Publications

Lemass, B & Gardner, AP 2005, Fundamental Structural Analysis for Design, Pearson Education Australia, Sydney, Australia.

Leveaux, RR 2005, English Language Guide for International Referees, WTF, Korea.
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Educational text for English instruction for International Referees

Abolhasan, M & Wysocki, T 2005, 'Handbook on Theoretical and Algorithmic Aspects of Sensor, Ad Hoc Wireless, and Peer-to-Peer Networks' in Wu, J (ed), Handbook on Theoretical and Algorithmic Aspects of Sensor, Ad Hoc Wireless, and Peer-to-Peer Networks, Auerbach Publications, pp. 267-282.
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© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. The 1990s witnessed a rapid growth in research interests in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The infrastructureless and dynamic nature of these networks demand that a new set of networking strategies be implemented to provide efficient end-to-end communication. This, along with the diverse application of these networks in many different scenarios, such as battlefield and disaster recovery, have seen MANETs being researched by many different organizations. MANETs employ the traditional TCP/IP structure to provide end-to-end communication between nodes. However, due to their mobility and the limited resources in wireless networks, each layer in the TCP/IP model requires redefinition or modifications to function efficiently in a MANET. One interesting research area in MANETs is routing. Routing in MANETs is a challenging task and has received a tremendous amount of attention from researchers. This has led to the development of many different routing protocols for MANETs. This chapter presents a discussion on a number of different routing protocols proposed for ad hoc networks and presents a number of future challenges in ad hoc and mobile ad hoc networking.

Abolhasan, M & Wysocki, T 2005, 'Highly scalable routing strategies: DZTR routing protocol' in Wysocki, TA, ArekDadej & Wysocki, BJ (eds), ADVANCED WIRED AND WIRELESS NETWORKS, Springer, USA, pp. 1-18.
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In this paper we present a simulation study of a hybrid routing protocol we proposed in our previous work [4] [3]. Our hybrid routing strategy is called Dynamic Zone Topology Routing protocol (DZTR). This protocol has been designed to provide scalable routing in a Mobile Ad hoc Networking (MANET) environment. DZTR breaks the network into a number of zones by using a GPS. The topology of each zone is maintained proactively and the route to the nodes in other zones are detennined reactively. DZTR proposes a number of different strategies to reduce routing overhead in large networks and reduce the single point of failure during data forwarding. In this paper, we propose a number of improvements for DZTR and investigate its performance using simulations. We compare the performance of DZTR against AODV, LARI and LPAR, Our results show that DZTR has fewer routing overheads than the other simulated routing protocols and achieves higher levels of scalability as the size and the density ofthe network is increased.

Box, I & Lister, R 2005, 'Variation in Students’ Conceptions of Object-Oriented Information System Development' in Vasilecas, O, Caplinskas, A, Wojtkowski, W, Wojtkowski, WG, Zupancic, J & Wrycza, S (eds), Information Systems Development, Springer-Verlag, New York, USA, pp. 439-451.
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Coulin, CR & Zowghi, D 2005, 'Requirements elicitation for complex systems: Theory and Practice' in Mate, JL & Silva, A (eds), Requirements Engineering for Sociotechnical Systems, Information Science Publishing, Hershey, PA, USA, pp. 37-52.

Dyson, LE 2005, 'Remote Indigenous Australian Communities and ICT' in Marshall, S, Taylor, W & Yu, XH (eds), Encyclopedia of Developing Regional Communities with Information and Communication Technology, IGI Global, Hershey, USA, pp. 608-613.
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Australia has approximately 1,291 indigenous communities, of which 1,210 are geographically isolated or located in rural areas some distance from centres of population (ABS, 1999). These remote communities are characterized by low socio-economic status and are highly disadvantaged in terms of basic health, education and other services.

Fitch, R, Hengst, B, Suc, D, Calbert, G & Scholz, J 2005, 'Structural abstraction experiments in reinforcement learning', SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN, pp. 164-175.

Gabrys, B 2005, 'Do Smart Adaptive Systems Exist? — Introduction' in Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 1-17.
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Gardiner, JK & Meyer, L 2005, 'Preface' in New Materials and Processes: Selected, Peer Reviewed Papers from the 3rd International Conference on Manufacturing Science and Engineering, pp. 483-487.

Gunning, S & Meyer, L 2005, 'Preface' in Advanced Mechanical Design (Advanced Materials Research), pp. 7-12.

Indraratna, B & Chu, J 2005, 'Preface' in Elsevier Geo-Engineering Book Series, Elsevier, pp. vii-viii.
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Ip, K, Ray, AS, Stuart, BH & Thomas, P 2005, 'Investigation of the degradation of sandstones in Sydney's heritage buildings' in Modena, C, Lourenco, PB & Roca, P (eds), Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions - Possibilities of Numerical and Experimental Techniques vol 1, Taylor & Francis, London, UK, pp. 239-244.
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Sydney, with many of its heritage buildings and monuments constructed as a result ofthe first European settlement in the l800s, is a city built on a large block of sandstone. Although many ofthese buildings are still strong and sound, signs of deterioration have become evident in recent years. In order to prevent these precious buildings from further degradation, the weathering mechanisms of the stones must be thoroughly understood before suitable protection measures can be implemented. In this study, four techniques have been selected to detect chemical and physical differences between weathered and unweathered sandstones - Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS).

Kantardzic, M & Zurada, J 2005, 'Next Generation of Data-Mining Applications' in Next Generation of Data-Mining Applications, IEEE, pp. 631-661.
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Kim, J & Sukkarieh, S 2005, 'Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics: Robotics Research. The Eleventh International Symposium', pp. 399-408.

Leigh, E & Spindler, L 2005, 'Congruent Facilitation of Simulations and Games' in Shiratori, R, Arai, K & eds, FK (eds), Gaming, Simulations, and Society, Springer-Verlag, Tokyo Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp. 189-198.
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Lipman, J, Boustead, P & Chicharo, J 2005, 'Localised Minimum Spanning Tree Flooding in Ad-Hoc Networks' in Wysocki, TA, Dadej, A & Wysocki, BJ (eds), Advanced Wired and Wireless Networks, Springer US, pp. 19-37.
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Lu, H 2005, 'Review of Electrical Power Industry in Great Britain' in Liu, B, Chang, J, Xiao, C & Lu, F (eds), European and Australian Electrical Power Market, China National Electrical Power Publisher, Beijing, China, pp. 3-24.

Lu, J & Zhang, G 2005, 'Personalized Multi-Stage Decision Support in Reverse Logistics Management' in Ruan, D, Chen, GQ, Kerre, EE & Wets, G (eds), Studies in Computational Intelligence, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, New York, USA, pp. 293-312.
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Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH, Chaudhary, DS & Hung, Y-T 2005, 'Physicochemical Treatment Processes for Water Reuse' in Wang, LK, Hung, YT & Shammas, NK (eds), Physicochemical Treatment Processes, Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey, USA, pp. 635-676.
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Wysocki, T & Abolhasan, M 2005, 'Ad Hoc Networks' in Jie Wu (ed), Handbook on Theoretical and Algorithmic Aspects of Sensor, Ad Hoc Wireless, and Peer-to-Peer Networks, Auerbach Publications, USA, pp. 1-15.
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The 1990s witnessed a rapid growth in research interests in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The infrastructureless and dynamic nature of these networks demand that a new set of networking strategies be implemented to provide efficient end-to-end communication. This, along with the diverse application of these networks in many different scenarios, such as battlefield and disaster recovery, have seen MANETs being researched by many different organizations. MANETs employ the traditional TCP/IP structure to provide end-to-end communication between nodes. However, due to their mobility and the limited resources in wireless networks, each layer in the TCP/IP model requires redefinition or modifications to function efficiently in aMANET. One interesting research area inMANETs is routing. Routing inMANETs is a challenging task and has received a tremendous amount of attention from researchers. This has led to the development of many different routing protocols for MANETs. This chapter presents a discussion on a number of different routing protocols proposed for ad hoc networks and presents a number of future challenges in ad hoc and mobile ad hoc networking.

Zowghi, D & Coulin, C 2005, 'Requirements Elicitation: A Survey of Techniques, Approaches, and Tools' in Aurum, A & Wohlin, C (eds), Engineering and Managing Software Requirements, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, pp. 19-46.
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Abolhasan, M, Wysocki, T & Lipman, J 2005, 'A New Strategy to Improve Proactive Route Updates in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks', EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, vol. 2005, no. 5, pp. 828-837.
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This paper presents two new route update strategies for performing proactive route discovery in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The first strategy is referred to as minimum displacement update routing (MDUR). In this strategy, the rate at which route updates are sent into the network is controlled by how often a node changes its location by a required distance. The second strategy is called minimum topology change update (MTCU). In this strategy, the route updating rate is proportional to the level of topology change each node experiences. We implemented MDUR and MTCU on top of the fisheye state routing (FSR) protocol and investigated their performance by simulation. The simulations were performed in a number of different scenarios, with varied network mobility, density, traffic, and boundary. Our results indicate that both MDUR and MTCU produce significantly lower levels of control overhead than FSR and achieve higher levels of throughput as the density and the level of traffic in the network are increased.

Aguilera, RF & Aguilera, R 2005, 'Re: 'A triple porosity model for petrophysical analysis of naturally fractured reservoirs' by Roberto F. Aguilera and Roberto Aguilera, (vol. 45, no. 2, p. 157-166) - Response', PETROPHYSICS, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 10-11.

Ahlborg, HG, Nguyen, ND, Nguyen, TV, Center, JR & Eisman, JA 2005, 'Contribution of Hip Strength Indices to Hip Fracture Risk in Elderly Men and Women', Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol. 20, no. 10, pp. 1820-1827.
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Abstract In this prospective, case-control study, femoral neck diameter, cross-sectional moment of inertia, or section modulus was an independent predictor of hip fracture risk after adjustment for BMD. However, the contribution of each of these indices to hip fracture prediction was modest in the presence of BMD. Introduction: The relative contribution of measures of hip strength to hip fracture prediction is unclear. This study was designed to characterize the association between hip strength indices and hip fracture risk in relation to BMD in elderly men and women. Materials and Methods: Seventy-one women and 25 men ≥60 years of age, who sustained a hip fracture during the study period of 1989–2003, were selected from the prospective, population-based Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study. These fracture cases were randomly matched for age and sex in a 1:2 ratio with nonfracture individuals. BMD at the femoral neck was measured before the fracture event by DXA (Lunar DPX-L). Hip strength indices, including femoral neck diameter (FND), cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI), and section modulus (Z), were estimated by reanalysis of the image files using hip strength analysis software. Results: In women, after adjustment for BMD, increased risk of hip fracture was associated with smaller FND (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.0, 2.7), lower CSMI (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.0, 3.2), or Z (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1, 5.1). In men, none of these hip strength indices were significant predictors of fracture risk. However, using the results in women as a prior distribution, it was estimated that the BMD-adjusted OR for FND (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.0, 2.3), CSMI (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.0, 2.5), or Z (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.4, 3.9) was each significantly associated with hip fracture risk in men. In the logistic regression model, BMD alone accounted for 32% an...

Anderson, BDO, Su, SW & Brinsmead, TS 2005, 'Multirealization of linear systems', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS II-EXPRESS BRIEFS, vol. 52, no. 8, pp. 442-446.
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For multiple-model adaptive control systems, multicontroller architecture can be efficiently implemented (multirealized) by means of a state-shared parameter-dependent feedback system. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the multirealization of a family of linear multivariable systems based on matrix fractional descriptions are presented. The problem of the minimal generic multirealization of a set of linear systems is introduced and solved.

Astuti, D, Latif, F, Wagner, K, Gentle, D, Cooper, WN, Catchpoole, D, Grundy, R, Ferguson-Smith, AC & Maher, ER 2005, 'Epigenetic alteration at the DLK1-GTL2 imprinted domain in human neoplasia: analysis of neuroblastoma, phaeochromocytoma and Wilms' tumour', British Journal of Cancer, vol. 92, no. 8, pp. 1574-1580.
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Epigenetic alterations in the 11p15.5 imprinted gene cluster are frequent in human cancers and are associated with disordered imprinting of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)2 and H19. Recently, an imprinted gene cluster at 14q32 has been defined and includes two closely linked but reciprocally imprinted genes, DLK1 and GTL2, that have similarities to IGF2 and H19, respectively. Both GTL2 and H19 are maternally expressed RNAs with no protein product and display paternal allele promoter region methylation, and DLK1 and IGF2 are both paternally expressed. To determine whether methylation alterations within the 14q32 imprinted domain occur in human tumorigenesis, we investigated the status of the GTL2 promoter differentially methylated region (DMR) in 20 neuroblastoma tumours, 20 phaeochromocytomas and, 40 Wilms' tumours. Hypermethylation of the GTL2 promoter DMR was detected in 25% of neuroblastomas, 10% of phaeochromocytoma and 2.5% of Wilms' tumours. Tumours with GTL2 promoter DMR hypermethylation also demonstrated hypermethylation at an upstream intergenic DMR thought to represent a germline imprinting control element. Analysis of neuroblastoma cell lines revealed that GTL2 DMR hypermethylation was associated with transcriptional repression of GTL2. These epigenetic findings are similar to those reported in Wilms' tumours in which H19 repression and DMR hypermethylation is associated with loss of imprinting (LOI, biallelic expression) of IGF2. However, a neuroblastoma cell line with hypermethylation of the GTL2 promoter and intergenic DMR did not show LOI of DLK1 and although treatment with a demethylating agent restored GTL2 expression and reduced DLK1 expression. As described for IGF2/H19, epigenetic changes at DLK1/GTL2 occur in human cancers. However, these changes are not associated with DLK/LOI highlighting differences in the imprinting control mechanisms operating in the IGF2-H19 and DLK1-GTL2 domains. GTL2 promoter and intergenic DMR hypermethylation is as...

Baheiraei, A, Pocock, NA, Eisman, JA, Nguyen, ND & Nguyen, TV 2005, 'Bone mineral density, body mass index and cigarette smoking among Iranian women: implications for prevention', BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, vol. 6, no. 1.
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Baheiraei, A, Ritchie, JE, Eisman, JA & Nguyen, TV 2005, 'Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the osteoporosis knowledge and health belief questionnaires', Maturitas, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 134-139.
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Baheiraei, A, Ritchie, JE, Eisman, JA & Nguyen, TV 2005, 'Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the osteoporosis knowledge and health belief questionnaires', MATURITAS, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 134-139.
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Beecham, S, Khiadani, MH & Kandasamy, J 2005, 'Friction Factors for Spatially Varied Flow with Increasing Discharge', Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, vol. 131, no. 9, pp. 792-799.
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This paper describes an experimental investigation of how friction factors change for spatially varied flow in sloping channels receiving lateral inflow. The results are compared with those of Beij in 1934, and it is concluded that uniform flow resistance coefficients are not always appropriate for spatially varied flow. Moreover, the common technique of assuming a constant friction factor over the entire length of the channel has been found to have little theoretical justification. The method of Keulegan in 1952 for calculating friction factors in spatially varied flow gives a better estimate, but does not explicitly take account of the lateral inflow rate or velocity. Beij's 1934 experimental data, which was used by Keulegan does not show a systematic variation of friction factor with lateral inflow rate for a constant Reynolds number although this may be due to the low flowrates used. The results of the present study indicate that the friction factor increases with lateral inflow rate for a constant Reynolds number in the experiments that included subcritical and supercritical flow conditions. A method for calculating friction factors which allows for lateral inflow is presented as a precursor to the development of a general method of evaluating friction factors for spatially varied flow with increasing discharge. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering © ASCE.

Beecham, SC, Kandasamy, JK, Khiadani, MH & Trinh, DV 2005, 'Impacts of OSD on Flooding within an Urban Catchment', Journal of Urban Water, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 23-32.

Beecham, SC, Kandasamy, JK, Khiadani, MH & Trinh, DV 2005, 'Modelling on-site detention on a catchment-wide basis', Journal of Urban Water, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 23-32.
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Sydney, Australia, has a stormwater system that is completely separate from the sewerage system. The stormwater systems are mainly managed by the 43 local councils and most of these use OSD as a means of reducing site discharge of stormwater, thereby relieving catchment flooding. Sheas Creek is an urbanized catchment that lies within the South Sydney City Council Local Government Area. Since 1984 an OSD policy has been implemented in the Sheas Creek catchment. The associated design code, like most others in Sydney, is based on discharge from individual properties without consideration of runoff from other parts of the catchment. This design code is therefore not based on a total catchment approach. The objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of OSD in a catchment-wide manner. More specifically, to see how existing and planned OSD affects flooding in the Sheas Creek catchment, and to test the effectiveness of the current rate of permissible site discharge (PSD). The study also looks at the effectiveness of OSD when different spatial distributions are used across a catchment. The methodology involved using a computer rainfall-runoff model, OSDSAX, which is based on the ILLUDAS model. This was configured for the Sheas Creek catchment and was calibrated to match flood level data recorded during four large storm events. The model was then adopted to investigate the impact of OSD. Various scenarios were tested to satisfy the objectives of the study. Some of the results challenge conventional wisdom and these arise from catchment-specific characteristics. The analysis shows that the perceived beneficial effects of OSD are in some cases unrealistic and that catchment modelling is required to test and quantify the actual impacts for specific catchments.

Beydoun, G, Debenham, J & Hoffmann, A 2005, 'Using messaging structure to evolve agents roles in electronic markets', INTELLIGENT AGENTS AND MULTI-AGENT SYSTEMS, vol. 3371, pp. 18-28.
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Exogenous dynamics play a central role in survival and evolution of institutions. In this paper, we develop an approach to automate part of this evolution process for electronic market places which bring together many online buyers and suppliers. In part

Beydoun, G, Gonzalez-Perez, C, Low, G & Henderson-Sellers, B 2005, 'Synthesis of a generic MAS metamodel.', ACM SIGSOFT Softw. Eng. Notes, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 1-5.
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Beydoun, G, Hoffmann, AG, Fernández-Breis, JT, Martínez-Béjar, R, Valencia-García, R & Aurum, A 2005, 'Cooperative Modelling Evaluated.', Int. J. Cooperative Inf. Syst., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 45-71.
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Bilke, S, Chen, Q-R, Westerman, F, Schwab, M, Catchpoole, D & Khan, J 2005, 'Inferring a Tumor Progression Model for Neuroblastoma From Genomic Data', Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 23, no. 29, pp. 7322-7331.
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Purpose The knowledge of the key genomic events that are causal to cancer development and progression not only is invaluable for our understanding of cancer biology but also may have a direct clinical impact. The task of deciphering a model of tumor progression by requiring that it explains (or at least does not contradict) known clinical and molecular evidence can be very demanding, particularly for cancers with complex patterns of clinical and molecular evidence. Materials and Methods We formalize the process of model inference and show how a progression model for neuroblastoma (NB) can be inferred from genomic data. The core idea of our method is to translate the model of clonal cancer evolution to mathematical testable rules of inheritance. Seventy-eight NB samples in stages 1, 4S, and 4 were analyzed with array-based comparative genomic hybridization. Results The pattern of recurrent genomic alterations in NB is strongly stage dependent and it is possible to identify traces of tumor progression in this type of data. Conclusion A tumor progression model for neuroblastoma is inferred, which is in agreement with clinical evidence, explains part of the heterogeneity of the clinical behavior observed for NB, and is compatible with existing empirical models of NB progression.

Bozinovski, C, Li, J, Mackenzie, S, Sheng, D, Fityus, S, Love, A & Kingsland, R 2005, 'Introduction: Geotechnical challenges for development in the Hunter region (part 2)', Australian Geomechanics Journal, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. v-vi.

Bremner, MJ, Bacon, D & Nielsen, MA 2005, 'Simulating Hamiltonian dynamics using many-qudit Hamiltonians and local unitary control', PHYSICAL REVIEW A, vol. 71, no. 5.
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Bu, J, Luo, S & Zhu, X 2005, 'Moving loads identification based on generalized orthogonal function and regularization technique', Zhendong Ceshi Yu Zhenduan/Journal of Vibration, Measurement and Diagnosis, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 36-39.
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In order to identify moving loads on a bridge, the vehicle/bridge system is modeled as a simply supported beam subjected moving loads. The equation of motion of bridge is set up by finite element method. Based on the measured bridge responses, generalized orthogonal function approach and model superposition principle are used to obtain the derivatives of the modal responses, and the regularization technique is used to obtain the stable identified results. Simulation results and laboratory tests show that the method is effective and accurate to identify the moving loads on the bridge.

Bu, J, Luo, S & Zhu, X 2005, 'Moving loads identification on slab-on-girder bridge by use of state variables', Zhendong yu Chongji/Journal of Vibration and Shock, vol. 24, no. 4.
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The slab-on-girder bridge is modeled as orthotropic plate, and the vehicles are modeled as a group of loads moving on top of the bridge deck at fixed distance and constant speed. The state equation of the system is obtained on the basis of theory of elastic plate, Halmiton's principle and the superposition principle. Based on the regularization technique a load identification method is developed in state space. Both the numerical simulation and laboratory tests show that the method is effective to identify the axle loads and the individual wheel loads by strains or displacements.

Burdon, S & Bhalla, A 2005, 'Lessons from the Untold Success Story:', European Management Journal, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 576-582.
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Over the past decade, there has been proliferation in the number of studies looking into IT enabled outsourcing. Little attention has been given to outsourcing of services in other sectors, such as Engineering and Facilities Management (EFM), which have also seen explosive growth. The article builds on a market research study of twenty-six outsourcing contracts making up approximately fifteen percent of Australia's EFM segment. This article aims to take a detailed look at the benefits sought and actually obtained from EFM outsourcing. The most successful contracts were then correlated against the most successful practitioners and the management issues further examined in five case studies. A number of learning points were apparent, and these can be grouped under four generic success factors: choice of contract style and management, relationship management, innovation management and workforce management. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Burnett, IS, Davis, SJ & Drury, GM 2005, 'MPEG-21 digital item declaration and Identification-principles and compression', IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 400-407.
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Cao, L, Zhang, C & Dai, R 2005, 'Organization-Oriented Analysis of Open Complex Agent Systems', International Journal of Intelligent Control and Systems, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 114-122.
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Organization-oriented analysis acts as the key step and foundation in building organization-oriented methodology (OOM) to engineer multi-agent systems especially open complex agent systems (OCAS). A number of existing approaches target OOM, while they are incompatible with each other, and none of them is available as a solid and practical tool for engineering OCAS. This paper summarizes our investigation in building a unified framework for abstracting and analyzing OCAS organizations. Our organizationoriented framework, referred to as ORGANISED, integrating and expanding existing approaches, explicitly captures the main attributes in an OCAS. Following this framework, individual modelbuilding blocks are developed for all ORGANISED members; both visual and formal specifications are utilized to present an intuitive and precise analysis . The above techniques have been deployed in developing an agent service-based trading and mining support infrastructure.

Cao, L, Zhang, C & Dai, R 2005, 'The OSOAD Methodology for Open Complex Agent Systems', International Journal of Intelligent Control and Systems, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 277-285.
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Open complex agent systems (OCAS) are middle-size or large-scale open agent organization. To engineer OCAS, agentcentric organization-oriented analysis, design and implementation, namely organization-oriented methodology (OOM), has emerged as a highly promising direction. A number of OOM-related approaches have been proposed; while there are some intrinsic issues hidden in them. For instance, some fundamental system attributes, such as system dynamics, are not covered by almost all of the existing approaches. In this paper, we summarize our investigation of existing approaches, and report a new OOM approach called OSOAD. The OSOAD approach consists of organizational abstraction (OA), organization-oriented analysis (OOA), agent service-oriented design (ASOD), and Java agent service -based implementation. OSOAD provides complete and deployable mechanisms for all software engineering phases. Specifically, we notice the transition supports from OA to OOA and ASOD. This approach has been built and deployed with the practical development of agent service -based financial trading and mining applications.

Cao, YZ & Ying, MS 2005, 'Supervisory control of fuzzy discrete event systems', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS MAN AND CYBERNETICS PART B-CYBERNETICS, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 366-371.
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To cope with situations in which a plant's dynamics are not precisely known, we consider the problem of supervisory control for a class of discrete event systems modeled by fuzzy automata. The behavior of such discrete event systems is described by fuzzy

Cetindamar, D 2005, 'Policy issues for Turkish entrepreneurs', Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, vol. 5, no. 3/4, pp. 187-205.
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While it is becoming clear that there is a positive relationship between entrepreneurship and economic development, the topic of entrepreneurship in developing countries has been neglected in the literature. This paper assesses the problems and expectations of entrepreneurs in Turkey. Its main findings are as follows: Turkey underutilises youth and women entrepreneurial resources; there exists a large informal economy that tends to support self-employment rather than entrepreneurship per se; entrepreneurs do not have the kinds of ties with organisations that might be helpful when they are first starting out; entrepreneurs see as their main problems bureaucracy and unstable state policies. Based on these findings, the paper concludes with a policy discussion regarding the development of entrepreneurship in Turkey.

Cetindamar, D 2005, 'Policy issues for Turkish entrepreneurs', International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, vol. 5, no. 3-4, pp. 187-205.
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While it is becoming clear that there is a positive relationship between entrepreneurship and economic development, the topic of entrepreneurship in developing countries has been neglected in the literature. This paper assesses the problems and expectations of entrepreneurs in Turkey. Its main findings are as follows:Turkey underutilises youth and women entrepreneurial resources there exists a large informal economy that tends to support self-employment rather than entrepreneurship per se entrepreneurs do not have the kinds of ties with organisations that might be helpful when they are first starting out entrepreneurs see as their main problems bureaucracy and unstable state policies. Based on these findings, the paper concludes with a policy discussion regarding the development of entrepreneurship in Turkey. © 2005 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

Cetindamar, D, Çatay, B & Serdar Basmaci, O 2005, 'Competition through collaboration: insights from an initiative in the Turkish textile supply chain', Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 238-240.
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PurposeTo gain an understanding of the benefits, bridges, and barriers associated with supply chain collaboration.Design/methodology/approachInsights from extensive field research of a successful collaboration example in the Turkish dyeing and finishing industry.FindingsThe competition among firms is increasingly shifting from company vs company to supply chain vs supply chain. The insights obtained from the collaborative model in this textile supply chain provide a good understanding of the benefits, bridges, and barriers associated with supply chain collaboration. Benefits can be grouped as customer‐oriented benefits, productivity benefits, and innovation related benefits. Factors supporting collaboration are observed as trust, common goals for cooperation, and existence of cooperation mechanisms, while barriers are related to three factors: lack of trust, risk‐benefit evaluation, and lack of common goals for cooperation.Research limitations/implicationsFindings are based on interviews and questionnaires conducted with the managers of 3T, 30 dyeing and finishing firms (ten are partners) and six technology‐supplying partner firms, from various regions in Turkey.Practical implicationsHighlights the importance of trust and collaboration mechanisms in managing collaborations. As the case of 3T in the dyeing and finishing industry shows, collaborations might significantly contribute to the competitiveness of textile firms.Originality/val...

Cha, F, Jeng, DS, Blumenstein, M & Zhang, H 2005, 'Prediction of maximum wave-induced liquefaction in porous seabed using multi-artificial neural network model', Research Report - University of Sydney, Department of Civil Engineering, no. 854, pp. 1-29.
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In the last decades, considerable efforts have been devoted to the phenomenon of wave-induced liquefactions, because it is one of the most important factors for analysing the seabed and designing marine structures. Although numerous studies of wave-induced liquefaction have been carried out, comparatively little is known about the impact of liquefaction on marine structures. Furthermore, most previous researches have focused on complicated mathematical theories and some laboratory work. In the present study, a data dependent approach for the prediction of the wave-induced liquefaction depth in a porous seabed is proposed, based on a multi-artificial neural network (MANN) method. Numerical results indicate that the MANN model can provide an accurate prediction of the wave-induced maximum liquefaction depth with 10% of the original database. This study demonstrates the capacity of the proposed MANN model and provides coastal engineers with another effective tool to analyse the stability of the marine sediment.

Cheng, ED & Piccardi, M 2005, 'Track Matching by Major Color Histograms Matching and Post-matching Integration', Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), vol. 3617 LNCS, pp. 1148-1157.
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In this paper we present a track matching algorithm based on the 'major color' histograms matching and the post-matching integration useful for tracking a single object across multiple, limitedly disjoint cameras. First, the Major Color Spectrum Histogram (MCSH) is introduced to represent a moving object in a single frame by its most frequent colors only. Then, a two-directional similarity measurement based on the MCHS is used to measure the similarity of any two given moving objects in single frames. Finally, our track matching algorithm extends the single-frame matching along the objects' tracks by a post-matching integration algorithm. Experimental results presented in this paper show the accuracy of the proposed track matching algorithm: the similarity of two tracks from the same moving objects has proved as high as 95%, while the similarity of two tracks from different moving objects has been kept as low as up to 28%. The post-matching integration step proves able to remove detailed errors occurring at the frame level, thus making track matching more robust and reliable. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005.

Chiemchaisri, C, Chiemchaisri, W, Kornboonraksa, T, Dumrongsukit, C, Threedeach, S, Ngo, HH & Vigneswaran, S 2005, 'Particle and microorganism removal in floating plastic media coupled with microfiltration membrane for surface water treatment', WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 51, no. 10, pp. 93-100.
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Floating plastic media followed by hollow fiber microfiltration membrane was applied for surface water treatment. The performance of the system in terms of particle and microorganisms was investigated. The floating filter was examined at different filtra

CHIN, C-L & LIN, C-T 2005, 'DETECTION AND COMPENSATION ALGORITHM FOR BACKLIGHT IMAGES WITH FUZZY LOGIC AND ADAPTIVE COMPENSATION CURVE', International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, vol. 19, no. 08, pp. 1041-1057.
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This paper presents a new algorithm for detection and compensation of backlight images. The proposed technique attacks the weakness of the conventional backlight image processing methods such as over-saturation, losing contrast and so on. The proposed algorithm consists of two operation phases: detection and compensation phases. In the detection phase, we use the spatial position characteristic and histogram of backlight image to obtain two image indices, which can determine the backlight degree of an image. Fuzzy logic is then used to integrate these two indices into a final backlight index determining the final backlight degree of an image precisely. Second, in the compensation phase, to solve the over-saturation problem that exists usually in conventional image compensation methods, we propose the adaptive compensation-curve scheme to compensate and enhance the brightness of backlight images. The luminance of a backlight image is adjusted according to the compensation curve, which is adapted dynamically according to the backlight degree indicated by the backlight index estimated in the detection phase. The performance of the proposed technique is tested on 100 backlight images covering various kinds of backlight conditions and degrees. The experimental and comparison results clearly show the superiority of the proposed technique.

Chin-Teng Lin, Chun-Lung Chang & Jen-Feng Chung 2005, 'New horizon for CNN: with fuzzy paradigms for multimedia', IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 20-35.
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The cellular neural network (CNN) is a powerful technique to mimic the local function of biological neural circuits for real-time image and video processing. Recently, it is widely accepted that using a set of CNNs in parallel can achieve higher-level information processing and reasoning functions either from application or biologics points of views. We introduce a novel framework for constructing a multiple-CNN integrated neural system called recurrent fuzzy CNN (RFCNN). This system can automatically learn its proper network structure and parameters simultaneously. In the RFCNN, each learned fuzzy rule corresponds to a CNN. Hence, each CNN takes care of a fuzzily separated problem region, and the functions of all CNNs are integrated through the fuzzy inference mechanism. Some on-line clustering algorithms are introduced for the structure learning, and the ordered-derivative calculus is applied to derive the recurrent learning rules of CNN templates in the parameter-learning phase. RFCNN provides a solution to the current dilemma on the decision of templates and/or fuzzy rules in the existing integrated (fuzzy) CNN systems. The capability of the RFCNN is demonstrated on the real-world vision-based defect inspection and image descreening problems proving that the RFCNN scheme is effective and promising. ©2005 IEEE.

Chin-Teng Lin, Wen-Chang Cheng & Sheng-Fu Liang 2005, 'An on-line ICA-mixture-model-based self-constructing fuzzy neural network', IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 207-221.
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Chonghui Song & Tianyou Chai 2005, 'Comment on 'Discrete-time optimal fuzzy controller design: global concept approach'', IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 285-286.
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Choudhary, N, Saha, SC & Gopalan, S 2005, 'Abortion procedures in a tertiary care institution in India', International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 81-86.
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AbstractObjective: To determine the complications rate of termination of pregnancy (TOP) and the risk factors for complications following TOP. Methods: Retrospective observational study of the records of 1287 women who underwent TOP in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India, between 1997 and 2001. First‐trimester abortion was performed in 1088 women (85%) and second‐trimester abortion in 199 women (15%). Most women (76%) were aged between 26 and 30 years; they were educated and requested TOP primarily to limit the number of their children or to space their births. A malformed fetus was the indication for TOP in 5.9% cases, and 16% of the women had medical disorders associated with the pregnancy. Suction evacuation was the method of choice for first‐trimester abortion (88%); dinoprostone gel and extra‐amniotic saline solution plus oxytocin infusion were the primary methods (71%) for second‐trimester abortion. Results: Uterine perforation occurred in 1 patient (0.09%) after a first‐trimester abortion. The total rate of complications was 3.79% after first‐trimester and 4.0% after second‐trimester abortions. Excessive hemorrhage and retained placenta were chief complications associated with second‐trimester abortion. Incomplete abortion (1.5%) and minor infection were seen in 2.3% patients. The rate of complications was higher among parous women. Postabortion insertion of a CuT intrauterine device increased the need for a second course of antibiotics. Conclusion: Termination of pregnancy is safe if adequate care is taken while performing the procedure.

Choudhury, D & Nimbalkar, S 2005, 'Seismic passive resistance by pseudo-dynamic method', Géotechnique, vol. 55, no. 9, pp. 699-702.
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Chowdhury, H, Xu, XD, Huynh, P & Cortie, MB 2005, 'Radiative heat transfer across glass coated with gold nano-particles', JOURNAL OF SOLAR ENERGY ENGINEERING-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME, vol. 127, no. 1, pp. 70-75.
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Solar glazing based on reflective or absorptive coatings of noble metals or dielectric compounds respectively is well-known. However the use of gold nano-particles in an absorptive role has hardly been considered. The performance of such coatings was ass

Clegg, SR, Burdon, S & Nikolova, N 2005, 'The Outsourcing Debate: Theories and Findings', Journal of Management & Organization, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 37-52.
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ABSTRACTThis paper addresses the issue of services outsourcing by looking at both theoretical and empirical arguments. Previous debates have often concentrated on the motives for adopting the practice rather than the outcomes. These various themes can be discussed under the twin concepts of the cost and efficiency argument and the fashion and isomorphism approach. Our research provides strong evidence to support the cost efficiency argument. On average, significant cost advantages were sought and delivered, as well as improvements in service levels and systems. Many organisations in the current environment in Australia look at outsourcing not only as a method of increasing efficiency but also as gaining competitive advantage through harnessing the superior specialist skills and experience of the outsourcing provider who takes someone's back office function and transforms them into their front office. A 10% net cost saving was considered necessary by an organisation before embarking on an organisational change that was disruptive and in some cases involved downside risks. Even if other efficiency gains such as service levels or systems improvements were required, so were 10%+ cost savings. A number of the organisations thought their skills in managing outsourcing had improved considerably such that they were in a position to move from a client/server relationship to a partnership model (i.e. an alliance).

Connan, HG, Klimesch, DS, Ray, AS & Thomas, PS 2005, 'Autoclaved OPC-quartz blends incorporating clay-brick waste. Part I: factorial design effects on strength development', ADVANCES IN CEMENT RESEARCH, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 133-141.
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The utilisation of waste materials in the manufacturing of building products is of global interest due to technological and socio-economic benefits. For example, alumina-silica-rich industrial waste, such as fired clay brick, is available in large quanti

Cui, L & Sheng, D 2005, 'Genetic algorithms in probabilistic finite element analysis of geotechnical problems', Computers and Geotechnics, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 555-563.
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Cuschieri, J, Rivers, EP, Donnino, MW, Katilius, M, Jacobsen, G, Nguyen, HB, Pamukov, N & Horst, HM 2005, 'Central venous-arterial carbon dioxide difference as an indicator of cardiac index', Intensive Care Medicine, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 818-822.
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Objective: The mixed venous-arterial (v-a) pCO2 difference has been shown to be inversely correlated with the cardiac index (CI). A central venous pCO2, which is easier to obtain, may provide similar information. The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between the central venous-arterial pCO2 difference and CI. Design: Prospective, cohort study. Setting: Intensive care unit of an urban tertiary care hospital. Patients and participants: Eighty-three consecutive intensive care unit patients. Measurements: Simultaneous blood gases from the arterial, pulmonary artery (PA), and central venous (CV) catheters were obtained. At the same time point, cardiac indices were measured by the thermodilution technique (an average of three measurements). The cardiac indices obtained by the venous-arterial differences were compared with those determined by thermodilution. Results: The correlation (R2) between the mixed venous-arterial pCO2 difference and cardiac index was 0.903 ( p <0.0001), and the correlation between the central venous-arterial pCO 2 difference and cardiac index was 0.892 ( p <0.0001). The regression equations for these relationships were natural log (CI)=1.837-0.159 (v-a) CO2 for the PA and natural log (CI)=1.787-0.151 (v-a) CO 2 for the CV ( p <0.0001 for both). The root-mean-squared error for the PA and CV regression equations were 0.095 and 0.101, respectively. Conclusion: Venous-arterial pCO2 differences obtained from both the PA and CV circulations inversely correlate with the cardiac index. Substitution of a central for a mixed venous-arterial pCO2 difference provides an accurate alternative method for calculation of cardiac output. © Springer-Verlag 2005.

de Kort, Y, IJsselsteijn, W, Midden, C, Eggen, B & van den Hoven, E 2005, 'Persuasive Gerontechnology', Gerontechnology, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 123-127.
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Gerontechnology is a domain that originated a few decades ago and has been developing steadily ever since. Its research focus on a broad set of technologies to serve the ageing society. The present paper aims to connect this domain to a new but promising technology domain that holds great potential for the older population: persuasive technology.

de Raadt, M, Hamilton, M, Lister, RF, Tutty, J, Baker, B, Box, I, Cutts, QI, Fincher, S, Hamer, J, Haden, P, Petre, M, Robins, A, Sutton, K & Tolhurst, D 2005, 'Approaches to learning in computer programming students and their effect on success', Research and Development in Higher Education Series, vol. 28, pp. 407-414.

Devitt, SJ, Greentree, AD & Hollenberg, LCL 2005, 'Information free quantum bus for generating stabiliser states', Quant. Inf. Proc. 6(4):229 (2007), vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 229-242.
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Efficient generation of spatially delocalised entangled states is at theheart of quantum information science. Generally flying qubits are proposed forlong range entangling interactions, however here we introduce a bus-mediatedalternative for this task. Our scheme permits efficient and flexible generationof deterministic two-qubit operator measurements and has links to the importantconcepts of mode-entanglement and repeat-until-success protocols. Importantly,unlike flying qubit protocols, our bus particle never contains informationabout the individual quantum states of the particles, hence isinformation-free.

Ding, GKC 2005, 'Developing a multicriteria approach for the measurement of sustainable performance', Building Research & Information, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 3-16.
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In Australia, cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is one of the conventional tools used widely by the public and the private sectors in the appraisal of projects. It measures and compares the total costs and benefits of projects that are competing for scarce resources in monetary terms. Growing concerns that the values of environmental goods and services are often ignored or underestimated in the CBA approach have led to the overuse and depletion of environmental assets. A model of a sustainability index as an evaluation tool that combines economic, social and environmental criteria into an indexing algorithm is presented and described. The sustainability index uses monetary and non-monetary approaches to rank projects and facilities on their contribution to sustainability. This process enables the principle of trade-off to occur in the decision-making process and thereby allows environmental values to be considered when selecting a development option. This makes it possible to optimize financial return, maximize resource consumption and minimize detrimental effects to the natural and man-made world. A case study is used to demonstrate the model.

Ding, GKC 2005, 'The development of a multi-criteria approach for the measurement of sustainable performance of housing projects', International Journal for Housing Science and Its Applications, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 57-69.
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There is a growing concern about the negative effects that construction projects have on the natural environment. The values of environmental goods and services are often not included or are under-estimated in the traditional market-based approach which has led to the overuse and depletion of environmental assets. As such, a new or improved methodology needs to be developed in order that a comprehensive assessment of environmental matters can be incorporated in the evaluation process. A questionnaire survey was undertaken to detect the major environmental effects related to the construction industry and key components to be considered in the decision process were identified. This paper presents the development of a sustainability index for project appraisal. The methodology is based on a multi-criteria decision-making approach to combine the principal determinants of sustainable development into a single decision tool to appraise sustainable performance for built projects and facilities. This paper also presents results of applying the sustainability index in housing projects in New South Wales, Australia. Copyright © 2005 IAHS.

Dissanayake, T, Esselle, K & Ge, Y 2005, 'A printed triangular-ring antenna with a 2:1 bandwidth', Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 51-53.
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Dovey, K & Singhota, J 2005, 'Learning and knowing in teams', Development and Learning in Organizations: An International Journal, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 18-20.
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PurposeTo explore the collective means through which professional sports teams learn and generate new knowledge forms in order to remain competitive in challenging global arenas, and to examine the applicability of these means to business organizations.Design/methodology/approachThe objectives were achieved by drawing on the business and sporting experience of two executive coaches who have access to current elite‐level sports coaches. Through unstructured interviews with sports coaches and business executives over a period of years, the research question of collective learning in sports teams has been explored and its relevance to business contexts, analyzed.FindingsUsing social capital theory as an analytical lens, the research shows that organizational form is a critical determinant of the effectiveness of collective learning. This is the main reason why business teams are unable to emulate the successful learning that occurs in elite‐level sports teams. The research shows that the hierarchical structure of most business organizations constrains the development of the social capital necessary for sustained learning and knowledge construction.Practical implicationsThe primary implication of the research findings is that business leaders need to view their role as that of creating and managing a social environment in which mission‐pertinent learning and knowledge construction activities are nurtured. In practice, it means that the nature of business leadership and, in particular, power management practices in business organizations needs to be questioned and re‐conceptualized.Originality/valueUsing ...

Dovey, K & White, R 2005, 'Learning about learning in knowledge‐intense organizations', The Learning Organization, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 246-260.
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PurposeThis paper describes and analyses an attempt to engage in transformational learning, oriented to the development of a culture of innovation, at a medium‐size software development organization in Australia.Design/methodology/approachAn action research methodology was used whereby continuous cycles of strategic social learning were collectively theorized, implemented, evaluated and renewed.FindingsThe most important finding of this study is that of the influence of power relations and communication practices upon learning‐for‐innovation in organizations, and the need for the mediation of this influence through the creation of an organizational role that we have entitled an “external critic”. The case also shows the central importance of the relational dimension of social capital generation to learning and the sensitivity of this dimension to power relations.Research limitations/implicationsThe research provides a rich analysis of one company's attempt to learn how to build and sustain a culture of innovation but, as with all case study research, the findings cannot be reliably generalized to other companies. Similarly, the case generates grounded theory that needs to be tested in other organizational contexts.Practical implicationsThe case raises the issue of power management in organizations and its relationship to social learning practices. In particular, it argues for the establishment of a “negotiated order” in organizations (through a mission, vision and core values that are collectively and meani...

Dovey, KA 2005, 'Leadership Education in the Era of Disruption: What Can Business Schools Offer?', International Journal of Leadership Education, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 179-191.

Drury, G & Burnett, I 2005, 'MPEG-21 in a Backpack Journalism Scenario', IEEE Multimedia, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 24-32.
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Duan, RY, Feng, Y, Ji, ZF & Ying, MS 2005, 'Efficiency of deterministic entanglement transformation', PHYSICAL REVIEW A, vol. 71, no. 2, pp. 1-7.
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We prove that sufficiently many copies of a bipartite entangled pure state can always be transformed into some copies of another one with certainty by local quantum operations and classical communication. The efficiency of such a transformation is charac

Duan, RY, Feng, Y, Li, X & Ying, MS 2005, 'Multiple-copy entanglement transformation and entanglement catalysis', PHYSICAL REVIEW A, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 1-11.
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We prove that any multiple-copy entanglement transformation [S. Bandyopadhyay, V. Roychowdhury, and U. Sen, Phys. Rev. A 65, 052315 (2002)] can be implemented by a suitable entanglement-assisted local transformation [D. Jonathan and M. B. Plenio, Phys. R

Duan, RY, Feng, Y, Li, X & Ying, MS 2005, 'Trade-off between multiple-copy transformation and entanglement catalysis', PHYSICAL REVIEW A, vol. 71, no. 6, pp. 1-7.
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We demonstrate that multiple copies of a bipartite entangled pure state may serve as a catalyst for certain entanglement transformations while a single copy cannot. Such a state is termed a

Duan, RY, Feng, YA & Ying, MS 2005, 'Entanglement-assisted transformation is asymptotically equivalent to multiple-copy transformation', PHYSICAL REVIEW A, vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 1-5.
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We show that two ways of manipulating quantum entanglement-namely, entanglement-assisted local transformation [D. Jonathan and M. B. Plenio, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 3566 (1999)] and multiple-copy transformation [S. Bandyopadhyay, V. Roychowdhury, and U. Sen

Eager, DM 2005, 'Springing into action', Landscape Australia: Journal of the Australian Institute of Landscape Architects, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 1-6.

Esselle, KP & Bird, TS 2005, 'A hybrid-resonator antenna: experimental results', IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 870-871.
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Eustace, JA, Gregory, PC, Krishnan, M, Ni, W, Kuhn, DM, Astor, BC & Scheel Jr., PJ 2005, 'Influence of Intravenous Drug Abuse on Vascular Access Placement and Survival in HIV-Seropositive Patients', Nephron Clinical Practice, vol. 100, no. 2, pp. c38-c45.
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<i>Background:</i> The influence of intravenous drug abuse (IVDA) on hemodialysis access placement practices and access survival in HIV-infected patients is unknown. <i>Methods:</i> We conducted a retrospective study of 60, HIV seropositive, maintenance hemodialysis patients. Type of access and assisted access survival (measured from date of placement) were compared in those with (77%) and without (23%) a history of IVDA. <i>Results:</i> Mean age was 37.8 years, mean baseline serum albumin was 2.9 g/dl and median CD4 count was 222 cells/mm³. Fifteen patients, all IVDA, were dialyzed using only tunneled catheters (median number of catheters per person (range): 2.5 (1–11)). There were longer delays in creation of a permanent access (p = 0.08), but no difference in the type of permanent access placed in IVDA versus the non-IVDA group. Over 1,051 cumulative months of access follow-up, 134 tunneled catheters, 28 grafts and 19 fistulae were placed, with observed failure rates of 1 per 4.7 access-months, 1 per 19.7 access-months, 1 per 38.2 access-months, respectively. The adjusted relative hazard of access failure for grafts versus catheters was 0.41 (95% CI: 0.23, 0.72; p = 0.002) and for fistulae versus catheters was 0.21 (95% CI: 0.08, 0.52; p = 0.001). Thirty-two percent of accesses were removed due to infection, an infection removal rate for catheters of 1 per 7.8 access-months and for grafts of 1 per 62.5 access-months; all graft infections occurred in the IVDA group. No fistula was removed due to infection. <i>Conclusion:</i> Fistulae are the first line of choice for hemodialysis access in HIV-seropositive patients regardless of IVDA history; if not feasible, graft placement in non-IVDA or abstinent IVDA patients is recommended. In those with active IVDA, the optimal method of renal replacement therapy and type of hemodialysis access remain uncertain.

Fan, T, Varghese, G, Nguyen, T, Tse, R, O'Dowd, BF & George, SR 2005, 'A Role for the Distal Carboxyl Tails in Generating the Novel Pharmacology and G Protein Activation Profile of μ and δ Opioid Receptor Hetero-oligomers', Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 280, no. 46, pp. 38478-38488.
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Opioid receptor pharmacology in vivo has predicted a greater number of receptor subtypes than explained by the profiles of the three cloned opioid receptors, and the functional dependence of the receptors on each other shown in gene-deleted animal models remains unexplained. One mechanism for such findings is the generation of novel signaling complexes by receptor hetero- oligomerization, which we previously showed results in significantly different pharmacology for μ and δ receptor hetero-oligomers compared with the individual receptors. In the present study, we show that deltorphin-II is a fully functional agonist of the μ-δ heteromer, which induced desensitization and inhibited adenylyl cyclase through a pertussis toxin-insensitive G protein. Activation of the μ-δ receptor heteromer resulted in preferential activation of Gαz, illustrated by incorporation of GTPγ35S, whereas activation of the individually expressed μ and δ receptors preferentially activated Gαi. The unique pharmacology of the μ-δ heteromer was dependent on the reciprocal involvement of the distal carboxyl tails of both receptors, so that truncation of the distal μ receptor carboxyl tail modified the δ-selective ligand-binding pocket, and truncation of the δ receptor distal carboxyl tail modified the μ-selective binding pocket. The distal carboxyl tails of both receptors also had a significant role in receptor interaction, as evidenced by the reduced ability to co-immunoprecipitate when the carboxyl tails were truncated. The interaction between μ and δ receptors occurred constitutively when the receptors were co-expressed, but did not occur when receptor expression was temporally separated, indicating that the hetero-oligomers were generated by a co-translational mechanism. © 2005 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

Feng, Y, Duan, R & Ji, Z 2005, 'Condition and capability of quantum state separation', Phys. Rev. A, vol. 72, no. 1, p. 012313.
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The linearity of quantum operations puts many fundamental constraints on theinformation processing tasks we can achieve on a quantum system whose state isnot exactly known, just as we observe in quantum cloning and quantumdiscrimination. In this paper we show that in probabilistic manner, linearityis in fact the only one that restricts the physically realizable tasks. To bespecific, if a system is prepared in a state secretly chosen from a linearlyindependent pure state set, then any quantum state separation can be physicallyrealized with a positive probability. Furthermore, we derive a lower bound onthe average failure probability of any quantum state separation.

Feng, Y, Duan, R & Ji, Z 2005, 'Condition and capability of quantum state separation', Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 1-6.
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The linearity of quantum operations puts many fundamental constraints on the information processing tasks we can achieve on a quantum system whose state is not exactly known, just as we observe in quantum cloning and quantum discrimination. In this paper we show that in a probabilistic manner, linearity is in fact the only one that restricts the physically realizable tasks. To be specific, if a system is prepared in a state secretly chosen from a linearly independent pure state set, then any quantum state separation can be physically realized with a positive probability. Furthermore, we derive a lower bound on the average failure probability of any quantum state separation. © 2005 The American Physical Society.

Feng, Y, Duan, R, Ji, Z & Ying, M 2005, 'Proof rules for purely quantum programs', CoRR, vol. abs/cs/0507043.
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We apply the notion of quantum predicate proposed by D'Hondt and Panangadento analyze a purely quantum language fragment which describes the quantum partof a future quantum computer in Knill's architecture. The denotationalsemantics, weakest precondition semantics, and weakest liberal preconditionsemantics of this language fragment are introduced. To help reasoning aboutquantum programs involving quantum loops, we extend proof rules for classicalprobabilistic programs to our purely quantum programs.

Feng, Y, Duan, RY & Ying, MS 2005, 'Catalyst-assisted probabilistic entanglement transformation', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION THEORY, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 1090-1101.
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We are concerned with catalyst-assisted probabilistic entanglement transformations. A necessary and sufficient condition is presented under which there exist partial catalysts that can increase the maximal transforming probability of a given entanglement

Feuerlicht, G 2005, 'Design of service interfaces for e-business applications using data normalization techniques', Information Systems and e-Business Management, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 363-376.
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Friolo, KH, Ray, AS, Stuart, BH & Thomas, PS 2005, 'Thermal analysis of heritage stones', JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 559-563.
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Many of Sydney's heritage buildings and monuments were built as a result of the first European settlement in the 1800s. These buildings not only display the richness of the Australian culture, but also capture the architectural and historical values of i

Galvin, AL, Tipper, JL, Ingham, E & Fisher, J 2005, 'Nanometre size wear debris generated from crosslinked and non-crosslinked ultra high molecular weight polyethylene in artificial joints', Wear, vol. 259, no. 7-12, pp. 977-983.
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Gardner, AP & Goldsworthy, HM 2005, 'Experimental investigation of the stiffness of critical components in a moment-resisting composite connection', Journal of Constructional Steel Research, vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 709-726.
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This paper discusses results of experiments on an element of a proposed moment-resisting composite connection. The element is subjected to cyclic tension. A feature of this element is the use of blind bolts and extensions to these bolts into the concrete

Ge, Y, Esselle, KP & Bird, TS 2005, 'Compact diversity antenna for wireless devices', ELECTRONICS LETTERS, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 52-53.
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Ge, Y, Esselle, KP & Bird, TS 2005, 'Compact diversity antenna for wireless devices', Electronics Letters, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 52-52.
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A compact diversity antenna, consisting of two E-shaped microstrip patch antennas, is presented. It has a wide bandwidth, covering all frequency bands of 5-6 GHz WLAN systems operating under IEEE 802.11a and HiperLAN2 standards. Corrugations have been introduced to reduce the overall width of the diversity configuration to 54 mm - the width of a standard PCMCIA card. The isolation between the two inputs is greater than 20 dB and the signal correlation is less than 0.2 over all WLAN bands.

Gervasi, V & Zowghi, D 2005, 'Reasoning about inconsistencies in natural language requirements', ACM TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND METHODOLOGY, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 277-330.
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The use of logic in identifying and analyzing inconsistency in requirements from multiple stakeholders has been found to be effective in a number of studies. Nonmonotonic logic is a theoretically well-founded formalism that is especially suited for suppo

Grace, ND, Loganathan, P, Deighton, MW, Molano, G & Hedley, MJ 2005, 'Ingestion of soil fluorine: its impact on the fluorine metabolism of dairy cows', NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 23-27.
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In grazing cattle high fluoride (F) intakes are associated with soil ingestion. The ingestion of soil (F) (93% of dietary F) at a rate of 1562 mg F day–1 by mature dairy cows over 63 days, when compared with animals on basal diet (no soil) providing 110 mg F day–1, resulted in an increase in mean serum F concentrations from 0.10 to 0.22 mg litre–1, and no detectable change in mean metacarpal F concentrations (1125 mg F kg–1 DM), while the apparent absorption of soil F was 44%. However, an intake of soil F (77% of dietary F) at 446 mg F day–1 had no detectable effect on mean serum or bone F concentrations of the dairy cows. The relationship between soil F intake (x) and serum F concentration (y) was curvilinear (y = 0.0837e0.0007x). The observed changes in serum and bone concentrations indicate that the potential risk of fluorosis occurring in grazing dairy cows is very low. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Guo, WS, Shim, WG, Vigneswaran, S & Ngo, HH 2005, 'Effect of operating parameters in a submerged membrane adsorption hybrid system: experiments and mathematical modeling', JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE, vol. 247, no. 1-2, pp. 65-74.
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This study aims at developing a simple and practical mathematical model to predict the performance of a submerged membrane adsorption hybrid system (SMAHS). Adsorption equilibrium and kinetic studies were first carried out with powdered activated carbon (PAC) for removing persisting organics from a synthetic wastewater. A series of short-term SMAHS experiments were conducted with preadsorption at different operating conditions such as aeration rate, backwash frequency, PAC dose and filtration flux. The Talu adsorption equilibrium and homogeneous surface diffusion model (HSDM) described well the isothermal adsorption behavior and adsorption kinetics, respectively. The semi-empirical mathematical model formulated for membrane-adsorption system predicts successfully the performance of SMAHS in terms of total organic carbon (TOC) removal. A coefficient known as 'membrane correlation coefficient (MCC)' introduced in the model was found to be very useful in describing both the adsorption of organics adsorbed onto the PAC and onto the membrane surface, and separation of PAC (with organics adsorbed on it) by the membrane. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Guo, WS, Vigneswaran, S & Ngo, HH 2005, 'Effect of flocculation and/or adsorption as pretreatment on the critical flux of crossflow microfiltration', DESALINATION, vol. 172, no. 1, pp. 53-62.
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This study aims at identifying the effect of pretreatment such as flocculation and/or adsorption on the performance of crossflow microfiltration (CFMF). CFMF performance was studied in terms of critical flux. The results indicated that: (1) flocculation alone as a pretreatment could effectively remove the large molecular weight organic matter from 30,000 to 60,000 Daltons; (2) flocculation, together with adsorption as a pretreatment to CFMF, could remove both large and small molecular weight organics; (3) flocculation as a pretreatment was significantly better than adsorption in improving the critical flux; (4) critical flux increased from 100 L/m2.h to 520 L/m2.h when flocculation-adsorption was applied. The critical flux in long-term experiments was the same as that of the short-term experiments. However, the critical flux slightly decreased (5%) in long-term experiments compared to short-term operation with flocculation and adsorption as a pretreatment. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Guo, YG, Zhu, JG, Watterson, PA & Wu, W 2005, 'Development of a permanent magnet claw pole motor with soft magnetic composite core', Australian Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 21-30.
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This paper reports the development of a three-phase permanent magnet claw pole motor with soft magnetic composite stator, taking advantage of the unique properties of the material Advanced design and performance analysis methods were employed, such as the three-dimensional finite element analysis of magnetic fields for parameter calculation and dimension optimisation, rotational core loss models combined with finite element method for core loss prediction, and hybrid thermal model with distributed heat sources for the temperature rise calculation, etc. The design and analyse methods are validated by experiment on the prototype driven by a brushless DC drive scheme. © Institution of Engineers, Australia 2005.

Gwillim, D, Dovey, K & Wieder, B 2005, 'The politics of post-implementation reviews', INFORMATION SYSTEMS JOURNAL, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 307-319.
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The post-implementation review (PIR) literature emphasizes the benefits of ex post evaluations of information technology (IT) projects. However, empirical studies of actual practice show that few organizations undertake any substantive form of ex post ev

Ha, QP, Tran, TH & Dissanayake, G 2005, 'A wavelet- and neural network-based voice interface system for wheelchair control', International Journal of Intelligent Systems Technologies and Applications, vol. 1, no. 1/2, pp. 49-49.
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Voice control has long been considered as a natural mechanism to assist powered wheelchair users. However, one implementation difficulty is that a voice input system may fail to recognise a user’s voice. Indeed, speech activated interface between human and autonomous/semi-autonomous systems requires accurate detection and recognition. In this area pitch and end-point detection is of vital importance. This paper presents a new method for pitch detection based on the continuous wavelet transform phase. The proposed technique can serve as an accurate pitch detector, and also can offer an efficient solution to the end-point detection problem. The extracted features from a user’s speech are then used to train a neural network for speech recognition. Experimental results are provided for the detection of pitch periods and end points and the recognition of a number of commands of male and female users. Laboratory tests are reported for the proposed voice control wheelchair system. © 2005 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

Hanly, JA, Loganathan, P & Currie, LD 2005, 'Effect of serpentine rock and its acidulated products as magnesium fertilisers for pasture, compared with magnesium oxide and Epsom salts, on a Pumice Soil. 1. Dry matter yield and magnesium uptake', NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 451-460.
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Low pasture magnesium (Mg) intakes by grazing dairy and beef cows is a main cause of hypomagnesaemia in these animals soon after calving. Magnesium fertiliser application to pasture can increase pasture mixed-herbage (hereafter “herbage") Mg concentration and reduce the risk of this disorder. However, the effectiveness of Mg fertilisers is variable depending on fertiliser type and soil properties. A 32-month Mg fertiliser field trial was conducted on dairy pasture on an Immature Orthic Pumice Soil (near Taupo, New Zealand; exchangeable Mg 0.4 cmolc kg–1, pasture Mg 0.13%) to compare the effectiveness of a range of Mg fertilisers in elevating herbage Mg concentration. The fertilisers used were ground serpentine rock, three acidulated serpentine rock products, Epsom salts, and E-mag (magnesium oxide). All fertilisers were applied at 100 kg Mg ha–1 at the start of the trial. The trial also had two treatments where Epsom salts was applied at 25 and 50 kg Mg ha–1 and a treatment where serpentine rock was reapplied during the second and third year at 100 kg Mg ha–1. Magnesium fertiliser treatments did not affect pasture dry matter yield significantly at any harvest, however, the effect of treatments on herbage Mg concentration was highly significant (P < 0.001) at all harvests. The single application of serpentine significantly increased herbage Mg concentration at 10 harvests, with five of these harvests having Mg concentrations ≥ 0.20%, which is generally considered to be the minimum “threshold level” for stock health. In comparison, the Mg concentration in pasture not receiving Mg fertiliser remained below the minimum threshold level throughout the trial. Application of serpentine rock annually further increased herbage Mg concentration and accumulation. The herbage Mg concentrations for this treatment were similar to those of the Epsom salts (50 kg Mg ha–1) treatment at the majority of the harvests. These results indicate that the annual application of serpentine r...

Hao, H & Wu, C 2005, 'Numerical study of characteristics of underground blast induced surface ground motion and their effect on above-ground structures. Part II. Effects on structural responses', Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 39-53.
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Hargrove, J & Nguyen, HB 2005, 'Bench-to-bedside review: Outcome predictions for critically ill patients in the emergency department', Critical Care, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 376-376.
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The escalating number of emergency department (ED) visits, length of stay, and hospital overcrowding have been associated with an increasing number of critically ill patients cared for in the ED. Existing physiologic scoring systems have traditionally been used for outcome prediction, clinical research, quality of care analysis, and benchmarking in the intensive care unit (ICU) environment. However, there is limited experience with scoring systems in the ED, while early and aggressive intervention in critically ill patients in the ED is becoming increasingly important. Development and implementation of physiologic scoring systems specific to this setting is potentially useful in the early recognition and prognostication of illness severity. A few existing ICU physiologic scoring systems have been applied in the ED, with some success. Other ED specific scoring systems have been developed for various applications: recognition of patients at risk for infection; prediction of mortality after critical care transport; prediction of in-hospital mortality after admission; assessment of prehospital therapeutic efficacy; screening for severe acute respiratory syndrome; and prediction of pediatric hospital admission. Further efforts at developing unique physiologic assessment methodologies for use in the ED will improve quality of patient care, aid in resource allocation, improve prognostic accuracy, and objectively measure the impact of early intervention in the ED. © 2005 BioMed Central Ltd.

Hawryszkiewycz, IT 2005, 'A metamodel for modeling collaborative systems', Journal of Computer Information Systems, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 63-72.
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Computers are now being increasingly used to support collaborative knowledge intensive processes. These are collaborative processes where intense interaction takes place between team members working towards a common goal. The paper identifies technology as an enabler of the collaborative work practices in such processes. To do this technology must provide ways to set up systems to support collaboration and at the same time assist users to adapt systems to changing work practices. The paper defines a collaborative metamodel to define collaborative work practices and to provide the ontology to define software agents that help users adapt it to changing needs. It then describes a prototype implementation.

HAYASAKA, N, YOSHIZAWA, S, WADA, N, MIYANAGA, Y & HATAOKA, N 2005, 'A Study of Robust Speech Recognition System and Its LSI Design', Transactions of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 473-480.
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Hazzan, O, Impagliazzo, J, Lister, R & Schocken, S 2005, 'Using history of computing to address problems and opportunities', ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 126-127.
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Hazzan, O, Lister, R, Impagliazzo, J & Schocken, S 2005, 'Using history of computing to address problems and opportunities in computer science education', Proceedings of the Thirty-Sixth SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, SIGCSE 2005, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 126-127.
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Like nations and peoples, professions have histories too. Similar reasons for teaching history of nations and peoples may explain the importance of teaching prospective professionals the history of their profession. Indeed, much of K-16 education evolves around the teaching of history. Computing is not different with this respect. However, in the computing field, that often lacks attention to the societal impact of its products or an appreciation of the human side of the field, the inclusion of history of computing courses (or incorporating historical perspectives in computer science courses) is rare. In addition, the lack of formal education in computing history and the lack of relevant effective resources does not encourage faculty to incorporate history in their courses. Traditional historians often classify the history of computing as 'recent or contemporary history'. Indeed, the majority of undergraduate students currently an university and college programs were born after the personal computer and their teachers educated after the advent of email. Thus, though computers have strongly influenced their lives, they are generally unaware of the antecedents of the machines and tools they use every day. Hence, they usually do not build on the foundations of the field to explain a subject. Equally, myths and fallacies fill the field, including textbooks. The panel illustrates how teachers can integrate history of computing into traditional computer science education. Open discussion with the audience will follow the panelists' short presentations.

Hendra, R, Hamdani, Mahlia, TMI & Masjuki, HH 2005, 'Thermal and melting heat transfer characteristics in a latent heat storage system using mikro', Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 1503-1515.
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HINAMOTO, T 2005, 'Special Section on Recent Advances in Circuits and Systems -- Part 1', IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems, vol. E88-D, no. 7, pp. 1321-1322.
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HINAMOTO, T 2005, 'Special Section on Recent Advances in Circuits and Systems--Part 2', IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems, vol. E88-D, no. 8, pp. 1861-1862.
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Hoang Duong Tuan, Son, TT, Apkarian, P & Nguyen, TQ 2005, 'Low-order IIR filter bank design', IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, vol. 52, no. 8, pp. 1673-1683.
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The advantage of infinite-impulse response (IIR) filters over finite-impulse response (FIR) ones is that the former require a much lower order (much fewer multipliers and adders) to obtain the desired response specifications. However, in contrast with we

Hoang Duong Tuan, Son, TT, Hoang Tuy & Truong Nguyen 2005, 'New linear-programming-based filter design', IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 276-281.
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It is well known that the filter-design problem with mask constraints can be formulated as a semi-infinite program. There are two approaches toward the solution of this semi-infinite program. The first griding approach relaxes the semi-infinite constrain

Hohn, N, Veitch, D & Ye, T 2005, 'Splitting and merging of packet traffic: Measurement and modelling', Performance Evaluation, vol. 62, no. 1-4, pp. 164-177.
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Hossain, MA, Saha, SC & Gorla, RSR 2005, 'Viscous Dissipation Effects on Natural Convection from a Vertical Plate with Uniform Surface Heat Flux Placed in a Thermally Stratified Media', International Journal of Fluid Mechanics Research, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 269-280.
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In the present study we investigate the effect of viscous dissipation on natural convection from a vertical plate placed in a thermally stratified environment. The reduced equations are integrated by employing the implicit finite difference scheme of Keller box method and obtained the effect of heat due to viscous dissipation on the local skin friction and local Nusselt number at various stratification levels, for fluids having Prandtl numbers of 10, 50, and 100. Solutions are also obtained using the perturbation technique for small values of viscous dissipation parameters and compared to the finite difference solutions for 0 1. Effect of viscous dissipation and temperature stratification are also shown on the velocity and temperature distributions in the boundary layer region. © 2005 Begell House, Inc.

Hsieh, M-H, Devetak, I & Winter, A 2005, 'Entanglement-Assisted Capacity of Quantum Multiple-Access Channels', IEEE Transaction on Information Theory, vol. 54, Issue 7, pp. 3078-3090, Jul. 2008, vol. 54, no. 7, pp. 3078-3090.
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We find a regularized formula for the entanglement-assisted (EA) capacityregion for quantum multiple access channels (QMAC). We illustrate the capacityregion calculation with the example of the collective phase-flip channel whichadmits a single-letter characterization. On the way, we provide afirst-principles proof of the EA coding theorem based on a packing argument. Weobserve that the Holevo-Schumacher-Westmoreland theorem may be obtained from amodification of our EA protocol. We remark on the existence of a familyhierarchy of protocols for multiparty scenarios with a single receiver, inanalogy to the two-party case. In this way, we relate several previous resultsregarding QMACs.

Hsu, C-F, Lin, C-T, Huang, T-Y & Young, K-Y 2005, 'Development of multipurpose virtual-reality dynamic simulator with a force-reflection joystick', Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering, vol. 219, no. 2, pp. 187-195.
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The objective of this paper is to develop a multipurpose virtual-reality (VR) dynamic simulation system to meet the requirements of public security in the training of human operators. In this way, the operator can feel that he or she is controlling a real machine or vehicle to achieve the objective of real training. The developed VR dynamical simulation system in this paper mainly consists of three elements: a six-degree-of-freedom motion platform (Stewart platform), a force-reflection joystick, and an interactive VR scene. In the developed VR dynamic simulation system, the operator could sit on a Stewart platform to feel the velocity and orientation of motion, and could handle a force-reflection joystick to transfer the commands to the VR scene. Then, the operator will receive the force feedback from the Stewart platform and the joystick. Finally, a flight simulation scene is applied to illustrate the effectiveness of the developed VR dynamical simulation system. Experimental results demonstrate that the evaluation of the VR dynamical simulation system is comparatively good.

Huang, CD, Liang, SFU, Lin, CT & Ruei-Cheng, WU 2005, 'Machine learning with automatic feature selection for multi-class protein fold classification', Journal of Information Science and Engineering, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 711-720.
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The use of a machine learning approach with automatic feature selection for multi-class protein fold classification is studied. Neural networks are used to complete the task of protein fold classification, where each node is associated with a gate. The results show that the proposed architecture is effective in reducing the dimensionality of the data and enhancing the classification performance. The proposed technique allows the processing of more features from amino acid sequences.

Huang, D, Chow, TWS, Ma, EWM & Jinyan Li 2005, 'Efficient selection of discriminative genes from microarray gene expression data for cancer diagnosis', IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, vol. 52, no. 9, pp. 1909-1918.
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A new mutual information (MI)-based feature-selection method to solve the so-called large p and small n problem experienced in a microarray gene expression-based data is presented. First, a grid-based feature clustering algorithm is introduced to eliminate redundant features. A huge gene set is then greatly reduced in a very efficient way. As a result, the computational efficiency of the whole feature-selection process is substantially enhanced. Second, MI is directly estimated using quadratic MI together with Parzen window density estimators. This approach is able to deliver reliable results even when only a small pattern set is available. Also, a new MI-based criterion is proposed to avoid the highly redundant selection results in a systematic way. At last, attributed to the direct estimation of MI, the appropriate selected feature subsets can be reasonably determined. © 2005 IEEE.

Huang, S, James, MR & Jiang, ZP 2005, '-bounded robust control of nonlinear cascade systems', Systems & Control Letters, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 215-224.
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In this paper, we consider the L-infinity-bounded robust control problem for a class of nonlinear cascade systems with disturbances. Sufficient conditions are provided under which a hard bound is imposed on the system performance measure. The backsteppin

Huang, S, James, MR, Nešić, D & Dower, PM 2005, 'Analysis of input-to-state stability for discrete time nonlinear systems via dynamic programming', Automatica, vol. 41, no. 12, pp. 2055-2065.
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The input-to-state stability (ISS) property for systems with disturbances has received considerable attention over the past decade or so, with many applications and characterizations reported in the literature. The main purpose of this paper is to present analysis results for ISS that utilize dynamic programming techniques to characterize minimal ISS gains and transient bounds. These characterizations naturally lead to computable necessary and sufficient conditions for ISS. Our results make a connection between ISS and optimization problems in nonlinear dissipative systems theory (including L2-gain analysis and nonlinear H∞ theory). As such, the results presented address an obvious gap in the literature. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Huang, X & Li, Y 2005, 'MMSE-Optimal Approximation of Continuous-Phase Modulated Signal as Superposition of Linearly Modulated Pulses', IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 53, no. 7, pp. 1166-1177.
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Huang, X & Li, Y 2005, 'Simple CPM Receivers Based on a Switched Linear Modulation Model', IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 53, no. 7, pp. 1100-1103.
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Huang, ZG, Guo, ZP, Liu, HK & Dou, SX 2005, 'Effect of Ni content on the structural and electrochemical properties of Mg1.9Cu0.1Niχ alloys', Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 283-289.
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Mg-based alloys, Mg1.9Cu0.1Niχ (χ = 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1), were fabricated through high-energy ball milling, and the effects of nickel content on the electrochemical characteristics have been investigated. A high discharge capacity of 490 mAhg-1 was observed for χ = 1.8, compared with 435 mAhg-1 for χ = 2.1. As to capacity degradation, 66.7 % of initial capacity was lost after 15 cycles for χ = 1.8, while only 47.2% for χ = 2.1. Cyclic Voltammograms (CV) indicates that nickel can help maintain redox reaction current and consequently improve the cycle performance. The X-ray mapping analysis indicates that Mg, Ni, and Cu are uniformly distributed in the particles. The O content in the alloy electrodes after 15 cycles decreases with the increase of Ni content in the alloys, suggesting that Ni can efficiently suppress the formation of Mg(OH) 2. The linear polarization curves show that the exchange current density, namely the rate of hydriding/dehydriding, increases from 13 mAg -1 to 133 mAg-1 when the nickel content varies from 1.8 to 2.1. This is also considered as a reason for the observed improved capacity stability. © J. New. Mat. Electrochem. Systems.

Huo, H, Hui, X, Wang, G, Wang, B & Han, D 2005, 'Document fragmentation for XML streams based on Hole-Filler model', Huazhong Keji Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue Ban)/Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Natural Science Edition), vol. 33, no. SUPPL., pp. 249-252.
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A document fragmentation policy was presented by taking advantage of document object model (DOM) for XML, and a corresponding fragmentation algorithm was designed according to the element fan-outs, to solve the problem of document fragmentation for XML streams based on Hole-Filler model. A tag-based document fragmentation algorithm built on DOM-based algorithm was then proposed to determine document filler points by fragmenting tag structure, so as to reduce the comparisons between element fan-outs and threshold. Finally, an optimized fragmentation policy was presented to avoid trivial pieces by binding XML sub-trees according to the ratio of element fan-outs and threshold. Our performance study shows that the document fragmentation algorithms perform well on execution time, granularity and other metrics.

Hutvagner, G 2005, 'Small RNA asymmetry in RNAi: Function in RISC assembly and gene regulation', FEBS Letters, vol. 579, no. 26, pp. 5850-5857.
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RNAi is a conserved gene‐specific regulatory mechanism, which silences target gene expression transcriptionally and post‐transcriptionally. The RNAi machinery converts the sequence specific information of a long double stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) into small 21–22 nt long dsRNAs (siRNAs, miRNAs) which assemble into an effector complex, the RNA induced silencing complex (RISC). RISC assembly is asymmetric; one strand of an siRNA or a miRNA preferentially incorporates into the RNA–protein complex. Here, I review the rules of the asymmetric RISC formation and discuss their possible regulatory function in several steps in RNAi.

Huynh, BP 2005, 'Numerical Study of Slider Bearings With Limited Corrugation', Journal of Tribology, vol. 127, no. 3, pp. 582-595.
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Influence of corrugation of limited extent on the performance of fixed-incline slider bearings of infinite width is investigated numerically. Effects of the corrugated section’s parameters like its location, length, and corrugation amplitude, on pressure distribution in the bearing’s fluid film, its load supporting capacity W and flow rate, are considered. When this section is near the entrance to the bearing gap, pressure and W are reduced in comparison with the smooth wall case. As this section is located further downstream, peak pressure and W increase, whereas flow rate decreases. These effects are reinforced by longer corrugated section and larger corrugation amplitude. The results thus point to a simple way to substantially enhance a bearing’s load-supporting capacity.

Indraratna, B 2005, 'Addressing the Geotechnical Challenges Posed by Soft Clays', International Journal of Geomechanics, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 85-86.
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Indraratna, B & Jayanathan, M 2005, 'Measurement of pore water pressure of clay-infilled rock joints during triaxial shearing', Géotechnique, vol. 55, no. 10, pp. 759-764.
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Indraratna, B, Golab, A, Glamore, W & Blunden, B 2005, 'Acid sulphate soil remediation techniques on the Shoalhaven River floodplain, Australia', Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 129-142.
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A commonly used flood mitigation technique in coastal areas of Australia during the late 1960s was the installation of one-way floodgates on flood mitigation drains. In regions affected by acid sulphate soils (the oxidation of pyrite in the soil forms sulphuric acid), the floodgates prevent tidal carbonate/bicarbonate buffering of the drains and thereby create reservoirs of acidic water (pH < 4.5) that discharge during low tide. Several acid sulphate soil remediation techniques have been used in coastal lowland in southeastern NSW, Australia. Following extensive monitoring and finite element modelling of groundwater conditions and quality, fixed level V-notch weirs were installed at three elevations to maintain elevated groundwater levels. The weirs successfully maintained the groundwater level above the acid sulphate soils, preventing additional pyrite oxidation, and reduced the rate of discharge of acid to the drain. Following further monitoring, investigation into anaerobic acid sources, and finite element-based geochemical modelling, modified two-way floodgates that allow tidal ingress were installed. The modified floodgates were successful in buffering the drain water pH before discharging the drain water into adjacent waterways. Numerical analysis based on finite element modelling was extended to illustrate that saline intrusion into the surrounding soil (as a result of tidal ingress and acid buffering in the drains) was not a major concern for the pastureland or other agricultural activities.

Indraratna, B, Lackenby, J & Christie, D 2005, 'Effect of confining pressure on the degradation of ballast under cyclic loading', Géotechnique, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 325-328.
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Indraratna, B, Lackenby, J & Christie, D 2005, 'Effect of confining pressure on the degradation of ballast under cyclic loading', Géotechnique, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 325-328.
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Indraratna, B, Rujikiatkamjorn, C & Sathananthan, I 2005, 'Analytical and numerical solutions for a single vertical drain including the effects of vacuum preloading', Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 994-1014.
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A system of vertical drains combined with vacuum preloading is an effective method to accelerate soil consolidation by promoting radial flow. This study presents the analytical modeling of vertical drains incorporating vacuum preloading in both axisymmetric and plane strain conditions. The effectiveness of the applied vacuum pressure along the drain length is considered. The exact solutions applied on the basis of the unit cell theory are supported by finite element analysis using ABAQUS software. Subsequently, the details of an appropriate matching procedure by transforming permeability and vacuum pressure between axisymmetric and equivalent plane strain conditions are described through analytical and numerical schemes. The effects of the magnitude and distribution of vacuum pressure on soft clay consolidation are examined through average excess pore pressure, consolidation settlement, and time analyses. Lastly, the practical implications of this study are discussed.Key words: consolidation, finite element method, soft clay, vacuum preloading, vertical drains.

Indraratna, B, Rujikiatkamjorn, C & Sathananthan, I 2005, 'Radial consolidation of clay using compressibility indices and varying horizontal permeability', Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 1330-1341.
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A system of vertical drains, with surcharge load to accelerate consolidation by shortening the drainage path, is one of the most popular methods of soft ground improvement. The conventional radial consolidation theory (including smear and well resistance) has been commonly used to predict the behaviour of vertical drains in soft clay. Its mathematical formulation is based on the small strain theory; and for a given stress range, a constant volume compressibility (mv) and a constant coefficient of horizontal permeability (kh) are assumed. However, the value of mvvaries along the consolidation curve over a wide range of applied pressure (Δp). In the same manner, khalso changes with the void ratio (e). In this paper, the writers have replaced mvwith the compressibility indices (Ccand Cr), which define the slopes of the e – log σ′ relationship. Moreover, the variation of the horizontal permeability coefficient (kh) with the void ratio (e) during consolidation is represented by the e – log khrelationship that has a slope of Ck. In contrast to the conventional analysis, the current study highlights the influence of the Cc/Ck(or Cr/Ck) ratio and the preloading increment ratio (Δp/σi) on the consolidation process. The analytical predictions are compared with the experimental results when a large-scale consolidation chamber was used, and these predictions show good agreement with the measured data. Finally, an embankment case history taken from Muar Plains, Malaysia, is analysed on the basis of the current solution and compared with field measurements.Key words: compressibility, embankments, permeability, soft soils, soil consolidation, vertical...

Indraratna, B, Rujikiatkamjorn, C, Balasubramaniam, AS & Wijeyakulasuriya, V 2005, 'Chapter 7 Predictions and observations of soft clay foundations stabilized with geosynthetic drains and vacuum surcharge', Elsevier Geo-Engineering Book Series, vol. 3, no. C, pp. 199-229.
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This chapter starts with an introduction of a revised analytical model of radial drainage with vacuum preloading in both axisymmetric and plane strain conditions. Observed from large-scale radial drainage consolidation tests, the influence of vacuum pressure distribution along the drain length is examined through the dissipation of average excess pore pressure and associated settlement. The details of an appropriate conversion procedure by transforming permeability and vacuum pressure between axisymmetric and equivalent plane strain conditions are described through analytical and numerical schemes. The effects of the magnitude and distribution of vacuum pressure on soft clay consolidation are investigated on the basis of average excess pore pressure consolidation settlement, and time analyses. The writers describe a multi-drain plane strain finite element method analysis based on permeability conversion, which is employed to study the behavior of embankments stabilized at the site of the Second Bangkok International Airport with vacuum-assisted prefabricated vertical drains. In the field, a constant suction head is not always stable because of the occurrence of air leaks; therefore the magnitude of applied vacuum pressure was adjusted accordingly. The theoretical (numerical) predictions are compared with measured field data such as settlements, excess pore pressures, and lateral movements. The case history analysis employing the writers' model indicates improved accuracy of the predictions in relation to the field observations. The data indicate that the efficiency of the prefabricated vertical drains depends on the magnitude and distribution of vacuum pressure as well as on the extent of air leak protection provided in practice. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Indraratna, B, Sathananthan, I, Bamunawita, C & Balasubramaniam, AS 2005, 'Chapter 2 Theoretical and numerical perspectives and field observations for the design and performance evaluation of embankments constructed on soft marine clay', Elsevier Geo-Engineering Book Series, vol. 3, no. C, pp. 51-89.
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In this chapter, a two-demensional plane strain solution is adopted for the embankment analysis, which includes the effects of smear zone caused by mandrel driven vertical drains. The equivalent (transformed) permeability coefficients are incorporated in finite element codes, employing modified Cam-clay theory. Selected numerical studies have been carried out to study the effect of embankment slope, construction rate, and drain spacing on the failure of the soft clay foundation. Finally the observed and predicted performances of well-instrumented full-scale trial embankments built on soft Malaysian marine clay have been discussed in detail. The predicted results agree with the field measurements. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Indraratna, B, Sathananthan, I, Rujikiatkamjorn, C & Balasubramaniam, AS 2005, 'Analytical and Numerical Modeling of Soft Soil Stabilized by Prefabricated Vertical Drains Incorporating Vacuum Preloading', International Journal of Geomechanics, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 114-124.
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This paper describes the analytical formulation of a modified consolidation theory incorporating vacuum pressure, and numerical modeling of soft clay stabilized by prefabricated vertical drains, with a linearly distributed (trapezoidal) vacuum pressure for both axisymmetric and plane strain conditions. The effects of the magnitude and distribution of vacuum pressure on soft clay consolidation are examined through average time-dependent excess pore pressure and consolidation settlement analyses. The plane strain analysis was executed by transforming the actual vertical drains into a system of equivalent parallel drain walls by adjusting the coefficient of permeability of the soil and the applied vacuum pressure. The converted parameters are incorporated in the finite element code ABAQUS, employing the modified Cam-clay theory. Numerical analysis conducted to study the performance of a full-scale test embankment constructed on soft Bangkok clay. The performance of this selected embankment is predicted on the basis of four different vacuum pressure distributions. The predictions are compared with the available field data. The assumption of distributing the vacuum pressure as a constant over the soil surface and varying it linearly along the drains seems justified in relation to the field data. © ASCE.

Indraratna, B, Welideniya, HS & Brown, ET 2005, 'A shear strength model for idealised infilled joints under constant normal stiffness', Géotechnique, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 215-226.
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Infill materials found in natural rock joints may cause a reduction in joint shear strength, influencing rock mass stability. This paper reports a study aimed at developing a semi-empirical methodology for predicting the shear strength of infilled joints, taking into account joint surface characteristics and the properties of the joint and infill materials. A new model for predicting the shear strength of infilled joints is presented, on the basis of a series of tests carried out on two types of model joint surface having asperity angles of 9·5° and 18·5°, with graphite and bentonite used as infill materials. All tests were carried out in a large-scale shear apparatus under constant normal stiffness (CNS) conditions. The results indicate that at low infill thickness to asperity height ratio (t/a), the combined effect of the basic friction angle (ϕb) and the joint asperity angle (i) is pronounced, but it diminishes with increasing t/a ratio so that the shear strength converges towards that of the infill alone. Summation of two algebraic functions (A and B) that represent the joint and infill characteristics correctly models the decay of normalised shear strength with increasing t/a ratio. The new model successfully describes the observed shear strengths of the graphite and clay (bentonite) filled model joints.

Indraratna, B, Welideniya, HS & Brown, ET 2005, 'A shear strength model for idealised infilled joints under constant normal stiffness', Géotechnique, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 215-226.
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Jarman, R & Bryce, P 2005, 'Serving Solomon', International Water Power and Dam Construction, vol. 57, no. 9, pp. 14-15.
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The Solomon Islands are located in the South Pacific ocean, off the coast of Papua New Guinea. The region is solated from overseas markets, main shipping and air routes and from other Pacific Nations. Five of the South Pacific nation states are classified as 'least developed', including the Solomon Islands. Economically, government and civil instituotions are spread thin over large areas on the islands, and what human resources do exist are largely undeveloped, hindering economic development. External pressures for structural reform, individual land titling, and privatisation extend from neighbouring economic powers Australia and New Zealand. Much foreign assistance to date has focused on top-down solutions for a problem that really needs rural based sustainable development; recent programmes of rural-oriented assistance have been challenged by logistics, transaction costs and the mismatch of objectives across cultural divides.

Jegatheesan, V, Vigneswaran, S & Lee, S-H 2005, 'Deposition of submicron particles in deep bed filtration under unfavorable surface conditions', Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 142-146.
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Deterioration in the filter removal efficiency of submicron particles (lambda/lambda(0)) under unfavorable surface conditions is affected by the number of deposited particles per filter grain. In the case of above micron particles, the deterioration of f

Ji, JC & Hansen, CH 2005, 'Forced phase-locked response of a nonlinear system with time delay after Hopf bifurcation', CHAOS SOLITONS & FRACTALS, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 461-473.
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The trivial equilibrium of a nonlinear autonomous system with time delay may become unstable via a Hopf bifurcation of multiplicity two, as the time delay reaches a critical value. This loss of stability of the equilibrium is associated with two coincident pairs of complex conjugate eigenvalues crossing the imaginary axis. The resultant dynamic behaviour of the corresponding nonlinear non-autonomous system in the neighbourhood of the Hopf bifurcation is investigated based on the reduction of the infinite-dimensional problem to a four-dimensional centre manifold. As a result of the interaction between the Hopf bifurcating periodic solutions and the external periodic excitation, a primary resonance can occur in the forced response of the system when the forcing frequency is close to the Hopf bifurcating periodic frequency. The method of multiple scales is used to obtain four first-order ordinary differential equations that determine the amplitudes and phases of the phase-locked periodic solutions. The first-order approximations of the periodic solutions are found to be in excellent agreement with those obtained by direct numerical integration of the delay-differential equation. It is also found that the steady state solutions of the nonlinear non-autonomous system may lose their stability via either a pitchfork or Hopf bifurcation. It is shown that the primary resonance response may exhibit symmetric and asymmetric phase-locked periodic motions, quasi-periodic motions, chaotic motions, and coexistence of two stable motions. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ji, JC & Hansen, CH 2005, 'Hopf bifurcation of a magnetic bearing system with time delay', JOURNAL OF VIBRATION AND ACOUSTICS-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME, vol. 127, no. 4, pp. 362-369.
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This paper is concerned with a study of the influence of a time delay occurring in a PD feedback control on the dynamic stability of a rotor suspended by magnetic bearings. In the presence of geometric coordinate coupling and time delay, the equations of motion governing the response of the rotor are a set of two-degree-of-freedom nonlinear differential equations with time delay coupling in nonlinear terms. It is found that as the time delay increases beyond a critical value, the equilibrium position of the rotor motion becomes unstable and may bifurcate into two qualitatively different kinds of periodic motion. The resultant Hopf bifurcation is associated with two coincident pairs of complex conjugate eigenvalues crossing the imaginary axis. Based on the reduction of the infinite dimensional problem to the flow on a four-dimensional center manifold, the bifurcating periodic solutions are investigated using a perturbation method. Copyright © 2005 by ASME.

Ji, JC & Hansen, CH 2005, 'On the approximate solution of a piecewise nonlinear oscillator under super-harmonic resonance', JOURNAL OF SOUND AND VIBRATION, vol. 283, no. 1-2, pp. 467-474.
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An approximate solution for the super-harmonic resonance response of a periodically excited nonlinear oscillator with a piecewise nonlinear-linear characteristic is constructed using both a matching method and a modified averaging method. The validity of the developed analysis is confirmed by comparing the approximate solutions with the results of direct numerical integration of the original equation. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ji, JC, Hansen, CH & Li, XY 2005, 'Effect of external excitations on a nonlinear system with time delay', NONLINEAR DYNAMICS, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 385-402.
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The trivial equilibrium of a two-degree-of-freedom autonomous system may become unstable via a Hopf bifurcation of multiplicity two and give rise to oscillatory bifurcating solutions, due to presence of a time delay in the linear and nonlinear terms. The effect of external excitations on the dynamic behaviour of the corresponding non-autonomous system, after the Hopf bifurcation, is investigated based on the behaviour of solutions to the four-dimensional system of ordinary differential equations. The interaction between the Hopf bifurcating solutions and the high level excitations may induce a non-resonant or secondary resonance response, depending on the ratio of the frequency of bifurcating periodic motion to the frequency of external excitation. The first-order approximate periodic solutions for the non-resonant and super-harmonic resonance response are found to be in good agreement with those obtained by direct numerical integration of the delay differential equation. It is found that the non-resonant response may be either periodic or quasi-periodic. It is shown that the super-harmonic resonance response may exhibit periodic and quasi-periodic motions as well as a co-existence of two or three stable motions. © Springer 2005.

Ji, ZF, Cao, HG & Ying, MS 2005, 'Optimal conclusive discrimination of two states can be achieved locally', PHYSICAL REVIEW A, vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 1-5.
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This paper constructs a local operation and classical communication protocol that achieves the global optimality of conclusive discrimination of any two pure states with arbitrary a priori probability. This can be interpreted that there is no

Ji, ZF, Feng, YA & Ying, MS 2005, 'Local cloning of two product states', PHYSICAL REVIEW A, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 1-5.
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Local quantum operations and classical communication (LOCC) put considerable constraints on many quantum information processing tasks such as cloning and discrimination. Surprisingly, however, discrimination of any two pure states survives such constrain

Jiang, JQ, Yin, Q, Pearce, P & Zhou, J 2005, 'A survey of endocrine disrupting chemicals in sewage and a preliminary treatment trial', Water Science and Technology, vol. 52, no. 8, pp. 1-7.
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This paper demonstrates that synthetic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) (e.g. bisphenol-A) and natural EDCs (e.g. estrone and 17β-estradiol) were found in the crude sewage from two sewage treatment works. Conventional biological processes can lower EDC concentrations to several hundred nanograms per litre. Because natural EDCs (e.g. estrone and 17β1-estradiol) have biological activity and an adverse impact on the environment at extremely low concentrations (several tens of nanograms per litre), and because the existing wastewater/sewage treatment processes are not adequate to reduce natural EDC concentrations lower than 100ngL−1, further treatment after conventional biological processes is required. Preliminary trials with ferrate(VI) and electrochemical oxidation processes demonstrated that the former is more effective than the latter in reducing EDC concentrations, and that both the processes can effectively reduce EDCs to very low levels, ranging between 20 and 100ngL−1.

Jiang, JQ, Yin, Q, Zhou, JL & Pearce, P 2005, 'Occurrence and treatment trials of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in wastewaters', Chemosphere, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 544-550.
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This study demonstrates that both synthetic and natural endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) (e.g., bisphenol A, estrone and 17β-estradiol) were found in the crude wastewaters from two wastewater treatment works (WwTWs). Conventional biological processes can lower EDCs concentrations to several tens to hundreds ng l-1. Since natural EDCs (e.g., estrone and 17β-estradiol) have biological activity and adverse impact on the environment at extremely low concentrations (several tens of ng l-1), further treatment after conventional biological processes is required. Preliminary trials with ferrate(VI) and electrochemical oxidation process demonstrated that both processes can effectively reduce EDCs to very low levels, ranging between 10 and 100 ng l-1, but the former is more effective than the latter to reduce COD concentration in wastewater for given studying conditions. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Jiang, Z, Sun, W, Tang, J, Wei, D & Tieu, KA 2005, 'Analysis of oxidation and surface characteristics in hot strip rolling', Journal of Materials Science and Technology, vol. 21, no. SUPPL. 1, pp. 91-94.
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Deformation characteristics of the oxide scale in hot strip mill have not been quantified before and the principle of the effect of oxide scale deformation in the roll bite on strip surface roughness has not yet been revealed. In this paper, analysis of the thin secondary oxide scale formed in hot metal rolling and its surface roughness micro deformation is carried out by experiments and finite element analysis. Simulation results are compared with the measured values, which show that they are in close agreement. Surface roughness transfer during hot metal rolling is also discussed.

Jin Jiang Zhong, Jian Guo Zhu, You Guang Guo & Zhi Wei Lin 2005, 'Improved measurement with 2-D rotating fluxes considering the effect of internal field', IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 41, no. 10, pp. 3709-3711.
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This paper analyzes the effect of the internal field on the measurement with two-dimensional (2-D) rotating fluxes. It is demonstrated that due to the effect of the internal field, the misalignment of H sensing coils, causing the asymmetry of H loci and

Jin Jiang Zhong, Jian Guo Zhu, YouGuang Guo & Zhi Wei Lin 2005, 'A 3-D vector magnetization model with interaction field', IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1496-1499.
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This paper presents a vector model of magnetization based on the three-dimensional (3-D) Stoner-Wohlfarth elemental operator. To account for the magnetic interactions between particles, a phenomenological mean-field approximation is employed. The paper also illustrates the numerical simulation results of the magnetization in 3-D. This model will be useful to simulate the magnetization process of complicated topology flux electromagnetic devices. © 2005 IEEE.

Jinyan Li, Limsoon Wong & Qiang Yang 2005, 'Guest Editors' Introduction: Data Mining in Bioinformatics', IEEE Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 16-18.
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Kalam, MA & Masjuki, HH 2005, 'Effect of coconut oil-blended fuels on diesel engine wear and lubrication', Lubrication Science, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 389-402.
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Kalam, MA & Masjuki, HH 2005, 'Recent developments on biodiesel in Malaysia', Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, vol. 64, no. 11, pp. 920-927.
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This paper presents recent developments on biodiesel production from palm oil, its properties and engine test results to evaluate its performance on diesel engine. The potential of palm diesel to be commercially used depends on its price comparison with diesel fuel and its status of reservation. Increasing cost and pollution effects of fossil diesel fuel can be resolved through producing vegetable oil based fuels such as palm diesel. This paper discusses Malaysian palm diesel as well as global biodiesel status, standardization of biodiesel and their commercial price consideration and various engine test results on aspects of brake power, combustion, emissions, engine wear and lubrication performance.

Kalam, MA, Masjuki, HH, Amalina, MA, Abdesselam, H & Mahlia, TMI 2005, 'CO, HC and NO_x Emissions Characteristics of a Retrofitted Bi-fuel Natural Gas Engine', HKIE Transactions, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 25-30.
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This paper presents the experimental results carried out to evaluate CO, HC and NOx exhaust emissions and performance characteristics of a computer integrated bi-fuel spark ignition engine that has been retrofitted for two fuels namely, gasoline and compressed natural gas (CNG). The ignition point was optimised for CNG through the external device so that the maximum cylinder pressure occurred at similar as gasoline fuel such as between 10 to 10.50 deg crank angles after top dead centre (TDC). The used engine is a 4-cylinder spark ignition engine that has been operated with steady state condition using engine operating software and data acquisition system called CADET6. An eddy current dynamometer was used to measure engine performance characteristics such as engine brake power and fuel consumption and to give load on engine during measuring emission characteristics. Bosch and Bacharach exhaust gas analysers were used to measure emissions gases such as CO, HC and NOx. The performance test was done with full throttle condition and corresponding air-fuel (AFR) was evaluated. The emissions test was done with fixed load condition for both the fuels. The results show that CNG reduces 15% brake power with 15% to 18% reduction in specific fuel consumption (SFC) as compared to gasoline fuel. This is mainly due to the gases nature of CNG fuel. The emissions results show that CNG reduces CO and HC emissions but increases NOx emissions. The details about the emissions and performance results with three way catalytic (TWC) converter have been presented and discussed. The results of this experiment will be used to develop of new dedicated natural gas engines. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Khiadani, MH, Beecham, S, Kandasamy, J & Sivakumar, S 2005, 'Boundary Shear Stress in Spatially Varied Flow with Increasing Discharge', Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, vol. 131, no. 8, pp. 705-714.
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The distribution of the wall shear stress on the bed and sidewalls of an open channel receiving lateral inflow was obtained from experimental measurements of the distribution of the velocity in the viscous sublayer using a laser doppler velocimeter. The

Kim, J & Sukkarieh, S 2005, '6DoF SLAM aided GNSS/INS navigation in GNSS denied and unknown environments', Positioning, vol. 1, pp. 0-0.

Kim, JH & Sukkarieh, S 2005, 'Recasting SLAM - Towards Improving Efficiency and Platform Independency', Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics, vol. 15, pp. 399-408.
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This paper provides an alternative solution to solving SLAM's computational complexity in Inertial Navigation System (INS) application, not from the perspective of map management techniques, but by focusing on the filter's structure and model, and recasting the SLAM algorithm into what is known as an "indirect" implementation. In doing so we provide a navigation structure which is computationally efficient in even for highly non-linear, highly dynamic systems. The problem is solved by separating the SLAM filter from the main navigation loop and, instead of estimating the states of the vehicle and landmarks, the filter estimates the errors in these states. This is accomplished by perturbing the dynamic equations which govern the platform and map models, and hence linearising an otherwise highly non-linear system. The error behaviour of INS is well known and can be predicted precisely using the linearised model. The result is a SLAM linearized error model which provides four main benefits: 1) since the model is linearised, the estimation filter itself is linear during sample interval, providing both significant advantages in computation and in filter tuning; 2) the error model represents the error dynamics, which drift slowly with time, hence the sampling rate required for the prediction cycle of the filter is significantly lower; 3) since the navigation loop and map are decoupled from the time-consuming filter structure, the navigation loop can provide the navigation outputs within fixed deadline without disturbed from the filter; and 4) as the error model is in piecewisely linear form, the observability of SLAM system can be directly analysed. Furthermore, in this paper the navigation structure makes use of an INS as the driver for the platform model, thus providing a navigation solution which is totally separated and independent of the vehicle implemented (however the structure implemented here can also be used when given a vehicle kinematic representation cast ...

Kuhnert, M, Voinov, A & Seppelt, R 2005, 'Comparing Raster Map Comparison Algorithms for Spatial Modeling and Analysis', Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, vol. 71, no. 8, pp. 975-984.
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Kwong, RA, Kalish, LH, Nguyen, TV, Kench, JG, Bova, RJ, Cole, IE, Musgrove, EA & Sutherland, RL 2005, 'p14ARF Protein Expression Is a Predictor of Both Relapse and Survival in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Anterior Tongue', Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 4107-4116.
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Abstract Purpose: The INK4A-ARF locus at chromosome 9p21 is frequently altered in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and encodes two distinct tumor suppressors, p16INK4A and p14ARF. This study addressed the role of p14ARF as a potential prognostic marker in this disease. Experimental Design: p14ARF protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in a cohort of 140 patients with SCC of the anterior tongue. Using univariate and multivariate Cox's proportional hazards models, the outcomes examined were time to disease recurrence or death, with or without clinicopathologic covariates, including nodal status, disease stage, treatment status, Ki-67 staining, and molecular markers with known functional or genetic relationships with p14ARF (p16INK4A, p53, pRb, p21WAF1/CIP1, E2F-1). Results: On multivariate analysis, p14ARF positivity (nucleolar p14ARF staining and/or nuclear p14ARF staining in ≥30% of tumor cells) was an independent predictor of improved disease-free survival (DFS; P = 0.002) and overall survival (OS; P = 0.002). This was further enhanced when p14ARF positivity was cosegregated with positive (≥1%) p16INK4A staining (DFS, P &lt; 0.001; OS, P &lt; 0.001). Patients whose cancers were p14ARF negative and p53 positive (&gt;50%) had the poorest outcome (DFS, P &lt; 0.001; OS, P &lt; 0.001) of any patient subgroup analyzed. Conclusions: These data show that in patients with SCC of the tongue, combined nuclear and nucleolar expression of p14ARF protein predicts for improved DFS and OS independent of established prognostic markers.

Law, SS & Zhu, XQ 2005, 'Bridge dynamic responses due to road surface roughness and braking of vehicle', Journal of Sound and Vibration, vol. 282, no. 3-5, pp. 805-830.
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Law, SS & Zhu, XQ 2005, 'Nonlinear Characteristics of Damaged Concrete Structures under Vehicular Load', Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 131, no. 8, pp. 1277-1285.
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Law, SS, Bu, JQ & Zhu, XQ 2005, 'Time-varying wind load identification from structural responses', Engineering Structures, vol. 27, no. 10, pp. 1586-1598.
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Law, SS, Li, XY, Zhu, XQ & Chan, SL 2005, 'Structural damage detection from wavelet packet sensitivity', Engineering Structures, vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 1339-1348.
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Lawry, J, Ray, A, Klimesch, D, Thomas, P, Guerbois, J-P & Harrison, J 2005, 'Thermal characterization of portland cement-magnesia blends', Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 637-641.
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Due to growing environmental concerns and the need to use less energy-intensive building products, alternatives and improvements to Portland cement (PC) are being actively researched worldwide. Use of supplementary materials is now a common practice wher

Lee, DK, Saldivia, VR, Nguyen, T, Cheng, R, George, SR & O’Dowd, BF 2005, 'Modification of the Terminal Residue of Apelin-13 Antagonizes Its Hypotensive Action', Endocrinology, vol. 146, no. 1, pp. 231-236.
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The apelin peptide is the endogenous ligand for the apelin G protein-coupled receptor. The distribution of the apelin peptides and receptor are widespread in the central nervous system and periphery, with reported roles in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, blood pressure regulation and as one of the most potent positive inotropic substances yet identified. In this report, we show that in native tissues preproapelin exists as a dimer. Dimeric preproapelin was reduced to monomers by dithiothreitol treatment, indicating disulfide linkages. To evaluate the role of the carboxyl-terminal phenylalanine in the hypotensive action of apelin-13, analogs were generated and tested for their role on blood pressure regulation. Injections of apelin-13 and apelin-12 (15 μg/kg) into spontaneously hypertensive rats lowered systolic and diastolic blood pressure to result in decreases of approximately 60% and 15% in mean arterial blood pressure, respectively. Apelin-13(13[d-Phe]) treatment did not differ from apelin-13 in either efficacy or duration of effect, whereas apelin-13(F13A) revealed a loss of function. However, concomitant administration of apelin-13(F13A) (30 μg/kg) blocked hypotensive effects of apelin-13 (15 μg/kg), which revealed that apelin-13(F13A) behaved as an apelin-specific antagonist.

Li, H & Li, J 2005, 'Discovery of stable and significant binding motif pairs from PDB complexes and protein interaction datasets', Bioinformatics, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 314-324.
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Abstract Motivation: Discovery of binding sites is important in the study of protein–protein interactions. In this paper, we introduce stable and significant motif pairs to model protein-binding sites. The stability is the pattern’s resistance to some transformation. The significance is the unexpected frequency of occurrence of the pattern in a sequence dataset comprising known interacting protein pairs. Discovery of stable motif pairs is an iterative process, undergoing a chain of changing but converging patterns. Determining the starting point for such a chain is an interesting problem. We use a protein complex dataset extracted from the Protein Data Bank to help in identifying those starting points, so that the computational complexity of the problem is much released. Results: We found 913 stable motif pairs, of which 765 are significant. We evaluated these motif pairs using comprehensive comparison results against random patterns. Wet-experimentally discovered motifs reported in the literature were also used to confirm the effectiveness of our method. Contact  haiquan@i2r.a-star.edu.sg Supplementary information  http://sdmc.i2r.a-star.edu.sg/BindingMotifPairs

Li, J & Li, H 2005, 'Using fixed point theorems to model the binding in protein-protein interactions', IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 1079-1087.
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The binding in protein-protein interactions exhibits a kind of biochemical stability in cells. The mathematical notion of fixed points also describes stability. A point is a fixed point if it remains unchanged after a transformation by a function. Many points may not be a fixed point, but they may approach a stable status after multiple steps of transformation. In this paper, we define a point as a protein motif pair consisting of two traditional protein motifs. We propose a function and propose a method to discover stable motif pairs of this function from a large protein interaction sequence data set. There are many interesting properties for this function (for example, the convergence). Some of them are useful for gaining much efficiency in the discovery of those stable motif pairs; some are useful for explaining why our proposed fixed point theorems are a good way to model the binding of protein interactions. Our results are also compared to biological results to elaborate the effectiveness of our method. © 2005 IEEE.

Li, L & Paganini, F 2005, 'Structured coprime factor model reduction based on LMIs', AUTOMATICA, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 145-151.
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In this paper we discuss dynamic model reduction methods which preserve a certain structure in the underlying system. Specifically, we consider the situation where the reduction must be consistent with a partition of the system states. This is motivated, for instance, in situations where state variables are associated with the topology of a networked system, and the reduction should preserve this. We build on the observation that imposing block structure to generalized controllability and observability gramians automatically yields such state-partitioned model reduction. The difficulty lies in ensuring feasibility of the resulting Lyapunov inequalities, which is in general very restrictive. To overcome this, we consider coprime factor model reduction. We derive an LMI characterization of expansive and contractive coprime factorizations that preserve structure, and use this to build a more flexible method for structured model reduction. An example is given to illustrate the method. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

LI, L & PAGANINI, F 2005, 'Structured coprime factor model reduction based on LMIs☆', Automatica, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 145-151.
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Li, SJ, Ying, MS & Li, YM 2005, 'On countable RCC models', FUNDAMENTA INFORMATICAE, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 329-351.
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Region Connection Calculus (RCC) is the most widely studied formalism of Qualitative Spatial Reasoning. It has been known for some time that each connected regular topological space provides an RCC model. These 'standard' models are inevitable uncountabl

Li, Y, Li, S & Ying, M 2005, 'Relational reasoning in the region connection calculus', CoRR, vol. abs/cs/0505041.
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This paper is mainly concerned with the relation-algebraical aspects of thewell-known Region Connection Calculus (RCC). We show that the contact relationalgebra (CRA) of certain RCC model is not atomic complete and hence infinite.So in general an extensional composition table for the RCC cannot be obtainedby simply refining the RCC8 relations. After having shown that each RCC modelis a consistent model of the RCC11 CT, we give an exhaustive investigationabout extensional interpretation of the RCC11 CT. More important, we show thecomplemented closed disk algebra is a representation for the relation algebradetermined by the RCC11 table. The domain of this algebra contains two classesof regions, the closed disks and closures of their complements in the realplane.

Liang, SF, Lin, CT, Wu, RC, Chen, YC, Huang, TY & Jung, TP 2005, 'Monitoring Driver's Alertness Based on the Driving Performance Estimation and the EEG Power Spectrum Analysis', 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference, pp. 5738-5741.
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Lin, AZ, Hawryszkiewycz, I & Henderson-Sellers, B 2005, 'An agent-based collaborative emergent process management system', AGENT-ORIENTED INFORMATION SYSTEMS II, vol. 3508, pp. 1-18.
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An emergent process is a process whose goal and activities to achieve the goal are unable to be specified in advance but emerge over time as knowledge gained from the activities performed earlier shapes the subsequent goal and activities. Collaborative e

Lin, C-J & Chen, C-H 2005, 'Identification and prediction using recurrent compensatory neuro-fuzzy systems', Fuzzy Sets and Systems, vol. 150, no. 2, pp. 307-330.
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In this paper, a recurrent compensatory neuro-fuzzy system (RCNFS) for identification and prediction is proposed. The compensatory-based fuzzy method uses the adaptive fuzzy operations of neuro-fuzzy systems to make fuzzy logic systems more adaptive and effective. A recurrent network is embedded in the RCNFS by adding feedback connections in the second layer, where the feedback units act as memory elements. In this paper, the RCNFS model is proved to be a universal approximator. Also, an online learning algorithm is proposed which can automatically construct the RCNFS. There are no rules initially in the RCNFS. They are created and adapted as online learning proceeds through simultaneous structure and parameter learning. Structure learning is based on the degree measure and parameter learning is based on the ordered derivative algorithm. Finally, the RCNFS is used in several simulations. The simulation results of the dynamic system model have shown that (1) the RCNFS model converges quickly; (2) the RCNFS model requires a small number of tuning parameters; (3) the RCNFS model can solve temporal problems and approximate a dynamic system. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Lin, C-T, Cheng, W-C & Liang, S-F 2005, 'A 3-D Surface Reconstruction Approach Based on Postnonlinear ICA Model', IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 1638-1650.
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LIN, C-T, LIN, K-L, YANG, C-H, CHUNG, I-F, HUANG, C-D & YANG, Y-S 2005, 'PROTEIN METAL BINDING RESIDUE PREDICTION BASED ON NEURAL NETWORKS', International Journal of Neural Systems, vol. 15, no. 01n02, pp. 71-84.
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Over one-third of protein structures contain metal ions, which are the necessary elements in life systems. Traditionally, structural biologists were used to investigate properties of metalloproteins (proteins which bind with metal ions) by physical means and interpreting the function formation and reaction mechanism of enzyme by their structures and observations from experiments in vitro. Most of proteins have primary structures (amino acid sequence information) only; however, the 3-dimension structures are not always available. In this paper, a direct analysis method is proposed to predict the protein metal-binding amino acid residues from its sequence information only by neural networks with sliding window-based feature extraction and biological feature encoding techniques. In four major bulk elements (Calcium, Potassium, Magnesium, and Sodium), the metal-binding residues are identified by the proposed method with higher than 90% sensitivity and very good accuracy under 5-fold cross validation. With such promising results, it can be extended and used as a powerful methodology for metal-binding characterization from rapidly increasing protein sequences in the future.

Lin, C-T, Wu, R-C, Jung, T-P, Liang, S-F & Huang, T-Y 2005, 'Estimating Driving Performance Based on EEG Spectrum Analysis', EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, vol. 2005, no. 19, pp. 3165-3174.
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Lin, C-T, Yeh, C-M, Chung, J-F, Liang, S-F & Pu, H-C 2005, 'Support-Vector-Based Fuzzy Neural Networks', International Journal of Computational Intelligence Research, vol. 1, no. 2.
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Ling, SH, Leung, FHF & Lam, HK 2005, 'An improved genetic algorithm based fuzzy-tuned neural network', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NEURAL SYSTEMS, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 457-474.
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This paper presents a fuzzy-tuned neural network, which is trained by an improved genetic algorithm (GA). The fuzzy-tuned neural network consists of a neural-fuzzy network and a modified neural network. In the modified neural network, a neuron model with two activation functions is used so that the degree of freedom of the network function can be increased. The neural-fuzzy network governs some of the parameters of the neuron model. It will be shown that the performance of the proposed fuzzy-tuned neural network is better than that of the traditional neural network with a similar number of parameters. An improved GA is proposed to train the parameters of the proposed network. Sets of improved genetic operations are presented. The performance of the improved GA will be shown to be better than that of the traditional GA. Some application examples are given to illustrate the merits of the proposed neural network and the improved GA. © World Scientific Publishing Company.

LING, SH, LEUNG, FHF, WONG, LK & LAM, HK 2005, 'COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNIQUES FOR HOME ELECTRIC LOAD FORECASTING AND BALANCING', International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Applications, vol. 05, no. 03, pp. 371-391.
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The paper presents an electric load balancing system for domestic use. An electric load forecasting system, which is realized by a genetic algorithm-based modified neural network, is employed. On forecasting the home power consumption profile, the load balancing system can adjust the amount of energy stored in battery accordingly, preventing it from reaching certain practical limits. A steady consumption from the AC mains can then be obtained which will benefit both the users and the utility company. An example will be given to illustrate the merits of the forecaster, and its performance on achieving the load balancing.

Ling-Yu Duan, Min Xu, Qi Tian, Chang-Sheng Xu & Jin, JS 2005, 'A unified framework for semantic shot classification in sports video', IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 1066-1083.
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The extensive amount of multimedia information available necessitates content-based video indexing and retrieval methods. Since humans tend to use high-level semantic concepts when querying and browsing multimedia databases, there is an increasing need for semantic video indexing and analysis. For this purpose, we present a unified framework for semantic shot classification in sports video, which has been widely studied due to tremendous commercial potentials. Unlike most existing approaches, which focus on clustering by aggregating shots or key-frames with similar low-level features, the proposed scheme employs supervised learning to perform a top-down video shot classification. Moreover, the supervised learning procedure is constructed on the basis of effective mid-level representations instead of exhaustive low-level features. This framework consists of three main steps: 1) identify video shot classes for each sport; 2) develop a common set of motion, color, shot length-related mid-level representations; and 3) supervised learning of the given sports video shots. It is observed that for each sport we can predefine a small number of semantic shot classes, about 5-10, which covers 90%-95% of broadcast sports video. We employ nonparametric feature space analysis to map low-level features to mid-level semantic video shot attributes such as dominant object (a player) motion, camera motion patterns, and court shape, etc. Based on the fusion of those mid-level shot attributes, we classify video shots into the predefined shot classes, each of which has clear semantic meanings. With this framework we have achieved good classification accuracy of 85%-95% on the game videos of five typical ball type sports (i.e., tennis, basketball, Volleyball, soccer, and table tennis) with over 5500 shots of about 8 h. With correctly classified sports video shots, further structural and temporal analysis, such as event detection, highlight extraction, video skimming, and table of conte...

Lipman, J, Abolhasan, M, Boustead, P & Chicharo, J 2005, 'An optimised resource aware approach to information collection in ad hoc networks', Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 643-655.
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In ad hoc networks there is a need for all-to-one protocols that allow for information collection or 'sensing' of the state of an ad hoc network and the nodes that comprise it. Such protocols may be used for service discovery, auto-configuration, network management, topology discovery or reliable flooding. There is a parallel between this type of sensing in ad hoc networks and that of sensor networks. However, ad hoc networks and sensor networks differ in their application, construction, characteristics and constraints. The main priority of sensor networks is for the flow of data from sensors back to a sink, but in an ad hoc network this may be of secondary importance. Hence, protocols suitable to sensor networks are not necessarily suitable to ad hoc networks and vice versa. We propose, Resource Aware Information Collection (RAIC), a distributed two phased resource aware approach to information collection in ad hoc networks. RAIC utilises a resource aware optimised flooding mechanism to both disseminate requests and initialise a backbone of resource suitable nodes responsible for relaying replies back to the node collecting information. RAIC in the process of collecting information from all nodes in an ad hoc network is shown to consume less energy and introduce less overhead compared with Directed Diffusion and a brute force approach. Importantly, over multiple successive queries (in an energy constrained environment), the use of resource awareness allows for the load of relaying to be distributed to those nodes most suitable, thereby extending the lifetime of the network. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Lister, R 2005, 'One Small Step Toward a Culture of Peer Review and Multi- Institutional Sharing of Educational Resources: A Multiple Choice Exam for First Semester Programming Students', Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology Series, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 155-164.
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This paper presents a multiple choice question exam, used to test students completing their first semester of programming. Assumptions in the design of the exam are identified. A detailed analysis is performed on how students performed on the questions. The intent behind this exercise is to begin a community process of identifying the criteria that define an effective multiplechoice exam for testing novice programmers. The long term aim is to develop consensus on peer review criteria of such exams. This consensus is seen as a necessary precondition for any future public domain library of such multiple-choice questions. © 2005, Australian Computer Society, Inc.

Lister, RF 2005, 'Mixed methods: positivists are from Mars, constructivists are from Venus', ACM SIGCSE Bulletin Inroads, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 18-19.

Liu, A, Schisterman, EF & Wu, C 2005, 'Nonparametric Estimation and Hypothesis Testing on the Partial Area Under Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves', Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods, vol. 34, no. 9-10, pp. 2077-2088.
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Liu, A, Wu, C, Yu, KF & Gehan, E 2005, 'Supplementary analysis of probabilities at the termination of a group sequential phase II trial', Statistics in Medicine, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 1009-1027.
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AbstractWe consider estimation of various probabilities after termination of a group sequential phase II trial. A motivating example is that the stopping rule of a phase II oncologic trial is determined solely based on response to a drug treatment, and at the end of the trial estimating the rate of toxicity and response is desirable. The conventional maximum likelihood estimator (sample proportion) of a probability is shown to be biased, and two alternative estimators are proposed to correct for bias, a bias‐reduced estimator obtained by using Whitehead's bias‐adjusted approach, and an unbiased estimator from the Rao–Blackwell method of conditioning. All three estimation procedures are shown to have certain invariance property in bias. Moreover, estimators of a probability and their bias and precision can be evaluated through the observed response rate and the stage at which the trial stops, thus avoiding extensive computation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Liu, B, Thomas, PS, Williams, RP & Donne, SW 2005, 'Thermal characterisation of chemically reduced electrolytic manganese dioxide', Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 625-629.
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Samples of electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) were chemically reduced using 2-propanol under reflux (82 degrees C) for 1, 2, 3, 6 and 24 h intervals. XRD analysis showed that the gamma-MnO2 structure was preserved although the lattice dimensions were o

Liu, H, Han, H, Li, J & Wong, L 2005, 'DNAFSMiner: a web-based software toolbox to recognize two types of functional sites in DNA sequences', Bioinformatics, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 671-673.
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Abstract Summary: DNAFSMiner (DNA Functional Sites Miner) is a web-based software toolbox to recognize functional sites in nucleic acid sequences. Currently in this toolbox, we provide two software: TIS Miner and Poly(A) Signal Miner. The TIS Miner can be used to predict translation initiation sites in vertebrate DNA/mRNA/cDNA sequences, and the Poly(A) Signal Miner can be used to predict polyadenylation [poly(A)] signals in human DNA sequences. The prediction results are better than those by literature methods on two benchmark applications. This good performance is mainly attributable to our unique learning method. DNAFSMiner is available free of charge for academic and non-profit organizations. Availability:  http://research.i2r.a-star.edu.sg/DNAFSMiner/ Contact:  huiqing@i2r.a-star.edu.sg

Liu, H, Li, J & Wong, L 2005, 'Use of extreme patient samples for outcome prediction from gene expression data', Bioinformatics, vol. 21, no. 16, pp. 3377-3384.
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Motivation: Patient outcome prediction using microarray technologies is an important application in bioinformatics. Based on patients' genotypic microarray data, predictions are made to estimate patients' survival time and their risk of tumor metastasis or recurrence. So, accurate prediction can potentially help to provide better treatment for patients. Results: We present a new computational method for patient outcome prediction. In the training phase of this method, we make use of two types of extreme patient samples: short-term survivors who got an unfavorable outcome within a short period and long-term survivors who were maintaining a favorable outcome after a long follow-up time. These extreme training samples yield a clear platform for us to identify relevant genes whose expression is closely related to the outcome. The selected extreme samples and the relevant genes are then integrated by a support vector machine to build a prediction model, by which each validation sample is assigned a risk score that falls into one of the special pre-defined risk groups. We apply this method to several public datasets. In most cases, patients in high and low risk groups stratified by our method have clearly distinguishable outcome status as seen in their Kaplan-Meier curves. We also show that the idea of selecting only extreme patient samples for training is effective for improving the prediction accuracy when different gene selection methods are used. © The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.

Liu, Q, Loganathan, P & Hedley, MJ 2005, 'Influence of ectomycorrhizal hyphae on phosphate fractions and dissolution of phosphate rock in rhizosphere soils of Pinus radiata', JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION, vol. 28, no. 9, pp. 1525-1540.
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A study was conducted to determine the effect of ectomycorrhizal hyphae on phosphate rock dissolution and soil properties in the rhizosphere of one-year-old Pinus radiata D. Don seedlings established on an allophanic soil (Andosol) in the field. High and low ectomycorrhizal hyphal activities were produced in soils inside the lower compartments of rhizosphere study containers by using either 26 μm or <10 μm pore-size nylon mesh(es) at the interfaces between the lower and upper compartments. The meshes at the interfaces allowed (26 μm) or reduced (<10 μm) hyphae penetration into the lower compartment. Pairs of containers, one with 26 μm mesh and the other with <10 μm mesh, were buried under Pinus radiata seedlings for 10 months in a forest plantation. The effect of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) hyphal activity on phosphate rock dissolution and soil properties was determined. The increased ECM hyphal activity induced increased soil acidification and promoted greater production of acid phosphatase enzyme, causing greater changes in phosphorus (P) fractions in the rhizosphere soils. The increased ECM hyphal activity also stimulated higher dissolution of phosphate rock and mobilization of soil organic P. The results suggest that ECM hyphal strand has a significant role in mobilizing low-solubility P forms and soil organic P for utilization by the tree. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Inc.

Liu, R, Wilding, A, Hibberd, A & Zhou, JL 2005, 'Partition of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals between Colloids and Dissolved Phase As Determined by Cross-Flow Ultrafiltration', Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 39, no. 8, pp. 2753-2761.
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Cross-flow ultrafiltration (CFUF) was developed first for the isolation of natural colloids and subsequently for determining the partition of selected endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) between river colloids and dissolved phase. In this study, a 1-kDa Millipore Pellicon 2 cartridge type CFUF system was validated using a range of molecular probes spiked in natural waters. Results show that good retention (>80%) of high molecular weight (HMW, >1 kDa) molecules and low retention of low molecular weight (LMW, <1 kDa) molecules can be achieved at high concentration factor (cf) values in sampling mode or over long time scales in recirculation mode. The interactions between aquatic colloids and EDCs were studied by mixing EDCs, water, and colloids previously isolated by CFUF for a certain duration, followed by the separation of the target compounds between the truly dissolved and colloid-bound phases by CFUF and analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The kinetics of EDCs binding to colloids were relatively rapid, reaching equilibrium within 5 min. The mass balance of chosen EDCs through CFUF system was fully investigated, with good recovery for the relatively polar EDCs such as estrone and 17β-estradiol. On the basis of EDC sorption by colloids, the partition coefficient normalized to colloidal organic carbon content (Kcoc) was 8.85 × 103, 1.50 × 104, 8.85 × 10 3, 4.87 × 104, and 1.59 × 104 mL/g for bisphenol A, estrone, 17β-estradiol, 17α-ethynylestradiol, and 16α-hydroxyestrone, respectively, which are comparable with the values reported in the literature. In addition, it has been shown that the K coc values of EDCs were relatively independent of their octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) values, suggesting the important role of different binding mechanisms other than nonspecific hydrophobic interaction between EDCs and natural colloids. As the CFUF-GC-MS method can be used to quantify very low concentration of pollutants and is n...

Loganathan, P, Hanly, JA & Currie, LD 2005, 'Effect of serpentine rock and its acidulated products as magnesium fertilisers for pasture, compared with magnesium oxide and Epsom salts, on a Pumice Soil. 2. Dissolution and estimated leaching loss of fertiliser magnesium', NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 461-471.
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The dissolution rate of magnesium (Mg) fertilisers controls their effectiveness in supplying Mg to plants and the potential for fertiliser-Mg to be lost via leaching. Results from a field trial, conducted on pasture on an Immature Orthic Pumice Soil (pHwater 6.3) treated with different types of Mg fertilisers (100 kg Mg ha–1), showed that Mg dissolution over a 29-month period differed, being 15–20% for serpentine rock products, 50–98% for acidulated serpentine products, 95% for E-mag (magnesium oxide), and 98% for Epsom salts. The percentage dissolution of applied fertiliser-Mg was related to the water solubilities for all the fertilisers except E-mag, which had a high dissolution rate in soil but a very low solubility in water. However, E-mag had high Mg solubility in citric acid, consistent with its dissolution rate in soil. Epsom salts, E-mag, and acidulated serpentine products significantly increased exchangeable Mg in soil samples collected 9 and 29 months after fertiliser application, whereas the unacidulated serpentine rock increased exchangeable Mg only in soil samples collected after 29 months and only when it was re-applied annually for 3 years. The recovery of fertiliser Mg in pasture herbage was positively related to the Mg dissolution rate over the duration of the trial, being 4–8% for serpentine rock products, 19–22% for acidulated serpentine products, 17% for E-mag, and 25% for Epsom salts. For all fertilisers, except E-mag, total recovery of fertiliser Mg in the soil (0–15 cm depth) and herbage combined was lower for fertilisers with the higher rates of Mg dissolution, being 51% for Epsom salts, 53–90% for acidulated serpentine products, 91–95% for serpentine rock products, and 90% for E-mag. Fertiliser Mg not recovered was assumed to have been leached below the 0–15 cm soil depth (49% for Epsom salts, 10–47% for acidulated serpentine products, 5–9% for serpentine products, and 10% for E-mag). The very high fertiliser Mg recoveries in soil (0–15 c...

Loganathan, P, Hedley, MJ, Bolan, NS & Currie, LD 2005, 'Field evaluation of the liming value of two phosphate rocks and their partially acidulated products after 16 years of annual application to grazed pasture', NUTRIENT CYCLING IN AGROECOSYSTEMS, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 287-297.
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Measuring pH of soil samples (at four to five depths down to 300 mm) collected three times from a long-term (16 years) field trial involving annual application of six forms of phosphate fertilizers at the rate of 30 kg P ha -1 yr-1 showed that soil acidity in all treatments, including the untreated control, increased with time. The rates of acidification (pH unit yr-1 during the first 10 years) in the topsoil (0-75 mm depth) were in the order, diammonium phosphate (0.038)>control, single superphosphate>Jordan partially acidulated phosphate rock (JPAPR)>North Carolina partially acidulated phosphate rock (NCPAPR), Jordan phosphate rock (JPR)>North Carolina phosphate rock (NCPR) (0.010). Of the 480 kg P ha -1 applied over the 16 year period, 71 and 57% of P from NCPR and JPR dissolved. The theoretical liming values derived from the dissolution of NCPR and JPR were 1698 and 1303 kg CaCO3 ha-1 respectively. Liming values of the two PRs calculated from the increase in soil pH over control treatment (ΔpH) down to 300 mm soil depth were 640 and 414 kg CaCO3 ha-1 for NCPR and JPR, respectively. The lower liming values estimated from the ΔpH method is probably due to proton transfer resulting from the secondary reactions of dissolved fertilizer phosphate with soil constituents, the unaccounted liming effect of the PRs below 300 mm soil depth and the lower soil pH buffering capacities measured from a short-term pH titration method used in the estimation of the liming values. The results of this long-term field study showed that continuous use of certain phosphate rocks (PRs) can significantly slow down the rate of acidification in pastoral soils. © Springer 2005.

Loganathan, P, Mitchell, AD, Hanly, JA & Aye, TM 2005, 'An improved procedure for determining magnesium fertilizer dissolution in field soils', COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS, vol. 36, no. 15-16, pp. 2121-2128.
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The sequential extraction procedure currently used to measure magnesium (Mg) fertilizer dissolution in soils consists of removing dissolved Mg (step 1), and partially dissolved Mg (step 2), followed by an 18-h extraction with 2 M HCl at room temperature to determine undissolved Mg (step 3). This procedure is satisfactory for soluble and moderately soluble Mg fertilizers but is not an accurate procedure for slightly soluble fertilizers, such as serpentine. When step 3 is replaced by a digestion procedure using 2 M HCl for 4 h at 90-95°C (improved step 3), the total serpentine Mg recovery (dissolved and undissolved Mg) from soil samples, either immediately after serpentine was added to soil or after a 21-day incubation with moist soil, was about 100% compared to 40-50% by the original procedure. The improved procedure also increased the recovery of serpentine Mg applied to field soils. Therefore, this study recommends that the third step of the sequential extraction procedure be replaced by a 4 h digestion using 2 M HCl (90-95°C). Copyright © Taylor & Francis, Inc.

Lu, DDC, Cheng, DKW & Lee, YS 2005, 'Analysis of a high-power-factor AC-DC converter with reduced current and voltage stresses', IEE PROCEEDINGS-ELECTRIC POWER APPLICATIONS, vol. 152, no. 4, pp. 943-952.
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Lu, DD-C, Cheng, DK-W & Lee, Y-S 2005, 'Analysis of a high-power-factor AC–DC converter with reduced current and voltage stresses', IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications, vol. 152, no. 4, pp. 943-943.
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Single-stage power-factor-corrected AC-DC converters (S2PFCCs) usually suffer from high current and voltage stresses due to the repeated process of input power through the power switch and power imbalance between the input and output, respectively. The paper presents a detailed analysis of an improved single-switch S2PFCC with an auxiliary transformer, which provides a direct linkage between the input and output stages of the converter. The auxiliary transformer is the key to reducing the voltage stress across the storage capacitor on decreasing load, to reduce the current stress on the power switch and to obtain a high power factor through elimination of input-current dead angle. Detailed analyses of the component stresses and the input current relating to the circuit parameters are presented. The theoretical analysis and effectiveness of the proposed approach are confirmed experimentally with a 15 V 60 W hardware prototype. © IEE, 2005.

Lu, H & Song, Y 2005, 'Brief Introduction to the Development of Electric Power Industry in UK', Modern Electric power, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 91-94.

Lu, H, Jianguo Zhu & Youguang Guo 2005, 'Development of a slotless tubular linear interior permanent magnet micromotor for robotic applications', IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 41, no. 10, pp. 3988-3990.
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Linear micromotors play a key role in microrobotic systems. They can greatly simplify the drive mechanisms, which is crucial for microsystems. By using permanent magnets, much higher force-to-volume ratio can be obtained than using electromagnets and better drive performance can be achieved. This paper describes the development of a tubular permanent magnet linear motor for the actuation of microrobots. Important design criteria are established by both analytical and numerical methods. The field distribution, the electro-magnetic force, and the stator phase winding inductances are analyzed and predicted by the finite-element analysis taking into account the nonlinear properties and saturation effects of the material. © 2005 IEEE.

Luo, D, Liu, W, Luo, C, Cao, L & Dai, RW 2005, 'Hybrid Analyses and System Architecture for Telecom Frauds', Jisuanji Kexue (Computer Science), vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 17-22.

Luo, Z, Chen, L & Zhong, Y 2005, 'Computer-aided topology optimization using convex programming method', Jisuanji Fuzhu Sheji Yu Tuxingxue Xuebao/Journal of Computer-Aided Design and Computer Graphics, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 774-781.
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A mathematic model for topology optimization of continuum structures is developed using SIMP interpolation scheme and the method of moving asymptotes(MMA) in the paper. The intermediate density in optimized structure is investigated, and a rational range for exponent of SIMP model is obtained. The numerical instability problems such as checkerboards and mesh dependencies are also discussed, and these numerical problems are settled through a kind of sensitive filter method. The flowchart for topology optimization is figured out, and a simple software for two dimensional linear elastic structures is developed. The optimal results of several examples show the efficiency of these methods proposed in the paper.

Luo, Z, Chen, L, Yang, J, Zhang, Y & Abdel-Malek, K 2005, 'Compliant mechanism design using multi-objective topology optimization scheme of continuum structures', Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 142-154.
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Topology optimization problems for compliant mechanisms using a density interpolation scheme, the rational approximation of material properties (RAMP) method, and a globally convergent version of the method of moving asymptotes (GCMMA) are primarily discussed. First, a new multi-objective formulation is proposed for topology optimization of compliant mechanisms, in which the maximization of mutual energy (flexibility) and the minimization of mean compliance (stiffness) are considered simultaneously. The formulation of one-node connected hinges, as well as checkerboards and mesh-dependency, is typically encountered in the design of compliant mechanisms. A new hybrid-filtering scheme is proposed to solve numerical instabilities, which can not only eliminate checkerboards and mesh-dependency efficiently, but also prevent one-node connected hinges from occurring in the resulting mechanisms to some extent. Several numerical applications are performed to demonstrate the validity of the methods presented in this paper

Luo, Z, Chen, LP, Huang, YY & Zhang, YQ 2005, 'Topological optimization using RAMP interpolation scheme', Jisuan Lixue Xuebao/Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 585-591.
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A modified mathematical model as well as a modified iterative pattern for topology optimization of linear elastic continuum is proposed based on RAMP (Rational Approximation of Material properties) interpolation scheme and the Optimality Criteria Method, where minimization compliance is regarded as the objective. Numerical instabilities, such as checkerboards and mesh dependencies, are also surveyed and investigated. Considering the undesirable numerical side effects when the sensitivity filtering method is applied, a new hybrid filtering method is presented, which can improve side effects and eliminate numerical problems effectively. The methodologies for topological optimization presented in this paper are programmed using FORTRAN. To substantiate the efficiency of these methods adopted in this paper, illustrated examples are presented both for verification and application.

Luo, Z, Guo, WD, Meng, YL & Chen, LP 2005, 'Fully compliant micro-mechanism using topological optimization approach', Hangkong Xuebao/Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 617-625.
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This work presents a methodology for fully compliant micro-mechanism design using continuum topological optimization method. The multi-objective optimization model is established by using compromise programming scheme, in which a kinernatical function and a structural function are both applied to indicate the demands of mechanism flexibility and structure stiffness, and the sensitivities for compliant mechanism optimization design are performed by adopting the adjoint sensitivity analysis method. A globally convergent method of moving asymptotes (GCMMA) is worked out based on the method of moving asymptotes (MMA) belonging to convex programming methods. Numerical instabilities occurring in resulting mechanism are also investigated and a modified SIMP density-stiffness interpolation scheme is suggested not only to eliminate checkerboards and mesh-dependency, but also to improve the one-node connected hinges. The typical application, a micro inverter mechanism, is employed to demonstrate the validation of the algorithms presented in this work. A procedure has been suggested to convert the topological optimization results to a CAD model, and the prototype has also been fabricated as the proof of concept design by laser manufacturing technology.

Magrath, S, Braun, R & Cuervo, F 2005, 'Policy Interoperability and Network Autonomics', Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 3457, pp. 25-43.
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Autonomic behaviours in network operations will alleviate much of the labour intensive and error prone interventions of today's complex networks. The Service Provider must be able to manage the infrastructure and services at an abstract level, focusing on what the desired behaviour should be rather than how it might be specifically achieved. Policy-Based Network Management (PBNM) appears as one of the leading mechanisms to describe desired behaviours and abstract the programmability of an autonomic network infrastructure to the Service Provider. For massive-scale and complex networks, the current understanding of the Higher Level to Lower Level (HL→LL) refinement process commonly used in PBNM today is not completely effective. One problem encountered is the need to provide a bind mechanism between Higher Level and Lower Level policy specifications such that cross-layer policy requests in the policy continuum can be made by lower policy layers in a dynamic policy refinement cycle (LL→HL→LL). In this paper, we illustrate the problem with a policy-based simple admission control (SAC) application. We then show that policy specifications with a join operator (times sign closed) simplify the SAC specification. We also investigate the performance considerations of this enhancement in Internet size applications. Our future goal is to provide a policy inference engine that can support complex specifications appropriate for PBNM systems that support autonomic behaviours in large networks, made of Network elements with realistic memory and processing constraints. © IFIP International Federation for Information Processing 2005.

Mahlia, TMI, Masjuki, HH, Taha, FM, Rahim, NA & Saidur, R 2005, 'Energy labeling for electric fans in Malaysia', Energy Policy, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 63-68.
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Mahlia, TMI, Said, MFM, Masjuki, HH & Tamjis, MR 2005, 'Cost-benefit analysis and emission reduction of lighting retrofits in residential sector', Energy and Buildings, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 573-578.
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Margetts, CDE, Astuti, D, Gentle, DC, Cooper, WN, Cascon, A, Catchpoole, D, Robledo, M, Neumann, HPH, Latif, F & Maher, ER 2005, 'Epigenetic analysis of HIC1, CASP8, FLIP, TSP1, DCR1, DCR2, DR4, DR5, KvDMR1, H19 and preferential 11p15.5 maternal-allele loss in von Hippel-Lindau and sporadic phaeochromocytomas', Endocrine-Related Cancer, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 161-172.
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Phaeochromocytoma is a neural-crest-derived tumour that may be a feature of several familial cancer syndromes including von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2), neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and germline succinate dehydrogenase subunit (SDHB and SDHD) mutations. However the somatic genetic and epigenetic events that occur in phaeochromocytoma tumourigenesis are not well defined. Epigenetic events including de novo promoter methylation of tumour-suppressor genes are frequent in many human neoplasms. As neuroblastoma and phaeochromocytoma are both neural-crest-derived tumours, we postulated that some epigenetic events might be implicated in both tumour types and wished to establish how somatic epigenetic alterations compared in VHL-associated and sporadic phaeochromocytomas. We identified frequent aberrant methylation of HIC1 (82%) and CASP8 (31%) in phaeochromocytoma, but both genes were significantly more methylated in VHL phaeochromocytomas than in sporadic cases. Of four tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptors analysed, DR4 was most commonly methylated (41%; compared with DcR2 (26%), DcR1 (23%) and DR5 (10%)). Gene methylation patterns in phaeochromocytoma and neuroblastoma did not differ significantly suggesting overlapping mechanisms of tumourigenesis. We also investigated the role of 11p15.5-imprinted genes in phaeochromocytoma. We found that in 10 sporadic and VHL phaeochromocytomas with 11p15.5 allele loss, the patterns of methylation of 11p15.5-differentially methylated regions were consistent with maternal, rather than, paternal chromosome loss in all cases (P<0.001). This suggests that 11p15.5-imprinted genes may be implicated in the pathogenesis of both familial (germline VHL

Marjanovic, O 2005, 'Towards A Web-Based Handbook of Generic, Process-Oriented Learning Designs.', J. Educ. Technol. Soc., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 66-82.

Marjanovic, O 2005, 'Towards IS supported coordination in emergent business processes.', Bus. Process. Manag. J., vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 476-487.
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Purpose - The main objective of this paper is to investigate information system (IS) supported coordination in knowledge-intensive business processes. These are business processes that cannot be pre-defined as their models evolve during process execution from the accumulated experience. Consequently, these processes require a high level of knowledge-sharing, collection and reuse among all participants in the process. Design/methodology/approach - The paper offers a critical analysis of the main limitations of workflow technology that is widely considered to be the leading process-oriented, coordination technology. It illustrates why this technology cannot be used to support coordination in knowledge-intensive business processes. The paper then identifies a number of requirements for possible IS support. Findings - The main conclusion of this paper is that coordination in knowledge-intensive processes is, in fact, a knowledge-intensive process itself, and as such it cannot be fully pre-defined. Therefore, automation of this process is neither desirable nor possible. Practical implications - Each IS requirement, proposed in this paper, identifies a number of further research and implementation challenges related to support of knowledge-intensive business process. They will be of interest to researchers and practitioners both in the fields of business process management as well as knowledge management. Originality/value - In essence, this paper argues that knowledge-intensive business processes require fundamentally different coordination support from what is currently available in the area of business process support. This paper shifts the main emphasis from process automation to IS support for situated decision-making. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Maskaoui, K, Zhou, J-L, Han, Y-L, Hu, Z, Zheng, T-L & Hong, H-S 2005, 'Contamination of soil, leaves and vegetables by polychlorinated biphenyls in Xiamen region, China.', J Environ Sci (China), vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 460-464.
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The paper aimed to identify the primary of polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) in the Jiulong River Estuary, investigate the spatial distribution of PCBs contamination in the environment, localize the atmospheric source and evaluate ongoing PCBs emissions by analyzing soil samples collected along the Jiulong River region. In addition, the accumulation of PCBs in the human food chain was quantified by analyzing leaf of orange trees and vegetable samples collected along a gradient of soil/atmospheric contamination moving away from the source. Consequently, the impact on the human health and the ecosystem was quantified, different management options were proposed to reduce this impact and to carry out research on organic contaminants along the Jiulong River and Xiamen region.

Maskaoui, K, Zhou, JL, Zheng, TL, Hong, H & Yu, Z 2005, 'Organochlorine micropollutants in the Jiulong River Estuary and Western Xiamen Sea, China', Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 51, no. 8-12, pp. 950-959.
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Organochlorine contaminants including 12 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners and 18 insecticides were determined in water, pore water and sediments of the Jiulong River Estuary and Western Xiamen Sea, China. The results showed that the levels of the total PCBs ranged from non-detectable to 1500 ng l -1 in water, from 209 to 3870 ng l-1 in pore water, and from 2.78 to 14.8 ng g-1 dry weight in sediments. Total organochlorine insecticide concentrations were from below the limit of detection to 2480 ng l-1 in water, from 267 to 33400 ng l-1 in pore water, and from 4.22 to 46.3 ng g-1 dry weight in sediments. Concentrations of PCBs and insecticides in pore water were significantly higher than those in surface water, due to the high affinity of these hydrophobic compounds for sediment phase. The PCB congeners with the highest concentrations were CB153, CB180 and CB194, which together accounted for 68-87% of total PCBs in water, pore water and sediment. Among the hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) compounds, beta-HCH was found to be a major isomer. Analysis of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-chlorophenyl-ethane (DDT) and its metabolites showed that 1,1-dichloro-2[o-chlorophenyl]-2[p-chlorophenyl]-ethylene (DDE) was dominant in the group. In comparison to a 1998 study in the Western Xiamen Sea, levels of organochlorines were enhanced due probably to recent inputs and changes in sediments. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

McGhie, S, Cox, J, Bucea, L & Sirivivatnanon, V 2005, 'Urban salinity site investigations for greenfield developments', Australian Geomechanics Journal, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 23-26.

McGloin, D & Dholakia, K 2005, 'Bessel beams: Diffraction in a new light', Contemporary Physics, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 15-28.
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Meier, C, Nguyen, TV, Center, JR, Seibel, MJ & Eisman, JA 2005, 'Bone Resorption and Osteoporotic Fractures in Elderly Men: The Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study', Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 579-587.
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Abstract Among the potential risk factors for fragility fractures, bone turnover is considered an important determinant. In a case-cohort control study of 151 elderly men followed prospectively over 6.3 years, high bone resorption as assessed by S-ICTP was associated with increased risk of osteoporotic fracture, independent of BMD. Combining measurements of BMD and bone turnover may improve fracture prediction in elderly men. Introduction: Approximately one-third of osteoporotic fractures occur in men. Among the potential risk factors for fragility fractures, bone turnover is considered an important determinant. The association between fracture risk and rates of bone turnover has not been well established in men. We examined this relationship in elderly community-dwelling men. Materials and Methods: This case-cohort control study included 50 men with incident low-trauma fractures (cases; age, 72.3 ± 6.7 years) and 101 men without fracture (controls; age, 70.4 ± 4.1 years), who have been prospectively followed in the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study for a median of 6.3 years (range, 2-13 years). BMD at the lumbar spine (LSBMD) and at the femoral neck (FNBMD) and markers of bone turnover were measured at baseline. Bone resorption was assessed by measuring nonfasting serum concentrations of the carboxyterminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (S-ICTP) and of a linear octapeptide derived from the carboxyterminal type I collagen telopeptide (S-CTX). Bone formation was assessed by measuring the serum levels of the aminoterminal propeptide of type I procollagen (S-PINP). Results: Men with subsequent fractures had lower BMD at baseline, both at the femoral neck and the spine, lower dietary calcium intake, and higher S-ICTP levels than age-and weight-matched controls. Smoking habits, S-CTX, and S-PINP did...

Miao, X, Miao, Y, Wang, Q & Zhou, J 2005, 'A method of realizing the visual repository base on SVG standard', Academic Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 21-24.
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This paper demonstrates that the visual and graphical repository can be established through extending the SVG standard, introducing C# script and customizing component into repository. The graphical system, which uses the technique of Visual Studio. Net, supports the secondary object-oriented development. It allows the user to not only add all kinds of component objects, but also add properties and functions for the object. In addition, the graphical system has a very good property of customization. It supports the C# script and the zoom in/zoom out of pictures. The file formats used in this system are XML and SVG.

Miao, Y, Miao, X, Bian, Z & Zhou, J 2005, 'The recognition system of moving machine printed Mark/Numeral', Academic Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 15-20.
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This paper presents a recognition system for the automatic quality control in industrial applications. The purpose of the system is to collect the product information (e. g. expiry-date, production identification) and verify these information for quality control. The main difficulties of the system are to make an effcient preprocessing for the acquired low resolution image and to create a simple and fast recognition method to get the product information. In this paper, we propose an effcient recognition method based on the endpoint features and structure characteristics of the numerals. The experimental results show that the proposed method is effcient, robust and reliable for recognizing machine printed numerals. The system is currently successfully working with a real application with required specifications.

Nasimuddin, Esselle, K & Verma, AK 2005, 'Fast and accurate model for circular microstrip antennas on suspended and composite substrates', IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 53, no. 9, pp. 3097-3100.
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Nasimuddin, Esselle, K & Verma, AK 2005, 'Resonance frequency of an equilateral triangular microstrip antenna', Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 485-489.
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Nayak, S, Parija, J, Pradhan, B, Reddy, S, Palmer, JL, Zhang, T & Bruera, E 2005, 'Perception of quality of physician communication by cancer patients before and after the implementation of a communication strategy in a regional cancer center in India', Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 23, no. 16_suppl, pp. 8088-8088.

Nelson, AE, Howe, CJ, Nguyen, TV, Seibel, MJ, Baxter, RC, Handelsman, DJ, Kazlauskas, R & Ho, KK 2005, 'Erythropoietin administration does not influence the GH–IGF axis or makers of bone turnover in recreational athletes', Clinical Endocrinology, vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 305-309.
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SummaryObjective  Measurement of biochemical markers of the IGF‐system and of collagen turnover is a potential approach to detect GH abuse in sport. These markers are increased in patients on dialysis treated with recombinant human erythropoietin (r‐HuEPO), mimicking the effects of GH. The aim was to determine whether r‐HuEPO induces similar effects on the IGF‐system and collagen turnover in healthy athletes.Subjects and measurements  Young male Caucasian recreational athletes were administered 50 U/kg r‐HuEPO (n = 14) or placebo (n = 16) three times a week for 25 days, followed by a 4‐week wash‐out period. IGF‐I, IGFBP‐3, the acid labile subunit (ALS), N‐terminal propeptide of type I collagen (PINP), C‐terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP) and N‐terminal propeptide of type III collagen (PIIINP) were measured in samples collected at baseline (two samples), after 10, 22 and 24 days of r‐HuEPO treatment and at the end of the 4‐week wash‐out period.Results  Treatment with r‐HuEPO resulted in approximately threefold elevation of serum EPO and marked elevation of markers of erythropoiesis. There was no significant treatment effect of r‐HuEPO compared to baseline on IGF‐I, IGFBP‐3, ALS, PINP, ICTP or PIIINP.Conclusions  r‐HuEPO administration did not change markers of the IGF‐system and of collagen turnover in young healthy male athletes. Therefore, use of r‐HuEPO in athletes should not affect the validity of a GH doping test using these GH‐responsive markers.

Nghiem, L, Schäfer, A & Elimelech, M 2005, 'Nanofiltration of Hormone Mimicking Trace Organic Contaminants', Separation Science and Technology, vol. 40, no. 13, pp. 2633-2649.
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Nghiem, LD, Schäfer, AI & Elimelech, M 2005, 'Pharmaceutical Retention Mechanisms by Nanofiltration Membranes', Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 39, no. 19, pp. 7698-7705.
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Ngoc, NTN, Sloan, NL, Thach, TS, Liem, LKB & Winikoff, B 2005, 'Incidence of postpartum infection after vaginal delivery in Viet Nam', JOURNAL OF HEALTH POPULATION AND NUTRITION, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 121-130.

Nguyen Thien Hoang, Hoang Duong T, Truong Quang Nguyen & Hosoe, S 2005, 'Robust mixed generalized H/sub 2//H/sub /spl infin// filtering of 2-D nonlinear fractional transformation systems', IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 53, no. 12, pp. 4697-4706.
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This study considers robust filtering problems for uncertain two dimensional (2-D) discrete systems in nonlinear fractional transformation (NFT) representations. Like one-dimensional (1-D) systems, the NFT in this paper serves to complement the linear fr

Nguyen, ND, Pongchaiyakul, C, Center, JR, Eisman, JA & Nguyen, TV 2005, 'Abdominal fat and hip fracture risk in the elderly: The Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study', BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, vol. 6, no. 1.
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AbstractBackgroundFat mass, which is a major component of body weight, is directly related to bone mineral density and reduced fracture risk. It is not known whether abdominal fat is associated with hip fracture. The present study was designed to examine the association between abdominal fat and hip fracture in women and men aged 60+ years.MethodsThis was a nested case-control study with one fracture case being matched with two controls of the same age. In women 63 cases were matched with 126 controls, and in men 26 cases were matched with 52 controls. Hip fracture was confirmed by X-ray and personal interview. Other measurements included weight, height, body mass index (BMI), abdominal fat, and femoral neck bone density (FNBMD). Conditional logistic regression model was used to analyse data.ResultsThe odds ratio of hip fracture risk associated with each 10% lower abdominal fat was 1.5 (95% CI, 1.1 to 2.1) in women and 1.2 (95% CI, 0.7 to 2.0) in men. However after adjusting for FNBMD or body weight, the abdominal fat-fracture association was no longer statistically significant. Similarly, body weight and BMI was each significantly associated with hip fracture risk (in women), but after taking with account the effect of FNBMD, the association become statistically non-significant.ConclusionLower abdominal fat was associated with an increased risk of hip fracture in elderly women, but the association was not independent of FNBMD or weight. The contribution of abdominal fat to hip fracture risk is likely to be modest.

Nguyen, ND, Pongchaiyakul, C, Center, JR, Eisman, JA & Nguyen, TV 2005, 'Identification of High‐Risk Individuals for Hip Fracture: A 14‐Year Prospective Study', Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol. 20, no. 11, pp. 1921-1928.
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AbstractIn this 14‐year prospective study, men and women were found to share a common set of risk factors for hip fracture: low BMD, postural instability and/or quadriceps weakness, a history of falls, and prior fracture. The combination of these risk factors accounted for 57% and 37% of hip fractures in women and men, respectively.Introduction: Risk factors for hip fracture, including low BMD, identified in women, have not been shown to be useful in men. It is also not known whether fall‐related factors (muscle strength and postural instability) predict hip fracture. This study examined the association between falls‐related factors and hip fractures in elderly men and women.Materials and Methods: This is an epidemiologic, community‐based prospective study, which included 960 women and 689 men ≥60 years of age who have been followed for a median of 12 years (interquartile range, 6–13). The number of person‐years was 9961 for women and 4463 for men. The outcome measure was incidence of hip fracture. Risk factors were femoral neck BMD (FNBMD), postural sway, quadriceps strength, prior fracture, and fall.Results: Between 1989 and 2003, 115 (86 women) sustained a hip fracture. The risk of hip fracture (as measured by hazards ratio [HR]) was increased by 3.6‐fold (95% CI: 2.6–4.5) in women and 3.4‐fold (95% CI: 2.5–4.6) in men for each SD (0.12 g/cm2) reduction in FNBMD. After adjusting for BMD, the risk of hip fracture was also increased in individuals with the highest tertile of postural sway (HR: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.6–4.5) and low tertiles of quadriceps strength (HR: 3.0; 95% CI: 1.3–6.8). Furthermore, a history of fall during the preceding 12 months and a history of fracture were independent predictors of hip fracture. For each level of BMD, the risk of hip fracture...

Nguyen, TT, Taylor, PWJ, Redden, RJ & Ford, R 2005, 'Resistance to Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Lab. in a wild Cicer germplasm collection', Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 1291-1291.
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Cultivated chickpea germplasm collections contain a low frequency of ascochyta blight resistant accessions. This might lead to limitations on the future progress of chickpea breeding worldwide. In an effort to identify novel sources of resistance to ascochyta blight, 56 unique accessions, comprising 8 annual wild Cicer species, were evaluated under a controlled environment that was optimal for infection with an aggressive Australian isolate of Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labrousse. The majority of wild Cicer accessions were either susceptible or highly susceptible to A. rabiei 21 days after inoculation; however, 11 accessions, of which 7 were Cicer judaicum, were resistant. The most resistant accession detected in this study, ATC 46934, together with accessions ATC 46892 and ATC 46935, which were resistant in this and another study, should be targeted for use in future interspecific resistance breeding programs.

Nguyen, TV 2005, 'Pharmacogenetics of anti-resorptive therapy efficacy: a Bayesian interpretation', Osteoporosis International, vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 857-860.
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Nguyen, TV, Esteban, LM, White, CP, Grant, SF, Center, JR, Gardiner, EM & Eisman, JA 2005, 'Contribution of the Collagen I α1 and Vitamin D Receptor Genes to the Risk of Hip Fracture in Elderly Women', The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 90, no. 12, pp. 6575-6579.
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Nguyen, TV, Nguyen, ND & Ahlborg, HG 2005, 'Risk Assessment and Fracture Discrimination by Ultrasound: The Debate Continues', Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 536-538.
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Ni, W, Guo, B-L & Yang, L 2005, 'Novel video coding algorithm based on 3D-binDCT', Optoelectronics Letters, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 228-231.
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Niazi, M, Wilson, D & Zowghi, D 2005, 'A framework for assisting the design of effective software process improvement implementation strategies', JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND SOFTWARE, vol. 78, no. 2, pp. 204-222.
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A number of advances have been made in the development of software process improvement (SPI) standards and models, e.g. Capability Maturity Model (CMM), more recently CMMI, and ISO’s SPICE. However, these advances have not been matched by equal advances

Niazi, M, Wilson, D & Zowghi, D 2005, 'A maturity model for the implementation of software process improvement: an empirical study', JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND SOFTWARE, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 155-172.
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O'Dowd, BF, Ji, X, Alijaniaram, M, Rajaram, RD, Kong, MMC, Rashid, A, Nguyen, T & George, SR 2005, 'Dopamine Receptor Oligomerization Visualized in Living Cells', Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 280, no. 44, pp. 37225-37235.
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G protein-coupled receptors occur as dimers within arrays of oligomers. We visualized ensembles of dopamine receptor oligomers in living cells and evaluated the contributions of receptor conformation to the dynamics of oligomer association and dissociation, using a strategy of trafficking a receptor to another cellular compartment. We incorporated a nuclear localization sequence into the D1 dopamine receptor, which translocated from the cell surface to the nucleus. Receptor inverse agonists blocked this translocation, retaining the modified receptor, D1-nuclear localization signal (NLS), at the cell surface. D1 co-translocated with D1-NLS to the nucleus, indicating formation of homooligomers. (+)-Butaclamol retained both receptors at the cell surface, and removal of the drug allowed translocation of both receptors to the nucleus. Agonist-nonbinding D1(S198A/S199A)-NLS, containing two substituted serine residues in transmembrane 5 also oligomerized with D1, and both were retained on the cell surface by (+)-butaclamol. Drug removal disrupted these oligomerized receptors so that D1 remained at the cell surface while D1(S198A/S199A)-NLS trafficked to the nucleus. Thus, receptor conformational differences permitted oligomer disruption and showed that ligand-binding pocket occupancy by the inverse agonist induced a conformational change. We demonstrated robust heterooligomerization between the D2 dopamine receptor and the D1 receptor. The heterooligomers could not be disrupted by inverse agonists targeting either one of the receptor constituents. However, D2 did not heterooligomerize with the structurally modified D1(S198A/S199A), indicating an impaired interface for their interaction. Thus, we describe a novel method showing that a homogeneous receptor conformation maintains the structural integrity of oligomers, whereas conformational heterogeneity disrupts it. © 2005 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

Olafsen, RN & Cetindamar, D 2005, 'E‐learning in a competitive firm setting', Innovations in Education and Teaching International, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 325-335.
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Ollerton, RL & Shannon, AG 2005, 'Further properties of generalized binomial coefficient k-extensions', FIBONACCI QUARTERLY, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 124-129.

Osborn, TM, Nguyen, HB & Rivers, EP 2005, 'Emergency Medicine and the Surviving Sepsis Campaign: An International Approach to Managing Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock', Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 228-231.
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Oschmann, N, Nghiem, LD & Schäfer, AI 2005, 'Fouling mechanisms of submerged ultrafiltration membranes in greywater recycling', Desalination, vol. 179, no. 1-3, pp. 215-223.
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Patra, B & Pradhan, B 2005, 'Design of an environmental information system for monitoring water and air quality in urban areas', Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 326-342.
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PurposeOver the past 50 years India has been experiencing rapid population growth, causing the migration of a large part of the population to the cities looking for livelihood. This resulted in massive increments of population in the cities that has led to the increase of pollution. Gujarat, being a highly industrialized state, is a case in point. The systems for treatment and water disposal of this state are highly challenged. The north‐western state of Gujarat has no effective systems for treatment or disposal of waste water. The purpose of this article is to address this problem, introducing a geographic information system (GIS) approach to record the characterization, analyze the needs and generate a conceptual GIS database in the state.Design/methodology/approachThis paper outlines the background, suggested methodology for the development of a GIS database pollution dependent control of water pollution in the state of Gujarat in India. The present research is to install a document management system that has been developed in providing organizing chart, sorting, querying and retrieving of key data. A computerized laboratory information system on monitoring of quality of ambient air has been developed.FindingsAn integrated GIS database has been generated involving creation of pollutant contours, querying and visualizing the query output in spatial and non‐spatial form.Originality/valueThe authors have created a complete geo‐spatial database for the environmental monitoring for the whole state of Gujarat. They have dealt with nearly 36,000 different files from different sources and put them togethe...

Pillot, J-P, Birot, M, Tran, TTT, Dao, TM, Belin, C, Desbat, B & Lazare, S 2005, 'Grafted Self-Assembled Monolayers Derived from Naturally Occurring Phenolic Lipids', Langmuir, vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 3338-3343.
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Pongchaiyakul, C, Kosulwat, V, Rojroongwasinkul, N, Charoenkiatkul, S, Thepsuthammarat, K, Laopaiboon, M, Nguyen, TV & Rajatanavin, R 2005, 'Prediction of Percentage Body Fat in Rural Thai Population Using Simple Anthropometric Measurements', Obesity Research, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 729-738.
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AbstractObjective: To develop and validate sex‐specific equations for predicting percentage body fat (%BF) in rural Thai population, based on BMI and anthropometric measurements.Research Methods and Procedures: %BF (DXA; GE Lunar Corp., Madison, WI) was measured in 181 men and 255 women who were healthy and between 20 and 84 years old. Anthropometric measures such as weight (kilograms), height (centimeters), BMI (kilograms per meter squared), waist circumference (centimeters), hip circumference (centimeters), thickness at triceps skinfold (millimeters), biceps skinfold (millimeters), subscapular skinfold (millimeters), and suprailiac skinfold (millimeters) were also measured. The sample was randomly divided into a development group (98 men and 125 women) and a validation group (83 men and 130 women). Regression equations of %BF derived from the development group were then evaluated for accuracy in the validation group.Results: The equation for estimating %BF in men was: %BF(men) = 0.42 × subscapular skinfold + 0.62 × BMI − 0.28 × biceps skinfold + 0.17 × waist circumference − 18.47, and in women: %BF(women) = 0.42 × hip circumference + 0.17 × suprailiac skinfold + 0.46 × BMI − 23.75. The coefficient of determination (R2) for both equations was 0.68. Without anthropometric variables, the predictive equation using BMI, age, and sex was: %BF = 1.65 × BMI + 0.06 × age − 15.3 × sex − 10.67 (where sex = 1 for men and sex = 0 for women), with R2 = 0.83. When these equations were applied to the validation sample, the difference between measured and predicted %BF ranged between ±9%, and the positive predictive values were above 0.9.Discussion: These results suggest that simple, n...

Pongchaiyakul, C, Nguyen, ND, Eisman, JA & Nguyen, TV 2005, 'Clinical risk indices, prediction of osteoporosis, and prevention of fractures: diagnostic consequences and costs', Osteoporosis International, vol. 16, no. 11, pp. 1444-1450.
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Pongchaiyakul, C, Nguyen, TV, Foocharoen, C & Rajatanavin, R 2005, 'Estimated volumetric bone mineral density in a rural Thai men and women: Khon Kaen Osteoporosis Study (KKOS).', J Med Assoc Thai, vol. 88 Suppl 5, pp. S46-S52.
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The authors examined the areal bone mineral density (aFNBMD) and estimated volumetric bone mineral density at the femoral neck (vFNBMD) in rural Thai men and women. A total of 181 men and 255 women, between 20 and 84 years of age, living in rural areas of Khon Kaen province, were randomly selected. Areal FNBMD and estimated v FNBMD were determined using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DPX-IQ, GE Lunar Corp, Madison, WI). Men had a significantly higher aFNBMD than women, whereas the estimated vFNBMD was similar regardless of sex. The peak for the aFNBMD vs. vFNBMD was observed between 20 and 29 vs. 30 and 39 years of age in men and women, respectively. The prevalence of osteoporosis in men and women using estimated vFNBMD vs. aFNBMD cut-offs was 19 and 14.2 vs 11.8 and 26 percent, respectively. Prevalence increased with age. Estimated vFNBMD shows only small sex-correlated differences in bone density. Estimated vFNBMD was more sensitive than aFNBMD, when used to define the osteoporotic cut-offs in men, while it was less sensitive than aFNBMD in women.

Pongchaiyakul, C, Nguyen, TV, Kosulwat, V, Rojroongwasinkul, N, Charoenkiatkul, S & Rajatanavin, R 2005, 'Effect of urbanization on bone mineral density: A Thai epidemiological study', BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, vol. 6, no. 1.
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Background: The incidence of fractures in rural populations is lower than in urban populations, although the reason for this difference is unclear. This cross-sectional study was designed to examine the difference in bone mineral density (BMD), a primary predictor of fracture risk, between urban and rural Thai populations. Methods: Femoral neck and lumbar spine BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (GE Lunar, Madison, WI) in 411 urban and 436 rural subjects (340 men and 507 women), aged between 20 and 84 years. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from weight and height. Results: After adjusting for age and body weight in an analysis of covariance model, femoral neck BMD in rural men and women was significantly higher than those in urban men and women (P < 0.001), but the difference was not observed at the lumbar spine. After stratifying by sex, age group, and BMI category, the urban-rural difference in femoral neck BMD became more pronounced in men and women aged <50 years and with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. Conclusions: These data suggest that femoral neck BMD in rural men and women was higher than their counterparts in urban areas. This difference could potentially explain part of the urban-rural difference in fracture incidence. © 2005 Pongchaiyakul et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

Pongchaiyakul, C, Nguyen, TV, Kosulwat, V, Rojroongwasinkul, N, Charoenkiatkul, S & Rajatanavin, R 2005, 'Effect of urbanization on bone mineral density: A Thai epidemiological study', BMC MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS, vol. 6.
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Pongchaiyakul, C, Nguyen, TV, Kosulwat, V, Rojroongwasinkul, N, Charoenkiatkul, S, Eisman, JA & Rajatanavin, R 2005, 'Contribution of lean tissue mass to the urban-rural difference in bone mineral density', Osteoporosis International, vol. 16, no. 12, pp. 1761-1768.
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Pradhan, B, Kumar, S, Mansor, S, Ramli, AR & Sharif, ARBM 2005, 'Light detection and ranging (LIDAR) data compression', KMITL Science and Technology Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 515-526.

Price, J & Indraratna, B 2005, 'Development of an Equivalent Homogenous Fluid Model for Pseudo-Two-Phase (Air+Water) Flow through Fractured Rock', Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 131, no. 7, pp. 857-866.
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Ramírez de Molina, A, Gallego-Ortega, D, Sarmentero, J, Bañez-Coronel, M, Martín-Cantalejo, Y & Lacal, JC 2005, 'Choline Kinase Is a Novel Oncogene that Potentiates RhoA-Induced Carcinogenesis', Cancer Research, vol. 65, no. 13, pp. 5647-5653.
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Abstract Choline kinase is overexpressed in human breast, lung, colorectal, and prostate tumors, a finding that suggests the involvement of this enzyme in carcinogenesis. Here we show that overexpression of choline kinase induce oncogenic transformation of human embryo kidney fibroblasts and canine epithelial Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Choline kinase lays downstream of RhoA signaling and is activated through ROCK kinase, one of the best-characterized RhoA effectors. In keeping with this, coexpression of RhoA and choline kinase potentiates both anchorage independent growth and tumorigenesis. Finally, choline kinase–mediated transformation is sensitive to MN58b, a well-characterized specific choline kinase inhibitor. These results provide the definitive evidence that choline kinase has oncogenic properties and that choline kinase inhibition constitutes a novel valid antitumor strategy.

Rosen, LB, Muellenhoff, M, Tran, TT & Muhart, M 2005, 'Elastosis perforans serpiginosa secondary to D-penicillamine therapy with coexisting cutis laxa', CUTIS, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 49-53.

Ruta, D & Gabrys, B 2005, 'Classifier selection for majority voting', Information Fusion, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 63-81.
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Individual classification models are recently challenged by combined pattern recognition systems, which often show better performance. In such systems the optimal set of classifiers is first selected and then combined by a specific fusion method. For a small number of classifiers optimal ensembles can be found exhaustively, but the burden of exponential complexity of such search limits its practical applicability for larger systems. As a result, simpler search algorithms and/or selection criteria are needed to reduce the complexity. This work provides a revision of the classifier selection methodology and evaluates the practical applicability of diversity measures in the context of combining classifiers by majority voting. A number of search algorithms are proposed and adjusted to work properly with a number of selection criteria including majority voting error and various diversity measures. Extensive experiments carried out with 15 classifiers on 27 datasets indicate inappropriateness of diversity measures used as selection criteria in favour of the direct combiner error based search. Furthermore, the results prompted a novel design of multiple classifier systems in which selection and fusion are recurrently applied to a population of best combinations of classifiers rather than the individual best. The improvement of the generalisation performance of such system is demonstrated experimentally. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Saidur, R, Masjuki, HH & Mahlia, TMI 2005, 'Labeling design effort for household refrigerator-freezers in Malaysia', Energy Policy, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 611-618.
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Sanders, K, Fincher, S, Bouvier, D, Lewandowski, G, Morrison, B, Murphy, L, Petre, M, Richards, B, Tenenberg, J, Thomas, L, Anderson, R, Anderson, R, Fitzgerald, S, Gutschow, A, Haller, S, Lister, R, McCauley, R, McTaggart, J, Prasad, C, Scott, T, Shinners-Kennedy, D, Westbrook, S & Zander, C 2005, 'A multi-institutional, multinational study of programming concepts using card sort data', Expert Systems, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 121-128.
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This paper presents a case study of the use of a repeated single-criterion card sort with an unusually large, diverse participant group. The study, whose goal was to elicit novice programmers' knowledge of programming concepts, involved over 20 researche

Satoh, H, Yoshida, N & Miyanaga, Y 2005, 'Analysis of polarization plane rotation characteristic in 2D photonic crystal waveguide with chiral medium by condensed node spatial network', Electrical Engineering in Japan, vol. 152, no. 1, pp. 7-14.
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Sharma, D 2005, 'Australian Electricity Reform: The Ownership Debate', INTERNATIONAL ENERGY JOURNAL, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1-12.
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A direct and indirect change in the ownership of significant segments of the electricity industry -from the public to the private arena - has been an accompaniment to the structural and regulatory reform of the Australian electricity industry, underway for much of the last decade. While the structural and regulatory aspects of reform have engendered considerable public debate, the debate on the various aspects of the change in ownership - its rationale, methods, and impacts - has however been rather narrow, largely opaque, and mostly surreptitious, confined almost exclusively to the immediate fiscal impacts of the sale of electricity assets. It lacks any substantive consideration of the historical, political, and philosophical underpinnings of this change, and the profound, variegated, and fundamental consequences that this change will inevitably induce in terms of redistributing wealth in society, recasting the balance between the market and the welfare state, reorganizing the institutions of governance, realigning economic and political interests, reinterpreting of the role of the state, and indeed a rethinking on the philosophical foundations of a civilized society. This paper provides reconnoiter of the political and philosophical connects of the change in the ownership of the Australian electricity industry and argues for the need to broaden the nature of the current debate on these issues. While the review focuses on the Australian electricity industry, the messages are relevant for other countries undertaking reform, especially developing countries as they begin to dismantle and privatize their electricity infrastructures.

Sharma, D 2005, 'Electricity Reforms in the ASEAN: A Panoramic Discourse', Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 40, no. 50, pp. 5318-5326.
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Shen, H, Yang, J, Dong, Y & Wang, S 2005, 'Outlier detection by weighted mercer-kernel based fuzzy clustering algorithm', Iranian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 129-136.
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Outliers are data values that lie away from the general cluster of other data values. Detecting the outliers of a dataset is an important research topic for data cleaning and finding new useful knowledge in many research areas, i.e. data mining, pattern recognition, etc. In the past decades, many useful algorithms were proposed in the literature. In this paper, a new fuzzy kernel-clustering algorithm with outliers (FKCO) is presented to locate critical areas that are often represented by only a few outliers. Theoretic analysis also shows that FKCO can converge to a local minimum of the objective function. Finally, based on the information theory, a new criterion for finding outliers is also proposed. Simulations of different types of datasets demonstrate the feasibility of this new method. © 2005 JD.

Shen, HB, Yang, J, Wang, ST & Dong, YF 2005, 'Study on new information theory based cooperative clustering algorithm', Jisuanji Xuebao/Chinese Journal of Computers, vol. 28, no. 8, pp. 1287-1294.
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Conventional clustering algorithms are designed for a single independent dataset, e.g. Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering algorithm. In real world, a dataset is independent of other datasets but sometimes can be cooperative with others by exchanging information, such as the relationship between the subsidiary companies. So the influence from other relative collaborative datasets should be considered while performing clustering learning under such collaborative circumstances. Two different collaborative models are discussed and new proper methods are proposed to quantitatively measure such collaboration between datasets in this paper, e. g. information gain. The corresponding collaborative clustering algorithms are presented accordingly and the theoretic analysis shows that the new cooperative clustering algorithms can finally converge to local minimum. Experimental results demonstrate that the clustering structures obtained by new cooperative algorithms are different from those of conventional algorithms for the consideration of collaboration and the performances of these collaborative clustering algorithms can be much better than those conventional single clustering algorithms under the cooperating circumstances.

Sheng, D 2005, 'Numerical modelling of ground movement under covered areas', Australian Geomechanics Journal, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 15-22.
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Rigorous design of interactive slab-ground foundation systems on expansive soils remains as a challenge for both practitioners and researchers. Attempts to solve these problems in a generalized way usually involve substantial approximations and have limited success. In this paper, a simple soil behaviour model is adapted into a new finite element formulation. The success of the approach is evaluated by comparing predicted foundation movements with those measured at the Maryland expansive soils field site. In particular, the computed vertical displacements are compared with field measurements. The numerical solutions are generally in good agreement with the observed data.

Sheng, D, Eigenbrod, KD & Wriggers, P 2005, 'Finite element analysis of pile installation using large-slip frictional contact', Computers and Geotechnics, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 17-26.
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Sheng-Che Hsu, Sheng-Fu Liang & Chin-Teng Lin 2005, 'A robust digital image stabilization technique based on inverse triangle method and background detection', IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 335-345.
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Shi, C, Lu, J & Zhang, G 2005, 'An extended Kth-best approach for linear bilevel programming', Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol. 164, no. 3, pp. 843-855.
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Kth-best approach is one of the three popular and workable approaches for linear bilevel programming. However, it could not well deal with a linear bilevel programming problem when the constraint functions at the Upper-level are of arbitrary linear form.

Shi, C, Zhang, G & Lu, J 2005, 'On the definition of linear bilevel programming solution', Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol. 160, no. 1, pp. 169-176.
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Linear bilevel programming theory has been studied for many years by a number of researchers from different aspects, yet it still remains to some extent unsatisfactory and incomplete. The main challenge is how to solve a linear bilevel programming problem when the upper-level's constraint functions are of arbitrary linear form. This paper proposes a definition for linear bilevel programming solution. The performance comparisons have demonstrated that the new model can solve a wider class of problems than current capabilities permit

Shi, CG, Lu, J & Zhang, GQ 2005, 'An extended Kuhn-Tucker approach for linear bilevel programming', APPLIED MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTATION, vol. 162, no. 1, pp. 51-63.
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Kuhn-Tucker approach has been applied with remarkable success in linear bilevel programming (BLP). However, it still has some extent unsatisfactory and incomplete. One principle challenges is that it could not well handle a linear BLP problem when the co

Shi, CG, Zhang, GQ & Lu, J 2005, 'The Kth-best approach for linear bilevel multi-follower programming', JOURNAL OF GLOBAL OPTIMIZATION, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 563-578.
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The majority of research on bilevel programming has centered on the linear version of the problem in which only one leader and one follower are involved. This paper addresses linear bilevel multi-follower programming (BLMFP) problems in which there is no

Shon, H, Vigneswaran, S, Kim, H, Ngo, H & Park, N 2005, 'Comparison of nanofiltration with flocculation - microfiltration - photocatalysis hybrid system in dissolved organic matter removal', Filtration: International Journal for Filtration and Separation, vol. July, pp. 215-221.
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In this research, a NTR 729HF nanofiltration (NF) membrane was employed to remove synthetic organic matter (SOM) from wastewater. NF alone led to a removal of 92.4% of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The performance of NF was compared with that of a microfiltration (MF) hybrid system consisting of FeCl3 flocculation, MF and photocatalysis. Flocculation and microfiltration followed by photocatalysis led to more than 96% dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal. A detailed molecular weight (MW) distribution study of organic matter indicated that the photocatalysis initially breaks the large MW organics and then the small MW organics were removed by a photoreactor process. Flocculation with an optimum dose of FeCl3 (68 mg/L as FeCl3) gave rise to the highest removal of organics including small MW organics. The small MW organics remaining after the treatment of flocculation could successfully be removed by photocatalysis.

Shon, HK, Vigneswaran, S, Ben Aim, R, Ngo, HH, Kim, IS & Cho, J 2005, 'Influence of flocculation and adsorption as pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration and nanofiltration membranes: Application with biologically treated sewage effluent', ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, vol. 39, no. 10, pp. 3864-3871.
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Membrane fouling is a critical limitation on the application of membranes to wastewater reuse. This work aims to understand the fouling phenomenon which occurs in ultrafiltration (UF; 17500 molecular weight cutoff (MWCO)) and nanofiltration (NF; 250 MWCO) membranes, with and without pretreatment. For this purpose, the molecular weight (MW) distribution of the organics has been used as a parameter to characterize the influent, the permeate, and the foulant on the membrane surface. The variation of foulant concentration on the membrane due to pretreatment of the influent by flocculation and/or adsorption was investigated in detail. With the UF membrane, the peak of the MW distribution of organics in the permeate depended on the pretreatment; for example, the weight-averaged MW (Mw) of 675 without pretreatment shifted down to 314 with pretreatment. In the case of the NF membrane, the Mw of organics in the permeate was 478 (without pretreatment) and 310 (with flocculation followed by adsorption). The Mw of the organics in the foulant on the membrane surface was 513 (UF) and 192 (NF) without pretreatment and 351 (UF) and 183 (NF) after pretreatment with flocculation followed by adsorption, respectively. Without the pretreatment, the foulant concentration was higher on both membranes. The difference was more significant on the UF membrane than on the NF membrane. For both membranes, the flocculation-and-then- adsorption pretreatment proved very effective. © 2005 American Chemical Society.

Shon, HK, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH & Aim, RB 2005, 'Is semi-flocculation effective as pretreatment to ultrafiltration in wastewater treatment?', WATER RESEARCH, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 147-153.
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Shon, HK, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH & Ben Aim, R 2005, 'Is semi-flocculation effective as pretreatment to ultrafiltration in wastewater treatment?', Water Research, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 147-153.
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In this study, ferric chloride (FeCl3) flocculation was used as a pretreatment to ultrafiltration (UF) in treating synthetic wastewater containing synthetic organic matter (SOM). The effect of flocculant dose was studied in terms of organic removal and m

Shon, HK, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH & Kim, JH 2005, 'Chemical coupling of photocatalysis with flocculation and adsorption in the removal of organic matter', WATER RESEARCH, vol. 39, no. 12, pp. 2549-2558.
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An experimental investigation was made to study the effects of chemical coupling of flocculation and adsorption with photocatalysis in treating persistent organic pollutants in wastewater. The photocatalysis alone showed initial reverse reaction when tit

Shon, HK, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH, Kim, IS & Ben Aim, R 2005, 'Foulant characterizaiton of the NF-membranes with and without pretreatment of biologically treated wastewater', WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 51, no. 6-7, pp. 277-284.
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In this study, different pretreatment methods such as ferric chloride (FeCl3) flocculation and powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption were evaluated in terms of their capability in removing effluent organic matter (EfOM) and the characteristics of the foulants on the NF membranes. A detailed experiment was conducted with two NF membranes (NTR 729HF with MWCO 700 daltons and LF 10 with MWCO 200 daltons). With pretreatment, the concentration of organic matter on the membranes decreased to 5.67110+3 (NTR 729HF) and 4.94010+3 (LF 10) mg EfOM/cm2 of membrane from 6.37210+3 (NTR 729HF) and 4.97910+3 (LF 10) mg EfOM/cm2 of membrane. The MW of the solute fraction of biologically treated sewage effluent (BTSE) ranged from 250 daltons to about 3573 (the most important being 250-520 daltons). The weight-averaged MW values of the foulants on the NTR 729HF membrane reduced from 304 daltons without pre-treatment to 208 daltons with pretreatment. In the case of EfOM, the small molecules (MW 300 to 500 daltons) are mainly responsible for the membrane fouling. Thus, the MW distribution of organic matter in the effluent and in the foulant can be used as a representative tool to evaluate the efficiency of pretreatment and NF and in the selection of their operating conditions.

Shon, HK, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH, Kim, IS & Ben Aim, R 2005, 'Foulant characterization of the NF membranes with and without pretreatment of biologically treated wastewater', Water Science and Technology, vol. 51, no. 6-7, pp. 277-284.
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In this study, different pretreatment methods such as ferric chloride (FeCl3) flocculation and powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption were evaluated in terms of their capability in removing effluent organic matter (EfOM) and the characteristics of the foulants on the NF membranes. A detailed experiment was conducted with two NF membranes (NTR 729HF with MWCO 700 daltons and LF 10 with MWCO 200 daltons). With pretreatment, the concentration of organic matter on the membranes decreased to 5.671×10−3 (NTR 729HF) and 4.940×10−3 (LF 10) mg EfOM/cm2 of membrane from 6.372×10−3 (NTR 729HF) and 4.979×10−3 (LF 10) mg EfOM/cm2 of membrane. The MW of the solute fraction of biologically treated sewage effluent (BTSE) ranged from 250 daltons to about 3573 (the most important being 250–520 daltons). The weight-averaged MW values of the foulants on the NTR 729HF membrane reduced from 304 daltons without pre-treatment to 208 daltons with pretreatment. In the case of EfOM, the small molecules (MW 300 to 500 daltons) are mainly responsible for the membrane fouling. Thus, the MW distribution of organic matter in the effluent and in the foulant can be used as a representative tool to evaluate the efficiency of pretreatment and NF and in the selection of their operating conditions.

Shoudong Huang, James, MR, Nesic, D & Dower, PM 2005, 'A unified approach to controller design for achieving ISS and related properties', IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol. 50, no. 11, pp. 1681-1697.
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A unified approach to the design of controllers achieving various specified input-to-state stability (ISS) like properties is presented. Both full state and measurement feedback cases are considered. Synthesis procedures based on dynamic programming are given using the recently developed results on controller synthesis to achieve uniform l∞ bound. Our results provide a link between the ISS literature and the nonlinear H∞ design literature. © 2005 IEEE.

Signor, RS, Roser, DJ, Ashbolt, NJ & Ball, JE 2005, 'Quantifying the impact of runoff events on microbiological contaminant concentrations entering surface drinking source waters', Journal of Water and Health, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 453-468.
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Concentrations of microbiological contaminants in streams increase during rainfall-induced higher flow ‘event’ periods as compared to ‘baseflow’ conditions. If the stream feeds a drinking water reservoir, such periods of heightened pathogen loads may pose a challenge to the water treatment plant and subsequently a health concern to water consumers downstream. In order to manage this risk, it is desirable to first quantify the differences in surface water quality between baseflow and event conditions. The Event Mean Concentration (EMC) is a flow-weighted average concentration of a contaminant over the duration of a single event, proposed here as a standard parameter for quantifying the net effect of events on microbial water quality. Application of the EMC concept was assessed using flow and quality data for several events from an urbanised catchment. Expected mean EMCs were significantly larger than expected mean baseflow concentrations (p-value≤0.012) for three microbial agents - Escherichia coli (13,000 [n = 7] v. 610 [n = 16] mpn/100 ml), Cryptosporidium (234 [n = 6] v. 51 [n = 16] oocysts/10 litres) and Campylobacter (48 [n = 5] v. 2.1 [n = 16] mpn/100 ml). These parameter estimates were complemented by estimating data variability and uncertainty in the form of second-order random variables. As such the results are in a format appropriate for potential use as components in probabilistic risk assessments evaluating the effect runoff events have on drinking water quality.

Šimon, P, Cibulkovő, Z & Thomas, P 2005, 'Accelerated thermooxidative ageing tests and their extrapolation to lower temperatures', Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, vol. 80, no. 2, pp. 381-385.
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A procedure for the extrapolation of accelerated thermo-oxidative ageing tests to lower temperatures is proposed. The procedure involves a deconvolution of the global process into high- and low-temperature components where the extrapolation to low temper

Smith, D, Lukasiak, J & Burnett, I 2005, 'Blind speech separation using a joint model of speech production', IEEE Signal Processing Letters, vol. 12, no. 11, pp. 784-787.
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Smith, DB & Aubrey, T 2005, 'Differential unitary space-time superset modulation', European Transactions on Telecommunications, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 303-307.
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A simple framework is presented for transmission of constellation supersets, starting from a consideration of differential diagonal unitary space-time modulation (DUSTM), called DUST superset modulation (DUSTSM). The need for extension of previously stated design criteria for DUSTM is demonstrated by DUSTSM achieving full spectral efficiency with good bit error rate (BER) performance in a Rayleigh flat fading channel despite an effective multicylic group construction. Two cases for two different data rates and number of transmit antennas are illustrated in which the performance of DUSTSM exceeds that of DUSTM. Copyright © 2005 AEIT.

Smith, DB & Aubrey, TA 2005, 'Differential Unity space-time Superset Modulation', European Transactions On Telecommunications, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 303-307.
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A simple framework is presented for transmission of constellation supersets, starting from a consideration of differential diagonal unitary space-time modulation (DUSTM), called DUST superset modulation (DUSTSM). The need for extension of previously stated design criteria for DUSTM is demonstrated by DUSTSM achieving full spectral efficiency with good bit error rate (BER) performance in a Rayleigh flat fading channel despite an effective multicylic group construction. Two cases for two different data rates and number of transmit antennas are illustrated in which the performance of DUSTSM exceeds that of DUSTM.

Smith, PJ, Vigneswaran, S, Ngo, HH, Ben-Aim, R & Nguyen, H 2005, 'Design of a generic control system for optimising back flush durations in a submerged membrane hybrid reactor', JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE, vol. 255, no. 1-2, pp. 99-106.
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Organic fouling on the membrane can be minimised through powdered activated carbon (PAC) usage in the submerged membrane reactor to adsorb dissolved organic matter and reduce direct organic loading on the membrane. However, fouling cannot be totally alle

So, CH, Varghese, G, Curley, KJ, Kong, MMC, Alijaniaram, M, Ji, X, Nguyen, T, O'Dowd, BF & George, SR 2005, 'D1 and D2 Dopamine Receptors Form Heterooligomers and Cointernalize after Selective Activation of Either Receptor', Molecular Pharmacology, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 568-578.
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We provided evidence for the formation of a novel phospholipase C-mediated calcium signal arising from coactivation of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors. In the present study, robust fluorescence resonance energy transfer showed that these receptors exist in close proximity indicative of D1-D2 receptor heterooligomerization. The close proximity of these receptors within the heterooligomer allowed for cross-phosphorylation of the D2 receptor by selective activation of the D1 receptor. D1-D2 receptor heterooligomers were internalized when the receptors were coactivated by dopamine or either receptor was singly activated by the D1-selective agonist (±)-6-chloro-7,8-dihydroxy-1- phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine hydrobromide (SKF 81297) or the D2-selective agonist quinpirole. The D2 receptor expressed alone did not internalize after activation by quinpirole except when coexpressed with the D1 receptor. D1-D2 receptor heterooligomerization resulted in an altered level of steady-state cell surface expression compared with D1 and D2 homooligomers, with increased D2 and decreased D1 receptor cell surface density. Together, these results demonstrated that D1 and D2 receptors formed heterooligomeric units with unique cell surface localization, internalization, and transactivation properties that are distinct from that of D1 and D2 receptor homooligomers. Copyright © 2005 The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.

Stoica, L, Rabbachin, A, Repo, H, Tiuraniemi, S & Oppermann, I 2005, 'An Ultrawideband System Architecture for Tag Based Wireless Sensor Networks', IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 1632-1645.
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Su, SW, Bao, J & Lee, PL 2005, 'Control of multivariable Hammerstein systems by using feedforward passivation', INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 891-899.
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This paper presents a new control method for processes which can be described by Hammerstein models. The control design is based on the concept of passive systems. The proposed method is based on feedforward passivation and thus can be applied to nonminimum phase processes and/or processes of high relative degree. A synthesis technique for marginally stable positive real systems has been developed to achieve offset free control. The new control design can be easily implemented by solving a set of linear matrix inequalities. The proposed approach is illustrated using the example of an acid-base pH control problem.

Sun, XM, Duan, RY & Ying, MS 2005, 'The existence of quantum entanglement catalysts', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION THEORY, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 75-80.
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Without additional resources, it is often impossible to transform one entangled quantum state into another with local quantum operations and classical communication. Jonathan and Plenio (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 83, p. 3566, 1999) presented an interesting

Sweetser, P & Wyeth, P 2005, 'GameFlow', Computers in Entertainment, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 3-3.
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Although player enjoyment is central to computer games, there is currently no accepted model of player enjoyment in games. There are many heuristics in the literature, based on elements such as the game interface, mechanics, gameplay, and narrative. However, there is a need to integrate these heuristics into a validated model that can be used to design, evaluate, and understand enjoyment in games. We have drawn together the various heuristics into a concise model of enjoyment in games that is structured by flow. Flow, a widely accepted model of enjoyment, includes eight elements that, we found, encompass the various heuristics from the literature. Our new model, GameFlow, consists of eight elements -- concentration, challenge, skills, control, clear goals, feedback, immersion, and social interaction. Each element includes a set of criteria for achieving enjoyment in games. An initial investigation and validation of the GameFlow model was carried out by conducting expert reviews of two real-time strategy games, one high-rating and one low-rating, using the GameFlow criteria. The result was a deeper understanding of enjoyment in real-time strategy games and the identification of the strengths and weaknesses of the GameFlow model as an evaluation tool. The GameFlow criteria were able to successfully distinguish between the high-rated and low-rated games and identify why one succeeded and the other failed. We concluded that the GameFlow model can be used in its current form to review games; further work will provide tools for designing and evaluating enjoyment in games.

TAKEZAWA, S, GULREZ, T, HERATH, DC & DISSANAYAKE, G 2005, 'Environmental Recognition for Autonomous Robot using Simultaneous Localization and Map Building (SLAM) (Real Time Path Planning with Dynamical Localized Voronoi Division)', TRANSACTIONS OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS Series C, vol. 71, no. 703, pp. 904-911.
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The Goal of this work is to provide a more in depth understanding of the navigation in the autonomous robot using stable visual points derived from the repeated experimentation by the stereo vision in a natural featured environment. In order to identify the position of the robot as well as to establish the 3 D obstacle map under the unknown environment, we discuss the simultaneous stereo type localization and map building (SLAM) problem. The design of the planning algorithm for a vision guided mobile robot depends upon the two main characteristics of visual environmental recognition i.e. Uncertainty and Efficiency. The uncertainty is reduced by the Extended Kalman Filter algorithm based on the process and observation model of the mobile robot. Regarding the efficiency, the optimal path planning algorithm which uses the dynamical localized Voronoi division is a new concept in our proposal. This method has the ability to make the path for mobile robot with only suitable number of natural features.

Tan, KC, Chen, YJ, Wang, LF & Liu, DK 2005, 'INTELLIGENT SENSOR FUSION AND LEARNING FOR AUTONOMOUS ROBOT NAVIGATION', Applied Artificial Intelligence, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 433-456.
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This paper presents the design and implementation of an autonomous robot navigation system for intelligent target collection in dynamic environments. A feature-based multi-stage fuzzy logic (MSFL) sensor fusion system is developed for target recognition, which is capable of mapping noisy sensor inputs into reliable decisions. The robot exploration and path planning are based on a grid map oriented reinforcement path learning system (GMRPL), which allows for long-term predictions and path adaptation via dynamic interactions with physical environments. In our implementation, the MSFL and GMRPL are integrated into subsumption architecture for intelligent target-collecting applications. The subsumption architecture is a layered reactive agent structure that enables the robot to implement higher-layer functions including path learning and target recognition regardless of lower-layer functions such as obstacle detection and avoidance. The real-world application using a Khepera robot shows the robustness and flexibility of the developed system in dealing with robotic behaviors such as target collecting in the ever-changing physical environment. Copyright © 2005 Taylor & Francis Inc.

Tan, YG, Liu, DK, Liu, F & Zhou, ZD 2005, 'Digital robust preview control of path tracking', Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering, vol. 219, no. 1, pp. 111-116.
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A robust optimal preview control method is presented in this paper for path tracking control problems to improve robustness and tracking precision of path tracking control systems. The known path information is used as reference input signals. Simulation results show that this method is valid not only for improving the performance of highly accurate trajectory control but also for improving system stabilization.

Thomas, P & Šimon, P 2005, '{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1250\deff0\deflang1038\deflangfe1038\deftab708{\fonttbl{\f0\froman\fprq2\fcharset238{\*\fname Times New Roman;}Times New Roman CE;}} \viewkind4\uc1\pard\f0\fs20 A pseudo-isothermal kinetic analysis of the recrystallisation of nickel sulphide measured by non-isothermal DSC \par }', Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 77-80.
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A pseudo-isothermal method for the kinetic analysis was applied to the recrystallisation of alpha to beta nickel sulphide based on the Ozawa model for non-isothermal crystallisation in the presence of pre-existing nuclei. The aim of the analysis was to d

Tolhurst, H & Stewart, M 2005, 'Becoming a GP--a qualitative study of the career interests of medical students.', Aust Fam Physician, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 204-206.
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AIM: Only a minority of Australian graduates are interested in careers in general practice. The factors influencing medical students toward general practice as a career choice are poorly understood, even though this is important to the makeup of the medical workforce. METHODS: We ran 10 focus groups involving 82 first and final year medical students from three Australian medical schools in 2002, and analysed factors influencing participants' interest in working in general practice. RESULTS: About half the students were interested in general practice. Attractive factors were: the nature of the work (including its diversity), continuity of care, community context, and working conditions (including flexibility of training and work, availability of part time work and portability of qualifications). Negative factors included: the breadth of knowledge needed, boring work (in urban general practice), having to run a business, and working conditions (including relatively poor remuneration, overwork in rural general practice, and poor status of general practitioners). Some students were strongly influenced by negative attitudes of the GPs they were taught by, deciding against general practice as a career. DISCUSSION: Medical educators and GPs should be aware of this important influence.

Troendle, JF, Liu, A, Wu, C & Yu, KF 2005, 'Sequential testing for efficacy in clinical trials with non-transient effects', Statistics in Medicine, vol. 24, no. 21, pp. 3239-3250.
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This paper describes a new type of sequential testing for clinical trials. The sequential nature of the data is not from additional patients, but rather from longer follow-up times. At each analysis, the null hypothesis that all treatments are equivalent in effect on the outcome after that amount of time is tested. The trial might still have staggered entry or not, but the key feature is that a different statistical hypothesis is tested at each analysis. It is assumed that any effect of treatment is non-transient, allowing a conclusion to be drawn in favour of one treatment or the other based on a difference at a single follow-up time. It is shown that a general method based on the Bonferroni inequality can be used to obtain critical cutpoints for sequential testing, that controls the chance of a type I error for the clinical decision. This method is applicable regardless of the test used at each analysis. In the case of a two-armed trial with a Gaussian outcome variable, it is shown how simulation can be used to obtain critical cutpoints that maintain the chance of a type I error for the clinical decision. The methods are compared by Monte-Carlo simulation, and it is seen that in most practical cases the Bonferroni method is not very conservative. The Bonferroni procedure is illustrated on the results of a real clinical trial of Pirfenidone on pulmonary fibrosis in Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome.

Tsang, IW, Kwok, JT & Cheung, PM 2005, 'Core vector machines: Fast SVM training on very large data sets', Journal of Machine Learning Research, vol. 6, pp. 363-392.
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Standard SVM training has O(m3) time and O(m2) space complexities, where m is the training set size. It is thus computationally infeasible on very large data sets. By observing that practical SVM implementations only approximate the optimal solution by an iterative strategy, we scale up kernel methods by exploiting such 'approximateness' in this paper. We first show that many kernel methods can be equivalently formulated as minimum enclosing ball (MEB) problems in computational geometry. Then, by adopting an efficient approximate MEB algorithm, we obtain provably approximately optimal solutions with the idea of core sets. Our proposed Core Vector Machine (CVM) algorithm can be used with nonlinear kernels and has a time complexity that is linear in m and a space complexity that is independent of m. Experiments on large toy and real-world data sets demonstrate that the CVM is as accurate as existing SVM implementations, but is much faster and can handle much larger data sets than existing scale-up methods. For example, CVM with the Gaussian kernel produces superior results on the KDDCUP-99 intrusion detection data, which has about five million training patterns, in only 1.4 seconds on a 3.2GHz Pentium-4 PC.

Turner, BD, Binning, P & Stipp, SLS 2005, 'Fluoride Removal by Calcite:  Evidence for Fluorite Precipitation and Surface Adsorption', Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 39, no. 24, pp. 9561-9568.
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Umakhanthan, K & Ball, JE 2005, 'Rainfall models for catchment simulation', Australasian Journal of Water Resources, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 55-67.
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A catchment modelling system for simulation of both the quantity and quality of stormwater runoff can be considered to consist of four conceptual components, which are generation, collection, transport and disposal. Within each of these components, there are many alternative transformations available, with each of these transformations being the result of different combinations of process models. There are numerous combinations of transformations and information from apreceding component that map to asingle output. The concept ofsystem calibration, therefore, is to select the appropriate transformations and informationfor the catchment being simulated. Within the generation conceptual component, an important aspect is the model used to transform the point rainfall measurements into a spatially distributed rainfall over the catchment. There have been many alternative models proposedfor this transformation. Presented herein is an analysis of the influence ofalternative rainfall models on the simulated hydrograph and hence the influence on the system calibration. This analysis will be based on real events recorded at the outlets ofthe Centennial Park catchment (1.3 km2) and the upper Parramatta River catchment (110 km2) in Sydney, Australia. It will be shown from this analysis that the influence ofthe rainfall model is related to the spatial and temporal variability of the storm event

Val, DV & Stewart, MG 2005, 'Decision analysis for deteriorating structures', Reliability Engineering & System Safety, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 377-385.
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Measures that improve durability of a structure usually increase its initial cost. Thus, in order to make a decision about a cost-effective solution the life-cycle cost of a structure including cost of structural failure needs to be considered. Due to uncertainties associated with structural properties, loads and environmental conditions the cost of structural failure is a random variable. The paper derives probability distributions of the cost of failure of a single structure and a group of identical structures when single or multiple failures are possible during the service life of a structure. The probability distributions are based on cumulative probabilities of failure of a single structure over its service life. It is assumed that failures occur at discrete points in time, the cost of failure set at the time of decision making remains constant for a particular design solution and the discount rate is a deterministic parameter not changing with time. The probability distributions can be employed to evaluate the expected life-cycle cost or the expected utility, which is then used in decision making. An example, which considers the selection of durability specifications for a reinforced concrete structure built on the coast, illustrates the use of the derived probability distributions. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Varman, M, Masjuki, HH & Mahlia, TMI 2005, 'Electricity savings from implementation of minimum energy efficiency standard for TVs in Malaysia', Energy and Buildings, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 685-689.
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Varman, M, Masjuki, HH & Mahlia, TMI 2005, 'One-watt TV label implementation in Malaysia', International Journal of Regulation and Governance, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1-12.
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Many countries, from the US to Australia, are now interested in implementing stand-by power energy label for household appliances, in stages, until the 1-W (watt) target is achieved. TV sets consuming 1-W power are widely available in the developed nations. In a developing country like Malaysia, however, the penetration of 1-W stand-by power TV is very low and unless a mandatory label programme is introduced, the degree of penetration is not likely to rise. This paper attempts to calculate the emission pollutants reduction and the energy savings by implementing the 1-W stand-by power label for TV sets in Malaysia. It is estimated that this effort will enable CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions reduction of 1477.7 kT (kilo tonnes), NOx (oxides of nitrogen) reduction of 4673.0 tonnes, and CO (carbon monoxide) reduction of 763.7 tonnes in the country during the energy label period of 20 years. Additionally, Malaysia will benefit from energy savings of approximately, 2794.9 GWh (gigawatt hours). © 2005, IOS Press. All rights reserved.

Veitch, D, Hohn, N & Abry, P 2005, 'Multifractality in TCP/IP traffic: the case against', Computer Networks, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 293-313.
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Vorisek, J & Feuerlicht, G 2005, 'Is It the Right Time for the Enterprise to Adopt Software-as-a-Service Model?', Information Management, vol. 18, no. 1/2, pp. 1-5.

Vu, K, Stewart, MG & Mullard, J 2005, 'Corrosion-induced cracking: Experimental data and predictive models', ACI Structural Journal, vol. 102, no. 5, pp. 719-726.
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The present study describes an accelerated corrosion testing program comprising eight reinforced concrete (RC) specimens to simulate reinforcement corrosion of a section of a typical RC bridge deck. A constant corrosion rate of approximately 100 μA/cm2 was applied to accelerate the corrosion process in chloride contaminated concrete. Experimental results are compared with existing crack initiation and propagation models. A new empirical model to predict the time to excessive cracking for RC structures subjected to corrosion is proposed for cracks up to 1 mm in width by considering concrete quality and cover as influencing variables. The model is also able to account for time-variant corrosion rates and the effect of a high rate of loading often associated with extrapolating accelerated corrosion test results to real RC structures. It was observed that the accuracy of the predictive model for crack initiation will not significantly influence the time to excessive cracking. The time to excessive cracking is most influenced by the correction factor for rate of loading. Copyright © 2005, American Concrete Institute.

Vu, KA & Stewart, MG 2005, 'Predicting the Likelihood and Extent of Reinforced Concrete Corrosion-Induced Cracking', Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 131, no. 11, pp. 1681-1689.
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Corrosion-induced cracking is observed to vary spatially over concrete surfaces. A two-dimensional spatial time-dependent reliability model is developed to predict the likelihood and extent of corrosion-induced cracking. The spatial variability of concrete cover, concrete compressive strength, and surface chloride concentration are considered in the spatial time-dependent reliability model. The reliability analysis predicts: (1) probability of the first incidence of cracking, (2) proportion of an area subject to severe cracking, and (3) probability that a given percentage of a concrete surface has cracked. Corrosion-induced crack initiation and propagation models are developed for limit crack widths up to 1 mm. The present paper presents results for a typical reinforced concrete bridge deck. The effect of concrete cover, concrete quality, limit crack width, and environment are considered. It was shown that for poor durability design specifications the likelihood and extent of spalling is high. When combined with a life-cycle cost analysis, this predictive capability enables the extent of future repair costs to be estimated and the optimal durability design specifications or repair/maintenance strategies determined. © ASCE.

Wan, D, Fu, Q & Huang, J 2005, 'Synthesis of a thermoresponsive shell‐crosslinked 3‐layer onion‐like polymer particle with a hyperbranched polyglycerol core', Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, vol. 43, no. 22, pp. 5652-5660.
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AbstractA novel thermoresponsive shell crosslinked three‐layer onion‐like polymer particles were prepared using hyperbranched polyglycerol (PG) as parents compound, the periphery hydroxyl groups of PG were transformed into trithiocarbonates (SC(S)S) first; then, it was used as chain transfer agent to prepare star‐like block copolymer of N‐isopropyl acrylamide (NIPA) and N,N‐dimethylaminoethyl acrylate (DMA) in sequence via reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) process. Thus, a three‐layer polymer, PG[SC(S)S(DMA)b(NIPA)]n, was obtained. The middle layer of poly(DMA) was then crosslinked with 1,8‐diiodoctane, and the resulting onion‐like three‐layer polymer showed a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) in water because of the outer layer of poly(NIPA). The LCST value only slightly depended on the crosslinking degree. Finally, the SC(S)S were transformed into thiols by sequential treating with sodium borohydride and formic acid; thus, the core molecule was chemically detached from the crosslinked shell and a novel shell crosslinked polymer particle was obtained. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5652–5660, 2005

Wang, H, Wang, M, Hintz, T, Wu, Q & He, X 2005, 'VSA-based fractal image compression', 13th International Conference in Central Europe on Computer Graphics, Visualization and Computer Vision 2005, WSCG'2005 - In Co-operation with EUROGRAPHICS, Full Papers, vol. 13, no. 1-3, pp. 89-96.
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Spiral Architecture (SA) is a novel image structure which has hexagons but not squares as the basic elements. Apart from many other advantages in image processing, SA has shown two unbeatable characters that have potential to improve image compression performance, namely, Locality of Pixel Density and Uniform Image Partitioning. Fractal image compression is a relatively recent image compression method which exploits similarities in different parts of the image. The basic idea is to represent an image as fixed points of Iterated Function Systems (IFS). Therefore, an input image can be represented by a series of IFS codes rather than pixels. In this way, an amazing compression ratio 10000:1 can be achieved. The application of fractal image compression presented in this paper is based on Spiral Architecture. Since there is no mature capture and display device for hexagon-based images, the experiments are implemented on a newly proposed mimic scheme, called Virtual Spiral Architecture (VSA). The experimental results in the paper have shown that introducing Spiral Architecture into fractal image compression will improve the compression performance in image quality with little trade-off in compression ratio. A lot of research work exists in this area to further improve the results. Copyright UNION Agency - Science Press.

Wang, JJ, Wang, J, Sinclair, D, Watts, L & lee, HK 2005, 'Tropospheric Delay Estimation for Pseudolite Positioning', Journal of Global Positioning Systems, vol. 4, no. 1&2, pp. 106-112.
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Pseudolites, ground-based GPS signal transmitters, can significantly enhance the GPS satellite geometry or can even be an independent positioning system. However, as pseudolites are very close to the receivers, error effects are different from the traditional GPS and should be considered and modeled in a different way. Tropospheric delay is one of the largest error sources of pseudolite positioning, as pseudolite signal propagates through the lower troposphere which is very difficult to be modeled due to spatial variations in atmosphere. The objective of this research is to analyse pseudolite tropospheric delay modelling methods and to select the optimal tropospheric delay models for different applications. Several methods to estimate the tropospheric delay for pseudolite positioning are introduced and compared. One approach is to utilize single-differenced GPS tropospheric models. Another one is to compute the tropospheric delay as a function of the local refractivity along the pseudolite signal path. The ratio method used for Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) can also be applied to estimate tropospheric delay. Experiments with simulation and real flight test data are conducted in this study to investigate the proposed methods. The advantages and limitations of each method are analysed. The mode defined by RTCA and its modification are suitable for a low elevation and short range application, such as LAAS and local ground based applications. Models derived from single-differenced NMF and Saastamoinen models perform well in long range and high elevation but have big bias in low elevation. And the model derived from the Hopfield model performs relatively well in all the range and elevation.

Wang, Y, Tan, T, Loe, K-F & Wu, J-K 2005, 'A probabilistic approach for foreground and shadow segmentation in monocular image sequences', Pattern Recognition, vol. 38, no. 11, pp. 1937-1946.
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Wei, JS, Greer, BT, Westermann, F, Steinberg, SM, Son, CG, Chen, QR, Whiteford, CC, Bilke, S, Krasnoselsky, AL, Cenacchi, N, Catchpoole, D, Berthold, F, Schwab, M & Khan, J 2005, 'Erratum: Prediction of clinical outcome using gene expression profiling and artificial neural networks for patients with neuroblastoma (Cancer Research (October 1, 2004) 64 (6883-6891))', Cancer Research, vol. 65, no. 1, p. 374.

Wei, JS, Greer, BT, Westermann, F, Steinberg, SM, Son, CG, Chen, QR, Whiteford, CC, Bilke, S, Krasnoselsky, AL, Cenacchi, N, Catchpoole, D, Berthold, F, Schwab, M & Khan, J 2005, 'Prediction of clinical outcome using gene expression profiling and artificial neural networks for patients with neuroblastoma (vol 64, pg 6883, 2004)', CANCER RESEARCH, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 374-374.

Weily, AR, Esselle, KP, Sanders, BC & Bird, TS 2005, 'High-gain 1D EBG resonator antenna', Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 107-114.
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Weily, AR, Horvath, L, Esselle, KP, Sanders, BC & Bird, TS 2005, 'A planar resonator antenna based on a woodpile EBG material', IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 216-223.
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A resonator antenna made from a complex artificial surface and a metallic ground plane is described. The complex surface is realized using a woodpile electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) material, which is shown to have a frequency dependent reflection plane location. A highly directive radiation pattern is created due to the angle-dependent attenuation of the resonator antenna coupling to free space. The antenna has the advantages of low height, low loss, and low sidelobes. It is shown that the directivity can be varied over a fixed range by changing the aperture size of the device, with the maximum directivity determined by both the feed element and EBG material properties. The complete bandgap for the woodpile EBG material is confirmed from a band diagram, and its properties as a complex surface are investigated through transmission calculation and measurement. The design of the antenna is described, and two means of exciting the resonator, a microstrip patch and a double slot, are investigated. Theoretical results for these two antennas are calculated the using finite-difference time-domain and are shown to be in good agreement with measured results. © 2005 IEEE.

White, RE, Thomas, PS, Phillips, MR & Wuhrer, R 2005, 'A DSC study of the effect of lead pigments on the drying of cold pressed linseed oil', JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 237-239.
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Cold pressed linseed oil and paints prepared using the inorganic pigments; lead white and red lead, were characterized using non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in an air atmosphere to determine the effect of the pigment on the oxidative polymerisation of the drying oil medium. For each paint sample, the onset temperature for oxidation was reduced from 166°C to the range 50 to 60°C when a heating rate of 5 K min-1 was used. In order to determine the rate of drying, the non-isothermal experiments were carried out using a range of heating rates. A change in the mechanism oxidative polymerization was observed as the heating rate was increased. © 2005 Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest.

Wijesoma, WS, Kodagoda, KRS & Balasuriya, AP 2005, 'Laser-camera composite sensing for road detection and tracking', International Journal of Robotics and Automation, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 145-157.
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An important feature in most urban roads and similar environments, such as in theme parks, campus sites, industrial estates, science parks, and the like, is the existence of pavements or curbs on either side defining the road boundaries. These curbs, which are mostly parallel to the road, can be harnessed to extract useful features of the road for implementing autonomous navigation or driver assistance systems. However, vision-alone methods for extraction of such curbs or road edge features with accurate depth information is a formidable task, as the curb is not conspicuous in the vision image and also requires the use of stereo images. Further, bad lighting, adverse weather conditions, nonlinear lens aberrations, or lens glare due to sun and other bright light sources can severely impair the road image quality and thus the operation of vision-alone methods. In this paper an alternative and novel approach involving the fusion of 2D laser range and monochrome vision image data is proposed to improve the robustness and reliability. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the viability and effectiveness of the proposed methodology and its robustness to different road configurations and shadows.

Wijesoma, WS, Kodagoda, KRS & Balasuriya, AP 2005, 'Laser-camera composite sensing for road detection and tracking', International Journal of Robotics and Automation, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 145-157.
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An important feature in most urban roads and similar environments, such as in theme parks, campus sites, industrial estates, science parks, and the like, is the existence of pavements or curbs on either side defining the road boundaries. These curbs, which are mostly parallel to the road, can be harnessed to extract useful features of the road for implementing autonomous navigation or driver assistance systems. However, vision-alone methods for extraction of such curbs or road edge features with accurate depth information is a formidable task, as the curb is not conspicuous in the vision image and also requires the use of stereo images. Further, bad lighting, adverse weather conditions, nonlinear lens aberrations, or lens glare due to sun and other bright light sources can severely impair the road image quality and thus the operation of vision-alone methods. In this paper an alternative and novel approach involving the fusion of 2D laser range and monochrome vision image data is proposed to improve the robustness and reliability. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the viability and effectiveness of the proposed methodology and its robustness to different road configurations and shadows.

Wilding, A, Liu, R & Zhou, JL 2005, 'Dynamic behaviour of river colloidal and dissolved organic matter through cross-flow ultrafiltration system', Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 287, no. 1, pp. 152-158.
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Through cross-flow filtration (CFF) with a 1-kDa regenerated cellulose Pellicon 2 module, the ultrafiltration characteristics of river organic matter from Longford Stream, UK, were investigated. The concentration of organic carbon (OC) in the retentate in the Longford Stream samples increased substantially with the concentration factor (cf), reaching approximately 40 mg/L at cf 15. The results of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and colloidal organic carbon (COC) analysis, tracking the isolation of colloids from river waters, show that 2 mg/L of COC was present in those samples and good OC mass balance (77-101%) was achieved. Fluorescence measurements were carried out for the investigation of retentate and permeate behaviour of coloured dissolved organic materials (CDOM). The concentrations of CDOM in both the retentate and permeate increased with increasing cf, although CDOM were significantly more concentrated in the retentate. The permeation model expressing the correlation between log[CDOM] in the permeate and logcf was able to describe the permeation behaviour of CDOM in the river water with regression coefficients (r2) of 0.94 and 0.98. Dry weight analysis indicated that the levels of organic colloidal particles were from 49 to 71%, and between 29 and 51% of colloidal particles present were inorganic. COC as a percentage of DOC was found to be 10-16% for Longford Stream samples. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Wu, C & Hao, H 2005, 'Modeling of simultaneous ground shock and airblast pressure on nearby structures from surface explosions', International Journal of Impact Engineering, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 699-717.
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Wu, C & Hao, H 2005, 'Numerical study of characteristics of underground blast induced surface ground motion and their effect on above-ground structures. Part I. Ground motion characteristics', Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 27-38.
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Wu, C, Hao, H & Deeks, AJ 2005, 'Numerical Analysis of a Two-Rail Steel RHS Traffic Barrier to Vehicle Impact', Australian Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 63-76.
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Wu, C, Hao, H & Lu, Y 2005, 'Dynamic response and damage analysis of masonry structures and masonry infilled RC frames to blast ground motion', Engineering Structures, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 323-333.
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Wu, FJ, Lu, J & Zhang, GQ 2005, 'Development and implementation on a fuzzy multiple objective decision support system', KNOWLEDGE-BASED INTELLIGENT INFORMATION AND ENGINEERING SYSTEMS, PT 1, PROCEEDINGS, vol. 3681, pp. 261-267.
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A fuzzy-goal optimization-based method has been developed for solving fuzzy multiple objective linear programming (FMOLP) problems where fuzzy parameters in both objective functions and constraints and fuzzy goals of objectives can be in any form of membership function. Based on the method, a fuzzy multiple objective decision support system (FMODSS) is developed. This paper focuses on the development and use of FMODSS in detail. An example is presented for demonstrating how to solve a FMOLP problem by using the FMODSS interactively. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005.

Wu, Q, Ni, L-X, Chen, Z, Song, S-Q, Liu, X-M, Chai, Z-L & Wu, C-Q 2005, '[Clinical study on atypical pathogens of lower respiratory tract infection in children].', Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi, vol. 43, no. 3, p. 218.

Wu, SJ & Lin, CT 2005, 'Authors' reply', IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 286-286.
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Yang Wang, Loe, K-F, Tan, T & Jian-Kang Wu 2005, 'Spatiotemporal video segmentation based on graphical models', IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 937-947.
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Ying, M 2005, 'A theory of computation based on quantum logic (I).', Theor. Comput. Sci., vol. 344, pp. 134-207.
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Ying, MS 2005, 'A theory of computation based on quantum logic (I)', THEORETICAL COMPUTER SCIENCE, vol. 344, no. 2-3, pp. 134-207.
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The (meta)logic underlying classical theory of computation is Boolean (two-valued) logic. Quantum logic was proposed by Birkhoff and von Neumann as a logic of quantum mechanics more than 60 years ago. It is currently understood as a logic whose truth values are taken from an orthomodular lattice. The major difference between Boolean logic and quantum logic is that the latter does not enjoy distributivity in general. The rapid development of quantum computation in recent years stimulates us to establish a theory of computation based on quantum logic. The present paper is the first step toward such a new theory and it focuses on the simplest models of computation, namely finite automata. We introduce the notion of orthomodular lattice-valued (quantum) automaton. Various properties of automata are carefully reexamined in the framework of quantum logic by employing an approach of semantic analysis. We define the class of regular languages accepted by orthomodular lattice-valued automata. The acceptance abilities of orthomodular lattice-valued nondeterministic automata and their various modifications (such as deterministic automata and automata with ε-moves) are compared. The closure properties of orthomodular lattice-valued regular languages are derived. The Kleene theorem about equivalence of regular expressions and finite automata is generalized into quantum logic. We also present a pumping lemma for orthomodular lattice-valued regular languages. It is found that the universal validity of many properties (for example, the Kleene theorem, the equivalence of deterministic and nondeterministic automata) of automata depend heavily upon the distributivity of the underlying logic. This indicates that these properties does not universally hold in the realm of quantum logic. On the other hand, we show that a local validity of them can be recovered by imposing a certain commutativity to the (atomic) statements about the automata under consideration. This reveals a...

Ying, MS 2005, 'Knowledge transformation and fusion in diagnostic systems', ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, vol. 163, no. 1, pp. 1-45.
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Diagnostic systems depend on knowledge bases specifying the causal, structural or functional interactions among components of the diagnosed objects. A diagnostic specification in a diagnostic system is a semantic interpretation of a knowledge base. We in

Ying, MS 2005, 'pi-calculus with noisy channels', ACTA INFORMATICA, vol. 41, no. 9, pp. 525-593.
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It is assumed in the pi-calculus that communication channels are always noiseless. But it is usually not the case in the mobile systems that developers are faced with in the real life. In this paper, we introduce an extension of pi, called pi(N), in whic

Yong Zhang, Shao, KR, Youguang Guo & Lavers, JD 2005, 'A boundary meshless method for transient eddy current problems', IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 41, no. 10, pp. 4090-4092.
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This paper presents a boundary meshless method (BMLM) for transient eddy current problems. With difference to the traditional boundary element method (BEM), the BMLM combines a point interpolation method (PIM) for construction of spatial interpolation fu

Yoshizawa, S, Hayasaka, N, Wada, N & Miyanaga, Y 2005, 'VLSI Architecture for Robust Speech Recognition Systems and its Implementation on a Verification Platform', Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 447-455.
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This paper presents a VLSI architecture for a robust speech recognition system that enables high-speed, low-power operation. The proposed architecture improves recognition accuracy in noisy environments and realizes short-time response by implementing parallel and pipeline processing. We demonstrate improved processing time and power consumption by evaluating circuit performance in 0.25-μm CMOS technology. We also detail a verification platform that helps users implement our hardware-based robust speech recognition system. The verification platform facilitates software conversion to hardware and promptly provides testing environments on field-programmable gate arrays.

YouGuang Guo, Jian Guo Zhu & Wu, W 2005, 'Thermal analysis of soft magnetic composite motors using a hybrid model with distributed heat sources', IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 2124-2128.
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This paper presents a hybrid thermal model with distributed heat sources for thermal analysis of soft magnetic composite (SMC) motors. The model uses a combination of lumped and distributed thermal parameters, which can be obtained from motor dimensions

YouGuang Guo, Jian Guo Zhu, Zhi Wei Lin & Jin Jiang Zhong 2005, 'Measurement and modeling of core losses of soft magnetic composites under 3-D magnetic excitations in rotating motors', IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 41, no. 10, pp. 3925-3927.
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Soft magnetic composite (SMC) materials are especially suitable for construction of low-cost high-performance motors with three-dimensional (3-D) magnetic fields. The 3-D finite-element analysis (FEA) conducted in the design of a claw pole transverse flu

Yu, JX, Yuming Ou, Chengqi Zhang & Shichao Zhang 2005, 'Identifying Interesting Customers through Web Log Classification', IEEE Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 55-59.
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The use of web log classification to identify the customer with a small data set is discussed. Web mining is a popular technique for analyzing visitor activities in e-service systems, which include, web text mining, web structure mining, and web log mining. Several groups of experiments on Dell Workstation PWS650 with 2 Gbytes of main memory running Window 2000 are conducted to evaluate the web log mining technique. The results show that when one classifies the 39,033 log records using the three classifiers, removing one attribute at a time, confirms that it's hard to determine which attribute to remove in order to achieve high accuracy.

Yu, K & Oppermann, I 2005, 'Symbol/bit-error rate of LMMSE receiver for M-ary QAM in multipath faded CDMA channels', IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 1400-1406.
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Zhang, C, Ying, M & Qiao, B 2005, 'Optimal universal programmable detectors for unambiguous discrimination', Phys. Rev. A, vol. 74, pp. 042308-042308.
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We discuss the problem of designing unambiguous programmable discriminatorsfor any n unknown quantum states in an m-dimensional Hilbert space. Thediscriminator is a fixed measurement that has two kinds of input registers: theprogram registers and the data register. The quantum state in the data registeris what users want to identify, which is confirmed to be among the n states inprogram registers. The task of the discriminator is to tell the users whichstate stored in the program registers is equivalent to that in the dataregister. First, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for judging anunambiguous programmable discriminator. Then, if $m=n$, we present an optimalunambiguous programmable discriminator for them, in the sense of maximizing theworst-case probability of success. Finally, we propose a universal unambiguousprogrammable discriminator for arbitrary n quantum states.

Zhang, C, Zhang, Z & Cao, L 2005, 'Agents and Data Mining: Mutual Enhancement by Integration', Lecture Notes In Computer Science, vol. 3505, pp. 50-61.
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This paper tells a story of synergism of two cutting edge technologies - agents and data mining. By integrating these two technologies, the power for each of them is enhanced. Integrating agents into data mining systems, or constructing data mining syste

Zhang, J & Kwong, CP 2005, 'On an open problem in bistable stabilization', Systems & Control Letters, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 399-403.
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Zhang, J, Kennedy, RA & Abhayapala, TD 2005, 'Cramér-Rao Lower Bounds for the Synchronization of UWB Signals', EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, vol. 2005, no. 3, pp. 426-438.
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Zhang, JF & Kwong, CP 2005, 'Some Applications of a Polynomial Inequality to Global Optimization', Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, vol. 127, no. 1, pp. 193-205.
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Zhang, N, Kirpitchenko, I & Liu, DK 2005, 'Dynamic model of the grinding process', Journal of Sound and Vibration, vol. 280, no. 1-2, pp. 425-432.
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Grinding is one of the most versatile methods of removing material from machine parts to provide precise geometry. Dynamic analysis of the grinding process is necessary to reduce the surface waviness and roughness induced by vibrations, and to offer a machining accuracy in the order of nanometers. This research is to investigate the dynamic function of the grinding process. A new approach to determination of cutting factors in dynamic grinding is proposed. Attention is paid to the mechanisms of dynamic grinding from the kinematics viewpoint. A non-linear dynamic model is developed to investigate the dynamic characteristics of the grinding process. The model demonstrates that different vibration frequencies result in qualitatively different behavior of the grinding machine. The relationship between grinding force variations and vibration frequency is revealed. The formulas to calculate cutting force variations are given. A comparison of the theoretical transfer function of dynamic grinding and experimental one shows good matching. As a result, the paper significantly expands the opportunities of vibration control of grinding machines. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Zhang, Y & Zhou, JL 2005, 'Removal of estrone and 17β-estradiol from water by adsorption', Water Research, vol. 39, no. 16, pp. 3991-4003.
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Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are the focus of current environment concern, as they can cause adverse health effects in an intact organism, or its progeny, subsequent to endocrine function. The paper reports on the removal of estrone (E1) and 17β-estradiol (E2) from water through the use of various adsorbents including granular activated carbon (GAC), chitin, chitosan, ion exchange resin and a carbonaceous adsorbent prepared from industrial waste. The results show that the kinetics of adsorption were adsorbent and compound-dependent, with equilibration being reached within 2 h for a waste-derived carbonaceous adsorbent to 71 h for an ion-exchange resin for E1, and within 7 h for the waste-derived carbonaceous adsorbent to 125 h for GAC for E2. Of all the adsorbents tested, the carbonaceous adsorbent showed the highest adsorption capacity, with a maximum adsorption constant of 87500 ml/g for E1 and 116000 ml/g for E2. The GAC also had a very high adsorption capacity for the two compounds, with a maximum adsorption constant of 9290 ml/g for E1 and 12200 ml/g for E2. The effects of some fundamental environmental parameters including adsorbent concentration, pH, salinity and the presence of humic acid and surfactant on adsorption were studied. The results show that adsorption capacity of activated carbon was decreased with an increase in adsorbent concentration and by the presence of surfactant and humic acid. The results have demonstrated excellent performance of a waste derived adsorbent in removing E1 and E2 from water, and indicated the potential of converting certain solid waste into useful adsorbents for pollution-control purposes. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Zhang, Z, Yu, G, Cheng, J, Wang, X, Zhang, F & Zhou, J 2005, 'Carbon isotopic fractionation during photolysis of hexachlorobenzene', Progress in Natural Science, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 82-88.
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Zhao, J, Sheng, D & Zhou, W 2005, 'Shear banding analysis of geomaterials by strain gradient enhanced damage model', International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol. 42, no. 20, pp. 5335-5355.
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Zhao, J, Sheng, D, Rouainia, M & Sloan, SW 2005, 'Explicit stress integration of complex soil models', International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, vol. 29, no. 12, pp. 1209-1229.
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Zhong, JJ, Zhu, JG, Lin, ZW, Guo, YG & Sievert, JD 2005, 'Improved measurement of magnetic properties with 3D magnetic fluxes', Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, vol. 290-291, no. 2, pp. 1567-1570.
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This paper, as a pioneering work, presents measurement techniques to characterize soft magnetic materials in three-dimensional (3D) space. A novel 3D magnetic property tester using cubic sample has been constructed and calibrated. Some phenomena and problems of measurement caused by the imperfect winding and misalignment of coils are analyzed. The correction methods are proposed and employed. The new soft magnetic composite SOMALOY™ 500 is investigated. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

ZHOU, J, DÖRING, A & TÖNNIES, KD 2005, 'CONTROL OF OBJECT VISIBILITY IN VOLUME RENDERING — A DISTANCE-BASED APPROACH', International Journal of Image and Graphics, vol. 05, no. 04, pp. 699-714.
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Volume data often have redundant information for clinical uses. The essence of volume rendering can be regarded as a mechanism to determine visibility of redundant information and structures of interest using different approaches. Controlling the visibility of these structures in volume rendering depends on the following factors in existing rendering algorithms: The data value of current voxel and its derivatives (used in transfer function based approaches), and the voxel position (used in volume clipping). This paper introduces the distance which is defined by the user into volume rendering pipeline to control the visibility of structures. The distance based approach, which is named as distance transfer function, has the flexibility of transfer functions for depicting data information and the advantages of volume clippings for visualizing inner structures. The results show that the distance based approach is a powerful tool for volume data information depiction.

ZHU, Q 2005, 'Noise-Robust Speech Analysis Using Running Spectrum Filtering', IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences, vol. E88-A, no. 2, pp. 541-548.
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Zowghi, D & Gervasi, V 2005, 'Automated tools for requirements engineering', COMPUTER SYSTEMS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 3-4.

Abolhasan, M, Lipman, J & Society, IEEEC 1970, 'Efficient and highly scalable route discovey for on-demand routing protocols in ad hoc networks', LCN 2005: 30th Conference on Local Computer Networks, Proceedings, Local Computer Networks, 2005. 30th Anniversary. The IEEE Conference on, IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 358-365.
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This paper presents a number of different route discovery strategies for on-demand routing protocols, which provide more control to each intermediate node make during the route discovery phase to make intelligent forwarding decisions. This is achieved through the idea of self-selection. In self-selecting route discovery each node independently makes route request (RREQ) forwarding decisions based upon a selection criterion or by satisfying certain conditions. The nodes which do not satisfy the selection criterion do not rebroadcast the routing packets. We implemented our self-selecting route discovery strategies over AODV using the GloMoSim network simulation package, and compared the performance with existing route discovery strategies used in AODV. Our simulation results show that a significant drop in the number of control packets can be achieved by giving each intermediate node more authority for self-selection during route discovery. Furthermore, a significant increase in throughput is achieved as the number nodes in the network is increased

Abolhasan, M, Wysocki, T, Lipman, J & IEEE 1970, 'Performance investigation on three-classes of MANET routing protocols', 2005 Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC), Vols 1& 2, Communications, 2005 Asia-Pacific Conference on, Communications, 2005 Asia-Pacific Conference on, Perth, WA, pp. 774-778.
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Routing in Ad hoc Networks has received significant attention with a number of different routing protocols proposed in recent years. These routing protocols may be classified into three main categories: proactive, reactive and hybrid. Prior work aimed at comparing the performance of routing protocols has mainly focused on comparing reactive and proactive protocols [6] [4] [1]. In this paper, we present a simulation study of different routing protocols from all three categories. We also explore the benefits and performance of each routing category. Further, we present a discussion of future research directions for routing in Ad hoc Networks. © 2005 IEEE.

Agrawal, A & Sharma, A 1970, 'Recent wide-angle beam propagation methods: An assessment', 2005 PACIFIC RIM CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS, Pacific Rim Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, IEEE, Tokyo, JAPAN, pp. 571-572.

Agrawal, A & Sharma, A 1970, 'Recent Wide-Angle Beam Propagation Methods: An Assessment', 2005 Pacific Rim Conference on Lasers &amp; Electro-Optics, 2005 Pacific Rim Conference on Lasers & Electro-Optics, IEEE, pp. 969-970.
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Ahlborg, HG, Nguyen, ND, Center, JR, Eisman, JA & Nguyen, TV 1970, 'Incidence and risk factors for low trauma fractures in men with prostate cancer', JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, 27th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Bone-and-Mineral-Research, AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES, Nashville, TN, pp. S157-S157.

Al-Kilidar, H, Cox, K & Kitchenham, B 1970, 'The use and usefulness of the ISO/IEC 9126 quality standard', Empirical Software Engineering, 2005. 2005 International Symposium on, IEEE, pp. 7-pp.

Al-Kilidar, H, Cox, K, Kitchenham, B & IEEE 1970, 'The use and usefulness of the ISO/IEC 9126 quality standard', 2005 International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering (ISESE), Proceedings, 4th International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering, IEEE, Noosa Heads, AUSTRALIA, pp. 122-128.
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Al-Kilidar, H, Parkin, P, Aurum, A, Jeffery, R & Soc, IEEEC 1970, 'Evaluation of effects of pair work on quality of designs', 2005 Australian Software Engineering Conference, Proceedings, Australian Software Engineering Conference, IEEE Computer Society, Brisbane, Australia, pp. 78-87.
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Quality is a key issue in the development of software products. Although the literature acknowledges the importance of the design phase of software lifecycle and the effects of the design process and intermediate products on the final product, little progress has been achieved in addressing the quality of designs. This is partly due to difficulties associated in defining quality attributes with precision and measurement of the many different types and styles of design products, as well as problems with assessing the methodologies utilized in the design process. In this research we report on an empirical investigation that we conducted to examine and evaluate quality attributes of design products created through a process of pair-design and solo-design. The process of pair-design methodology involves pair programming principles where two people work together and periodically switch between the roles of driver and navigator. The evaluation of the quality of design products was based on ISO/IEC 9126 standards. Our results show some mixed findings about the effects of pair work on the quality of design products. © 2005 IEEE.

Aslam, MU, Masjuki, HH & Kalam, MA 1970, 'Performance and emissions studies of a car engine fueled with gasoline and CNG', 2005 SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition - Proceedings, pp. 543-548.

Baheiraei, A, Eisman, JA, Pocock, NA & Nguyen, TV 1970, 'Factors that affect decision to undergo a bone mineral density scan', JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, 27th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Bone-and-Mineral-Research, AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES, Nashville, TN, pp. S262-S262.

Ball, JE & Phillips, B 1970, 'Australian Rainfall & Runoff - Guiding Australian Practice into the 21st Century', Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Urban Drainage, International Conference on Urban Drainage, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp. 1-8.
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Since 1958 when Australian Rainfall and Runoff was first released it has remained one of the most influential and widely used guidelines published by.Engineers Australia. The current edition, initially published in 1987 and in a split book form in 1998, has received widespread Australian and international acclaim. Furthermore, the general community has recognised the importance of Australian Rainfall and Runoff to the practice of hydrologic engineering in Australia through the many awards that the current edition received when first published. Since publication of the current edition, there have been advances in the application of engineering hydrology that warrant the updating of the current document. This has already led to the revision of Book 6 on Estimation of Large and Extreme Floods in 1999. Furthermore, the issues of environment sustainability and water conservation are increasingly requiring the application ofupdated or new engineering hydrology techniques.

Ball, JE & Phillips, B 1970, 'Guiding Australian hydrologic and hydraulic practice into the 21^st century - Development of 4^th edition of Australian Rainfall & Runoff', 31st IAHR Congress 2005: Water Engineering for the Future, Choices and Challenges, International Association of Hydraulic Engineering & Research, Korea Water Resources Association, Seoul, Korea, pp. 4485-4492.
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Since 1958 when Australian Rainfall and Runoff was first released it has remained one of the most influential and widely used guidelines published by Engineers Australia. The current edition, initially published in 1987 and in a split book form in 1998, has received widespread Australian and international acclaim. Furthermore, the general community has recognised the importance of Australian Rainfall and Runoff to the practice of hydrologic engineering in Australia through the many awards that the current edition received when first published. Since publication of the current edition, there have been advances in the application of engineering hydrology which warrant the updating of the current document. This has already led to the revision of Book 6 on Estimation of Large and Extreme Floods in 1999. Furthermore, the issues of environment sustainability and water conservation are increasingly requiring the application of updated or new engineering hydrology techniques. In recognition of these advances and changing community concerns, the National Committee on Water Engineering (NCWE) of Engineers Australia has committed itself to the preparation of a new updated and revised edition of Australian Rainfall and Runoff. The evolution of Australian Rainfall & Runoff is overviewed and the current on-going review is discussed. The inclusion of new information on the hydrology of rainfall and runoff for water quality investigations in both urban and rural areas, the use of catchment simulation techniques, the integration of hydrologic and hydraulic models, and hydrological aspects of integrated water management within urban areas is overviewed. It is concluded that the current review of Australian Rainfall & Runoff demonstrates the commitment the NCWE and the many authors to maintaining it as the pre-eminent guideline for hydrology and hydraulics in Australia into the 21st century. It also provides a model for other countries who are preparing national guideline...

Ball, JE & Rankin, K 1970, 'On the performance of permeable pavers', 31st IAHR Congress 2005: Water Engineering for the Future, Choices and Challenges, International Association of Hydraulic Engineering & Research, Korea Water Resources Association, Seoul, Korea, pp. 1124-1135.
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Urban stormwater runoff is a transport medium for many contaminants from anthropogenic sources. There are many alternative management strategies available to treat these contaminants. One of the technologies suggested for this purpose is the use of permeable pavements to minimise the quantity of surface runoff generated by impervious surfaces within an urban catchment. Reported herein are the results of a monitoring program undertaken to assess the effectiveness of permeable pavers for reducing the quantity and quality of stormwater runoff. It was found that the catchment where a Rocla Ecoloc paver was installed had the effective imperviousness reduced from 45% prior to reconstruction of the road surface with the permeable pavers to less than 5% after reconstruction of the road. At the same time, the quality of the surface runoff was found to be at the lower levels of runoff from road surfaces while no increase in stormwater contaminants within the groundwater system was monitored.

Bao Hua Liu, Chun Tung Chou, Lipman, J & Jha, S 1970, 'Using frequency division to reduce MAI in DS-CDMA wireless sensor networks', IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 2005, IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 2005, IEEE, New Orleans, LA, pp. 657-663.
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Bennett, NS, Smith, AJ, Colombeau, B, Gwilliam, R, Cowern, NEB & Sealy, BJ 1970, 'Differential Hall profiling of ultra-shallow junctions in Si and SOI', Materials Science and Engineering: B, Symposium on Materials Science and Device Issues for Future Si-Based Technologies held at the 2005 EMRS Meeting, Elsevier BV, Strasbourg, FRANCE, pp. 305-309.
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Beydoun, G, Gonzalez-Perez, C, Low, G & Henderson-Sellers, B 1970, 'Synthesis of a generic MAS metamodel', Proceedings of the fourth international workshop on Software engineering for large-scale multi-agent systems - SELMAS '05, the fourth international workshop, ACM Press, St Loius, USA, pp. 1-1.
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Method engineering, which focuses on project-specific methodology construction from existing method fragments, is an appealing approach to organize, appropriately access and effectively harness the software engineering knowledge of MAS methodologies. With the objective of applying method engineering for developing an MAS, in this paper we introduce a generic metamodel to serve as a representational infrastructure to unify existing MAS methodologies into a single specification. Our metamodel does not focus on any class of MAS, nor does it impose any restrictions on the format of the system requirements; rather, our metamodel is an abstraction of how any MAS is structured and behaves both at design time and run-time.

Beydoun, G, Gonzalez-Perez, C, Low, G & Henderson-Sellers, B 1970, 'Towards Method Engineering for Multi-Agent Systems: A preliminary validation of a Generic MAS Metamodel.', SEKE, International Conference on Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering, Knowledge Systems Graduate School, Taipei, Taiwan, pp. 51-56.
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New Multi-Agent System (MAS) software development methodologies are published at an increasing pace. This is in part due to the accepted premise that no single methodology can be suitable for all MAS software projects. Method engineering, which focuses on projectspecific methodology construction from existing method fragments, is an appealing approach to organize, appropriately access and effectively harness the software engineering knowledge of methodologies. Towards this, in this paper we present and validate a generic productfocussed metamodel to serve as a representational infrastructure to unify existing methodologies into a single specification. Our metamodel does not focus on any class of MAS, nor does it impose any restrictions on the format of system requirements; rather, our metamodel is an abstraction of how any MAS is structured and behaves both at design time and run-time. We analyze two well-known existing MAS metamodels. We sketch how they can be seen as subtypes of our generic metamodel. This constitutes early evidence to support the use of our metamodel towards the construction of situated MAS methodologies.

Beydoun, G, Tran, N, Low, G & Henderson-Sellers, B 1970, 'Preliminary basis for an ontology-based methodological approach for multi-agent systems', PERSPECTIVES IN CONCEPTUAL MODELING, International Conference on Conceptual Modelling, Springer, Klagenfurt, Austria, pp. 131-140.
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The influence of ontologies in Knowledge Based Systems (KBS) methodologies extends well beyond the initial analysis phase, leading in the 1990s to domain-independent KBS methodologies. In this paper, we reflect on those lessons and on the roles of ontologies in KBS development. We analyse and identify which of those roles can be transferred towards an ontology-based MAS development methodology. We identify ontology-related inter-dependencies between the analysis and design phases. We produce a set of six recommendations towards creating a domain-independent MAS methodology that incorporates ontologies beyond its initial analysis phase. We identify its essential features and sketch the characteristic tasks within both its analysis and design phases.

Blaikie, J & Ball, JE 1970, 'An Evaluation of the Antecedent Rainfall Prior to Significant Rainfall Events in Sydney', Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Urban Drainage, International Conference on Urban Drainage, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp. 1-8.
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A common approach for the assessment offlood risk associated with a proposed development in a flood-prone area is the utilisation of a catchment modelling system. Numerous alternative hydrologic and hydraulic process models have been proposed for inclusion in these systems of process models. In a similar vein, a number of alternative rainfall models for the description of the spatial and temporal variation ofrainfall have been proposed. Previous studies such as those by Walsh et al. (1991) and Hill et al. (1996) have shown the importance ofthe loss model, or the model by which water is removed from rainfall to produce potential surface runoff. While previous studies have indicated the importance ofloss models in the estimation of a design flood flow with a pre-defined annual exceedance probability, little information has been developed to assist modellers with the task ofconverting rainfall ofa given annual exceedance probability into flow with the same exceedance probability through the application of catchment modelling systems.

Boyd, S, Zowghi, D, Farroukh, A & Society, IEEEC 1970, 'Measuring the expressiveness of a constrained natural language: An empirical study', 13TH IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON REQUIREMENTS ENGINEERING, PROCEEDINGS, IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference, IEEE, Paris, France, pp. 339-349.
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It has been suggested that constraining a natural language (NL) reduces the degree of ambiguity of requirement specifications written in that language. There is also a tendency to assume that an inescapable side effect of constraining a natural language is a subsequent reduction in its expressiveness. The primary objective of this paper is to describe a technique that we have developed for empirically measuring the expressiveness of a Constrained Natural Language (CNL) when used to specify the requirements in a particular application domain. Our simple yet practical and repeatable technique elucidates the individual contribution that each lexical entity of the CNL can make on the overall expressiveness of the CNL. This technique is particularly useful for designing new CNLs, as well as situations where tailoring or streamlining existing CNLs for particular application domains is needed.

Bruynseraede, C, Tokei, Z, Iacopi, F, Beyer, GP, Michelon, J, Maex, K & IEEE 1970, 'The impact of scaling on interconnect reliability', 2005 IEEE INTERNATIONAL RELIABILITY PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS - 43RD ANNUAL, 43rd Annual IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium, IEEE, San Jose, CA, pp. 7-17.
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Bryson, M, Kim, J & Sukkarieh, S 1970, 'Information and observability metrics of inertial SLAM for on-line path-planning on an aerial vehicle', IEEE international conference on robotics and automation, Spain.

Buhrman, H, Lee, T & Melkebeek, DV 1970, 'Language compression and pseudorandom generators', computational complexity, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, pp. 228-255.
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Burdon, SW 1970, 'Business and IT alignment - reframing the challenge', Align IT Conference 2005, Align IT Conference 2005, -, Sydney, Australia.

Burdon, SW 1970, 'Gaining competitive advantage from best practice outsourcing', Best Practice Forum 2005, Best Practice Forum 2005, -, Adelaide, Australia.

Burdon, SW 1970, 'Transformation through innovation and entreprenuership', Transformation Through Innovation and Entreprenuership, Transformation Through Innovation and Entreprenuership, -, Sydney, Australia.

Cao, L, Schurmann, R & Zhang, C 1970, 'Domain-driven in-depth pattern discovery: A practical methodology', AusDM 2005 Proc. - 4th Australasian Data Mining Conf. - Collocated with the 18th Australian Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, AI 2005 and the 2nd Australian Conf. on Artifical Life, ACAL 2005, Australian Data Mining Conference, The University of Technology, Sydney, Sydney, Australia, pp. 101-114.
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Traditional data mining is a data-driven trial-and-error process. The patterns discovered via predefined models in the above process are generic patterns. Generally, they are often not really interesting to constraint-based real business, hi order to work out patterns that are of interest and actionable to the real world, in-depth patterns are often essential. This type of pattern discovery is more likely to be a business or industry domain-driven human-machine-cooperated process. The use of in-depth patterns requires the development of a more practical methodology, than is presently available for guiding real-world data mining. This paper proposes such a practical data mining methodology, referred to as domain-driven in-depth pattern discovery (DDID-PD). The main idea of the DDID-PD methodology is to mine in-depth patterns through domain-driven iterative human-machine interaction in a constraint-based context. Using this methodology as a basis, we demonstrate some of our work in mining in-depth correlations in Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) data and preliminary research on developing a quality knowledge base for Centrelink interventions. The deployment of DDID-PD to ASX data mining tasks has shown that the methodology is practical and has potential for further improving the analysis of large quantities of data to identify patterns for practical use by industry and business. © 2013.

Cao, L, Zhang, C, Luo, D, Chen, W & Zamani, N 1970, 'Integrative early requirements analysis for agent-based systems', Proceedings - HIS'04: 4th International Conference on Hybrid Intelligent Systems, 4th International Conference on Hybrid Intelligent Systems (HIS 04), IEEE COMPUTER SOC, Kitakyushu, JAPAN, pp. 118-123.
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Early requirements analysis (ERA) is quite significant for building agent-based systems. Goal-oriented requirements analysis is promising for the agent-oriented early requirements analysis. In general, either visual modeling or formal specifications is used for the ERA. This way cannot capture requirements precisely and completely. In this paper, we present an integrative modeling framework for agent-oriented early requirements analysis; this framework implements goal-oriented requirement analysis. The integrative modeling combines visual modeling and formal modeling together. Extended i* framework is used for building visual models; formal specifications complement the visual modeling to define and refine requirements. Both visual and formal models are outlined through a practical agent-based system F-TRADE1. The integrative modelling seems to model early requirements comprehensively and concretely, and benefit refinement and conflict management in building agent systems. © 2005 IEEE.

Carter, JP, Potts, DM, Leung, CF, Indraratna, B, Mimura, M, Michalowski, RL, Kodaka, T & MILLPRESS 1970, 'Technical session 1f: Prediction and performance', Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Vols 1-5, pp. 3165-3168.

Chaczko, Z & Ahmad, F 1970, 'Wireless Sensor Network Based System for Fire Endangered Areas', Third International Conference on Information Technology and Applications (ICITA'05), Third International Conference on Information Technology and Applications (ICITA'05), IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 203-207.
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This paper describes a system design approach for a wireless sensor network based application that is to be used to measure temperature and humidity as well as being fitted with a smoke defector. Such a device can be used as an early warning fire detecti

Chaczko, Z & Sinha, SN 1970, 'SAFE Model Approach to Construction of Intelligent Security Systems', Third International Conference on Information Technology and Applications (ICITA'05), Third International Conference on Information Technology and Applications (ICITA'05), IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 197-202.
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Dynamic environments such as that of any public and private infrastructure, workplace and even home consist of multiple entities that continuously interact with each other. Integrating an intelligent security system in such an environment necessitates the need for a soft systems approach that gives perspective to such interactions through identifying associated holons. The holonic analysis allows characterisation of ill-defined and often problematic situations that are resultant of the human activity system. This paper discusses some techniques that can be adopted to resolve scenarios that are plagued with uncertainty in reasoning and the continuously varying nature of interrelationship between native entities. The technical aspect of this system encompasses the mode of query processing and surveillance through a structured sensor network set up with the aid of distributed services and network protocols.

Chaczko, Z, Ahmad, F & Mahadevan, V 1970, 'Wireless Sensors in Network Based Collaborative Environments', 2005 6th International Conference on Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training, 2005 6th International Conference on Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training, IEEE, pp. 7-13.
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Use of Telecollaboration (TC) systems based on sensor networks in education is an emerging field of research. It is feasible to connect many small wireless micro-sensors ("smart dust") [36], PDAs and cellular phones into a network that extends a TC education system. It is expected that those sensors collect and fuse various data and transmit the information through the network for enhanced TC educational outcomes. However, the traditional challenges remain the same. This includes the ability of managing resources such as: power, bandwidth, distances, performance of the sensors and related hardware. At the heart of the sensor network paradigm are the human factors. We realize that the concept of the human research is native to such emerging technologies as Wireless Sensor Networks, sensor enabling facilities, ubiquitous computing devices and all IP next generation networks that are challenging the rationale of traditional information fusion systems. The technology has reached a level of maturity at which it is reasonable to discover sensors based on the context awareness, pertinence, query for appropriate data, and fuse it using applicable fusion rules, computing and communication infrastructure. In this paper we introduce innovative concepts for support of TC solutions, identify design, development methodologies as well as challenges for TC systems. © 2005 IEEE.

Chaczko, Z, Caroly, M & Lee Lim 1970, 'A Middleware Model for Telecollaboration Systems in Education', 2005 6th International Conference on Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training, 2005 6th International Conference on Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training, IEEE.
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The internationalization and virtualization of both educational institutes and workplaces around the world is driving the development of technology that supports remote collaboration. Telecollaboration is aimed at bringing participants together into a virtual co-location where these participants can collaborate with each other. Over 2003 and 2004, several groups of students from the University of Technology, Sydney attempted to modify an existing conferencing package. This resulted in the development of a prototype telecollaboration system. In this paper we re-evaluate the architecture of the prototype, making a number of observations about the system and giving rise to a list of key features for a middleware that is capable of masking the heterogeneity of telecollaborative services and also provides for pervasive and ambient access to resources and services throughout such systems. © 2005 IEEE.

Chaczko, Z, Mahadevan, V & Wajs-Chaczko, E 1970, 'Blogging in Teaching and Learning Software Systems Development', 2005 6th International Conference on Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training, 2005 6th International Conference on Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training, IEEE.
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This paper outlines the strategic framework for applications of new blogging strategies and tools significantly enriched with cognitive, conative and emotive dimensions that can be used for effective teaching and learning of Software Systems Development (SSD) in large groups. Additionally, we provide features included in blogs as an invaluable source for monitoring and assessing the progress of the SSD subject. We focus on a support environment of specialised blogging tools used and comments on shared experiences in the implementation of blogging methods in the SSD subject over the last year at University of Technology, Sydney, Australia. Next, we review and assess the proposed blogs methodology for information processing as well as for subject evaluation. Then we discuss the successes of blogging, as well as the most common problems (both anticipated and experienced) inherent in using this tool. Finally, we present our knowledge, observations, comments and recommendations for the enhanced use of blogging, in a process of continuous improvement of teaching and learning of SSD. © 2005 IEEE.

Challa, B, Challa, S, Sharma, D & Chakravorty, R 1970, 'Electricity Load Forecasting Using Real Time Information From Distributed Sensor Network', Proceedings of Innovation and Commercial Application of Distributed Sensor Network, Innovation and Commercial Application of Distributed Sensor Network, Taylor & Francis, Inc.,, Bethesda, USA, pp. 1-4.

Challa, S, Gulrez, T, Chaczko, Z, Paranesha, TN & IEEE 1970, 'Opportunistic information fusion: A new paradigm for next generation networked sensing systems', 2005 7th International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION), Vols 1 and 2, International Conference on Information Fusion, IEEE, Philadelphia, USA, pp. 720-727.
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Traditionally, Information Fusion systems assume that the information is gathered from known sensors over proprietary communication networks and fuse using fixed rules of information fusion and designated computing and communication resources. Emerging technologies like wireless sensor networks, TEDS enabled legacy sensors, ubiquitous computing devices and all IP next generation networks are challenging the rationale of conventional information fusion systems. The technology has matured to a point where it is reasonable to discover sensors based on the context, establish relevance, query for appropriate data, and fuse it using the most appropriate fusion rule, using ubiquitous computing and communication environment in an opportunistic manner. We define such fusion systems as opportunistic information fusion systems. In this paper we introduce this new paradigm for information fusion and identify plausible approaches and challenges to design, develop and deploy the proposed next generation opportunistic information fusion systems.

Chan, JC & Hoang, DB 1970, 'Novel user-centric model for m-business transformation', ICMB 2005: International Conference on Mobile Business, International Conference on Mobile Business, IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 3-8.
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Current mobile business applications are generally device-centric, platform specific and infrastructure dependent. This paper presents a novel user-centric leading to the development of wireless on-demand systems and services independent of devices, netw

Chan, JC, Hoang, DB & IEEE 1970, 'Service architecture for integrating MANETs with heterogeneous IP networks', 2005 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, Vols 1-4, IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, IEEE, New Orleans, LA, USA, pp. 2270-2275.
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Multi-hop Ad-hoc Network is promising to extend the reach of current Mobile Internet, and support ubiquitous computing. However, it is hindered by the lack of a flexible network structure bridging the gaps between MANETs and heterogeneous IP networks. This paper introduces a novel Mobile Peer-to-Peer Overlay as an enabling structure for uniting connectivity, mobility and services. Our proposed service architecture allows mobile users to build networks on-the-fly, and capitalize relevant resources in their vicinity for universal communications. Practical implementation of system prototype demonstrates that our proposed framework lays a solid foundation for developing an Integrated Mobile Internet and Ubiquitous Computing. © 2005 IEEE.

Chandran, D 1970, 'Cognitive Approach to decision making in e-business A Satisfaction Trust Model', Refereed Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Communication Technology in Management 2005:Challenges and Prospects, International Conference on Information and Communication Technology in Management 2005:Challenges and Prospects, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia, pp. 260-269.

Chandran, D 1970, 'Evaluation of e-commerce websites', General Online Research 2005: Proceedings, Seventh International Conference GOT-05, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, pp. 1-9.

Chang, E, Dillon, TS & Hussain, FK 1970, 'Trust and reputation relationships in service-oriented environments', Third International Conference on Information Technology and Applications, Vol 1, Proceedings, International Conference on Information Technology and Applications, IEEE Computer Society, Sydney, Australia, pp. 4-14.
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Trust and trustworthiness plays a major role in conducting business on the Internet in service-oriented environments. In defining trust for service-oriented environments, one needs to capture the notation of service level, service agreement, context and timeslots. The same applies for reputation which is the opinion of the third party agents which is used in determining the trust and trustworthiness. Because of the complexity of the issues, and the fact that the trust and reputation are essentially concerns with the relationships, it is important to clearly define the notion of the trust relationships and notion of the reputation relationships. In this paper, therefore, we clear these definitions and we introduce a graphical notation for representing these relationships.

Chang, E, Hussain, FK & Dillon, T 1970, 'CCCI metrics for the measurement of quality of e-service', 2005 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Intelligent Agent Technology, Proceedings, IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Intelligent Agent Technology, IEEE CS Press, Campiegne, France, pp. 603-610.
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The growing development in web-based trust and reputation systems in the 21st century will have powerful social and economic impact on all business entities, and will make transparent quality assessment and customer assurance realities in the distributed web-based service oriented environments. The growth in web-based trust and reputation systems will be the foundation for web intelligence in the future. Trust and Reputation systems help capture business intelligence through establishing customer relationships, learning consumer behaviour, capturing market reaction on products and services, disseminating customer feedback, buyers’ opinions and end-user recommendations, and revealing dishonest services, unfair trading, biased assessment, discriminatory actions, fraudulent behaviours, and un-true advertising. The continuing development of these technologies will help in the improvement of professional business behaviour, sales, reputation of sellers, providers, products and services. In this paper, we present a new methodology known as CCCI (Correlation, Commitment, Clarity, and Influence) for trustworthiness measure that is used in the Trust and Reputation System. The methodology is based on determining the correlation between the originally committed services and the services actually delivered by a Trusted Agent in a business interaction over the service oriented networks to determine the trustworthiness of the Trusted Agent.

Chang, E, Hussain, FK & Dillon, T 1970, 'Reputation ontology for reputation systems', ON THE MOVE TO MEANINGFUL INTERNET SYSTEMS 2005: OTM 2005 WORKSHOPS, PROCEEDINGS, The International Conference on Semantic Web and Web Services, Springer, New York, USA, pp. 957-966.
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The growing development of web-based reputation systems in the 21st century will have a powerful social and economic impact on both business entities and individual customers, because it makes transparent quality assessment on products and services to achieve customer assurance in the distributed web-based Reputation Systems. The web-based reputation systems will be the foundation for web intelligence in the future. Trust and Reputation help capture business intelligence through establishing customer trust relationships, learning consumer behavior, capturing market reaction on products and services, disseminating customer feedback, buyers opinions and end-user recommendations. It also reveals dishonest services, unfair trading, biased assessment, discriminatory actions, fraudulent behaviors, and un-true advertising. The continuing development of these technologies will help in the improvement of professional business behavior, sales, reputation of sellers, providers, products and services. Given the importance of reputation in this paper, we propose ontology for reputation. In the business world we can consider the reputation of a product or the reputation of a service or the reputation of an agent. In this paper we propose ontology for these entities that can help us unravel the components and conceptualize the components of reputation of each of the entities.

Chang, E, Hussain, FK & Dillon, TS 1970, 'Trustworthiness measure for e-service', PST 2005 - 3rd Annual Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust, Conference Proceedings, Annual Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust, University of New Brunswick, St Andrews, Canada, pp. 1-14.
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Traditionally, transactions were carried out face-toface, now, they are carried out over the Internet. The infrastructure for the above business and information exchange could be client-server, peer-to-peer or mobile network environments, and very often users on the network carry out interactions in one of three forms: • Anonymous (No names are identified in the communication) • Pseudo-anonymous (Nicknames are used in the communication) • Non-anonymous (Real names are used in the communication) Incapability or a fraudulent practice could occur when the seller or business provider or buyer (the agents on the network) does not behave in the manner that is mutually agreed or understood, especially if published terms and conditions exist. This paper evaluates currently existing trustworthiness systems and points out that currently there is no existing standardized measurement system for Quality of Service and outlines the methodology that we have developed for this.

Chang, E, Thomson, P, Dillon, T & Hussain, F 1970, 'The Fuzzy and Dynamic Nature of Trust', Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Trust, Privacy, And Security In Digital Business, International Conference on Trust, Privacy and Security in Digital Business, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp. 161-174.
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Trust is one of the most fuzzy, dynamic and complex concepts in both social and business relationships. The difficulty in measuring Trust and predicting Trustworthiness in service-oriented network environments leads to many questions. These include issue

Chang, EJ, Hussain, FK & Dillon, TS 1970, 'Fuzzy nature of trust and dynamic trust modeling in service oriented environments', Proceedings of the 2005 workshop on Secure web services, CCS05: 12th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security 2005, ACM, Fairfax, USA, pp. 1-10.
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In this paper, we propose and describe the six characteristics of trust. Based on the six proposed characteristics, we determine why trust is fuzzy. The term 'fuzzy' in this paper not in the sense of the precise definitions given in the Fuzzy Systems literature but to indicate a certain vagueness, complexity or ill-definition and qualitative characterization rather than quantitative representation and dynamic.We then determine why due to the six characteristics of trust, trust is dynamic. We then propose a modeling language tool to model the fuzzy and dynamic nature of trust.

Chen, F, Choi, E, Epps, J, Lichman, S, Ruiz, N, Shi, Y, Taib, R & Wu, M 1970, 'A study of manual gesture-based selection for the PEMMI multimodal transport management interface', Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Multimodal interfaces, ICMI05: Seventh International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces 2005, ACM, pp. 274-281.
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Operators of traffic control rooms are often required to quickly respond to critical incidents using a complex array of multiple keyboards, mice, very large screen monitors and other peripheral equipment. To support the aim of finding more natural interfaces for this challenging application, this paper presents PEMMI (Perceptually Effective Multimodal Interface), a transport management system control prototype taking video-based manual gesture and speech recognition as inputs. A specific theme within this research is determining the optimum strategy for gesture input in terms of both single-point input selection and suitable multimodal feedback for selection. It has been found that users tend to prefer larger selection areas for targets in gesture interfaces, and tend to select within 44% of this selection radius. The minimum effective size for targets when using 'device-free' gesture interfaces was found to be 80 pixels (on a 1280×1024 screen). This paper also shows that feedback on gesture input via large screens is enhanced by the use of both audio and visual cues to guide the user's multimodal input, Audio feedback in particular was found to improve user response time by an average of 20% over existing gesture selection strategies for multimodal tasks. Copyright 2005 ACM.

Cheng, E & Piccardi, M 1970, 'Disjoint camera track matching by an illumination effects reduction and major colour spectrum histograms representation algorithms', Proceedings Image and vision computing New Zealand 2005, Image and Vision Computing Conference, Wickliffe Ltd, Dunedin, New Zeland, pp. 432-437.

Cheng, E, Lukasiak, J, Burnett, IS & Stirling, D 1970, 'Using Spatial Cues for Meeting Speech Segmentation', 2005 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, 2005 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, IEEE, Toronto, CANADA, pp. 350-353.
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Cheng, E, Piccardi, M & Jan, T 1970, 'Boat Generated acoustic target signal detection by use of an adaptive median CFAR and multi-frame integration algorithm', Proceedings of EUSPICO 2005, 13th Europena Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO 2005), EURASIP, Antalya, Turkey, pp. 1-4.

Cheng, ED, Piccardi, M & Jan, T 1970, 'Boat-generated acoustic target signal detection by use of an Adaptive Median CFAR and multi-frame integration algorithm', 13th European Signal Processing Conference, EUSIPCO 2005, pp. 13-16.
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In this paper, an Adaptive Median Constant False Alarm Rate (AMCFAR) and multi-frame post detection integration algorithm is proposed for effective real time automatic target detection of boat-generated acoustic signals, in which, an observation space is created by sampling and dividing input analog acoustic signal into multiple frames and each frame is transformed into the frequency domain. In the created observation space, a Median Constant False Alarm Rate (MCFAR) and post detection integration algorithms have been proposed for an effective automatic target detection of boat generated acoustic signals, in which a low constant false alarm rate is kept with relative high detection rate. The proposed algorithm has been tested on several real acoustic signals from hydrophone sensors, and statistical analysis and experimental results showed it able to provide a very low false alarm rate and a relatively high detection rate in all cases.

Cheng-Hung Chen & Chin-Teng Lin 1970, 'Identification of Chaotic System Using Recurrent Compensatory Neuro-Fuzzy Systems', 2005 9th International Workshop on Cellular Neural Networks and Their Applications, 2005 9th International Workshop on Cellular Neural Networks and Their Applications, IEEE, pp. 15-18.
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In this paper, a Recurrent Compensatory Neuro-Fuzzy System (RCNFS) is proposed for identification and prediction. The compensatory-based fuzzy reasoning method is using adaptive fuzzy operations of neuro-fuzzy systems that can make the fuzzy logic systems more adaptive and effective. The recurrent network is embedded in the RCNFS by adding feedback connections in the second layer, where the feedback units act as memory elements. Also, an on-line learning algorithm is proposed to automatically construct the RCNFS. They are created and adapted as on-line learning proceeds via simultaneous structure and parameter learning. Finally, the RCNFS is applied in several simulations. The simulation results of the dynamic system modeling have shown that 1) the RCNFS model converges quickly; 2) the RCNFS model requires a small number of tuning parameters; 3) the RCNFS model can solve the temporal problems and approximate a dynamic system.

Chiang, F 1970, 'Implementing an autonomic service activation paradigm through market-based design mechanisms', 2005 3RD IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS (INDIN), 3rd IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN), IEEE, Perth, AUSTRALIA, pp. 802-807.

Chiang, F, Braun, R, Huang, ZX, Magrath, S & Markovits, S 1970, 'Autonomic service configuration for telecommunication MASs with extended role-based GAIA and JADEx', 2005 International Conference on Services Systems and Services Management, Vols 1 and 2, Proceedings, IEEE International Conference on Services Systems and Services Management, IEEE, ChongQing, China, pp. 1319-1324.
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Autonomie Communications have attracted huge attention recently for the management of telecommunication networks in the European Network Research Community. The purpose of this research is to offer the abilities such as autonomy, scalability, adaptation as well as simplicity for management application in complex networks. The accomplished networks inspired by biological mechanisms or market-based concepts could enable agents to be of intelligence, scalablility, and interoperabliliry in the management functional domains with regards to the large volume requirements from services' fulfillment perspective in decentralized Multi-Agent Systems. In accordance with TMF and FIPA specifications and requirements, the autonomy attributes self-configuring, self-adapting, self-limiting, self-preserving, and self-optimizing are involved into our simulation. Resource allocation requests are bidded for a long session in the multi-unit Vickrey-Clarke-Groves auction. This design adopts the software development methodology-GAIA and the framework-JADEx. We have shown multiple service configuration in dynamic network can be nearly optimized by autonomie behaviors via bidding according to business objectives for getting maximum revenues. We conclude this end-to-end approach maintains self-managing capability, easy-to-implement scalability, and more incentively compatible and efficient over other common implementation so that it could achieve the optimal solution to the flexible requirements for the Service Fulfillment for advanced IP networks. © 2005 IEEE.

Chiang, F, Braun, RM & Hughes, JM 1970, 'A Biologically-Inspired Multi-Agent Framework for Autonomic Service Management', Seventh Annual International Working Conference on Active and Programmable Networks, Seventh Annual Internationl Working Conference on Active and Programmable Networks, IEEE, Nice, France, pp. 1-6.

Chin-Teng Lin & Chao-Hui Huang 1970, 'A Complex Texture Classification Algorithm based on Gabor-type Filtering Cellular Neural Networks and Self-Organized Fuzzy Inference Neural Networks', 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, IEEE, Kobe, JAPAN, pp. 3942-3945.
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Chin-Teng Lin & Chao-Hui Huang 1970, 'Cellular Neural Networks for Hexagonal Image Processing', 2005 9th International Workshop on Cellular Neural Networks and Their Applications, 2005 9th International Workshop on Cellular Neural Networks and Their Applications, IEEE, pp. 81-84.
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In this paper, Cellular Neural Networks (CNNs) for Hexagonal Image Processing (HIP) frameworks has been proposed. In this paper, we combine two distinguished researches; one is CNNs, which provide efficient computing abilities. The other is HIP, which contains most compact structure. Both CNNs and HIP are inspired by biological. CNNs present the behaviors which are most similar to the retina of human's eyes, and HIP presents architecture which is also most similar to the distribution of cells on the retina.

Chin-Teng Lin & Tsung-Heng Tsai 1970, 'Biological-Inspired Model for Hybrid-Order Chromatic Texture Segregation', 2005 9th International Workshop on Cellular Neural Networks and Their Applications, 2005 9th International Workshop on Cellular Neural Networks and Their Applications, IEEE, pp. 214-218.
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In this study, a computational model for chromatic texture segregation is developed. The model attempts to simulate the visual processing characteristics by mimicking the visual perception. According to Hering's opponent theory, we deal with color information in a color space with three opponent axes. The algorithm extracts 1st-order features by a Gaussian filter and 2 nd-order features by a set of Gabor filters as so called Gabor wavelets. The hybrid-order features are combined at a common site to detect the boundary. The model is very intuitive and physiological relevant such that it reserves opportunities for further approaches.

Chin-Teng Lin, Kan-Wei Fan & Wen-Chang Cheng 1970, 'An Illumination Estimation Scheme for Color Constancy Based on Chromaticity Histogram and Neural Network', 2005 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 2005 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, IEEE, Waikoloa, HI, pp. 2488-2494.
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Chin-Teng Lin, Wen-Hung Chao, Yu-Chieh Chen & Sheng-Fu Liang 1970, 'Adaptive Feature Extractions in an EEG-based Alertness Estimation System', 2005 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 2005 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, IEEE, Waikoloa, HI, pp. 2096-2101.
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Chin-Teng Lin, Yu-Chieh Chen, Ruei-Cheng Wu, Sheng-Fu Liang & Teng-Yi Huang 1970, 'Assessment of Driver’s Driving Performance and Alertness Using EEG-based Fuzzy Neural Networks', 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, IEEE, Kobe, JAPAN, pp. 152-155.
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Choi, F, Samali, B & Crews, KI 1970, 'Pilot Investigation of Continuity Effect of Corbel in Timber Bridges', Developments in Mechanics of Structures and Materials, Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials, A A Balkema Publishers, Perth, Australia, pp. 1311-1316.

Choi, F, Samali, B, Li, J, Brown, PW & Dackermann, U 1970, 'Investigation on the Dynamic Response of a Damaged Bridge', Proceedings of the 11th Asia-Pacific Vibration Conference, Asia Pacific Vibration Conference, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Langkawi, Malaysia, pp. 274-280.

Choi, FC, Samali, B, Crews, K & Li, J 1970, 'Static and dynamic evaluation of continuity effect of corbels in timber bridges', 4th Australasian Congress on Applied Mechanics, ACAM 2005, Australasian Congress on Applied Mechanics, Institute of Materials Engineering Australasia Ltd, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 285-291.
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This paper presents part of the ongoing experimental and analytical work to investigate the effect of corbels on continuity in timber bridges. Full scale beams with corbels were erected for testing the extreme boundary conditions such as simply supported and fixed end conditions. The states of continuity in the test beams were assessed through a three span beam loading test set up. Dynamic tests were performed on the test beams and the modal parameters extracted were compared against those obtained for simply supported beams without corbel. Analytical investigations were conducted and then compared with the experimental results. The static experimental results obtained showed changes in the vertical displacement for different boundary conditions. The magnitude of reduction in the measured vertical displacement was fairly sensitive to the change of boundary conditions. Hence, changes in vertical displacement at mid-span can be used as an indicator for different boundary conditions, which relate to the effect of corbel on both continuity and effective span length in a structural system, especially for timber bridges. A comparative analysis of the first natural frequency for each boundary condition was then undertaken with reference to a simply supported benchmark. The analysis confirmed that the effects of changes in the boundary can be detected using modal parameters. © Institute of Materials Engineering Australasia Ltd 2005.

Chun Ki Cheng & Blumenstein, M 1970, 'The neural-based segmentation of cursive words using enhanced heuristics', Eighth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR'05), Eighth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR'05), IEEE, pp. 650-654.
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This paper presents an Enhanced Heuristic Segmenter (EHS) and an improved neural-based segmentation technique for segmenting cursive words and validating prospective segmentation points respectively. The EHS employs two new features, ligature detection and a neural assistant, to locate prospective segmentation points. The improved neural-based segmentation technique can then be used to examine the prospective segmentation points by fusion of confidence values obtained from left and centre character recognition outputs in addition to the segmentation point validation (SPY) output. The improved neural-based segmentation technique uses a recently proposed feature extraction technique (Modified Direction Feature) for representing the segmentation points and characters to enhance the overall segmentation process. The EHS and the neural-based segmentation technique have been implemented and tested on a benchmark database providing encouraging results. © 2005 IEEE.

Chun Yuan Lin, Ken-Li Lin, Chuen-Der Huang, Hsiu-Ming Chang, Chiao Yun Yang, Chin-Teng Lin, Chuan Yi Tang & Hsu, DF 1970, 'Feature Selection and Combination Criteria for Improving Predictive Accuracy in Protein Structure Classification', Fifth IEEE Symposium on Bioinformatics and Bioengineering (BIBE'05), Fifth IEEE Symposium on Bioinformatics and Bioengineering (BIBE'05), IEEE, Minneapolis, MN, pp. 311-315.
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Cornelis, C, Guo, X, Lu, J & Zhang, G 1970, 'A fuzzy relational approach to event recommendation', Proceedings of the 2nd Indian International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IICAI 2005, Indian International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IICAI, Pune, INDIA, pp. 2231-2242.
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Most existing recommender systems employ collaborative filtering (CF) techniques in making projections about which items an e- service user is likely to be interested in, i.e. they identify correlations between users and recommend items which similar users have liked in the past. Traditional CF techniques, however, have difficulties when confronted with sparse rating data, and cannot cope at all with time-specific items, like events, which typically receive their ratings only after they have finished. Content-based (CB) algorithms, which consider the internal structure of items and recommend items similar to those a user liked in the past can partly make up for that drawback, but the collaborative feature is totally lost on them. In this paper, modelling user and item similarities as fuzzy relations, which allow to flexibly reflect the graded/uncertain information in the domain, we develop a novel, hybrid CF-CB approach whose rationale is concisely summed up as 'recommending future items if they are similar to past ones that similar users have liked', and which surpasses related work in the same spirit. Copyright © IICAI 2005.

Coulin, C, Sahraoui, AEK & Zowghi, D 1970, 'Towards a collaborative and combinational approach to requirements elicitation within a systems engineering framework', 18th International Conference on Systems Engineering, Proceedings, International Conference on Software Engineering, ICSEng, Las Vegas, USA, pp. 456-461.
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Despite its critical importance to the process of systems development, requirements elicitation continues to be a major problem in both research and practice. This complex activity involving many different facets and issues is often performed badly and subsequently blamed for project failure and poor quality systems. In this paper we present a collaborative and combinational approach to requirements elicitation within a systems engineering framework, proposing the application of current research from other disciplines in areas related to requirements elicitation, such as software engineering and the social sciences, to a general systems engineering context. The work provides both researchers and practitioners with an approach to requirements elicitation for systems engineering that can be applied to real world projects to improve both the process and results, thereby increasing the overall chance of successful system development in terms of on schedule and on budget delivery, and satisfied customers.

Coulin, CR & Zowghi, D 1970, 'What do experts think about elicitation? - A state of practice survey', Proceedings the 10th Australian workshop on requirements engineering, Australian Workshop on Requirements Engineering, Deakin University, Melbourne, AUst, pp. 1-10.

Craig, DA & Nguyen, HT 1970, 'Wireless Real-Time Head Movement System Using a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) for Control of a Power Wheelchair', 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference, 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference, IEEE, Shanghai, China, pp. 6235-6238.
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Loss of mobility can occur for a variety of reasons,such as spinal cord injury or motor neurone disease. The onset of these conditions often brings with it an associated loss of personal independence, which is primarily due to the fact that the sufferer is no longer able to control their mobility. This project aims to address this problem through the creation of a head movement based wheelchair control system. Using a personal digital assistant (PDA) artificial intelligence techniques on an embedded LINUX operating system, a wireless head movement wheelchair control system has been designed and implemented. This system provides relief for sufferers of conditions which inhibit mobility through a method of wheelchair control which offers enhanced ease of use, attractiveness and independence. © 2005 IEEE.

Craig, DA & Nguyen, HT 1970, 'Wireless Real-Time Head Movement System Using a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) for Control of a Power Wheelchair', 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference, 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference, IEEE, Shanghai, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 772-775.
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Crews, KI, Samali, B & Al-Dawod, M 1970, 'Reliable Assessment of Road Bridges Using Dynamic Procedures', Australian Structural Engineering Conference 2005: Structural Engineering - Preserving and Building into the Future, Australian Structural Engineering Conference, Tour Hosts Pty Ltd, Newcastle, Australia, pp. 1-10.

Culjak, G, Nicholls, P, Leveaux, R & Kowalenko, N 1970, 'An examination of the growth of Internet self help sites for depression and related problems', ACIS 2005 Proceedings - 16th Australasian Conference on Information Systems, Australasian Conference on Information Systems, Australian Chapter of the Association for Information Systems, Hawaii, USASydney, Aust, pp. 1-8.
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The aim of this research study is to evaluate the availability and classification of the types of currently available Internet self-help for depression. Its aim is to develop an understanding of what is available for young people at risk of depression who would otherwise perhaps not seek help. In Australia, depression is the top-ranked cause of nonfatal disability. Over 27% of young adults have a current mental disorder, with depression being the most prevalent (10.8%). Though there are Internet-based self-help programs, evidence-based interactive programs developed specifically for young people, are not yet available. Recommendations are also made for further research. © 2005.

D'Auriol, BJ, Arabnia, HR, Chung, PT, Liszka, K, Pan, Y, Parhami, B, Pescapè, A, Smid, J, Abonamah, A, Alameldin, T, Alghazo, JM, Apparao, P, Bhavsar, V, Biaz, S, Boppana, RV, Bourgeois, A, Bruneel, H, Buhari, SM, Chan, H, Chen, Z, Victor, C, Dai, Y, Dang, XH, De Turck, F, Dehne, F, Engel, T, Eskicioglu, MR, Frietman, EEE, Garrido, J, Gavrilova, ML, Graham, PCJ, Gravvanis, GA, He, L, Hung, CC, Iftekharuddin, KM, Iraqi, Y, Jack, J, Jia, W, Jun, YK, Kato, H, Li, K, Li, KC, Liang, X, Massini, A, McDonald-Maier, KD, Melhem, R, Mudiraj, P, Myoupo, JF, Nanda, P, Ould-Khaoua, M, Paprzycki, M, Petcu, D, Reinefeld, A, Risch, T, Romero, R, Sansone, C, Semé, D, Sessums, J, Shaw, R, Shen, H, Shrikumar, H, Skeie, T, Slimani, Y, Srimani, PK, Stutz, A, Sung, KY, Thomas, J, Uhlig, S, Vaidyanathan, R, Vasikarla, S, Wagner, A, Wang, BF, Welch, P, Wittevrongel, S, Wu, F, Xu, CW, Yang, L, Yim, KS, Young, G, Yu, H & Zheng, SQ 1970, 'General chair's foreword', Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference on Communications in Computing, CIC'05.

D'Auriol, BJ, Arabnia, HR, Chung, PT, Liszka, K, Pan, Y, Parhami, B, Pescapè, A, Smid, J, Abonamah, A, Alameldin, T, Alghazo, JM, Apparao, P, Bhavsar, V, Biaz, S, Boppana, RV, Bourgeois, A, Bruneel, H, Buhari, SM, Chan, H, Chen, Z, Victor, C, Dai, Y, Dang, XH, De Turck, F, Dehne, F, Engel, T, Eskicioglu, MR, Frietman, EEE, Garrido, J, Gavrilova, ML, Graham, PCJ, Gravvanis, GA, He, L, Hung, CC, Iftekharuddin, KM, Iraqi, Y, Jack, J, Jia, W, Jun, YK, Kato, H, Li, K, Li, KC, Liang, X, Massini, A, McDonald-Maier, KD, Melhem, R, Mudiraj, P, Myoupo, JF, Nanda, P, Ould-Khaoua, M, Paprzycki, M, Petcu, D, Reinefeld, A, Risch, T, Romero, R, Sansone, C, Semé, D, Sessums, J, Shaw, R, Shen, H, Shrikumar, H, Skeie, T, Slimani, Y, Srimani, PK, Stutz, A, Sung, KY, Thomas, J, Uhlig, S, Vaidyanathan, R, Vasikarla, S, Wagner, A, Wang, BF, Welch, P, Wittevrongel, S, Wu, F, Xu, CW, Yang, L, Yim, KS, Young, G, Yu, H & Zheng, SQ 1970, 'General chair's foreword', Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference on Communications in Computing, CIC'05.

Davis, S & Burnett, I 1970, 'Collaborative Editing using an XML Protocol', TENCON 2005 - 2005 IEEE Region 10 Conference, TENCON 2005 - 2005 IEEE Region 10 Conference, IEEE.
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XML is a popular approach to interoperable exchange of data between a wide range of devices. This paper explores the use of the Remote XML Exchange Protocol as a mechanism to provide efficient interaction with complex XML documents to users with limited complexity devices and/or limited bandwidth connections. The interactive mechanisms provided by the protocol allow users to navigate, edit and download XML even when delivery of the full XML document is impossible. The paper examines the use of the protocol to enable multiple users to collaboratively edit remote XML documents. Further, the paper explores the combination of the protocol, collaborative editing and recently released Word processor/Office suite XML schema formats.

Davis, SJ & Burnett, IS 1970, 'Efficient Delivery within the MPEG-21 Framework', First International Conference on Automated Production of Cross Media Content for Multi-Channel Distribution (AXMEDIS'05), First International Conference on Automated Production of Cross Media Content for Multi-Channel Distribution (AXMEDIS'05), IEEE, Florence, ITALY, pp. 205-208.
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Davis, SJ & Burnett, IS 1970, 'Exchanging XML Multimedia Containers Using a Binary XML Protocol', 2005 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, 2005 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, IEEE, Amsterdam, NETHERLANDS, pp. 358-361.
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Devitt, SJ, Fowler, AG & Hollenberg, LCL 1970, 'Investigating the practical implementation of Shor's algorithm', SPIE Proceedings, Smart Materials, Nano-, and Micro-Smart Systems, SPIE, Sydney, AUSTRALIA, pp. 483-494.
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Dissanayake, T & Esselle, KP 1970, 'Design of slot loaded band-notched UWB antennas', 2005 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 2005 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, IEEE, pp. 545-548.
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Ultra Wide-Band (UWB) is the recently standardized method for short-range, peer-to-peer, ultra-fast communication. UWB frequency allocation in USA spans from 3. IGHz to 10.6GHz. As this range includes existing wireless communication frequencies (e.g. IEEE 802.11a WLAN) UWB coexistence with other systems has been an important issue. In this paper, filtering or notching out certain frequency bands from a UWB antenna by resonant slot loading is considered. A slot loaded UWB printed monopole antenna is presented. A simplified method, based on slot line theory, for predicting the frequency of the notched out band has been formulated. Simulated and measured reflection coefficient values have been obtained to assess the accuracy of the results predicted by the simplified method. A good agreement is observed. © 2005 IEEE.

Dissanayake, T, Esselle, KP & Yuehe Ge 1970, 'Integrated Compact Ultra-Wideband L-shaped Wide Slot Antenna', 2005 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference Proceedings, 2005 Asia-Pacific Microwave, IEEE, pp. 1-3.
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A compact antenna that can be integrated in Ultra-Wideband (UWB) communication devices is presented. A novel L slot antenna with a W-shaped stub feed has been designed to operate in the 5-10 GHz band. Then its integration in a device consisting of two vertical conducting metal walls is considered. Design procedure based on Smith chart has been used for retuning the antenna in the presence of walls. © 2005 IEEE.

Dong, GZ, Jiang, CY, Pei, J, Li, JY & Wong, L 1970, 'Mining succinct systems of minimal generators of formal concepts', DATABASE SYSTEMS FOR ADVANCED APPLICATIONS, PROCEEDINGS, 10th International Conference on Database Systems for Advanced Applications (DASFAA 2005), SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN, Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 175-187.

Duflos, S, Gay, V, Kervella, B & Horlait, E 1970, 'Integration of security parameters in the service level specification to improve QoS management of secure distributed multimedia services', AINA 2005: 19th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications, Vol 2, International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (was ICOIN), IEEE, Taipei, Taiwan, pp. 145-148.
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This paper proposes to integrate security parameters into the Service Level Specification (SLS). Integrating those parameters in the QoS part of the Service Level Agreement (SLA) specification is essential in particular for secure multimedia services since the QoS is negotiated when the multimedia service is deployed. Security mechanisms need to be negotiated at that time when sensible multimedia information is exchanged. In this paper we show that including security parameters in the SLA specification improves the negotiation, deployment and use of the secure multimedia service. The parameters this paper proposes to integrate have the advantage to be understandable by both the end-users and service providers.

Duflos, S, Gay, VC, Kervella, B & Horlait, E 1970, 'Improving the SLA-based management of QoS for secure multimedia services', MANAGEMENT OF MULTIMEDIA NETWORKS AND SERVICES, PROCEEDINGS, International Conference on management of multimedia networks and services, Springer, Barcelona, Spain, pp. 204-215.
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his paper proposes to integrate security parameters into the Service Level Specification (SLS) template proposed in the Tequila project to improve SLA-based management of QoS [8], [21]. Integrating those parameters in the QoS part of the Service Level Agreement (SLA) specification is essential in particular for secure multimedia services since the QoS is negotiated when the multimedia service is deployed. Security mechanisms need to be negotiated at deployment time when sensible multimedia information is exchanged. In this paper we show that including security parameters in the SLA specification improves the SLA-based management of QoS and therefore the negotiation, deployment and use of the secure multimedia service. The parameters this paper proposes to integrate have the advantage to be understandable by both the end-users and service providers.

Dunsire, K, O'Neill, T, Denford, M & Leaney, J 1970, 'The ABACUS architectural approach to computer-based system and enterprise evolution', 12th IEEE International Conference and Workshops on the Engineering of Computer-Based Systems, Proceedings, IEEE International Conference and Workshop on the Engineering of Computer Based Systems, IEEE, Maryland, USA, pp. 62-69.
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The enterprise computer-based systems employed by the organisations of today can be extremely complex. Not only do they consist of countless hardware and software products from many varied sources, but they often span continents, piggybacking on public networks. These systems are essential for undertaking business and general operations in the modern environment, and yet the ability of organisations to control their evolution is questionable. The emerging practice of enterprise architecture seeks to control that complexity through the use of a holistic and top-down perspective. However, the toolsets already in me, are very much bottom-up by nature. To overcome the limitations of current enterprise architecture practices, the authors propose the use of the ABACUS methodology and toolset. The authors conclude that by using ABACUS to analyse software and enterprise systems, architects can guide the design and evolution of architectures based on quantifiable non-functional requirements. Furthermore, hierarchical 3D visualisation provides a meaningful and intuitive means for conceiving and communicating complex architectures.

Dyson, LE & Underwood, J 1970, 'Indigenous People on the Web', Building Society Through E-Commerce, Collaborative Electronic Commerce Technology and Research, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile, pp. 1-11.

Eager, D & Chapman, C 1970, 'A portable data acquisition system for the measurement of impact attenuation of playground surfacing', Annual Conference of the Australian Acoustical Society 2005, Acoustics 2005: Acoustics in a Changing Environment, European Medical and Biological Engineering Congress 2008, Semico, Belgium, Antwerp, Belgium, pp. 267-274.
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Gone are the days when children's playgrounds were erected on concrete and asphalt. Impact attenuating playground surfacing has been common place in most children's playgrounds for many years. Unfortunately there is not a strong correlation between the expected reduction in the frequency and severity of playground injuries. Until recently testing of playground undersurfacing was restricted to the laboratory. This paper details the development and description of a portable data acquisition system for use in playgrounds.

Eager, DM 1970, 'An overview of the new Australian Standard for Inflatables', AALARA Annual Conference, Gold Coast, Australia.

Eager, DM 1970, 'An overview of the new Australian Standard for Playgrounds', 2005 AALARA Annual Conference, Australian Amusement, Leisure and Recreation Assoication, Gold Coast, Australia, pp. 1-23.

Eager, DM 1970, 'Humpty dumpty had a great fall', Park and Leisure Australia 2005 Annual Conference, Park and Leisure Australia, Hobart, Australia.

Eager, DM 1970, 'New playground Standard', IPWEA 2005 Annual Conference, IPWEA 2005 Annual Conference, Institute of Public Works Engineers, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-10.

Eager, DM & Chapman, C 1970, 'A portable data acquisition system for the measurement of impact attenuation of playground surfacing', Website Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Australian Acoustical Society 2005 Annual Conference, Annual Conference of the Australian Acoustical Society, Australian Acoustical Society, Brusselton, pp. 1-8.
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Gone are the days when childrens playgrounds were erected on concrete and asphalt. Impact attenuating playground surfacing has been common place in most childrens playgrounds for many years. Unfortunately there is not a strong correlation between the expected reduction in the frequency and severity of playground injuries. Until recently testing of playground undersurfacing was restricted to the laboratory. This paper details the development and description of a portable data acquisition system for use in playgrounds.

Eager, DM & Chapman, C 1970, 'The Playground Surfacing Standard', Current Issues: Future Challenges - Parks and Leisure Australia National Conference 2005, Parks and Leisure Australia, Hobart, pp. 1-11.

Eager, DM & Dodd, C 1970, 'The Benefits of an Accredited Playground Inspectors Course', IPNANZ, Injury Prevention Network Aotearoa New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand, pp. 1-6.

Fang, G, Dissanayake, G, Kwok, NM, Huang, SD & IEEE 1970, 'Near minimum time path planning for bearing-only localisation and mapping', 2005 IEEE/RSJ INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT ROBOTS AND SYSTEMS, VOLS 1-4, IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Inc, Edmonton, Canada, pp. 2763-2768.
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The main contribution of this paper is an algorithm for integrating motion planning and simultaneous localisation and mapping (SLAM). Accuracy of the maps and the robot locations computed using SLAM is strongly dependent on the characteristics of the environment, for example feature density, as well as the speed and direction of motion of the robot. Appropriate control of the robot motion is particularly important in bearing-only SLAM, where the information from a moving sensor is essential. In this paper a near minimum time path planning algorithm with a finite planning horizon is proposed for bearing-only SLAM. The objective of the algorithm is to achieve a predefined mapping precision while maintaining acceptable vehicle location uncertainty in the minimum time. Simulation results have shown the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2005 IEEE.

Fenech, BJ & Dovey, KA 1970, 'The role of structure in the failure of organisations to learn and transform', Proceedings of the 6th International conference on organisational learning and knowledge, International conference on organisational learning and knowledge, University of Trento, Trento, Italy, pp. 58-75.

Feuerlicht, G 1970, 'Application of data engineering techniques to design of message structures for web services', Proceedings of the first international workshop on design of service orientated applications (WDSOA 05), International workshop on design of service orientated applications, IBM Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 43-52.

Feuerlicht, G 1970, 'Data Engineering Approach to Design of Web Services', Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 766-767.
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With the wide acceptance of Web Services as the preferred implementation platform for service-oriented applications there is increased interest in how such applications should be designed, While there are similarities between software components and services there is now a general agreement that mapping existing components directly to Web Services leads to suboptimal design and results in poor performance and scalability. Most practitioners recommend the use of coarse-grained, message-oriented Web Service that minimize the number of messages and avoid the need to maintain state information between invocations. We argue that the design of message structures used as Web Services payloads directly impacts on application interoperability, and that excessive use of coarse-grained, document-centric message structures results in poor reuse and undesirable interdependencies between services. Our approach provides a framework for the design message structures using data engineering principles. We consider the impact of increasing message granularity on cohesion and coupling of service-oriented applications and analyze associated design trade-offs. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005.

Feuerlicht, G & Ates, E 1970, 'Virtualisation of enterprise data and services', Systems Integration 2005 Proceedings, Systems Integration International Conference, Prague University of Economics, Prague, Czech Republic, pp. 305-312.

Feuerlicht, G & Meesathit, S 1970, 'Service-centric interoperability model for inter-enterprise applications', Proceedings of the 2nd InterOP workshop, International Enterprise Computing Conference, University of Helsinki, Finland, Enschede, The Netherlands, pp. 23-28.

Feuerlicht, G & Meesathit, S 1970, 'Towards software development methodology for web services', Proceedings of 4th International Conference on New Trends in Software Methodologies, Tools and Techniques, SoMeT_05, International Conference on Software Methods and Tools, IOS Press, Tokoyo, Japan, pp. 263-277.
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The emergence of Web services represents a shift from componentbased architectures that have proved successful in the context of enterprise computing to service-oriented architectures that are more suited to the highly distributed Internet-based applications. This trend towards service-oriented computing necessitates the re-evaluation of software development methodologies that are used in the construction of distributed applications. With growing acceptance of service-oriented computing and increasing number of large-scale Web Services projects there is some evidence that practitioners involved in implementing these solutions are paying only limited attention to how such applications should be designed. Frequently, the design of Web Services applications is driven by performance and scalability considerations, rather than any sound software engineering principles. A comprehensive methodological framework is required to guide designers and developers of service-oriented applications through the various phases of software development life cycle with specific emphasis on producing stable, reusable and extendable services. In this paper we discuss design of service-oriented applications from a software engineering perspective, and propose a software development framework for Web Services based on identification of elementary business function using business function decomposition and mapping these functions to service operations. We apply interface design principles adapted from object-oriented design as guidelines for the design of services.

Feuerlicht, G & Vorisek, J 1970, 'Pre-Requisites for Successful Adoption of the ASP Model by User Organization', Information Systems Development: Advances In Theory, Practice, And Education, International Conference on Information Systems Development, Springer-Verlag, Vilnius, Lithuania, pp. 115-123.
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Application Service Providing (ASP) emerged towards the end of 90s with claims of extensive advantages for client organizations, in particular for small and medium size enterprises (SMEs). Notwithstanding many perceived advantages the ASP approach has not gained wide acceptance as the new model for delivery of enterprise applications. Many of the early ASP providers have not been able to establish a viable business model and have discontinued ASP services, or went out of business altogether. However, some major ICT vendors have recently re-confirmed their commitment to the application-as-service model and made large investments in Utility Computing infrastructure. What are the long-term prospects for application servicing? Is Utility Computing a new paradigm for the delivery of enterprise applications, or is this yet another ICT industry fad? How should user organizations respond to these developments? This paper follows on from earlier work of the authors [Feuerlicht, Vorisek, 2002], [Feuerlicht, Vorisek, 2003], and gives a detailed description of the ASP approach. We then summarize both technological and business prerequisites for successful application servicing. We argue that the application-as-service model constitutes a viable alternative to software licensing for many application types today, and will become the dominant method for delivery of enterprise applications in not too distant future. End user organizations need to prepare now for this shift from licensed software and in-house implementation towards applications delivered as services, so that they are able to take full advantage of this new trend.

Fincher, S, Lister, R, Clear, T, Robins, A, Tenenberg, J & Petre, M 1970, 'Multi-institutional, multi-national studies in CSEd Research', Proceedings of the 2005 international workshop on Computing education research - ICER '05, the 2005 international workshop, ACM Press, Seattle, USA, pp. 111-121.
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One indication of the maturation of Computer Science Education as a research-based discipline is the recent emergence of several large-scale studies spanning multiple institutions. This paper examines a 'family' of these multi-institutional, multi-national studies, detailing core elements and points of difference in both study design and the organization of the research team, and highlighting the costs and benefits associated with the different approaches. Copyright 2005 ACM.

Fitch, R, Butler, Z, Rus, D & IEEE 1970, 'Reconfiguration planning among obstacles for heterogeneous self-reconfiguring robots', 2005 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION (ICRA), VOLS 1-4, IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), IEEE, Barcelona, SPAIN, pp. 117-124.

Fowler, AG, Devitt, SJ & Hollenberg, LCL 1970, 'Constructing Steane code fault-tolerant gates', SPIE Proceedings, Smart Materials, Nano-, and Micro-Smart Systems, SPIE, Sydney, AUSTRALIA, pp. 557-568.
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Friolo, KH, Stuart, BH, Ray, AS & Thomas, P 1970, 'Chemical analysis of cementing clays in Sydney's heritage sandstone buildings', Australian Industrial Minerals Conference, Sydney.

Friolo, KH, Stuart, BH, Ray, AS & Thomas, P 1970, 'Infrared spectroscopy of heritage building stones', Proceedings of the 6th Australian Conference on Vibrational Spectroscopy, ACOVS6 Organising Committee, Sydney.

Gao, S, Zhang, Z, Wells, J & Hawryszkiewycz, I 1970, 'Supporting Adaptive Learning with High Level Timed Petri Nets', Lecture Notes In computer Science: Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information And Engineering Systems, Pt 3, Proceedings, International Conference on Knowledge-Based and Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 834-840.
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Supporting adaptive learning is one of the key problems for hypertext-based learning applications. This paper proposed a timed Petri Net based approach that provides adaptation to learning activities by controlling the visualization of hypertext informat

Gardner, AP & Jacobs, BJ 1970, 'Go and See and touch and feel - an introductory case study for civil engineering students', Proceedings of 4th ASEE/AaeE Global Colloquium on Engineering Education 'Globalisation of Engineering Education Kindergarten to Year 12 Pipeline Transformation of the Discipline, ASEE Global Colloquium of Engineering Education, Australasian Association for Engineering Education, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-8.

Ge, Y & Esselle, KP 1970, 'A small quad-band CPW-fed antenna for WLAN applications', 11th International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics [ANTEM 2005], 11th International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics [ANTEM 2005], IEEE.
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© 2005 IEEE. This paper propose a CPW-fed, quad-band, compact, lightweight and low-cost printed antenna suitable for multi-band wireless local area networks (WLAN). The antenna is printed on a thin substrate, has a very small area and is fed by a co-planar waveguide line, which can be directly connected with the associated microwave circuits on the same substrate. The computed and measured results for 2.4, 4.9, 5.2 and 5.8 GHz (IEEE 802.11 a,b,g,j) WLAN bands are presented.

Ge, Y, Esselle, KP & Bird, TS 1970, 'Antennas for 5–6 GHz Wireless Communication Systems', SIGNAL PROCESSING FOR TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND MULTIMEDIA, 7th International Symposium on Digital Signal Processing for Communication Systems, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Coolangatta, AUSTRALIA, pp. 269-280.
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Ge, Y, Weily, A & Esselle, KP 1970, 'Application of an extended spectral FDTD method for the analysis of periodic structures with lumped elements', 2005 ASIA-PACIFIC MICROWAVE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-5, Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference, IEEE, PEOPLES R CHINA, Suzhou, pp. 2053-2056.

Gerber, C, Crews, KI & Sigrist, C 1970, 'Investigation on Load/Stress Distribution in SSP and Composite Characteristics of SSP', Developments in Mechanics of Structures and Materials, Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials, A A Balkema Publishers, Perth, Australia, pp. 77-83.

Gibson, T, Bostrom, O, Kullgren, A & Milthorpe, B 1970, 'The mechanisms of early onset C5/C6 soft-tissue neck injury in rear impacts', International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Impact - 2005 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact, Proceedings, pp. 215-228.
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An anatomically based, multi-body model of the C5/C6 motion segment was developed to study soft-tissue neck injury mechanisms in rear impacts. This was integrated into the MADYMO-based van der Horst head and neck model. Responses were compared with volunteer test data up to head restraint impact. Soft-tissue loading was predicted for a series of rear-end vehicle crashes with crash recorders (n=78) and known long-term pain outcomes. Facet capsule shear and impingement injury mechanisms at C5/C6 were demonstrated. Facet capsule loading correlated well with NIC max and was able to predict the risk of AIS1 neck injuries with persisting pain.

Goyal, ML, Lu, J & Zhang, G 1970, 'Negotiating Multi-Issue e-Market Auction through Fuzzy Attitudes.', CIMCA/IAWTIC, International Conference on Computational Intelligence for Modelling, Control and Automation, IEEE Computer Society, Vienna, Austria, pp. 922-927.
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The online auctions are one of the most effective ways of negotiation of salable goods over the Internet. To be successful in open multi-agent environments, agents must be capable of adapting different strategies and tactics to their prevailing circumstances. This paper presents a software test-bed for studying autonomous bidding strategies in simulated auctions for procuring goods. It shows that agents' bidding strategy explore the attitudes and behaviors that help agents to manage dynamic assessment of alternative prices of goods given the different scenario conditions

Green, S, Blumenstein, M, Browne, M & Tomlinson, R 1970, 'The Detection and Quantification of Persons in Cluttered Beach Scenes Using Neural Network-Based Classification', Sixth International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Multimedia Applications (ICCIMA'05), Sixth International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Multimedia Applications (ICCIMA'05), IEEE, pp. 303-308.
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This paper presents an initial investigation into the detection and quantification of persons in real-world beach scenes for the automated monitoring of tourist sites. Aside from the obvious use of video and digital imagery for surveillance applications, this research focuses on the analysis of images for the purpose of predicting trends of tourist activities at beach sites in Australia. The proposed system uses image enhancement and segmentation techniques to detect objects in cluttered scenes. Following these steps, a newly proposed feature extraction technique is used to represent important information in the extracted objects for training of a neural network. The neural classifier is used to distinguish the extracted objects between "person" and "non-person" categories to assist in quantification. Encouraging results are presented for person classification on a database of real-word beach scenes. © 2005 IEEE.

Gulrez, T, Al-Hmouz, R, Al-Jumaily, A & Chaczko, ZC 1970, 'CA Based PRM for Autonomous Mobile Robot's path-planning in cluttered environment', Proceedings of the First International Conference on Modeling, Simulation and Applied Optimization, International Conference on Modeling, Simulation and Applied Optimization, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE, pp. 1-6.

Gunes, H & Piccardi, M 1970, 'Automatic visual recognition of face and body action units', Third International Conference on Information Technology and Applications, Vol 1, Proceedings, International Conference on Information Technology and Applications, IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 668-673.
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Expressive face and body gestures are among the main non-verbal communication channels in human-human interaction. Understanding human emotions through these nonverbal means is one of the necessary skills both for humans and also for the computers to int

Gunes, H & Piccardi, M 1970, 'Fusing face and body display for bi-modal emotion recognition: Single frame analysis and multi-frame post integration', AFFECTIVE COMPUTING AND INTELLIGENT INTERACTION, PROCEEDINGS, International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent, Springer, Beijing, China, pp. 102-111.
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This paper presents an approach to automatic visual emotion recognition from two modalities: expressive face and body gesture. Face and body movements are captured simultaneously using two separate cameras. For each face and body image sequence single “expressive” frames are selected manually for analysis and recognition of emotions. Firstly, individual classifiers are trained from individual modalities for mono-modal emotion recognition. Secondly, we fuse facial expression and affective body gesture information at the feature and at the decision-level. In the experiments performed, the emotion classification using the two modalities achieved a better recognition accuracy outperforming the classification using the individual facial modality. We further extend the affect analysis into a whole image sequence by a multi-frame post integration approach over the single frame recognition results. In our experiments, the post integration based on the fusion of face and body has shown to be more accurate than the post integration based on the facial modality only.

Gunes, H, Piccardi, M & IEEE 1970, 'Affect recognition from face and body: Early fusion vs. late fusion', INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS, IEEE Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, IEEE, Hawaii, USA, pp. 3437-3443.
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This paper presents an approach to automatic visual emotion recognition from two modalities: face and body. Firstly, individual classifiers are trained from individual modalities. Secondly, we fuse facial expression and affective body gesture information first at a feature-level, in which the data from both modalities are combined before classification, and later at a decision-level, in which we integrate the outputs of the monomodal systems by the use of suitable criteria. We then evaluate these two fusion approaches, in terms of performance over monomodal emotion recognition based on facial expression modality only. In the experiments performed the emotion classification using the two modalities achieved a better recognition accuracy outperforming the classification using the individual facial modality. Moreover, fusion at the feature-level proved better recognition than fusion at the decision-level.

Gunes, H, Piccardi, M & IEEE 1970, 'Fusing face and body gesture for machine recognition of emotions', 2005 IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), International workshop on Robot and Human Interaction communication, IEEE, Nashville, USA, pp. 306-311.

Guo, W 1970, 'Enhancement of critical flux by pretreatment to a crossflow microfiltration in tertiary wastewater treatment', 1st IWA-ASPIRE Conference & Exhibition, IWA, Singapore.
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In this study, the need of pretreatment of flocculation and adsorption on flux improvement was evaluated in terms of critical flux. Critical flux is defined as the maximum filtration rate, under which the membrane fouling does not occur during operation. The critical flux was experimentally evaluated for crossflow microfiltration (CFMF) with and without the pretreatment using biologically treated sewage effluent from a Sewage Treatment Plant in South Korea. The results indicate that the preflocculation could not enhance significantly the critical flux. However, the preadsorption led to a critical flux of more than 3 times higher than that of wastewater (200 L/m2.h). When both flocculation and adsorption were used as pretreatment, the critical flux was raised up to 1000 L/m2.h. Molecular weight distribution (MWD) analyses on the wastewater before and after pretreatment indicated that flocculation-adsorption as pretreatment was efficient to remove most of organic matter in this wastewater, which contains small and middle range MW molecules (250â780 Daltons). The Scanning Electron microscope (SEM) showed that membrane fouling during the critical flux experiments was mainly due to pore blocking and small particles deposit on the membrane surface.

Guo, W 1970, 'The membrane adsorption hybrid system in wastewater treatment and reuse', The 58th National Congress of Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers (CHEMCON-2005), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi, India.

Guo, X, Lu, J & Simoff, S 1970, 'Applying web personalization techniques in e-government services', AusWeb05: 11th Australasian World Wide Web Conference, Australian World Wide Web Conference, Southern Cross University, Gold Coast, Australia, pp. 233-238.
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Many E-commerce websites attempt to develop personalized features to encourage users' repetitive visits. Yet, there is less attention about the applications of personalization technologies in E-government services. In this study, we present a classification of personalization techniques. Also, a novel recommendation approach is proposed to improve the existing techniques by the integration of user-based and item-based collaborative filtering recommendation techniques. A recommender system prototype, named Smart Trade Exhibitions Finder, is developed to help companies choosing the right trade exhibitions. The outcome of this study will have tremendous significance in overcoming the drawback of existing recommendation approaches. © 2005. Xuetao Guo, Jie Lu & Simeon Simoff.

Guo, X, Zhang, G, Chew, E & Burdon, S 1970, 'A Hybrid Recommendation Approach for One-and-Only Items', Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), Australasian Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Sydney, Australia, pp. 457-466.
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Many mechanisms have been developed to deliver only relevant information to the web users and prevent information overload. The most popular recent developments in the e-commerce domain are the user-preference based personalization and recommendation techniques. However, the existing techniques have a major drawback - poor accuracy of recommendation on one-and-only items - because most of them do not understand the item's semantic features and attributes. Thus, in this study, we propose a novel Semantic Product Relevance model and its attendant personalized recommendation approach to assist Export business selecting the right international trade exhibitions for market promotion. A recommender system, called Smart Trade Exhibition Finder (STEF), is developed to tailor the relevant trade exhibition information to each particular business user. STEF reduces significantly the time, cost and risk faced by exporters in selecting, entering and developing international markets. In particular, the proposed model can be used to overcome the drawback of existing recommendation techniques. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005.

Guo, XT & Lu, J 1970, 'STEF: Personalized trade exhibition recommendation', Proceedings of the 8th Joint Conference on Information Sciences, Vols 1-3, Joint Conference on Information Sciences, JCIS, Salt Lake City, USA, pp. 1538-1541.
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In this study, a novel recommendation technique is proposed by integrating the user-based and item-based recommendation approaches. A recommender system, called Smart Trade Exhibition Finder (STEF), is proposed to tailor relevant trade exhibition informa

Guo, XT, Lu, J & Society, IEEEC 1970, 'Recommending trade exhibitions by integrating semantic information with collaborative filtering', 2005 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence, Proceedings, IEEE/WIC/ACM international Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology, IEEE, Paris, France, pp. 747-750.
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Recommender systems have gained successfully applications for the past ten years, particular in E-commerce domain. However, existing recommendation approaches can not effectively deal with recommendation issue of one-and-only items occurred in government-to-business services, e.g. recommendation of trade exhibitions. Thus, in this study, we propose a novel approach by integrating semantic information with the traditional item-based collaborative filtering, and attempt to help the businesses choose the right trade exhibitions at the right time. The outcome of this study will have tremendous significance in overcoming the ‘new item’ problem of existing recommendation approaches.

Guo-Li Zhang, Hai-Yan Lu, Geng-Yin Li & Guang-Quan Zhang 1970, 'Dynamic economic load dispatch using hybrid genetic algorithm and the method of fuzzy number ranking', 2005 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, Proceedings of 2005 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, IEEE, Guangzhou, China, pp. 2472-2477.
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This paper proposes a new economic load dispatch model that considers cost coefficients with uncertainties and the constraints of ramp rate. The uncertainties are represented by fuzzy numbers, and the model is known as fuzzy dynamic economic load dispatch model (FDELD). A novel hybrid genetic algorithm with quasi-simplex techniques is proposed to handle the FDELD problem. The algorithm creates offspring by using generic operation and quasi-simplex techniques in parallel. The quasi-simplex techniques consider two potential optimal search directions in generating prospective offspring. One direction is the worst-opposite direction, which is used in the conventional simplex techniques, and the other is the best-forward direction, which is a ray from the centroid of a polyhedron whose vertexes are all the points but the best one towards the best point of the simplex. In addition, in order to reserve more fuzzy information, the fuzzy number ranking method is used to optimize the cost function, avoiding the lost some useful information by getting /spl lambda/-level set. The experimental study shows that FDELD is more practical model; the algorithm and techniques proposed are very efficient to solve FDELD problem.

Ha, HM, Nguyen, AD & Ha, QP 1970, 'Controlling formations of multiple mobile robots with inter-robot collision avoidance', Proceedings of the 2005 Australasian Conference on Robotics and Automation, ACRA 2005, Australasian Conference on Robotics and Automation, ARAA, Australian Robotics and Automation Association Inc, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-7.
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In this paper, we investigate the problem of inter-robot collision avoidance in multiple mobile robot formation control. Two methodologies are utilized, namely Virtual Robot tracking by [Jongusuk and Mita, 2001] and l-l control by [Desai et al., 1998] to establish formation and avoid collision among robots. We point out that the framework in Virtual Robot tracking is potentially subject to collision among robots. This drawback is overcome in our design by incorporating a different reactive scheme in the incident possibility of collision. To prove the advantages of our framework, we demonstrate in simulation the case of three robots moving in formation and avoiding inter-robot collisions.

Ha, QP, Tran, TH, Scheding, S, Dissanayake, G & Durrant-Whyte, HF 1970, 'Control issues of an autonomous vehicle', 22nd International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction, ISARC 2005, International Symposium of Automation and Robotics in Construction, Faculty of Architecture and Engineering, University of Ferrara, Farrara, Italy, pp. 1-7.
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This paper addresses some control issues of a robotic amphibious vehicle that can serve as a general framework for automation of tractors used in construction. These include the vehicle's low-level dynamic equations, the development of its braking control system, kinematics in interactions with ground and the slip problem. Simulation and real-time results to date are presented.

Ha, QP, Tran, TH, Scheding, S, Dissanayake, G & Durrant-Whyte, HF 1970, 'Control Issues of an Autonomous Vehicle', Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (IAARC), 22nd International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction, International Association for Automation and Robotics in Construction (IAARC).
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This paper addresses some control issues of a robotic amphibious vehicle that can serve as a general framework for automation of tractors used in construction. These include the vehicle's low-level dynamic equations, the development of its braking control system, kinematics in interactions with ground and the slip problem. Simulation and real-time results to date are presented.

Ha, QP, Trinh, HM & Dissanayake, G 1970, 'A Distributed Approach to Global Feedback Control of Multi-Agent Systems', Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Intelligent Technologies, International Symposium on Intelligent Technologies in Tech '05, Faculty of Science and Technology, Assumption University, Phuket, Thailand, pp. 67-72.

Haiwei Lu, Jianguo Zhu & Youguang Guo 1970, 'A Permanent Magnet Linear Motor for Micro Robots', 2005 International Conference on Power Electronics and Drives Systems, 2005 International Conference on Power Electronics and Drives Systems, IEEE, Kuala Lumper, Malaysia, pp. 590-595.
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Haiwei Lu, Jianguo Zhu & Youguang Guo 1970, 'A tubular linear motor for micro robotic applications', IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics, 2005. ICM '05., 2005 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics, IEEE, Taipei, TAIWAN, pp. 596-601.
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Hanh Le, Doan Hoang & Simmonds, A 1970, 'A self-organising model for topology-aware overlay formation', IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2005. ICC 2005. 2005, IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2005. ICC 2005. 2005, IEEE, Seoul, Korea, pp. 1566-1571.
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One of the major weaknesses of existing peer-to-peer (P2P) networks is that their overlay structures do not correlate to the physical underlying network topology. As a result, the overlays waste network resources and introduce excessive end-to-end latency for P2P applications. In this paper, we present a new model for topology-aware overlay formation. Firstly, it clusters nodes that are close to each other in terms of network latency and network membership. Secondly, it discovers the underlying topology between clusters to form an efficient overlay. The model is self-organising and distributed without the need of global knowledge.

Hanh Le, Doan Hoang, Simmonds, A, Yousef, B & Chan, J 1970, 'An efficient mechanism for mobility support using peer-to-peer overlay networks', INDIN '05. 2005 3rd IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics, 2005., INDIN '05. 2005 3rd IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics, 2005., IEEE, pp. 325-330.
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Expanding the Internet infrastructure to span mobile devices is a challenging task. The Internet's addressing and routing scheme was originally designed for fixed devices making it inoperable without redirection and tracking functions such as those proposed by Mobile IP. However, Mobile IP requires prior network setup, and causes a large added overhead. In this paper, we propose a new approach to support mobile IP users using a Peer-to-Peer overlay network. The proposed overlay exploits locality to efficiently use the network resources and manage location data in a self-organizing and distributed fashion. The simulation results are presented. © 2005 IEEE.

Hardy, V, Fung, HC, Xian, GS, Wu, JH, Zhang, XY & Dyson, LE 1970, 'Paper usage management and information technology: An environmental case study at an Australian University', Internet and Information Technology in Modern Organizations: Challenges and Answers - Proceedings of the 5th International Business Information Management Association Conference, IBIMA 2005, International Business Information Management, IBIMA, Cario, Egypt, pp. 699-705.
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IT was supposed to lead to the paperless office. However it has actually caused paper usage levels to increase. There are several social explanations for this increasing trend. Printing technology has become more available, and people have more information to print. In addition people often prefer printed matter to working off a screen. In this article we present a case study of paper usage at a University. It was found that, despite continual pressures escalating paper use, a range of strategies from quotas and charges, doublesided printing, reuse of scrap paper and policy changes had been successful in reducing usage. Motivational factors included cost saving and a commitment to the environment.

Hatakawa, Y, Yoshizawa, S & Miyanaga, Y 1970, 'Robust VLSI Architecture for System-On-Chip Design and its implementation in Viterbi Decoder', 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, IEEE, Kobe, JAPAN, pp. 25-28.
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Hawryszkiewycz, IT 1970, 'Providing Agent Support for Collaborative Systems: Using a Domain Oriented Design Method', Third International Conference on Information Technology and Applications (ICITA'05), Third International Conference on Information Technology and Applications (ICITA'05), IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 58-63.
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This paper identifies an approach for designing software agents to support collaborative systems. It proposes that agent supported collaborative systems can be economically built using reusable agents. Such reusable agents must be based on concepts that

Hayman, DB, Bird, TS, Esselle, KP & Hall, P 1970, 'Encircled Power Study of Focal Plane Field for Estimating Focal Plane Array Size', 2005 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 2005 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, IEEE, pp. 371-374.
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The relationship between the size of a focal plane array in a prime focus dish and achievable scan angle is studied in order to find a starting point for designing such systems. A physical optics model is used to obtain focal plane fields and the radii in the focal plane required to encircle 3 dB and 1 dB below the incident power is calculated for a range of dish diameters and focal length over dish diameter ratios (F/D). The study found the focal plane fields are largely independent of dish size when the scan angle is expressed in beamwidths and gives guidance for the optimal F/D to achieve maximum field of view for a given focal plane array size. © 2005 IEEE.

Hazzan, O, Impagliazzo, J, Lister, R & Schocken, S 1970, 'Using history of computing to address problems and opportunities', Proceedings of the 36th SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education, SIGCSE05: Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, ACM.
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He, S, Jia, W, Lin, Q & Hintz, TB 1970, 'Detection of Heart Movement Manner Based on Hexagonal Image Structure', Proceedings of the First International Conference on Medical Imaging and Telemedicine, Middlesex University Press, Wuyi Mountain, P. R. China, pp. 28-31.

He, S, Wang, H, Wu, Q & Hintz, TB 1970, 'Contractive IFS for fractal image compression on spiral architecture', Proceedings of 2005 Asia-Pacific Workshop on Visual Information Processing, Asia-Pacific Workshop on Visual Information Processing, IEEE, Hong Kong, China, pp. 171-176.

Hendriks, M & Dyson, LE 1970, 'Motes; The New Privacy Invaders', 2005 Information Resources Management Association International Conference, International Conference on Information Resources Management, Idea Group Publishing, San Diego, USA, pp. 772-775.

Hintz, T, Piccardi, M & He, X 1970, 'Message from the Chairs', Proceedings - 3rd International Conference on Information Technology and Applications, ICITA 2005, pp. iii-iv.
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Hoang, D, Le, H & Simmonds, A 1970, 'PIPPON: A Physical Infrastructure-aware Peer-to-Peer Overlay Network', TENCON 2005 - 2005 IEEE Region 10 Conference, TENCON 2005 - 2005 IEEE Region 10 Conference, IEEE, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 1-6.
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Hoang, HG, Tuan, HD, Vo, B & Kha, HH 1970, 'Beam Pattern Synthesis for Large Symmetric Arrays with Bounds on Sidelobe and Mainlobe Levels', 2005 Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications, 2005 Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications, IEEE, Perth, Australia, pp. 1014-1018.
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Bounding the sidelobe and mainlobe levels of a symmetric antenna array with complex weights can be posed as semi-infinite trigonometric constraints. Standard optimization techniques can be used to convert the semi-infinite trigonometric constraints into

Hoang, HG, Vo, B-N, Tuan, HD & Son, TT 1970, 'Mask constrained beam pattern synthesis for large arrays', Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Signal Processing and Its Applications, 2005., Eighth International Symposium on Signal Processing and Its Applications, 2005., IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 387-390.
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Antenna array pattern synthesis with mask constraints can be formulated as a convex optimization problem with semi-infinite trigonometric polynomial constraints. The current approach uses a Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) characterization of the semi-infi

Hoang, NT, Tuant, HD, Apkarian, P & Hosoe, S 1970, 'A new design of analog filters via convex programming', Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference on Modelling, Identification, and Control, MIC, pp. 196-201.
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Analog filters are of utmost importance as they constitute pre-filtering of all signal input circuitry and the designs of digital infinite impulse response (IIR) filters are mainly obtained from those of corresponding analog filters. This paper considers the optimization design of the class of allpole analog filters with the objective function that falls out-side the design considerations of classical analog filters. The optimization design is cast into a convex optimization setting whose solution can be obtained using available efficient optimization software. Examples are also provided to validate the effectiveness of the resulting convex design formulation.

Hoofman, RJOM, Verheijden, GJAM, Michelon, J, Iacopi, F, Travaly, Y, Baklanov, MR, Tokei, Z & Beyer, GP 1970, 'Challenges in the implementation of low-k dielectrics in the back-end of line', MICROELECTRONIC ENGINEERING, 14th Biennial Conference on Insulating Films on Semiconductors, ELSEVIER, Univ Leuven, Dept Psychol, Louvain, BELGIUM, pp. 337-344.
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Huan Huo, Guoren Wang, Chuan Yang & Rui Zhou 1970, 'Signature-based Filtering Techniques for Structural Joins of XML Data', 21st International Conference on Data Engineering Workshops (ICDEW'05), 21st International Conference on Data Engineering Workshops (ICDEW'05), IEEE.
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Huang, S, Kwok, N, Dissanayake, G, Ha, QP & Fang, G 1970, 'Multi-Step Look-Ahead Trajectory Planning in SLAM: Possibility and Necessity', Proceedings of 2005 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, IEEE International Conference on Robots and Automation, The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Inc, Barcelona, Spain, pp. 1103-1108.
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In this paper, the possibility and necessity of multistep trajectory planning in Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) based SLAM is investigated. The objective of the trajectory planning here is to minimize the estimation error of the robot and landmark locations subject to a given time horizon. We show that the problem can be regarded as an optimization problem for a gradually identified model. A numerical method is proposed for trajectory planning using a variant of the nonlinear Model Predictive Control (MPC). The proposed method is optimal in the sense that the control action is computed using all the information available at the time of decision making. Simulation results are included to compare the results from the one-step look-ahead trajectory planning and the proposed multi-step lookahead technique

Huang, SD, James, MR & Jiang, ZP 1970, 'L-infinity-bounded robust control of nonlinear cascade systems', SYSTEMS & CONTROL LETTERS, ELSEVIER, Las Vegas, Nevada,USA, pp. 215-224.
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Huang, W, Sloan, SW & Sheng, D 1970, 'Formation of shear localization in granular materials', 4th Australasian Congress on Applied Mechanics, ACAM 2005, pp. 814-819.
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Based on a micropolar (Cosserat) continuum model, the formation of shear localization in granular materials is studied analytically and numerically. The possibility of shear localization in a uniformly deforming granular body is studied as a bifurcation problem. The analysis shows that shear bifurcation on the constitutive model level is suppressed in a micropolar continuum approach. Numerical studies are presented to show that the development of shear localization is a result of initial imperfection which exists inevitably in granular bodies. © Institute of Materials Engineering Australasia Ltd 2005.

Hui Zhang, Guoqiang Zhang & Wong, K-YK 1970, 'Camera calibration with spheres: linear approaches', IEEE International Conference on Image Processing 2005, rnational Conference on Image Processing, IEEE, pp. 1150-1153.
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This paper addresses the problem of camera calibration from spheres. By studying the relationship between the dual images of spheres and that of the absolute conic, a linear solution has been derived from a recently proposed non-linear semi-definite approach. However, experiments show that this approach is quite sensitive to noise. In order to overcome this problem, a second approach has been proposed, where the orthogonal calibration relationship is obtained by regarding any two spheres as a surface of revolution. This allows a camera to be fully calibrated from an image of three spheres. Besides, a conic homography is derived from the imaged spheres, and from its eigenvectors the orthogonal invariants can be computed directly. Experiments on synthetic and real data show the practicality of such an approach. © 2005 IEEE.

Hussain, FK, Chang, E & Dillon, TS 1970, 'Formalizing a grammar for reputation in peer-to-peer communication', MoMM 2005 Proceedings, International Conference on Advances in Mobile Computing and Multimedia, Australian Computer Society, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp. 81-96.

Hussain, FK, Chang, E, Dillon, TS & IEEE 1970, 'Markov model for modelling and managing dynamic trust', 2005 3rd IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN), IEEE International Conference On Industrial Informatics, IEEE, Perth, Australia, pp. 725-733.
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In this paper we propose a trust model for decision making that models both the context specific and the dynamic nature of trust. We propose to make use of the Markov Model for modelling the context specific and the dynamic nature of trust. Using the Mar

Hussain, O, Chang, E, Hussain, F, Dillon, T & Soh, B 1970, 'Context Based Riskiness Assessment', TENCON 2005 - 2005 IEEE Region 10 Conference, TENCON 2005 - 2005 IEEE Region 10 Conference, IEEE, Melbourne, Aust, pp. 1-6.
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In almost every interaction the trusting peer might fear about the likelihood of the loss in the resources involved during the transaction. This likelihood of the loss in the resources is termed as Risk in the transaction. Hence analyzing the Risk involved in a transaction is important to decide whether to proceed with the transaction or not. If a trusting peer is unfamiliar with a trusted peer and has not interacted with it before in a specific context, then it will ask for recommendations from other peer in order to determine the trusted peer?s Riskiness value or reputation. In this paper we discuss the process of asking recommendations from other peers in a specific context and assimilating those recommendations according to its criteria of the interaction in order to determine the correct Riskiness value of the trusted peer.

Hussain, O, Chang, E, Hussain, FK, Dillon, TS & Soh, B 1970, 'A Methodology for Determining Riskiness in Peer-to-Peer Communications', Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference of Industrial Informatics (INDIN 05), INDIN, IEEE, Perth, Australia, pp. 421-432.
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Every activity has some Risk involved in it. Analyzing the Risk involved in a transaction is important to decide whether to proceed with the transaction or not. Similarly in Peer-to-Peer communication analyzing the Risk involved in undertaking a transaction with another peer too is important. It would be much easier for the trusting peer to make a decision of proceeding a transaction with the trusted peer if he knows the Risk that the trusted peer is worthy of. In this paper develop and propose such a methodology which allows the trusting peer to rate the trusted peer in terns of Risk that he deserves after the transaction is over.

Hussain, O, Chang, E, Soh, B, Hussain, FK & Dillon, TS 1970, 'Factors of Risk Variance in Decentralized Communications', EICAR 2005 Conference Best Paper Proceedings, European Institute for Computer Anti-Virus Research EICAR Conference, Computer Associates, Saint Julians, Malta, pp. 129-137.
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Decentralized transactions are increasingly becoming popular. These transactions resemble the early forms of the internet and in many ways are regarded as the next generation of the internet. The result will be that this e-commerce transactions approach will shift to peer-to-peer communications rather than client-server environment. However, these peer-to-peer communications or decentralized transactions suffer from some disadvantages, which includes the risk associated with each transaction. This paper focuses on the factors that influence Risk in a decentralized transaction.

Hussain, OK, Chang, E, Hussain, FK, Dillon, TS & Soh, B 1970, 'Risk in Trusted Decentralized Communications', 21st International Conference on Data Engineering Workshops (ICDEW'05), 21st International Conference on Data Engineering Workshops (ICDEW'05), IEEE, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 63-67.
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Risk is associated with almost every activity that is undertaken on a daily life. Risk associated with Trust, Security and Privacy. Risk is associated with transactions, businesses, information systems, environments, networks, partnerships, etc. Generally speaking, risk signifies the likelihood of financial losses, human casualties, business destruction and environmental damages. Risk indicator gives early warning to the party involved and helps avoid deserters. Until now, risk has been discussed extensively in the areas of investment, finance, health, environment, daily life activities and engineering. However, there is no systematic study of risk in Decentralised communication, which involves e-business, computer networks and service oriented environment. In this paper, we define risk associated with trusted communication in e-business and e-transactions; provide risk indicator calculations and basic application areas.

Hussain, OK, Chang, E, Hussain, FK, Dillon, TS, Soh, B & IEEE 1970, 'A methodology for determining riskiness in peer-to-peer communications', 2005 3rd IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN), pp. 655-666.
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Every activity has some Risk involved in it. Analyzing the Risk involved in a transaction is important to decide whether to proceed with the transaction or not. Similarly in Peer-to-Peer communication analyzing the Risk involved in undertaking a transaction with another peer too is important. It would be much easier for the trusting peer to make a decision of proceeding a transaction with the trusted peer if he knows the Risk that the trusted peer is worthy of. In this paper develop and propose such a methodology which allows the trusting peer to rate the trusted peer in terms of Risk that he deserves after the transaction is over. © 2005 IEEE.

Iacopi, F, Brongersma, SH, Mazurenko, A, Struyf, H, Mannaert, G, Travaly, Y, Maznev, A, Abell, TJ, Tower, J, Maex, K & IEEE 1970, 'Surface Acoustic Waves as a technique for in-line detection of processing damage to low-k dielectrics', Proceedings of the IEEE 2005 International Interconnect Technology Conference, IEEE International InterconnectTechnology Conference 2005, IEEE, Burlingame, CA, pp. 217-219.
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Indraratna, B, Rujikiatkamjorn, C & Sathananthan, I 1970, 'Analytical modeling and field assessment of embankment stabilized with vertical drains and vacuum preloading', Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering: Geotechnology in Harmony with the Global Environment, 16th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, MILLPRESS SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, Osaka, JAPAN, pp. 1049-1052.
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This study presents an analytical model of radial drainage with vacuum preloading using compressibility indices and varying horizontal permeability and considers the influence of linearly distributed vacuum pressure along the drain. An analytical solution based on the Cylindrical Cavity Expansion theory is used to evaluate the extent of the smear zone along the drain length and predict the performance of an embankment stabilized with vacuum-assisted prefabricated vertical drains at the New Bangkok International Airport (NBIA). Here, a significantly reduced height of sand surcharge could be applied because excess pore pressure was reduced by vacuum preloading. The performance of the embankment was evaluated under different vacuum pressure conditions during which the suction head could not be maintained in the field due to probable air leaks. In the analysis, therefore, the magnitude of applied vacuum pressure was based on field measurements and adjusted accordingly. The settlement predictions based on the writers' solutions were compared and agreed with the available field data. The results also indicate that the efficiency of the vertical drains depends on the extent of the smear zone, the magnitude and distribution of vacuum pressure and the extent of air leak protection provided in the field.

Indraratna, B, Shahin, MA, Rujikiatkamjorn, C & Khabbaz, H 1970, 'Tsunami affected coastal soil disturbance and implications on reconstruction with special reference to low-cost dwellings and rail tracks', Geotechnical Engineering for Disaster Mitigation and Rehabilitation, International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering for Disaster Mitigation and Rehabilitation, WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD, Singapore, SINGAPORE, pp. 64-77.

Jen-Feng Chung, Der-Jenq Liu & Chin-Teng Lin 1970, 'Multiband Room Effect Simulator for 5.1-Channel Sound System', 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, IEEE, Kobe, JAPAN, pp. 2859-2862.
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Jian Zhang, Abhayapala, TD & Kennedy, RA 1970, 'Role of Pulses in Ultra Wideband Systems', 2005 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband, 2005 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband, IEEE, IEEE, pp. 565-570.
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Jian Zhang, Kennedy, RA & Abhayapala, TD 1970, 'Performance and parameter optimization of UWB RAKE reception with interchip interference', IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2005. ICC 2005. 2005, IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2005. ICC 2005. 2005, IEEE, IEEE, pp. 2830-2834.
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In this paper, performance and parameter optimization of RAKE reception for time-hopping Ultra Wideband (TH-UWB) systems is investigated when interchip interference (ICI) is taken into consideration. For a TH-UWB system, ICI is closely related to the relationship between the number of chips in a frame (Nc), and the period of the TH code (Nf). In a fixed data-rate case, larger Nf implies higher transmitted symbol signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and larger ICI in RAKE fingers. So there is a tradeoff between Nc and Nf to optimize the RAKE performance. In this paper, two models are suggested to describe the ICI, and this tradeoff is investigated in the single user case based on the traditional Gaussian approximation method and other flexible methods. Given the lack of explicit knowledge of the relationship among Nf, Nc and the interference, a rule of thumb is proposed to configure Nf and Nc. © 2005 IEEE.

Jiang, ZY, Sun, WH, Tang, JN, Wei, DB & Tieu, AK 1970, 'Micromechanics of thin oxide scale and surface roughness in metal forming', 4th Australasian Congress on Applied Mechanics, ACAM 2005, pp. 447-452.
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In this paper, a thin secondary oxide scale formed in hot metal rolling is analysed using finite element method. The surface asperity micro-deformation of the secondary oxide scale and strip is focused. The micromechanics of the surface asperities and thin oxide scale are obtained from the finite element (FE) simulation and experimental measurements. Simulation results are compared with the measured values, which shows that they are in close agreement. The forming features of surface roughness during hot metal rolling with lubrication are also discussed. © Institute of Materials Engineering Australasia Ltd 2005.

Jinyan Li, Huiqing Liu & Ling Li 1970, 'Diagnostic Rules Induced by an Ensemble Method for Childhood Leukemia', Fifth IEEE Symposium on Bioinformatics and Bioengineering (BIBE'05), Fifth IEEE Symposium on Bioinformatics and Bioengineering (BIBE'05), IEEE, Minneapolis, MN, pp. 246-249.
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Johnston, A, Amitani, S & Edmonds, E 1970, 'Amplifying reflective thinking in musical performance', Proceedings of the 5th conference on Creativity & cognition - C&C '05, the 5th conference, ACM Press, London, UK, pp. 166-166.
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In this paper we report on the development of tools that encourage both a creative and reflective approach to music-making and musical skill development. A theoretical approach to musical skill development is outlined and previous work in the area of music visualisation is discussed. In addition the characterisation of music performance as a type of design problem is discussed and the implications of this position for the design of tools for musicians are outlined. Prototype tools, the design of which is informed by the theories and previous work, are described and some preliminary evaluation of their effectiveness is discussed. Future directions are outlined. Copyright 2005 ACM.

Johnston, A, Marks, B & Edmonds, E 1970, 'An artistic approach to designing visualisations to aid instrumental music learning', IADIS International Conference on Cognition and Exploratory Learning in Digital Age, CELDA 2005, Cognition and Exploratory Learning in Digital Age, IADIS Press, Porto, Portugal, pp. 175-182.
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This paper describes the development of a computer-based music visualisation to support the development of instrumental musical skills in advanced students and professional players. The underlying pedagogical philosophy, based on the 'Natural Learning Process' and the emergence of an artistic rather than engineering approach to software development, based on participatory design, are described.

Johnston, AJ, Marks, B & Edmonds, EA 1970, ''Spheres of Influence' : An Interactive Musical Work', Proceedings of the second Australasian conference on Interactive entertainment, Interactive Entertainment, Creativity Cognition Studios Press, Sydney, Australia, pp. 97-103.
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In this paper we describe the development of an interactive artwork which incorporates both a musical composition and software which provides a visual and aural accompaniment. The system uses physical modeling to implement a type of virtual 'sonic sculpture' which responds to musical input in a way which appears naturalistic. This work forms part of a larger project to use art to explore the potential of computers to develop interactive tools which support the development of creative musical skills.

Kalam, MA, Hassan, MH & Mohamad, EN 1970, 'Wear and lubrication characteristics of a multi-cylinder diesel engine using vegetable oil blended fuel', Proceedings of the World Tribology Congress III - WTC 2005.
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Wear and lubrication characteristics of a multi cylinder diesel engine when operated on vegetable oil blended fuels were studied. The blended fuels consisted of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% coconut oil (COIL) (in volume basis) with diesel fuel (DF2). The engine was operated for a total period of 600 hr for six fuels. The same lubricating oil equivalent to SAE 40 was used for all the fuels system. Wear metals, contaminant elements increased with increasing COIL with DF2. An increasing COIL in blends reduced additive elements; and the reduction rate during blends of ≤ 30% COIL was quite similar to DF2. Soot and sulfation reduced with increasing COIL in blended fuels due to reducing aromatics and sulfur in comparison to DP2. The water concentration increased from above 30% COIL blended fuels. The TBN and viscosity changes were almost normal. The engine did not have any starting and combustion noise problems when operating on COIL blended fuels. This is an abstract of a paper presented at the World Tribology Congress III (Washington, DC 9/12-16/2005).

Kalam, MA, Hassan, MH & Mohamad, EN 1970, 'Wear and Lubrication Characteristics of a Multi-Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Vegetable Oil Blended Fuel', World Tribology Congress III, Volume 2, World Tribology Congress III, ASMEDC.
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This paper presents experimental results carried out to evaluate wear and lubrication characteristics of a multi cylinder diesel engine when operated on vegetable oil blended fuels. The blended fuels consist of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% coconut oil (COIL) (in volume basis) with diesel fuel (DF2). Pure DF2 was used for comparison purposes. The engine was operated at constant speed of 2000 rpm with 50% throttle load for a period of 100 hours for each test fuel. The engine was operated for a total period of 600 hours for six fuels. The same lubricating oil equivalent to SAE 40 was used for all the fuels system. The sample of lube oil was collected through a one way valve connected to the crankcase sump at 50 hour intervals. The first sample was collected immediately after the engine had warmed up. The effect of blended fuel on engine component wear and lubrication characteristics in terms of viscosity, total base number (TBN), moisture content, oxidation, wear metals, contaminant elements and lubricant additive depletions were analyzed. The results showed that wear metals, contaminant elements increase with increasing COIL with DF2. An increasing COIL in blends reduces additive elements; and the reduction rate during blends of up to 30% COIL is quite similar to DF2. Soot and sulfation reduce with increasing COIL in blended fuels due to reducing aromatics and sulfur in comparison to DF2. The water concentration increases from above 30% COIL blended fuels. The TBN and viscosity changes are found almost normal. The engine did not have any starting and combustion noise problems when operating on COIL blended fuels. These lubricating oil analysis data will help to select tribological components and compatible lubricating oil for coconut oil or biofuel operated diesel engines.

Kalam, MA, Hassan, MH, Hamlaoui, A, Muhammad Afifi, AB, Mahlia, TMI & Uddin, MA 1970, 'Development of Co-Relation Between Vehicle and Stationary Dynamometer-Engine Emissions', ASME 2005 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference, ASME 2005 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference, ASMEDC, Chicago, IL, pp. 101-106.
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This paper presents experimental results carried out to develop co-relation and comparison between vehicle and stationary dynamometer-engine emissions with same engines specifications and brands. The dynamometer-engine has been setup with same load and speed as the vehicle’s engine which is carried on the road. The vehicle’s road load power carried by engine has been calculated and used in this investigation. The stationary engine’s rotational speed has been converted to linear distance to compare specific fuel consumptions (SFC) with real specific fuel consumption (SFC) of the vehicle on the road. The vehicle has been run on road test at 70km/h, 90 km/h and 100 km/h for 100 km each time to measure fuel consumption. Beside this, both the engine and vehicle have been operated in idling condition to measure fuel consumption, CO and HC emissions. Proton vehicle with magma engine (4 cylinders) has been used in this investigation. Both the engine and vehicle have been retrofitted for two fuels namely gasoline fuel and compressed natural gas (CNG). An eddy current dynamometer model Froude Consine (model AG150) is used to test the engine. All the electronic equipment, together with its manipulative controls and indicators such as thermocouples are mounted on ‘CP Cadet10 (UK)’ engine control unit. The engine control unit can control any speed and load applied to the dynamometer-engine. An autocheck model (974/5) and Bacharach model CA300NSX analyzers (standard version, k-type probe) have been used to measure the concentration CO and HC emissions. The results of this investigation will be used to predict the emissions and fuel consumption for road vehicles from stationary dynamometer–engine test.

Kalam, MA, Masjuki, HH, Amalina, MA, Abdesselam, H, Mahlia, TMI & Aslam, MU 1970, 'Emission Characteristics of a Modified CNG Gasoline-Cycle Engine', All Days, SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition, SPE, pp. 549-557.
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Abstract This paper presents the experimental results carried out to evaluate the exhaust emissions and performance evaluation of a computer integrated bi-fuel spark ignition engine that has been retrofitted for two fuels namely compressed natural gas (CNG) and base fuel gasoline, operations under steady state with lean burn condition. The used engine was a Proton Magma 4-cylinders spark ignition engine. The emission results such as CO, HC and NOx were measured and compared between the above two fuels. A locally produced three way catalytic converter (TWC) consisting of platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), cerium oxide (CeO2) and rhodium (Rh) was used to assess the emissions. The CeO2 was used in TWC as an oxygen storage capacity (OSC) to enhance the oxidation process for CO and HC oxidations.

Kami, Y, Han, C & Miyanaga, Y 1970, 'LDPC codes performance based on OFDM wireless communication system', 2005 International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems, 2005 International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems, IEEE, Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Chung Chi Coll, Hong Kong, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 313-316.
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Kang, K & Araújo, J 1970, 'Cultural issues on global websites and aspect-oriented requirements engineering', Internet and Information Technology in Modern Organizations: Challenges and Answers - Proceedings of the 5th International Business Information Management Association Conference, IBIMA 2005, International Business Information Management, IBIMA, Egypt, pp. 512-516.
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This paper addresses cultural concerns on global websites design and relates them to advanced requirements practices. Developers and users have different ideas of finding information on a web site. There are several factors that differentiate users' understandings of information presented by web designers and this should be considered if a website is desired to be successful worldwide. We observe that cultural concerns may crosscut several base functionalities of a system, constraining and modifying them in different ways. The crosscutting nature of these concerns should be contemplated at early requirements stages of software development to have more adaptable and flexible systems. Aspect-Oriented Requirements Engineering handles crosscutting concerns at requirements level and can be used to model cultural concerns in web applications. This paper examines Australian, Singaporean, German and Brazilian sites and relates them to requirements of users from different countries by identifying the cultural differences that should be taken into account.

Kang, K & Underwood, J 1970, 'Information presentation and design for multilingual global e-commerce sites - a cultural aspect', Proceedings of the IADIS international conference E-Commerce 2005, IADIS international conference E-Commerce, IADIS Press, Portugal, pp. 11-16.

Kang, K, Wong, B & Underwood, J 1970, 'Understanding of user preferences in global electronic commerce sites', Proceedings of the 9th Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems, Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems, University of Hong Kong, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 1249-1254.
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This paper addresses issues of user preferences in web design of global e-commerce. Increasing attention to global e-commerce sites are not only global companies’ concerns but also an issue for users. This research is an attempt to identify issues of global web design and user preferences particularly from different culture backgrounds. An exploratory study relating to user preferences for design features in popular global sites is presented, and through it identifies a number of factors related to design in the B2C context and proposes a framework based on understanding of users’ preferences of these factors. Results indicate that users are more likely to use global web sites if they find their favorite features in it. Users form different culture groups and their preferences are likely to influence different levels of design content in a web site. Furthermore, a user with his/her favorite design features that promote user’s attention and lead to purchase of goods through the global sites.

Kang, KS 1970, 'Considering the cultural issues of web design in implementing web-based e-commerce for international customers', Proceedings of the International Conference on Electronic Business (ICEB), The Fifth International Conference on Electronic Business ICEB Hong King 2005, ICEB 2005, Hong Kong, pp. 323-327.
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The web design for international e-commerce sites is becoming an increasingly important issue. This paper addresses issues about cultural differences in web design and designers' views. The summary of research work includes understanding of designers' attitudes and approaches in designing web sites for different countries. Some suggestions about important aspect of localized design are made from case studies conducted during this research.

Kang, KS, Wong, B & Underwood, J 1970, 'Understanding of user preferences in global electronic commerce sites', 9th Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems: I.T. and Value Creation, PACIS 2005, pp. 1246-1254.
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This paper addresses issues of user preferences in web design of global e-commerce. Increasing attention to global e-commerce sites are not only global companies' concerns but also an issue for users. This research is an attempt to identify issues of global web design and user preferences particularly from different culture backgrounds. An exploratory study relating to user preferences for design features in popular global sites is presented, and through it identifies a number of factors related to design in the B2C context and proposes a framework based on understanding of users' preferences of these factors. Results indicate that users are more likely to use global web sites if they find their favorite features in it. Users form different culture groups and their preferences are likely to influence different levels of design content in a web site. Furthermore, a user with his/her favorite design features that promote user's attention and lead to purchase of goods through the global sites.

Kegen Yu & Oppermann, I 1970, 'Timing acquisition for IR-UWB systems', Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Signal Processing and Its Applications, 2005., Eighth International Symposium on Signal Processing and Its Applications, 2005., IEEE, Sydney, AUSTRALIA, pp. 287-290.
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Kim, J & Brambley, G 1970, 'Dual Optic-flow Integrated Inertial Navigation', Australasian Conference on Robotics and Automation.

Kim, J & Sukkarieh, S 1970, 'Towards robust airborne slam in unknown wind environments', Proceedings of the 2005 Australasian Conference on Robotics and Automation, ACRA 2005, pp. 15-19.
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This paper presents a robust multi-loop air- borne SLAM structure which augments wind information into the state of 6DoF Simultane- ous Localisation and Mapping (SLAM). The relative air velocity observation from an air data system can be used to estimate the error of the vehicle state. However due to a priori unknown wind information, it cannot directly be used for that purpose. This can be tack- led by augmenting this information into SLAM and estimating it simultaneously with the ve- hicle state. This can significantly increase the consistency of airborne SLAM at the time of loop closure. The air velocity based SLAM loop limits the error growth of the velocity and at- titude effectively and the feature based SLAM loop bounds the position error growth. Simu- lation results show that wind information can be estimated consistently and the robustness of airborne SLAM improves significantly.

King, LM, Nguyen, HT, Taylor, PB & IEEE 1970, 'Hands-free head-movement gesture recognition using artificial Neural Networks and the Magnified Gradient Function', 2005 27th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Vols 1-7, Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, IEEE, Shanghai, China, pp. 2063-2066.
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This paper presents a hands-free head-movement gesture classification system using a Neural Network employing the Magnified Gradient Function (MGF) algorithm. The MGF increases the rate of convergence by magnifying the first order derivative of the activation function, whilst guaranteeing convergence. The MGF is tested on able-bodied and disabled users to measure its accuracy and performance. It is shown that for able-bodied users, a classification improvement from 98.25% to 99.85% is made, and 92.08% to 97.50% for disabled users. © 2005 IEEE.

Kirchner, NG & Furukawa, T 1970, 'Infrared Localisation for Indoor UAVs', ICST05: International Conference on Sensing Technology.
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This paper describes an Infrared Local Positioning System (IR-LPS) designed for indoor UAV use. Directional receivers scan the local environment for active tags that emit a unique (to each tag) IR signal. The system is constructed from inexpensive off the shelf components and requires no room calibration when introduced to a new environment. The IR-LPS is capable of three-dimensional dynamic tracking of a UAV with minimal PC processing power required. This allows for multiple systems to be run from a single PC or for the system to be battery powered and run on an embedded PC. The IR-LPS was implemented and evaluated in a large open space laboratory and provided localisation with less than 1cm error at 2m and with a range of 30m.

Ko, L-W, Kuo, B-C & Lin, C-T 1970, 'An Optimal Nonparametric Weighted System for Hyperspectral Data Classification', KNOWLEDGE-BASED INTELLIGENT INFORMATION AND ENGINEERING SYSTEMS, PT 1, PROCEEDINGS, 9th International Conference on Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, La Trobe Univ, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA, pp. 866-872.
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Kodagoda, S, Wang, C & Dissanayake, G 1970, 'Laser Based Sensing on Roads', Proceedings of the Intelligent Vehicles and Road Infrastructure Conference, Intelligent Vehicles & Road Infrastructure Conference, Society of Automotive Engineers, Australia, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 1-8.

Kwok, N, Ha, QP, Li, J & Samali, B 1970, 'Parameter Identification for a Magnetorheological Fluid Damper: An Evolutionary Computation Approach', Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Intelligent Technologies, International Symposium on Intelligent Technologies in Tech'05, Faculty of Science and Technology, Assumption University, Phuket, Thailand, pp. 115-122.

Kwok, NM, Dissanayake, G & Ha, QP 1970, 'Bearing-only SLAM Using a SPRT Based Gaussian Sum Filter', Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2005 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, IEEE, Barcelona, SPAIN, pp. 1109-1114.
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Lan-Da Van, Yuan-Chu Yu, Chun-Ming Huang & Chin-Teng Lin 1970, 'Low computation cycle and high speed recursive DFT/IDFT: VLSI algorithm and architecture', IEEE Workshop on Signal Processing Systems Design and Implementation, 2005., IEEE Workshop on Signal Processing Systems Design and Implementation, 2005., IEEE, Athens, GREECE, pp. 579-584.
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Lasky, V, Liu, D, Murray, SJ & Choy, KK 1970, 'A Remote PLC System for e-Learning', Proc of the 4th ASEE/AAEE Global Colloquium on Engineering Education, ASEE Global Colloquium of Engineering Education, AAEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-10.

Lau, HY, Huang, SD, Dissanayake, G & IEEE 1970, 'Optimal search for multiple targets in a built environment', 2005 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Vols 1-4, IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, IEEE Press, Edmonton, Canada, pp. 228-233.
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The main contribution of this paper is an algorithm for autonomous search that minimizes the expected time for detecting multiple targets present in a known built environment. The proposed technique makes use of the probability distribution of the target(s) in the environment, thereby making it feasible to incorporate any additional information, known a-priori or acquired while the search is taking place, into the search strategy. The environment is divided into a set of distinct regions and an adjacency matrix is used to describe the connections between them. The costs of searching any of the regions as well as the cost of travel between them can be arbitrarily specified. The search strategy is derived using a dynamic programming algorithm. The effectiveness of the algorithm is illustrated using an example based on the search of an office environment. An analysis of the computational complexity is also presented. © 2005 IEEE.

Lauf, S & Burnett, I 1970, 'A Protected Digital Item Declaration Language for MPEG-21', First International Conference on Automated Production of Cross Media Content for Multi-Channel Distribution (AXMEDIS'05), First International Conference on Automated Production of Cross Media Content for Multi-Channel Distribution (AXMEDIS'05), IEEE, Florence, ITALY, pp. 275-278.
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Lauf, S & Burnett, I 1970, 'Implementation of a mobile MPEG-21 peer', Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia, MM05: 2005 13th Annual ACM International Conference on Multimedia, ACM, pp. 323-326.
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The MPEG-21 Multimedia Framework aims to realize interoperable access to content across heterogeneous networks and devices. Within the Framework, the concept of Digital Items is introduced as a structured digital representation for multimedia. To demonstrate the applicability of MPEG-21 to seamless multimedia interactions on limited platforms, the authors have produced an implementation of MPEG-21 for a mobile device, in Java 2 Micro Edition (J2ME). This paper examines the design and implementation of the Mobile MPEG-21 Peer, including a specialized architecture and processing mechanisms specific to the J2ME platform. Copyright © 2005 ACM.

Law, SS & Zhu, XQ 1970, 'Damage assessment of reinforced concrete beams using Hilbert-Huang transform', Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series.
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The detection of damage in reinforced concrete bridge using vibration characteristics has been the topic of much research in the last two decades. Since reinforced concrete structures are nonlinear in behaviour, even with relatively low levels of damage, it is difficult to make a reliable estimate on the modal properties for use in the damage detection/health monitoring. The Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) comprises the empirical mode decomposition (EMP) of the data and performing the Hilbert transform (HT) on each mode, and it is an effective method to analyze the nonlinear and non-stationary time series data. This study focuses on studying the signature of non-linear characteristics in the vibration of damaged reinforced concrete beams using HHT, and to investigate the possibility of using changes in these nonlinear vibration characteristics to detect damage in reinforced concrete structures. Vibration tests of several reinforced concrete beams with different damage scenarios are conducted in laboratory. The measured signals are decomposed into intrinsic mode function (IMF) using EMP and the Hilbert-Huang spectrum is obtained by the HT of each IMF. Results show that the method based on Hilbert-Huang spectral analysis is quite effective for the damage assessment of the reinforced concrete structures.

Lee, S, Leaney, J, O’Neill, T & Hunter, M 1970, 'Open Service Access for QoS Control in Next Generation Networks – Improving the OSA/Parlay Connectivity Manager', Lecture Notes In computer Science: Operations And Management In Ip-Based Networks, Proceedings, IPOM, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 29-38.
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The need for providing applications with practical, manageable access to feature-rich capabilities of telecommunications networks has resulted in standardization of the OSA/Parlay APIs and more recently the Parlay X Web Services. Connectivity Manager is

Lee, S, Leaney, J, O'Neill, T & Hunter, M 1970, 'Performance Benchmark of a Parallel and Distributed Network Simulator', Workshop on Principles of Advanced and Distributed Simulation (PADS'05), Workshop on Principles of Advanced and Distributed Simulation (PADS'05), IEEE, Monterey, USA, pp. 101-108.
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Simulation of large-scale networks requires enormous amounts of memory and processing time. One way of speeding up these simulations is to distribute the model over a number of connected workstations. However, this introduces inefficiencies caused by the need for synchronization and message passing between machines. In distributed network simulation, one of the factors affecting message passing overhead is the amount of cross-traffic between machines. We perform an independent benchmark of the Parallel/Distributed Network Simulator (PDNS) based on experimental results processed at the Australian Centre for Advanced Computing and Communications (ACS) supercomputing cluster. We measure the effect of cross-traffic on wall-clock time needed to complete a simulation for a set of basic network topologies by comparing the result with the wall-clock time needed on a single processor. Our results show that although efficiency is reduced with large amounts of cross-traffic, speedup can still be achieved with PDNS. With these results, we developed a performance model that can be used as a guideline for designing future simulations. © 2005 IEEE.

Lee, S, Leaney, JR, O'Neill, T & Hunter, M 1970, 'Open API of QoS control in Next Generation Networks', Toward Managed Ubiquitous Information Society, Asia-Pacific Network Operations and Management Symposium, IEICE TM, KICS KNOM, IEEE CNOM, IEEE APB, IEEE COMSOC Japan Chapter and TMF, Okinawa, Japan, pp. 295-306.

Lee, T & Romashchenko, A 1970, 'Resource bounded symmetry of information revisited', Theoretical Computer Science, Elsevier BV, pp. 386-405.
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Leijdekkers, P, Gay, V & IEEE 1970, 'Personalized service and network adaptation for smart devices', 2005 ASIA-PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATIONS (APCC), VOLS 1& 2, Asia Pacific Conference on Communications, IEEE, Perth, Australia, pp. 867-871.
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Leong, T, Vetere, F & Howard, S 1970, 'The Serendipity Shuffle', Australia conference on Computer-Human Interaction, ACM Press, Canberra, pp. 1-4.

Lerkvaranyu, S & Miyanaga, Y 1970, 'ML Detection with Symbol Estimation for Nonlinear Distortion of OFDM Signal', PROCEEDINGS OF WORLD ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL 2, Conference of the World-Academy-of-Science-Engineering-and-Technology, WORLD ACAD SCI, ENG & TECH-WASET, Berlin, GERMANY, pp. 46-49.

Leung, C, Huang, SD, Dissanayake, G, Furukawa, T & IEEE 1970, 'Trajectory planning for multiple robots in bearing-only target localisation', 2005 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Vols 1-4, IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, IEEE, Edmonton, Canada, pp. 2312-2317.
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This paper provides a solution to the optimal trajectory planning problem in target localisation for multiple heterogeneous robots with bearing-only sensors. The objective here is to find robot trajectories that maximise the accuracy of the locations of the targets at a prescribed terminal time. The trajectory planning is formulated as an optimal control problem for a nonlinear system with a gradually identified model and then solved using nonlinear Model Predictive Control (MPC). The solution to the MPC optimisation problem is computed through Exhaustive Expansion Tree Search (EETS) plus Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP). Simulations were conducted using the proposed methods. Results show that EETS alone performs considerably faster than EETS+SQP with only minor differences in information gain, and that a centralised approach outperforms a decentralised one in terms of information gain. We show that a centralised EETS provides a near optimal solution. We also demonstrate the significance of using a matrix to represent the information gathered. © 2005 IEEE.

Leveaux, RR 1970, 'An Examination of Entrance Level University Taekwondo Students in Australia', An Examination of Entrance Level University Taekwondo Students in Australia, WTF Scientific Congress, Taiwan, pp. 63-70.

Li, H, Li, J, Wong, L, Feng, M & Tan, Y-P 1970, 'Relative risk and odds ratio', Proceedings of the twenty-fourth ACM SIGMOD-SIGACT-SIGART symposium on Principles of database systems, SIGMOD/PODS05: International Conference on Management of Data and Symposium on Principles Database and Systems, ACM, pp. 368-377.
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We are often interested to test whether a given cause has a given effect. If we cannot specify the nature of the factors involved, such tests are called model-free studies. There are two major strategies to demonstrate associations between risk factors (ie. patterns) and outcome phenotypes (ie. class labels). The first is that of prospective study designs, and the analysis is based on the concept of "relative risk": What fraction of the exposed (ie. has the pattern) or unexposed (ie. lacks the pattern) individuals have the phenotype (ie. the class label)? The second is that of retrospective designs, and the analysis is based on the concept of "odds ratio": The odds that a case has been exposed to a risk factor is compared to the odds for a case that has not been exposed. The efficient extraction of patterns that have good relative risk and/or odds ratio has not been previously studied in the data mining context. In this paper, we investigate such patterns. We show that this pattern space can be systematically stratified into plateaus of convex spaces based on their support levels. Exploiting convexity, we formulate a number of sound and complete algorithms to extract the most general and the most specific of such patterns at each support level. We compare these algorithms. We further demonstrate that the most efficient among these algorithms is able to mine these sophisticated patterns at a speed comparable to that of mining frequent closed patterns, which are patterns that satisfy considerably simpler conditions. Copyright 2005 ACM.

Li, J, Samali, B & Smith, ST 1970, 'Stiffness estimation and damage detection of fibre reinforced polymer strengthened reinforced concrete beams using a vibration-based method', 4th Australasian Congress on Applied Mechanics, ACAM 2005, Australasian Congress on Applied Mechanics, Institute of Materials Engineering Australasia Ltd, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 663-669.
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Reinforced concrete (RC) structural elements can be strengthened by bonding high-strength, noncorrosive fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites to their surfaces. In the majority of strengthening situations the existing structure would have been subjected to extreme loading at some stage of its life. It is of great interest to designers and users of structures to be aware of the condition of the structural elements, particularly with regards to damage, prior to the design and application of FRP strengthening measures. This paper reports the results of a vibration-based method for assessing damage in RC beams prior to and after the application of FRP strengthening. The vibration-based method measures the vibrations of beams with and without additional mass and provides an assessment of the degree of damage as well as stiffness of the structural element. A simply supported RC beam was constructed and initially damaged by loading to 50% of its flexural capacity. FRP strengthening was then applied and the beam tested to failure. Vibration measurements were taken prior to and after damage of the plain beam as well as after application of the FRP strengthening. The proposed method was used for detecting damage and evaluating the repair as well as quantitatively estimating in-service stiffness of the beams. Good correlation between dynamic results and static load test results is found, thus demonstrating the potential of the vibration-based method. © Institute of Materials Engineering Australasia Ltd 2005.

Li, J, Samali, B, Crews, KI & Shestha, R 1970, 'Theoretical and Experimental Studies on Assessment of Bridges Using Simple Dynamic Procedures', Australian Structural Engineering Conference 2005: Structural Engineering - Preserving and Building into the Future, Australian Structural Engineering Conference, Tour Hosts Pty Limited, Newcastle, Australia, pp. 1-11.

Li, JY, Du, JM, Fu, XY & Li, BR 1970, 'Pressure and vacuum servo control system based on vacuum pump and study of the system control', Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Fluid Power Transmission and Control, 6th International Conference on Fluid Power Transmission and Control (ICFP 2005), INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS LTD, Zhejiang Univ, Hangzhou, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 368-372.

Li, JY, Li, HQ, Soh, D & Wong, L 1970, 'A correspondence between maximal complete bipartite subgraphs and closed patterns', KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY IN DATABASES: PKDD 2005, 16th European Conference on Machine Learning (ECML)/9th European Conference on Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases (PKDD), SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN, Oporto, PORTUGAL, pp. 146-156.

Li, L, Li, QF, Guo, EJ, Liu, EB, Cui, XF & Xu, XX 1970, 'Study on Temper Embrittlement of Phosphorus in Steel 12Cr1MoV', Key Engineering Materials, Trans Tech Publications, Ltd., pp. 1183-1188.
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According to the non-equilibrium grain-boundary segregation (NGS) kinetics curve of phosphorus, a series of Charpy impact tests was performed in an industrial steel 12Cr1MoV, at solution temperature 1050oC, with isothermal holding temperature 540oC, on specimens of different holding time (at the segregation process, the critical time, and the desegregation process respectively). The DBTT values were measured and a temper embrittlement kinetics curve was given. The reverse temper embrittlement NGS mechanism for steel 12Cr1MoV was proposed.

Li, YC, Wang, J & Qian, LF 1970, 'Comparative analysis of the dynamic characteristics of MR shock absorber under impact loads', Proceedings of the International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics 2005, Vols 1 and 2, International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, SCIENCE PRESS BEIJING, Nanjing Univ Sci & Technol, Nanjing, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 927-931.

Liberati, NB, Platen, E, Martini, F & Piccardi, M 1970, 'A multi-point distributed random variable accelerator for Monte Carlo simulation in finance', 5th International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications, Proceedings, International Conference on Intelligent Systems Designs and Applications, IEEE, Wroclaw, Poland, pp. 532-537.
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The pricing and hedging of complex derivative securities via Monte Carlo simulations of stochastic differential equations constitutes an intensive computational task. To achieve 'real time' execution, as often required by financial institutions, one needs highly efficient implementations of the multi-point distributed random variables underlying the simulations. In this paper a fast and flexible dedicated hardware solution is proposed. A comparative performance analysis demonstrates that the hardware solution is bottleneck-free and flexible, and significantly increases the computational efficiency of the software solution. © 2005 IEEE.

Liberati, NB, Platen, E, Martini, F & Piccardi, M 1970, 'An FPGA generator for multipoint distributed random variables (abstract only)', Proceedings of the 2005 ACM/SIGDA 13th international symposium on Field-programmable gate arrays, FPGA05: ACM/SIGDA International Symposium on Field Programmable Gate Arrays 2005, ACM, p. 280.
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Multi-point distributed random variables whose moments match those of a Gaussian random variable up to a certain order play an important role in Monte Carlo simulations of weak approximations of stochastic differential equations. In applications such as finance, where "real time" execution is required, there is a strong need for highly efficient implementations. In this paper a fast and flexible dedicated hardware solution on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is presented. A comparative performance analysis between a software-only and the proposed hardware solution demonstrates that the FPGA solution is bottleneck-free, retains the flexibility of the software solution and significantly increases the computational efficiency.

Lin, AZ, Hawryszkiewycz, IT & Henderson-Sellers, B 1970, 'Agent interaction management and application in a virtual collaborative environment', INTELLIGENT INFORMATION PROCESSING II, IFIP Congress (Information Processing), Springer-Verlag, Beijing, China, pp. 23-36.
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The intention of managing agent interactions between agents residing in a virtual collaborative environment is to obtain some useful beliefs that can be used in agent reasoning and decision making in order to optimize further agent interactions. Agent business relationships (such as trust, loyalty, understanding and friendship) are such beliefs. This research provides an approach to the management and application of agent interaction instances. The paper firstly introduces the multi-agent system architecture built in the virtual collaborative environment. Secondly, it presents the interaction protocols designed for the software agents. Then, it describes the design and implementation of the management of interactions. Finally, it depicts a specific belief revision function for personal agents to dynamically update agent business relationships in terms of the management of agent interaction instances. © 2005 by International Federation for Information Processing.

Lin, CT & Shou, YW 1970, 'Texture classification and representation by CNN-based feature extraction', Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Cellular Neural Networks and their Applications, pp. 210-213.
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This paper proposes a novel approach for texture classification by feature extraction based on cellular neural networks (CNN's) and an intelligent arrangement in the design or exact using of the templates in CNN's. This paper also gives a two-way processing mechanism including the analysis of features extracted from the output of CNN's mapping and a selective training step for obtaining the specific templates in CNN's by genetic algorithms (GA's) for more complicated texture patterns. In this paper, we introduce a one dimensional feature curve as well to indicate the characteristics of original texture patterns from the mapping of the output of CNN's for the latter texture classification. The method introduced in this paper could adaptively choose an appropriate processing procedure for the specific issues towards in specific texture patterns. We finally divide our experiments into two sections, for simple and advanced problems in texture classification. Our experimental results demonstrate the valid template training and at the same time show a satisfactory classification outcome in both defined texture problems.

Lin, CT, Chin, CL, Fan, KW & Lin, CY 1970, 'A novel architecture for converting single 2D image into 3D effect image', Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Cellular Neural Networks and their Applications, pp. 52-55.
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A novel 2D to 3D effect image conversion architecture integrated image segmentation system and depth estimation is presented. Its objective is to describe the technique used to generate stereo pair images starting from a single image source (a view-point) and its related depth map. The conjunction between segmented image and depth map allows reconstructing artificially the binocular view producing a 3D effect depending on screen dimension and image resolution. The system consists of an on-line ICA mixture model that performs image segmentation and depth estimation method to obtain the depth information of image. The proposed system is capable to perform automatic multilevel segmentation of images, based on depth information obtained by the image depth estimation method. The system does not reconstruct the real 3D coordinates of any object inside the scene, but simply assigns the most comfortable shift to the source points to give a 3D-entertainment to the viewer. A simple smoothing filtering technique adaptively resolves the occlusions generated by shifting of the source points without introducing visible and/or annoying artifacts.

Lin, CT, Liang, SF, Yeh, CM & Fan, KW 1970, 'Fuzzy neural network design using support vector regression for function approximation with outliers', Conference Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, IEEE, Waikoloa, HI, pp. 2763-2768.
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A fuzzy neural network based on support vector learning mechanism for function approximation is proposed in this paper. Support vector regression (SVR) is a novel method for tackling the problems of function approximation and regression estimation based on the statistical learning theory. SVR has been shown to have robust properties against noise. A novel support-vector-regression based fuzzy neural network (SVRFNN) by integrating SVR technology into FNN is developed. The SVRFNN combines the high accuracy and robustness of support vector regression (SVR) and the efficient human-like reasoning of FNN for function approximation. Experimental results show that the proposed SVFNN for function approximation can achieve good approximation performance with drastically reduced number of fuzzy kernel functions. © 2005 IEEE.

Lin, L, Cao, L & Zhang, C 1970, 'Genetic algorithms for robust optimization in financial applications', Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference on Computational Intelligence, IASTED International Conference on Computational Intelligence, ACTA Press, Calgary, Canada, pp. 387-391.
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In stock market or other financial market systems, the technical trading rules are used widely to generate buy and sell alert signals. In each rule, there are many parameters. The users often want to get the best signal series from the in-sample sets, (Here, the best means they can get the most profit, return or Sharpe Ratio, etc), but the best one will not be the best in the out-of-sample sets. Sometimes, it does not work any more. In this paper, the authors set the parameters a sub-range value instead of a single value. In the sub-range, every value will give a better prediction in the out-of-sample sets. The improved result is robust and has a better performance in experience.

Lin, L, Cao, L & Zhang, C 1970, 'The fish-eye visualization of foreign currency exchange data streams', Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology Series, Asia-Pacific Symposium on Information Visualisation, ACS, Sydney, Australia, pp. 91-96.
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In a foreign currency exchange market, there are highdensity data streams. The present approaches for visualization of this type of data cannot show us a figure with targeted both local details and global trend information. In this paper, on the basis of features and attributes of foreign currency exchange trading streams, we discuss and compare multiple approaches including interactive zooming, multiform sampling with combination of attribute of large foreign currency exchange data, and fish-eye view embedded visualization for visual display of high-density foreign currency exchange transactions. By comparison, Fish-eye-based visualization is the best option, which can display regional records in details without losing global movement trend in the market in a limited display window. We used Fish-eye technology for output visualization of foreign currency exchange trading strategies in our trading support system linking to realtime foreign currency market closing data. © 2005, Australian Computer Society, Inc.

Lin, L, Cao, L & Zhang, C 1970, 'The Visualization of Large Database in Stock Markets', Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference on Databases and Applications, IASTED International Multi Conference, ACTA Press, Innsbruck, Austria, pp. 163-166.

Lin, P, MacArthur, A & Leaney, J 1970, 'Defining Autonomic Computing: A Software Engineering Perspective', 2005 Australian Software Engineering Conference, 2005 Australian Software Engineering Conference, IEEE, Brisbane, Australia, pp. 88-97.
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As a rapidly growing field, Autonomic Computing is a promising new approach for developing large scale distributed systems. However, while the vision of achieving self-management in computing systems is well established, the field still lacks a commonly accepted definition of ‘what’ an Autonomic Computing system is. Without a common definition to dictate the direction of development, it is not possible to know whether a system or technology is a part of Autonomic Computing, or if in fact an Autonomic Computing system has already been built. The purpose of this paper is to establish a standardised and quantitative definition of Autonomic Computing through the application of the Quality Metrics Framework described in IEEE Std 1061-1998 [1]. Through the application of this methodology, stakeholders were systematically analysed and evaluated to obtain a balanced and structured definition of Autonomic Computing. This definition allows for further development and implementation of quality metrics, which are project-specific, quantitative measurements that can be used to validate the success of future Autonomic Computing projects.

Ling, SH, Lam, HK, Leung, FHF & IEEE 1970, 'A variable-parameter neural network trained by improved genetic algorithm and its application', Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), Vols 1-5, IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN 2005), IEEE, Montreal, CANADA, pp. 1343-1348.

Ling, SH, Leung, FHF & IEEE 1970, 'Genetic algorithm-based variable translation wavelet neural network and its application', Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), Vols 1-5, IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN 2005), IEEE, Montreal, CANADA, pp. 1365-1370.

Ling, SH, Leung, FHF & IEEE 1970, 'Real-coded genetic algorithm with average-bound crossover and wavelet mutation for network parameters learning', Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), Vols 1-5, IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN 2005), IEEE, Montreal, CANADA, pp. 1325-1330.

Lister, RF 1970, 'Methods for evaluating the approproiateness and effectiveness of summative assessment via multiple choice examinations for technology-focused disciplines', Making a Difference: 2005 Evaluations and Assessment Conference, Evaluations and Assessment Conference, UTS, Sydney, Aust, pp. 75-84.

Liu, CP, Poon, NK, Pong, MH, Chan, YP & Lu, DDC 1970, 'A low cost and reliable dimmable ballast topology with inherent power regulation and insensitivity to lamp characteristics', Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2005. APEC 2005., APEC 2005. Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, IEEE, Austin, TX, pp. 596-599.
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Liu, J, Li, SS, He, XJ & Wu, Q 1970, 'A study of fractal based watermarking for images', DCABES and ICPACE Joint Conference on Distributed Algorithms for Science and Engineering, Joint Meeting of the International Symposium on Distributed Computing and Applications to Business, Engineering and Science/International Conference on Parallel Algorithms and Computing Evironments, UNIV GREENWICH, SCH COMPUTING & MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES, Univ Greenwich, Maritime Greenwich Campus, Greenwich, ENGLAND, pp. 127-130.
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In this paper, we will provide a study on Fractal based watermarking techniques available today. Fractal is a technique that makes use of the similarity of the natural phenomena of irregular shapes. Only in recent years it has been used in image coding a

Liu, RX, Zhou, JL & Wilding, A 1970, 'Dynamic behaviour of endocrine disrupting chemicals in the aquatic environment', Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology, Vol A - Oral Presentations, Pts A and B, 9th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology, UNIV AEGEAN, Rhodes Isl, GREECE, pp. A885-A890.

Liu, W, Zhu, X, Xu, G, Zhang, Q & Gao, L 1970, 'A DNA Based Evolutionary Algorithm for the Minimal Set Cover Problem', Lecture Notes in Computer Science, International Conference on Intelligent Computing, ICIC 2005, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Hefei, China, pp. 80-89.
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With the birth of DNA computing, Paun et al. proposed an elegant algorithm to this problem based on the sticky model proposed by Roweis. However, the drawback of this algorithm is that the 'exponential curse' is hard to overcome, and therefore its application to large instance is limited. In this s paper, we present a DNA based evolutionary algorithm to solve this problem, which takes advantage of both the massive parallelism and the evolution strategy by traditional EAs. The fitness of individuals is defined as the negative value of their length. Both the crossover and mutation can be implemented in a reshuffle process respectively. We also present a short discussion about population size, mutation probability, crossover probability, and genetic operations over multiple points. In the end, we also present some problems needed to be further considered in the future. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005.

Longbing Cao, Chengqi Zhang, Luo, D, Wanli Chen & Zamani, N 1970, 'Integrative Early Requirements Analysis for Agent-Based Systems', Fourth International Conference on Hybrid Intelligent Systems (HIS'04), Fourth International Conference on Hybrid Intelligent Systems (HIS'04), IEEE, Kitakyushu, Japan, pp. 1-6.
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Early requirements analysis (ERA) is quite significant for building agent-based systems. Goal-oriented requirements analysis is promising for the agent-oriented early requirements analysis. In general, either visual modeling or formal specifications is u

Longbing Cao, Chengqui Zhang & Jiarui Ni 1970, 'Agent Services-Orinted Architectural Design of Open Complex Agent Systems', IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Intelligent Agent Technology, IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Intelligent Agent Technology, IEEE, Compiegne, France, pp. 120-123.
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Architectural design is a critical phase in building agent-based systems. However, most of existing agent-oriented software engineering approaches deliver weak or incomplete supports for the architectural design of distributed and especially Internet-based agent systems. On the other hand, the emergence of service-oriented computing (SOC) brings in intrinsic mechanisms for complementing agent-based computing (ABC). In this paper, we investigate the dialogue between ABC and SOC and their integration in implementing architectural design. We synthesize them and develop the computational concept agent service, and build a new design approach called agent service-oriented architectural design (ASOAD). The ASOAD expands the contents and ranges of agent and ABC, and synthesize the qualities of SOC such as interoperability and openness with the performances of ABC like flexibility and autonomy. It is suitable for designing distributed agent systems and agent service-based enterprise application integration.

Lu, S, Zhang, J & Feng, D 1970, 'Classification of Moving Humans Using Eigen-Features and Support Vector Machines', Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 11th International Conference on Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns, CAIP 2005, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Versailles, pp. 522-529.
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This paper describes a method of categorizing the moving objects using eigen-features and support vector machines. Eigen-features, generally used in face recognition and static image classification, are applied to classify the moving objects detected fro

Lubonski, M, Gay, V, Simmonds, A & IEEE 1970, 'A conceptual architecture for adaptation in remote desktop systems driven by the user perception of multimedia', 2005 Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC), Vols 1& 2, Asia Pacific Conference on Communications, IEEE, Perth, Australia, pp. 891-895.
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Lubonski, M, Gay, V, Simmonds, A & IEEE 1970, 'An adaptation architecture to improve user-perceived QoS of multimedia services for enterprise remote desktop protocols', 2005 Next Generation Internet Networks, Next Generation Internet Networks Traffic Engineering, IEEE, Rome, Italy, pp. 149-156.
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Limitations in the contemporary best effort WAN combined with an increase in demand of the business users for multimedia are the main challenges for remote desktop solutions. Thin client remote desktop protocols are now mature enough to work efficiently over low bandwidth and low quality links for normal office applications. However, they face significant challenges when working with more demanding data flows such as multimedia streams. This paper introduces the server-side component of the architecture for remote desktop environment aiming at improving user perception of the more demanding and network sensitive multimedia applications and services. Our component maps of user-perceived Quality of Service (QoS) onto network-level performance parameters in order to improve overall end-to-end QoS. The set of perception rules defined for each application and type of user triggers the adaptation mechanisms to change the transmission parameters in order to meet end user expectations. The adaptation mechanisms can optimize the usage of the available network resources within a dedicated network link both for different flows within single client connection and for all clients connected to the same server module. The result of such an optimization is a new set of connection parameters adjusted to network state changes and user perception of remote desktop. In the paper we discuss requirements of such QoS control mechanisms and respective adaptation mechanisms, followed by the detailed description of the proposed component architecture.

Lukasiak, J, McElroy, C & Cheng, E 1970, 'Compression Transparent Low-Level Description of Audio Signals', 2005 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, 2005 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, IEEE, Toronto, CANADA, pp. 422-425.
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Machiraju, S, Veitch, D, Baccelli, F, Nucci, A & Bolot, JC 1970, 'Theory and practice of cross-traffic estimation', ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), ACM, pp. 400-401.
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Active probing heuristics are usually based on queuing systems. However, a rigorous probabilistic treatment of probing methods has been lacking. For instance, it is not known even in principle, what can and cannot be measured in general, nor the true limitations of existing methods. We provide a probabilistic treatment for the measurement of cross traffic in the 1-hop case. We derive inversion formulae for the cross traffic process, and explain their fundamental limits, using an intuitive geometric framework.

Machiraju, S, Veitch, D, Baccelli, F, Nucci, A & Bolot, JC 1970, 'Theory and practice of cross-traffic estimation', ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review, ACM, pp. 400-401.

MacMillan, I, Boisot, M, Abrahams, A & Bharathy, G 1970, 'Simulating the knowledge transfer dilemma: Lessons for security and counter-terrorism', Summer Computer Simulation Conference 2005, SCSC 2005, Part of the 2005 Summer Simulation Multiconference, SummerSim 2005, pp. 189-196.
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Intelligence agencies face a knowledge transfer dilemma. They have compelling reasons to invest in codification, to structure and store knowledge about critical infrastructure and terrorist threats, and enable sharing with allied departments and governments. Threat information has a high obsolescence rate and short half-life: it is actionable before the attack, but not after. Timely response to terrorist chatter requires rapid diffusion of information, in codified form, to enforcement personnel. But, problematically, codification of infrastructure and threat information increases the diffusability of such knowledge, making it increasingly accessible to terrorists, who can use the information in planning new attacks or revising existing plans. This paper introduces a graphical simulation environment, I-Space 2, which has been built for simulating knowledge management processes, and illustrates its potential application to the knowledge-transfer dilemma facing the counter-terrorism community.

Madden, CS & Piccardi, M 1970, 'Height measurement as a session-based biometric for people matching across disjoint camera views', Proceedings Image and Vision Computing New Zealand 2005, Image and Vision Computing Conference, Wickliffe Ltd, Dunedin, New Zealand, pp. 282-286.

Maex, K, Brongersma, SH, Iacopi, F, Vanstreels, K, Travaly, Y, Baklanov, M, D'Haen, J & Beyer, G 1970, 'Aggressive scaling of Cu/low k: impact on metrology', Characterization and Metrology for ULSI Technology 2005, 5th Conference on Characterization and Metrology for ULSI Technology, AMER INST PHYSICS, Richardson, TX, pp. 475-481.

Magrath, S & Braun, RM 1970, 'Scalable Policy Enforcement and PBNM Benchmarking', IFIP/IEEE IM 2005, France, IEEE, Nice, France.

Magrath, S, Chiang, R, Markovits, S, Braun, R, Cuervo, F & IEEE 1970, 'Autonomics in telecommunications service activation', ISADS 2005: International Symposium on Autonomous Decentralized Systems,Proceedings, International Symposium on Autonomous Decentralized Systems (ISADS 2005), IEEE, Chengdu, China, pp. 731-737.
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The motivation for this paper is to extend the state of the art in distributed autonomics praxis as applied to telecommunications network management. We describe how the task assignment problem, common in telecommunications service activation workflow pr

Makovey, J, Navanathan, V, Nguyen, TV & Sambrook, P 1970, 'Genetic effects on bone loss in peri- and post-menopausal women: A longitudinal twin study.', JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, 27th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Bone-and-Mineral-Research, AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES, Nashville, TN, pp. S124-S124.

Marjanovic, O 1970, 'Modeling of Process-Oriented Learning Designs.', ICALT, 5th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies, IEEE Computer Society, Kaohsiung, TAIWAN, pp. 613-614.
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Marjanovic, O 1970, 'Process-Oriented CRM Enabled by Component-Based Workflow Technology.', Bled eConference, pp. 41-41.
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To remain competitive, companies are starting to organise their work around customer-centered business processes that cross functional and organisational boundaries. Customer-relationship management is becoming more important than ever before. This paper proposes a new type of process-oriented CRM system suitable for Small-to-Medium Enterprises (SMEs) seeking to integrate a large number of service providers and services and create an added value for their customers. Process-support is enabled by component-based workflow technology. Design of this system is based on a flexible model of declarative business processes that is also briefly described in the paper. To illustrate the importance of the proposed type of CRM support, the paper uses an example of an Australian service-oriented SME.

Marjanovic, O 1970, 'Sharing and Reusing Learning Experiences - The Knowledge Management Perspective.', ICALT, 5th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies, IEEE Computer Society, Kaohsiung, TAIWAN, pp. 707-709.
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Marjanovic, O 1970, 'Using IT To Enable Ambient-to-Be SMEs.', Bled eConference, pp. 50-50.
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Supported by technology, organizations are becoming more dynamic, adaptive and networked. A term ambient organizations is used to describe evolving organisational forms, enabled by integrated information systems that are designed to support customercentered business processes and to enhance flexibility and knowledge sharing across functional and organisational boundaries. In ambient organizations, customers become the central focus and various strategies are implemented to involve them as "business partners" or virtual resources. This paper investigates ambient organizations within the context of SMEs (Small-to-Medium Enterprises) with the special emphasis on enabling IT solutions. It then illustrates the concept by an example of a service-oriented SME.

Markovits, S & Braun, R 1970, 'Leveraging an information model for user centric service fulfilment & assurance', APNOMS 2005 - 8th Asia-Pacific Network Operations and Management Symposium :Toward Managed Ubiquitous Information Society, Proceedings, 8th Asia Pacific Network and Operations Management Symposium, IEEE, Okinawa, Japan, pp. 622-623.
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This paper asserts that the implementation of fulfilment and assurance within Telecommunications management with a strong reference to an Information Model (IM) progresses and allows for the advantages of an integrated approach to service delivery. We assert that if the fulfillment process follows and is compliant to an IM based process then other processes such as within assurance can leverage the IM for effectiveness by utilizing the information from fulfillment time to assist in efficiently implementing the assurance side.

Markovits, S, Braun, R & IEEE 1970, 'SLA: A PBNM supported Information Model', 7th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology, Vols 1 and 2, Proceedings, 7th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology, IEEE, Phoenix Pk, South Korea, pp. 871-876.
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An Information Model continues to be a fundamental constituent in understanding complex environments. The TMF’s eTOM is a complete business process oriented view of a senice provider and the SID is being positioned as the information model. It is claimed that the use of an extended and expanded version of Policy Based Management can automate many of the processes. This paper examines how PBNM, eTOM and SID can be combined to achieve an automated SLA monitoring service. It maps the assurance (monitoring) portion of the SLA process onto the TMF SID inlormation model detail@ the used SLA entities and policy rules involved.

Markovits, S, Lam, M & Braun, R 1970, 'Information modeling of trouble: A service provider view', ConTEL 2005: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Telecommunications, Vols 1 and 2, IEEE International Conference on Telecommunications, IEEE, Zagreb, Croatia, pp. 471-478.
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This paper focuses on providing an information model view of the Trouble component of the assurance domain. This is derived using an understanding of the TMF eTOM processes and the associated SID Information Model through its application to the Trouble processes. We begin by examining existing standards and adapt and/or derive entities which are used within these processes and develop some entities which are undefined or unavailable currently in the SID definitions. We describe an implementation that leverages the use of the SID information model principles to enhance Trouble assurance.

Martin, P, Blumenstein, M & Deer, P 1970, 'Toward Cooperatively-Built Knowledge Repositories', Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 411-424.
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After noting that informal documents and formal knowledge bases are far from ideal for discussing or retrieving technical knowledge, we propose mechanisms to support the sharing, re-use and cooperative update of semi-formal semantic networks, assign values to contributions and credits to the contributors. We then propose ontological elements to guide and normalize the construction of such knowledge repositories, and an approach to permit the comparison of tools or techniques. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005.

Martini, F, Piccardi, M, Liberati, NB, Platen, E & IEEE 1970, 'A hardware generator for multi-point distributed random variables', 2005 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS (ISCAS), VOLS 1-6, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, IEEE Computer Society Press, Kobe, Japan, pp. 1702-1705.
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In Monte Carlo simulation of weak approximation of stochastic differential equations, multi-point distributed random variables play an important role. However, they need highly efficient implementations to meet the 'real-time' requirements of applications such as the pricing of complex derivative securities. In this paper a fast and fexible dedicated hardware generator of multi-point distributed random variables on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is presented. A comparative performance analysis demonstrates that the hardware solution is bottleneck-free, retains the fexibility of a traditional software implementation and significantly increases the computational fficiency of the overall simulation. © 2005 IEEE.

Mathew, R, Yu, Z & Zhang, J 1970, 'Detecting New Stable Objects In Surveillance Video', 2005 IEEE 7th Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, 2005 IEEE 7th Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, IEEE, Shanghai, pp. 0-0.
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We describe a novel method to detect new stable objects in video. This includes detecting new objects that appear in a scene and remain stationary for a period of time. Examples include detecting a dropped bag or a parked car. Our method utilizes the sta

Maxwell, C, Parakhine, A, Leaney, J & Soc, IEEEC 1970, 'Practical application of formal methods for specification and analysis of software architecture', 2005 Australian Software Engineering Conference, Proceedings, Australian Software Engineering Conference, IEEE, Brisbane, Australia, pp. 302-311.
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With the ever-growing pace of technological advancement, computer software is required to become increasingly complex to meet the demands of today's leading edge technologies, and their applications. However, fulfilling this requirement creates new, previously unknown, problems pertaining to non-functional properties of software. Specifically, as the software complexity escalates, it becomes increasingly difficult to scale the software in order to cope with the sometimes overwhelming demand created by system growth. It is therefore essential to have processes for addressing the issues associated with scalability that arise due to the complexity in software systems. In this paper we describe an approach aimed at fulfilling the need for such processes. A combination of Object-Z and temporal logic is used to create an architectural description open to further analysis. We also demonstrate the practicality of this methodology within the context of the coordinated adaptive traffic system (CATS).

Maxwell, C, Parakhine, A, Leaney, J, OiNeill, T & Denford, M 1970, 'Heuristic-based architecture generation for complex computer system optimisation', 12TH IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS ON THE ENGINEERING OF COMPUTER-BASED SYSTEMS, PROCEEDINGS, IEEE International Conference and Workshop on the Engineering of Computer Based Systems, IEEE, Greenbelt, USA, pp. 70-78.
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Having come of age in the last decade, the use of architecture to describe complex systems, especially in software, is now maturing. With our current ability to describe, represent, analyse and evaluate architectures comes the next logical step in our application of architecture to system design and optimisation. Driven by the increasing scale and complexity of modern systems, the designers have been forced to find new ways of managing the difficult and complex task of balancing the quality trade-offs inherent in all architectures. Architecture-based optimisation has the potential to not only provide designers with a practical method for approaching this task, but also to provide a generic mechanism for increasing the overall quality of system design. In this paper we explore the issues that surround the development of architectural optimisation and present an example of heuristic-based optimisation of a system with respect to concrete goals.

McGregor, C, Kneale, B & Tracy, M 1970, 'Bush Babies Broadband: On-Demand Virtual Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Support for Regional Australia', Third International Conference on Information Technology and Applications (ICITA'05), Proceedings. Third International Conference on Information Technology and Applications, IEEE, Sydney, AUSTRALIA, pp. 113-118.
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McLachlan, S, Arblaster, J, Liu, DK, Miro, JV & Chenoweth, L 1970, 'A Multi-Stage Shared Control Method for an Intelligent Mobility Assistant', 9th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics, 2005. ICORR 2005., 9th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics, 2005. ICORR 2005., IEEE, Chicago, USA, pp. 426-429.
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This paper presents a multi-stage shared control method (MSSC) which can be used to control the movement of a robotic mobility assistant designed to facilitate safe mobilization for people with unstable gait. The multi-stage control module consists of user intent, obstacle avoidance and fuzzy logic components. The user intent represents the person's commands. The obstacle avoidance component reads data representing any obstacles in the vicinity of the assistant and uses the Vector Field Histogram (VFH) algorithm to select a suitable path to avoid any obstacles in the path of travel. The fuzzy logic component is responsible for merging the user intent and obstacle avoidance information such that the user's request is satisfied to the highest extent possible. When an unsafe situation presents itself the user's request(s) will be partially or wholly overridden so the assistant can return to a safe state. The system has been designed to be dynamically configurable so as to suit different users in terms of gait stability and strength, preferred speed of travel and level of control over the system. It has been tested both in a simulated environment and real-world operating conditions and has been shown to effectively avoid obstacles with minimal disruption to the user and their intent. ©2005 IEEE.

Meier, C, Meinhardt, U, Greenfield, JR, Nguyen, TV, De Winter, J & Seibel, MJ 1970, 'Serum cathepsin K measurements: Repeatability, intra-subject and postprandial variability', BONE, 2nd Joint Meeting of the European-Calcified-Tissue-Society/International-Bone-and-Mineral-Society, ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, Geneva, SWITZERLAND, pp. S197-S197.

Meier, C, Nguyen, TV, Center, JR, Seibel, MJ & Eisman, JA 1970, 'High IGFBP-2 levels are associated with an increased risk of osteoporotic fractures in elderly men.', JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, 27th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Bone-and-Mineral-Research, AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES, Nashville, TN, pp. S36-S36.

Meinhardt, U, Kraenzlin, ME, Greenfield, JR, Nguyen, TV, Dunstan, CR & Seibel, MJ 1970, 'Serum cathepsin K levels reflect osteoclastic activity in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis and patients with Paget's disease.', JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, 27th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Bone-and-Mineral-Research, AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES, Nashville, TN, pp. S222-S223.

Meinhardt, UJ, Meier, C, Nguyen, TV, Greenfield, JR, Dunstan, CR, Kraenzlin, C & Seibel, MJ 1970, 'Serum cathepsin K measurements: Repeatability, intra-subject and postprandial variability.', JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, 27th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Bone-and-Mineral-Research, AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES, Nashville, TN, pp. S223-S223.

Milne, G, McGloin, D & Dholakia, K 1970, 'Colloidal dynamics in the circularly symmetric optical potential of a Bessel beam', SPIE Proceedings, Optics & Photonics 2005, SPIE, pp. 1-11.
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Milne, G, Paterson, L, McGloin, D, Riches, A & Dholakia, K 1970, 'Light-induced separation and flow of microscopic and biological particles', SPIE Proceedings, Integrated Optoelectronic Devices 2005, SPIE, San Jose, CA, pp. 46-53.
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Milton, J, Kennedy, P & Mitchell, H 1970, 'The effect of mutation on the accumulation of information in a genetic algorithm', AI 2005: ADVANCES IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, Australasian Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Springer, Sydney, Australia, pp. 360-368.
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We use an information theory approach to investigate the role of mutation on Genetic Algorithms (GA). The concept of solution alleles representing information in the GA and the associated concept of information density, being the average frequency of solution alleles in the population, are introduced. Using these concepts, we show that mutation applied indiscriminately across the population has, on average, a detrimental effect on the accumulation of solution alleles within the population and hence the construction of the solution. Mutation is shown to reliably promote the accumulation of solution alleles only when it is targeted at individuals with a lower information density than the mutation source. When individuals with a lower information density than the mutation source are targeted for mutation, very high rates of mutation can be used. This significantly increases the diversity of alleles present in the population, while also increasing the average occurrence of solution alleles.

Miro, JV, Dissanayake, G, Zhou, WZ & IEEE 1970, 'Vision-based SLAM using natural features in indoor environments', Proceedings of the 2005 Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks & Information Processing Conference, International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing, IEEE Publications, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 151-156.
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This paper presents a practical approach to solve the simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) problem for autonomous mobile platforms by using natural visual landmarks obtained from an stereoscopic camera. It is an attempt to depart from traditional sensors such as laser rangefinders in order to gain the many benefits of nature-inspired information-rich 3D vision sensors. Whilst this makes the system fully observable in that the sensor provide enough information (range and bearing) to compute the full 2D estate of the observed landmarks from a single position, it is also true that depth information is difficult to rely on, particularly on measurements beyond a few meters (in fact the full 3D estate is observable, but here robot motion is constrained to 2D and only the 2D problem is considered). The work presented here is an attempt to overcome such a drawback by tackling the problem from a partially measurable SLAM perspective in that only landmark bearing from one of the cameras is employed in the fusion estimation. Range information estimates from the stereo pair is only used during map building in the landmark initialization phase in order to provide a reasonably accurate initial estimate. An additional benefit of the approach presented here lies in the data association aspect of SLAM. The availability of powerful feature extraction algorithms from the vision community, such as SIFT, permits a more flexible SLAM implementation separated from feature representation, extraction and matching, essentially carrying out matching with minimal recourse to geometry. Simulation results on real data illustrate the validity of the approach. © 2005 IEEE.

Miyanaga, Y 1970, 'Message from general co-chair', IEEE International Symposium on Communications and Information Technology, 2005. ISCIT 2005., IEEE International Symposium on Communications and Information Technology, 2005. ISCIT 2005., IEEE, pp. vii-vii.
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Montillet, JP, De Abreu, GTF, Saarnisaari, H & Oppermann, I 1970, 'Comparison of UWB and WCDMA positioning accuracies', IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, 61st IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, IEEE, Stockholm, SWEDEN, pp. 2260-2263.
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In this article, the performances of positioning technologies in Ultra Wide Band (UWB) and Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) systems are compared. Three positioning algorithms are studied, namely the Taylor Series (TS), Davidon-Fletcher-Powell (DFP) and the Direct Method (DM). Results obtained with complete simulation platforms, including channel estimation, synchronization, modulation and detection, are utilized to compare the two technologies. First, the Time-of-Arrivals (ToAs) obtained with the simulators are used to compute source positions, giving lower bounds on their estimation errors. Then, the signals obtained from the simulators are input into the three algorithms considered. Finally the accuracies of positioning with both technologies are quantified by comparing the Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE) of their respective estimation results using 4 or 5 BSs. The failure rate of the algorithms are also investigated. © 2005 IEEE.

Moscato, P, Mathieson, L, Mendes, A & Berretta, R 1970, 'The electronic primaries: Predicting the U.S. Presidency using feature selection with safe data reduction', Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology Series, pp. 371-380.
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The data mining inspired problem of finding the critical, and most useful features to be used to classify a data set, and construct rules to predict the class of future examples is an interesting and important problem. It is also one of the most useful problems with applications in many areas such as microarray analysis, genomics, proteomics, pattern recognition, data compression and knowledge discovery. Expressed as κ-Feature Set it is also a formally hard problem. In this paper we present a method for coping with this hardness using the combinatorial optimisation and parameterized complexity inspired technique of sound reduction rules. We apply our method to an interesting data set which is used to predict the winner of the popular vote in the U.S. presidential elections. We demonstrate the power and exibility of the reductions, especially when used in the context of the (α β)κ-Feature Set variant problem. Copyright © 2005, Australian Computer Society, Inc.

Nasimuddin, Esselle, K & Verma, AK 1970, 'Compact Circularly Polarized Enhanced Gain Microstrip Antenna on High Permittivity Substrate', 2005 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference Proceedings, 2005 Asia-Pacific Microwave, IEEE, pp. 1-4.
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A new combination of proximity coupled circular microstrip antenna and a square quasi-planar surface mounted short horn is proposed on the high permittivity substrate (εr= 10.2) to increase the gain of a compact circularly polarized patch by 4.46 dB. This antenna structure has gain 9.0 dBi and over 3 dB beamwidth (700) the axial ratio (AR) is 0.11 dB. The AR bandwidth is 1.31%. The surface mounted horn provides flat gain over AR ratio bandwidth. The horn improves the side lobe level and the back lobe level between 7 dB to 10 dB. The patch structure has 12% area reduction over normal circular microstrip patch antenna. Total thickness of stricture is only 13 mm. © 2005 IEEE.

Nasimuddin, Esselle, K & Verma, AK 1970, 'High Gain Compact Circularly Polarized Microstrip Antenna', TENCON 2005 - 2005 IEEE Region 10 Conference, TENCON 2005 - 2005 IEEE Region 10 Conference, IEEE.
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A new combination of proximity coupled circular mlcrostrip antenna and a square quasi-planner surface mounted short horn is proposed to increase the gain of a compact circularly polarized antenna by 4.2 dB. This antenna structure has gain 10.39 dBi and over 3 dB beam-width (520) the axial ratio (AR) is 0.11 dB and the 3 dB AR bandwidth is 1.89%. The patch structure has 13% size reduction over normal circular microstrip patch antenna. Total thickness of stricture is only 0.22λ0.

Nasimuddin, Esselle, KP, Weily, AR & Verma, AK 1970, 'A Low-Profile Compact Microwave Antenna with High Gain', 2005 18th International Conference on Applied Electromagnetics and Communications, 2005 18th International Conference on Applied Electromagnetics and Communications, IEEE.
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© 2005 KoREMA. We demonstrate a novel, low-profile, compact antenna consisting of a rectangular dielectric resonator and a quasi-planar surface mounted horn. The proposed structure shows a gain of 8.5 dBi at 6.0 GHz, giving a 4.9 dB increase compared to the standard dielectric-resonator antenna (DRA) without a surface mounted horn. Total height of the fabricated structure is only 0.172 λ0, or 8.61 mm at 6.0 GHz, and the aperture size is 0.96 λ0× 0.86 λ0, or 48.1 mm × 43.1 mm. The cross-polarization level of the antenna is less than 33 dB in both E- and H-planes.

Nasimuddin, Esselle, KP, Weily, AR & Verma, AK 1970, 'A low-profile compact microwave antenna with high gain', ICECom 2005: 18th International Conference on Applied Electromagnetics and Communications, Conference Proceedings, 18th International Conference on Applied Electromagnetics and Communications held Jointly with COST 284 Workshop, KOREMA, CROATIA, Dubrovnik, pp. 451-453.

Nataatmadja, I & Dyson, LE 1970, 'Managing the modern workforce: Cultural Diversity and Its Implications', Managing Mofern Organisations with Information Technology, International Conference on Information Resources Management, Idea Group Publishing, San Diego, USA, pp. 580-583.

Navak, S, Parija, J, Pradhan, B, Reddy, S, Palmer, JL, Zhang, T & Bruera, E 1970, 'Perception of quality of physician communication by cancer patients before and after the implementation of a communication strategy in a regional cancer center in India', JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY, 41st Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Clinical-Oncology, AMER SOC CLINICAL ONCOLOGY, Orlando, FL, pp. 751S-751S.

Nazem, M & Sheng, D 1970, 'Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method for consolidation problems in geomechanics', Computational Plasticity: Fundamentals and Applications - Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computational Plasticity, COMPLAS VIII, pp. 930-933.

Nguyen, HT, Ghevondian, N & Colagiuri, S 1970, 'Evaluation of the HypoMon as a Non-invasive Hypoglycemia Monitor for Type 1 Diabetic Patients', The American Diabetes Association's 65th Scientific Session, The American Diabetes Association's 65th Scientific Session, ADA, Sandiego, USA, pp. 95-95.

Nguyen, HT, Ghevondian, N & Colagiuri, S 1970, 'Non-invasive detection of Hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes', DIABETES, 65th Annual Meeting of the American-Diabetes-Association, AMER DIABETES ASSOC, San Diego, CA, pp. A153-A153.

Nguyen, ND, Ahlborg, H, Eisman, J, Center, J & Nguyen, T 1970, 'Residual lifetime risk of fractures in elderly men and women', BONE, 2nd Joint Meeting of the European-Calcified-Tissue-Society/International-Bone-and-Mineral-Society, ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, Geneva, SWITZERLAND, pp. S131-S131.

Nguyen, ND, Center, J, Eisman, J & Nguyen, T 1970, 'Relationship between mortality and baseline bone mineral density, bone loss, weight loss, and weight fluctuation in elderly men and women', BONE, 2nd Joint Meeting of the European-Calcified-Tissue-Society/International-Bone-and-Mineral-Society, ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, Geneva, SWITZERLAND, pp. S361-S362.

Nguyen, ND, Center, JR, Eisman, JA & Nguyen, TV 1970, 'Bone loss and weight fluctuation predict mortality risk in elderly men and women', JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, 27th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Bone-and-Mineral-Research, AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES, Nashville, TN, pp. S268-S268.

Nguyen, TV, Nguyen, ND, Center, JR & Eisman, JA 1970, 'Fall-related factors predict fracture risk in elderly men and women without osteoporosis', JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, 27th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Bone-and-Mineral-Research, JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, Nashville, TN, pp. S268-S268.

Nguyen, TV, Nguyen, ND, Center, JR & Eisman, JA 1970, 'Genetics and remaining lifetime risk of fracture: The collagen I alpha 1 gene', JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, 27th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Bone-and-Mineral-Research, JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, Nashville, TN, pp. S268-S268.

Nurmuliani, N, Zowghi, D & Williams, S 1970, 'Characterising requirements volatility: An empirical case study', Proceedings 2005 International Symposium on empirical software engineering ISESE 2005, International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering, IEEE, Noosa Head, Australia, pp. 427-436.

Nurmuliani, N, Zowghi, D & Williams, SP 1970, 'Characterising requirements volatility: An empirical case study', 2005 International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering (ISESE), Proceedings, 4th International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering, IEEE, Noosa Heads, AUSTRALIA, pp. 412-421.

Nuyen, ND, Alhborg, H, Center, JR, Eisman, JA & Nguyen, TV 1970, 'Short-term and long-term absolute risk of fracture by bone mineral density and age in women and men.', JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, 27th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Bone-and-Mineral-Research, AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES, Nashville, TN, pp. S36-S36.

Park, J, Kang, D, Kim, J, Kwok, JT & Tsang, IW 1970, 'Pattern de-noising based on support vector data description', PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL JOINT CONFERENCE ON NEURAL NETWORKS (IJCNN), VOLS 1-5, IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN 2005), IEEE, Montreal, CANADA, pp. 949-953.

Parnell, J & Samuels, S 1970, 'Development and evaluation of roadside barriers to attenuate road traffic noise', Annual Conference of the Australian Acoustical Society 2005, Acoustics 2005: Acoustics in a Changing Environment, pp. 218-222.
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As part of a continuing program of investigations into roadside traffic noise barrier optimisation, the NSW Roads and Traffic Authority (RTA) funded a research and development study to develop and evaluate several full size prototype barrier designs. Of particular interest to this study was a design known as a Random Edge Profile Barrier since there was a body of published evidence which indicated that a barrier of this type can cause a substantial degradation of the noise diffracted over the barrier edge. As a consequence, it has been suggested that such barriers are capable of providing improved traffic noise attenuation compared to conventional barriers. The present study involved an empirical evaluation of a prototype Random Edge Profile Barrier and the comparison of its performance with that of conventional barriers and also with that which is known as a T-Top barrier. In total four barriers types were constructed alongside a major rural freeway in NSW and were 80m long by either 2.4m or 3.0m high. A substantial body of empirical data were collected at various receiver locations in front of, behind and adjacent to each barrier. Analyses of these data showed that for the receiver locations investigated, the random edge barrier out-performed the conventional barrier of the same nominal height for most frequencies associated with broadband tyre/road noise. The T-Top barrier was found to perform the best for frequencies greater than 3.15 kHz whilst the conventional barrier offered the most practical solution for attenuation of low frequency noise.

Pattinson, HM & Sood, SC 1970, 'Deciphering storylines in B2B selling-buying interactions', Advances in Marketing: Managerial, Pedagogical, Theoretical - Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Society for Marketing Advances, Annual Meeting of the Society for Marketing Advances, Society for Marketing Advances, San Antonio, USA, pp. 199-201.

Patwary, MN, Rapajic, P & Oppermann, I 1970, 'Adaptive Blind Sequence Detection for Time Varying Channel', SIGNAL PROCESSING FOR TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND MULTIMEDIA, 7th International Symposium on Digital Signal Processing for Communication Systems, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Coolangatta, AUSTRALIA, pp. 111-123.
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Patwary, MN, Rapajic, PB & Oppermann, I 1970, 'Capacity and Coverage Increase With Repeaters in UMTS Urban Cellular Mobile Communication Environment', IEEE Transactions on Communications, Personal Wireless Communications Conference, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Singapore, SINGAPORE, pp. 1620-1624.
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Paul Cheong, Rabbachin, A, Montillet, J, Kegen Yu & Oppermann, I 1970, 'Synchronization, TOA and Position Estimation for Low-complexity LDR UWB Devices', 2005 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband, 2005 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband, IEEE, Zurich, SWITZERLAND, pp. 480-484.
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Peterson, C, Chaczko, Z, Scott, C & Davis, D 1970, 'SOFTWARE PROJECT MANAGEMENT FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES', IFAC Proceedings Volumes, Elsevier BV, pp. 35-40.
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Software is developed and implemented by enterprises that wish to increase their efficiency and effectiveness. This process is often undertaken by persons who have little or no formal training in the field, particularly in developing countries. The results are frequently disadvantageous and often fatal to the enterprise. The University of Technology, Sydney has designed a special short postgraduate program targeted at persons in developing countries who have or wish to have such software responsibility. The response to this program has proven to be significant as it provides a fast and effective approach to increasing the software project management capability. Copyright © 2005 IFAC.

Phan, HT & Hoang, DB 1970, 'FICC-DiffServ: A new QoS architecture supporting resources discovery, admission and congestion controls', Third International Conference on Information Technology and Applications, Vol 2, Proceedings, International Conference on Information Technology and Applications, IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 710-715.
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Differentiated Services (DiffServ) QoS architecture is scalable but inadequate to deal with network congestion and unable to provide fairness among its traffic aggregates. Recently, IETF has recommended additional functions including admission control an

Piccardi, M & Cheng, ED 1970, 'Track matching over disjoint camera views based on an incremental major color spectrum histogram', Proceedings. IEEE Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance, 2005., IEEE Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance, 2005., IEEE, Como, Itlay, pp. 147-152.
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Matching tracks from a single individual across disjoint camera views is a challenging task in video surveillance. In this paper, a Major Color Spectrum Histogram representation (MCSHR) is introduced to represent a moving object by using a normalized distance between two points in the RGB space. Then, an incremental MCSHR is proposed to cope with small pose changes and segmentation errors occurring along the track. Finally, a similarity measurement algorithm is proposed based on the incremental MCSHR to measure the similarity of any two tracked moving objects. The proposed similarity measurement algorithm proved capable of measuring the similarity of the two moving objects accurately. Experimental results show that with three to five frames integration, the proposed incremental MCSHR algorithm can make matching more robust and reliable than single-frame matching, especially for small pose changes. The matching performance is not obviously improved instead when the number of integration is more than five. The similarity of a same moving object in two different tracks has been improved from 92% to 95% with the integration number increased from three to five, while two different moving objects have been easily discriminated. The proposed algorithm can be used to match tracks from single individuals in camera networks which do not provide full coverage of the monitored space. © 2005 IEEE.

Pongchaiyakul, C, Nguyen, ND, Pisprasert, V & Nguyen, TV 1970, 'A meta-analysis of relationships among leptin, fat mass, lean mass, and bone mineral density', JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, 27th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Bone-and-Mineral-Research, AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES, Nashville, TN, pp. S261-S261.

Pongchaiyakul, C, Nguyen, TV, Foocharoen, C & Rajatanavin, R 1970, 'Estimated volumetric bone mineral density in a rural Thai men and women: Khon Kaen Osteoporosis Study (KKOS).', JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, 27th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Bone-and-Mineral-Research, AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES, Nashville, TN, pp. S329-S329.

Pousti, H, Hasan, H & Dutkiewicz, E 1970, 'Application of mobile agents in wireless-based mission critical emergency operations', Proceedings: DMS 2005 - 11th International Conference on Distributed Multimedia Systems, pp. 381-386.
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In the ambiguous, high stress, and time sensitive environment of mission critical emergency operations, the decision-making process could benefit from a distributed pattern of mobile resources across a wireless network. Dealing with challenges in these environments, mobile agents can move across the wireless setup, having many promising attributes including autonomy, adaptability, and persistency. These attributes make them able to act independently, to sense and interact with their environment and to make decisions on behalf of the users. Mobile agents are particularly suitable for the situations where the distributed information throughout a network is crucial for other applications/services/agents which heavily rely on, and are sensitive to situation-based and well-timed information. Until now there has been a lack of studies that approach issues of disaster response in a way that integrates these technologies while also considering the human and organisational perspectives. In this paper we present and investigate an intense man-made disaster. Results show that mobile agents can in many ways augment the performance of communication systems working in extreme environments of mission critical emergency operations.

Pradhan, B, Mansor, S, Ramli, AR, Mohamed Sharif, ARB & Sandeep, K 1970, 'LIDAR data compression using wavelets', SPIE Proceedings, Remote Sensing, SPIE, pp. 598305-598305.
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Pradhan, S, Lawrence, E & Zmijewska, A 1970, 'Bluetooth as an enabling technology in mobile transactions', International Conference on Information Technology: Coding and Computing (ITCC'05) - Volume II, International Conference on Information Technology: Coding and Computing (ITCC'05) - Volume II, IEEE, Las Vegas, USA, pp. 53-58.
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Mobile Commerce promises to deliver e-commerce services directly into the consumers' hands - anytime, anywhere - using wireless technologies. Applying mobile access to computing creates both tremendous commercial opportunities and complexity, which will make computing globally pervasive and ubiquitous. Customers prefer a choice in the channels through which they do business and the same applies to transactions as well. This paper reports on a project which explored the current state of mobile financial transactions globally using Bluetooth as an enabling technology.

Qiang Wu, Xiangjian He & Hintz, T 1970, 'Bi-Lateral Filtering Based Edge Detection on Hexagonal Architecture', Proceedings. (ICASSP '05). IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2005., (ICASSP '05). IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2005., IEEE, pp. 713-716.
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Edge detection plays an important role in image processing area but is still an open problem. This paper presents a novel edge detection method based on bi-lateral filtering which achieves better performance than single Gaussian filtering. In this form of filtering, both spatial closeness and intensity similarity of pixels are considered in order to preserve important visual cues provided by edges and reduce the sharpness of transitions in intensity values as well. In addition, the edge detection method proposed in this paper is achieved on hexagonally sampled images. Due to the compact and circular nature of the hexagonal lattice, a better quality edge map is obtained on hexagonal architecture than common edge detection on square architecture. Experimental results using our proposed method in this paper exhibit encouraging performance. © 2005 IEEE.

Rabbachin, A & Oppermann, I 1970, 'Comparison of UWB Auto-Correlation and Transmitted Reference Schemes', 2005 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband, 2005 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband, IEEE, Zurich, SWITZERLAND, pp. 497-501.
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Rabbachin, A, Stoica, L, Tiuraniemi, S & Oppermann, I 1970, 'A low cost, low power UWB based sensor network', International Workshop on Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks, 2004., 2004 International Workshop on Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks, IEEE, Oulu, FINLAND, pp. 84-88.
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Richard, O, Iacopi, F, Tokei, Z & Bender, H 1970, 'Damage layer in silica-based low-k material induced by the patterning plasma process studied by energy-filtered TEM', Microscopy of Semiconducting Materials, 14th Conference on Microscopy of Semiconducting Materials, SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN, Univ Oxford, Oxford, ENGLAND, pp. 347-350.

Riedel, S & Gabrys, B 1970, 'Hierarchical Multilevel Approaches of Forecast Combination', OPERATIONS RESEARCH PROCEEDINGS 2004, Annual International Conference of the German-Operations-Research-Society, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Tilburg, NETHERLANDS, pp. 479-486.
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Rong, L & Burnett, I 1970, 'BitTorrent in a Dynamic Resource Adapting Peer-to-Peer Network', First International Conference on Automated Production of Cross Media Content for Multi-Channel Distribution (AXMEDIS'05), First International Conference on Automated Production of Cross Media Content for Multi-Channel Distribution (AXMEDIS'05), IEEE, Florence, ITALY, pp. 224-227.
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Rong, L & Burnett, I 1970, 'Dynamic resource adaptation in a heterogeneous Peer-to-Peer environment', 2005 2nd IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference, CCNC2005, 2nd IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference, IEEE, Las Vegas, NV, pp. 416-420.
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This paper focuses on metadata-based, multimedia resource representation and retrieval in a P2P environment as a means of Universal Multimedia Access (UMA). The primary focus of the work is a P2P architecture which uses MPEG-21 as a standards based technique to dynamically adapt resources to various usage environments. In the architecture, a super peer based approach is used to cluster peers, store peer information, perform searches and instruct peers to adapt/send resources. Also a two-stages based adaptation method is introduced to adapt search results and resources in an intelligent manner based on the usage environment attributes. The concept is demonstrated using a test-bed built based on the JXTA peer-to-peer frame-work. In addition, simulation results show that the proposed architecture reduces download time while increasing resource availabilities and download speed in the network when compared to traditional P2P systems. © 2004 IEEE.

Rong, L & Burnett, I 1970, 'Improved Dynamic Multimedia Resource Adaptation-based Peer-to-Peer System through Locality-based Clustering and Service', TENCON 2005 - 2005 IEEE Region 10 Conference, TENCON 2005 - 2005 IEEE Region 10 Conference, IEEE.
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A dynamic P2P architecture based on MPEG-21 was proposed in our previous work to support resource adaptation/personalization according to the surrounding usage environment and user preferences. In this paper, we improve the proposed system through two separate but related modifications. Firstly, peers are clustered according to registered geographic location information. Secondly, based on that registered location information, a locality-based service is introduced which allows users to search services according to their geographic locations. The service complements the proposed P2P architecture by encouraging service providers to increase the uptime of their devices and hence provide the spare computer power for active adaptation of resources for low-end peers. Simulation results show that the proposed approach reduces download time and network delays while increasing resource availability and download speed in the network.

Saha, SC, Hanke, U & Sæther, T 1970, 'Modeling, design and simulation of tunable band pass filter using RF MEMS capacitance and transmission line', SPIE Proceedings, Microelectronics, MEMS, and Nanotechnology, SPIE.
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Saha, SC, Hanke, U, Jensen, GU, Boifot, AM, Fjeldly, TA & Saether, T 1970, 'Modeling and simulation of high capacitance ratio RF MEMS shunt switch', Proceedings of the Third IASTED International Conference on Circuits, Signals, and Systems, 3rd IASTED International Conference on Circuits, Signals, and Systems, ACTA PRESS, Marina del Rey, CA, pp. 186-193.

Saha, SC, Singh, T & Saether, T 1970, 'Design and simulation of RF MEMS cantilever and bridge switches for high switching speed and low voltage operation and their comparison.', ISSCS 2005: International Symposium on Signals, Circuits and Systems, Vols 1 and 2, Proceedings, 7th International Symposium on Signals, Circuits and Systems (ISSCS 2005), IEEE, Iasi, ROMANIA, pp. 131-134.

Saha, SC, Singh, T & Saether, T 1970, 'Design and simulation of RF MEMS switches for high switching speed and moderate voltage operation', 2005 PhD Research in Microelectronics and Electronics, Vols 1 and 2, Proceedings, International Conference on PhD Research in Microelectronics and Electronics (PRIME 2005), IEEE, Lausanne, SWITZERLAND, pp. 207-210.

Samali, B, Dowling, DM & Li, J 1970, 'Dynamic Response of U-Shaped Adobe-Mudbrick Wall Units', Australian Structural Engineering Conference 2005: Structural Engineering - Preserving and Building into the Future, Australian Structural Engineering Conference, Tour Hosts Pty Limited, Newcastle, Australia, pp. 1-9.

Samali, B, Dowling, DM & Li, J 1970, 'Dynamic Testing of Unreinforced U-Shaped Adobe-Mudbrick Wall Unit', Developments in Mechanics of Structures and Materials, Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials, A A Balkema, Perth, Australia, pp. 505-510.

Samali, B, Widjaja, JH, Li, J & Reizes, J 1970, 'Smart Braced Frame Systems', Developments in Mechanics of Structures and Materials, Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials, A. A. Balkema, Perth, Australia, pp. 401-406.

Samali, B, Widjaja, JH, Li, J, Dackermann, U & Brown, PW 1970, 'Amplitude Frequency Characteristics of 'Smart'-Pin Frame System', Proceedings of the 11th Asia Pacific Vibration Conference, Asia Pacific Vibration Conference, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Langkawi, Malaysia, pp. 228-233.

Sarosa, S & Zowghi, D 1970, 'Information technology adoption process within Indonesian SMEs: An empirical study', ACIS 2005 Proceedings - 16th Australasian Conference on Information Systems, Australasian Conference on Information Systems, Australasian Chapter of the Association for Information Systems, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-9.
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IT adoption within SMEs has been covered extensively within literature, most of which have considered IT adoption from narrow perspective such as drivers and barriers of IT adoption. IT adoption is better defined as a process which involves organisation and its components, stakeholders external to the organisation, and interactions within organisation and between organisation and its stakeholders. This paper uses multi perspective in IT adoption to build model of IT adoption. A field study involving 35 Indonesian SMEs was conducted in the form of semi structured interviews. The result from this field study were analysed and used to refine the proposed model. © 2005.

Sarosa, S & Zowghi, D 1970, 'Recover from information system failure: An Indonesian case study', European and Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems, EMCIS 2005, European, Mediterranean and Middle Eastern Conference on Information Systems, Information Institute, Cario, Egypt, pp. 1-11.
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Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) sometimes acquire information systems that fail to meet their original aims and objectives. In these circumstances, the project sponsors are forced to decide whether they should abandon the system they have paid for or improvise by finding a way around the problem. This paper presents a case study with two Indonesian SMEs who had to deal with information systems failure within their organizations. Although within the information systems literature reports of these types of failure can be found but little is known about the aftermath of failure within SMEs. This case study presents the actions taken by two Indonesian SMEs who had to face with the failure of their web catalogue systems. The notion of IS failure used in this paper is a combination of 'expectation failure' and 'termination failure'.

Schmidhammer, E, Heinze, H, Woelky, M, Schmiedgen, M, Henn, G, Braun, R & Metzger, T 1970, 'Baw components for PCS-CDMA applications', IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 2005., IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 2005., IEEE, Rotterdam, NETHERLANDS, pp. 89-92.
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Shang Gao, Zili Zhang & Hawryszkiewycz, I 1970, 'Managing collaborative business process in knowledge-intensive environment', 2005 IEEE International Conference on Services Computing (SCC'05) Vol-1, 2005 IEEE International Conference on Services Computing (SCC'05) Vol-1, IEEE.
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Shang Gao, Zili Zhang & Hawryszkiewycz, I 1970, 'Supporting adaptive learning in hypertext environment: a high level timed Petri net based approach', Fifth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT'05), Fifth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT'05), IEEE.
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Shen, H, Yang, J, Chen, N, Dong, Y & Wang, S 1970, 'Performing clustering analysis on collaborative models', Intelligent Data Analysis, IOS Press, pp. 419-438.
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Sheng-Fu Liang, Chin-Teng Lin, Ruei-Cheng Wu, Teng-Yi Huang & Wen-Hung Chao 1970, 'Classification of Driver’s Cognitive Responses From EEG Analysis', 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, IEEE, Kobe, JAPAN, pp. 156-159.
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Sheridan-Smith, N, Leaney, J, O'Neill, T & Hunter, M 1970, 'A Policy-Driven Autonomous System for Evolutive and Adaptive Management of Complex Services and Networks', 12th IEEE International Conference and Workshops on the Engineering of Computer-Based Systems (ECBS'05), 12th IEEE International Conference and Workshops on the Engineering of Computer-Based Systems (ECBS'05), IEEE, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA, pp. 389-397.
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Many existing management systems are not evolutive or adaptive, leading to multiplicity over time and increasing the management burden. Policy-based management approaches may assist in making networks less complex and more automated, but to date they have not yet been able to evolve to support new service sets or provide the capacity for differentiation. We present the architecture for a policy-based system named Pronto that helps to deal with these issues. Layered network and service models are built above an extensible virtual device model that supports heterogenous management interfaces. Interchangeable management components provide the basic building blocks to construct logical services. The integrated policy-driven service definition language automates the management of the services in a manner that is adaptive, dynamic and reactive to improve the user's overall service experience. © 2005 IEEE.

Sheridan-Smith, N, O’Neill, T, Leaney, J & Hunter, M 1970, 'Enhancements to Policy Distribution for Control Flow and Looping', Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol 3775/2005, IFIP/IEEE International Workshop on Distributed Systems Operations and Management, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Barcelona, Spain, pp. 269-280.
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Our previous work proposed a simple algorithm for the distribution and coordination of network management policies across a number of autonomous management nodes by partitioning an Abstract Syntax Tree into different branches and specifying coordination points based on data and control flow dependencies. We now extend this work to support more complex policies containing control flow logic and looping, which are part of the PRONTO policy language. Early simulation results demonstrate the potential performance and scalability characteristics of this framework.

Sheridan-Smith, NB, O'Neill, T, Leaney, JR & Hunter, M 1970, 'Distribution and Coordination of Policies for Large-Scale Service Management', Proceedings of the IV Latin American Network Operations and Management Symposium, 4th Latin American Network Operations and Management Symposium (LANOMS), Unknown, Porto Alegre, Brazil, pp. 1-12.

Shi, CG, Lu, J, Zhang, GQ, Zhou, H & IEEE 1970, 'An extended Kuhn-Tucker approach for linear bilevel multifollower programming with partial shared variables among followers', INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS, IEEE Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, IEEE Publisher, Hawaii, USA, pp. 3350-3357.
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In a real world bilevel decision-making, the lower level of a bilevel decision usually involves multiple decision units. This paper proposes an extended Kuhn-Tucker approach for linear bilevel multifollower programming problems with partial shared variables among followers. Finally numeric examples are given to show how the Kuhn-Tucker approach works.

Shoudong Huang, Kwok, NM, Dissanayake, G, Ha, QP & Gu Fang 1970, 'Multi-Step Look-Ahead Trajectory Planning in SLAM: Possibility and Necessity', Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2005 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, IEEE, Barcelona, SPAIN, pp. 1091-1096.
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Silverman, BG & Bharathy, GK 1970, 'Modeling the personality & cognition of leaders', Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization - 14th Conference on Behavior Representation in Modeling and Simulation 2005, pp. 158-165.
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This paper summarizes efforts at adapting a personality profiling framework to model behavior and choices of political and military leaders. This is part of a larger project to create a role-playing, decision-making game to allow you to play out scenarios of interest against other leaders. In this modeling exercise we implement the Hermann leader personality profile tool to create historic leaders (Saladin, Richard I, etc.). We then attempt to validate the leader agents against scenarios of the 3rd Crusade.

Singh, SPN & Waldron, KJ 1970, 'Attitude Estimation for Dynamic Legged Locomotion Using Range and Inertial Sensors', Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2005 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, IEEE, Barcelona, Spain, pp. 1663-1668.
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Legged robots offer exceptional mobility in uncharted terrains. Their dynamic nature yields unrivaled mobility, but serves to destabilize the motion estimation process that underlies legged operations. In particular, the discontinuous foot fall patterns and flight phases result in severe impulses, which, in turn, result in excessive accumulation of drift by inertial sensors. Ground range measurements, amongst several others, are robust to this drift yet are limited in application due to their low-bandwidth and sensitivity to ground conditions. In considering the attitude estimation problem for this dynamic legged locomotion, this paper develops a pose calculation method based on ground range measurements. This is used in conjunction with a hybrid Extended Kalman Filter that takes advantage of the ballistic nature of the flight phases. Results indicate that this combination provides rapid, robust estimates of attitude necessary for extended dynamic legged operations. In single leg experiments, which were conducted using low-cost sensing hardware, this method had an RMS error of < 1 °, half that of a non-hybrid EKF approach.

Sirivivatnanon, V 1970, 'Predicting long-term creep from short-term creep test', American Concrete Institute, ACI Special Publication, pp. 49-62.
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In the design and construction of modern structures such as highrise buildings and long-span bridges, it is extremely important that realistic creep behaviour of concrete is known and used. In the 2003-2004 revision of the Australian Standard for concrete structures AS 3600, a new set of 'basic creep factors' or 'basic creep coefficients' are given to cover a wide range of concrete with characteristic strengths up to 100 MPa. This paper presents the background work undertaken to determine the basic creep factors. As part of this research, the suitability of various methods of extrapolating long-term creep from short-term creep tests were evaluated. The creep characteristics of a range of concretes were measured under sustained load in accordance with AS 1012.16. The concrete mixtures cover a range of constituent materials including a general purpose (GP) cement, an Australian version of an ordinary portland cement, binary and tertiary blends of GP with ground granulated blast furnace slag (slag), fly ash and silica fume. The coarse aggregates were either basalt from New South Wales and Victoria, or river gravel or air-cooled blast furnace slag from New South Wales. The mixtures cover a wide range of characteristic compressive strengths from 15 to 90 MPa. Of the three methods commonly used to extrapolate the long-term creep strain, the power model was found to be the most suitable method with good accuracy and a conservative overestimation of the creep strain. Two practical periods of measurement of short-term creep strain, 2-month and one-year, were examined from the 17 sets of medium-term (3-5 years) creep data. Based on the power model, the predicted ultimate creep strain from 2-month creep data tends to overestimate the basic creep factor by an average of 22% compared with measured values at the end of the 3-5 years of testing. Extending the measurement to one-year improves the accuracy with the average overestimation reduced to an average of 15%.

Smith, AJ, Colombeau, B, Bennett, N, Gwilliam, R, Cowern, N & Sealy, B 1970, 'Low Temperature B Activation in SOI Using Optimised Vacancy Engineering Implants', MRS Proceedings, Symposium on Semiconductor Defect Engineering-Materials, Synthetic Structures and Devices held at the 2005 MRS Spring Meeting, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, San Francisco, CA, pp. 321-325.
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AbstractIn this study 300keV and 1MeV Si vacancy engineering implants have been used to optimise the activation of a 2keV 1×1015cm-2 B implant into SOI. Although the two implants generate a similar areal density of excess vacancies in the SOI top layer, Hall Effect measurements show that low temperature activation is possible to a greater level with the 300keV Si co-implant than with the 1MeV implant. Hall and SIMS data are consistent with a high level of activation of the B at 700°C, with no significant diffusion at the metallurgical junction depth.

Smith, D, Lukasiak, J & Burnett, I 1970, 'A Sequential Approach to Sparse Component Analysis', 2005 IEEE 7th Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, 2005 IEEE 7th Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, IEEE.
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A sequential approach to Sparse Component Analysis (SeqTIF) is proposed in this paper. Although SeqTIF employs the estimation process of the simultaneous TIFROM algorithm [1], a source cancellation and deflation technique are also incorporated to sequentially estimate speech signals in the mixture. Results indicate that SeqTIF's separation performance shows a clear improvement upon the simultaneous TIFROM approach, due to the less restrictive assumptions it places upon the signals in the mixture. In particular, the analysis indicates SeqTIF's data efficiency is high, enabling the sequential approach to track a time-varying mixture with much greater accuracy than the simultaneous algorithm. Furthermore, SeqTIF is a more flexible approach, free from the constraints that a simultaneous approach places upon the mixing system.

Smith, D, Lukasiak, J & Burnett, I 1970, 'An investigation of temporal modeling in blind signal separation', Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Signal Processing and Its Applications, 2005., Eighth International Symposium on Signal Processing and Its Applications, 2005., IEEE, Sydney, AUSTRALIA, pp. 503-506.
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Soliman, R, Braun, R & Simoff, S 1970, 'The essential ingredients of collaboration', Proceedings of the 2005 International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems, 2005., Proceedings of the 2005 International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems, 2005., IEEE, St. Louis, USA, pp. 366-373.
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We propose there are eight essential ingredients for collaboration, regardless of any underlying technology - including face-to-face environments. These ingredients are: two or more people; shared space; time; a common objective; focus on the objective; common language; knowledge in the area of the objective; and interaction. These ingredients are useful for identifying aspects for improvement in both collaboration technology and human collaboration processes. Based on these essential ingredients glimpses of future technology can be seen. © 2005 IEEE.

Sood, SC & Pattinson, HM 1970, 'Semantics in marketspace: emerging semantic marketing computer-mediated environments', Advances in Marketing: Managerial, Pedagogical, Theoretical - Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Society for Marketing Advances, Annual Meeting of the Society for Marketing Advances, Society for Marketing Advances, San Antonio, USA, pp. 198-198.

Sood, SC & Pattinson, HM 1970, 'Urban renewal in Asia-Pacific: A comparative analysis of 'brainports' for Sydney and Kuala Lumpur', Dealing with Dualities - 21st Annual IMP Conference, Annual IMP Conference, IMP Group, Rotterdam, Netherlands, pp. 1-6.

Stoica, L, Tiuraniemi, S, Oppermann, I & Repo, H 1970, 'An Ultra Wideband Impulse Radio Low Complexity Transceiver Architecture for Sensor Networks', 2005 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband, 2005 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband, IEEE, Zurich, SWITZERLAND, pp. 55-59.
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Stoica, L, Tiuraniemi, S, Oppermann, I & Repo, H 1970, 'An Ultra Wideband Low Complexity Circuit Transceiver Architecture for Sensor Networks', 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, IEEE, Kobe, JAPAN, pp. 364-367.
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Struyf, H, Hendrickx, D, Van Olmen, J, Iacopi, F, Richard, O, Travaly, Y, Van Hove, M, Boullart, W, Vanhaelemeersch, S & IEEE 1970, 'Low-damage damascene patterning of SiOC(H) low-k dielectrics', Proceedings of the IEEE 2005 International Interconnect Technology Conference, IEEE International InterconnectTechnology Conference 2005, IEEE, Burlingame, CA, pp. 30-32.
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Su, SW, Wang, L, Celler, BG, Ambikairajah, E, Savkin, AV & IEEE 1970, 'Estimation of walking energy expenditure by using support vector regression', 2005 27th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Vols 1-7, IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Annual Conference, IEEE, Shanghai, China, pp. 3526-3529.
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This paper develops a new predictor of walking energy expenditure from wireless measurements of body movements using triaxial accelerometers. Reliable data were collected from repeated walking experiments in different conditions on a treadmill with simultaneous measurement of expired oxygen and carbon dioxide. Support vector regression, a powerful non-linear regression method, was used to process and model the data. This novel processing method sets this investigation apart from existing papers. Good results were achieved in the robust estimation of walking related energy expenditure from a number of variables derived from triaxial accelerometer and treadmill speed

Su, SW, Wang, L, Celler, BG, Savkin, AV & IEEE 1970, 'Heart rate control during treadmill exercise', 2005 27th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Vols 1-7, IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Annual Conference, IEEE, Shanghai, China, pp. 2471-2474.
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A computer-controlled treadmill and related data collection and processing systems have been developed for the control of heart rate during treadmill exercise. Minimizing deviations of heart rate from a preset profile is achieved by controlling the speed and/or the gradient of the treadmill. A simple and practical heart rate measurement algorithm has been developed to robustly measure the variations of heart rate. Both conventional proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control and fuzzy proportional-integral (PI) control approaches have been employed for the controller design. The fuzzy proportional-integral algorithm achieved better heart rate tracking performance. Finally, a heart rate based exercising protocol was successfully implemented on the newly designed exercise system

Suliman, IM, Oppermann, I, Braysy, T, Konnov, I & Laitinen, E 1970, 'A Cooperative Multihop Radio Resource Allocation in Next Generation Networks', 2005 IEEE 61st Vehicular Technology Conference, 2005 IEEE 61st Vehicular Technology Conference, IEEE, Stockholm, SWEDEN, pp. 2400-2404.
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Surong Wang, Min Xu, Liang-Tien Chia & Dash, M 1970, 'EASIER Sampling for Audio Event Identification', 2005 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, 2005 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, IEEE, pp. 1214-1217.
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An audio event refers to some specific audio sound which plays important role for video content analysis. In our previous work [3], we have established audio event identification as an audio classification task. Due to the large size of audio database, representative samples are necessary for training the classifier. However, the commonly used random selection of training samples is often not adequate in selecting representative samples. In this paper we present EASIER sampling algorithm to select those data which more efficiently represent audio data characters for audio event identifier training. EASIER deterministically produces a subsample whose "distance" from the complete database is minimal. Experiments in the context of audio event identification show that EASIER outperforms simple random sampling significantly. ©2005 IEEE.

T.D. Hoang, T.T. Son, B. Vo & T.Q. Nguyen 1970, 'LMI Characterization for The Convex Hull of Trigonometric Curves and Applications', Proceedings. (ICASSP '05). IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2005., (ICASSP '05). IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2005., IEEE, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 425-428.
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In this paper, we develop a new linear matrix inequality (LW technique, which is practical for solutions of the general trigonometric semi-infinite linear constraint (TSIC) of competitive orders. Based on the new full LMI characterization for the convex

Takezawa, S & Dissanayake, G 1970, 'Simultaneous localisation and mapping problems in indoor environments with stereovision', 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2005. IECON 2005., 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2005. IECON 2005., IEEE, Raleigh, NC, pp. 1896-1901.
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Taufiq, BN, Mahlia, TMI, Masjuki, HH, Faizul, MS & Mohamad, EN 1970, 'Optimization of Radial Convective Radiating Fin Geometry for Single Cylinder Internal Combustion Engine (ICE): Entropy Generation Minimization', ASME 2005 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference, ASME 2005 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference, ASMEDC, Long Beach, CA, pp. 405-413.
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This study attempts to calculate the optimal geometry of convective-radiating radial of ICEs fin arrays using entropy generation method. The analysis is conducted to achieve the balance between entropy generation due to heat transfer and entropy generation due to fluid friction. In designing of the thermal system, it is important to minimize thermal irreversibilities, because the optimal geometry found while the entropy generation rate is minimized. In this study, the entropy generation minimization (EGM) technique based on fin thickness is applied to study the thermodynamic irreversibility caused by heat transfer and fluid irreversibility in radiating convective radial fin arrays. In addition, the cost parameters of fin optimum thickness is also considered and presented. The entropy generation is found to be strongly influenced by emissivity of fin material surface and increasing the cross flow fluid velocity will enhance the heat transfer rate that will reduce the heat transfer irreversibility.

Thomas-Kerr, J, Burnett, I & Ciufo, P 1970, 'Bitstream Binding Language &#8211; Mapping XML Multimedia Containers into Streams', 2005 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, 2005 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, IEEE, Toronto, CANADA, pp. 626-629.
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Tipper, JL, Ingham, E, Jin, ZM & Fisher, J 1970, '(iv) The science of metal-on-metal articulation', Current Orthopaedics, Elsevier BV, pp. 280-287.
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Tiuraniemi, S, Stoica, L, Rabbachin, A & Oppermann, I 1970, 'Front-End Receiver for Low Power, Low Complexity Non-Coherent UWB Communications System', 2005 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband, 2005 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband, IEEE, Zurich, SWITZERLAND, pp. 339-343.
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Tsang, IW, Kwok, JT & Cheung, PM 1970, 'Very large SVM training using Core Vector Machines', AISTATS 2005 - Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics, pp. 349-356.
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Standard SVM training has O(m 3) time and O(m 2) space complexities, where m is the training set size. In this paper, we scale up kernel methods by exploiting the 'approximateness' in practical SVM implementations. We formulate many kernel methods as equivalent minimum enclosing ball problems in computational geometry, and then obtain provably approximately optimal solutions efficiently with the use of core-sets. Our proposed Core Vector Machine (CVM) algorithm has a time complexity that is linear in m and a space complexity that is independent of m. Experiments on large toy and real-world data sets demonstrate that the CVM is much faster and can handle much larger data sets than existing scale-up methods. In particular, on our PC with only 512M RAM, the CVM with Gaussian kernel can process the checkerboard data set with 1 million points in less than 13 seconds.

Tsang, IW, Kwok, JT & Lai, KT 1970, 'Core Vector Regression for very large regression problems', Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on Machine learning - ICML '05, the 22nd international conference, ACM Press, pp. 912-919.
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In this paper, we extend the recently proposed Core Vector Machine algorithm to the regression setting by generalizing the underlying minimum enclosing ball problem. The resultant Core Vector Regression (CVR) algorithm can be used with any linear/nonlinear kernels and can obtain provably approximately optimal solutions. Its asymptotic time complexity is linear in the number of training patterns m, while its space complexity is independent of m. Experiments show that CVR has comparable performance with SVR, but is much faster and produces much fewer support vectors on very large data sets. It is also successfully applied to large 3D point sets in computer graphics for the modeling of implicit surfaces.

Tsang, IW, Pak-Ming Cheung & Kwok, JT 1970, 'Kernel relevant component analysis for distance metric learning', Proceedings. 2005 IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, 2005., International Joint Conference on Neural Networks 2005, IEEE, Montreal, CANADA, pp. 954-959.
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van den Hoven, E & Eggen, B 1970, 'Personal souvenirs as ambient intelligent objects', Proceedings of the 2005 joint conference on Smart objects and ambient intelligence: innovative context-aware services: usages and technologies, sOc-EUSAI05: Smart Objects & Ambient Intelligence, ACM, Grenoble, France, pp. 123-128.
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Recollecting memories is an important everyday activity, which can be supported in an Ambient Intelligent environment. For optimal support cues are needed that make people reconstruct their memories. The cue category that is most suitable for an Ambient Intelligent environment concerns physical objects, more specifically souvenirs. This paper shows that personal souvenirs are suitable for usage in an Ambient Intelligent recollecting application.

Van Schaik, A, Reeve, R, Jin, C & Hamilton, T 1970, 'An a VLSI cricket ear model', Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 1385-1392.
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Female crickets can locate males by phonotaxis to the mating song they produce. The behaviour and underlying physiology has been studied in some depth showing that the cricket auditory system solves this complex problem in a unique manner. We present an analogue very large scale integrated (aVLSI) circuit model of this process and show that results from testing the circuit agree with simulation and what is known from the behaviour and physiology of the cricket auditory system. The aVLSI circuitry is now being extended to use on a robot along with previously modelled neural circuitry to better understand the complete sensorimotor pathway.

Varman, M, Faizul, MS, Masjuki, HH, Kalam, MA & Mahlia, TMI 1970, 'Study of lubricant viscosity from a diesel engine operating on various percentages of coconut oil blended fuel', Proceedings of the World Tribology Congress III - 2005, pp. 861-862.
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In this study, the lubricant viscosity from a diesel engine operating on various percentages of coconut oil blended fuel is investigated to determine the suitable mixture appropriate for a diesel engine. The coconut oil was blended with conventional diesel fuel at an amount varying from ten to fifty percent. The lubricant used in this study is the conventional commercially available lubricant (SAE 40). After proper blending of diesel with coconut oil, the blended fuels are loaded into the fuel tank. The engine is operated at half throttle setting running at 1600 rpm for 100 hours. At every ten hour interval, one lubricant sample was collected and analyzed using a viscometer at 100 °C and 40 °C. The results show that the viscosity for all the blended fuel remain about constant throughout the 100 hours test. However, fifty percent coconut oil blended fuel at 40 °C shows slightly lower viscosity level in comparison to other percentages of blended fuel system. It is expected this is due to high fuel dilution in lube oil. As a result, ten to thirty percent coconut oil blended fuels seems suitable for diesel engine because it's able to prolong lubricant life span by maintaining its viscosity. Copyright © 2005 by ASME.

Varman, M, Faizul, MS, Masjuki, HH, Kalam, MA & Mahlia, TMI 1970, 'Study of Lubricant Viscosity From Diesel Engine Operating on Various Percentages of Coconut Oil Blended Fuel', World Tribology Congress III, Volume 1, World Tribology Congress III, ASMEDC.
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In this study, the lubricant viscosity from a diesel engine operating on various percentages of coconut oil blended fuel is investigated to determine the suitable mixture appropriate for a diesel engine. The coconut oil was blended with conventional diesel fuel at an amount varying from ten to fifty percent. The lubricant used in this study is the conventional commercially available lubricant (SAE 40). After proper blending of diesel with coconut oil, the blended fuels are loaded into the fuel tank. The engine is operated at half throttle setting running at 1600 rpm for 100 hours. At every ten hour interval, one lubricant sample was collected and analyzed using a viscometer at 100 °C and 40 °C. The results show that the viscosity for all the blended fuel remain about constant throughout the 100 hours test. However, fifty percent coconut oil blended fuel at 40 °C shows slightly lower viscosity level in comparison to other percentages of blended fuel system. It is expected this is due to high fuel dilution in lube oil. As a result, ten to thirty percent coconut oil blended fuels seems suitable for diesel engine because it’s able to prolong lubricant life span by maintaining its viscosity.

Voinov, AA 1970, 'Understanding and communicating sustainability: Global versus regional', AIChE Annual Meeting, Conference Proceedings, p. 12970.
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Sustainability in its present connotation is a Western concept that has emerged in the West and largely epresents the attitudes of the developed world. Systems in the developing countries are in transition that is further promoted by globalization. They are foreign to sustainability because by definition they are apt to change rather than maintenance, they are either in the release or renewal stages that hardly anybody wishes to sustain, or have just entered the growth stage. Sustainability is enticing for the developed economic systems, which have reached the conservation phase, and would rather endure this stage. In communicating the knowledge of sustainability it is essential to adapt to the local specifics and redefine sustainability accordingly. Local sustainability can be ensured only by borrowing energy, resources and adaptive potential from outside of the system, or by decreasing the sustainability of the global system. Sustainability of a subsystem is achieved at the expense of the supersystem or other subsystems. Therefore institutions that are to maintain life support systems on this planet need to emphasize global priorities and test policies and strategies against the sustainability of the biosphere, rather than regional or local sustainability. We illustrate these ideas with our findings in the Kola Peninsula Russia) and in the Mekong watershed.

Waldron, KJ, Enedah, C & Gladstone, H 1970, 'Stiffness and texture perception for teledermatology.', Stud Health Technol Inform, Medicine Meets Virtual Reality, IOS Press Fairfax, Netherlands, pp. 579-585.
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The goal of the teledermatology project currently being carried out at Stanford University is to deliver tactile images of the human skin to a dermatologist at a remote location, in real time. In order to make a diagnosis, dermatologists typically need to obtain data regarding the skin texture and the mechanical properties of any lesions on a patient's skin. For example, pre-cancerous or weather-damaged skin typically feels rougher than normal skin and the profile and stiffness of the underlying tissue may shed light on the nature of a skin disease.

Wang, C, Lu, J, Zhang, GQ & Society, IEEEC 1970, 'A semantic classification approach for online product reviews', 2005 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence, Proceedings, IEEE/WIC/ACM international Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology, IEEE, France, pp. 276-279.
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With the fast growth of e-commerce, product reviews on the Web have become an important information source for customersý decision making when they plan to buy products online. As the reviews are often too many for customers to go through, how to automatically classify them into different semantic orientations (i.e. recommend/not recommend) has become a research problem. Different from traditional approaches that treat a review as a whole, our approach performs semantic classifications at the sentence level by realizing reviews often contain mixed feelings or opinions. In this approach, a typical feature selection method based on sentence tagging is employed and a naïve bayes classifier is used to create a base classification model, which is then combined with certain heuristic rules for review sentence classification. Experiments show that this approach achieves better results than using general naïve bayes classifiers.

Wang, D, Liu, D, Wu, X & Tan, K 1970, 'A Force Field Method for Robot Navigation', Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Computational Intelligence, Robotics and Autonomous Systems, International Conference on Computational Intelligence, Robotics and Autonomous Systems, CIRAS & FIRA Organising Committee 2005, Singapore, pp. 1-6.

Wang, H, Wang, M, Hintz, T, He, X & Wu, Q 1970, 'Fractal image compression on a pseudo Spiral Architecture', Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology Series, Australasian Computer Science Conference, ACM, Newcastle, Aust, pp. 201-208.
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Fractal image compression is a relatively recent image compression method which exploits similarities in different parts of the image. The basic idea is to represent an image by fractals and each of which is the fixed point of an Iterated Function System (IFS). Therefore, an input image can be represented by a series of IFS codes rather than pixels. In this way, an impressive compression ratio 10000:1 can be achieved. The application of fractal image compression presented in this paper is based on a novel image structure, Spiral Architecture, which has hexagonal instead of square pixels as the basic element. In the paper evidence would suggest that introducing Spiral Architecture into fractal image compression will improve the compression performance in compression ratio with little suffering in image quality. There are also much research could be done in this area to further improve the results. Copyright © 2005, Australian Computer Society, Inc.

Wang, J, Wang, QL & Li, YC 1970, 'Finite element analysis of magnetorheological damper', Electrorheological Fluids and Magnetorheological Suspensions (ERMR 2004), Proceedings, 9th International Conference on Electorheological (ER) Fluids and Magnetorheological (MR), WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD, Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 722-727.

Wang, JN & Li, YC 1970, 'The dynamic simulation and test verification of MR shock absorber under impact load', Electrorheological Fluids and Magnetorheological Suspensions (ERMR 2004), Proceedings, 9th International Conference on Electorheological (ER) Fluids and Magnetorheological (MR), WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD, Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 822-828.

Wang, L, Su, SW, Celler, BG, Ambikairajah, E & IEEE 1970, 'Analysis of orientation error of triaxial accelerometers on the assessment of energy expenditure', 2005 27th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Vols 1-7, IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Annual Conference, IEEE, Shanghai, China, pp. 3514-3517.
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This paper investigates the effects of orientation error in the positioning of triaxial accelerometers on the assessment of energy expenditure. Four subjects walked on a treadmill at varying velocities ranging from 4km.h-1 to 5km.h-1 . During each test, a triaxial accelerometer attached to the lower back at arbitrary orientations to record body accelerations. Energy expenditure was estimated by the sum of the integrals of the absolute value of accelerometer output from all the three measurement directions. Based on theoretical analysis and experimental observations, it is concluded that small orientation errors (<3deg) have no distinguishable effects on the estimation of energy expenditure. We propose an efficient method to compensate for larger orientation errors. The experimental results verified the effectiveness of this proposed compensation method

Wang, L, Su, SW, Celler, BG, Savkin, AV & IEEE 1970, 'Modeling of a gas concentration measurement system', 2005 27th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Vols 1-7, IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Annual Conference, IEEE, Shanghai, China, pp. 6695-6698.
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Energy expenditure can be calculated via measurement of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. Precise measurement of expired gas concentrations and volume is required for this determination. For a given gas concentration measurement system, the establishment of a model is a good way to effectively use the equipments and achieve more accurate energy expenditure calculations. This paper proposes a simple but effective approach for the modeling of a gas concentration measurement system.

Wang, SR, Xu, M, Chia, LT & Dash, M 1970, 'EASIER sampling for audio event identification', 2005 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME), Vols 1 and 2, IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME), IEEE, Amsterdam, NETHERLANDS, pp. 1215-1218.

Wang, Z, Huang, SD, Dissanayake, G & IEEE 1970, 'Decoupling localization and mapping in SLAM using compact relative maps', 2005 IEEE/RSJ INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT ROBOTS AND SYSTEMS, VOLS 1-4, IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, IEEE, Edmonton, Canada, pp. 1041-1046.
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In this paper, we propose a new algorithm for SLAM that makes use of a state vector consisting of quantities that describes the relative locations among features. In contrast to previous relative map strategies, the new state vector is compact and always consists of 2n - 3 elements (in a 2-D environment) where n is the number of features in the map. It is also shown that the information from observations can be transformed and grouped into two parts: first one containing the information about the map and the second one containing the information about the robot location relative to the features in the map. Therefore the SLAM can be decoupled into two processes where mapping uses the first part of the transformed observation vector and localization becomes a 3-dimensional estimation problem. It is also shown that the information matrix of the map is exactly sparse, resulting in potential computational savings when an information filter is used for mapping. The new decoupled SLAM algorithm is called D-SLAM and is illustrated using simulation. © 2005 IEEE.

Watt, D, Willey, K & IEEE 1970, 'The complex, chaotic, and fractal nature of complex systems', INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS, IEEE Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, IEEE, The Big Island, Hawaii, USA, pp. 3155-3160.
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The systems perspective has been established as a means to structure and understand complex phenomenon. Current approaches are premised on defining and establishing a hierarchical (reductionist) structure that, in effect represents a complex system as a system of systems. The underlying assumption of reductionism is that the resultant component behaviour and dynamics represent the overall system behaviour. In reality, most complex systems and management approaches are highly interconnected, dynamic and subject to non-linear behaviour. As such, they defy any rational description in terms of overall behaviour and effectiveness as prescribed through reductionism. This paper considers the management of major projects as a complex of systems and discusses the nature, characteristics and properties that lead to the difficulties associated with reductionism. The need for systems science, or synthesis, approaches is briefly discussed as an effective means to addressing the situation.

Watterson, PA, Collocott, SJ, Dunlop, JB, Gwan, PB, Hunter, GP, Kalan, BA & Lovatt, HC 1970, 'High-torque brushless DC motor for a valve actuator', 2005 International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, IEEE, Nanging, China, pp. 153-158.
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Weakley, AJ, Johnston, AJ, Edmonds, EA & Turner, GA 1970, 'Creative Collaboration: Communication Translation and Generation in the Development of a Computer-based Artwork', HCI International 2005 - 11th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc, Las Vegas, Nevada, pp. 1-9.

Weily, AR, Esselle, KP, Sanders, BC & Bird, TS 1970, 'A woodpile EBG sectoral horn antenna', 2005 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 2005 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, IEEE, pp. 323-326.
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A H-plane sectoral horn antenna made from a woodpile electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) material is described. The electromagnetic confinement mechanism within the horn antenna relies wholly on the 3D EBG of the woodpile material, which is flared in the H-plane. The antenna has a typical sectoral horn pattern with a directional beam in one principal plane and a broader beam in the other. In a prototype antenna, a rectangular waveguide-to-EBG waveguide transition is used to deliver energy to the horn. Preliminary theoretical results on radiation patterns and impedance bandwidth of this antenna are described. The bandwidth of the antenna is almost equal to that of the defect waveguide. © 2005 IEEE.

Weily, AR, Esselle, KP, Sanders, BC & Bird, TS 1970, 'Layer-by-Layer 3D Photonic Crystal Waveguides and Components --- Theoretical Analysis for Microwave Implementation', Conference on Optoelectronic and Microelectronic Materials and Devices, 2004., Conference on Optoelectronic and Microelectronic Materials and Devices, 2004., IEEE, Univ Queensland, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA, pp. 165-168.
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Wen-Chang Cheng & Chin-Teng Lin 1970, 'A Novel Post-Nonlinear ICA-Based Reflectance Model for 3D Surface Reconstruction', 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, IEEE, Kobe, JAPAN, pp. 3023-3026.
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Wenjing Jia, Huaifeng Zhang & Xiangjian He 1970, 'Mean Shift for Accurate Number Plate Detection', Third International Conference on Information Technology and Applications (ICITA'05), Third International Conference on Information Technology and Applications (ICITA'05), IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 732-737.
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This paper presents a robust method for number plate detection, where mean shift segmentation is used to segment color vehicle images into candidate regions. Three features are extracted in order to decide whether a candidate region contains a number plate, namely, rectangularity, aspect ratio, and edge density. Then, the Mahalanobis classifier is used with respect to the above three features to detect number plate regions accurately. The experimental results show that our algorithm produces high robustness and accuracy. © 2005 IEEE.

Wenjing Jia, Huaifeng Zhang, Xiangjian He & Piccardi, M 1970, 'Mean shift for accurate license plate localization', Proceedings. 2005 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2005., 2005 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2005., IEEE, Vienna, Austria, pp. 566-571.
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This paper presents a region-based algorithm for accurate license plate localization, where mean shift is utilized to filter and segment color vehicle images into candidate regions. Three features are extracted in order to decide whether a candidate region represents a real license plate, namely, rectangularity, aspect ratio, and edge density. Then, the Mahalanobis classifier is used with respect to above three features to classify license plate regions and non-license plate regions. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm produces high robustness and accuracy. © 2005 IEEE.

Westra, S & Ball, JE 1970, 'The influence of autocorrelated errors on Catchment Modelling Systems', The 29th Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium: Water Capital, Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium, Engineers Australia, Canberra, Australia, pp. 1-8.
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The calibration of catchment modelling systems (CMSs) is regarded as an important part of the modelling process to ensure the reliability and robustness of the parameters. This typically involves minimising an objective function that measures the goodness of fit between observed and simulated hydrographs, with the mean squared error (MSE) objective function being one of the most popular. The focus of this paper is on the assumptions that underlie this objective function, and in particular, on the assumption that the model errors should be independently distributed. Using the US EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) applied to the Powells Creek Catchment in Sydney, Australia as a case study, it is shown that the model errors were autocorrelated for each of the ten historical rainfall/runoff events that were analysed, and that autocorrelation could be removed by fitting a lag-one autoregressive [AR(1)] model to these errors. When examining the influence of the autocorrelated errors on the model performance, however, it was found that the removal of autocorrelation did not result in any observable improvement, and in fact worsened model performance in some cases. The results of this study therefore suggest that caution should be exercised when using an autoregressive model to meet the assumption of independence during model calibration.

Widjaja, J, Samali, B, Li, J & Reizes, J 1970, 'Dynamic frequency de-tuning using controllable beamcolumn semi-rigid connections', 4th Australasian Congress on Applied Mechanics, ACAM 2005, Australasian Congress on Applied Mechanics, Institute of Materials Engineering Australasia Ltd, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 807-813.
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The concept of frequency de-tuning and damping enhancement to avoid resonant frequencies and to suppress the vibration response of structures, respectively, has been known for passive vibration control systems since mid 1950's. Ideally the concept shifts the structural frequency away from resonant frequency and significantly reduces the structural response in the 'narrow-band' dampingcontrolled region. However in reality, the passive vibration control performance depends heavily on the dynamic characteristics of energy dissipation systems that are fixed and only applicable for a particular frequency band. Conversely, the Direct Current (DC) controllable beam-column semirigid connections using Magneto-rheological (MR) rotational fluid dampers, can act as real time adjustable passive control devices for any required frequency band. The supplied DC current level can adjust the device torque and rotational velocity characteristics that affect the structural frequency. This paper presents a preliminary parametric study on vibration control performance of a single and a two storey prototype plane frame model due to combination of frequency de-tuning and its associated damping enhancement by selecting end beam connections as either hinged or fixed. The controllable semi-rigid connection characteristics are represented in terms of normalised frequency. And the control performance indicated by Amplitude Frequency Characteristics (AFC) of the models is studied numerically and presented graphically. The study yields an insight into the controllable connections prior to any experiments. © Institute of Materials Engineering Australasia Ltd 2005.

Widjaja, JH, Samali, B, Li, J & Reizes, J 1970, 'Seismic Structural Control Investigations Using a Prototype Magnetorheological Shear Damper', Australian Structural Engineering Conference 2005: Structural Engineering - Preserving and Building into the Future, Australian Structural Engineering Conference, Tour Hosts Pty Limited, Newcastle, Australia, pp. 1-11.

Wong, K-FS, Tsang, IW, Cheung, V, Chan, S-HG & Kwok, JT 1970, 'Position estimation for wireless sensor networks', GLOBECOM '05. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 2005., GLOBECOM '05. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 2005., IEEE, St Louis, MO, pp. 2772-2776.
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Wu, M & Gide, E 1970, 'A Survey Framework Based on Neuman's Research Method in E-commerce Study', 2005 IEEE International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics, and Informatics, Beijing, China.

Wu, M & Gide, E 1970, 'How to Measure E-commerce System Success Well: Business Satisfaction or Customer Satisfaction', 2005 IEEE International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics, and Informatics, Beijing, China.

Wu, M & Gide, E 1970, 'The Challenges and Demands: Internationalisation of E-commerce Higher Education in China', 2005 International Conference on Business and Information (BAI2005), Hong Kong.

Wu, M, Xing, QD & Dai, L 1970, 'Service Industry and Informatics: Learning from Australia’s Experiences', Chinese Information Economy Society Conference (CIES) (in Mandarin), Guangzhou, China.

Wu, Q, He, S & Hintz, TB 1970, 'Bi-lateral filtering based edge detection on hexagonal architecture', 2005 IEEE International Conference On Acoustics, Speech, And Signal Processing, Vols 1-5 - Speech Processing, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, IEEE, Philadelphia, PA, USA, pp. 11713-11716.
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Edge detection plays an important role in image processing area but is still an open problem. This paper presents a novel edge detection method based on bi-lateral filtering which achieves better performance than single Gaussian filtering. In this form of filtering, both spatial closeness and intensity similarity of pixels are considered in order to preserve important visual cues provided by edges and reduce the sharpness of transitions in intensity values as well. In addition, the edge detection method proposed in this paper is achieved on hexagonally sampled images. Due to the compact and circular nature of the hexagonal lattice, a better quality edge map is obtained on hexagonal architecture than common edge detection on square architecture. Experimental results using our proposed method in this paper exhibit encouraging performance.

Xiangjian He & Wenjing Jia 1970, 'Hexagonal Structure for Intelligent Vision', 2005 International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies, 2005 International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies, IEEE, Karachi, Pakistan, pp. 52-64.
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Using hexagonal grids to represent digital images have been studied for more than 40 years. Increased processing capabilities of graphic devices and recent improvements in CCD technology have made hexagonal sampling attractive for practical applications and brought new interests on this topic. The hexagonal structure is considered to be preferable to the rectangular structure due to its higher sampling efficiency, consistent connectivity and higher angular resolution and is even proved to be superior to square structure in many applications. Since there is no mature hardware for hexagonal-based image capture and display, square to hexagonal image conversion has to be done before hexagonal-based image processing. Although hexagonal image representation and storage has not yet come to a standard, experiments based on existing hexagonal coordinate systems have never ceased. In this paper, we firstly introduced general reasons that hexagonally sampled images are chosen for research. Then, typical hexagonal coordinates and addressing schemes, as well as hexagonal based image processing and applications, are fully reviewed. © 2005 IEEE.

Xiaojing Huang 1970, 'Simple implementations of mutually orthogonal complementary sets of sequences', 2005 International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems, 2005 International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems, IEEE, Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Chung Chi Coll, Hong Kong, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 369-372.
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Xu, G, Zhang, Y & Zhou, X 1970, 'A Web Recommendation Technique Based on Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis', Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 6th International Conference on Web Information Systems Engineering, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, New York, NY, USA, pp. 15-28.
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Web transaction data between Web visitors and Web functionalities usually convey user task-oriented behavior pattern. Mining such type of click-stream data will lead to capture usage pattern information. Nowadays Web usage mining technique has become one of most widely used methods for Web recommendation, which customizes Web content to user-preferred style. Traditional techniques of Web usage mining, such as Web user session or Web page clustering, association rule and frequent navigational path mining can only discover usage pattern explicitly. They, however, cannot reveal the underlying navigational activities and identify the latent relationships that are associated with the patterns among Web users as well as Web pages. In this work, we propose a Web recommendation framework incorporating Web usage mining technique based on Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis (PLSA) model. The main advantages of this method are, not only to discover usage-based access pattern, but also to reveal the underlying latent factor as well. With the discovered user access pattern, we then present user more interested content via collaborative recommendation. To validate the effectiveness of proposed approach, we conduct experiments on real world datasets and make comparisons with some existing traditional techniques, The preliminary experimental results demonstrate the usability of the proposed approach. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005.

Xu, G, Zhang, Y & Zhou, X 1970, 'Towards User Profiling for Web Recommendation', Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 18th Australian Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Sydney, Australia, pp. 415-424.
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Xu, G, Zhang, Y & Zhou, X 1970, 'Using probabilistic latent semantic analysis for web page grouping', Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Research Issues in Data Engineering, 15th International Workshop on Research Issues in Data Engineering: Stream Data Mining and Applications, IEEE Computer Society, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 29-36.
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The locality of web pages within a web site is initially determined by the designer's expectation. Web usage mining can discover the patterns in the navigational behaviour of web visitors, in turn, improve web site functionality and service designing by considering users' actual opinion. Conventional web page clustering technique is often utilized to reveal the functional similarity of web pages. However, high-dimensional computation problem will be incurred due to taking user transaction as dimension. In this paper, we propose a new web page grouping approach based on Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis (PLSA) model. An iterative algorithm based on maximum likelihood principle is employed to overcome the aforementioned computational shortcoming. The web pages are classified into various groups according to user access patterns. Meanwhile, the semantic latent factors or tasks are characterized by extracting the content of 'dominant' pages related to the factors. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by conducting experiments on real world data sets. © 2005 IEEE.

Xu, G, Zhang, Y, Ma, J & Zhou, X 1970, 'Discovering user access pattern based on probabilistic latent factor model', Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology Series, 16th Australasian Database Conference, Australian Computer Society, Newcastle, Australia, pp. 27-35.
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There has been an increased demand for characterizing user access patterns using web mining techniques since the informative knowledge extracted from web server log files can not only offer benefits for web site structure improvement but also for better understanding of user navigational behavior. In this paper, we present a web usage mining method, which utilize web user usage and page linkage information to capture user access pattern based on Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis (PLSA) model. A specific probabilistic model analysis algorithm, EM algorithm, is applied to the integrated usage data to infer the latent semantic factors as well as generate user session clusters for revealing user access patterns. Experiments have been conducted on real world data set to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results have shown that the presented method is capable of characterizing the latent semantic factors and generating user profile in terms of weighted page vectors, which may reflect the common access interest exhibited by users among same session cluster. © 2005, Australian Computer Society, Inc.

Yading Li, Esselle, K, Weily, A & Yuehe Ge 1970, 'A dual-band planar compact artificial magnetic conductor', 2005 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 2005 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, IEEE, pp. 451-454.
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A novel, dual-band, planar artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) structure is presented. For the same operating frequencies, the unit cell length is approximately one third of that of a previous dual-band AMC, which also did not require vias. This novel AMC surface also offers additional flexibility in controlling the operating frequencies and bandwidths. © 2005 IEEE.

Yang Wang & Qiang Ji 1970, 'A Dynamic Conditional Random Field Model for Object Segmentation in Image Sequences', 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05), 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05), IEEE, San Diego, CA, pp. 264-270.
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Yang Wang, Kia-Fock Loe, Tele Tan & Jian-Kang Wu 1970, 'A Dynamic Hidden Markov Random Field Model for Foreground and Shadow Segmentation', 2005 Seventh IEEE Workshops on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV/MOTION'05) - Volume 1, 2005 Seventh IEEE Workshops on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV/MOTION'05), IEEE.
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Ye, T, Veitch, D, Iannaccone, G & Bhattacharyya, S 1970, 'Divide and conquer: PC-based packet trace replay at OC-48 speeds', Proceddings - First International Conference on Testbeds and Research Infrastructures for the Development of Networks and Communities, Tridentcom 2005, IEEE, pp. 262-271.
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Today's Internet backbone networking devices need to be tested under realistic traffic conditions at transmission rates of OC-48 and above. While commercially available synthetic traffic generators are capable of keeping up with high transmission rates, they fail to produce realistic mixes of flow, packet and address arrival patterns. We explore the alternative of replaying real packet traces from high-speed links using multiple commodity PCs equipped with lower-speed network interfaces. Such an approach is inherently cost-effective because of the use of commodity hardware, and can scale up to any desired transmission rate. We first examine how to split a trace among multiple PCs for the purpose of replaying, and validate our technique using simulations. We use a wavelet 'spectrum' or energy plot for this purpose which enables traffic processes to be viewed simultaneously on many time-scales. Then we present an implementation using Linux PCs with gigabit Ethernet interfaces to replay OC-48 packet traces from the Sprint backbone. Our results show that the replayed trace is very similar to the original trace at most time scales. We are also able to pinpoint the specific system components that contributed to the replay inaccuracy, as well as identify several important challenges that remain to be explored in-depth.

Ying Yan, Jianguo Zhu, Haiwei Lu, Youguang Guo & Shuhong Wang 1970, 'A PMSM model incorporating structural and saturation saliencies', 2005 International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, IEEE, Nanjing, China, pp. 194-199.
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Sensorless permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive systems have become very attractive due to their advantages, such as the reduction of hardware complexity and hence the reduced system cost and increased reliability. In order to accurately determine the rotor position required for correct electronic commutation, various methods have been proposed. Among them, the most versatile makes use of the structural and/or magnetic saturation saliencies of the PMSM. This paper presents a non-linear model for PMSMs with the saliencies. The phase inductances of a PMSM are measured and expressed by Fourier series at different rotor positions according to their patterns. The dynamic performance of the PMSM is simulated and compared with that based on a model without considering saliency to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model.

Ying Yan, Jianguo Zhu, Haiwei Lu, Youguang Guo & Shuhong Wang 1970, 'Study of A PMSM Model Incorporating Structural and Saturation Saliencies', 2005 International Conference on Power Electronics and Drives Systems, 2005 International Conference on Power Electronics and Drives Systems, IEEE, Kuala Lumper, Malaysia, pp. 575-580.
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Sensorless permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive systems have become more attractive due to their advantages, such as reduction of hardware complexity and hence the system cost and increment of system reliability. In order to correctly obtain the rotor position required for the appropriate control, various methods have been proposed. Among them, the most versatile method makes use of the structural and magnetic saturation saliencies of the PMSM. This paper presents a non-linear model of permanent magnet synchronous motors with the saliencies. The phase inductances of a PMSM motor are measured and expressed by Fourier series under different stator currents and rotor positions according to its pattern. The simulated dynamic performance is compared with that based on a model without considering saliency to verify the effectiveness of the proposed PMSM model.

Ying, MS 1970, 'A theory of computation based on quantum logic (I)', 2005 IEEE International Conference on Granular Computing, Vols 1 and 2, IEEE International Conference on Granular Computing, IEEE, Beijing, China, pp. 91-91.
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Summary form only given. The (meta) logic underlying classical theory of computation is Boolean (two-valued) logic. Quantum logic was proposed by Birkhoff and von Neumann as a logic of quantum mechanics. It is currently understood as a logic whose truth values are taken from an orthomodular lattice. The major difference between Boolean logic and quantum logic is that the latter does not enjoy distributivity in general. The rapid development of quantum computation in recent years stimulates us to establish a theory of computation based on quantum logic. The present paper is the first step toward such a new theory and it focuses on the simplest models of computation, namely finite automata. We introduce the notion of orthomodular lattice-valued (quantum) automaton. The Kleene theorem about equivalence of regular expressions and finite automata is generalized into quantum logic. We also present a pumping lemma for orthomodular lattice-valued regular languages.

Yonguang Guo, Jianguo Zhu & Haiwei Lu 1970, 'Design of SMC motors using hybrid optimization techniques and 3D FEA with increasing accuracy', 2005 International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, IEEE, Nanjing, China, pp. 2296-2301.
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This paper presents the design and analysis of a three-phase three-stack permanent magnet claw pole motor with soft magnetic composite (SMC) stator core. 3D finite element analysis (FEA) of magnetic field is performed to accurately calculate key motor parameters and performance. Combined optimization techniques and 3D FEA with increasing accuracy are applied to effectively reduce the computational time. The designed motor has been fabricated and tested. The theoretical calculations are validated by the experimental results on the prototype.

Yoshizawa, S, Miyanaga, Y, Ochi, H, Itho, Y, Hataoka, N, Sai, B, Takayama, N & Hirata, M 1970, '300-Mbps OFDM transceiver for wireless communication with an 80-MHz bandwidth', 2005 International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems, 2005 International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems, IEEE.
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YouGuang Guo, Jian Guo Zhu & Haiwei Lu 1970, 'Design and Analysis of a Permanent Magnet Claw Pole/Transverse Flux Motor with SMC Core', 2005 International Conference on Power Electronics and Drives Systems, 2005 International Conference on Power Electronics and Drives Systems, IEEE, pp. 1413-1418.
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This paper presents the design and analysis of a claw pole/transverse flux motor (CPTFM) with soft magnetic composite (SMC) core and permanent magnet flux-concentrating rotor. Three-dimensional magnetic field finite element analysis is conducted to accurately calculate key motor parameters such as winding flux, back electromotive force, winding inductance, and core loss. Equivalent electric circuit is derived under optimum brushless DC control condition for motor performance prediction, and computer search techniques are applied for design optimization. All these computations and analyses have been implemented in a commercial software ANSYS for development of the SMC CPTFM prototype.

Yousef, B, Doan Hoang & Rogers, G 1970, 'Autonomic Resource Management for Extensible Control Planes', Sixth IEEE International Symposium on a World of Wireless Mobile and Multimedia Networks, Sixth IEEE International Symposium on a World of Wireless Mobile and Multimedia Networks, IEEE, Taormina - Giardini Naxos, Italy, pp. 522-526.
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A dynamically extensible control plane is a key enabling feature of next generation intelligent self-configuring networks. This extensibility can be achieved by enabling service deployment into the control plane of a network. These services consume unpre

Yousef, B, Doan Hoang, Thamsakom, P, Hanh Le & Chan, J 1970, 'Network support for distributed web services', INDIN '05. 2005 3rd IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics, 2005., INDIN '05. 2005 3rd IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics, 2005., IEEE, Perth, Australia, pp. 797-801.
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Web servers rely on edge network devices to perform a number of operations that directly affect the experience of clients and Web services. Distributing Web services across geographic locations owned and configured by third parties is becoming increasingly popular in dealing with high demands. Under the current distributed model, a uniform configuration across all sites is difficult to maintain, resulting in different clients and service experience, which are dependent on the local set-up. In this paper, we propose a model and architecture that enable the owner of a Web service to maintain uniform configuration across all hosting sites. The model enables the administrator of a Web service to write a single configuration script that is then executed on all edge devices at all hosting sites. This is enabled by deploying a new edge device architecture called Serviter. Serviter enables safe sharing of devices through strict partitioning and hardware abstraction thereby facilitating interoperability among vendors.

Yu, K & Oppermann, I 1970, 'Performance of decorrelating receiver in multipath Rician fading channels', Proceedings. International Symposium on Information Theory, 2005. ISIT 2005., Proceedings. International Symposium on Information Theory, 2005. ISIT 2005., IEEE, Adelaide, AUSTRALIA, pp. 322-326.
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Yu, S & Zhou, W 1970, 'A Mesh Based Anycast Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks', PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING AND APPLICATIONS, 3rd International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Processing and Applications, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Nanjing, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 927-932.
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Yu, S & Zhou, W 1970, 'An Efficient Reliable Architecture for Application Layer Anycast Service', DISTRIBUTED AND PARALLEL COMPUTING, 6th International Conference on Algorithms and Architectures for Parallel Processing, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA, pp. 376-385.
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Yuehe Ge, Esselle, KP & Bird, TS 1970, 'A Dual-Band Monopole Antenna for Mobile Communications', IEEE/ACES International Conference on Wireless Communications and Applied Computational Electromagnetics, 2005., IEEE/ACES International Conference on Wireless Communications and Applied Computational Electromagnetics, 2005., IEEE, Honolulu, HI, pp. 971-974.
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Yuehe Ge, Esselle, KP & Bird, TS 1970, 'Small quad-band WLAN antenna', 2005 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 2005 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, IEEE, pp. 56-59.
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A novel multi-band printed antenna, ideal for all IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network (WLAN) systems, is presented. It operates well in all frequency bands (2.45, 4.9, 5.25 and 5.775 GHz) allocated worldwide for IEEE 802.11a, b, g and j wireless computer systems, demonstrating a return loss > 10dB, an excellent efficiency and a wide radiation pattern. The antenna is printed on a thin (0.8mm), low cost substrate FR4 using standard microstrip fabrication techniques at a very low cost, and hence it does not require extra processes for mounting or connecting it to the transceiver board. Its very small footprint area (only 10×10mm) makes it the smallest quad-band WLAN antenna available yet. The antenna is based on a unique layout of two bent printed strips in which one strip bends around the other and their terminal segments are closer to each other than the rest. © 2005 IEEE.

Yuehe Ge, Weily, A & Esselle, KP 1970, 'Application of an Extended Spectral FDTD Method for the Analysis of Periodic Structures with Lumped Elements', 2005 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference Proceedings, 2005 Asia-Pacific Microwave, IEEE, pp. 1-4.
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In this paper, a novel FDTD method is presented for calculating the dispersion diagram of periodic structures that include lumped passive circuit elements. By combining the FDTD method with periodic boundary conditions (PBCs) and the uniaxial perfect matched layer (UPML), the analysis of periodic structures is reduced to that of a unit cell. The usefulness of the method is demonstrated through the analysis of a negative refractive index material based on a structure that combines lumped and distributed transmission line elements. Numerical results verify the validity of the method. © 2005 IEEE.

Zhang Yuedong, Yang Yi, Sun Yuzhong & Fan Jianping 1970, 'Network-attached smart peripheral for loosely coupled grid computer', Eighth International Conference on High-Performance Computing in Asia-Pacific Region (HPCASIA'05), Eighth International Conference on High-Performance Computing in Asia-Pacific Region (HPCASIA'05), IEEE.
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Zhang, H, Jia, W, He, X & Wu, Q 1970, 'Modified Color Ratio Gradient', 2005 IEEE 7th Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, 2005 IEEE 7th Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, IEEE, Shanghai, China, pp. 317-320.
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Color ratio gradient is an efficient method used for color image retrieval and object recognition, which is shown to be illumination-independent and geometry-insensitive when tested on scenery images. However, color ratio gradient produces unsatisfied matching result while dealing with relatively uniform objects without rich color texture. In addition, performance of color ratio gradient degenerates while processing unsaturated color image objects. In this paper, a scheme with modified color ratio gradient is presented, which addresses the two problems above. Experimental results using the proposed method in this paper exhibit more robust performance.

Zhang, H, Zhang, G & Wong, K-YK 1970, 'Auto-Calibration and Motion Recovery from Silhouettes for Turntable Sequences', Procedings of the British Machine Vision Conference 2005, British Machine Vision Conference 2005, British Machine Vision Association, pp. 7.1-7.10.
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This paper addresses the problem of structure and motion from silhouettes for turntable sequences. Previous works have exploited corresponding points induced by epipolar tangencies to estimate the image invariants under turntable motion and recover the epipolar geometry. In these approaches, however, camera intrinsics are needed in order to obtain Euclidean motion and reconstruction. This paper proposes a novel approach to precisely estimate the image invariants and the rotation angles in the absence of the camera intrinsics, and to perform auto-calibration. By exploiting a special parameterization of the epipoles, it is shown that the imaged circular points can be formulated in terms of the image invariants. A fixed scalar k, introduced to account for the different scales in the homogeneous representations of the image invariants used in the parameterizations, is found crucial in both calibration and motion estimation. Given the image invariants, namely the horizon, the imaged rotation axis and its orthogonal vanishing point, this scalar can be determined from the epipoles in an image triplet. A robust method for estimating k is proposed and the rotation angles can be recovered using this estimated value of k. All the estimated variables are then refined using bundle-adjustment and auto-calibration is performed using the imaged circular points, the imaged rotation axis and the associated vanishing point. This allows the recovery of the full camera positions and orientations, and hence Euclidean reconstruction. Experimental results demonstrate the simplicity of this novel approach and the high precision in the estimated motion and reconstruction.

Zhang, Y, Xu, G & Zhou, X 1970, 'A Latent Usage Approach for Clustering Web Transaction and Building User Profile', Lecture Notes in Computer Science, First International Conference, ADMA 2005, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Wuhan, China, pp. 31-42.
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Zhang, YP & Zhou, JL 1970, 'Removal of estrone and 17B-estradiol from water and wastewater by adsorption and photo degradation', PROCEEDINGS OF THE 9TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL A - ORAL PRESENTATIONS, PTS A AND B, 9th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology, UNIV AEGEAN, Rhodes Isl, GREECE, pp. A1686-A1691.

Zhang, Z & Kodagoda, KRS 1970, 'A monocular vision based localizer', Proceedings of the 2005 Australasian Conference on Robotics and Automation, ACRA 2005, Australasian Conference on Robotics and Automation, Australian Robotics and Automation Association, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-6.
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Utilization of low cost sensing is feasible in office like environments due to the regular man made structures. In this paper, we presented an algorithm, which exploits floor boundaries as a feature for robot localization. A colour based floor detection technique along with laser-like scan generation algorithm is proposed for feature extraction. Then an AMCL based localizer is used for robot localization. Experimental results in an office like environment shows the feasibility of the monocular vision based localization.

Zhengzhi, Z & Kodagoda, KRS 1970, 'Multi-sensor approach for people detection', Proceedings of the 2005 Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing Conference, International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing, Casual Productions, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 355-360.
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Human detection is an important research topic for many researchers who are working with surveillance, safe driving, military and security applications. It is now becoming more and more appropriate with the global increase in the terrorism related activities. This paper presents an algorithm for people detection using information gathered from a composite moving sensor incorporating a camera and a laser range finder. Laser range finder is used to identify a region of interest (ROI) where a moving object is likely to be present. Corresponding ROI in the visual image is then analyzed and a hierarchical template matching strategy is used to confirm the presence of a moving human. This approach improves the robustness of the template matching and the computational efficiency as the matching is only done in the resized ROI. The proposed strategy is evaluated through experimentation. © 2005 IEEE.

Zhou, J 1970, 'The roles of perception for volume visualization and designing volume visualization methods based on perceptual factors', Proceedings of the 2nd symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization, APGV05: ACM Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization 2005, ACM, p. 177.
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Zhou, JL, King, AJ & Readman, JW 1970, 'Speciation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment interstitial water', Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology, Vol A - Oral Presentations, Pts A and B, 9th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology, UNIV AEGEAN, Rhodes Isl, GREECE, pp. A1692-A1697.

Zhu, XQ & Law, SS 1970, 'Damage detection of reinforced concrete structures based on concrete-steel interface element', Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series.
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The interface between concrete and steel in reinforced concrete governs the interaction between the two types of materials under loading. When the interface is seriously damaged, such that a macro-crack is formed, de-bonding takes place or large slip occurs, and the load-transferring capacity of the interface will drop dramatically. In this study, a vibration-based method is presented to detect damage in the reinforced concrete structures using a damage model based on the constitutive law of the lumped model on the concrete-steel interface. Scalar damage parameters characterizing changes in the interface are incorporated into the formulation of a finite element model that is compatible with the vibration-based damage identification procedure. Numerical simulations show that the method is effective to detect failure at the interface between concrete and steel in the reinforced concrete beam.

Abry, P, Goncalves, P, Flandrin, P, Veitch, D, Chainais, P, Lashermes, B, Hohn, N, Roux, S, Borgnat, P, Taqqu, M & others 2005, Navigating Scaling: Modelling and Analysing, DTIC Document.

Eager, DM Standards Australia 2005, AS 3533.4.1-2005 Amusement Rides and Devices, Part 4.1: Specific Requirements - Land-borne inflatable devices, pp. 1-41, Sydney, Australia.
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This Standard sets out requirements and guidance for the design, manufacture, operation and maintenance of land-borne inflatable amusement devices that are static when in use. It also specifies information to be supplied with the equipment. NOTE: This Standard is not applicable to inflatable toys, water-borne inflatable devices, airsupported buildings to which the Building Code of Australia would apply, inflatable devices used for protection rather than play or inflatable devices acting as artificial climbing structures involving belay systems.

Eager, DM Standards Australia 2005, Playground Equipment - Parts 1-6, pp. 1-127, Sydney, Australia.

Veitch, D 2005, Scaling in Computer Network Traffic, DTIC Document.

Oppermann, I, Hämäläinen, M & Iinatti, J 2005, 'Preface', p. x.