Publications

Brookes, W 1997, 'A type description language supporting interoperability in open distributed systems' in IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, Springer US, pp. 20-35.
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Ahmed, BYM 1997, 'Climatic classification of Saudi Arabia: An application of factor-cluster analysis', GeoJournal, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 69-84.
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This study is aimed to be a contribution to climatic regionalization of Saudi Arabia. The study applies a multivariate factor-cluster analysis technique. The data used here have been obtained from 56 meteorological stations. The application of the technique is made into two stages. In the first stage, factor analysis alone is considered and its results in Saudi Arabia are discussed. In the second stage, the resultant factor scores are taken as an input in a cluster analysis process to obtain climatic regions. Thus the regions obtained in the second stage are a result of the integration of factor and cluster techniques. The results obtained by the technique are compared with those of some traditional methods. The factor-cluster analysis technique is found advantageous over many of those methods, as it produces richer regions and shows clear climate variations within this vast country.

Angelini, M 1997, 'Did Protagoras have an epistemology?', Journal of Ancient Civilizations, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1-10.

Bawab, S, Sabada, S, Srinivasan, U, Kinzel, GL & Waldron, KJ 1997, 'Automatic Synthesis of Crank Driven Four-Bar Mechanisms for Two, Three, or Four-Position Motion Generation', Journal of Mechanical Design, vol. 119, no. 2, pp. 225-231.
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The synthesis of motion generation of crank driven four-bar mechanisms designed to go through two, three, or four precision positions based on optimization theory and rectified synthesis are discussed. The techniques for automatic synthesis presented have been implemented in the interactive synthesis package RECSYN.

Beck, DA, Brady, BHG & Grant, DR 1997, 'Induced stress and microseismicity in the 3000 Orebody, Mount Isa', Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 221-233.
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The 3000 Orebody is one of two orebodies in the Deep Copper Mine at Mount Isa, Australia. Owing to concerns about potential shaft pillar instabilities, an integrated seismic system was introduced to monitor seismic activity associated with pillar and country rock deformation. Coupled with numerical modelling of the stress regime, the system may assist in the characterization of rock mass damage resulting from mining, and perhaps the identification of near- and far-field geological structures that affect slope performance. A study was undertaken to quantify the seismicity and to determine potential applications of the seismic technology. The relation between geological structure and seismicity is strong, suggesting good prospects for the use of the system in the ground-control activities noted above. The induction of seismicity, which involves small magnitude events, is associated with reduction of normal stress on planes of weakness, suggesting that stress path may be an important factor in the level of seismicity observed in hard rock mines.

Ben-Aim, R, Vigneswaran, S, Prasanthi, H & Jegatheesan, V 1997, 'Influence of particle size and size distribution in granular bed filtration and dynamic microfiltration', Water Science and Technology, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 207-215.
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Panicle size and size distribution is an important parameter in solid liquid separation process especially in granular bed filtration and in dynamic microfiltration. This paper discusses their effects on the above processes from extensive experimental data obtained. In granular bed filtration, the experimental results showed that the initial efficiency follows the pattern reported by previous experimental and theoretical studies, i.e., lower efficiency for particles which fal! in the range of critical size of 1 μm. However, the particle removal during the transient stage increased with an increase in particle size for the range of sizes studied. An attempt was made to quantify these effects in granular bed filtration using semi-empirical approach. In dynamic membrane filtration also, the particle size plays a major role in the retention. However, despite the relative thickness of the membrane (compared to particle size) dynamic microfiltration appears more as a sieving process; the retention is mainly related to the largest pore size

Bone, DJ 1997, 'Orthonormal fractal image encoding using overlapping blocks', Fractals, vol. 5, no. SUPPL. 1, pp. 187-199.
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This paper presents a novel approach to partitioned fractal image encoding. In this we seek to address a number of problems with earlier fractal encodings. These are: the artefacts associated with the Block based approaches at high compression ratios; accuracy limitations imposed by the constraint that only one domain block is used to construct each range block; convergence problems which have required that constraints be imposed on the scaling coefficients to ensure that the mapping functions are contractive. These problems are addressed with a technique based on an orthonormal basis expansion using overlapping blocks, where the basis is partly fixed and partly derived from the image in such a way as to take advantage of local interscale self similarity. A fractal image codec based on this technique, which we call the Lapped Orthogonal Fractal Transform (LOFT), is described and tested, and the results are compared to those of other codecs.

Brookes, W, Crawley, S, Indulska, J, Kosovic, D & Vogel, A 1997, 'Types and their management in open distributed systems', Distributed Systems Engineering, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 177-190.
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Open distributed processing aims to support cooperation within and between large-scale heterogeneous and autonomous computing environments. An inherent issue in such environments is enabling the interoperation of objects whose interfaces have been defined in different type models. In this paper, we present a type management system which provides a means for representing, storing, retrieving and translating types, and for expressing and evaluating relationships between types in a heterogeneous distributed computing environment. This system allows multiple type languages and models, and can relate types expressed in different ones. The type management system is designed to support the instantiation and dynamic binding of objects, run-time type checking of object interactions, and the discovery of new resources (e.g. services) within the system. Current approaches to interface definition in distributed systems are mainly based on the use of a single interface definition language (IDL). While this provides a level of common agreement about the types of system interfaces, the type models of existing IDLs are not rich enough to model either the overall architecture of a system or the behaviour of objects. We illustrate this by briefly describing some aspects of an enhanced type model with the emphasis on the model's impact on the design of the type management system. © 1997 The British Computer Society.

Burnett, I 1997, 'The waveform interpolation paradigm. Foundation of a class of speech coders', TENCON '97 Brisbane - Australia. Proceedings of IEEE TENCON '97. IEEE Region 10 Annual Conference. Speech and Image Technologies for Computing and Telecommunications (Cat. No.97CH36162), vol. 1, pp. 28-28.
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Burnett, IS & Pham, DH 1997, 'Multi-prototype waveform coding using frame-by-frame analysis-by-synthesis', 1997 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, vol. 2, pp. 1567-1570.
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Catchpoole, D, Lam, WW, Valler, D, Temple, IK, Joyce, JA, Reik, W, Schofield, PN & Maher, ER 1997, 'Epigenetic modification and uniparental inheritance of H19 in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.', Journal of Medical Genetics, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 353-359.
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Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a congenital overgrowth syndrome associated with a characteristic pattern of visceromegaly and predisposition to childhood tumours. BWS is a genetically heterogeneous disorder; most cases are sporadic but approximately 15% are familial and a small number of BWS patients have cytogenetic abnormalities involving chromosome 11p15. Genomic imprinting effects have been implicated in familial and non-familial BWS. We have investigated the molecular pathology of 106 sporadic BWS cases; 17% (14/83) of informative cases had uniparental disomy (UPD) for chromosome 11p15.5. In each case UPD appeared to result from a postzygotic event resulting in mosaicism for segmental paternal isodisomy. The critical region for isodisomy was refined to a 25 cM interval between D11S861 and D11S2071 which contained the IGF2, H19, and p57(KIP2) genes. In three cases isodisomy for 11q markers was detected but this did not extend further than 11q13-q21 suggesting that complete chromosome 11 disomy may not produce a BWS phenotype. The allele specific methylation status of the H19 gene was investigated in 80 sporadic BWS cases. All 13 cases with UPD tested displayed hypermethylation consistent with an excess of paternal H19 alleles. In addition, five of 63 (8%) cases with normal biparental inheritance had H19 hypermethylation consistent with an 'imprinting centre' mutation (ICM) or 'imprinting error' (IE) lesion. The phenotype of patients with putative ICM/IE mutations was variable and overlapped with that of non-UPD sporadic BWS cases with normal H19 methylation. However, exomphalos was significantly (p < 0.05) more common in the latter group. These findings may indicate differential effects on the expression of imprinted genes in chromosome 11p15 according to the precise molecular pathology. Analysis of H19 methylation is useful for the diagnosis of both UPD or altered imprinting in BWS and shows that a variety of molecular mechanisms may cause relaxation o...

Chin-Teng Lin & Chia-Feng Juang 1997, 'An adaptive neural fuzzy filter and its applications', IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B (Cybernetics), vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 635-656.
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Chong, NR, Burnett, IS, Chicharo, JF & Thomson, MM 1997, 'The effects of noise on the waveform interpolation speech coder', TENCON '97 Brisbane - Australia. Proceedings of IEEE TENCON '97. IEEE Region 10 Annual Conference. Speech and Image Technologies for Computing and Telecommunications (Cat. No.97CH36162), vol. 2, pp. 609-612.
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Chow, TWS & Li, J-Y 1997, 'Higher-order Petri net models based on artificial neural networks', Artificial Intelligence, vol. 92, no. 1-2, pp. 289-300.
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In this paper, the properties of higher-order neural networks are exploited in a new class of Petri nets, called higher-order Petri nets (HOPN). Using the similarities between neural networks and Petri nets this paper demonstrates how the McCullock-Pitts

Cucchiara, R, Di Stefano, L, Piccardi, M & Cinotti, TS 1997, 'The GIOTTO System: a Parallel Computer for Image Processing', Real-Time Imaging, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 343-353.
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This paper presents the GIOTTO system, a parallel computer based on a scalable single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) array of processors specially conceived for image processing, The system is characterized by a reduced-size array and a novel organiza

Eversheim, W & Deuse, J 1997, 'Gestaltung der NC-Verfahrenskette - Integration marktgängiger DV-Systeme auf der Basis eines featurebasierten Produktdatenmodells', VDI Berichte, no. 1322, pp. 195-214.
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Featuretechnology and Product Data Modelling can be considered as suitable methods for integrating CA-systems within an NC-process chain. This is clearly proved by a feature-based prototype system for flexible automatised process planning and NC-programming which has been developed at the Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering (WZL), Aachen University of Technology. The concept development is based on methods and tools provided by ISO 10303 'STEP'. The system has been realised on the platform of commercial CA-systems.

Fu, K, Guo, YJ & Barton, SK 1997, 'Performance of the EY-NPMA Protocol', Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 41-50.
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The throughput of the Elimination Yield Non-pre-emptive Priority Multiple Access (EY-NPMA) protocol, which has been chosen as the medium access control (MAC) protocol for HIPERLAN, is simulated. Connection between users is based on a statistical model of path loss with power law against distance and 6 dB log-normal shadowing. It is shown that the throughput performance of the EY-NPMA protocol in networks of moderate size and with small proportion of hidden nodes is satisfactory. For a fully connected network, the throughput reaches 0.85 at an offered traffic of 1 and remains at this level. The maximum throughput reduces gradually when the number of hidden node pairs in the network is increased. With 11% of hidden nodes in the network the peak throughput falls to 0.6.

Gay, V & Leydekkers, P 1997, 'Multimedia in the ODP-RM standard', IEEE MULTIMEDIA, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 68-73.
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NA

Ghevondian, N & Hung Nguyen 1997, 'Using fuzzy logic reasoning for monitoring hypoglycaemia in diabetic patients', Proceedings of the 19th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. 'Magnificent Milestones and Emerging Opportunities in Medical Engineering' (Cat. No.97CH36136), vol. 19, pp. 1108-1111.
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Ghevondian, N & Nguyen, H 1997, 'Low power portable monitoring system of parameters for hypoglycaemic patients', Proceedings of the 19th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. 'Magnificent Milestones and Emerging Opportunities in Medical Engineering' (Cat. No.97CH36136), vol. 19, pp. 1029-1031.
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Gillies, DAG, Guo, YJ & Barton, SK 1997, 'Synchronisation Techniques for HIPERLAN', Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1-10.
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Timing recovery in the High Performance Radio Local Area Network (HIPERLAN) standard is likely to be performed with the aid of synchronisation sequences embedded in the user data, which will be detected with matched filters. A directed search using a form of genetic algorithm has been performed to obtain suitable sequences of lengths up to 80 bits, and simulations of their performance have been undertaken. Performance of the sequences has been measured under the severe channel conditions that pertain in the indoor environment.

Gorton, I, Hawryszkiewycz, I & Ragoonaden, K 1997, 'Collaborative Tools And Processes To Support Software Engineering Shift Work', BT Technology Journal, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 189-198.
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This paper describes the construction of and early experiences with a software engineering support environment for projects using globally distributed teams. The goals of the project are twofold. Firstly, it aims to construct a pragmatic solution to the

Guo, YJ, Paez, A, Sadeghzadeh, RA & Barton, SK 1997, 'A circular patch antenna for radio LAN's', IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 177-178.
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HADGRAFT, R 1997, 'Student Reactions to a Problem-based, Fourth-year Computing Elective in Civil Engineering', European Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 115-123.
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Following a significant course review in civil engineering at Monash University, a fourth-year computing elective was introduced in 1995. The author developed the subject as a project-based one, the aim being to allow students to pursue their own computing interests. This paper describes how the subject was run, and documented the student responses. The subject is a good example of student-directed learning, and the enthusiasm and energy which flow from students having ownership of their learning. It also shows how a subject can use a wide range of learning resources, including the Internet, to provide positive outcomes for the department as well as the students. Improvements for the future are included. © 1997 European Society for Engineering Education.

Howard, GM, Nguyen, TV, Pocock, NA, Kelly, PJ & Eisman, JA 1997, 'Influence of handedness on calcaneal ultrasound: Implications for assessment of osteoporosis and study design', Osteoporosis International, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 190-194.
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Hui, SYR, Oppermann, I & Sathiakumar, S 1997, 'Microprocessor-based random PWM schemes for DC-AC power conversion', IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 253-260.
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Hung Nguyen, Duy-Ky Nguyen, Shannon, A & Owens, D 1997, 'Estimation of minimal model parameters with the use of an adaptive observer for suprabasal insulin action', Proceedings of the 19th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. 'Magnificent Milestones and Emerging Opportunities in Medical Engineering' (Cat. No.97CH36136), vol. 5, pp. 2146-2148.
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Based on the minimal model, insulin sensitivity (S I) and glucose effectiveness (S G) can be estimated from the results of an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT). However, this task is complex because the suprabasal insulin action (X) at any one time depends on the whole history of plasma insulin levels since the basal steady-state was disrupted. In this paper, we develop an adaptive observer for accurate estimation of insulin action (X). This adaptive observer forms the foundation of a new way to identify minimal model parameters. Compared to the well-known MINMOD program, this new technique is robust as it is less dependent on initial estimates, and accurate as it minimises both the plasma glucose error and insulin action error.

Hutvágner, G, Barta, E & Bánfalvi, Z 1997, 'Isolation and sequence analysis of a cDNA and a related gene for cytochrome P450 proteins from Solanum chacoense', Gene, vol. 188, no. 2, pp. 247-252.
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Inosine-containing degenerate PCR primers corresponding to the heme-binding domain of cytochrome P450 proteins have been synthesized and used for cloning cDNAs by the RT-PCR technique from Solanum chacoense. One clone in which the primer was immediately followed by sequences corresponding to the remaining part of the conserved domain was obtained. A leaf cDNA and a genomic library were constructed from S. chacoense. Clones homologous to the PCR fragment were isolated by plaque hybridization from both libraries (CYPs.ch-1 and CYPs.ch-2, respectively). Based on DNA sequence analysis, the selected clones are 87.6% identical and belong to the CYP71 family. The CYPs.ch genes are present in multiple copies in the S. chacoense as well as in the S. tuberosum genome with some polymorphisms. The CYPs.ch transcripts are slightly induced by methyl jasmonate and abscisic acid in S. chacoense foliage.

Indraratna, B 1997, 'Interpretation of field and laboratory shear strength data of a soft marine clay', Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 197-203.
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Soft Muar Clay in Malaysia is of marine origin, and is characterized by a high water content that is close to or greater than its liquid limit. The variation of in situ vane shear strength is compared with various undrained laboratory tests conducted on undisturbed specimens recovered from different depths. The effects of the overburden pressure and Atterberg limits on the vane shear strength are discussed. Correlations between the field vane shear strength and the cone penetration resistance are also determined, and the effect of plasticity index on the normalized cone resistance is discussed. The results obtained for the Muar Clay are compared with other available data for selected soft marine clays. The use of the corrected and uncorrected vane strengths in the prediction of slip surface is also discussed. © 1997 The Geological Society.

Indraratna, B & Haque, A 1997, 'Experimental study of shear behavior of rock joints under constant normal stiffness conditions', International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol. 34, no. 3-4, pp. 141.e1-141.e14.
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Indraratna, B & Redana, IW 1997, 'Plane-Strain Modeling of Smear Effects Associated with Vertical Drains', Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 123, no. 5, pp. 474-478.
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Indraratna, B & Vafai, F 1997, 'Analytical Model for Particle Migration within Base Soil-Filter System', Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 123, no. 2, pp. 100-109.
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Indraratna, B, Balasubramaniam, AS & Sivaneswaran, N 1997, 'Analysis of settlement and lateral deformation of soft clay foundation beneath two full-scale embankments', International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 599-618.
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Jahanfar, S, Eden, JA, Nguyen, T, Wang, XL & Wilcken, DEL 1997, 'A twin study of polycystic ovary syndrome and lipids', Gynecological Endocrinology, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 111-117.
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Jegatheesan, V & Vigneswaran, S 1997, 'Interaction between organic substances and submicron particles in deep bed filtration', Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 61-66.
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Jegatheesan, V & Vigneswaran, S 1997, 'The effect of concentration on the early stages of deep bed filtration of submicron particles', Water Research, vol. 31, no. 11, pp. 2910-2913.
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The removal of mono-dispersed suspensions of 0.46 μm and 0.816 μm particles in the early stages of deep bed filtration was found be higher at a certain range of influent mass concentration. For both equal number concentrations and equal surface area concentrations of mono-dispersed suspensions of 0.46 μm and 0.816 μm particles, the removal of particles of 0.816 μm size was higher during the early stages of filtration than 0.460 μm particles, at lower concentrations. Specific surface coverage was higher for 0.816 μm particles compared to 0.460 μm particles, for influents of these mono-dispersed particles having same number concentrations. However, it was similar for influents of these mono-dispersed particle suspensions, having equal surface area concentration.

Jian Zhang, Frater, MR, Arnold, JF & Percival, TM 1997, 'MPEG 2 video services for wireless ATM networks', IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 119-128.
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Audio-visual and other multimedia services are seen as an important source of traffic for future telecommunications networks, including wireless networks. In this paper, we examine the impact of the properties of a 50 Mb/s asynchronous transfer mode (ATM

Jiang, PY, Eversheim, W, Bremer, C, Deuse, J, Graessleer, R, Haufe, A & Schulten, I 1997, 'Progress in advanced manufacturing technology and product development methodology', Yosetsu Gakkai Shi/Journal of the Japan Welding Society, vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 77-82.

Jiang, P-Y, Eversheim, W, Bremer, C, Deuse, J, Graessleer, R, Haufe, A & Schulten, I 1997, 'Technical Information. Progress in Advanced Manufacturing Technology and Product Development Methodology.', Journal of the Japan Welding Society, vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 297-302.
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Joyce, J 1997, 'Imprinting of IGF2 and H19: lack of reciprocity in sporadic Beckwith- Wiedemann syndrome', Human Molecular Genetics, vol. 6, no. 9, pp. 1543-1548.
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Genomic imprinting is a novel form of control of gene expression in which the transcription of each allele of an imprinted gene is dependent on the sex of the gamete from which it was derived; to date > 15 genes have been demonstrated to show imprinting. The maintenance of a normal imprinting pattern in many loci has been shown to be essential for normal development and adult life. Many tumours, and some developmental disorders, exhibit loss of imprinting (LOI) in key genes such as insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) which often results in hyperplasia and is associated with cancer. The mechanism by which the genomic imprint is first established, then maintained, is not understood. However, in the case of IGF2, the expression of a neighbouring gene, H19, has been suggested to influence its transcription by competition for a common enhancer, thereby generating a mutually exclusive and allele-specific pattern of gene expression. Associated changes in CpG methylation in discrete areas of both genes have been implicated in maintenance of the imprint. We have examined the allele-specific expression of IGF2 and H19 in fibroblasts derived from patients with sporadic Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), a fetal overgrowth syndrome associated with an imprinted locus on 11p15.5. We report that the majority of karyotypically normal patients show LOI of IGF2 with biallelic expression. In a proportion of these patients, loss of IGF2 imprinting was associated with complete suppression of H19 expression, as predicted by the enhancer competition model. However, in a significant number of cases, IGF2 showed biallelic expression even though H19 expression and methylation status were normal. This indicates that there must be an alternative H19-independent pathway by which allele-specific IGF2 expression is established or maintained.

Jung, BP, Nguyen, T, Kolakowski, LF, Lynch, KR, Heng, HHQ, George, SR & O'Dowd, BF 1997, 'Discovery of a Novel Human G Protein-Coupled Receptor Gene (GPR25) Located on Chromosome 1', Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 230, no. 1, pp. 69-72.
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We amplified human genomic DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using oligonucleotides based on the primary sequence of the genes encoding the somatostatin receptors (SSTR) and the somatostatin-like receptor gene SLC-1. One resultant DNA fragment was used to screen a genomic DNA library resulting in the isolation of a gene, GPR25, encoding an additional member of the G protein-coupled receptor family (GPCR). GPR25 is intronless throughout its open reading frame (ORF) and encodes a protein of 360 amino acids. The receptor encoded by GPR25 shares highest identity to the receptor encoded by GPR15, angiotensin II type 1A receptor, and somatostatin receptor 5. Northern analysis found no transcripts expressed in liver or any of the 12 brain regions analyzed. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis localized GPR25 to chromosome lq32.1.

Kervella, B & Gay, V 1997, 'MHEGAM - A multimedia messaging system', IEEE MULTIMEDIA, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 22-29.
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MHEGAM (MHEG-1 Advanced Mail) is a complete multimedia messaging system for the creation, exchange, and restitution of multimedia messages that express spatial and temporal synchronization among their components. MHEGAM can be based on the standard messa

Keshavarzy, A & Ball, JE 1997, 'Analysis of the characteristics of rough bed turbulent shear stresses in an open channel', STOCHASTIC HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULICS, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 193-210.
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Khatri, RP & Sirivivatnanon, V 1997, 'Methods for the determination of water permeability of concrete', ACI MATERIALS JOURNAL, vol. 94, no. 3, pp. 257-261.

Khatri, RP, Sirivivatnanon, V & Yang, JL 1997, 'Role of permeability in sulphate attack', CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH, vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 1179-1189.
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Khatri, RP, Sirivivatnanon, V & Yu, LK 1997, 'Effect of curing on water permeability of concretes prepared with normal Portland cement and with slag and silica fume', MAGAZINE OF CONCRETE RESEARCH, vol. 49, no. 180, pp. 167-172.
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Kwon, DY, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH & Shin, HS 1997, 'An enhancement of critical flux in crossflow microfiltration with a pretreatment of floating medium flocculator/prefilter', WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 36, no. 12, pp. 267-274.
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In this study, use of a combined system of flocculation-microfiltration was assessed for its capability in removing solids and organics. The improvement of flux by the preflocculation was also investigated. The experimental set-up consisted of (i) Millipore flat plate microfiltration module with constant permeate withdrawal arrangement and (ii) a floating medium flocculator/filter consisting of polypropylene beads as a pretreatment. Commercial ferric chloride(FeCl3) was used for flocculation. The purpose of floating medium filter was primarily to produce filterable flocs and also to achieve partial solids and organics removal. The critical flux of kaolin clay suspension of 10 - 100mg/L was measured for membrane of pore size of 0.2m in the presence of 0 - 4mg/L of fulvic acid in the suspension without any pretreatment. The critical flux was found to decrease with the increase in kaolin clay concentration. The results also indicated that there was no significant effect of organic (fulvic acid) concentration on critical flux. The pretreatment of floating medium filter alone without flocculant addition removed 30 - 40% of solids and resulted in a significant improvement of critical flux in crossflow microfiltration. Degree of solids and organic removal and the variation in critical flux were then studied in detail for the preflocculated/filtered kaolin clay suspension in the presence of organics. The pretreatment of flocculation/prefiltration removed approximately 50% of organics while producing uniform microflocs of 13 - 16 m size. In addition, it enhanced the critical flux by 70% and resulted in 30 - 70% of the remaining organic removal in the crossflow microfiltration.

Lapsys, KM, Furler, SM, Moore, KR, Kguyen, TV, Herzog, H, Howard, G, Samaras, K, Carey, DG, Morrison, KA, Eisman, JA & Chisholm, DJ 1997, 'Relationship of a Novel Polymorphic Marker Near the Human Obese (OB) Gene to Fat Mass in Healthy Women', Obesity Research, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 430-433.
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AbstractLAPSYS, NM, SM FURLER, KR MOORE, TV NGUYEN, H HERZOG, G HOWARD, K SAMARAS, DG CAREY, NA MORRISON, JA EISMAN, DJ CHISHOLM. Relationship of a novel polymorphic marker near the human obese (OB) gene to fat mass in healthy women.The cloning of the murine obese (ob)gene and its human homologue has recently been reported. Mutations in the mouse obgene result in hereditary obesity; however, the role of variations of OBin the regulation of bodyweight in humans has yet to be determined. The contribution of putative genetic variations in the human OBgene to total and regional fat mass in a normal twin population has been analyzed through linkage and association with a novel polymorphic marker, located in proximity to this gene. The polymorphic dinucleotide repeat, isolated from a PI clone containing the human OB gene, was physically localized by long‐range restriction mapping to within 30 kilobases of the OB locus. The marker was genotyped in a population of 47 healthy female/female dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs for which direct measures of central abdominal and whole body fat had been obtained by dual X‐ray absorbtiometry. Possible linkage between the microsatellite marker and whole‐body (p=0.008), but not central abdominal (p=0.09), fat deposits was indicated. No association between fat depot phenotype and marker genotype was detected. These results suggest that genetic variation in or close to the human OB gene may play a role in the size of body fat stores in healthy women.

Lee, SH, Vigneswaran, S & Chung, Y 1997, 'A Detailed Investigation of Phosphorus Removal in Soil and Slag Media', Environmental Technology, vol. 18, no. 7, pp. 699-709.
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Kinetic studies on phosphorus (P as orthophosphate) sorption onto a sandy loam soil from North Sydney, Australia, and a slag (waste products from the BHP steel industry, Australia) revealed that more than 90% of the P was adsorbed within 70 and 12 hours for the soil and slag respectively. The pH of the P solution played a critical role in the rate of P removal. Removal was at a minimum at pH 2. Dominant removal mechanism of P at pH less than 8 was physical sorption, while it was chemical precipitation at pH greater than 10. Adsorptive capacity of the slag was 225 and 53 times of that of the soil for the static and dynamic systems respectively. Breakthrough curves obtained from the column experiments are S-shaped and more spreaded with the decrease of influent P concentration. Simulated results from an equilibrium sorption model (ESM) and Freundlich isotherm constants did not always match the corresponding experimental breakthrough data. Mobility of P is restricted by the adsorbent due to its high sorption capacity of P.

Lee, SH, Vigneswaran, S & Moon, H 1997, 'Adsorption of phosphorus in saturated slag media columns', Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 109-118.
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Adsorption of phosphorus (P as phosphates) in saturated slag media (dust and cake) columns was studied to assess the slag media's capability in removing P from wastewater. Prior to the experiments, slag media were completely washed to rinse off the soluble metal ions which are generally responsible for forming insoluble precipitates. Experimental data revealed that the adsorption capacities of washed slag media are still much higher than that of a sandy roam soil. Two dynamic models were tested for simulating the adsorption behavior of phosphorus in columns packed with slag media. The model employing the intraparticle transport through surface diffusion is successful, while a simplified model based on the linear driving force approximation (LDFA) could not predict the column behavior properly at low concentrations, particularly on the cake slag.

Liu, Y & Hoang, DB 1997, 'OSI remote procedure call: Standardization issues, design and implementation', COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 462-474.
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OSI Remote Procedure Call (RPC) has been identified as an essential communications and distribution mechanism for open distributed processing environments. This paper presents a design and implementation of an RPC protocol based on the ISO's second Commi

Loganathan, P & Hedley, MJ 1997, 'Downward movement of cadmium and phosphorus from phosphatic fertilisers in a pasture soil in New Zealand', ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, vol. 95, no. 3, pp. 319-324.
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Total cadmium (Cd) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in a pastoral soil, amended annually for 10 years with four forms of P fertilisers, decreased with soil depth. Single superphosphate (SSP) and North Carolina phosphate rock (NCPR) which had higher Cd contents (32 and 41 mg kg-1, respectively) produced higher total soil Cd than diammonium phosphate (DAP - 10 mg kg-1), Jordan phosphate rock (JPR - 5 mg kg-1) and control treatments to a depth of 120 mm. Total soil P in SSP treated plots to a depth of 120 mm and NCPR treated plots to a depth of 75 mm was also higher than the control plots. No significant fertiliser P and Cd moved below 120 mm depth. Approximately 90% of the applied Cd was recovered in the soil of which 93% remained within the top 120 mm. Plant recovery of applied Cd was 1.5-4.5%. Plant available P (Olsen P) also decreased with depth. Plant available Cd (0.01 M CaCl2 extractable Cd) was higher in the 30-75 and 75-120 mm soil depths compared to 0-30 mm soil depth. This may be die to strong adsorption of Cd by the surface soils which have a higher organic matter content and higher pH; factors which are known to increase Cd adsorption in soils.

Martinez-Coll, A, Cooper, P, Murphy, G & Nguyen, H 1997, 'Assessment of a laser-powered multiwavelength near-infrared spectrometer', Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings, vol. 2, pp. 696-699.
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Near infrared spectroscopy is a non-invasive technique for measuring relative blood volume and oxygen saturation in tissue. We have designed and built a research NIR-spectrometer which offers the flexibility to study changes in blood oxygen saturation (SO 2) and in blood volume (BV) during skeletal muscle pacing. The instrument consists of five 1 watt solid state lasers (780, 800, 830, 850 and 980 nm) fired sequentially at 5 μs pulses for a 1 ms cycle, and a 5 mm 2 photodiode receiver. Features of the spectrometer include, rapid realtime data acquisition (1000 samples/s), receiver protection against ambient light, large dynamic optical power output adjustable for each wavelength, and portability. In vitro photon scattering experiments and linear response to blood oxygen saturation changes for differential absorption (780-850 nm) provide an accurate measure of changes in SO 2, while the 800 nm signal can be used as a measure of blood volume change independently of SO 2 (±2%-SO 2 error). In addition, the 980 nm signal level is explored as an index of mean pathlength which may provide crucial information for determining absolute SO 2.

Morrison, NA, Qi, JC, Tokita, A, Kelly, PJ, Crofts, L, Nguyen, TV, Sambrook, PN & Eisman, JA 1997, 'Correction: Prediction of bone density from vitamin D raceptor alleles', Nature, vol. 387, no. 6628, pp. 106-106.
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Nguyen, H, Roychoudhry, A & Shannon, A 1997, 'Classification of diabetic retinopathy lesions from stereoscopic fundus images', Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings, vol. 1, pp. 426-428.
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Classification of the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) is vital for determining appropriate therapies for this frequent complication of diabetes. The purpose of this study is develop an automated system to help with the classification of some diabetic retinopathy lesions stereoscopic fundus images. The system is used in particular to distinguish drusen from hard exudates (diabetic retinopathy lesions), and to evaluate the severity of lesions such as retinal oedema.

Nguyen, HT, Shannon, AG, Coates, PA & Owens, DR 1997, 'Estimation of glomerular filtration rate in type II (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus patients', IMA JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS APPLIED IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 151-160.
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The aim of this research was to develop an estimation of glomerular filtration rates (GFRs) from a combination of simple parameters in a large group of type II diabetic patients. We selected 122 newly presenting, previously untreated, type II patients wh

Nguyen, TV, Sambrook, PN & Eisman, JA 1997, 'Sources of Variability in Bone Mineral Density Measurements: Implications for Study Design and Analysis of Bone Loss', Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 124-135.
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Abstract Measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) is a useful tool for monitoring efficacy in osteoporosis therapy. However, the ability to detect true change for a subject as well as for a group of subjects is dependent on the precision of the measurement. In this paper, short-term and long-term reliability of bone mass measurements were examined at the spine and femoral neck using dual-photon and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and related to guidelines for study design. The concepts involved in these analyses are relevant to a study for any therapy involving a quantitative trait. Short-term reliability was assessed by repeated measures in 60 subjects aged 46 ± 9 years (mean ± standard deviation [SD]), and in 32 elderly subjects (aged 75 ± 5 years), on the same day with repositioning. Long-term variability in the rate of linear changes in BMD was assessed in a cohort of 293 women and 184 men, aged 60+, each having BMD measured on three separate occasions over an average interval of 2 years. Short-term variability in BMD was assessed using the coefficient of reliability (R) and standard deviation (SD) of measurement error. Long-term variability in BMD was modeled by linear regression. In the younger sample, the SD of measurement error for the lumbar spine and femoral neck was 14 and 25 mg/cm2, respectively, yielding coefficients of reliability for short-term measurements of 0.99 and 0.97, respectively. In the elderly sample, the coefficient of reliability was 0.96 and 0.77 for lumbar spine and femoral neck, respectively. For long-term variability, for which a linear rate of change in BMD was assumed, the SD of intrasubject variation in the women was 42 mg/cm2 at both the lumbar spine and femoral neck and in men 57 and 42 mg/cm2, respectively. The between-subject SD of the rates of change was higher in males than females (21 and 14 mg/cm2/year, respectively; p = 0.037). Importantly, intrasubject estimati...

Ni, J & Burnett, IS 1997, 'Waveform interpolation at bit rates above 2.4kb/s', IEEE TENCON'97 - IEEE REGIONAL 10 ANNUAL CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1 AND 2, vol. 2, pp. 601-604.
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O'Dowd, BF, Nguyen, T, Jung, BP, Marchese, A, Cheng, R, Heng, HHQ, Kolakowski, LF, Lynch, KR & George, SR 1997, 'Cloning and chromosomal mapping of four putative novel human G-protein-coupled receptor genes', Gene, vol. 187, no. 1, pp. 75-81.
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We report the discovery of four novel human putative G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes. Gene GPR20 was isolated by amplifying genomic DNA with oligos based on the opioid and somatostatin related receptor genes and subsequent screening of a genomic library. Also, using our customized search procedure of a database of expressed sequence tags (dbEST), cDNA sequences that partially encoded novel GPCRs were identified. These cDNA fragments were obtained and used to screen a genomic library to isolate the full-length coding region of the genes. This resulted in the isolation of genes GPR21, GPR22 and GPR23. The four encoded receptors share significant identity to each other and to other members of the receptor family. Northern blot analysis revealed expression of GPR20 and GPR22 in several human brain regions while GPR20 expression was detected also in liver. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to map GPR20 to chromosome 8q, region 24.3-24.2, GPR21 to chromosome 9, region q33, GPR22 to chromosome 7, region q22-q31.1, and GPR23 to chromosome X, region q13-q21.1.

Oppenmann, I 1997, 'Orthogonal complex-valued spreading sequences with a wide range of correlation properties', IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 45, no. 11, pp. 1379-1380.
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Parry, JJ, Burnett, IS & Chicharo, JF 1997, 'The consequences of linguistic perception on low-rate speech coding', 1997 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, vol. 2, pp. 1383-1386.
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Piccardi, M, Cucchiara, R, Bariani, M & Mello, P 1997, 'Exploiting symbolic learning in visual inspection', Advances In Intelligent Data Analysis, vol. 1280, pp. 223-234.
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The paper describes the use of data analysis techniques in the computer-vision inspection of industrial workpieces. Computer-vision inspection aims at accomplishing quality verification of fabricated parts by means of automated visual procedures. Gatheri

Prasanthi, H, Vigneswaran, S & Miller, SC 1997, 'Effect of particle concentration on the entire cycle of filtration', Water Science and Technology, vol. 35, no. 8, pp. 91-102.
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In this present study, submicron polystyrene latex beads of sizes 0.46 μm and 0.825 μm were used to study the effect of concentration on the entire cycle of filtration. Experiments were carried out at constant mass, number and surface area as influent concentrations in order to observe the variation in filtration of the two sizes of particle. At constant mass concentrations, the initial removal was found to be higher for smaller particles (0.46 um) (in the submicron range); but when the number or surface area of particles was considered, it was found to be higher for larger particles (0.825 μm). The transient stage removal was found to increase with an increase in particle size, either with constant mass, number or surface area as an influent concentration. The Vigneswaran and Chang 1986 model was used to quantify the results. The model parameters estimated using the experimental results are useful in quantifying and understanding the performance of the filter

Samaras, K, Spector, TD, Nguyen, TV, Baan, K, Campbell, LV & Kelly, PJ 1997, 'Independent genetic factors determine the amount and distribution of fat in women after the menopause.', J Clin Endocrinol Metab, vol. 82, no. 3, pp. 781-785.
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Central adiposity is a strong predictor of cardiovascular disease in women. We studied postmenopausal twins to explore the strength and the relationship between genetic influences on body fat and its distribution in a group where cardiovascular disease is the major cause of mortality. Healthy twin women were recruited from a national media campaign. One hundred nineteen monozygotic (MZ) and 97 dizygotic twin pairs were studied (mean +/- SE age 60 +/- 0.3 yr; 10 +/- 0.4 yr post menopausal). Total and central body fat were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Intrapair resemblance was significantly greater in MZ pairs for total fat (MZ vs. dizygotic, r = 0.70 +/- 0.05 vs. r = 0.46 +/- 0.08, P = 0.005) and central fat (r = 0.62 +/- 0.06 vs. r = 0.35 +/- 0.09, P = 0.005), suggesting a strong genetic influence on these traits. Model-fitting analysis indicated that genetic factors contribute up to 60% of total population variance in both total and central body fat. The heritability of central fat remained, after adjustment for the heritability of total fat, suggesting an independent genetic influence on fat distribution. These results were unchanged after adjusting for the effects of estrogen replacement and smoking. In conclusion, total adiposity and central abdominal fat mass in normal postmenopausal women are under strong genetic influence. The data suggest that some of the genes responsible for central adiposity and its metabolic sequelae will be different from those responsible for total adiposity.

Sawzdargo, M, George, SR, Nguyen, T, Xu, S, Kolakowski, LF & O'dowd, BF 1997, 'A Cluster of Four Novel Human G Protein-Coupled Receptor Genes Occurring in Close Proximity to CD22 Gene on Chromosome 19q13.1', Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 239, no. 2, pp. 543-547.
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In our search for novel human galanin receptor (GALR) subtypes, human genomic DNA was PCR amplified using sets of degenerate primers based on conserved sequences in human and rat GALR. The sequence of one of the subcloned PCR products revealed homology to a sequence in the 3' region of the human CD22 gene following a BLAST search of GenBank's database. A search for open reading frames (ORF) in the non-coding CD22 sequence resulted in identification of two novel putative intronless genes, GPR40 and GPR41. The recent submission of sequence overlapping the downstream CD22 sequence revealed a possible polymorphic insert containing a third intronless gene, GPR42, sharing 98% amino acid identity with GPR41, followed by a fourth intronless gene, GPR43. Thus, the GPR40, GPR41, GPR42, and GPR43 genes, respectively, occur downstream from CD22, a gene previously localized on chromosome 19q13.1. The four putative novel human genes encode new members of the GPCR family and share little homology with GALR.

Sharma, D & Bartels, R 1997, 'Distributed Electricity Generation in Competitive Energy Markets: A Case Study in Australia', The Energy Journal, vol. 18, no. 1_suppl, pp. 17-39.
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Sheng, D, Westerberg, B, Mattsson, H & Axelsson, K 1997, 'Effects of end restraint and strain rate in triaxial tests', Computers and Geotechnics, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 163-182.
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Smallwood, AG, Thomas, PS & Ray, AS 1997, 'Characterisation of sedimentary opals by Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy', SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART A-MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY, vol. 53, no. 13, pp. 2341-2345.
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The Fourier transform Raman (FT-Raman) spectra of a series of opals are presented. The opals characterised derive from a variety of origins in Australia and they are compared to opals originating from North America. The opals are distinguished by their c

Stewart, MG 1997, 'Concreting workmanship and its influence on serviceability reliability', ACI Materials Journal, vol. 94, no. 6, pp. 501-509.
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A serviceability reliability model is used herein to calculate probabilities of serviceability failure for reinforced concrete beams. Results are reported herein of a survey investigating the percentage of construction sites that exhibit poor, fair or good levels of workmanship for concreting tasks that influence concrete compressive strength; namely, compaction and curing. Using this information, probabilistic models have been developed to describe the influence that these tasts have on concrete compressive and tensile strengths. These material property models are included in the serviceability reliability model. It was found that poor concreting workmanship reduced serviceability reliability by more than an order of magnitude, and that inadequate curing is more detrimental to serviceability performance than inadequate compaction. The incorporation of element dimension and reinforcement placement errors into the analysis had little influence on serviceability reliabilities.

Stewart, MG 1997, 'Time-Dependent Reliability of Existing RC Structures', Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 123, no. 7, pp. 896-902.
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The conditional probability of failure of a structure, given that it has already survived for T years, shows that structural reliability increases for service proven structures. Further, construction loads act essentially as proof loads, and so provide a means to detect the presence of gross construction errors. The present paper investigates the effect of construction error, proof load tests prior to occupation, realistic construction loads, and dead loads and office floor live loads on the probability of failure of service proven structures. The human reliability analysis (HRA) approach is used to simulate the effects of construction error. Results obtained from a Monte-Carlo computer simulation analysis showed that up to 50% of failures will occur during construction for reinforced-concrete beams constructed without engineering inspections. This suggests that construction loads act essentially as proof loads; hence, for structures with low live-to-dead load ratios the adverse consequences of construction error will most likely become evident during construction. Nevertheless, engineering inspections is a more effective error control measure.

Thomas, PS & Stuart, BH 1997, 'A Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy study of water sorption by poly(vinyl alcohol)', SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART A-MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY, vol. 53, no. 13, pp. 2275-2278.
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The Fourier transform (FT) Raman spectrum of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA1) is reported. The spectra of PVA1 exposed to different aqueous environments are also reported. The changes to the FT Raman spectrum of PVA1 in the presence of water provide evidence o

Tuan, HD 1997, 'Can linear programs be used to test global optimization algorithms?', Computing, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 91-93.
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Tuan, HD & Hosoe, S 1997, 'A new design method for regulator problems for singularly perturbed systems with constrained control', IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 260-264.
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Tuan, HD & Hosoe, S 1997, 'On a state-space approach in robust control for singularly perturbed systems', International Journal of Control, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 435-462.
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TUAN, HD & HOSOE, S 1997, 'On Robust and H∞ Controls for a Class of Linear and Bilinear Systems with Nonlinear Uncertainty**An earlier version of this paper was presented at the IFAC Symposium on Nonlinear Control Systems Design, which was held in Tahoe, CA during 25–28 June 1995. The Published Proceedings of this IFAC Meeting may be ordered from: Elsevier Science Limited, The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, U.K. This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Associate Editor Matthew R. James under the direction of Editor Tamer Başar.', Automatica, vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 1373-1377.
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Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH & Jeyaseelan, J 1997, 'Application of non-conventional filtration technologies in pollution control', ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT, vol. 44, no. 1-3, pp. 231-240.
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Deep bed filtration is becoming increasing important in wastewater treatment particularly in tertiary treatment as stringent water quality standards are emphasized. A detailed pilot-scale filtration study conducted with secondary effluent in a sewage treatment plant indicated that tertiary filtration with prior alum flocculation is capable of producing high quality effluent, particularly an effluent with phosphorus content of less than 0.3 mg/L (Vigneswaran and Ngo, 1994). Main problem of dual media filter has been rapid headloss development thus frequent backwash requirement. To overcome this problem two independent experimental studies were conducted: one with mobile bed filtration (MBF) and the other with combined downflow floating medium flocculator/prefilter (DFF) and coarse sand filter (CSF) system. A semi-pilot scale mobile bed filtration study conducted using oxidation pond effluent indicated that MBF with contact-flocculation arrangement was good in removing COD, T-P and turbidity with practically no headloss development. Sand of 0.6-0.84 nm dia and 50 cm depth was sufficient to reduce the COD and P from 55 mg/L and 4.5 mg/L to 15 mg/L and 0.5 mg/L respectively at a filtration rate of 7.5 m3/m2.h. Another experimental study with combined DFF-CSF system indicated that the DFF with in-line flocculation addition is a good pretreatment unit to reduce the phosphate upto 80-90%. The fact that DFF resulted in uniform filterable-flocs, it can also successfully be used as a static flocculator/prefilter unit. The introduction of DFF on top of a coarse sand filter increased the filter run time and removal efficiency (more 90-95% of NH3-N and T-P removal respectively). Most importantly, the backwashing of this system was achieved with small quantity of water at low backwash indicated that the removal efficiency was also superior with this system apart from the major advantage of low operating cost.

Voinov, A, Fitz, C & Costanza, R 1997, 'Landscape model provides management tool', GIS World, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 48-50.

YOUNG, W, HADGRAFT, R & YOUNG, M 1997, 'An Application of ‘Jigsaw Learning’ to Teaching Infrastructure Model Development', European Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 11-18.
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Skills in group communication, development of problem definition and coordination of activities are essential in modern day multi-disciplinary engineering. The development of these skills requires more than just being told they exist and how the students should acquire them. Students must be exposed to these situations and taught how to handle them. This paper presents a study of a teaching technique that would encourage the development of communication skills between students: ‘jigsaw learning’. The approach consists of dividing students solving a particular problem into a number of groups. A student is first placed into an overall model development group to specify the problem to be solved. Second, he/she works in the component group to create a particular model component. Finally, once the component is developed the student moves back to the original model development group and incorporates the specific component into the overall model. In order to do this successfully, students must communicate the general description of the model to the component group, who share similar expertise. They must then communicate the findings of this expert group back to a more disparate model development group. Each student moves through the steps of: specifying the problem; specifying and considering connections between the components; developing the components; bringing them together; and presenting the results. To assess the success of the approach, a series of studies were carried out by the Higher Education Research Unit. Two questionnaires were distributed. They indicated the approach was successful but refinement was necessary. © 1997 European Society for Engineering Education.

Zhou, JL & Rowland, SJ 1997, 'Evaluation of the interactions between hydrophobic organic pollutants and suspended particles in estuarine waters', Water Research, vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 1708-1718.
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Zhou, JL, Rowland, SJ, Fauzi, R, Mantoura, C & Lane, MCG 1997, 'Desorption of tefluthrin insecticide from soil in simulated rainfall runoff systems—Kinetic studies and modelling', Water Research, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 75-84.
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Zoysa, AKN, Loganathan, P & Hedley, MJ 1997, 'A technique for studying rhizosphere processes in tree crops: Soil phosphorus depletion around camellia (Camellia japonica L) roots', PLANT AND SOIL, vol. 190, no. 2, pp. 253-265.
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Rhizosphere studies on tree crops have been hampered by the lack of a satisfactory method of sampling soils at various distances in the rhizosphere. A modified root study container (RSC) technique developed for annual crops, grasses and legumes was used to study the mechanisms by which camellia plants (Camellia japonica L.) utilise soil P in the glasshouse and field. Plants belonging to the Camellia family (e.g. tea) have the ability to utilise P from relatively unavailable native P sources and for this reason camellia plants were selected for this study. In the glasshouse trial, the RSCs were filled with a Recent soil, treated with P fertilisers; North Carolina phosphate rock (NCPR), diammonium phosphate (DAP), mono calcium phosphate (MCP) and single superphosphate (SSP) at 200 μg Pg-1 soil. A planar mat of roots was physically separated by a 24 μm polyester mesh and the soil on the other side of this mesh was cut into thin slices parallel to the rhizoplane and analysed for pH, and different forms of P (organic, P(o) and inorganic, P(i)) to understand P depletion at different distances from camellia roots. In the field trial this technique was modified and used to study the rhizosphere processes in mature camellia trees fertilised with only SSP and NCPR. In both field and glasshouse trials, all P fertilisers increased all the bulk soil P fractions except NaOH-P(o) over unfertilised soil with the greatest increases being in the H2SO4-P(i) fraction in the NCPR treatment and NaOH-P(i) in the SSP treatment. Resin-P, NaOH-P(i) and H2SO4-P(i), were significantly lower in the rhizosphere soil compared to the bulk soil whereas NaOH-P(o) was higher in the rhizosphere soil than in the bulk soil. Plant and microbial P uptake were thought to be the major causes for the low resin-P rather than P fixation by Fe and Al because the NaOH-P(i) fraction which is a measure of Fe-P and Al-P, also decreased in the rhizosphere soil. The rhizo-deposition of NaOH-P(o) suggests that labi...

Bakoss, SL, Samali, B & Li, J 1970, 'A Facility for Dynamic Testing and Research', The 1997 Conference of the Australian Earthquake Engineering Society, Australian Earthquake Engineering Society, Brisbane, Australia.

Baweja, D, Roper, H & Sirivivatnanon, V 1970, 'Quantitative descriptions of steel corrosion in concrete using resistivity and anodic polarism data', American Concrete Institute, ACI Special Publication, pp. 41-63.
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This paper presents results from a major long-term study on chloride induced steel corrosion in concrete. Specifically, data on concrete resistivity and estimated corrosion rates of steel in concrete have been measured and compared. The performance of 50 reinforced concrete slabs made with a range of portland and blended cement binders was evaluated. A high C3A cement, a low C3A cement a blended fly ash cement and a blended blast furnace slag cement were used. All reinforced concrete slabs were exposed to high chloride conditions by partial immersion in simulated sea water conditions. Reinforcement was cleaned and weighed prior to embedment into the concrete slabs. Periodic non-destructive measurements of concrete performance included half cell potential monitoring, concrete resistivity and electrochemical measurements of rates of corrosion of steel in concrete using potentiodynamic anodic procedures. In addition, individual slabs were broken for reinforcement recovery at predetermined times during the study and measurements made of the area of corrosion and the weight loss of steel through corrosion. As opposed to the initiation-propagation model frequently cited in the literature, three distinct segments were apparent when the estimated corrosion current data were plotted against the concrete resistivity over a period of five years for reinforced concrete slabs considered in this study. The first stage was described as the Quiescent Stage, during which it was found that resistivity increased with time and estimated corrosion current values were low. Upon reaching a maximum resistivity value, a second stage of corrosion took place. This stage was described as the Active Stage, during which resistivity values decreased and estimated corrosion current values increased. After this, a third or Breakaway Stage of corrosion was reached, during which resistivity values decreased at a lower rate while estimated corrosion currents increased significantly. The f...

Burnett, I 1970, 'Waveform interpolation paradigm - foundation of a class of speech coders', IEEE Region 10 Annual International Conference, Proceedings/TENCON, p. 1.
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The waveform interpolation (WI) paradigm offers effective, high-perceptual quality speech coding at low-rates by representing speech/residual as an evolving set of pitch cycle waveforms. The formation of the speech/residual into an evolving surface of phase-aligned characteristic waveforms and the subsequent decomposition of that surface into near-independent evolving surfaces for quantization may be the most distinctive feature of WI coding. The technique attains high quality at low rates by utilizing smooth interpolation of almost all its parameters requiring careful consideration of events. The technique is a truly hybrid speech coding algorithm, performing analysis in both the time and discrete frequency domains.

Burnett, IS & Ni, J 1970, 'Waveform interpolation and analysis-by-synthesis-a good match?', 1997 IEEE Workshop on Speech Coding for Telecommunications Proceedings. Back to Basics: Attacking Fundamental Problems in Speech Coding, 1997 IEEE Workshop on Speech Coding for Telecommunications Proceedings. Back to Basics: Attacking Fundamental Problems in Speech Coding, IEEE, POCONO MANOR, PA, pp. 29-30.
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Cucchiara, R, Callipo, A & Piccardi, M 1970, 'Block processing on multiprocessor DSPs for multimedia applications', Proceedings of First Signal Processing Society Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, First Signal Processing Society Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, IEEE, PRINCETON, NJ, pp. 439-444.
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Cucchiara, R, Piccardi, M, Bariani, M & Mello, P 1970, 'Learning for feature selection and shape detection', Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 535-542.
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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1997. The paper proposes a general framework for shape detection based on supervised symbolic learning. Differently from other visual systems exploiting machine learning, the proposed architecture does not follow the object segmentation - feature extraction and (learning based) classification approach. Instead, an initial data-driven processing selects points of interest in the scene by means of complex features which hypothesize the presence of the target shape; hypotheses are validated by a classifier defined by a machine learning algorithm. Learning is exploited not only for defining the model, i.e. the description of the target for the classifier, but also for defining the description language, i.e. the feature set useful in generating reliable object hypotheses. The proposed architecture of visual system has been implemented for an industrial application of unstructured shape detection: examples and results are reported in the paper.

Dharmappa, HB, Hasia, A & Hagare, P 1970, 'Water treatment plant residuals management', WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Asian Waterqual 95: The 5th IAWQ Asian Regional Conference on Water Quality and Pollution Control, PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, MANILA, PHILIPPINES, pp. 45-56.
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Echizen-ya, H, Araki, K, Miyanaga, Y & Tochinai, K 1970, 'An improvement in the selection process of machine translation using inductive learning with genetic algorithms', Proceedings of the fifth conference on Applied natural language processing Descriptions of system demonstrations and videos -, the fifth conference, Association for Computational Linguistics.
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Gu Fang & Dissanayake, MWMG 1970, 'Experiments on a time-optimal trajectory planning method based on neural networks', Proceedings Fourth Annual Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice, Fourth Annual Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice, IEEE Comput. Soc, TOOWOOMBA, AUSTRALIA, pp. 188-193.
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Guerin, S, Guo, YJ & Barton, SK 1970, 'Indoor propagation measurements at 5 GHz for HIPERLAN', IEE Conference Publication.
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Indoor propagation measurements for HIPERLAN at 5 GHz are reported. Using two patch antennas designed for HIPERLAN, one being fixed at the ceiling of a meeting room and the other being moved around in the room, the path loss, delay profiles and delay parameters are obtained. The effect of multiple reflection is demonstrated by the direction of arrival (DOA) measurements.

Hoang, DB, James, M & IEEE 1970, 'Stability and discriminative properties of the AMI model', 1997 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NEURAL NETWORKS, VOLS 1-4, IEEE, USA, pp. 270-274.
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We consider a basic biologically plausible neural circuit that employs supragranular self-gain, negative feedback via inhibitory infragranular neuron. Such circuitry has been used as fundamental building blocks in the AMI (a model of intelligence) modula

Horwitz, M & Braun, R 1970, 'A generalised design technique for traceback survivor memory management in Viterbi decoders', Proceedings of the 1997 South African Symposium on Communications and Signal Processing. COMSIG '97, 1997 South African Symposium on Communications and Signal Processing. COMSIG '97, IEEE, RHODES UNIV, GRAHAMSTOWN, SOUTH AFRICA, pp. 63-68.
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Ince, EA, Guo, YJ & Barton, SK 1970, 'T-algorithm detection of partial response continuous phase modulated signals over multipath channels', IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC, pp. 1135-1139.
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This paper presents a new approach to reduced complexity detection of partial response continuous phase modulated signals over channels with severe intersymbol interference (ISI). The detector combines the overall channel response for the CPM modulator with that of a multipath channel to calculate the branch metrics of a breadth-first sequential detection algorithm known as the T-algorithm. To our knowledge the reported work is the first attempt to make use of such a technique for equalization of quaternary partial response CPM signals transmitted over multipath channels. Simulation of the performance of the receiver in multipath channels is reported.

Ince, EA, Vorizanakis, N, Guo, YJ & Barton, SK 1970, 'Breadth-first sequential detection of PR-CPM signals over AWGN and multipath channels', Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, IEEE, pp. 496-496.
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Detection of partial response continuous phase modulated signals over AWGN and multipath channels is presented. The receiver uses a breadth-first sequential detection algorithm known as the M-algorithm (MA). Compared with the maximum likelihood receiver based on the Viterbi algorithm (VA), a significant reduction in complexity is obtained in the proposed receiver while maintaining good performance. © 1997 IEEE.

Jian Zhang, Arnold, JF, Frater, MR & Pickering, MR 1970, 'Video error concealment using decoder motion vector estimation', TENCON '97 Brisbane - Australia. Proceedings of IEEE TENCON '97. IEEE Region 10 Annual Conference. Speech and Image Technologies for Computing and Telecommunications (Cat. No.97CH36162), TENCON '97 Brisbane - Australia IEEE TENCON '97 IEEE Region 10 Annual Conference. Speech and Image Technologies for Computing and Telecommunications, IEEE, QUEENSLAND UNIV TECHNOL, BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA, pp. 777-780.
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Jorgensen, M, Leydekkers, P, Mampaey, M, Yang, H & SOC, IC 1970, 'Support for distributed multimedia services in the TINA architecture', THIRD INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON AUTONOMOUS DECENTRALIZED SYSTEMS - ISADS 97 - PROCEEDINGS, 3rd International Symposium on Autonomous Decentralized Systems (ISADS 97), I E E E, COMPUTER SOC PRESS, BERLIN, GERMANY, pp. 179-186.
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Karaomerlioglu, DC 1970, 'Technology as a system: industrial and technological systems', Innovation in Technology Management. The Key to Global Leadership. PICMET '97, Innovation in Technology Management. The Key to Global Leadership. PICMET '97, IEEE, PORTLAND, OR, pp. 184-184.
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Miro, JV, White, AS & Gill, R 1970, 'On-line time-optimal algorithm for manipulator trajectory planning', 1997 European Control Conference (ECC), 1997 European Control Conference (ECC), IEEE, pp. 2611-2616.
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A near-optimal solution to the path-unconstrained timeoptimal trajectory planning problem is addressed in this paper. While traditional trajectory planning strategies are entirely based on kinematic considerations, manipulator dynamics are neglected altogether. This often results in mathematically tractable solutions which do not maximise the performance that manipulators might be capable of at any given time. The strategy presented in this work has two distinguishing features. First, the trajectory planning problem is reformulated as an optimal control problem which is in turn solved using Pontryagin's Maximum/Minimum Principle. This approach merges the traditional division of trajectory planning followed by trajectory tracking into one process. Secondly, the feedback form compensates for the dynamic approximation errors derived from the linearization approach taken and also the fundamental parameter uncertainty of the dynamic equations of motion. Results from simulations and an on-line implementation to a general purpose open-chain industrial manipulator, the CRS A251, confirm the validity of the approach and show that maximising the capabilities of the device can lead to an overall improvement in the manipulator time response of up to 25-30%.

Nguyen, HT, Butler, M, Roychoudhry, A, Shannon, AG, Flack, J & Mitchell, P 1970, 'Classification of diabetic retinopathy using neural networks', PROCEEDINGS OF THE 18TH ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY, VOL 18, PTS 1-5, 18th Annual International Conference of IEEE Engineering-in-Medicine-amd-Biology-Society, IEEE, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS, pp. 1548-1549.

Nguyen, HT, Coates, P, Luzio, S & Owens, DR 1970, 'A reduced sampling protocol for the identification of insulin sensitivity', Proceedings of 18th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 18th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, IEEE, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS, pp. 2028-2029.
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Oppermann, I & Latva-aho, M 1970, 'Adaptive LMMSE receiver for wideband CDMA systems', Conference Record / IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, pp. 133-138.
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Practical implementation of a linear minimum mean-squared error (LMMSE) receiver for wideband CDMA systems operating over fading channels is presented. The receiver uses improvements on the standard least mean squares (LMS) algorithm implementation of the adaptive LMMSE receiver to increase the speed of convergence during training and the rate at which the algorithm can track changes in the channel conditions. The approach taken is to break the received signal into quasi-stationary blocks and repeatedly apply the LMS algorithm for the blocks. The number of iterations as well as the block size is adapted according to the short time MSE value. Multiple step-sizes are used in parallel to speed up the convergence of the algorithm. The numerical results demonstrate that the modified adaptive algorithm improves the performance of the adaptive LMMSE receiver remarkably in fading channels.

Oppermann, I & Latva-Aho, M 1970, 'Multiple traffic type CDMA systems using an improved adaptive LMMSE receiver', Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, IEEE, p. 358.
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This paper examines the capacity of a CDMA system which supports multiple data rates and traffic types. The system uses a version of the slotted ALOHA protocol. An adaptive linear, minimum mean-square error (LMMSE) receiver implemented by a modified least-mean squares (LMS) algorithm is used in the system. The modifications to the adaptive LMMSE receiver overcome the well-known limitations of slow convergence and allow it to operate efficiently over fast fading channels. The modifications to the basic LMS algorithm are outlined and the performance of a system with multiple traffic types is investigated. Traffic types are distinguished by data rates and bit error-rate requirements. The performance of a single cell system with various number of users of each traffic type is investigated. The performance of the total system is calculated from the maximum number of users of each traffic type which the system can support and the total system throughput. The effect of limited power control of the user's signals is also investigated. © 1997 IEEE.

Oppermann, I, Talvitie, J & Hunter, D 1970, 'Wide-band wireless local loop channel for urban and sub-urban environments at 2 GHz', Proceedings of ICC'97 - International Conference on Communications, ICC'97 - International Conference on Communications, IEEE, MONTREAL, CANADA, pp. 61-65.
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Oppermann, J & Vucetic, BS 1970, 'Complex spreading sequences with a wide range of correlation properties', IEEE Transactions on Communications, Meeting of GLOBECOM, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), SAN FRANCISCO, CA, pp. 365-375.
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Parry, JJ, Burnett, IS & Chicharo, JF 1970, 'Cross-language performance study of vector quantization', IEEE Workshop on Speech Coding for Telecommunications Proceedings, pp. 79-80.
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This paper investigates the performance of split Vector Quantization (VQ) of Line Spectral Frequencies (LSFs) across a set of 10 modern languages. Spectral quantization accounts for a significant portion of the bit allocation in low-rate speech coding. Split VQ of LSFs can achieve transparent quantization of the Linear Prediction Coefficients at 24 bits/frame. In this work, codebooks are trained on individual languages and the cross-language VQ performance was measured using Spectral Distortion (SD). The results show that the spectral structure of the codebook training language influences the performance of the VQ. The number of bits/frame required for transparent speech varied by as much a 2 bits across languages.

Rowe, D & Leaney, J 1970, 'Evaluating evolvability of computer based systems architectures-an ontological approach', Proceedings International Conference and Workshop on Engineering of Computer-Based Systems, International Conference and Workshop on Engineering of Computer-Based Systems, IEEE Computer. Soc. Press, MONTEREY, CA, pp. 360-367.
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Scheding, S, Dissanayake, G, Nebot, E & Durrant-Whyte, H 1970, 'Slip modelling and aided inertial navigation of an LHD', Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 1997 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA97) - Teaming to Make an Impact, I E E E, ALBUQUERQUE, NM, pp. 1904-1909.
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This paper describes the theoretical development and experimental evaluation of a guidance system for an autonomous Load, Haul and Dump truck (LHD) for use in underground mining. The particular contributions of this paper are in designing the navigation system to be able to cope with vehicle slip in rough uneven terrain using information from an Inertial Navigation System (INS) and a bearing only laser. Results are presented using data obtained during field trials.

Sheng, DC, Westerberg, B, Mattsson, H & Axelsson, K 1970, 'Numerical analysis of stress-strain inhomogeneities in a triaxial test specimen', PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING, VOL 1, 14th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS, HAMBURG, GERMANY, pp. 403-407.

Tellambura, C, Guo, YJ & Barton, SK 1970, 'Noniterative approach for computing linear equaliser tap weights', IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC, pp. 302-306.
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A fast computation method for the tap weights of a linear equaliser is developed. By approximating the channel autocorrelation matrix, which has a Toeplitz structure, by a circulant matrix, the tap weights can be solved via discrete fourier transform (DFT) techniques. For an equaliser with N taps, the approximate tap weights approach the exact tap weights as N → ∞. Excess mean-square error and bit error rate (BER) degradation caused by the approximate tap weights are computed for a representative channel.

Tellambura, C, Johnson, IR, Guo, YJ & Barton, SK 1970, 'Equalization and frequency offset correction for HIPERLAN', IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC, pp. 796-800.
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To reduce the effects of inter-symbol interference resulting from the dispersive nature of the indoor radio channel most HIPERLAN receivers will incorporate an adaptive equalizer. In this paper, computational complexity of several equalizer algorithms is estimated. The effect of frequency offset between transmitter and receiver on the performance of such an equalizer is investigated. By employing a decision feedback equalizer incorporating a second order phase locked loop, the effect of both the intersymbol interference and frequency offset can be significantly reduced. Using such a technique, the packet error ratio (PER) of a HIPERLAN radio link in a multipath channel is found by simulation.

Tuan, HD, Hosoe, S & Tuy, H 1970, 'DC optimization approach to robust controls: the optimal scaling value problem', Proceedings of the 1997 American Control Conference (Cat. No.97CH36041), Proceedings of 16th American CONTROL Conference, IEEE, ALBUQUERQUE, NM, pp. 350-355.
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Wan, E & Bone, D 1970, 'Interpolating earth-science data using RBF networks and mixtures of experts', Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 10th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), M I T PRESS, DENVER, CO, pp. 988-994.
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We present a mixture of experts (ME) approach to interpolate sparse, spatially correlated earth-science data. Kriging is an interpolation method which uses a global covariation model estimated from the data to take account of the spatial dependence in the data. Based on the close relationship between kriging and the radial basis function (RBF) network (Wan & Bone, 1996), we use a mixture of generalized RBF networks to partition the input space into statistically correlated regions and learn the local covariation model of the data in each region. Applying the ME approach to simulated and real-world data, we show that it is able to achieve good partitioning of the input space, learn the local covariation models and improve generalization.

Westerberg, B, Sheng, D & Axelsson, K 1970, 'Analysis of boundary effects during triaxial tests', COMPUTER METHODS AND ADVANCES IN GEOMECHANICS, VOL 3, 9th International Conference on Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics, A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS, WUHAN, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 2277-2284.

Whaits, CV & Braun, RM 1970, 'Phase errors in the coherent demodulation of VPSK and a solution using DSSS modulation', Proceedings of the 1997 South African Symposium on Communications and Signal Processing. COMSIG '97, 1997 South African Symposium on Communications and Signal Processing. COMSIG '97, IEEE, RHODES UNIV, GRAHAMSTOWN, SOUTH AFRICA, pp. 107-110.
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Zowghi, D 1970, 'Computer Assisted Requirements Evolution Tool: Formal Foundations and Architecture', Proceedings of the 2nd Australian Workshop on Requirements Engineering (AWRE’97), Australian Workshop on Requirements Engineering, Australia, pp. 37-49.

Zowghi, D, Offen, R & SOC, IC 1970, 'A logical framework for modeling and reasoning about the evolution of requirements', RE '97 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON REQUIREMENTS ENGINEERING, IEEE International Symposium on Requirements Engineering, pp. 247-257.

Daniel, S 1997, 'A mathematical model of muscle contraction'.