Allan, AD & Leitch, EC 1992, 'The nature and origin of eclogite blocks in serpentinite from the Tamworth Belt, New England Fold Belt, eastern Australia', Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 29-35.
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Small eclogite blocks occur in a serpentinite mass in the eastern part of the Tamworth Belt of the New England Fold Belt. Mineral compositions are similar to those of group C eclogite from Oregon and California, suggesting metamorphic pressures of 1-1.4 GPa. Core compositions of garnet and clinopyroxene suggest temperatures of ˜ 412°-422°C whereas rims indicate temperatures of ˜ 521°-532°C. The blocks, which are of a composition similar to ocean floor basalt, are either accidental blocks incorporated into the ultramafic body during emplacement from a forearc substrate or were produced by high pressure metamorphism of a basaltic intrusion carried to depth in the ultramafic rocks of a downgoing slab. In both interpretations, rise of the ultramafic rocks probably occurred during crustal extension at the start of the Permian. © 1992, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Ammit, AJ, Wells, XE & O'Neill, C 1992, 'Structural heterogeneity of platelet-activating factor produced by murine preimplantation embryos', Human Reproduction, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 865-870.
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Anast, M, Bell, JM, Bell, TJ & Ben-Nissan, B 1992, 'Precision ultra-microhardness measurements of sol-gel-derived zirconia thin films', Journal of Materials Science Letters, vol. 11, no. 22, pp. 1483-1485.
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Bennett, A, Hagelberg, C & Leslie, L 1992, 'Predicting hurricane tracks', Nature, vol. 360, no. 6403, pp. 423-423.
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BISHOP, R, CRAIG, DC, DANCE, IG, SCUDDER, ML & UNG, AT 1992, 'FORMATION AND STABILITY OF THE HELICAL TUBULAND DIOL INCLUSION LATTICE', MOLECULAR CRYSTALS AND LIQUID CRYSTALS, vol. 211, pp. 141-146.
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BOOTH, DJ 1992, 'LARVAL SETTLEMENT-PATTERNS AND PREFERENCES BY DOMINO DAMSELFISH DASCYLLUS-ALBISELLA GILL', JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY, vol. 155, no. 1, pp. 85-104.
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In open populations, larval settlement dynamics may be an important determinant of subsequent distribution and abundance of juveniles and adults. A correlative and experimental study of larval settlement in the domino damselfish Dascyllus albisella Gill
BORDEN, EC, KIM, K, RYAN, L, BLUM, RH, SHIRAKI, M, TORMEY, DC, COMIS, RL, HAHN, RG & PARKINSON, DR 1992, 'PHASE-II TRIALS OF INTERFERON-ALPHA AND INTERFERON-BETA IN ADVANCED SARCOMAS', JOURNAL OF INTERFERON RESEARCH, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 455-458.
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Bush, AA, Kitaev, YE, Limonov, MF, Markov, YF, Novikov, AA & Evarestov, RA 1992, 'Normal modes of BiSrCaCuO high-temperature superconductors: layer-by-layer approach', Physica C: Superconductivity, vol. 190, no. 4, pp. 477-482.
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The non-superconducting Bi1-x(Sr1-yCay)xO1.5- x 2 compounds and the Bi2Sr2 Can-1CunO2n+4 (n=1.2) superconductors have been synthesized and investigated. Using the method of band representations of space groups the complete group symmetry analysis of the normal vibrational modes has been made. Comparing the Raman spectra of the row of bismuth compounds and using the results of the group theory analysis all the strong RSS-lines have been attributed. © 1992.
Carroll, RJ & Hall, P 1992, 'SEMIPARAMETRIC COMPARISON OF REGRESSION CURVES VIA NORMAL LIKELIHOODS', Australian Journal of Statistics, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 471-487.
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SummaryHärdle & Marron (1990) treated the problem of semiparametric comparison of nonparametric regression curves by proposing a kernel‐based estimator derived by minimizing a version of weighted integrated squared error. The resulting estimators of unknown transformation parameters are n‐consistent, which prompts a consideration of issues. of optimality. We show that when the unknown mean function is periodic, an optimal nonparametric estimator may be motivated by an elegantly simple argument based on maximum likelihood estimation in a parametric model with normal errors. Strikingly, the asymptotic variance of an optimal estimator of θ does not depend at all on the manner of estimating error variances, provided they are estimated n‐consistently. The optimal kernel‐based estimator derived via these considerations is asymptotically equivalent to a periodic version of that suggested by Härdle & Marron, and so the latter technique is in fact optimal in this sense. We discuss the implications of these conclusions for the aperiodic case.
Carroll, RJ & Li, K-C 1992, 'Measurement Error Regression with Unknown Link: Dimension Reduction and Data Visualization', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 87, no. 420, pp. 1040-1050.
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A general nonlinear regression problem is considered with measurement error in the predictors. We assume that the response is related to an unknown linear combination of a multidimensional predictor through an unknown link function. Instead of observing the predictor, we instead observe a surrogate with the property that its expectation is linearly related to the true predictor with constant variance. We identify an important transformation of the surrogate variable. Using this transformed variable, we show that if one proceeds with the usual analysis ignoring measurement error, then both ordinary least squares and sliced inverse regression yield estimates which consistently estimate the true regression parameter, up to a constant of proportionality. We derive the asymptotic distribution of the estimates. A simulation study is conducted applying sliced inverse regression in this context. © 1992 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Carroll, RJ & Spiegelman, CH 1992, 'Diagnostics for Nonlinearity and Heteroscedasticity in Errors-in-Variables Regression', Technometrics, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 186-196.
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We suggest new plotting methods for residual analysis in errors-in-variables regression. The standard residuals analyses are based on the methods of Miller and Fuller and are appropriate when the errors in the regression and the measurement error are symmetrically distributed. By “appropriate,” we mean that in large samples the plots will not falsely identify a nonexistent pattern of heteroscedasticity or nonlinearity. The standard methods are not appropriate in this sense for skewed error distributions. Our methods require replication of the error-prone predictors, but they are appropriate for both symmetric and skewed error distributions. Besides residual plots, we also construct hypothesis tests for heteroscedasticity. In terms of power for detecting heteroscedasticity, we show that the standard plot is more efficient when the residuals are normally distributed, although it does not achieve its nominal level for skewed error distributions. Simulations are used to illustrate the results. We also consider the case that measurement error in the response is correlated with the measurement error in the predictors, suggesting new residual plots in this setting. The article also contains a short summary of plotting techniques for detecting heteroscedasticity in regression. © 1992 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Catalano, PJ & Ryan, LM 1992, 'Bivariate latent variable models for clustered discrete and continuous outcomes', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 87, no. 419, pp. 651-658.
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We use the concept of a latent variable to derive the joint distribution of a continuous and a discrete outcome, and then extend the model to allow for clustered data. The model can be parameterized in a way that allows one to write the joint distribution as a product of a standard random effects model for the continuous variable and a correlated probit model for the discrete variable. This factorization suggests a convenient approach to parameter estimation using quasi-likelihood techniques. Our approach is motivated by the analysis of developmental toxicity experiments for which a number of discrete and continuous outcomes are measured on offspring clustered within litters. Fetal weight and malformation data illustrate the results. © 1992 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
CATALANO, PJ & RYAN, LM 1992, 'BIVARIATE LATENT VARIABLE MODELS FOR CLUSTERED DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS OUTCOMES', JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION, vol. 87, no. 419, pp. 651-658.
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We use the concept of a latent variable to derive the joint distribution of a continuous and a discrete outcome, and then extend the model to allow for clustered data. The model Can be parameterized in a way that allows one to write the joint distribution as a product of a standard random effects model for the continuous variable and a correlated probit model for the discrete variable. This factorization suggests a convenient approach to parameter estimation using quasi-likelihood techniques. Our approach is motivated by the analysis of developmental toxicity experiments for which a number of discrete and continuous outcomes are measured on offspring clustered within litters. Fetal weight and malformation data illustrate the results.
Catalano, PJ & Ryan, LM 1992, 'Bivariate Latent Variable Models for Clustered Discrete and Continuous Outcomes', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 87, no. 419, pp. 651-651.
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CRAW, JS, REIMERS, JR, BACSKAY, GB, WONG, AT & HUSH, NS 1992, 'SOLITONS IN FINITE-LENGTH AND INFINITE-LENGTH NEGATIVE-DEFECT TRANSPOLYACETYLENE AND THE CORRESPONDING BROOKER (POLYMETHINECYANINE) CATIONS .1. GEOMETRY', CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 167, no. 1-2, pp. 77-99.
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CRAW, JS, REIMERS, JR, BACSKAY, GB, WONG, AT & HUSH, NS 1992, 'SOLITONS IN FINITE-LENGTH AND INFINITE-LENGTH NEGATIVE-DEFECT TRANSPOLYACETYLENE AND THE CORRESPONDING BROOKER (POLYMETHINECYANINE) CATIONS .2. CHARGE-DENSITY WAVE', CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 167, no. 1-2, pp. 101-109.
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D'agostino, RB, Lange, N & Ryan, L 1992, 'Overview', Statistics in Medicine, vol. 11, no. 14-15, pp. 1801-1805.
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D'agostino, RB, Lange, N & Ryan, L 1992, 'The Symposium on Longitudinal Data Analysis. Fort Lauderdale, Florida, 19-21 June 1991.', Stat Med, vol. 11, no. 14-15, pp. 1801-2040.
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DITCHBURN, RJ & SMITH, GB 1992, 'A MODEL FOR THE OPTICAL-RESPONSE OF OBLIQUELY DEPOSITED THIN-FILMS', JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 334-337.
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An effective medium model, capable of explaining both the unusual transmittance characteristics and the pronounced biaxial response observed in obliquely deposited metal and metal-insulator composites, is used to model experimental data. Short-range inte
DUNSTAN, CR, SOMERS, NM, MILTHORPE, B & EVANS, RA 1992, 'BONE VIABILITY IS LOST WITH AGING IN THE FEMORAL-HEAD BUT NOT THE LUMBAR VERTEBRA - THE LOSS OF VIABILITY DOES NOT APPEAR TO AFFECT BONE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH', JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, vol. 7, pp. S193-S193.
Ellis, J, Hefford, C, Baverstock, PR, Dalrymple, BP & Johnson, AM 1992, 'Ribosomal DNA sequence comparison of Babesia and Theileria', Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 87-95.
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FALKSON, G, RYAN, LM & HALLER, DG 1992, 'PHASE-II TRIAL FOR THE EVALUATION OF TRIMETREXATE IN PATIENTS WITH INOPERABLE SQUAMOUS CARCINOMA OF THE ESOPHAGUS', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY-CANCER CLINICAL TRIALS, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 433-435.
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EST 2287 was a Phase II clinical trial conducted by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) designed to evaluate trimetrexate in patients with advanced, measurable, inoperable squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. The drug was given at a dose o
FAN, ZC, SHAN, L, GUDDAT, LW, HE, XM, GRAY, WR, RAISON, RL & EDMUNDSON, AB 1992, '3-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF AN FV FROM A HUMAN-IGM IMMUNOGLOBULIN', JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, vol. 228, no. 1, pp. 188-207.
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An IgM(κ) immunoglobulin from a patient (Pot) with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia was hydrolyzed with pepsin to release a fragment consisting of the 'variable' (V) domains of the light and heavy chains plus eight residue 'tails' from the 'constant' (C) domains. The crystal structure of this fragment was determined at 2.3 Å resolution by molecular replacement and crystallographic refinement methods. When examined separately, the light chain component closely resembles another human κ chain (Rei) in both the β-pleated sheet regions and the 'hypervariable' loops. The conserved pleated sheets in the heavy chain are similar to those in the human Kol IgG1 protein, but the third hypervariable loop in particular is different from that in any immunoglobulin structure described to date. As in the Kol protein, this loop blocks the access to any internal active site along the light-heavy chain interface. Unlike the Kol protein, however, the loop does not protrude beyond the boundaries of a conventional antigen combining site. Instead, it forms a very compact structure, which fills almost all residual space between the domains. This is an example of one dominant complementarity-determining region (CDR) essentially negating the diversity possible with five other CDRs in the two chains. Ordered water molecules are associated with light chain constituents along the interface, but not with CDR3 of the heavy chain. In screening exercises the Pot IgM failed to bind a wide variety of peptides. Together, the results suggest that ligand binding can only occur on external surfaces of the protein. These surfaces carry a limited number of side chains usually assigned to CDRs in more typical antibodies. © 1992.
Gladstone, W 1992, 'Short Communication: Observations of crown-of-thorns strafish spawning', Marine and Freshwater Research, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 535-535.
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Individual and group spawning events of crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) were observedin the Whitsunday region, Great Barrier Reef, on the afternoon of 5 December 1990, during a fallingtide, 2 days after a spring tide. Not all individuals in the group spawned, and only a single femalespawned. The behaviour of the starfish during spawning is described.
HANLEY, PJ, HOOK, JW, RAFTOS, DA, GOOLEY, AA, TRENT, R & RAISON, RL 1992, 'HAGFISH HUMORAL DEFENSE PROTEIN EXHIBITS STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL HOMOLOGY WITH MAMMALIAN COMPLEMENT COMPONENTS', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 89, no. 17, pp. 7910-7914.
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A genomic clone and cDNA fragment encoding a portion of a humoral recognition molecule from the hagfish were isolated and sequenced. The serum protein has previously been described as having structural features that are immunoglobulin-like. Amino acid se
Hansbro, PM, Byard, SJ, Bushby, RJ, Turnbull, PJH, Boden, N, Saunders, MR, Novelli, R & Reid, DG 1992, 'The conformational behaviour of phosphatidylinositol in model membranes: 2H-NMR studies', Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, vol. 1112, no. 2, pp. 187-196.
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Hofmann, N, Platen, E & Schweizer, M 1992, 'Option Pricing Under Incompleteness and Stochastic Volatility', Mathematical Finance, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 153-187.
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We consider a very general diffusion model for asset prices which allows the description of stochastic and past‐dependent volatilities. Since this model typically yields an incomplete market, we show that for the purpose of pricing options, a small investor should use the minimal equivalent martingale measure associated to the underlying stock price process. Then we present stochastic numerical methods permitting the explicit computation of option prices and hedging strategies, and we illustrate our approach by specific examples.
Holland, GJ, Leslie, LM & Diehl, BC 1992, 'Comments on “The Detection of Flow Asymmetries in the Tropical Cyclone Environment”', Monthly Weather Review, vol. 120, no. 10, pp. 2394-2397.
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Hornitzky, MAZ & Djordjevic, SP 1992, 'Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate-Polyacrylamide Profiles and Western Blots ofBacillus Larvae', Journal of Apicultural Research, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 47-47.
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HUETE, AR, HUA, G, QI, J, CHEHBOUNI, A & VANLEEUWEN, WJD 1992, 'NORMALIZATION OF MULTIDIRECTIONAL RED AND NIR REFLECTANCES WITH THE SAVI', REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT, vol. 41, no. 2-3, pp. 143-154.
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Directional reflectance measurements were made over a semidesert gramma (Bouteloua spp.) grassland at various times of the growing season. Azimuthal strings of view angle measurements from + 40° to - 40° were made for various solar zenith angles and soil moisture conditions. The sensitivity of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) to these bidirectional measurements was assessed for purposes of improving remote temporal monitoring of vegetation activity. The NDVI response from the grassland canopy was strongly anisotropic about nadir view angles while the SAVI response was symmetric about nadir. This occurred for all sun angles, soil moisture condition, and grass densities. This enabled variations in SAVI-view angle response to be minimized with a cosine function. It is expected that this study will aid in improving the characterization of vegetation temporal activity from Landsat TM, SPOT, AVHRR, and the Earth Observing System MODIS sensor. © 1992.
James, NL, Schindhelm, K, Slowiaczek, P, Milthorpe, B, Graham, AR, Munro, VF, Johnson, G & Steele, JG 1992, 'In vivo Patency of Endothelial Cell‐Lined Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene Prostheses in an Ovine Model', Artificial Organs, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 346-353.
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Abstract: The performance of small‐diameter vascular prostheses may be improved by implantation of grafts lined with endothelial cells. Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) prostheses (4 mm × 40 mm) were coated with fibronectin (20 γg/ml), seeded with endothelial cells, and cultured for 48 h to produce a confluent, autologous endothelial cell lining. They were implanted as carotid interposition grafts in sheep. Seeded ePTFE grafts were compared with nonseeded ePTFE grafts and autologous carotid artery grafts. No anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy was administered. making this a stringent test model for the thromboresistance of a small‐diameter prosthesis. After 13 weeks the patencies of seeded, nonseeded, and autologous artery grafts were 16% (116), 0% (0/6), and 100% (6/6), respectively. The one seeded graft that was patent was fully lined with endothelial cells and showed no stenosis. The remaining five seeded grafts were occluded by fibrous tissue and displayed substantial spindle cell hyperplasia. There was no apparent difference between the autologous artery grafts and normal arterial tissue, and the anastomoses showed no stenosis. The ovine model provides a conservative test of prosthesis survival and may be useful for study of graft failure.
Jones, MC & Wand, MP 1992, 'Asymptotic effectiveness of some higher order kernels', Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 15-21.
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KIRKUP, L, BELL, JM, GREEN, DC, SMITH, GB & MACDONALD, KA 1992, 'SIMPLE COMPUTER-CONTROLLED POTENTIOSTAT FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF ELECTROCHROMIC FILMS', REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS, vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 2328-2329.
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We describe a simple and inexpensive potentiostat, incorporating current boosting and filtering circuitry for use in the study of coloration and bleaching in electrochromic thin films. The system is sufficiently flexible to permit utilization in other el
KLOEDEN, PE & PLATEN, E 1992, 'HIGHER-ORDER IMPLICIT STRONG NUMERICAL SCHEMES FOR STOCHASTIC DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATIONS', JOURNAL OF STATISTICAL PHYSICS, vol. 66, no. 1-2, pp. 283-314.
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Higher-order implicit numerical methods which are suitable for stiff stochastic differential equations are proposed. These are based on a stochastic Taylor expansion and converge strongly to the corresponding solution of the stochastic differential equat
Kloeden, PE, Platen, E & Hofmann, N 1992, 'Stochastic differential equations: applications and numerical methods', STOCHASTIC HYDRAULICS '92, pp. 75-81.
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The well known numerical methods for deterministic differential equations are inadequate for stochastic differential equations (SDEs) on account of the subtle differences between the deterministic and stochastic calculi. New higher order numerical methods for SDEs now allow hitherto intractable problems, particularly in the engineering sciences, to be tackled effectively. As a simple illustration the validity of closure schemes is investigated with a comparison of the first and second moments of a nonlinear scalar SDE determined by direct estimation with a second order numerical method and by the exact solution of a truncated system of ordinary differential equations for the moments. (Authors)
Kloeden, PE, Platen, E & Hofmann, N 1992, 'Stochastic differential equations: applications and numerical methods', Stochastic hydraulics '92. Proc. IAHR symposium, Taipei, 1992, pp. 75-81.
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The well known numerical methods for deterministic differential equations are inadequate for stochastic differential equations (SDEs) on account of the subtle differences between the deterministic and stochastic calculi. New higher order numerical methods for SDEs now allow hitherto intractable problems, particularly in the engineering sciences, to be tackled effectively. As a simple illustration the validity of closure schemes is investigated with a comparison of the first and second movements of a nonlinear scalar SDE determined by direct estimation with a second order numerical method and by the exact solution of a truncated system of ordinary differential equations for the moments. -Authors
KLOEDEN, PE, PLATEN, E & WRIGHT, IW 1992, 'THE APPROXIMATION OF MULTIPLE STOCHASTIC INTEGRALS', STOCHASTIC ANALYSIS AND APPLICATIONS, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 431-441.
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A method for approximating the multiple stochastic integrals appearing in stochastic Taylor expansions is proposed. It is based on a series expansion of the Brownian bridge process. Some higher order time discrete approximations for the simulation of Ito
LEISENRING, W & RYAN, L 1992, 'STATISTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE NOAEL', REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 161-171.
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The use of the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) in setting allowable exposure levels for noncancer endpoints is a source of controversy. Based on computer simulations and empirical studies, several authors have criticized the use of the NOAEL in terms of its sensitivity to sample size and its high sampling variability from experiment to experiment. The purpose of this paper is to derive the statistical distribution of the NOAEL. Using Weibull models, we investigate the impact of the shape of the underlying dose-response curve on the distribution of the NOAEL. The results confirm previous criticisms of the NOAEL and show that average risk levels associated with the NOAEL may be substantial. These results provide additional motivation for developing alternative approaches to risk assessment. © 1992.
Leitch, EC, Fergusson, CL & Henderson, RA 1992, 'Geological note: The intra‐Devonian angular unconformity at Mt Gelobera, south of Rockhampton, central Queensland', Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 121-122.
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LESLIE, LM & BENNETT, AF 1992, 'Comments on 'Short-term systematic errors in global forecasts: their estimation and removal' by H. J. Thiebaux and L. L. Morone', Tellus A, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 270-271.
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Leslie, LM & Purser, RJ 1992, 'A comparative study of the performance of various vertical discretization schemes', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 50, no. 1-3, pp. 61-73.
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Lockhart, PJ, Beanland, TJ, Howe, CJ & Larkum, AW 1992, 'Sequence of Prochloron didemni atpBE and the inference of chloroplast origins.', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 89, no. 7, pp. 2742-2746.
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The prochlorophytes, oxygenic photosynthetic prokaryotes containing chlorophylls a and b, have been put forward as descended from the organisms that gave rise to chloroplasts of green plants and algae by endosymbiosis, although this has always been controversial. To assess the phylogenetic position of the prochlorophyte Prochloron didemni, we have cloned and sequenced its atpBE genes. Phylogenetic inference under a range of models gives moderate to strong support for a cyanobacterial grouping rather than a chloroplast one. Possible systematic errors in this and previous analyses of prochlorophyte sequences are discussed.
Manton, MJ & Leslie, LM 1992, 'Intermediate range analysis and prediction systems in the 1990s: A southern hemisphere perspective', Advances in Space Research, vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 207-216.
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Marron, JS & Wand, MP 1992, 'Exact Mean Integrated Squared Error', The Annals of Statistics, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 712-736.
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McInnes, KL, Leslie, LM & McBride, JL 1992, 'Numerical simulation of cut‐off lows on the Australian east coast: Sensitivity to sea‐surface temperature', International Journal of Climatology, vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 783-795.
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AbstractThe occurrence and synoptic‐scale structure of cut‐off lows near the Australian east coast are documented. These systems are associated with severe weather in the south‐east Australian states of New South Wales and Victoria. Two types of cutoff low formation are identified, described here as coastal lows and blocking lows.Twenty‐four hour numerical simulations are performed for four systems in order to investigate the model‐reproduced structure of the large‐scale rainfall and gale‐force wind. The numerical experiments demonstrated that the regional‐scale model is capable of simulating the heavy rainfall and gale‐force winds associated with these systems. All systems are characterized by a major rain band curling around the south and east of the surface low. To the south of the system the rain band is paralleled by a curved band of gale‐strength winds. The sensitivity of these parameters and of mean sea‐level pressure to underlying sea‐surface temperature (SST) fields also is investigated through numerical experimentation.When the SSTs were increased by between 2° and 3°, the simulated cut‐off lows had deeper central pressures, usually of 1–2 hPa. In one case the extra deepening was dramatic, being 7 hPa at 24 h. The impact on rainfall was considerable, especially on the peak values, which were increased by between 45 per cent and 80 per cent, and on the areal mean values in ‘catchment size’ areas surrounding the peak value. In contrast the peak surface winds were increased only by about 10 per cent, but the areal extent of gale‐force winds increased greatly, by between 50 per cent and 70 per cent.The large sensitivity of these weather elements to SST is discussed in terms of possible implications for both short‐term operational forecasting and for regional effects of enhanced greenhouse climate change.
Novikov, AA 1992, 'A test bed for testing capacitors', Measurement Techniques, vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 1323-1325.
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O'Meara, TJ, Nesa, M, Raadsma, HW, Saville, DG & Sandeman, RM 1992, 'Variation in skin inflammatory responses between sheep bred for resistance or susceptibility to fleece rot and blowfly strike', Research in Veterinary Science, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 205-210.
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Sheep which have been bred for resistance (R) or susceptibility (S) to fleece rot and blowfly strike, were tested for intradermal inflammatory responses to excretory and secretory products of Lucilia cuprina larvae. R rams and lambs gave significantly larger skin weals than S animals. In addition, R and S rams were infected with L cuprina first instar larvae and wound exudates were collected. In the first 12 hours of infection R rams released significantly more exudate protein at the wound site than S rams. Correlations suggested that exudate production was stimulated by both larval burden and inflammatory responses, however, in the R group the inflammatory correlation was positive while in the S group it was negative. The results imply that inflammatory responses may play a role in innate resistance to L cuprina. The difference in inflammatory responses suggests genetic differences between the flocks and therefore could show some potential as a trait for indirect selection for resistance to fleece rot and body strike.
O'Neill, C, Ryan, JP, Collier, M, Saunders, DM, Ammit, AJ & Pike, IL 1992, 'Outcome of pregnancies resulting from a trial of supplementing human IVF culture media with platelet activating factor', Reproduction, Fertility and Development, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 109-109.
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Pike, IL, Ammit, AJ & O'Neill, C 1992, 'Actions of platelet activating factor (PAF) on gametes and embryos: clinical aspects', Reproduction, Fertility and Development, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 399-399.
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Platelet activating factor (PAF) is a phospholipid widespread in body tissues. Previous reviews have discussed its production by preimplantation embryos and the evidence implicating it as an autocrine mediator in aspects of gamete and embryo physiology. Human spermatozoa contain variable amounts of PAF, the amount contained depending on the source and method of preparation of the sperm. Incubation of human sperm with PAF tends to increase their forward velocity, especially in samples with slow motility. PAF treatment causes an increase in the proportion of acrosome-reacted sperm and in their ability to penetrate both zona-free hamster ova and cervical mucus. PAF has been found in human follicular fluid at ovulation. A role for PAF in ovulation has been suggested, because PAF antagonists reduce the rate of ovulation in rats. In some studies, modest improvements to mouse in vitro fertilization (IVF) rates have been achieved with PAF supplementation of media under specific conditions. Furthermore, in the rabbit and mouse, PAF antagonists have been reported to inhibit fertilization in vivo and in vitro respectively. However, addition of PAF to human IVF medium, but only at the time of insemination and fertilization, had no effect on either fertilization or pregnancy rates. Sensitive bio- and immuno-assays have shown that PAF is secreted by human embryos into their fluid milieu. PAF secretion by these zygotes during culture, although markedly variable, has been correlated with the achievement of pregnancy and pregnancy outcome. Although the secretion of PAF by the mouse embryo decreases during culture in vitro, exogenous PAF enhances embryo viability during culture. Similarly, culture of human zygotes in PAF-supplemented medium prior to embryo transfer significantly increases the chance of achieving pregnancy. Both the implantation and live-birth rates are increased in human IVF by addition of PAF to the medium.
Pillai, SM, Xu, ZY, Gal, M, Glaisher, R, Phillips, M & Cockayne, D 1992, 'Cathodoluminescence from Porous Silicon', Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 31, no. 12A, pp. L1702-L1702.
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Spatially resolved cathodoluminescence (CL) spectra were measured on porous silicon. The CL spectra showed bands and prominent peaks ranging in energy between 1.45 eV and 3 eV and were unlike the photoluminescence spectra measured on the same samples, which consisted of the well known single, broad band peaking in the visible or near infrared region. Two possible models are discussed to explain these observations.
PILLAI, SM, XU, ZY, GAL, M, GLAISHER, R, PHILLIPS, M & COCKAYNE, D 1992, 'CATHODOLUMINESCENCE FROM POROUS SILICON', JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS PART 2-LETTERS & EXPRESS LETTERS, vol. 31, no. 12A, pp. L1702-L1703.
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Platen, E 1992, 'Higher-Order Weak Approximation of Ito Diffusions by Markov Chains', Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 391-408.
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This paper proposes a method that allows the construction of discrete-state Markov chains approximating an Ito-diffusion process. The transition probabilities of the Markov chains are chosen in such a way that functionals converge with a desired weak order with respect to vanishing step size under sufficient smoothness assumptions.
PREMACHANDRA, K, CORTIE, MB & ERIC, RH 1992, 'EFFECT OF STABILIZING ELEMENTS ON FORMATION OF SIGMA-PHASE IN EXPERIMENTAL FERRITIC STAINLESS-STEELS CONTAINING 39-PERCENT-CR', MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 437-442.
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The effect of additions of the stabilising elements aluminium, niobium, titanium, and zirconium on the formation of sigma-phase in the experimental ferritic stainless steel Fe-39Cr-2Mo-2Ni (wt-%) has been studied. It was found that additions of titanium
RADCHIK, AV, SMITH, GB & REUBEN, AJ 1992, 'QUASI-STATIC OPTICAL-RESPONSE OF SEPARATE, TOUCHING, AND INTERSECTING CYLINDER PAIRS', PHYSICAL REVIEW B, vol. 46, no. 10, pp. 6115-6125.
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By use of a unified approach involving conformal transformations, useful expressions have been derived for the dipole moment induced on cylinder pairs in a uniform electric field when the pairs are separate, touching, and intersecting. The results involv
RAFTOS, DA, HOOK, JW & RAISON, RL 1992, 'COMPLEMENT-LIKE PROTEIN FROM THE PHYLOGENETICALLY PRIMITIVE VERTEBRATE, EPTATRETUS-STOUTI, IS A HUMORAL OPSONIN', COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, vol. 103, no. 2, pp. 379-384.
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1. Serum from the Pacific hagfish, Eptatretus stouti, contains a complement-like protein (CLP). 2. CLP from unfractionated hagfish serum and from affinity-purified preparations binds to yeast cell surfaces. 3. Incubation with CLP enhances the phagocytosi
RALPH, PJ, BURCHETT, MD & PULKOWNIK, A 1992, 'DISTRIBUTION OF EXTRACTABLE CARBOHYDRATE RESERVES WITHIN THE RHIZOME OF THE SEAGRASS POSIDONIA-AUSTRALIS HOOK F', AQUATIC BOTANY, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 385-392.
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Rhizomes of Posidonia australis Hook. f., collected from Botany Bay on the eastern coast of Australia, were analysed for extractable carbohydrates. The concentration of extractable carbohydrate in the stelar tissue of the rhizome was significantly higher
Rice, SA & Oliver, JD 1992, 'Starvation Response of the Marine Barophile CNPT-3', Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 58, no. 8, pp. 2432-2437.
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The psychrophilic marine barophile CNPT-3 underwent a starvation-survival response similar to that reported for the marine bacteria Ant-300, DW1, and S-14. The number of culturable cells increased initially and then decreased gradually over a 24-day starvation period, with corresponding decreases in total cell number and direct viability count. A significant reduction in cell size and biovolume accompanied these changes. Starved cells demonstrated a greater tendency to attach at the in situ pressure (400 atm; ca. 40.5 MPa) and temperature (5°C) than at 1 atm (ca. 101 kPa), and the extent of attachment increased with increasing duration of starvation. The membrane fatty acid profile of the marine barophile CNPT-3 was studied as the cells were subjected to starvation conditions. A 37.5% increase in saturated fatty acids was observed during the first 8 days of starvation, with a concomitant decrease in unsaturated fatty acids. There was also an increase in the amount of short-chain (<C 15:0 ) fatty acids.
Roe, SC, Milthorpe, BK, True, K, Rogers, GJ & Schindhelm, K 1992, 'The effect of gamma irradiation on a xenograft tendon bioprosthesis', Clinical Materials, vol. 9, no. 3-4, pp. 149-154.
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Rosenberg, PS, Gail, MH & Carroll, RJ 1992, 'Estimating hiv prevalence and projecting aids incidence in the united states: A model that accounts for therapy and changes in the surveillance definition of aids', Statistics in Medicine, vol. 11, no. 13, pp. 1633-1655.
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AbstractThe AIDS incubation distribution is changing in calendar time because of treatment and changes in the surveillance definition of AIDS. To obtain reliable estimates of HIV prevalence and projections of AIDS incidence in the 1990s using the method of backcalculation, we constructed an appropriate incubation distribution for each calendar date of infection.We parameterized the impact of treatment on the incubation distribution by specifying the relative hazard for AIDS in treated versus untreated people as a function of duration of HIV infection. To account for trends in the incubation distribution, we modelled the prevalence of treatment, the distribution of treatment onset times, and the impact of the revision of the AIDS surveillance definition in 1987. We selected and evaluated backcalculation models based on consistency with external information. We defined a ‘plausible range’ of estimates that took into account uncertainty about the natural incubation distribution and treatment efficacy, as well as bootsrap assessment of stochastic error.Using these methods, we projected that national United States AIDS incidence will plateau during 1991–1994 at over 50,000 caes per year. Projections exhibited substantial systematic uncertainty, and we calculated a plausible range for AIDS incidence in 1994 of 42,300 to 70,700 cases. An estimated 628,000 to 988,000 cumulative HIV infections occurred as of 1 January 1991. After accounting for AIDS mortality, we estimated that 484,000 to 844,000 people were living the HIV infection on 1 January 1991. Favourable trends in HIV incidence appeared in gay men and intravenous drug users. Plausible ranges for our estimates overlapped with those from a ‘stage model’ approach to incorporating treatment effects in backcalculations. Our approach, however, tended to yield smaller estimates of epidemic size, mainly because the parameters used with the stage ...
Rowe, DE, Carroll, RJ & Day, CL 1992, 'Prognostic factors for local recurrence, metastasis, and survival rates in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, ear, and lip', Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 976-990.
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Ruppert, D & Wand, MP 1992, 'CORRECTING FOR KURTOSIS IN DENSITY ESTIMATION', Australian Journal of Statistics, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 19-29.
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SummaryUsing a global window width kernel estimator to estimate an approximately symmetric probability density with high kurtosis usually leads to poor estimation because good estimation of the peak of the distribution leads to unsatisfactory estimation of the tails and vice versa. The technique proposed corrects for kurtosis via a transformation of the data before using a global window width kernel estimator. The transformation depends on a “generalised smoothing parameter” consisting of two real‐valued parameters and a window width parameter which can be selected either by a simple graphical method or, for a completely data‐driven implementation, by minimising an estimate of mean integrated squared error. Examples of real and simulated data demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach, which appears suitable for a wide range of symmetric, unimodal densities. Its performance is similar to ordinary kernel estimation in situations where the latter is effective, e.g. Gaussian densities. For densities like the Cauchy where ordinary kernel estimation is not satisfactory, our methodology offers a substantial improvement.
Ryan, JP, O'Neill, C, Ammit, AJ & Roberts, CG 1992, 'Metabolic and developmental responses of preimplantation embryos to platelet activating factor (PAF)', Reproduction, Fertility and Development, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 387-387.
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Platelet activating factor (PAF) is an ether phospholipid produced by preimplantation embryos of a number of species. Production of PAF by embryos has been measured by detecting thrombocytopenia in a splenectomized mouse bioassay, platelet aggregation bioassays in vitro and a specific radioimmunoassay. Production is highly variable and is adversely affected by culture in vitro. It has, however, been correlated with morphology, development rates in vitro and the pregnancy potential of embryos following transfer. Investigations using PAF-antagonists have established an essential role for PAF in early pregnancy. Together with studies that have shown PAF to have direct effects on embryonic metabolism during culture in vitro, these observations suggest that PAF acts as an embryonic autocoid. Hence, a major site of action for embryo-derived PAF in vivo is the embryo itself. Supplementation of embryo culture media with PAF had no effect on the rate of development in vitro of 2-cell mouse embryos through to the blastocyst stage. However, PAF increased cell numbers of blastocysts cultured from the 2-cell stage and the mitotic index of embryos at both the 8-cell and blastocyst stages. Supplementation of culture media with PAF has also been shown to increase the implantation potential of both mouse and human embryos cultured in vitro. In the mouse, the effect of PAF in enhancing implantation rates was most evident when the developmental potential of untreated embryos was suboptimal. These observations suggest that the production of embryo-derived PAF is one limiting factor in maintaining the viability of embryos cultured in vitro.
RYAN, L 1992, 'QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT FOR DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY', BIOMETRICS, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 163-174.
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Pharmaceutical companies and governmental regulatory agencies are becoming increasingly aware of the need for improved statistical methods for developmental toxicity experiments. Although a number of statisticians have become interested in this area, activity has centered mostly on the development of methods to analyze binary outcomes, such as malformations among live pups, while accounting appropriately for the correlation induced by the litter effect. In contrast, the topic of quantitative risk assessment has received relatively little attention. This paper addresses the specific question of how to assess risk appropriately when exposure causes a variety of adverse effects, including resorption and fetal death, in addition to malformations. It will be seen that risk assessments based on a single developmental outcome, such as malformation, may be conservative. A method is proposed for estimating an exposure level at which the overall risk of any adverse effect is acceptably low. The method is based on a continuation ratio formulation of a multinomial distribution, with an additional scale parameter to account for overdispersion. Comparisons are made with binary models on prenatal death and malformation, as well as a binary model that makes no distinction between death and malformation, but simply classifies each fetus as normal or abnormal. Data from several developmental toxicity studies illustrate the results and findings.
RYAN, L 1992, 'THE USE OF GENERALIZED ESTIMATING EQUATIONS FOR RISK ASSESSMENT IN DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY', RISK ANALYSIS, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 439-447.
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Sandeman, RM, Chandler, RA, Collins, BJ & O'Meara, TJ 1992, 'Hypersensitivity responses and repeated infections with Lucilia cuprina, the sheep blowfly', International Journal for Parasitology, vol. 22, no. 8, pp. 1175-1177.
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Sheep repeatedly infected with L. cuprina at 2- but not 4-week intervals developed partial resistance to infection after five infections, as measured by larval recovery. However, resistance did not persist for more than three infections. Skin weal responses were measured after injection of larval products simultaneously with each infection. The only correlation between weal size and larval recoveries occurred at infection 1 and indicated a relationship between skin sensitivity and innate rather than acquired resistance. The results suggest that resistance to L. cuprina can develop after repeated infections but that it is short lived and requires frequent larval exposure. A role for hypersensitivity responses was not confirmed by the weal responses but was suggested by the size of wound developed per larva recovered.
Seaton, DS, O'meara, TJ, Chandler, RA & Sandeman, RM 1992, 'The sheep antibody response to repeated infection with Lucilia cuprina', International Journal for Parasitology, vol. 22, no. 8, pp. 1169-1174.
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The specific serum antibody responses of sheep exposed to 10 consecutive infections of L. cuprina have been analysed by enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay and immunoblotting using monoclonal antibodies specific for sheep immunoglobulin isotypes. Recognition of a number of larval excretory-secretory products by IgM antibodies appeared to be non-specific. IgG1 was the major antibody class stimulated by the infection protocol and marked increases in antibody to specific excretory-secretory antigens were observed. Three molecules of 35, 30 and 25 kDa were particularly recognized although the extent of recognition of these molecules varied considerably between individual sheep serum. A pooled serum composed of sera collected after five to seven infections significantly inhibited larval growth in in vitro cultures when compared to a sera pool consisting of sera collected both prior to infection and after infections 1 and 2. The degree of inhibition was greater when serum with high specific antibody titre was used.
Simpson, DG, Ruppert, D & Carroll, RJ 1992, 'On One-Step GM Estimates and Stability of Inferences in Linear Regression', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 87, no. 418, pp. 439-450.
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The folklore on one-step estimation is that it inherits the breakdown point of the preliminary estimator and yet has the same large sample distribution as the fully iterated version as long as the preliminary estimate converges faster than n , where n is the sample size. We investigate the extent to which this folklore is valid for one-step GM estimators and their associated standard errors in linear regression. We find that one-step GM estimates based on Newton-Raphson or Scoring inherit the breakdown point of high breakdown point initial estimates such as least median of squares provided the usual weights that limit the influence of extreme points in the design space are based on location and scatter estimates with high breakdown points. Moreover, these estimators have bounded influence functions, and their standard errors can have high breakdown points. The folklore concerning the large sample theory is correct assuming the regression errors are symmetrically distributed and homoscedastic. If the errors are asymmetric and homoscedastic, Scoring still provides root-n consistent estimates of the slope parameters, but Newton-Raphson fails to improve on the rate of convergence of the preliminary estimates. If the errors are symmetric and heteroscedastic, Newton-Raphson provides root-n consistent estimates, but Scoring fails to improve on the rate of convergence of the preliminary estimate. Our primary concern is with the stability of the inferences associated with the estimates, not merely with the point estimates themselves. To this end we define the notion of standard error breakdown, which occurs if the estimated standard deviations of the parameter estimates can be driven to zero or infinity, and study the large sample validity of the standard error estimates. A real data set from the literature illustrates the issues. © 1992 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. –1/4
SMITH, GB, NG, MW, DITCHBURN, RJ, MARTIN, PJ & NETTERFIELD, RP 1992, 'CERMETS FOR ANGULAR SELECTIVE TRANSMITTANCE', SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS, vol. 25, no. 1-2, pp. 149-167.
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Cermets have been reactively deposited at an oblique angle onto transparent glass substrates at ambient temperature by thermal and cathodic arc evaporation. They have been found to display angular selective transmittance that is in general better than th
STUDER, AJ, MCKENZIE, DR, COCKAYNE, DJH, SMITH, GB & BROWN, IG 1992, 'CATHODIC ARC ABLATION AS A NEW METHOD OF HIGH-TC SUPERCONDUCTOR DEPOSITION', PHYSICA C-SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND ITS APPLICATIONS, vol. 197, no. 1-2, pp. 147-150.
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A process has been developed in which a pulsed cathodic arc is used to deposit thin films of YBa2Cu3O7-delta superconductor. After post-deposition annealing, the films are found to be metallic with a superconducting transition at 85 K, and are highly or
Tenter, AM, Vietmeyer, C & Johnson, AM 1992, 'Development of ELISAs based on recombinant antigens for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii-specific antibodies in sheep and cats', Veterinary Parasitology, vol. 43, no. 3-4, pp. 189-201.
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ELISAs using recombinant parasite polypeptides as antigens were developed to measure Toxoplasma gondii-specific antibodies in the sera of sheep and cats. Compared with an ELISA based on traditional parasite antigen, the ELISA for sheep sera had a sensitivity of 79% and a negative predictive value of 80%, and the ELISA for cat sera had a sensitivity of 100% and a negative predictive value of 100%. Both ELISAs had specificities of 100% and positive predictive values of 100%. These ELISAs appear to be a useful cost-effective alternative to ELISAs based on traditional parasite antigen for the measurement of T. gondii-specific antibodies in the sera of sheep and cats. © 1992.
UNG, AT, BISHOP, R, CRAIG, DC, DANCE, IG & SCUDDER, ML 1992, 'CRYSTAL-STRUCTURES OF HELICAL TUBULATE INCLUSION-COMPOUNDS FORMED BY 2,6-DIMETHYLBICYCLO[3.3.1]NONANE-EXO-2,EXO-6-DIOL', JOURNAL OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY-PERKIN TRANSACTIONS 2, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 861-862.
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UNG, AT, BISHOP, R, CRAIG, DC, DANCE, IG & SCUDDER, ML 1992, 'GUEST CONTROL OF DIOL INCLUSION HOST LATTICES', STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 59-61.
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UNG, AT, BISHOP, R, CRAIG, DC, SCUDDER, ML & YUNUS, J 1992, 'RITTER REACTIONS .7. DIVERSE REACTIVITY OF THE 3-AZATRICYCLO[5.3.1.0(4,9)]-UNDEC-2-ENE SYSTEM WITH DIMETHYL ACETYLENEDICARBOXYLATE', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 553-565.
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van Reyk, DM, Sarel, S & Hunt, NH 1992, 'In vitro effects of three iron chelators on mitogen-activated lymphocytes: Identification of differences in their mechanisms of action', International Journal of Immunopharmacology, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 925-932.
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WAI, SW, CORTIE, MB & ROBINSON, FPA 1992, 'A STUDY OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE CRACKING IN FERRITIC STAINLESS-STEELS', MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING, vol. 158, no. 1, pp. 21-30.
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The cracking that can occur in cast ferritic stainless steel ingots or slabs during cooling to room temperature is considered. The present work is focused particularly on the solid state cracking phenomenon sometimes called clinking. Examination of sampl
WALL, TF, SALUSINSZY, AL, EBELING, DB, DREWE, GR, SULLIVAN, KM, BEERAN, P & SMITH, GB 1992, 'ENERGY OPTIONS FOR THE 21ST-CENTURY - AN AUSTRALIAN PERSPECTIVE', ENERGY SOURCES, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 253-263.
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The present and future demand and use of energy in Australia is reviewed, with consideration of natural gas, liquid fuels, coal, nuclear energy, synfuels, and renewables. The impact of energy on the economy and concerns related to the environment are ex
Wand, MP 1992, 'Error analysis for general multtvariate kernel estimators', Journal of Nonparametric Statistics, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-15.
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Wand, MP 1992, 'Finite sample performance of density estimators under moving average dependence', Statistics & Probability Letters, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 109-115.
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WOLFF, IM, PREMACHANDRA, K & CORTIE, MB 1992, '2ND-PHASE PARTICLES IN FERRITIC STAINLESS-STEELS CONTAINING 40-PERCENT CHROMIUM', MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 139-148.
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The nature and occurrence of secondary phases in experimental ferritic stainless steels containing 40% chromium is reviewed. Phases discussed include oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulphides, and the intermetallic sigma phase. The influence of these particl
