In this paper, FRP tubes are used to confine concrete columns externally. A comprehensive experimental program was conducted to investigate the behaviour of normal strength of circular concrete specimens confined with FRP. The test program included a number of confined cylindrical concrete specimens under static loading, hammer dynamic loading and Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar impact loading (SHPB). The size of the specimens, and number of CFRP layers on the influence of the confinement effectiveness of FRP tubes are investigated. The recorded data can be used for validating numerical modeling in the further studies.

Wu, C, Ozbakkloglu, T, Ma, G & Huang, ZY 1970, 'Numerical Simulation of Performance of Concrete-Filled FRP Tubes Under Impact Loading', Analysis of Discontinuous Deformation — New Developments and Applications, 9th International Conference On Analysis of Discontinues Deformation: New Developments and Applications, Research Publishing Services, Nanyang Technol Univ, Singapore, SINGAPORE, pp. 675-684.
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Wu, C, Wu, C, Chen, W & Oehlers, DJ 1970, 'Analysis of Retrofitted RC Beam with Fixed End Supports against Blast Loads', Key Engineering Materials, 2nd International Conference on Advances in Concrete and Structures, Trans Tech Publications, Ltd., Changsha, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 795-800.
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Currently, there are adequate guidelines available for FRP retrofitting RC structures against static and seismic loads. However, there is still limited information on retrofitting RC structures against short-duration dynamic loading effects such as blast loading. Due to the increasing threat of terrorism in recent years, retrofitting of RC structures against blast loading is of paramount importance in structural engineering. In this paper, a dynamic model that is based on single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) approach is developed for the analysis of the response of retrofitted fixed end supported RC slabs subjected to blast loads. A previously validated layered capacity analysis method is used to determine the yielded and ultimate blast resistant capacity of a cross-section of a RC slab which allows varying strain rates with time along the depth of the member. The corresponding deflections are determined by plastic hinge analysis. To simplify the calculation process, a tri-linear resistance-deflection function which consists of elastic, elasto-plastic and plastic region for fixed end supported RC slabs is converted to an equivalent bilinear function. This developed model can adequately predict the retrofitted members’ response to blast loading. It is then is used to conduct a parametric study to optimise the retrofitting of RC slabs subjected to blast loading by varying the quantity, material type and technique of retrofitting.

Wu, JP, Yan, XP, Jin, ZM, Tipper, JL, Yuan, CQ & Zhou, XC 1970, 'Application of principal component analysis and a fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm to wear debris morphology classification', Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology, 5th China International Symposium on Tribology/1st International Tribology Symposium of IFToMM, SAGE Publications, Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 1059-1066.
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The application of principal component analysis (PCA) and fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm to the classification of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) wear debris from artificial joints has been described in this article. Wear particles were extracted and isolated from peri-prosthetic tissues collected during revision surgery, which was revised for loosening. The implant life of the hip prosthesis was 12 years. The particles were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Digitized particle images were analysed on a computer by specially developed software ‘Image-Pro Plus’. The following 19 numerical descriptors were used to characterize the particles: particle area, length, width, perimeter, boundary fractal dimension, and shape parameters such as form factor, roundness, convexity, aspect ratio, and others. PCA algorithm was applied to reduce the amount of parameters to simplify the following calculation. Furthermore, main factors and important parameters such as mean diameter, equivalent circle diameter, and perimeter were found out by PCA. However, C-means clustering algorithm was applied to classify the UHMWPE wear debris into 4–7 clusters. The Xie—Beni index was introduced to determine the optimal number of clusters and illuminate the clustering validity. The result of the calculation indicates that five clusters is the optimal clustering number. The feature of the debris in each cluster is also described in this article.

Wu, L, Al Sabbagh, A, Elkashlan, M & Sandrasegaran, K 1970, 'A User Level Markov Model for Load Balancing Based RAT Selection Algorithm', Proceedings of the 8th International Information and Telecommunication Technologies Symposium (I2TS 2009) Website, 8th International Information and Telecommunication Technologies Symposium, CD, Florianopolis, Brazil, pp. 1-5.
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In order to support the conceptual development of Radio Access Technology (RAT) selection algorithms, one of the key issues in Common Radio Resource Management (CRRM), the theory of Markov chain model has been used. Performance metrics can be derived from the steady state probabilities of a Markov model. This paper proposes a User Level Markov model for a three co-located RATs network based on an extension from two co-located RATs Markov models introduced in the literature. The Load Balancing based RAT selection algorithm has been studied using the proposed Markov model. Numerical results obtained from the proposed Markov model are presented.

Wu, L, Sandrasegaran, K & Elkashlan, M 1970, 'A system level simulation model for common radio resource management', 2009 15th Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications, 2009 15th Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC), IEEE, Shanghai, China, pp. 686-689.
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A major challenge of the future heterogeneous wireless network is the Radio Resource Management (RRM) strategy. The concept of Common RRM (CRRM) has been proposed to jointly manage radio resources among different Radio Access Technologies (RATs) in an optimized way. In order to evaluate the performance of different CRRM algorithms, a simulation model needs to be developed. This paper proposes a system level CRRM simulation model for integrated GSM/UMTS networks. In the proposed model, cell topology, user mobility, radio propagation loss, user traffic generation, and admission control are considered. The principles of system modeling and simulation presented in this paper can be used in future research on CRRM.

Wu, L, Sandrasegaran, K & Elkashlan, M 1970, 'Tradeoff between overall throughput and throughput fairness in network controlled cell breathing algorithm', 2009 15th Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications, 2009 15th Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC), IEEE, Shanghai, China, pp. 708-712.
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The introduction of Common Radio Resource Management (CRRM) facilitates the coordination of multiple overlapped Radio Access Technologies (RATs). A Network Controlled Cell Breathing (NCCB) RAT selection algorithm is proposed in the literature for combined GSM/UMTS networks. The setting of a proper path loss threshold is a key issue in the NCCB algorithm. In this paper, the relationship among overall downlink data throughput, throughput fairness and path loss threshold is studied. It is found that in some cases, an optimum path loss threshold value can be found to achieve better performance in terms of both overall throughput and throughput fairness. However, in other cases, a tradeoff has to be made between the overall throughput and the throughput fairness.

Wu, M & Gide, E 1970, 'E-Service Sector: A Major Trade Opportunity for both Australia and Chin', Turkey.

Wu, M & Gide, E 1970, 'The Benefits and Challenges for Adopting E-commerce Systems in SMEs in China', 2009 Eurasia Business and Economics Society Conference, Turkey.

Wu, M & Zhang, L 1970, 'Survey Online Lifestyle of Chinese Undergraduate', The 2009 International Conference on ICT in Teaching and Learning (ICT 2009), The 2009 International Conference on ICT in Teaching and Learning (ICT 2009), Hong Kong.

Wu, M, Jewell, R & Hovenga, E 1970, 'The EBS Support Model: An Effective Measure of Business Satisfaction with E-Commerce in Service Industry SMEs', 2009 INFORMS International Conference on Service Science, 2009 INFORMS International Conference on Service Science, Hong Kong.

Xiangjian He, Jianmin Li, Daming Wei, Wenjing Jia & Qiang Wu 1970, 'Canny edge detection on a virtual hexagonal image structure', 2009 Joint Conferences on Pervasive Computing (JCPC), 2009 Joint Conferences on Pervasive Computing (JCPC), IEEE, Taipei, Taiwan, pp. 167-172.
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Canny edge detector is the most popular tool for edge detection and has many applications in the areas of image processing, multimedia and computer vision. The Canny algorithm optimizes the edge detection through noise filtering using an optimal function approximated by the first derivative of a Gaussian. It identifies the edge points by computing the gradients of light intensity function based on the fact that the edge points likely appear where the gradient magnitudes are large. Hexagonal structure is an image structure alternative to traditional square image structure. Because all the existing hardware for capturing image and for displaying image are produced based on square structure, an approach that uses linear interpolation described for conversion between square and hexagonal structures. Gaussian filtering together with gradient computation is performed on the hexagonal structure. The pixel edge strengths on the square structure are then estimated before the thresholds of Canny algorithm are applied to determine the final edge map. The experimental results show the edge detection on hexagonal structure using static and video images, and the comparison with the results using Canny algorithm on square structure. ©2009 IEEE.

Xiao, Y, Liu, B, Cao, L, Wu, X, Zhang, C, Hao, Z, Yang, F & Cao, J 1970, 'Multi-sphere Support Vector Data Description for Outliers Detection on Multi-distribution Data', 2009 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining Workshops, 2009 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining Workshops (ICDMW), IEEE, Miami, Florida, pp. 82-87.
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SVDD has been proved a powerful tool for outlier detection. However, in detecting outliers on multi-distribution data, namely there are distinctive distributions in the data, it is very challenging for SVDD to generate a hyper-sphere for distinguishing outliers from normal data. Even if such a hyper-sphere can be identified, its performance is usually not good enough. This paper proposes an multi-sphere SVDD approach, named MS-SVDD, for outlier detection on multi-distribution data. First, an adaptive sphere detection method is proposed to detect data distributions in the dataset. The data is partitioned in terms of the identified data distributions, and the corresponding SVDD classifiers are constructed separately. Substantial experiments on both artificial and real-world datasets have demonstrated that the proposed approach outperforms original SVDD. © 2009 IEEE.

Xie, HB, Jiang, ZY, Du, YB, Wei, DB & Tieu, AK 1970, 'Analysis of Surface Roughness of Low Carbon Steel during Cold Rolling of Thin Strip', Advanced Materials Research, 12th International Symposium on Advances in Abrasive Technology, Trans Tech Publications, Ltd., Gold Coast, AUSTRALIA, pp. 544-547.
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Surface roughness plays an important role in determining the tribological behaviour of mechanical components (e.g. gears and roller bearings etc.) under full-film and mixed (or partial) elastohydrodynamic lubrication conditions. This paper describes a detailed mechanics analysis of the surface roughness transformation of thin strip which has been cold rolled on an experimental mill. Low carbon steel strips were rolled at various speeds and reductions, and the effects of rolling parameters on surface roughness are studied. The results of surface roughness can provide important information to optimise the rolling schedule and to improve the rolled strip quality.

Xu, J, Ye, G, Wang, Y, Herman, G, Zhang, B & Yang, J 1970, 'Incremental EM for Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis on Human Action Recognition', 2009 Sixth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance, 2009 Sixth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance (AVSS), IEEE, Genoa, ITALY, pp. 55-60.
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Xu, M, Luo, S, Jin, JS & Park, M 1970, 'Affective content analysis by mid-level representation in multiple modalities', Proceedings of the First International Conference on Internet Multimedia Computing and Service, ICIMCS '09: The First International Conference on Internet Multimedia Computing and Service, ACM, pp. 201-207.
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Movie affective content detection attracts ever-increasing research efforts. However, the affective content analysis is still a challenging task due to the gap between low-level perceptual features and high-level human perception of the media. Moreover, clues from multiple modalities should be considered for affective analysis, since they were used in movies to represent emotions and romance emotional atmosphere. In this paper, mid-level representations are generated from low-level features. These mid-level representations are from multiple modalities and used for affective content inference. Besides video shots which is commonly used for video content analysis, audio sounds, dialogue and subtitle are explored to contribute to detect affective content. Since affective analysis rely on movie genres, experiments are implemented in respective genres. The results shows that audio sounds, dialogues and subtitles are effective and efficient for affective content detection. Copyright 2009 ACM.

Xu, W, Zhu, J, Guo, Y, Dorrell, DG, Li, Y & Wang, Y 1970, 'Drive system analysis of a novel plug-in hybrid vehicle', 2009 35th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics, IECON 2009 - 35th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics (IECON), IEEE, Porto, Portugal, pp. 3717-3722.
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With breakthroughs in battery technology, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), jointly powered by an electric drive and an internal combustion engine are becoming a realistic alternative. In a PHEV, the battery is charged by the grid and the electric machine plays the major role in the vehicle drive so that the engine is only required to provide extra torque when accelerating and to drive the generator and vehicle when the battery level is low. This paper discusses a PHEV drive system with only one electric machine which functions as either a motor or generator and a supercapacitor bank for fast charging and discharging during regenerative braking and fast acceleration. The drive system is modeled using PSAT software. Several performance indexes, such as fuel economy, engine efficiency, range and acceleration are used to compare with a traditional vehicle. The PHEV performance is investigated using three typical driving cycles, i.e., an urban driving schedule, an extra-urban driving cycle and a highway fuel economy driving schedule. These are evaluated in detail.

Xu, W, Zhu, J, Guo, Y, Zhang, Y, Wang, Y & Shi, Z 1970, 'Steady and dynamic performance analysis of a single-sided linear induction motor', AUPEC'09 - 19th Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference: Sustainable Energy Technologies and Systems, Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia, pp. 1-6.
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The train propelled by a single-sided linear induction motor (SLIM) has been paid much attention recently by both academia and industry. The SLIM drive has advantages such as the direct thrust without the need of friction between wheel and railway track, small cross-sectional area, lack of gear box, and flexible line choice thanks to the greater climbing capability and smaller turning circle compared with a rotary machine drive. However, the SLIM has longitudinal end effect and half-filled slots for its cut-open primary magnetic circuit, which could reduce the air gap average flux linkage and thrust. This paper, based on winding function method, supposes that the SLIM has three groups of windings: primary, secondary fundamental, and secondary end effect windings. The proposed method can consider the actual winding distribution and structure information, and can calculate the mutual-, self-, and leakage inductances for describing the influence of longitudinal end effect and half-filled slots. Then, a new equivalent model is presented to analyze different dynamic and steady state performances. The comprehensive comparison between simulations and experiments indicates that the proposed model can be applied for the SLIM performance prediction and control scheme evaluation.

Yang, S, Nguyen, N, Center, J, Eisman, J & Nguyen, T 1970, 'Effect of beta-blocker and thiazide use on fracture risk', Bone, 2nd Joint Meeting of the International-Bone-and-Mineral-Society/Australian-New-Zealand-Bone-and-Mineral-Society, Elsevier BV, Sydney, AUSTRALIA, pp. S93-S93.
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Yang, S, Nguyen, N, Eisman, J & Nguyen, T 1970, 'Beta-blockers and fracture risk: A Bayesian meta-analysis', Bone, 2nd Joint Meeting of the International-Bone-and-Mineral-Society/Australian-New-Zealand-Bone-and-Mineral-Society, Elsevier BV, Sydney, AUSTRALIA, pp. S93-S93.
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Yang, S, Zhang, W, Zhang, Y & Lin, X 1970, 'Probabilistic Threshold Range Aggregate Query Processing over Uncertain Data', ADVANCES IN DATA AND WEB MANAGEMENT, PROCEEDINGS, Joint International Conference on Asia-Pacific Web Conference (APWeb)/Web-Age Information Management (WAIM 2009), Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Suzhou, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 51-62.
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Ye, D, Bai, Q, Zhang, M, Win, KT & Shen, Z 1970, 'An Efficient Task Allocation Protocol for P2P Multi-agent Systems', 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing with Applications, 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing with Applications, IEEE, Chengdu, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 11-18.
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Ye, Y, He, X, Li, J, Jia, W & Wu, Q 1970, 'Image Transformation on Hexagonal Structure Based on Conversion between 1D and 2D Coordinates', Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 571-578.
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Spiral Architecture, a hexagonal image structure is a novel and powerful approach to machine vision system. The pixels on Spiral architecture are geometrically arranged using a 1D (Spiral) addressing scheme in an ascending order along a spiral-like curve. Spiral addition and Spiral multiplication are defined based on the Spiral addresses on Spiral Architecture. These two fundamental operations result in fast and easy translation, rotation and separation on images, and hence play very important roles for image processing on Spiral Architecture. Moreover, 2D coordinates according to rows and columns defined on Spiral Structure provide a good mapping to the ordinary 2D coordinates defined on the common square image structure. Therefore, how to convert the 1D Spiral addresses from and to the 2D coordinates on Spiral Architecture has become very important to apply the theory developed on a hexagonal image structure for image processing (e.g., rotation). In this paper, we perform a fast way to correctly locate any hexagonal pixel when its Spiral address is known, and compute the Spiral address of any hexagonal pixel when its location is known. As an illustration of the use of conversions, we demonstrate the accurate image translation and rotation using experimental results. © 2009 Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Ye, Z, Shi, W & Ye, D 1970, 'DDoS Defense Using TCP_IP Header Analysis and Proactive Tests', 2009 International Conference on Information Technology and Computer Science, 2009 International Conference on Information Technology and Computer Science (ITCS 2009), IEEE, Kiev, UKRAINE, pp. 548-552.
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Yeung, CW, Leung, FHF, Chan, KY, Ling, SH & IEEE 1970, 'An Integrated Approach of Particle Swarm Optimization and Support Vector Machine for Gene Signature Selection and Cancer Prediction', IJCNN: 2009 INTERNATIONAL JOINT CONFERENCE ON NEURAL NETWORKS, VOLS 1- 6, IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, IEEE, Atlanta, USA, pp. 1728-1734.
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To improve cancer diagnosis and drug development, the classification of tumor types based on genomic information is important. As DNA microarray studies produce a large amount of data, expression data are highly redundant and noisy, and most genes are believed to be uninformative with respect to the studied classes. Only a fraction of genes may present distinct profiles for different classes of samples. Classification tools to deal with these issues are thus important. These tools should learn to robustly identify a subset of informative genes embedded in a large dataset that is contaminated with high dimensional noises. In this paper, an integrated approach of support vector machine (SVM) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) is proposed for this purpose. The proposed approach can simultaneously optimize the selection of feature subset and the classifier through a common solution coding mechanism. As an illustration, the proposed approach is applied to search the combinational gene signatures for predicting histologic response to chemotherapy of osteosarcoma patients. Crossvalidation results show that the proposed approach outperforms other existing methods in terms of classification accuracy. Further validation using an independent dataset shows misclassification of only one out of fourteen patient samples, suggesting that the selected gene signatures can reflect the chemoresistance in osteosarcoma. © 2009 IEEE.

Yin, B, Ambikairajah, E & Chen, F 1970, 'Voiced/unvoiced pattern-based duration modeling for language identification', 2009 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ICASSP 2009 - 2009 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, IEEE, Taipei, TAIWAN, pp. 4341-4344.
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Yu, Y, Kodagoda, S & Ha, QP 1970, 'Relative Distance Estimation for Indoor Multi-Robot Control Using Monocular Digital Camera', Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Artificial Intelligence in Science and Technology, International Workshop on Artificial Intelligence in Science and Technology, The University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia, pp. 1-6.
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Distance measurement methodologies based on the digital camera usually require extensive calibration routines, some are even derived from complicated image processing algorithms resulting in low picture frame rates. Particularly, in a dynamic camera system, due to the unpredictability of intrinsic and extrinsic parameters, the reliable measuring results are highly dependent on the accuracy of extra sensors. In this paper, a simple algorithm for relative distance estimation is proposed for multi-robot control with a monocular digital camera. Reasonable accuracy is achieved by judging the 2D perspective projection image ratio (PPIR) of robots' labels on a TFT-LCD (Thin Film Transistor-Liquid Crystal Display) monitor without any additional sensory cost and complicated calibration effort. Further, the algorithm does not contain any trigonometric functions so that it can be easily implemented on an embedded system using the field programmable gate array (FPGA) technology.

Yu, Y, Wu, Y, Wan, J & Chen, B 1970, 'The Application of NN-DS Theory in Natural Gas Pipeline Network Leakage Diagnosis', ISTM/2009: 8TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON TEST AND MEASUREMENT, VOLS 1-6, 8th International Symposium on Test Measure, INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS LTD, Chongqing, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 1679-1682.
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For the problems of low precision of conventional leakage diagnosis methods, the paper presents a novel natural gas pipeline network leakage diagnosis approach based on neural network and DS evidence theory. The principle is that different premonition information is dealt with by neural network and the result preprocessed is taken to the two levels information fusion by evidence theory for final diagnosis result. The approach makes full use of redundant and complementary leakage information. Computer simulation validates the approach is feasible. Detection results show that the approach improves the precision of leakage diagnosis and decreases the recognition uncertainty.

Yu, Y-H, Ha, QP & Kwok, NM 1970, 'Chip-based Design for Real-time Moving Object Detection using a Digital Camera Module', PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2009 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON IMAGE AND SIGNAL PROCESSING, VOLS 1-9, International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, IEEE Inc, Tianjin China, pp. 1993-1997.
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Design of a FPGA-based colour detection system for detection of moving objects.

Yu, YH, Kwok, NM & Ha, QP 1970, 'FPGA-based real-time color tracking for robotic formation control', 2009 26th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction, ISARC 2009, pp. 252-258.
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In construction automation, the tracking of worker location or a moving object is important for labor monitoring, resource management, and machine coordination. For object tracking, a camera is often utilized to obtain information of construction vehicle motion which can then be employed in coordination controls. Real-time tracking of autonomous vehicles, particularly for the control of multiple targets in formations, still suffers from constraints imposed in computation resources. Here the field programmable gate array (FPGA) technology is applied in a prototypical tracking system for vehicles by using a CMOS camera to detect their color-tags. The raw image from the Bayer color pattern is used to indicate the 2-dimensional position of vehicles and encrypted infrared commands are issued to deploy them in a leader-follower formation. It is shown that the novel system-on-programmable- chip with parallel control cores design can efficiently handle color recognition and multi-vehicle control while significantly reduces memory requirement and computation time.

Yuan, S, Huang, S, Liu, D, Lau, H, Pagac, D & Pratley, T 1970, 'Problem formulation of simultaneously dynamic scheduling and collision-free path planning for multiple autonomous vehicles in automated container terminals', International Symposium for Maritime Logistics and Supply Chain Systems, Singapore.
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This work is motivated by an actual application of dispatching and path planing for a fleet of autonomous straddle carriers operated by Patrick Stevedores at the fully automated container terminal located in Brisbane, Australia. In this application, the straddle carriers can localize themselves and navigate autonomously within in the seaport. They can also pick up, transport, and drop down the containers without any human interference. The container transportation tasks performed by the fully autonomous straddle carriers include moving containers from quay crane area to yard, from yard to quay crane area, from yard to yard, from truck area to yard and from yard to truck area.

Yuan, S, Lau, H, Liu, DK, Huang, SD, Dissanayake, G, Pagac, D & Pratley, T 1970, 'Simultaneous dynamic scheduling and collision-free path planning for multiple autonomous vehicles', 2009 International Conference on Information and Automation, 2009 International Conference on Information and Automation (ICIA), IEEE, Zhuhai/Macau, China, pp. 522-527.
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When autonomous vehicles are deployed to perform transportation tasks within a confined space and strict time constraint, the problem of optimizing the assignment of tasks to vehicles is complicated by the need to ensure safety (they do not collide with or impede each other) and maximize the efficiency and productivity. With the increasing number of autonomous vehicles in practical settings, the ability to schedule tasks in a manner that inherently considers the effects of task allocations on space contention (which in turn compromises efficiency) is important to performance improvement. The main contribution of this paper is an approach to simultaneously conduct dynamic task allocation and collision-free path planning in an environment where multiple autonomous vehicles operate on a network of paths and where each path segment can only be occupied by one vehicle at a given instant. In particular, a generic algorithm for effective task allocation is investigated and applied in conjunction with an application-specific objective function. The proposed approach is able to solve the dynamic scheduling, planning and collision avoidance problem in an integrated way such that the overall productivity of the transportation system is improved. Simulation results based on a real-world industrial material handling environment demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2009 IEEE.

Yuan, S, Lau, H, Liu, DK, Huang, SD, Dissanayake, G, Pagac, D & Pratley, T 1970, 'Simultaneous Dynamic Scheduling and Collision-Free Path Planning for Multiple Autonomous Vehicles', ICIA: 2009 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFORMATION AND AUTOMATION, VOLS 1-3, IEEE International Conference on Information and Automation (ICIA 2009), IEEE, Zhuhai, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 507-+.

Yuedong Zhan, Hua Wang, Jianguo Zhu & Youguang Guo 1970, 'Fault monitoring and control of PEM fuel cell as backup power for UPS applications', 2009 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, 2009 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition. ECCE 2009, IEEE, San Jose, USA, pp. 631-638.
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Abstract-This paper presents the expert fault monitoring and intelligent comprehensive control of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell (PEMFC) as backup power source for an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system. The failure status can be shown on the screen of a micro-computer (or a PC) linked with the UPS through an RS-232 and on the control panel of the UPS through LED indicator lights. The proposed intelligent comprehensive monitors and controllers of PEMFC and UPS can supply high quality power with flexible conversion functions, leading to the establishment of reliable power management for UPS applications. Finally, a suitable strategy and technique of fault monitoring and control for a UPS hybrid system with backup PEMFC and battery is implemented. The performances of the monitors and controllers are evaluated by experimental results, showing that the developed UPS system with backup PEMFC and battery power sources is suitable for industry applications.

Yuehe Ge, Esselle, KP & Bird, TS 1970, 'Designing a partially reflective surface with increasing reflection phase for wide-band ebg resonator antennas', 2009 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 2009 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium (APSURSI), IEEE, pp. 1-4.
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A simple method is proposed for obtaining a partially reflective surface with increasing reflection phase for use in wideband, low-profile electromagnetic band-gap resonator antennas. Using the proposed types of partially reflective surfaces and a perfect electric conductor ground, a wideband resonant cavity can be formed and hence a wideband resonant cavity antenna can be designed. The method to design the partially reflective surface is described and examples are given. © 2009 IEEE.

Yun, MS & Huynh, BP 1970, 'Non-Isothermal Peristaltic Flow of Newtonian Fluids in a Circular Tube', Volume 9: Heat Transfer, Fluid Flows, and Thermal Systems, Parts A, B and C, ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, ASMEDC, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, USA, pp. 753-758.
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Non-isothermal peristaltic flow of Newtonian fluids in a circular tube is investigated numerically, using a commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software package. Simulation is performed over a range of Reynolds-number values, up to 1000. Temperature affects the flow field via fluid viscosity, which is assumed to decrease exponentially with temperature. Other fluid properties are assumed to be constant, and are similar to those of an oil. Allowing for temperature effects alters significantly the flow pattern and reduces pressure change. In the crest region, recirculation appears in non-isothermal flow at a much smaller Reynolds number Re than in isothermal flow. Influence of the Reynolds number itself is also reduced significantly, such that the flow pattern changes very little with increasing Re, in contrast to the isothermal case. Similarly, in non-isothermal flow, flow pattern is unchanged at different flow rate. This is also in contrast to the isothermal situation.

Yvonne Tran, Thuraisingham, RA, Craig, A & Hung Nguyen 1970, 'Evaluating the efficacy of an automated procedure for EEG artifact removal', 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, IEEE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, pp. 376-379.
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Electroencephalography (EEG) signals are often contaminated with artifacts arising from many sources such as those with ocular and muscular origins. Artifact removal techniques often rely on the experience of the EEG technician to detect these artifact components for removal. This paper presents the results comparing an automated procedure (AT) against visually (VT) choosing artifactual components for removal, using second order blind identification (SOBI) and canonical correlation analyses. The results show that the resulting EEG signal after artifact removal for the AT and VT were comparable using a technique that measures the variance amongst electrodes and spectral energy. The AT technique is objective, faster and easier to use, and shown here to be comparable to the standard technique of visually detecting artifact component

Zhan, Y, Hua Wang, Zhu, J, Guo, Y & Wei Xu 1970, 'Intelligent comprehensive control and monitor of Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cell for hybrid UPS system', 2009 4th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications, 2009 4th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), IEEE, Xi'an, China, pp. 3107-3112.
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This paper, to improve the performance of a Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack, avoid the hydrogen and oxygen/air starvation of electrochemical reaction and the performance deterioration of the stack, prevent the dehydration and drying of the membrane, keep the water content in the membrane, heighten the utilization of the gases, and track the output power of a hybrid uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system with backup PEMFC and battery power sources, conducts research in the dynamic model, the on-line parameters monitoring of PEMFC, such as the resistance in the PEMFC stack using the current interrupt method and the performance improvement of the PEMFC employing an intelligent comprehensive control strategy of the operation parameters, such as operating temperature, pressures and mass flows of hydrogen and air, the output current and voltage for the PEMFC stack, the power supply switching between PEMFC and battery. The intelligent comprehensive control and monitor method is proposed and applied to the PEMFC generating system employed for the power source of UPS. The experimental results show that the proposal method can effectively monitor and control the pressures of the inlet hydrogen and the operating temperature of the stack, automatically switch the power supply between PEMFC and battery, efficaciously prevent the destroy of the stack when the load changes sharply, the hydrogen is purged and the output current is interrupted regularly, and reasonably improve the performance of the PEMFC through the water balance and thermal management, and real-time realize the tracking for the changes of the output power and the distribution of the mass flow rates of hydrogen and air.

Zhang, G, Rong, M & Fang, Y 1970, 'One Extension of Authentication Test Based on Strand Space Model', 2009 5TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, NETWORKING AND MOBILE COMPUTING, VOLS 1-8, 5th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, IEEE, PEOPLES R CHINA, Beijing, pp. 4506-+.

Zhang, G, Rong, M, Wang, L, He, Y & Wei, H 1970, 'Modeling and Analysis for Web Services Composition Based on Dynamic Software Architecture', 2009 Sixth Web Information Systems and Applications Conference, 2009 Sixth Web Information Systems and Applications Conference (WISA 2009), IEEE, pp. 122-125.
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Zhang, G, Zhang, G, Gao, Y & Lu, J 1970, 'A Fuzzy Bilevel Model and a PSO-Based Algorithm for Day-Ahead Electricity Market Strategy Making', KNOWLEDGE-BASED AND INTELLIGENT INFORMATION AND ENGINEERING SYSTEMS, PT II, PROCEEDINGS, International Conference on Knowledge-Based and Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, IOS Press, Santiago, Chile, pp. 736-744.
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This paper applies bilevel optimization techniques and fuzzy set theory to model and support bidding strategy making in electricity markets. By analyzing the strategic bidding behavior of generating companies, we build up a fuzzy bilevel optimization model for day-ahead electricity market strategy making. In this model, each generating company chooses the bids to maximize the individual profit. A market operator solves an optimization problem based on the minimization purchase electricity fare to determine the output power for each unit and uniform marginal price. Then, a particle swarm optimization (PSO)-based algorithm is developed for solving problems defined by this model.

Zhang, G, Zhang, G, Gao, Y, Lu, J & IEEE 1970, 'A Bilevel Optimization Model and a PSO-based Algorithm in Day-ahead Electricity Markets', 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS (SMC 2009), VOLS 1-9, IEEE Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, IEEE, Texas, USA, pp. 611-616.
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Strategic bidding problems are becoming key issues in competitive electricity markets. This paper applies bilevel optimization theory to deal with this issue. We first analyze generating company strategic bidding behaviors and build a bilevel optimization model for a day-ahead electricity market. In this bilevel optimization model, each generating company will choose their bids in order to maximize their individual profits. A market operator will determine the output power for each unit and uniform marginal price based on the minimization purchase electricity fare. For solving this competitive strategic bidding problem described by the bilevel optimization model, a particle swarm optimization (PSO)-based algorithm is. Experiment results have demonstrated the validity of the PSO-based algorithm in solving the competitive strategic bidding problems for a day-ahead electricity market. ©2009 IEEE.

Zhang, J & Hanlen, LW 1970, 'Non-Coherent Receiver with Fractional Sampling for Impulsive UWB Systems', 2009 IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC 2009 - 2009 IEEE International Conference on Communications, IEEE, pp. 1-5.
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Zhang, J, Lu, J, Zhang, G & IEEE 1970, 'A Hybrid Knowledge-based Prediction Method for Avian Influenza Early Warning', 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS (SMC 2009), VOLS 1-9, IEEE Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, IEEE, San Antonio, Texas, USA, pp. 617-622.
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High pathogenic avian influenza remains rampant and the epidemic size has been growing in the world. The early warning system (EWS) for avian influenza becomes increasingly essential to militating against the risk of outbreak crisis. An EWS can generate timely early warnings to support decision makers in identifying underlying vulnerabilities and implementing relevant strategies. This paper addresses this crucial issue and focuses on how to make full use of previous events to perform comprehensive forecasting and generate reliable warning signals. It proposes a hybrid knowledge-based prediction (HKBP) method which combines case-based reasoning (CBR) with the fuzzy logic technique. The method can improve the prediction accuracy for avian influenza in a specific region at a specific time. An example is presented to illustrate the capabilities and procedures of the HKBP method.

Zhang, J, Paisitkriangkrai, S & Shen, C 1970, 'An overview of fast pedestrian detection: Feature selection and cascade framework of boosted features', 2009 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, 2009 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME), IEEE, New York, NY, pp. 1566-1567.
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Zhang, W & Deuse, J 1970, 'Cell staffing and standardized work design in Chaku-Chaku production lines using a hybrid optimization algorithm', 2009 International Conference on Computers & Industrial Engineering, Industrial Engineering (CIE39), IEEE, pp. 305-310.
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Chaku-Chaku production lines are currently widely adopted in manufacturingand assembly industry, which are an effective and efficient productionorganizational type thanks to its flexibility as well as customer-oriented flowlayouts. However, due to the variation of customers' demand and unpredictablemarket factors, the layout as well as manpower allocation are both facing to beadjusted to satisfy the customers' orders, compared with reconstruction ofmachines or redesign of new production line, the adjusted focus is shifting tothe workforce allocation and work reassignment, for the utilization ofbottleneck resource machines can achieve at most 50%-60%. This work specifiesthe calculation of number of the operators employed to run the production lineand work assignment for each operator, i.e. standardization of the productionroutines and the design of optimal standardized work for every operator. Inorder to simplify such combinatorial optimization problem, the number ofmanpower and the detailed work assignment are separated to be stated by MixedInteger Linear Programming model (MILP) and Constraint Programming model (CP),the first model is used to optimize the workforce allocation subject to severalinternal constraints, the following model illustrates how to achieve thedetailed scheduling , which is utilized to assign detailed work to each operatorand further standardize the work sequence and content. MILP is constructedwithout consideration of each feasible operational sequence as well ascooperation between adjacent workers so as to simplify the assignment problemand then realize the calculation of optimal workforce. Combined with CP model aswell as with the help of feedback loops, the optimal and feasible standardizedwork can be finally depicted in the form of Gantt chart. The performance of theapproach is also verified through comparison with the stated approach in thecurrently available literature. © 2009 IEEE.

Zhang, W, Lin, X, Zhang, Y, Wang, W & Yu, JX 1970, 'Probabilistic Skyline Operator over Sliding Windows', 2009 IEEE 25th International Conference on Data Engineering, 2009 IEEE 25th International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE), IEEE, Shanghai, China, pp. 1060-1071.
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Skyline computation has many applications including multi-criteria decision making. In this paper, we study the problem of efficient processing of continuous skyline queries over sliding windows on uncertain data elements regarding given probability thresholds. We first characterize what kind of elements we need to keep in our query computation. Then we show the size of dynamically maintained candidate set and the size of skyline. We develop novel, efficient techniques to process a continuous, probabilistic skyline query. Finally, we extend our techniques to the applications where multiple probability thresholds are given or we want to retrieve 'top-k' skyline data objects. Our extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed techniques are very efficient and handle a high-speed data stream in real time. © 2009 IEEE.

Zhang, Y, Lin, X, Tao, Y & Zhang, W 1970, 'Uncertain Location Based Range Aggregates in a Multi-dimensional Space', 2009 IEEE 25th International Conference on Data Engineering, 2009 IEEE 25th International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE), IEEE, Shanghai, China, pp. 1247-1250.
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Uncertain data are inherent in many applications such as environmental surveillance and quantitative economics research. Recently, considerable research efforts have been put into the field of analysing uncertain data. In this paper, we study the problem of processing the uncertain location based range aggregate in a multi-dimensional space. We first formally introduce the problem, then propose a general filtering-and-verification framework to solve the problem. Two filtering techniques, named STF and PCR respectively, are proposed to significantly reduce the verification cost

Zhang, Y, Zhu, J, Guo, Y, Xu, W, Wang, Y & Zhao, Z 1970, 'A sensorless DTC strategy of induction motor fed by three-level inverter based on discrete space vector modulation', AUPEC'09 - 19th Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference: Sustainable Energy Technologies and Systems, Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia, pp. 1-6.
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A sensorless direct torque controlled (DTC) induction motor drive fed by a 3-level inverter is presented based on discrete space vector modulation. A novel vector synthesis sequence is proposed to solve the problems caused by the topology of the 3-level inverter, such as neutral point unbalance and excessive voltage jump, while maintaining the merits of simplicity and robustness. Fuzzy logic control and speed adaptive flux observer are introduced to enhance the performance of system. The problem of large starting current is investigated and solved by introducing the technique of pre-excitation. A 32-bit fixed-point DSP based 3-level motor drive has been developed and a series of experimental results are presented to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed techniques.

Zhang, Z, Gunes, H, Piccardi, M & IEEE 1970, 'HEAD DETECTION FOR VIDEO SURVEILLANCE BASED ON CATEGORICAL HAIR AND SKIN COLOUR MODELS', 2009 16TH IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON IMAGE PROCESSING, VOLS 1-6, IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, IEEE, Cairo, Egypt, pp. 1137-1140.
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We propose a new robust head detection algorithm that is capable of handling significantly different conditions in terms of viewpoint, tilt angle, scale and resolution. To this aim, we built a new model for the head based on appearance distributions and shape constraints. We construct a categorical model for hair and skin, separately, and train the models for four categories of hair (brown, red, blond and black) and three categories of skin representing the different illumination conditions (bright, standard and dark). The shape constraint fits an elliptical model to the candidate region and compares its parameters with priors based on human anatomy. The experimental results validate the usability of the proposed algorithm in various video surveillance and multimedia applications. ©2009 IEEE.

Zhang, Z, Zhang, G, Zhang, X & Fan, J 1970, 'TAP: An Adjustable Planar Structure for Adaptive Topology Control in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks', 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOLS 1-8, IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC 2009), IEEE, GERMANY, Dresden, pp. 458-463.

Zhao, C, Hu, J, Zhou, J, Shi, J & Dutkiewicz, E 1970, 'Channel Quality Dependent Rate-Limited Scheduling Algorithm for IEEE 802.16 Wireless Networks', 2009 WRI International Conference on Communications and Mobile Computing, 2009 WRI International Conference on Communications and Mobile Computing (CMC), IEEE, pp. 402-406.
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The WiMAX technology based on IEEE 802.16 is expected to support multimedia services with guaranteed quality of service (QoS). In this paper, a scheduler structure with priority classes is designed for IEEE 802.16 wireless networks, and a channel quality dependent rate-limited (CD-RL) algorithm is proposed. CD-RL provides promised data rates while taking throughput into account. With a carefully designed "order changing" method, CD-RL can be implemented with low complexity, which makes it feasible in practical systems. Simulation results reveal that CD-RL has good performances in fairness, minimum reserved traffic rate and average packet delay. © 2009 IEEE.

Zhao, G, Xiong, Y, Cao, L, Luo, D, Su, X & Zhu, Y 1970, 'A Cost-Effective LSH Filter for Fast Pairwise Mining', 2009 Ninth IEEE International Conference on Data Mining, 2009 Ninth IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM), IEEE, Miami, Florida, USA, pp. 1088-1093.
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The pairwise mining problem is to discover pairwise objects having measures greater than the user-specified minimum threshold from a collection of objects. It is essential in a large variety of database and data-mining applications. Of late, there has been increasing interest in applying a Locality- Sensitive Hashing (LSH) scheme for pairwise mining. LSH-type methods have shown themselves to be simply implementable and capable of achieving significant performance gain in running time over most exact methods. However, the present LSH-type methods still suffer from some bottlenecks, such as 'the curse of threshold'. In this paper, we proposed a novel LSH-based method, namely Cost-effective LSH filter (Ce-LSH for short), for pairwise mining. Compared with previous LSH-type methods, it uses a lower fixed number of LSH functions and is thus more cost-effective. Substantial experiments evidence that our method gives significant improvement in running time over existing LSH-type methods and some recently reported method based on upper-bound. Experimental results also indicate that it scales well even for a relatively low minimum threshold and for a fairly small miss ratio. © 2009 IEEE.

Zhao, L & Li, J 1970, 'Sequence-based B-cell epitope prediction by using associations in antibody-antigen structural complexes', 2009 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine Workshop, 2009 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine Workshop, BIBMW, IEEE, pp. 165-172.
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B-cell secreted antibodies play a critical role in fighting against the invaders and abnormal self tissues. Identifying the epitope on antigens recognized by the paratope on antibodies can enlighten the understanding of this important immune mechanism. Predicting B-cell epitope can also pave the way for vaccine design and disease therapy. However, due to the high complexity of this problem, previous prediction methods that focus on linear and conformational epitope are both unsatisfactory. In this work, we propose a novel method to predict B-cell epitopes, when a pair of sequences is given, by using associations and cooperativity patterns from a relatively small antigen-antibody structural data set. More exactly, our classifier is trained on only PDB protein complexes, but it can be applied to any sequence data. Our evaluation results show that the accuracy of our method is very competitive to, sometimes even much better than, previous structure-based prediction methods which have a smaller applicability scope than ours. ©2009 IEEE.

Zhao, L & Li, J 1970, 'Sequence-based B-cell epitope prediction by using associations in antibody-antigen structural complexes', BIBMW: 2009 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOINFORMATICS AND BIOMEDICINE WORKSHOP, IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBMW 2009), IEEE, Washington, DC, pp. 163-170.

Zhao, W, Sun, Y, Zhu, X & He, Y 1970, 'A multiple loop feedback Gm-C bandpass filter for wavelet transform implementation', 2009 52nd IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2009 52nd IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS), IEEE, pp. 106-109.
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A general method for analogue implementation of high-frequency wavelet transform is proposed in which the wavelet transform is synthesized by a bank of Gm-C bandpass filters whose impulse responses are the mother wavelet and its dilations. The proposed approach employs the inverse follow-the-leader-feedback multiple loop feedback structure for filter design to lower the magnitude sensitivity and facilitate the arbitrary rational function realization. The Marr wavelet is used as an example in this paper to illustrate design details. The wavelet filter is simulated using TSMC 1.8V 0.18μm CMOS technology. Simulation results show performance values obtained. © 2009 IEEE.

Zhao, W, Sun, Y, Zhu, X & He, Y 1970, 'Design of high-frequency Gm-C wavelet filters', 2009 European Conference on Circuit Theory and Design, 2009 European Conference on Circuit Theory and Design (ECCTD 2009), IEEE, pp. 121-124.
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A high-frequency wavelet filter which employs Gm-C blocks based on leap-frog (LF) multiple-loop feedback (MLF) structure is presented. The proposed method is well suitable for high-quality high-frequency operation since the Gm-C based filter can achieve high frequency, whilst LF MLF configuration has the characteristics of lower magnitude sensitivity and capability of realizing arbitrary rational functions. The Marr wavelet is selected as an example in this paper, and the design for a 100MHz frequency operation is elaborated. The wavelet filter is simulated using TSMC 1.8V 0.18μm CMOS technology. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method is feasible for high frequency operation with relatively low power consumption. ©2009 IEEE.

Zhao, Y, Zhang, H, Cao, L, Zhang, C & Bohlscheid, H 1970, 'Mining Both Positive and Negative Impact-Oriented Sequential Rules from Transactional Data', Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 13th Pacific-Asia Conference, PAKDD 2009, Pacific-Asia Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 656-663.
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Traditional sequential pattern mining deals with positive correlation between sequential patterns only, without considering negative relationship between them. In this paper, we present a notion of impact-oriented negative sequential rules, in which the left side is a positive sequential pattern or its negation, and the right side is a predefined outcome or its negation. Impact-oriented negative sequential rules are formally defined to show the impact of sequential patterns on the outcome, and an efficient algorithm is designed to discover both positive and negative impact-oriented sequential rules. Experimental results on both synthetic data and real-life data show the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed technique.

Zhao, Y, Zhang, H, Wu, S, Pei, J, Cao, L, Zhang, C & Bohlscheid, H 1970, 'Debt Detection in Social Security by Sequence Classification Using Both Positive and Negative Patterns', Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases, European Conference, ECML PKDD 2009, European Conference on Machine Learning, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Bled, Slovenia, pp. 648-663.
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Debt detection is important for improving payment accuracy in social security. Since debt detection from customer transactional data can be generally modelled as a fraud detection problem, a straightforward solution is to extract features from transaction sequences and build a sequence classifier for debts. The existing sequence classification methods based on sequential patterns consider only positive patterns. However, according to our experience in a large social security application, negative patterns are very useful in accurate debt detection. In this paper, we present a successful case study of debt detection in a large social security application. The central technique is building sequence classification using both positive and negative sequential patterns.

Zhen Lu, Kadi, A & Aubrey, T 1970, 'A hybrid CME-LS channel estimation approach for broadband MIMO-OFDM systems', 2009 9th International Symposium on Communications and Information Technology, 2009 9th International Symposium on Communications and Information Technology (ISCIT), IEEE, Incheon, Korea, pp. 313-318.
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A channel estimation approach yielding both channel gains and the number of multi-paths is presented. The algorithm is based on a variation of conditional model order estimation (CME), and is proposed for MIMO-OFDM systems. The CME based estimator is shown to be viable in both fixed and mobile broadband MIMO-OFDM wireless applications, and takes advantage of determining the nonzero taps as well. The performance of the approach is compared to the popular minimum description length (MDL) algorithm for estimation of the number of channel paths, by means of simulation in the context of a 2times2 MIMO-OFDM transceiver system. Results indicate that the new algorithm is superior in channel order estimation to the MDL algorithm in MMO-OFDM system over a noisy frequency selective fading channel.

Zheng, L & Hoang, DB 1970, 'Overlapping Impacts and Resource Coordination for High-density Wireless Communication', 2009 IEEE-RIVF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES: RESEARCH, INNOVATION AND VISION FOR THE FUTURE, IEEE-RIVF International Conference on Computing and Communication Technologies, Research Innovation, and Vision for the Future, IEEE eXpress Conference Publishing, Da Nang University of Technology, Vietnam, pp. 180-186.
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A high-density wireless environment could not avoid ceel/BSS (Basic Service Set) overlapping, which may cause Co-channel interference. Such interference makes it difficult to support QoS. It is desirable that BSSs can share a single frequency channel without interference-free for a business-sound wireless deployment. In this paper, we present a detailed analysis on OBSS co-existence and QoS, based on the context of 802.11 WiFi as an example. The uplink and downlink transmission are separated into two periods. The grouping assigments using coloring theory are carried out based on the topology to divide BSSs into groups and time span to avoid downlink collision.

Zheng, L, Hoang, DB & Li, M 1970, 'Applying Fair Intelligent Congestion Control in a hybrid QoS architecture for wireless environment', 2009 7th International Conference on Information, Communications and Signal Processing (ICICS), Signal Processing (ICICS), IEEE, Macau, China, pp. 1-6.
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This simple and scalable Differentiated Services (DiffServ) QoS control model is acceptable for the core of the network. However, more explicit and stringent admission and reservation based QoS mechanisms are required in the wireless access segment of the network, where available resources are severely limited and the degree of traffic aggregation is not significant, thus rendering the DiffServ principles less effective. In this paper we present a suitable hybrid QoS architecture framework to address the problem. At the wireless access end, the local QoS mechanism is designed in the context of IEEE 802.11 WLAN with 802.11e QoS extensions. At the edge and over the DiffServ domain, the Fair Intelligent Congestion Control (FICC) algorithm is applied to provide fairness among traffic aggregates and control congestion at the bottleneck interface between the wireless link and the network core.

Zheng, L, Jin, J, Guo, Y & Zhu, J 1970, 'Design and characteristics analysis of long-primary single-sided linear induction motor', 2009 International Conference on Applied Superconductivity and Electromagnetic Devices, 2009 International Conference on Applied Superconductivity and Electromagnetic Devices (ASEMD), IEEE, Chengdu, China, pp. 85-88.
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Zheng, L, Jin, J, Guo, Y, Lu, H & Zhu, J 1970, 'Design and electromagnetic analysis of a HTS linear synchronous motor', 2009 International Conference on Applied Superconductivity and Electromagnetic Devices, 2009 International Conference on Applied Superconductivity and Electromagnetic Devices (ASEMD), IEEE, Chengdu, China, pp. 5-10.
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High temperature superconducting (HTS) linear synchronous motor (LSM) integrated with HTS magnetic levitation system, can realize self-levitation and self-guidance without any sliding friction, which will have important applications in many fields such as electromagnetic aircraft launch system, maglev transportation. This paper presents the design and electromagnetic analysis of a HTS LSM, which is levitated by a magnetic levitation system consisting of HTS bulkspermanent magnet (PM) guideways. Numerical analysis and magnetic field finite element analysis (FEA) methods are applied to analyze the thrust, levitation and guidance force characteristics, and the electromagnetic performance of HTS LSM under no-load and load situations are studied with the analysis results are given. Finally, the primary motor running testing results are provided.

Zheng, Z, Zhao, Y, Zuo, Z & Cao, L 1970, 'Negative-GSP: An efficient method for mining negative sequential patterns', Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology Series, Australian Data Mining Conference, Australian Computer Society, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 63-67.
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Different from traditional positive sequential pattern mining, negative sequential pattern mining considers both positive and negative relationships between items. Negative sequential pattern mining doesn't necessarily follow the Apriori principle, and the searching space is much larger than positive pattern mining. Giving definitions and some constraints of negative sequential patterns, this paper proposes a new method for mining negative sequential patterns, called Negative-GSP. Negative-GSP can find negative sequential patterns effectively and efficiently by joining and pruning, and extensive experimental results show the efficiency of the method. © 2009, Australian Computer Society, Inc.

Zhou, J & Takatsuka, M 1970, 'Structural Relationship Preservation in Volume Rendering', COMPUTER AND INFORMATION SCIENCE 2009, 8th IEEE/ACIS International Conference on Computer and Information Science, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Shanghai, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 229-238.
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Zhou, Q, Xu, G & Zong, Y 1970, 'Web Co-clustering of Usage Network Using Tensor Decomposition', 2009 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Joint Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology, 2009 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Joint Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology, IEEE, pp. 311-314.
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Web clustering is an approach to aggregate web objects into various categories according to underlying relationships among them. Finding co-clusters of web objects is an emerging topic in the context of web usage mining. In this paper we will present an algorithm using tensor decomposition to co-cluster web objects based on analysis of user navigational tasks. The usage data of users visiting web sites is collected as experimental data to construct the usage network and validate the presented method. Experimental results have demonstrated the proposed method can clearly reveal the aggregations of web objects as a result of different navigational tasks. © 2009 IEEE.

Zhu, J, Guo, Y, Lin, Z & Huang, Y 1970, 'Low cost high performance SMC motors: From material to application', 2009 International Conference on Applied Superconductivity and Electromagnetic Devices, 2009 International Conference on Applied Superconductivity and Electromagnetic Devices (ASEMD), IEEE, Chengdu, China, pp. 385-391.
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The major advantage of the soft magnetic composite (SMC) material is to be able to manufacture electrical machines by the highly matured powder metallurgical technology at low cost. This paper presents our extensive studies on the measurement and modeling of magnetic properties of SMC materials and novel machine topologies of 3D fluxes. © 2009 IEEE.

Zhu, XQ & Hao, H 1970, 'Condition assessment of prestressed concrete structures with static and dynamic damage indexes', Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting II - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting, ICCRRR, 2nd International Conference on Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting, CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP, Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA, pp. 259-260.
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This paper studies the feasibility of using changes in the static and dynamic properties of the prestressed concrete structures under static loads to detect damage. An experimental study is carried out on a prestressed concrete beam of Tee cross section subjected to the static loads. The crack damage is created by applying the four point loads on the beam. A static damage index, based on the flexural rigidity of the beam, is proposed for condition assessment of the prestressed concrete beam structures under static loads. A dynamic damage index based on the change of the natural frequency is also proposed. Experimental results show that the two indexes are effective to detect the damage in prestressed concrete structures. Unlike results obtained for structures of isotropic and homogeneous materials, the identified damage level of the current prestressed concrete beam is found dependent on the static load it carries. This implies that the prestress reduces the crack damage in a prestressed concrete beam after the applied load is removed. © 2009 Taylor & Francis Group.

Zhu, XQ, Hao, H, Fan, KQ, Wang, Y & Ou, JP 1970, 'Debond detection in RC structures using piezoelectric materials', Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting II - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting, ICCRRR, 2nd International Conference on Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting, CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP, Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA, pp. 261-262.
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This paper presents a new technique to detect the delamination between the steel bars and concrete in the reinforced concrete structures. The piezoelectric components are mounted on reinforcing bars that are embedded in RC structures as sensors and actuators to generate and record the signal, which is sensitive to the delamination between the steel bars and concrete. The experimental study is carried out on a concrete slab with different debonds between the rebars and concrete. The test results show that the delamination between the rebars and concrete can be detected with the embedded piezoelectric sensors and actuators. © 2009 Taylor & Francis Group.

Zhuang, J, Tsang, IW & Hoi, SCH 1970, 'SimpleNPKL', Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML '09: The 26th Annual International Conference on Machine Learning held in conjunction with the 2007 International Conference on Inductive Logic Programming, ACM, pp. 1273-1280.
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Previous studies of Non-Parametric Kernel (NPK) learning usually reduce to solving some Semi-Definite Programming (SDP) problem by a standard SDP solver. However, time complexity of standard interior-point SDP solvers could be as high as O(n6.5). Such intensive computation cost prohibits NPK learning applicable to real applications, even for data sets of moderate size. In this paper, we propose an efficient approach to NPK learning from side information, referred to as SimpleNPKL, which can efficiently learn non-parametric kernels from large sets of pairwise constraints. In particular, we show that the proposed SimpleNPKL with linear loss has a closed-form solution that can be simply computed by the Lanczos algorithm. Moreover, we show that the SimpleNPKL with square hinge loss can be re-formulated as a saddle-point optimization task, which can be further solved by a fast iterative algorithm. In contrast to the previous approaches, our empirical results show that our new technique achieves the same accuracy, but is significantly more efficient and scalable. Copyright 2009.

Zhuang, J, Tsang, IW & Hoi, SCH 1970, 'SimpleNPKL: Simple non-parametric kernel learning', Proceedings of the 26th International Conference On Machine Learning, ICML 2009, International Conference on Machine Learning, Omnipress, Montreal Quebec, pp. 1273-1280.
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Previous studies of Non-Parametric Kernel (NPK) learning usually reduce to solving some Semi-Definite Programming (SDP) problem by a standard SDP solver. However, time complexity of standard interior-point SDP solvers could be as high as O(n6.5). Such intensive computation cost prohibits NPK learning applicable to real applications, even for data sets of moderate size. In this paper, we propose an efficient approach to NPK learning from side information, referred to as SimpleNPKL, which can efficiently learn non-parametric kernels from large sets of pairwise constraints. In particular, we show that the proposed SimpleNPKL with linear loss has a closed-form solution that can be simply computed by the Lanczos algorithm. Moreover, we show that the SimpleNPKL with square hinge loss can be re-formulated as a saddle-point optimization task, which can be further solved by a fast iterative algorithm. In contrast to the previous approaches, our empirical results show that our new technique achieves the same accuracy, but is significantly more efficient and scalable.

Zowghi, D 1970, 'Requirements Engineering Education and Training: Key Challenges and Practical Solutions', 2009 17th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference, 2009 17th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE), IEEE, pp. 358-358.
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Academics and practitioners alike have long recognized the key challenges of requirements engineering education and training. This panel attempts to discuss these key challenges in details and provide an opportunity for a meaningful dialogue between academics and practitioners for identifying effective pedagogical paradigms, practical techniques and tools for teaching and learning requirements engineering principles. © 2009 IEEE.

Zowghi, D 1970, 'Teaching Requirements Engineering to the Bah&#x0E1;&#x0ED; Students in Iran who are Denied of Higher Education', 2009 Fourth International Workshop on Requirements Engineering Education and Training, 2009 Fourth International Workshop on Requirements Engineering Education and Training (REET 2009), IEEE, pp. 38-48.
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The increasing interest in Requirements Engineering (RE) in recent years has motivated many academics to provide students with a broad knowledge of the fundamental principles of RE. In RE Education and Training (REET), it is imperative to cover a wide range of topics and teach a variety of skills. Major challenges of REET have already been well recognised and documented in the literature. Moreover, wide spread use of web-based education has caused an explosion of published literature related to distance education. When students are not collocated with the instructor and they themselves are geographically dispersed clearly exacerbates some of the well-known challenges of REET. In this paper I share the experiences gained in teaching an online postgraduate RE subject for the first time to students located in Iran. These students have been denied of basic human rights, specifically access to University education. I used role playing as a pedagogical tool to give students a greater appreciation of issues and problems associated with RE in quasi-real settings. This paper describes some of the challenges encountered and the lessons learnt with some suggestions on how to address, among other issues, the problem of distance between students and the instructor.