Andersen, K, Anderson, OP, Miller, T, Mani, NS, Baumann, TF, Anderson, M, Broderick, WE, Eichhorn, DM, Goldberg, D, Jarrell, W, Lange, SJ, Lee, S, Nie, H, Sabat, M, Sibert, JW, Stern, C, Hoffman, BM, Baum, S, Beall, LS, Cook, AS, Mccubbin, QJ, Montalban, AG, Rodriguez‐Morgade, MS, White, AJP, Williams, DBG, Williams, DJ, Barrett, AGM, Hope, H & Olmstead, MM 1998, 'Star porphyrazines and related multimetallic macrocycles', Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 1013-1042.
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Asatryan, AA, Nicorovici, NA, Botten, LC, de Sterke, CM, Robinson, PA & McPhedran, RC 1998, 'Electromagnetic localization in dispersive stratified media with random loss and gain', PHYSICAL REVIEW B, vol. 57, no. 21, pp. 13535-13549.
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A theory of localization of waves in stratified weakly disordered dispersive media with random loss and gain is developed. We consider a one-dimensional model of a random medium, consisting of a stack composed of an arbitrary number of layers of equal th
Ashton, PR, Ballardini, R, Balzani, V, Constable, EC, Credi, A, Kocian, O, Langford, SJ, Preece, JA, Prodi, L, Schofield, ER, Spencer, N, Stoddart, JF & Wenger, S 1998, 'RuII-Polypyridine Complexes Covalently Linked to Electron Acceptors as Wires for Light-Driven Pseudorotaxane-Type Molecular Machines', Chemistry - A European Journal, vol. 4, no. 12, pp. 2413-2422.
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Augustyns, I & Wand, MP 1998, 'Bandwidth selection for local polynomial smoothing of multinomial data', Computational Statistics, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 447-461.
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We develop a rule for choosing bandwidths for local polynomial smoothing of ordered multinomial data. Our method is a variant of the double smoothing idea and is particularly geared towards good performance near the boundaries of the data, through the use of exact risk expressions.
Babinski, A, Tomaszewicz, T, Wysmolek, A, Baranowski, JM, Lobo, C, Leon, R & Jagadish, C 1998, 'Optical Properties of Self-Organized InGaAs/GaAs Quantum Dots in Field-Effect Structures', MRS Proceedings, vol. 536, pp. 269-274.
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AbstractThe results of photoluminescence (PL) and electroreflectance (ER) measurements on InGaAs/GaAs self-organized quantum dots (QDs) in field-effect structure are presented. It has been found that the QDs PL can be completely quenched in reversely biased structure both at room temperature and at T=4.2K. A non-monotonic dependence of QDs PL peak energy with applied bias is observed at low temperature, which is attributed to the band-gap re-normalization due to QDs charging and size distribution effects. The electric field dependence of the QDs ER feature at room temperature has been analysed. A red shift of that feature with increasing electric field has been observed.
Babiński, A, Wysmołek, A, Tomaszewicz, T, Baranowski, JM, Leon, R, Lobo, C & Jagadish, C 1998, 'Electrically modulated photoluminescence in self-organized InGaAs/GaAs quantum dots', Applied Physics Letters, vol. 73, no. 19, pp. 2811-2813.
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Results of photoluminescence (PL) study of the self-organized InGaAs/GaAs quantum dots (QDs) in a field-effect structure grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy are presented. It has been found that the PL from the QDs strongly depends on the bias voltage. No PL from the QDs ground state can be observed from the reverse biased structure, whereas the PL signal recovers in the forward biased structure. It is proposed that the bias dependence of the PL signal results from the QDs electron occupancy changes driven by the electric field within the structure. Due to a long thermalization time, the photogenerated electrons are swept out of the QDs by the electric field before radiative recombination. The electrically modulated PL (e-m PL), making use of the bias dependence of PL signal, is proposed as a tool for QD investigation. The e-m PL spectra at T=300 and T=4.2 K are analyzed and discussed.
Bacskay, GB & Reimers, JR 1998, 'Solvation: Modeling'.
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Ball, G, Stephenson, B, Smith, G, Wood, L, Coupland, M & Crawford, K 1998, 'Creating a diversity of mathematical experiences for tertiary students', International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 827-841.
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A process is described for creating a more civerse set of experiences for undergraduate students in mathematics. While we use examples drawn from classes studying linear algebra, the procedures are appropriate for any undergraduate course in mathematics. The diversity of the activities is generated in part through the use of a taxonomy which addresses the nature of the activities rather than a hierarchy of levels of difficulty. All exercises used as illustrations have been attempted by students in second year undergraduate classes. © 1998 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Bardin, N, Francès, V, Combes, V, Sampol, J & Dignat-George, F 1998, 'CD146: biosynthesis and production of a soluble form in human cultured endothelial cells', FEBS Letters, vol. 421, no. 1, pp. 12-14.
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We previously identified the S‐Endo 1‐associated antigen (CD146), an endothelial member of the immunoglobulin superfamily with a characteristic V‐V‐C2‐C2‐C2 Ig domain structure. In cultured human endothelial cells, we investigated its biosynthesis by immunoprecipitation and pulse‐chase labeling. CD146 was synthesized as a 100 kDa precursor form, which was processed into a 120 kDa mature form. In the culture media of endothelial cells, we observed a CD146 soluble form that was about 10 kDa smaller than cell‐associated CD146. In parallel with soluble forms of other members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, soluble CD146 could modulate and control the functions of the molecule.
Batt, KL & Leslie, LM 1998, 'Verification of output from a very high resolution numerical weather prediction model: the 1996 Sydney to Hobart yacht race', Meteorological Applications, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 321-327.
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The University of New South Wales (UNSW) high-resolution numerical weather prediction model (HIRES) has been used to forecast wind direction and speed at a height of 10 m over the Sydney to Hobart race yacht area for the past three years. The model is run routinely, three times daily, at the New South Wales Regional Office of the Australian Bureau of Meteorology in Sydney. One of these model runs is out to seven days ahead and its boundary conditions are provided by the Bureau of Meteorology's global model. For the 1996 Sydney to Hobart yacht race the model was run at 25 km resolution out to five days ahead and was subjected to detailed verification by one of the Authors (KLB), who participated in the race aboard the yacht AMP Wild Oats and carried out an observational program during the race. The model winds were verified on a six-hourly basis utilising instrumentation on the yacht. The yacht carried wind sensors, which are situated on top of the yacht's mast at a height of 17.5 m above the water. The authors were interested in both the wind directional trends and the wind speeds forecast by the model. It was found that the model gave overall guidance of good quality but was particularly accurate early in the race when a major wind change known locally as a Southerly Buster occurred just after the start of the race. Later in the race from about the fourth day, the quality of the forecasts decreased in accuracy. An improved version of the model, run at higher resolution (10 km), will be verified again in the next race, in December 1997.
Biñas, M & Johnson, AM 1998, 'A polymorphism in a DNA polymerase α gene intron differentiates between murine virulent and avirulent strains of Toxoplasma gondii', International Journal for Parasitology, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 1033-1040.
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The IC intron, found within the DNA polymerase alpha gene of Toxoplasma gondii, was used to evaluate the genetic relationship among 10 strains of T. gondii. Sequence comparison detected polymorphisms within this 652 bp intron which correlated with murine virulence. The results reported here suggest that T. gondii contains two lineages, corresponding with their virulence, evolving independently following their separation. The extensive homology of the IC sequences within the virulent and avirulent groups affirms the close relationship of the strains within the group, as reflected by the identical nucleotide substitutions and dinucleotide insertions/deletions observed. In addition, the presence of the Nde I restriction enzyme site within the IC intron of avirulent strains allows definition of a T. gondii strain as murine virulent or avirulent without needing to test it in vivo.
Biñas, M & Johnson, AM 1998, 'Characterization of the Gene Encoding the Catalytic Subunit of the DNA Polymerase Alpha fromToxoplasma gondii', Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 253, no. 3, pp. 628-638.
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The gene encoding the catalytic subunit of the Toxoplasma gondii DNA polymerase α enzyme has been isolated. The coding region is 6487 bp in length, containing three introns, and specifies a protein of 1690 aa. The seven conserved regions which characterize the polα polypeptide, as well as four of the five polα-specific aa domains, were found in the T. gondii gene. The absence of one of these domains, as well as the presence of a unique cysteine cluster between domains IV and B in the T. gondii polα, may result in a slight difference in the secondary or even tertiary structure compared with the human homologue and thus may be suitable for designing anti-Toxoplasma drugs. A number of amino acid differences within the seven conserved regions between the human and T. gondii polα, as well as variations in the spacings of these regions, were also observed.
Black, K, Qu, X, Seale, JP & Donnelly, R 1998, 'METABOLIC EFFECTS OF THIOCTIC ACID IN RODENT MODELS OF INSULIN RESISTANCE AND DIABETES', Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 712-714.
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SUMMARY1. The antioxidant thioctic acid (TA) has been used in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy and recent studies have suggested that TA also has pancreatic and peripheral effects that improve glucose transport and metabolism. In the present study, the metabolic effects of TA were evaluated in rodent models of insulin resistance (fructose‐fed Sprague‐Dawley rat) and insulin deficiency (streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic rat). Oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests (OGTT and IVGTT, respectively) were performed in conscious rats after treatment with 50 mg/kg per day TA or vehicle for 5 days.2. Fructose feeding for 7 days induced insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance and hypertriglycerideaemia. Treatment of fructose‐fed rats with TA had no significant effect on fasting or stimulated glucose levels or on fasting triglyceride concentrations (e.g. the area under the curve for glucose (AUCglu) following OGTT was 1233 ± 67 and 1284 ± 59 in fructose‐fed rats treated with either TA (n= 12) or vehicle (n= 12), respectively). Similarly, TA had no significant effect on IVGTT profiles in fructose‐induced insulin resistance.3. Low‐dose STZ (80 mg/kg, i.p, over 2 days) induced hyper‐glycaemia, but TA had no significant glucose‐lowering effects in STZ‐diabetic rats (AUCglu (OGTT) following oral administration was 5507 ± 27 and 5450 ± 27 in TA (n= 12) and vehicle‐treated (n= 12) rats, respectively). Nor did pretreatment with TA affect the diabetogenic response to STZ.4. In contrast with previous in vitro studies reporting favourable metabolic effects of TA, the present study shows that after short‐term oral therapy there are no significant improvements in glucose tolerance in rodent models of insulin resistance and i...
Booth, D 1998, 'Teaching evolution are we getting through ?', Australasian Science, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 40-41.
Booth, DJ & Wellington, G 1998, 'Settlement preferences in coral-reef fishes: Effects on patterns of adult and juvenile distributions, individual fitness and population structure', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 274-279.
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Coral-reef fishes exhibit a wide range of habitat preferences at settlement. However, the consequences of these preferences to fitness and population dynamics are poorly known. We critically evaluate evidence for these consequences from recent studies of
Bosch, RJ & Ryan, LM 1998, 'Generalized Poisson models arising from Markov processes', STATISTICS & PROBABILITY LETTERS, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 205-212.
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We develop a family of distributions which allow for over- and underdispersion relative to the Poisson. This latter feature is particularly appealing since many existing methods only allow for overdispersion. These distributions arise from underlying continuous-time Markov processes in which event rates depend on how many events have already occurred. The results are illustrated with underdispersed count data from a polyspermy study and overdispersed data from the Canadian Sickness Survey. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Botten, LC, McPhedran, RC, Nicorovici, NA & Movchan, AB 1998, 'Off-axis diffraction by perfectly conducting capacitive grids: Modal formulation and verification', JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND APPLICATIONS, vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 847-882.
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We consider the diffraction of plane electromagnetic waves incident at an arbitrary angle on a capacitive grid of perfectly conducting cylinders of arbitrary length. We comment on the formulation of modes within the grid region, concentrating on the case
Braithwaite, DH, Holzapfel, CW & Williams, DBG 1998, 'Carbohydrate-derived allylic stannanes', South African Journal of Chemistry, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 162-164.
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The preparation of tri(n-butyl)tin derivatives of various carbohydrates is described. Glycal derivatives were converted into the corresponding stannanes upon treatment with Bu3SnH under photochemical activation. This reaction was found to be regioselective but not stereoselective. Upon treating the glycals with Bu3Sn(Bu)Cu(CN)Li2 as a nucleophile, the corresponding stannanes were obtained in an enantiomerically pure form. Preliminary results indicate that these stannanes may be converted into enantiopure C-glycosides by radical substitution of the tributyltin function.
Brown, AS, Holt, SA, Reynolds, PA, Penfold, J & White, JW 1998, 'Growth of Highly Ordered Thin Silicate Films at the Air−Water Interface', Langmuir, vol. 14, no. 19, pp. 5532-5538.
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Brown, G & Dooley, AH 1998, 'On G-measures and product measures', ERGODIC THEORY AND DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS, vol. 18, pp. 95-107.
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Buckley, BW & Leslie, LM 1998, 'High resolution numerical simulation of Tropical Cyclone Drena undergoing extra-tropical transition', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 65, no. 3-4, pp. 207-222.
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Caprarelli, G & Leitch, EC 1998, 'Magmatic changes during the stabilisation of a cordilleran fold belt: the Late Carboniferous Triassic igneous history of eastern New South Wales, Australia', LITHOS, vol. 45, no. 1-4, pp. 413-430.
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In a 60 Ma interval between the Late Carboniferous and the Late Permian, the magmatic are associated with the cordilleran-type New England Fold Belt in northeast New South Wales shifted eastward and changed in trend from north-northwest to north. The eastern margin of the earlier (Devonian-Late Carboniferous) are is marked by a sequence of calcalkaline lava flows, tuffs and coarse volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks preserved in the west of the Fold Belt. The younger are (Late Permian-Triassic) is marked by I-type calcalkaline granitoids and comagmatic volcanic rocks emplaced mostly in the earlier forearc, but extending into the southern Sydney Basin, in the former backarc region. The growth of the younger are was accompanied by widespread compressional deformation that stabilised the New England Fold Belt. During the transitional interval, two suites of S-type granitoids were emplaced, the Hillgrove Suite at about 305 Ma during an episode of compressive deformation and regional metamorphism, and the Bundarra Suite at about 280 Ma, during the later stages of an extensional episode. Isotopic and REE data indicate that both suites resulted from the partial melting of young silicic sedimentary rocks, probably part of the Carboniferous accretionary subduction complex, with heat supplied by the rise of asthenospheric material. Both mafic and silicic volcanic activity were widespread within and behind the Fold Belt from the onset of rifting (ca. 295 Ma) until the reestablishment of the are. These volcanic rocks range in composition from MORE-like to calcalkaline and alkaline. The termination of the earlier are, and the subsequent widespread and diverse igneous activity are considered to have resulted from the shallow breakoff of the downgoing plate, which allowed the rise of asthenosphere through a widening lithospheric gap. In this setting, division of the igneous rocks into pre-, syn-, and post-collisional groups is of limited value
Carreno, RA, Schnitzler, BE, Jeffries, AC, Tenter, AM, Johnson, AM & Barta, JR 1998, 'Phylogenetic Analysis of Coccidia Based on 18S rDNA Sequence Comparison Indicates that Isospora Is Most Closely Related to Toxoplasma and Neospora', Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 184-188.
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The phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic affinities of coccidia with isosporan‐type oocysts have been unclear as overlapping characters, recently discovered life cycle features, and even recently discovered taxa. continue to be incorporated into biological classifications of the group. We determined the full or partial 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequences of three mammalian Isospora spp., Isospora felis, Isospora ohioensis and Isospora suis, and a Sarcocystis sp. of a rattlesnake, and used these sequences for a phylogenetic analysis of the genus Isospora and the cyst‐forming coccidia. Various alveolate 18S rDNA sequences were aligned and analyzed using maximum parsimony to obtain a phylogenetic hypothesis for the group. The three Isospora spp. were found to be most closely related to Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum. This clade in turn formed the sister group to the Sarcocystis spp. included in the analysis. The results confirm that the genus Isospora does not belong to the family Eimeriidae, but should be classified together with the cyst‐forming coccidia in the family Sarcocystidae. Furthermore, there appear to be two lineages within the Sarcocystidae. One lineage comprises Isospora and the Toxoplasma/Neospora clade which share the characters of having a proliferative phase of development preceding gamogony in the definitive host and an exogenous phase of sporogony. The other lineage comprises the Sarcocystis spp. which have no proliferative phase in the definitive host and an endogenous phase of sporogony.
Carroll, RJ, Freedman, LS, Kipnis, V & Li, L 1998, 'A new class of measurement‐error models, with applications to dietary data', Canadian Journal of Statistics, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 467-477.
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AbstractMeasurement‐error modelling occurs when one cannot observe a covariate, but instead has possibly replicated surrogate versions of this covariate measured with error. The vast majority of the literature in measurement‐error modelling assumes (typically with good reason) that given the value of the true but unobserved (latent) covariate, the replicated surrogates are unbiased for latent covariate and conditionally independent. In the area of nutritional epidemiology, there is some evidence from biomarker studies that this simple conditional independence model may break down due to two causes: (a) systematic biases depending on a person's body mass index, and (b) an additional random component of bias, so that the error structure is the same as a one‐way random‐effects model. We investigate this problem in the context of (1) estimating distribution of usual nutrient intake, (2) estimating the correlation between a nutrient instrument and usual nutrient intake, and (3) estimating the true relative risk from an estimated relative risk using the error‐prone covariate. While systematic bias due to body mass index appears to have little effect, the additional random effect in the variance structure is shown to have a potentially important effect on overall results, both on corrections for relative risk estimates and in estimating the distribution of usual nutrient intake. However, the effect of dietary measurement error on both factors is shown via examples to depend strongly on the data set being used. Indeed, one of our data sets suggests that dietary measurement error may be masking a strong risk of fat on breast cancer, while for a second data set this masking is not so clear. Until further understanding of dietary measurement is available, measurement‐error corrections must be done on a study‐specific basis, sensitivity analyses should be conducted, and even then results of nutritional epidemiology studies relating ...
Carroll, RJ, Gutierrez, RG, Wang, CY & Wang, S 1998, 'Local linear regression for generalized linear models with missing data', The Annals of Statistics, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 1028-1050.
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Carroll, RJ, Ruppert, D & Welsh, AH 1998, 'Local Estimating Equations', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 93, no. 441, pp. 214-227.
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Estimating equations have found wide popularity recently in parametric problems, yielding consistent estimators with asymptotically valid inferences obtained via the sandwich formula. Motivated by a problem in nutritional epidemiology, we use estimating equations to derive nonparametric estimators of a “parameter” depending on a predictor. The nonparametric component is estimated via local polynomials with loess or kernel weighting; asymptotic theory is derived for the latter. In keeping with the estimating equation paradigm, variances of the nonparametric function estimate are estimated using the sandwich method, in an automatic fashion, without the need (typical in the literature) to derive asymptotic formulas and plug-in an estimate of a density function. The same philosophy is used in estimating the bias of the nonparametric function; that is, an empirical method is used without deriving asymptotic theory on a case-by-case basis. The methods are applied to a series of examples. The application to nutrition is called “nonparametric calibration” after the term used for studies in that field. Other applications include local polynomial regression for generalized linear models, robust local regression, and local transformations in a latent variable model. Extensions to partially parametric models are discussed. © 1998 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Carroll, RJ, Ruppert, D & Welsh, AH 1998, 'Local Estimating Equations', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 93, no. 441, pp. 214-214.
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Chai, C 1998, 'Critical ageing of hydroxyapatite sol–gel solutions', Biomaterials, vol. 19, no. 24, pp. 2291-2296.
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It has been established that hydroxyapatite coatings can be produced using an alkoxide based sol-gel technique. Previous work showed that in addition to hydroxyapatite other phases including CaO were observed. A critical factor in determining the composi
Chaudhury, AM, Craig, S, Dennis, ES & Peacock, WJ 1998, 'Ovule and embryo development, apomixis and fertilization', CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 26-31.
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Chen, XJ, Hansbro, PM & Clark-Walker, GD 1998, 'Suppression of ρ0 lethality by mitochondrial ATP synthase F1 mutations in Kluyveromyces lactis occurs in the absence of F0', Molecular and General Genetics MGG, vol. 259, no. 5, pp. 457-467.
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COLE, L, DEWEY, FM & HAWES, CR 1998, 'Immunocytochemical studies of the infection mechanisms of Botrytis fabae I. The fungal extracellular matrix in penetration and post‐penetration processes', New Phytologist, vol. 139, no. 4, pp. 597-609.
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Extracellular matrices associated with conidia and germ tubes of Botrytis fabae (Sard.) sporelings grown on Vicia faba L. leaves were clearly visualized by epi‐fluorescence microscopy following immunolabelling with the monoclonal antibodies, BC‐KH4 and BC‐FD7‐G9. These antibodies were raised against surface washings of B. cinerea, are directed against B. cinerea and B. fabae, and are known to recognize carbohydrate epitopes on a glycoprotein. Both BC‐KH4 and BC‐FD7‐G9 also labelled matrix material located at the surface of penetration and infection hyphae inside the leaf tissue by epi‐fluorescence microscopy. Such matrix material was not visible by DIC microscopy.Immunoelectron microscopy of B. fabae‐infected leaf tissue, prepared by progressive low‐temperature dehydration and embedding in acrylic resin, allowed further investigation of the spatial distribution of the antibody‐binding sites. An abundance of BC‐KH4 and BC‐FD7‐G9 antigenic sites were observed throughout the fibrillar‐like matrix material surrounding the germ tubes on the leaf surface and the infection hyphae inside the host cells. However, close examination of the V. faba–B. fabae interface inside the host tissue showed that this fibrillar material extended some distance from the surface of the infection hyphae and through the swollen epidermal and mesophyll cell walls. Such fibrillar matrix material is thought to be of fungal origin. The possible role(s) of this matrix material in the infection process are discussed.Double‐immunolabelling studies using the BC‐KH4 MAb and a polyclonal antiserum directed against oligosaccharides containing β‐(1→3)‐glucose were carried out in order to localize and distinguish between the fungal extracell...
COLE, L, DEWEY, FM & HAWES, CR 1998, 'Immunocytochemical studies of the infection mechanisms of Botrytis fabae II. Host cell wall breakdown', New Phytologist, vol. 139, no. 4, pp. 611-622.
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Immunoelectron microscopy using the anti‐pectin monoclonal antibody JIM 7 confirmed earlier observations that pectin degradation is a primary event in the process of host cell wall breakdown during the development of chocolate spot disease (causal agent: Botrytis fabae (Sard.)) of broad bean. Close examination of infected and non‐infected Vicia faba L. leaves indicated a loss of JIM 7‐labelling, and therefore, methyl‐esterified pectin, from swollen walls of infected and contiguous epidermal cells. Modified mesophyll walls also possessed less methyl‐esterified pectin than healthy walls. Enzymes which attack methyl‐esterified pectin appeared to be most active in regions of host tissue close to sites of fungal infection.Ultrastructural studies using the enzyme, cellobiohydrolase conjugated to gold (CBH1‐Au) revealed that the cellulose microfibrils of outer epidermal walls of non‐infected V. faba leaf tissue were heavily masked by other components of the plant cell wall. Such material was most probably pectin because the cellulose microfibrils of swollen epidermal and modified mesophyll walls of infected host tissue were heavily labelled with CBH1‐Au. These results were confirmed by double‐labelling studies using JIM 7 and CBH1‐Au. At early stages of the infection process, limited cellulose degradation was observed in infected leaf tissue.Double‐labelling experiments using the monoclonal antibody BC‐KH4 directed against Botrytis matrices and a marker for the plant cell wall (JIM 7 or CBH1‐Au) confirmed previous observations that the fungal matrices extended through modified host walls and degenerate cytoplasm. It is suggested that the wall‐modifying action of the pectin‐degrading enzymes produced during the infection process might facilitate pervasion of matrix material associated with the infection hyphae thr...
Cole, L, Orlovich, DA & Ashford, AE 1998, 'Structure, Function, and Motility of Vacuoles in Filamentous Fungi', Fungal Genetics and Biology, vol. 24, no. 1-2, pp. 86-100.
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Cowling, M, Dooley, A, Korányi, A & Ricci, F 1998, 'An approach to symmetric spaces of rank one via groups of Heisenberg type', Journal of Geometric Analysis, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 199-237.
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We give an elementary unified approach to rank one symmetric spaces of the noncompact type, including proofs of their basic properties and of their classification, with the development of a formalism to facilitate future computations. Our approach is based on the theory of Lie groups of H-type. An algebraic condition of H-type algebras, called J2, is crucial in the description of the symmetric spaces. The classification of H-type algebras satisfying J2 leads to a very simple description of the rank one symmetric spaces of the noncompact type. We also prove Kostant's double transitive theorem; we describe explicitly the Riemannian metric of the space and the standard decompositions of its isometry group. Examples of the use of our theory include the description of the Poisson kernel and the admissible domains for convergence of Poisson integrals to the boundary. © 1998 The Journal of Geometric Analysis.
Credi, A, Montalti, M, Balzani, V, Langford, SJ, Raymo, FM & Fraser Stoddart, J 1998, 'Simple molecular-level machines. Interchange between different threads in pseudorotaxanes', New Journal of Chemistry, vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 1061-1065.
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Dahia, PLM, FitzGerald, MG, Zhang, X, Marsh, DJ, Zheng, Z, Pietsch, T, von Deimling, A, Haluska, FG, Haber, DA & Eng, C 1998, 'A highly conserved processed PTEN pseudogene is located on chromosome band 9p21', Oncogene, vol. 16, no. 18, pp. 2403-2406.
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Daniel, RA, Harry, EJ, Katis, VL, Wake, RG & Errington, J 1998, 'Characterization of the essential cell division gene ftsL (yllD ) of Bacillus subtilis and its role in the assembly of the division apparatus', Molecular Microbiology, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 593-604.
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We have identified the Bacillus subtilis homologue of the essential cell division gene, ftsL, of Escherichia coli. Repression of ftsL in a strain engineered to carry a conditional promoter results in cell filamentation, with a near immediate arrest of cell division. The filaments show no sign of invagination, indicating that division is blocked at an early stage. FtsL is also shown to be required for septation during sporulation, and depletion of FtsL blocks the activation but not the synthesis of the prespore‐specific sigma factor, σF. Immunofluorescence microscopy shows that depletion of FtsL has little or no effect on FtsZ ring formation, but the assembly of other division proteins, DivIB and DivIC, at the site of division is prevented. Repression of FtsL also results in a rapid loss of DivIC protein, indicating that DivIC stability is dependent on the presence of FtsL, in turn suggesting that FtsL is intrinsically unstable. The instability of one or more components of the division apparatus may be important for the cyclic assembly/disassembly of the division apparatus.
de Feyter, R, McFadden, H & Dennis, L 1998, 'Five Avirulence Genes from Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum Cause Genotype-Specific Cell Death When Expressed Transiently in Cotton', Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions®, vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 698-701.
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The coding regions from five avirulence (avr) genes from Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum (Xcm), the causal agent of bacterial blight of cotton, were joined to the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and expressed transiently in cotton leaves after Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer. A genotype-specific necrosis was observed 3 to 6 days post inoculation for constructs derived from avrB4, avrb7, and avrBIn on cotton lines containing the resistance (R) genes B4, b7, and BIn, respectively, but not on susceptible cotton plants. No necrosis was obtained with plasmids that direct expression of avr genes within A. tumefaciens, showing that the cotton response required transfer of the genes into the plant cells. Addition of a signal peptide sequence into the avr constructs to target expressed Avr protein to the apoplast significantly reduced the responses. The results indicate that intracellular expression of Xcm Avr proteins in cotton having the corresponding R gene causes specific host cell death.
Delatycki, MB, Paris, D, Gardner, RJ, Forshaw, K, Nicholson, GA, Nassif, N, Williamson, R & Forrest, SM 1998, 'Sperm DNA analysis in a Friedreich ataxia premutation carrier suggests both meiotic and mitotic expansion in the FRDA gene.', Journal of Medical Genetics, vol. 35, no. 9, pp. 713-716.
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Dennis, ES, Bilodeau, P, Burn, J, Finnegan, EJ, Genger, R, Helliwell, C, Kang, BJ, Sheldon, CC & Peacock, WJ 1998, 'Methylation controls the low temperature induction of flowering in Arabidopsis.', Symp Soc Exp Biol, vol. 51, pp. 97-103.
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Control of the transition to flowering is critical for reproductive success of a plant. Studies in Arabidopsis have led us to suggest how this species has harnessed the environmental cue of a period of low temperature to ensure flowering occurs at an appropriate time. We propose that Arabidopsis has both vernalization-independent and vernalization-dependent pathways for the initiation of inflorescence development in the shoot apex. The vernalization-independent pathway may be concerned with the supply of carbohydrate to the shoot apex. In late flowering ecotypes which respond to vernalization the vernalization-independent pathway is blocked by the action of two dominant repressors of flowering, FRI and FLC, which interact to produce very late flowering plants which respond strongly to vernalization. We have isolated a gene which may correspond to FLC. We suggest the vernalization-dependent pathway, which may be concerned with apical GA biosynthesis, is blocked by methylation of a gene critical for flowering. This gene may correspond to that encoding kaurenoic acid hydroxylase (KAH), an enzyme catalysing a step in the GA biosynthetic pathway. Under this scheme vernalization causes unblocking of this pathway by demethylation possibly of the KAH gene and consequent biosynthesis of active GAs in the apex.
Djordjevic, SP, Eamens, GJ, Ha, H, Walker, MJ & Chin, JC 1998, 'Demonstration that Australian Pasteurella multocida isolates from sporadic outbreaks of porcine pneumonia are non-toxigenic (toxA-) and display heterogeneous DNA restriction endonuclease profiles compared with toxigenic isolates from herds with progressive atrophic rhinitis', Journal of Medical Microbiology, vol. 47, no. 8, pp. 679-688.
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Djordjevic, SP, Noone, K, Smith, L & Hornitzky, MAZ 1998, 'Development of a hemi-nested PCR assay for the specific detection ofMelissococcus pluton', Journal of Apicultural Research, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 165-174.
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Dligatch, S, Cheary, RW & Smith, GB 1998, 'An analysis of Ag/Al2O3 angular selective films by x-ray reflectivity', THIN SOLID FILMS, vol. 312, no. 1-2, pp. 4-6.
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X-ray reflectivity measurements using a conventional X-ray diffractometer have been carried out on AgperAl2O3 films prepared by simultaneous bi-oblique deposition of Ag and Al2O3. The results show that this technique is a sensitive way of identifying the
Doble, P, Macka, M & Haddad, PR 1998, 'Factors influencing the choice of buffer in background electrolytes for indirect detection of fast anions by capillary electrophoresis', ELECTROPHORESIS, vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 2257-2261.
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The suitability of relatively slow (low absolute value of mobility) coanionic buffers in background electrolytes (BGEs) for indirect photometric detection of anions by capillary electrophoresis was investigated. As a model system, 2-(cyclohexylamino)etha
Doble, P, Macka, M & Haddad, PR 1998, 'Use of dyes as indirect detection probes for the high-sensitivity determination of anions by capillary electrophoresis', JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A, vol. 804, no. 1-2, pp. 327-336.
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High sensitivity for indirect detection was achieved by utilising highly absorbing species as the displaced co-ion (or probe). Two highly absorbing dyes, bromocresol green and indigo-tetrasulfonate, were investigated as potential probes in the determinat
Donnelly, R & Qu, X 1998, 'MECHANISMS OF INSULIN RESISTANCE AND NEW PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO METABOLISM AND DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS', Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 79-87.
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SUMMARY1. Resistance to insulin‐mediated glucose transport and metabolism has been identified as a primary mechanism in the pathogenesis of non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and as a target for drug development. The aetiology of insulin resistance is likely to be multifactorial, but the present review focuses on candidate post‐receptor mechanisms of insulin resistance, particularly protein kinase C (PKC), and the metabolic and genetic significance of β3‐adrenoceptors (β3‐AR) in adipose tissue.2. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that isoform‐selective activation of PKC phosphorylates and down‐regulates one or more substrates involved in glucose transport and metabolism (e.g. glycogen synthase and the insulin receptor) and recent studies have shown increased expression of calcium‐independent isozymes (PKC‐ε and PKC‐θ) in the membrane fraction of skeletal muscle in fructose‐ and fat‐fed rat models of insulin resistance. In addition, there is separate evidence that glucose‐induced PKC activation plays an important role in the micro‐and macrovascular complications of diabetes.3. New pharmacological approaches to NIDDM and obesity have focused on insulin‐sensitizing agents (e.g. troglitazone), β3‐AR agonists, anti‐lipolytic drugs (e.g. the adenosine A1 receptor agonist GR79236) and selective inhibitors of PKC isoforms (e.g. the inhibitor of PKC‐β LY333531). Experimental studies with GR79236 show that this drug ameliorates the hypertriglyceridaemia induced by fructose feeding and that the reduction in fatty acid levels is associated with secondary improvements in glucose tolerance.4. Recent insights into the pathogenesis of NIDDM and its associated complications have been used to develop a range of new therapeutic agents that are currently showing promise in clinical and preclini...
Dooley, AH & Zhang, GK 1998, 'Algebras of invariant functions on the Shilov boundaries of Siegel domains', PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY, vol. 126, no. 12, pp. 3693-3699.
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Dooley, AH, Klemes, I & Quas, AN 1998, 'Product and Markov measures of type III', JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY SERIES A-PURE MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS, vol. 65, pp. 84-110.
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Dowd, A, Smith, J & Wolfe, J 1998, 'Learning to pronounce vowel sounds in a foreign language using acoustic measurements of the vocal tract as feedback in real time', LANGUAGE AND SPEECH, vol. 41, pp. 1-20.
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Ellis, JT 1998, 'Polymerase chain reaction approaches for the detection of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 1053-1060.
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This review summarises existing knowledge on the development and use of the polymerase chain reaction for the detection of DNA from Neospora and Toxoplasma. Several strategies which utilise the polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis
Ellis, JT, Amoyal, G, Ryce, C, Harper, PAW, Clough, KA, Homan, WL & Brindley, PJ 1998, 'Comparison of the large subunit ribosomal DNA of Neospora and Toxoplasma and development of a new genetic marker for their differentiation based on the D2 domain', MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR PROBES, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1-13.
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The latest release of the large subunit ribosomal database contains 429 sequences, yet only 10 (six nuclear and four mitochondrial) are derived from parasites of the phylum Apicomplexa. Three of these (all Toxoplasma gondii) were previously contained in
Field, C 1998, 'Rationales and practices of mangrove afforestation', Marine and Freshwater Research, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 353-353.
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The goals of mangrove afforestation for the purposes of conservation and
landscaping, sustainable yield of natural products and the protection of
coastlines are identified. Basic practical considerations for the planting of
mangroves such as site selection, species selection, planting and monitoring
are presented. Finally, there is a brief discussion of the research needs in
this area.
Finnegan, EJ, Genger, RK, Kovac, K, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 1998, 'DNA methylation and the promotion of flowering by vernalization', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 95, no. 10, pp. 5824-5829.
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Finnegan, EJ, Genger, RK, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 1998, 'DNA methylation in plants', ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, vol. 49, pp. 223-247.
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Forrest, SM, Knight, M, Delatycki, MB, Paris, D, Williamson, R, King, J, Yeung, L, Nassif, N & Nicholson, GA 1998, 'The correlation of clinical phenotype in Friedreich ataxia with the site of point mutations in the FRDA gene', NEUROGENETICS, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 253-257.
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Forsyth, TP, Williams, DBG, Montalban, AG, Stern, CL, Barrett, AGM & Hoffman, BM 1998, 'A Facile and Regioselective Synthesis of Trans-Heterofunctionalized Porphyrazine Derivatives', The Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 331-336.
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Fu, S, Davies, MJ, Stocker, R & Dean, RT 1998, 'Evidence for roles of radicals in protein oxidation in advanced human atherosclerotic plaque', BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL, vol. 333, pp. 519-525.
Fu, SL, Dean, R, Southan, M & Truscott, R 1998, 'The hydroxyl radical in lens nuclear cataractogenesis', JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 273, no. 44, pp. 28603-28609.
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Fu, SL, Fu, MX, Baynes, JW, Thorpe, SR & Dean, RT 1998, 'Presence of dopa and amino acid hydroperoxides in proteins modified with advanced glycation end products (AGEs): amino acid oxidation products as a possible source of oxidative stress induced by AGE proteins', BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL, vol. 330, no. 1, pp. 233-239.
Gale, PA, Chen, Z, Drew, MGB, Heath, JA & Beer, PD 1998, 'Lower-rim ferrocenyl substituted calixarenes: New electrochemical sensors for anions', Polyhedron, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 405-412.
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Gale, PA, Sessler, JL & Král, V 1998, 'Calixpyrroles', Chemical Communications, no. 1, pp. 1-8.
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Garrett, Q, Chatelier, RC, Griesser, HJ & Milthorpe, BK 1998, 'Effect of charged groups on the adsorption and penetration of proteins onto and into carboxymethylated poly(HEMA) hydrogels', BIOMATERIALS, vol. 19, no. 23, pp. 2175-2186.
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Proteins, lipids and other biomolecules interact strongly with the acrylic-based biomaterials used for contact lenses. Although hydrogels are nominally resistant to protein fouling, many studies have reported considerable amounts of protein bound to poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) (PHEMA) lenses. This study examined the binding of a series of biomolecules (tear protein analogues, mucin and cholesterol) to poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) and three HEMA-based hydrogels (PHEMA, HEMA plus methacrylic acid (P(HEMAMAA)), HEMA plus methacrylic acid plus N-vinylpyrrolidone (P(HEMAMAANVP))) by use of a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) monitoring. The QCM-D estimates changes in the mass and viscous constant for the adsorbed layer through measurements of frequency and dissipation. Protein interaction with each of the test materials caused a net increase in mass of the material indicating protein binding except for lysozyme interacting with P(HEMAMAA). A net decrease in mass was observed for lysozyme interacting with P(HEMAMAA) which may be ascribed to lysozyme collapsing the hydrogel by expelling water. A net mass decrease was observed for cholesterol interacting with each of the hydrogel materials, while a mass increase was observed on PMMA.
Gaylor, D, Ryan, L, Krewski, D & Zhu, YL 1998, 'Procedures for calculating benchmark doses for health risk assessment', REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 150-164.
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Safety assessment for noncancer health effects generally has been based upon dividing a no observed adverse effect (NOAEL) by uncertainty (safety) factors to provide an acceptable daily intake (ADI) or reference dose (RfD). Since the NOAEL does not utilize all of the available dose-response data, allows higher ADI from poorer experiments, and may have an unknown, unacceptable level of risk, the benchmark dose (BD) with a specified, controlled low level of risk has become popular as an adjunct to the NOAEL or the low observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) in the safety assessment process. The purpose of this paper is to summarize statistical procedures available for calculating BDs and their confidence limits for noncancer endpoints. Procedures are presented and illustrated for quantal (binary), quasicontinuous (proportion), and continuous data. Quasicontinuous data arise in developmental studies where the measure of an effect for a fetus is quantal (normal or abnormal) but the experimental unit is the mother (litter) so that results can be expressed as the proportion of abnormal fetuses per litter. However, the correlation of effects among fetuses within a litter poses some additional statistical problems. Also, developmental studies usually include some continuous measures, such as fetal body weight or length. With continuous data there generally is not a clear demarcation between normal and adverse measurements. In such cases, extremely high and/or low measurements at some designated percentile(s) can be considered abnormal. Then the probability (risk) of abnormal individuals can be estimated as a function of dose. The procedure for estimating a BD with continuous data is illustrated using neurotoxicity data. When multiple measures of adverse effects are available, a BD can be estimated based on a selected endpoint or the appearance of any combination of endpoints. Multivariate procedures are illustrated using developmental and reproductive toxicity data.
Gibson, L 1998, 'Melanin and novel melanin precursors from Aeromonas media', FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol. 169, no. 2, pp. 261-268.
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Many bacteria produce reddish brown to black pigments and some of these have been characterised. This report describes the isolation and characterisation of a diffusible brown melanin-like pigment from the bacterium Aeromonas media. Physico-chemical testing suggested that the pigment is a true melanin. New butanol-soluble yellow, red and brown pigments were isolated from the A. media strain under reducing conditions during melanogenesis and these pigments were shown to be unstable precursors of the polymeric brown melanin product. Copyright (C) 1998 Federation of European Microbiological Societies.
Gibson, LF, Woodworth, J & George, AM 1998, 'Probiotic activity of Aeromonas media on the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, when challenged with Vibrio tubiashii', Aquaculture, vol. 169, no. 1-2, pp. 111-120.
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Glover, J, Grelon, M, Craig, S, Chaudhury, A & Dennis, E 1998, 'Cloning and characterization of MS5 from Arabidopsis: a gene critical in male meiosis', PLANT JOURNAL, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 345-356.
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Godlewski, M, Goldys, EM, Philips, MR, Bergman, JP, Monemar, B, Langer, R & Barski, A 1998, 'Morphology and optical properties of cubic phase GaN epilayers grown on (001) Si', MRS Internet Journal of Nitride Semiconductor Research, vol. 3, no. 51.
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Optical properties of GaN epilayers of a cubic phase are studied. We show a strong influence of the sample morphology on intensity of the edge emission. Whereas edge luminescence is reduced at the grain boundaries, red emission is spatially homogeneous.
Godlewski, M, Goldys, EM, Phillips, MR, Langer, R & Barski, A 1998, 'Influence of the surface morphology on the yellow and 'edge' emissions in wurtzite GaN', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 73, no. 25, pp. 3686-3688.
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In this letter we examine an influence of surface morphology on yellow and edge emissions in wurtzite phase GaN. Our cathodoluminescence measurements show that the yellow emission does not correlate with the surface morphology, but simultaneously the edg
Godlewski, M, Suski, T, Grzegory, I, Porowski, S, Langer, R, Barski, A, Bergman, JP, Monemar, B, Goldys, EM & Phillips, MR 1998, 'Mechanisms of yellow and red photoluminescence in wurtzite and cubic GaN', ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA A, vol. 94, no. 2, pp. 326-330.
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The origin of two deep photoluminescence (PL) emissions observed in wurtzite (yellow FL) and cubic (red FL) GaN is discussed. PL and time-resolved PL studies confirm donor-acceptor pair character of the yellow band in wurtzite GaN and point to participat
Goldys, EM, Zuo, HY, Tansley, TL, Phillips, MR & Contessa, CM 1998, 'Band offsets in In0.15Ga0.85As/GaAs and In0.15Ga0.85As/Al0.15Ga0.85As studied by photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence', SUPERLATTICES AND MICROSTRUCTURES, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 1223-1226.
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Gross, KA & Phillips, MR 1998, 'Identification and mapping of the amorphous phase in plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings using scanning cathodoluminescence microscopy', JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE-MATERIALS IN MEDICINE, vol. 9, no. 12, pp. 797-802.
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The presence and distribution of the amorphous phase is a key factor in the performance and bone-bonding behavior of plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings. Microanalysis of coatings was conducted with microprobe Raman and scanning cathodoluminescence mi
GROSS, KA, CHAI, CS, KANNANGARA, GSK, BEN-NISSAN, B & HANLEY, L 1998, 'Thin hydroxyapatite coatings via sol–gel synthesis', Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, vol. 9, no. 12, pp. 839-843.
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Production of hydroxyapatite coatings using an alkoxide-based sol-gel route requires control of solution aging time and heating schedule. P-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to investigate the changes during aging of the sol and thermal
Helliwell, CA, Sheldon, CC, Olive, MR, Walker, AR, Zeevaart, JAD, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 1998, 'Cloning of the Arabidopsis ent-kaurene oxidase gene GA3', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 95, no. 15, pp. 9019-9024.
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Herok, GH, Millar, TJ, Anderton, PJ & Martin, DK 1998, 'Characterization of an inwardly rectifying potassium channel in the rabbit superior lacrimal gland', INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 308-314.
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PURPOSE. To characterize the properties of an inwardly rectifying K+ (K-IR) current in fresh, enzymatically isolated acinar cells from the rabbit superior lacrimal gland. METHODS. New Zealand White rabbits of both sexes were killed by injecting 45 mg/kg
Herok, GH, Millar, TJ, Anderton, PJ & Martin, DK 1998, 'Inward-rectifying potassium channels in the rabbit superior lacrimal gland', LACRIMAL GLAND, TEAR FILM, AND DRY EYE SYNDROMES 2, vol. 438, pp. 205-208.
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NA
Herok, GH, Millar, TJ, Anderton, PJ & Martin, DK 1998, 'Voltage- and Ca2+-dependent chloride current activated by hyposmotic and hyperosmotic stress in rabbit superior lacrimal acinar cells', LACRIMAL GLAND, TEAR FILM, AND DRY EYE SYNDROMES 2, vol. 438, pp. 129-132.
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NA
Hoeren, FU, Dolferus, R, Wu, YR, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 1998, 'Evidence for a role for AtMYB2 in the induction of the Arabidopsis alcohol dehydrogenase gene (ADH1) by low oxygen', GENETICS, vol. 149, no. 2, pp. 479-490.
Hong, MY, Chapkin, RS, Turner, ND, Galindo, CD, Carroll, RJ & Lupton, JR 1998, 'Fish oil enhances targeted apoptosis of colonocytes within the first 12 hours of carcinogen exposure and results in lower levels of DNA damage compared to corn oil', FASEB Journal, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. A656-A656.
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We have recently shown that fish oil protects against experimentally-induced colon cancer during the promotion phase primarily by enhancing apoptosis rather than decreasing cell proliferation. In this study we determined if fish oil is also protective by enhancing apoptosis during the initiation stage in response to DNA damage. Thirty male rats were provided with corn oil or fish oil, injected with azoxymethane, and terminated 0, 3, 6, 9 or 12 h later. Targeted apoptosis and DNA damage were assessed by cell position within the crypt using the TUNEL assay and quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of O6-methylguanine adducts, respectively. Most of the apoptosis was found toward the base of the crypt where the stem cells are located (41.74% in the bottom 1/3 of the crypt compared to 0.81% in the top 1/3, P<0.001). However, fish oil had the greatest effect on apoptosis at the top 1/3 of the crypt, doubling the apoptotic index compared to corn oil (P<0.01). There were lower levels of adducts throughout the 12 h time course of the study with fish oil vs corn oil (P<0.001). In the top 1/3 of the crypt, fish oil caused an incremental stimulation of apoptosis with increased adduct level, whereas, there was a negative regression between apoptosis and adduct incidence with corn oil feeding (P<0.03). Since polyps and tumors eventually develop from loss of growth control and retention of cells at the top of the crypt, the significant difference in fish oil vs corn oil on apoptosis targeted to this region may account, in part, for the observed protective effect of fish oil against experimentally-induced colon cancer.
Horner, IJ, Hall, N, Cornish, LA, Witcomb, MJ, Cortie, MB & Boniface, TD 1998, 'An investigation of the B2 phase between AlRu and AlNi in the Al-Ni-Ru ternary system', JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS, vol. 264, no. 1-2, pp. 173-179.
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An investigation was undertaken to ascertain the extension of the B2 phase fields from AlNi and AlRu in the Al-Ni-Ru ternary system. The samples were are-melted, annealed at 1500 or 1600 degrees C, and examined using optical microscopy, scanning electron
Hush, NS & Reimers, JR 1998, 'Solvent effects on metal to ligand charge transfer excitations', COORDINATION CHEMISTRY REVIEWS, vol. 177, pp. 37-60.
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Hush, NS, Hutter, M & Reimers, JR 1998, 'Low-lying vibronic transitions as source of microscopic parameters of electron transfer in the 'special pairs' of bacterial photosynthetic reaction centres.', ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, vol. 215, pp. U189-U189.
Hush, NS, Reimers, JR, Hall, LE, Johnston, LA & Crossley, MJ 1998, 'Optimization and chemical control of porphyrin-based molecular wires and switches', MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 852, pp. 1-21.
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Hush, NS, Zeng, J, Reimers, JR & Craw, JS 1998, 'The Primary Process in Photooxidation of Fe2+(H2O)6 in Water', Advances in Chemistry Series, vol. 254, pp. 263-277.
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When aqueous solutions containing Fe2+ ions are irradiated at <250 nm, photooxidation to Fe3+occurs and molecular hydrogen is generated. This plwtoprocess has been studied extensively for over 60 years, but without agreement being reached about the nature of the primary step. Possible initial steps include metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT), internal Fe2+ 3d4s absorption, direct electron photodetachment producing a partially solvated electron in a pre-existing solvent cavity, and polaron-type charge transfer to solvent (CTTS) absorption. We consider the energetics and solvent shift of the first three of these processes, concluding that the MLCT band is too high in energy, the 3d -4s excitation could participate, and the direct photodetachment band is at the correct energy and intensity to account for all that is (as yet) observed of the absorption band. In general, a rather complicated picture of this process in inorganic complexes emerges. In this work, we apply a general method tue have developed for estimating the effects of solvents on transitions of species that have strong specific interactions (e.g., hydrogen bonding) with the solvent molecules. © 1998 American Chemical Society.
Hutter, MC, Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 1998, 'Modeling the bacterial photosynthetic reaction center. 1. Magnesium parameters for the semiempirical AM1 method developed using a genetic algorithm', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B, vol. 102, no. 41, pp. 8080-8090.
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Ibrahim, JG, Ryan, LM & Chen, MH 1998, 'Using historical controls to adjust for covariates in trend tests for binary data', JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION, vol. 93, no. 444, pp. 1282-1293.
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Historical data often play an important role in helping interpret the results of a current study. This article is motivated primarily by one specific application: the analysis of data from rodent carcinogenicity studies. By proposing a suitable informative prior distribution on the relationship between control outcome data and covariates, we derive modified trend test statistics that incorporate historical control information to adjust for covariate effects. Frequentist and fully Bayesian methods are presented, and novel computational techniques are developed to compute the test statistics. Several attractive theoretical and computational properties of the proposed priors are derived. In addition, a semiautomatic elicitation scheme for the priors is developed. Our approach is used to modify a widely used prevalence test for carcinogenicity studies. The proposed methodology is applied to data from a National Toxicology Program carcinogenicity experiment and is shown to provide helpful insight on the results of the analysis. © 1998 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Ibrahim, JG, Ryan, LM & Chen, M-H 1998, 'Using Historical Controls to Adjust for Covariates in Trend Tests for Binary Data', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 93, no. 444, pp. 1282-1282.
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Jahan, F & Smith, GB 1998, 'Investigation of angular selective optical properties of silver titanium oxide cermet thin films', THIN SOLID FILMS, vol. 333, no. 1-2, pp. 185-190.
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Thin films of silver-titanium oxide cermet were prepared with angular and spectral selectivity of optical transmittance. Titanium oxide was deposited reactively by d.c. magnetron sputtering and in a filtered cathodic are system. Metallic silver was co-de
James, MJ, van Reyk, D, Rye, KA, Dean, RT, Cleland, LG, Barter, PJ & Jessup, W 1998, 'Low density lipoprotein of synovial fluid in inflammatory joint disease is mildly oxidized', LIPIDS, vol. 33, no. 11, pp. 1115-1121.
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Jarrard, DF, Kinoshita, H, Shi, Y, Sandefur, C, Hoff, D, Meisner, LF, Chang, C, Herman, JG, Isaacs, WB & Nassif, N 1998, 'Methylation of the androgen receptor promoter CpG island is associated with loss of androgen receptor expression in prostate cancer cells.', Cancer Res, vol. 58, no. 23, pp. 5310-5314.
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Androgen-independent metastatic prostate cancer is characterized by a heterogeneous loss of androgen receptor (AR) expression among tumor cells. In this study, we evaluate DNA hypermethylation as a potential transcriptional regulatory mechanism in AR-negative prostate cancer cell lines. Nucleotide sequence analysis demonstrates an approximately 15-kb CpG island in the AR gene that encompasses the transcription start site and exon 1. Using Southern blotting with methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes and methylation-specific PCR, we find aberrant methylation in the AR expression-negative cell lines Du145, DuPro, TSU-PR1, and PPC1. Incomplete methylation in the AR CpG island is also seen in normal female breast and ovarian tissues consistent with the inactivation of one X chromosome by hypermethylation. In contrast, prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP and PC3 express AR and are unmethylated. Normal prostate epithelial cell strains demonstrate no methylation. Exposure of AR-negative prostate cancer cell lines to 5-aza-2' deoxycytidine, a demethylating agent, induces the reexpression of AR RNA in DuPro and TSU-PR1. This reexpression is associated with a demethylation of this region. Prostate-specific antigen, an androgen-responsive gene, is also specifically induced in these lines after AR reexpression. Therefore, in vitro DNA methylation of the 5' CpG AR island may be associated with the loss of AR expression. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that treatment with demethylating agents may engender the reexpression and function of the androgen receptor in AR-negative cell lines.
Johnson, AM 1998, 'Is there more than one species in the genus Toxoplasma??', Tokai J Exp Clin Med, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 383-389.
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A complete life cycle for the ubiquitous protozoan parasite Toxoplasma was proposed over 25 years ago. Since that time, despite attempts to make the genus polyspecific, there has been only one species, Toxoplasma gondii, consistently recognised in the genus. Recent studies on taxa in genera closely related to Toxoplasma such as Neospora, Hammondia, Frenkelia, Isospora and Sarcocystis, have convincingly showed the need for a reclassification of many of the species in these genera. However, in addition to these genus level studies, over the last 10 years several laboratories have used molecular techniques including isoenzyme electrophoresis, restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses, random amplified polymorphic DNA - polymerase chain reaction, and comparisons of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene, DNA polymerase alpha intron, and 70 kDa heat shock protein gene nucleotide sequences to investigate the genetic diversity among strains in the species T. gondii. Overall, the results of these analyses confirm that the strains in the genus Toxoplasma comprise a limited number of clonal lineages, directly correlated with their virulence in mice. The aim of this presentation is to review the molecular research in this area in order to raise the hypothesis that there may be more than one species in the genus Toxoplasma, which may contain taxa with distinct and different life cycles.
Jolliffe, KA, Bell, TDM, Ghiggino, KP, Langford, SJ & Paddon-Row, MN 1998, 'Efficient Photoinduced Electron Transfer in a Rigid U-Shaped Tetrad Bearing Terminal Porphyrin and Viologen Units', Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol. 37, no. 7, pp. 915-919.
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Jones, PM & George, AM 1998, 'A New Structural Model for P-Glycoprotein', Journal of Membrane Biology, vol. 166, no. 2, pp. 133-147.
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Multidrug resistance to anti-cancer drugs is a major medical problem. Resistance is manifested largely by the product of the human MDR1 gene, P-glycoprotein, an ABC transporter that is an integral membrane protein of 1280 amino acids arranged into two homologous halves, each comprising 6 putative transmembrane ?-helices and an ATP binding domain. Despite the plethora of data from site-directed, scanning and domain replacement mutagenesis, epitope mapping and photoaffinity labeling, a clear structural model for P-glycoprotein remains largely elusive. In this report, we propose a new model for P-glycoprotein that is supported by the vast body of previous data. The model comprises 2 membrane-embedded 16-strand ?-barrels, attached by short loops to two 6-helix bundles beneath each barrel. Each ATP binding domain contributes 2 ?-strands and 1 ?-helix to the structure. This model, together with an analysis of the amino acid sequence alignment of P-glycoprotein isoforms, is used to delineate drug binding and translocation sites. We show that the locations of these sites are consistent with mutational, kinetic and labeling data.
Jones, RJ, Hoegh‐Guldberg, O, Larkum, AWD & Schreiber, U 1998, 'Temperature‐induced bleaching of corals begins with impairment of the CO2 fixation mechanism in zooxanthellae', Plant, Cell & Environment, vol. 21, no. 12, pp. 1219-1230.
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The early effects of heat stress on the photosynthesis of symbiotic dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae) within the tissues of a reef‐building coral were examined using pulse‐amplitude‐modulated (PAM) chlorophyll fluorescence and photorespirometry. Exposure of Stylophora pistillata to 33 and 34 °C for 4 h resulted in (1) the development of strong non‐photochemical quenching (qN) of the chlorophyll fluorescence signal, (2) marked decreases in photosynthetic oxygen evolution, and (3) decreases in optimal quantum yield (Fv/Fm) of photosystem II (PSII). Quantum yield decreased to a greater extent on the illuminated surfaces of coral branches than on lower (shaded) surfaces, and also when high irradiance intensities were combined with elevated temperature (33 °C as opposed to 28 °C). qN collapsed in heat‐stressed samples when quenching analysis was conducted in the absence of oxygen. Collectively, these observations are interpreted as the initiation of photoprotective dissipation of excess absorbed energy as heat (qN) and O2‐dependent electron flow through the Mehler‐Ascorbate‐Peroxidase cycle (MAP‐cycle) following the point at which the rate of light‐driven electron transport exceeds the capacity of the Calvin cycle. A model for coral bleaching is proposed whereby the primary site of heat damage in S. pistillata is carboxylation within the Calvin cycle, as has been observed during heat damage in higher plants. Damage to PSII and a reduction in Fv/Fm (i.e. photoinhibition) are secondary effects following the overwhelming of photoprotective mechanisms by light. This secondary factor increases the effect of the primary variable, temperature. Potential restrictions of electron flow in heat‐stress...
Justice, CO, Vermote, E, Townshend, JRG, Defries, R, Roy, DP, Hall, DK, Salomonson, VV, Privette, JL, Riggs, G, Strahler, A, Lucht, W, Myneni, RB, Knyazikhin, Y, Running, SW, Nemani, RR, Wan, ZM, Huete, AR, van Leeuwen, W, Wolfe, RE, Giglio, L, Muller, JP, Lewis, P & Barnsley, MJ 1998, 'The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS): Land remote sensing for global change research', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 1228-1249.
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The first Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument is planned for launch by NASA in 1998. This instrument will provide a new and improved capability for terrestrial satellite remote sensing aimed at meeting the needs of global change research. The MODIS standard products will provide new and improved tools for moderate resolution land surface monitoring. These higher order data products have been designed to remove the burden of certain common types of data processing from the user community and meet the more general needs of global-to-regional monitoring, modeling, and assessment. The near-daily coverage of moderate resolution data from MODIS, coupled with the planned increase in high-resolution sampling from Landsat 7, will provide a powerful combination of observations. The full potential of MODIS will be realized once a stable and well-calibrated time-series of multispectral data has been established. In this paper the proposed MODIS standard products for land applications are described along with the current plans for data quality assessment and product validation. © 1998 IEEE.
Kalceff, MAS, Phillips, MR, Toth, M, Moon, AR, Jamieson, DN, Orwa, JO & Prawer, S 1998, 'Cathodoluminescence Microanalysis of Electron Irradiation Damage in Wide Band Gap Materials', MRS Proceedings, vol. 540, pp. 43-48.
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AbstractCathodoluminescence (CL) microanalysis (spectroscopy and microscopy) in an electron microscope enables both pre-existing and irradiation induced local variations in the bulk and surface defect structure of wide band gap materials to be characterized with high spatial (lateral and depth) resolution and sensitivity. CL microanalytical techniques allow the in situ monitoring of electron irradiation induced damage, the post irradiation assessment of damage induced by other energetic radiation, and the investigation of irradiation induced electromigration of mobile charged defect species. Electron irradiated silicon dioxide polymorphs and MeV H+ ion implanted Type Ila diamond have been investigated using CL microanalytical techniques.
Kauermann, G, Müller, M & Carroll, RJ 1998, 'The efficiency of bias-corrected estimators for nonparametric kernel estimation based on local estimating equations', Statistics & Probability Letters, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 41-47.
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Kearns, A, Cole, L, Hawes, CR & Evans, DE 1998, 'Establishment of low extracellular pH is essential for uptake of the fluorescent anionic dye hydroxypyrenetrisulfonate by suspension-cultured carrot cells', Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 36, no. 12, pp. 879-887.
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Kehrer, SR, Hannan, CM & Raison, RL 1998, 'Identification of a subpopulation of leucocytes from the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) responsive to pokeweed mitogen', FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 477-487.
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Several compounds which are known to be potent polyclonal activators of lymphocytes in mammals have also been demonstrated to have mitogenic activity for leucocytes from a number of fish species, including rainbow trout. In the present study, the rainbow
Keller, SM, Ryan, LM, Coia, LR, Dang, P, Vaught, DJ, Diggs, C, Weiner, LM & Benson, AB 1998, 'High dose chemoradiotherapy followed by esophagectomy for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction', Cancer, vol. 83, no. 9, pp. 1908-1916.
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Kennerson, ML, Nassif, NT & Nicholson, GA 1998, 'Genomic Structure and Physical Mapping ofC17orf1:A Gene Associated with the Proximal Element of the CMT1A-REP Binary Repeat', Genomics, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 110-112.
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Kirkup, L & Tonthat, C 1998, 'A direct reading thermometer based on a silicon diode', Physics Education, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 302-305.
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Knepper, M, Milthorpe, BK & Moricca, S 1998, 'Interdiffusion in short-fibre reinforced hydroxyapatite ceramics', JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE-MATERIALS IN MEDICINE, vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 589-596.
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Sintering in air and hot isostatic pressing are production methods regarded as being capable of producing fibre-reinforced hydroxyapatite ceramics for biomedical applications. These composites may have the advantage of improved mechanical properties and be suitable for applications in areas where there are significant levels of load on the material. The use of pure hydroxyapatite is restricted to those free of dynamical load. Obtaining improved mechanical strength is a question of the bond between the matrix phase and the fibre-reinforcement phase. However, a chemical bond between both phases, indicated by large diffusion zones, might lead to the dehydration of the hydroxyapatite leading to undesired tricalcium phosphate in the matrix resulting in a weakening of the mechanical and biological stability of the composites. Composites with three fibre types, alumina, 316L-stainless steel and titanium were prepared and sintered in air or hot isostatically pressed. A reaction zone was noted around the titanium and stainless steel fibres, but not around the alumina fibres. The reaction zone was larger for stainless steel than titanium. Hot isostatic pressing also reduced the reaction zone markedly compared to sintering in air.
Král, V, Gale, PA, Anzenbacher Jr., P, Jursíková, K, Lynch, V, Sessler, JL, Král, V & Anzenbacher Jr., P 1998, 'Calix[4]pyridine: a new arrival in the heterocalixarene family', Chemical Communications, no. 1, pp. 9-10.
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Krasinskaya, IP, Lapin, MV & Yaguzhinsky, LS 1998, 'Detection of the local H+ gradients on the internal mitochondrial membrane', FEBS Letters, vol. 440, no. 1-2, pp. 223-225.
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Respiration‐dependent responses of a pH probe (fluorescein isothiocyanate, FITC), covalently bound to the membrane proteins of mitochondria and submitochondrial particles (SMP) have been studied. A spectral shift indicating FITC deprotonation was observed when respiration was activated in coupled mitochondria. Such a response was increased by valinomycin and reduced by uncoupler. Some FITC deprotonation was detected in the presence of excess of an uncoupler, but the response was smaller and insensitive to valinomycin. FITC deprotonation was also observed in submitochondrial particles after succinate addition. In this case it was not affected by uncoupler. Increase in the buffer concentration was found to (i) decrease the FITC response and (ii) increase the rate of uncoupled respiration in both mitochondria and submitochondrial particles. The results are consistent with the assumption that respiration initiates appearance of local H+ activity gradients on the inner side of the internal mitochondrial membrane during the steady‐state H+ pumping. We suggest that the formation of this gradient is due to kinetic barrier to proton transfer from the bulk phase to the respiratory proton pump vicinity.
Leon, R, Lobo, C, Chin, TP, Woodall, JM, Fafard, S, Ruvimov, S, Liliental-Weber, Z & Stevens Kalceff, MA 1998, 'Self-forming InAs/GaP quantum dots by direct island growth', Applied Physics Letters, vol. 72, no. 11, pp. 1356-1358.
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InAs/GaP semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) were spontaneously formed using direct island growth (Volmer–Weber) rather than Stranski–Krastanow (S-K) growth. Structural investigations of InAs/GaP QDs suggest kinetically limited growth and show a broad size distribution. Photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence spectroscopy reveal large inhomogeneous broadening with the emission peak centering at 1.7 eV. Device applications exploiting broad optical emission in QDs are discussed.
Leon, R, Lobo, C, Clark, A, Bozek, R, Wysmolek, A, Kurpiewski, A & Kaminska, M 1998, 'Different paths to tunability in III–V quantum dots', Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 84, no. 1, pp. 248-254.
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Tunability in the concentration and average dimensions of self-forming semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) has been attained. Three of the approaches examined here are: variations with temperature, group V partial pressure and with substrate miscut angle. Thermally activated group III adatom mobilities result in larger diameters and lower concentrations with increasing deposition temperatures. These variations are presented for InGaAs/GaAs and AlInAs/AlGaAs, where striking differences were seen. Tunability in the InGaAs/GaAs QD concentration was also obtained in metalorganic chemical vapor deposition by varying the arsine flow. The latter gave widely varying concentrations and similar sizes. Substrate orientation was found to also be a key factor in island nucleation: Changes in vicinal orientation near (100) can be used to exploit the preferential step edge nucleation at mono and multi-atomic steps, so varying miscut angle (θm) can be used to change island densities and sizes. Anisotropies in island nucleation producing n-dot strings aligned with multiatomic step edges are observed for θm⩾0.75° and up to 2°. Quantum mechanical coupling from such island strings result in non-Gaussian shapes in the inhomogeneously broadened photoluminescence peaks. The effects of some of the other morphological differences presented here on the luminescence emission from QD ground states is discussed for InGaAs/GaAs QDs.
Leon, R, Lobo, C, Zou, J, Romeo, T & Cockayne, DJH 1998, 'Stable and Metastable InGaAs/GaAs Island Shapes and Surfactantlike Suppression of the Wetting Transformation', Physical Review Letters, vol. 81, no. 12, pp. 2486-2489.
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Leslie, LM & Speer, MS 1998, 'Atmospheric particulate transport modelling in a controlled burn event', Meteorological Applications, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 17-24.
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Smoke pollution from controlled burning of forested areas can be a major problem for populated areas, even those at some distance from the site of the burning. In particular, Perth, the largest city in Western Australia, is affected by smoke from controlled forest burns to the south of the city when meteorological conditions advect smoke over the city. Such controlled burns are extensively carried out on an annual basis in spring, early summer and late autumn by the Western Australian Department of Conservation and Land Management (CALM) in the southwest forests, in order to reduce flammable fuels and mitigate the undesirable social, economic, environmental and human problems caused by destructive wildfires. In this article, results are presented from a mesoscale model prediction of smoke trajectories from a controlled burn event that took place in November, 1995. In this example, two meteorological factors, a strong sea-breeze front and a mesoscale low pressure system, unexpectedly turned the smoke back from its initial trajectory over the ocean to directly over Perth itself. The result was very high smoke concentration levels over the city and associated health concerns to residents as well as disruption to transport including the closing of Perth airport. The mesoscale guidance was very accurate and can provide valuable guidance when run routinely.
Leslie, LM & Speer, MS 1998, 'Reply', Weather and Forecasting, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 1208-1209.
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Leslie, LM & Speer, MS 1998, 'Short-Range Ensemble Forecasting of Explosive Australian East Coast Cyclogenesis', Weather and Forecasting, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 822-832.
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Leslie, LM, Abbey, RF & Holland, GJ 1998, 'Tropical cyclone track predictability', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 65, no. 3-4, pp. 223-231.
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Leslie, LM, LeMarshall, JF, Morison, RP, Spinoso, C, Purser, RJ, Pescod, N & Seecamp, R 1998, 'Improved Hurricane Track Forecasting from the Continuous Assimilation of High Quality Satellite Wind Data', Monthly Weather Review, vol. 126, no. 5, pp. 1248-1258.
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Levey, FC, Cortie, MB & Cornish, LA 1998, 'A 23 carat alloy with a colourful sparkle', GOLD BULLETIN, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 75-+.
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Lightly etched surfaces of specimens comprised of the Au-Al beta-phase exhibit a remarkable sparkling appearance and play of colour. An investigation of this phenomenon is described and explained here. The play of colour produced from individual grains a
Liao, XZ, Zou, J, Duan, XF, Cockayne, DJH, Leon, R & Lobo, C 1998, 'Transmission-electron microscopy study of the shape of buriedInxGa1−xAs/GaAsquantum dots', Physical Review B, vol. 58, no. 8, pp. R4235-R4237.
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Lindsey, JC & Ryan, LM 1998, 'Tutorial in biostatistics - Methods for interval-censored data', STATISTICS IN MEDICINE, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 219-238.
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In standard time-to-event or survival analysis, occurrence times of the event of interest are observed exactly or are right-censored, meaning that it is only known that the event occurred after the last observation time, There are numerous methods available for estimating the survival curve and for testing and estimation of the effects of covariates in this context. In some situations, however, the times of the events of interest may only be known to have occurred within an interval of time. In clinical trials, for example, patients are often seen at pre-scheduled visits but the event of interest may occur in between visits. These data are interval-censored. Owing to the lack of well-known statistical methodology and available software, a common ad hoc approach is to assume that the event occurred at the end (or beginning or midpoint) of each interval, and then apply methods for standard time-to-event data. However, this approach can lead to invalid inferences, and in particular will tend to underestimate the standard errors of the estimated parameters. The purpose of this tutorial is to illustrate and compare available methods which correctly treat the data as being interval-censored. It is not meant to be a full review of all existing methods, but only those which are available in standard statistical software, or which can be easily programmed. All approaches will be illustrated on two data sets and compared with methods which ignore the interval-censored nature of the data. We hope this tutorial will allow those familiar with the application of standard survival analysis techniques the option of applying appropriate methods when presented with interval-censored data. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lobo, C & Leon, R 1998, 'InGaAs island shapes and adatom migration behavior on (100), (110), (111), and (311) GaAs surfaces', Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 83, no. 8, pp. 4168-4172.
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The evolution of InGaAs island formation on (100), (110), (111), and (311) GaAs substrates was studied by atomic force microscopy. In addition to determining the growth mode, shape, average size and distribution of InGaAs islands on each orientation, measurement of the saturation island densities enabled an estimation of effective group III adatom surface diffusion lengths. Small lens-shaped islands in addition to larger faceted islands were formed on (100) and (311) surfaces, while trapezoidal and triangular islands were obtained on (110) and (111)B orientations, respectively. Adatom diffusion lengths on these surfaces were found to range from 0.06 μm on (311)B to 3 μm on (111)B.
Lobo, C, Leon, R, Fafard, S & Piva, PG 1998, 'Intermixing induced changes in the radiative emission from III–V quantum dots', Applied Physics Letters, vol. 72, no. 22, pp. 2850-2852.
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We have examined the effect of thermally induced interdiffusion on the luminescence emission from red and infrared emitting self-assembled III–V quantum dots. Three different combinations of dot/barrier materials have been investigated: InAlAs/AlGaAs, InGaAs/AlGaAs and InGaAs/GaAs. In all cases, thermal intermixing was found to result in significant blueshifts of the photoluminescence (PL) emission. In addition, narrowing of the linewidth of the inhomogeneously broadened PL peak was observed. Both effects were found to be strongly dependent on the material system and average dot size. InAlAs/AlGaAs quantum dots exhibited the greatest linewidth reduction after intermixing, indicating this to be a promising method of achieving narrower luminescence lines for devices such as red-emitting zero-dimensional lasers.
Loscher, CE, Donnelly, S, McBennett, S, Lynch, MA & Mills, KHG 1998, 'Proinflammatory cytokines in the adverse systemic and neurologic effects associated with parenteral injection of a whole cell pertussis vaccine', MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF FEVER, vol. 856, pp. 274-277.
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Marsh, DJ, Andrew, SD, Learoyd, DL, Pojer, R, Eng, C & Robinson, BG 1998, 'Deletion-insertion mutation encompassing RET codon 634 is associated with medullary thyroid carcinoma', Human Mutation, vol. 11, no. S1, pp. S3-S4.
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Mazzanti, M, Tonini, R, Valenzuela, S & Breit, SN 1998, 'Molecular Cloning And Functional Expression Of A Novel Nuclear Chloride Ion Channel', Pflugers Archiv-european Journal Of Physiology, vol. 436, no. 5, pp. 1-1.
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McDonagh, AM, Humphrey, MG & Hockless, DCR 1998, 'Preparation of cis- and trans-[OsCl2(Me2SO)4], and X-Ray Crystal Structures of the All-S-Bound Isomers', Australian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 51, no. 9, pp. 807-807.
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Efficient syntheses of the cis andtrans isomers of[OsCl2(Me2SO)4]are reported. While a structural study of thetransisomer confirms the spectroscopically assignedall-S-bound Me2SO configuration, acrystallographic determination of the cis isomer revealsa previously unheralded all-S-boundMe2SO geometry, in contrast to the spectroscopicallyinferred configuration predominant in solution which has oneO-bound ligand.Fortrans-[OsCl2(Me2SO)4],crystals are tetragonal, space group I 4/m, with a9·092(2), c 11·212(3) Å,Z 2, 566 unique reflections (34 parameters), convergingat R 0·026 and Rw0·032. Forcis-[OsCl2(Me2SO)4],crystals are triclinic, space groupP-1, with a8·193(2), b 8·941(3),c 13·837(3) Å, α 79·77(2),β 79·91(2), γ 65·03(2)°, Z 2,4152 unique reflections (173 parameters), converging atR 0·021 and Rw0·018.
McDougald, D 1998, 'Nonculturability: adaptation or debilitation?', FEMS Microbiology Ecology, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 1-9.
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McDougald, D, Rice, SA, Weichart, D & Kjelleberg, S 1998, 'Nonculturability: adaptation or debilitation?', FEMS Microbiology Ecology, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 1-9.
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McNevin, D & Barford, J 1998, 'Modelling adsorption and biological degradation of nutrients on peat', Biochemical Engineering Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 217-228.
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Mears, WE & Rice, SA 1998, 'The Herpes Simplex Virus Immediate-Early Protein ICP27 Shuttles between Nucleus and Cytoplasm', Virology, vol. 242, no. 1, pp. 128-137.
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ICP27 is an essential herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) nuclear protein which regulates viral early and late genes during infection. The exact mechanism by which ICP27 modulates viral gene expression is unknown, but considerable evidence suggests that it functions posttranscriptionally. In this study, we have asked whether ICP27, like some other viral and cellular posttranscriptional regulatory proteins, shuttles between the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments of the cell. Using an interspecies heterokaryon assay, we demonstrate that ICP27, but not the HSV-1 nuclear proteins ICP4 or ICP8, is an efficient shuttling protein. ICP27's shuttling ability does not depend on viral infection or other HSV-1 proteins, as it shuttles even when transiently expressed in uninfected cells. To understand the importance of shuttling for ICP27's regulatory functions, we examined several mutant forms of ICP27 to see whether they exhibited altered shuttling. We identified three ICP27 mutations which partially disrupt shuttling, as well as one mutation, M15, which completely abrogates this activity. The M15 mutation alters residues 465 and 466 near the carboxyl terminus of ICP27 and was previously shown to inactivate ICP27's ability to induce certain viral late mRNAs. These results suggest that ICP27's nuclear shuttling activity is involved in its viral late gene activation function.
Meier, PC, Rogers, C & Cobbin, DM 1998, 'Critical Analysis of Treatment Protocols and Outcomes at the UTS Acupuncture Clinic - a preliminary report', Meeting Point, vol. 7.
Milstein, GN, Platen, E & Schurz, H 1998, 'Balanced implicit methods for stiff stochastic systems', SIAM JOURNAL ON NUMERICAL ANALYSIS, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 1010-1019.
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This paper introduces some implicitness in stochastic terms of numerical methods for solving stiff stochastic differential equations and especially a class of fully implicit methods, the balanced methods. Their order of strong convergence is proved. Nume
Miura, T, Huete, AR, van Leeuwen, WJD & Didan, K 1998, 'Vegetation detection through smoke-filled AVIRIS images: An assessment using MODIS band passes', JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES, vol. 103, no. D24, pp. 32001-32011.
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Radiometrically calibrated, Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) images acquired during the Smoke, Clouds and Radiation in Brazil (SCAR-B) experiment were processed to simulate vegetation index (VI) imagery with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) band passes. Data sets were extracted from tropical forested areas, burned fields, and shrub/grassland areas over both clear and variable smoke conditions with average aerosol optical thickness (AOT) values at 0.67 Jim of 0.14, 1.1, and 1.9, respectively. The atmospheric resistant VIs and various middle-infrared (MIR) derived VIs were then analyzed with respect to their ability to minimize atmospheric 'smoke' contamination. The atmospheric resistant VIs utilized the blue band for correction of the red band, while the MIR-derived VIs used the MIR region (1.3 - 2.5 μm) as a substitute for the red band since it is relatively transparent to smoke, yet remains sensitive to green vegetation. The performance of these indices were assessed and compared with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI). Over the tropical forests the NDVI and SAVI had high relative errors over all smoke-filled atmospheric conditions (50-80% error), while the atmospheric resistant VIs resulted in a 50-80% relative error only over thick levels of smoke. Over optically thin levels (AOT at 0.67 μm < 1.1) they performed much better with a 20-40% relative error. The MIR-derived VIs, on the other hand, outperformed all other VIs over forested areas (≤ 5% error). However, over burned fields with minimal amounts of green biomass the MIR-derived VIs had the highest levels of error due to smoke (> 40%), while all other indices had errors below 20%. In the shrub/grassland site, the atmospheric resistant indices behaved similarly with the MIR-derived indices, with both less sensitive to smoke than the NDVI and SAVI. We conclude that the MIR indices, particula...
Morin, B, Bubb, WA, Davies, MJ, Dean, RT & Fu, SL 1998, '3-Hydroxylysine, a potential marker for studying radical-induced protein oxidation', CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY, vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 1265-1273.
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Naulty, RH, McDonagh, AM, Whittall, IR, Cifuentes, MP, Humphrey, MG, Houbrechts, S, Maes, J, Persoons, A, Heath, GA & Hockless, DCR 1998, 'Organometallic complexes for nonlinear optics. 15. Molecular quadratic hyperpolarizabilities of trans-bis{bis(diphenylphosphino)methane}ruthenium σ-aryl- and σ-pyridyl-acetylides: X-ray crystal structure of trans-[Ru(2-CCC5H3N-5-NO2)Cl(dppm)2]', Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, vol. 563, no. 1-2, pp. 137-146.
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Noyes, HA, Chance, ML, Croan, DG & Ellis, JT 1998, 'Leishmania (Sauroleishmania): A comment on classification', PARASITOLOGY TODAY, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 167-167.
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Oakey, HJ, Ellis, JT & Gibson, LF 1998, 'The development of random DNA probes specific for Aeromonas salmonicida', JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, vol. 84, no. 1, pp. 37-46.
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RAPD-PCR has been used to produce DNA probes for Aeromonas salmonicida. DNA hybridization studies showed that RAPD-PCR fragments of the same size did not necessarily hybridize to each other and therefore these sequences were not always homologous. Howeve
O'Meara, TJ, Lucca, SD, Sporik, R, Graham, A & Tovey, E 1998, 'Detection of inhaled cat allergen', The Lancet, vol. 351, no. 9114, pp. 1488-1489.
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Padungtod, C, Lasley, BL, Christiani, DC, Ryan, LM & Xu, XP 1998, 'Reproductive hormone profile among pesticide factory workers', JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE, vol. 40, no. 12, pp. 1038-1047.
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Serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone levels, as well as urinary levels of FSH, LH, and E1C, a metabolite of testosterone, were measured to investigate the adverse reproductive effects of organophosphate pes
Paterson, MJ, Paterson, PJK & Ben-Nissan, B 1998, 'The dependence of structural and mechanical properties on film thickness in sol-gel zirconia films', Journal of Materials Research, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 388-395.
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The structure, morphology, and mechanical properties of sol-gel zirconia films have been examined using XRD, AES depth profiling, AFM, and ultramicro indentation. There is a systematic variation in the structure and morphology of the zirconia films with increasing thickness. These changes include increases in the amount of monoclinic phase, substrate oxides, and a decrease in grain size. Ultramicro indentation measurements indicate measured hardness increases with film thickness. The highest hardness value was 6.12 GPa for a 900 nm thick film. However, these values may be influenced by the substrate oxide layer at the film/substrate interface which increases with film thickness. The modulus of the films appears to be thickness independent. As the films are made up of a number of separately fired layers, it appears that the property changes observed are also related to the number of thermal cycles experienced by the sample.
Payten, WM, Ben-Nissan, B & Mercert, DJ 1998, 'Optimal topology design using a global self-organisational approach', International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol. 35, no. 3-4, pp. 219-237.
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A method based on a self-organisational approach has been developed, where a local state operator defines the state of each finite element at each iteration. The algorithm is based on the principle of local adaptation with global feedback in the form of a derivative equation based on von Mises stresses that allows the local remodelling function to vary at each time step. The state operator has the form of a nonlinear differential equation solved iteratively based on the material density and strain energy density within each element. A constraint equation is formulated based on a maximum deviatoric strain energy criteria, with the objective to minimise the mass of the design domain subject to the above constraint. A number of examples are presented to demonstrate the use of this approach. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Platen, E & Schweizer, M 1998, 'On feedback effects from hedging derivatives', MATHEMATICAL FINANCE, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 67-84.
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This paper proposes a new explanation for the smile and skewness effects in implied volatilities. Starting from a microeconomic equilibrium approach, we develop a diffusion model for stock prices explicitly incorporating the technical demand induced by h
Pyne, SG & Ung, AT 1998, 'Diastereoselective Synthesis of (1S,2S,3R)- and (1R,2R,3R)-2-acetyl-5-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybutyl) thiazole', SYNLETT, no. 3, pp. 280-282.
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A diastereoselective synthesis of the (1S, 2S, 3R)- and (1R, 2R, 3R)-5-thiazole analogues of (1R, 2S, 3A)-2-acetyl-4(5)-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybutyl)imidazole has been developed starting with 2,3-O-isopropylidene-D-erythrono-1,4-lactone.
Radchik, AV, Moses, P, Skryabin, IL & Smith, GB 1998, 'New effective medium approach to optical response in non-random arrays', THIN SOLID FILMS, vol. 317, no. 1-2, pp. 446-448.
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Ralph, PJ 1998, 'Photosynthetic response of laboratory-cultured Halophila ovalis to thermal stress', MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES, vol. 171, pp. 123-130.
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Chlorophyll a fluorescence was able to rapidly detect responses of laboratory-cultured Halophila ovalis to acute changes in temperature. Six heating (27.5, 30.0, 32.5, 35.0, 37.5 and 40.0 degrees C) and 6 chilling (10.0, 12.5, 15.0, 17.5, 20.0 and 22.5 d
Ralph, PJ 1998, 'Photosynthetic responses of Halophila ovalis (R. Br.) Hook. f. to osmotic stress', JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY, vol. 227, no. 2, pp. 203-220.
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Chlorophyll fluorescence was used to monitor the onset, development and recovery from hyper- and hypo-osmotic stress effects of the seagrass, Halophila ovalis (R. Br.) Hook. f. H. ovalis was able to tolerate rapid transfer from normal (35 ppt) seawater t
Ralph, PJ & Burchett, MD 1998, 'Impact of petrochemicals on the photosynthesis of Halophila ovalis using chlorophyll fluorescence', MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 429-436.
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Laboratory-cultured Halophila ovalis showed tolerance to petrochemical exposure up to 1% (w/v) solution of Bass Strait crude oil, an oil dispersant (Corexit 9527) and a mixture of crude oil and dispersant, Quantum yield, as measured by chlorophyll fluore
Ralph, PJ & Burchett, MD 1998, 'Photosynthetic response of Halophila ovalis to heavy metal stress', ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, vol. 103, no. 1, pp. 91-101.
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This paper deals with the photosynthetic effects of a range of heavy metals on the seagrass Halophila ovalis. In this study, the photosynthetic response of laboratory-cultured II. ovalis to four heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn) was investigated. The results
Ralph, PJ, Gademann, R & Dennison, WC 1998, 'In situ seagrass photosynthesis measured using a submersible, pulse-amplitude modulated fluorometer', MARINE BIOLOGY, vol. 132, no. 3, pp. 367-373.
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Assessments of photosynthetic activity in marine plants can now be made in situ using a newly developed, submersible, pulse-amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometer: Diving-PAM. PAM fluorometry provides a measure of chlorophyll a fluorescence using rapid-li
Ralph, PJ, Morrison, DA & Addison, A 1998, 'A quantitative study of the patterns of morphological variation within Hormosira banksii (Turner) Decaisne (Fucales : Phaeophyta) in south-eastern Australia', JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY, vol. 225, no. 2, pp. 285-300.
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Homzosira banksii shows a considerable degree of morphological variability throughout its range in south-eastern Australia, apparently in relation to the local habitat, and there have been several previous qualitative attempts to categorize this variatio
Razmovski, V, O'meara, T, Hjelmroos, M, Marks, G & Tovey, E 1998, 'Adhesive tapes as capturing surfaces in Burkard sampling', Grana, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 305-310.
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Reimers, JR, Hall, LE, Hush, NS & Silverbrook, K 1998, 'Chemical control of tautomerization-based molecular electronic and color switches', MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 852, pp. 38-53.
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Reimers, JR, Hutter, MC & Hush, NS 1998, 'The spectroscopy of the low-lying bands in the special-pair radical-cations of photosynthetic reaction centres', PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH, vol. 55, no. 2-3, pp. 163-171.
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Reuben, AJ & Smith, GB 1998, 'Normal-mode decomposition for the optical response of cylinder clusters', PHYSICAL REVIEW E, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 1101-1111.
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We present a powerful technique that generates the complete normal-mode representation for the two-dimensional quasistatic response of any finite cluster of nonintersecting cylinders. We initially study two particular structures, a rectangular and then a
Rickard, MT, Fazli, MA, Hassan, NM & Taylor, RJ 1998, 'Interval breast cancers in an Australian mammographic screening program', Medical Journal of Australia, vol. 169, no. 4, pp. 184-187.
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Roberts, DE, Smith, A, Ajani, P & Davis, AR 1998, 'Rapid changes in encrusting marine assemblages exposed to anthropogenic point-source pollution:a 'Beyond BACI' approach', Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 171, pp. 213-224.
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Roberts, DE, Smith, A, Ajani, P & Davis, AR 1998, 'Rapid changes in encrusting marine assemblages exposed to anthropogenic point-source pollution:a 'Beyond BACI' approach', Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 163, pp. 213-224.
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Cover of and the number of species in encrusting macrobenthic assemblages inhabiting temperate rocky reefs in the vicinity of an ocean outfall changed rapidly following the discharge of secondary treated sewage effluent. Within 3 mo of the commissioning of the outfall, significant reductions in the cover of crustose and foliose algae were apparent when this outfall area was compared to 2 reference locations. The cover of several species of sponge, including Cymbastela concentrica, Geodinella sp. and Spongia sp., also underwent marked declines coincident with the commissioning of the outfall. Only 1 category of cover increased significantly at the outfall; this was a nondescript matrix comprising silt and microorganisms, which doubled its representation to almost 60%. We did not detect significant declines in the cover and number of species of sponges or total fauna, however. A 'Beyond BACI' experimental design was used to determine the environmental impact because of the great spatial and temporal variability in these shallow water (~20 m) encrusting communities. Photographic samples were taken in 3 periods, the first pre-commissioning and the other 2 post-commissioning. Multivariate analyses revealed marked shifts in the structure of the assemblage at the outfall relative to the reference locations; these shifts were clearly depicted by a non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (nMDS) plot. A SIMPER analysis confirmed that the overall composition of the community at the outfall changed from one in which algae and sponges were well represented to an assemblage dominated by silt and ascidians.
Rodgers, KJ, Long, C & Jackson, C 1998, 'Cathepsins B, L and S may contribute to the rupture of human atherosclerotic plaques', Heart, vol. 79, no. SUPPL. 1.
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Rupture of the fibrous cap of an atherosclerotic plaque may result in thrombosis and rapid occlusion of the artery. Since the most vulnerable areas of the plaque contain a large number of macrophages, it is thought that the release of matrix-degrading proteinases by these cells may contribute to the weakening and subsequent rupture of the fibrous cap. While a great deal of research has focused on matrix metalloproteinases, cysteine proteinases can also be secreted by activated macrophages. Cathepsin S is unique among the cysteine proteinases in that it is stable at neutral pH. Increased synthesis of cysteine proteinases may result in their secretion from the cell in the pro-form which, unlike the fully processed protein, is stable at neutral pH values. In this study, human atherosclerotic plaques obtained from carotid endarterectomy were dissected into defined regions. Cysteine proteinase levels in each region were assessed using peptide substrates, western blotting and zyrnography. Localisation of these proteinases was then examined histologically. Increased levels of cathepsins B, L and S were found in extracts of the shoulder region (up to 5 fold higher than normal arterial tissue) and close to the lipid core (up to 10 fold higher than normal arterial tissue). Histochemistry using an active site-directed probe revealed that the active proteinases were located in specific sites within these regions. These proteinases are highly active against many matrix molecules, and thus may produce focal weakening of the fibrous cap. Experiments are currently underway in which activated macrophages are incubated with plaque tissue and the effects of a range of proteinase inhibitors on the cleavage of specific matrix molecules examined.
Rose, RM, Warne, MS & Lim, RP 1998, 'Quantitative structure-activity relationships and volume fraction analysis for nonpolar narcotic chemicals to the Australian cladoceran Ceriodaphnia cf. dubia', ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 248-252.
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The toxicity of eleven nonpolar narcotic chemicals to the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia cf. dubia was determined. C. cf. dubia was found to be approximately four times more sensitive to these narcotic chemicals than Daphnia magna tested under virtually identic
San Gil, Turner, Mullbacher, Walker, Djordjevic, Eamens & Chin 1998, 'Flow Cytometric Analysis of Cellular Changes in Mice after Intradermal Inoculation with a Liposome–Iscom Adjuvanted Vaccine', Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 243-253.
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As it is not known what changes to leucocyte homeostasis are mandatory for effective adjuvant action, the biological relevance of systemic changes elicited by different vaccine formulations can only be interpreted in the context of the immunological outcomes. We used flow cytometry to quantify the changes in leucocyte subsets induced in mice intradermally immunized with SAMA4 (adjuvant group), outer membrane proteins (OMP) purified from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (OMP antigen group), SAMA4 adjuvanted OMP (OMP vaccine group), or phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS: control group). This approach allowed direct comparisons to be made between the effects of antigen, adjuvant or antigen–adjuvant complexes on immune effector cell populations. Antigens complexed with the liposome–iscom hybrid adjuvant, SAMA4, generated strong antibody responses and cytotoxic T‐cell activity in animals immunized intradermally, reflecting remobilization and recruitment of specific cell populations. Splenomegaly, due to granulocytosis, monocytosis and megakaryocytosis, was most prominent in the OMP vaccine group. Histological examination of spleen sections confirmed that these changes were due primarily to splenic haematopoiesis. Circulating numbers of granulocytes and monocytes increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the blood of the OMP vaccine group, as did granulocyte numbers in the lungs (P < 0.05). No changes in T‐ and B‐cell numbers were detected by flow cytometry in the spleens, lungs or blood over the 28‐day period in any treatment group. Thymocyte numbers (predominantly CD4+CD8+ cells) in the OMP vaccine group fell by 95% within 3 days of immunization. Identical cellular responses were obtained when an innocuous antigen, ovalbumin, was complexed with SAMA4 instead of OMP, thus demonstrating that the adjuvant effects of SAMA4 were due to synergisti...
Sano, EE, Huete, AR, Troufleau, D, Moran, MS & Vidal, A 1998, 'Relation between ERS-1 synthetic aperture radar data and measurements of surface roughness and moisture content of rocky soils in a semiarid rangeland', WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 1491-1498.
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Sano, EE, Moran, MS, Huete, AR & Miura, T 1998, 'C- and multiangle Ku-band synthetic aperture radar data for bare soil moisture estimation in agricultural areas', REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 77-90.
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A sensitivity analysis of C-band (5.3 GHz) and Ku-band (14.85 GHz) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data to the bare soil moisture content of agricultural fields was conducted in this study. The C-band data were obtained with a 23°incidence angle, whereas the Ku-band data were obtained with 35°, 55°, and 75°incidence angles. The fields presented either a small-scale or an intermediate-scale periodic soil roughness components, associated with level-basin and furrow irrigation systems, respectively. For fields with a small-scale roughness component, the SAR data were sensitive to soil moisture, particularly at the C-band with a 23°incidence angle and Ku-band with a 35°incidence angle. For fields with a intermediate-scale roughness component, both C- and Ku-band data were nearly insensitive to soil moisture. By using a theoretical surface scattering model, this study also analyzed the effects of different soil roughness components [root mean square (RMS) height h, correlation length, and periodic row structure] in the SAR data. For fields with RMS height <0.3 cm, a small variation in h (from 0.1 to 0.3 cm) provoked a significant variation in the SAR data (up to 8 dB).
Saunders, BM, Frank, AA, Cooper, AM & Orme, IM 1998, 'Role of γδ T Cells in Immunopathology of PulmonaryMycobacterium aviumInfection in Mice', Infection and Immunity, vol. 66, no. 11, pp. 5508-5514.
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ABSTRACTSeveral studies have shown that γδ T cells influence granuloma development after infection with intracellular pathogens. The role of γδ T cells in controlling the influx of inflammatory cells into the lung afterMycobacterium aviuminfection was therefore examined with gene-disrupted mice (K/O). The mice were infected with eitherM. avium724, a progressively replicating highly virulent strain ofM. avium, or withM. avium2-151 SmT, a virulent strain that induces a chronic infection. γδ-K/O mice infected withM. avium2-151 SmT showed early enhanced bacterial growth within the lung compared to the wild-type mice, although granuloma formation was similar in both strains. γδ-K/O mice infected withM. avium724 showed identical bacterial growth within the lung compared to the wild-type mice, but they developed more-compact lymphocytic granulomas and did not show the extensive neutrophil influx and widespread tissue necrosis seen in wild-type mice. These data support the hypothesis that isolates ofM. aviumthat induce protective T-cell-specific immunity are largely unaffected by the absence of γδ T cells. Whereas with bacterial strains that induce poor protective immunity, the absence of γδ T cells led to significant reductions in both the influx of neutrophils and tissue damage within the lungs of infected mice.
Schnitzler, M, Koorey, D, Dwight, T, Tomaras, C, Macrae, F, Marsh, D & Robinson, B 1998, 'Frequency of codon 1061 and codon 1309 APC mutations in Australian familial adenomatous polyposis patients', Human Mutation, vol. 11, no. S1, pp. S56-S57.
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Sessler, JL, Gale, PA & Genge, JW 1998, 'Calix[4]pyrroles: New Solid-Phase HPLC Supports for the Separation of Anions', Chemistry - A European Journal, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 1095-1099.
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Smith, GB, Dligatch, S & Jahan, F 1998, 'Angular selective thin film glazing', RENEWABLE ENERGY, vol. 15, no. 1-4, pp. 183-188.
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Angular selective control of daylight, solar heat gain and visual performance is the aim of a variety of emerging technologies for windows, roof and wall glazing. Certain oblique thin metal and metalperinsulator films on glass have transmittance as a uni
Smith, GB, Dligatch, S, Sullivan, R & Hutchins, MG 1998, 'Thin film angular selective glazing', SOLAR ENERGY, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 229-244.
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Angular selective glazing based on special obliquely deposited thin films, has considerable potential for optimizing the overall performance of a window in temperate to hot climates. In contrast to most currently used glazings for these environments it h
Smith, GB, Radchik, AV, Reuben, AJ, Moses, P, Skryabin, I & Dligatch, S 1998, 'Columnar cermet structures in solar energy materials: Can one model spectral response with simple effective medium theories', SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS, vol. 54, no. 1-4, pp. 387-396.
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Selective absorbers and angular selective windows use cermets and many of these surfaces have columnar features, for example, Ni pigmented aluminium oxide, many types of black chrome and silverperaluminium oxide angular selective films. There are numerou
Smith, GB, Yan, W, Hossain, M & McCredie, G 1998, 'Science of daylighting in buildings', RENEWABLE ENERGY, vol. 15, no. 1-4, pp. 325-330.
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The materials characterisation requirements for accurate yet practical simulation of daylighting in buildings is examined for a range of emerging and existing technologies which seek to raise the contribution of daylighting to overall lighting requiremen
Smith, TJ, Ryan, LM, Douglass, HO, Haller, DG, Dayal, Y, Kirkwood, J, Tormey, DC, Schutt, AJ, Hinson, J & Sischy, B 1998, 'Combined chemoradiotherapy vs. radiotherapy alone for early stage squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: a study of the eastern cooperative oncology group', International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 269-276.
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Squamous carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus has an extremely poor prognosis. This study, EST-1282, was undertaken by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) to determine whether the combined use of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), mitomycin C, and radiation
Southerton, SG, Strauss, SH, Olive, MR, Harcourt, RL, Decroocq, V, Zhu, XM, Llewellyn, DJ, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 1998, 'Eucalyptus has a functional equivalent of the Arabidopsis floral meristem identity gene LEAFY', PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 897-910.
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Speer, MS & Leslie, LM 1998, 'Numerical simulation of two heavy rainfall events over coastal southeastern Australia', Meteorological Applications, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 239-252.
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AbstractPredicting rainfall along the New South Wales (NSW) coast is a major forecasting problem because of sharp gradients in rainfall amounts with the heaviest falls on the coastal fringe decreasing rapidly inland. On some occasions the rainfall pattern is less spatially coherent and consists of isolated maxima. Both rainfall patterns are associated with mesoscale coastal ridging. The first rainfall pattern arises from coastal ridging occurring in combination with an offshore trough. In the first case study presented here, a typical ridge–trough system was aligned parallel to the coast, and located just offshore, with the observed rainfall heaviest at the coast, decreasing rapidly from over 60 mm to near zero 30 km inland. The model captured well the southward temporal evolution of the maximum relative humidity values and rainfall. The second rainfall pattern occurs when shallow coastal ridging interacts with downdrafts from thunderstorm activity over the ranges to the west. The second case study was one in which convergence and condensation generated a quasi‐stationary line of thunderstorms, resulting in flash flooding. The model precipitation rates and accumulations matched very closely those of the squall line, as revealed by radar precipitation intensities and the observed rainfall. Copyright © 1998 Royal Meteorological Society
Stoler, JM, Huntington, KS, Peterson, CM, Peterson, KP, Daniel, P, Aboagye, KK, Lieberman, E, Ryan, L & Holmes, LB 1998, 'The prenatal detection of significant alcohol exposure with maternal blood markers', The Journal of Pediatrics, vol. 133, no. 3, pp. 346-352.
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Objective: To examine the efficacy of a combination of 4 blood markers of alcohol use in detecting alcohol-abusing pregnant women. Study design: Two new markers of alcohol use, whole blood-associated acetaldehyde and carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, and 2 traditional markers of alcohol use, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase and mean red blood cell volume, were measured in the blood of pregnant women. Each woman was interviewed about alcohol and drug use, medical and obstetric histories, and nutrition. Each infant was examined by a clinician who was blinded to exposure status. Results: All of the women who reported drinking an average of 1 or more ounces of absolute alcohol per day had at least 1 positive blood marker. The infants of mothers with 2 or more positive markers had significantly smaller birth weights, lengths, and head circumferences than the infants with negative maternal screens. The presence of 2 or more positive markers was more predictive of infant outcome than any self-reporting measure. Conclusions: These markers, which detect more at-risk pregnant women than self-reporting methods, could lead to better efforts at detection and prevention of alcohol-induced fetal damage.
Szczerbakow, A, Godlewski, M, Dynowska, E, Ivanov, VY, Swiatek, K, Goldys, EM & Phillips, MR 1998, 'Structure, surface morphology and optical properties of thin films of ZnS and CdS grown by atomic layer epitaxy', ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA A, vol. 94, no. 3, pp. 579-582.
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In this communication we report successful growth of monocrystalline cubic ZnS and monocrystalline and polycrystalline cubic and wurtzite films of CdS by atomic layer epitaxy. Structural and optical properties of these films are analysed. ZnS (and CdSZnS
Tangye, SG, Weston, KM & Raison, RL 1998, 'Interleukin-10 inhibits the in vitro proliferation of human activated leukemic CD5(+) B-cells', LEUKEMIA & LYMPHOMA, vol. 31, no. 1-2, pp. 121-130.
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B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is characterised by the proliferation and accumulation of sIgM(+)/CD5(+) B-cells that fail to progress to the final stages of B-cell development. Despite their developmental arrest, leukemic CD5(+) B-cells can
TASEVSKI, V, BENN, D, PETERS, G, LUTTRELL, B & SIMPSON, ANN 1998, 'The Fischer Rat Thyroid Cell Line FRTL-5 Exhibits a Nondiploid Karyotype', Thyroid, vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 623-626.
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The FRTL-5 cell line is a stable thyroid cell line derived from the thyroid gland of the Fischer rat under defined culture conditions, which has been widely adopted as a model system for the study of thyroid cell function and for bioassay. While characte
Taylor, PE, Glover, JA, Lavithis, M, Craig, S, Singh, MB, Knox, RB, Dennis, ES & Chaudhury, AM 1998, 'Genetic control of male fertility in Arabidopsis thaliana: structural analyses of postmeiotic developmental mutants', PLANTA, vol. 205, no. 4, pp. 492-505.
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Toth, M & Phillips, MR 1998, 'Monte Carlo modeling of cathodoluminescence generation using electron energy loss curves', SCANNING, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 425-432.
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This work demonstrates the validity of approximating cathodoluminescence generation throughout the electron interaction volume by the total electron energy loss profile. The energy loss profiles in multilayer specimens were accurately calculated using th
Tuch, BE, Tabiin, MT, Casamento, FM, Simpson, AM & Marshall, GM 1998, 'Transplantation of Genetically Engineered Insulin-Producing Hepatocytes Into Immunoincompetent Mice', Transplantation Proceedings, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 473-473.
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Ung, AT & Pyne, SG 1998, 'Asymmetric synthesis of (1R,2S,3R)-2-acetyl-4-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybutyl)thiazole', TETRAHEDRON-ASYMMETRY, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 1395-1407.
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van Heerden, FR, Huyser, JJ, Bradley, D, Williams, G & Holzapfel, CW 1998, 'Palladium-catalysed substitution reactions of geminal allylic diacetates', Tetrahedron Letters, vol. 39, no. 29, pp. 5281-5284.
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Wand, MP 1998, 'Finite sample performance of deconvolving density estimators', Statistics & Probability Letters, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 131-139.
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Wang, GX, Zhong, S, Bradhurst, DH, Dou, SX & Liu, HK 1998, 'Secondary aqueous lithium-ion batteries with spinel anodes and cathodes', Journal of Power Sources, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 198-201.
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Wang, N, Lin, X, Gutierrez, RG & Carroll, RJ 1998, 'Bias Analysis and SIMEX Approach in Generalized Linear Mixed Measurement Error Models', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 93, no. 441, pp. 249-261.
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We consider generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) for clustered data when one of the predictors is measured with error. When the measurement error is additive and normally distributed and the error-prone predictor is itself normally distributed, we show that the observed data also follow a GLMM but with a different fixed effects structure from the original model, a different and more complex random effects structure, and restrictions on the parameters. This characterization enables us to compute the biases that result in common GLMMs when one ignores measurement error. For instance, in one common situation the biases in parameter estimates become larger as the number of observations within a cluster increases, both for regression coefficients and for variance components. Parameter estimation is described using the SIMEX method, a relatively new functional method that makes no assumptions about the structure of the unobservable predictors. Simulations and an example illustrate the results. © 1998 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Wang, N, Lin, X, Gutierrez, RG & Carroll, RJ 1998, 'Bias Analysis and SIMEX Approach in Generalized Linear Mixed Measurement Error Models', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 93, no. 441, pp. 249-249.
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Weller, EA & Ryan, LM 1998, 'Testing for trend with count data', BIOMETRICS, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 762-773.
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Among the tests that can be used to detect dose-related trends in count data from toxicological studies axe nonparametric tests such as the Jonckheere-Terpstra and likelihood-based tests, for example, based on a Poisson model. This paper was motivated by a data set of tumor counts in which conflicting conclusions were obtained using these two tests. To define situations where one test may be preferable, we compared the small and large sample performance of these two tests as well as a robust and conditional version of the likelihood-based test in the absence and presence of a dose- related trend for both Poisson and overdispersed Poisson data. Based on our results, we suggest using the Poisson test when little overdispersion is present in the data. For more overdispersed data, we recommend using the robust Poisson test for highly discrete data (response rate lower than 2-3) and the robust Poisson test or the Jonckheere-Terpstra test for moderately discrete or continuous data (average responses larger than 2 or 3). We also studied the effects of dose metameter misspecification. A clear effect on efficiency was seen when the 'wrong' dose metameter was used to compute the test statistic. In general, unless there is strong reason to do otherwise, we recommend the use of equally spaced dose levels when applying the Poisson or robust Poisson test for trend.
Weston, KM & Raison, RL 1998, 'Interaction of melittin with a human lymphoblastoid cell line, HMy2', JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 164-173.
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We have examined the cytolytic effects of the membrane-active peptide, melittin, on a human lymphoblastoid cell line (HMy2) in the context of the use of melittin as the toxic component of an immunotoxin. The toxicity of melittin for HMy2 cells was linear
Weston, KM, Mulligan, SP & Raison, RL 1998, 'In vivo binding of mouse IgG via polyreactive surface IgM abrogates progressive lymphocytosis in prolymphocytic leukemia', LEUKEMIA & LYMPHOMA, vol. 29, no. 3-4, pp. 361-373.
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Surface IgM expressed by malignant CD5(+) B-cells from patients with B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) has previously been shown to bind mouse Ig in what appears to be an example of polyreactive antigen-binding activity. This report demonstrates the
Williams, CR, Wallman, JF & Tyler, MJ 1998, 'Toxicity of green tree frog (Litoria caerulea) skin secretion to the blowflies Calliphora stygia (Fabricius) and Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)', Australian Journal of Entomology, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 85-89.
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Many instances of attack by flies (Diptera) upon adult amphibians have been reported. The green tree frog (Litoria caerulea) produces a skin secretion that protects the frog from infection and predation. In this laboratory study, we tested the secretion for its effect on two calliphorids, the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, and the eastern goldenhaired blowfly, Calliphora stygia, to investigate the role of frog skin secretion in defence against dipteran attack. Topical application to L. cuprina larvae caused mortality, resulting in the eclosion of fewer flies. Direct application upon C. stygia adults caused mortality, whereas introducing the secretion into food caused mortality as well as reduced feeding rates. Results suggest that both physical and chemical properties of the secretion play a role in its toxicity. The skin secretion of L. caerulea may be effective in the defence of this frog against Diptera in general; however, it may have evolved initially in response to attack by particular flies of parasitic genera.
Wilton, JL, Scarman, AL, Walker, MJ & Djordjevic, SP 1998, 'Reiterated repeat region variability in the ciliary adhesin gene of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae', Microbiology, vol. 144, no. 7, pp. 1931-1943.
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Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a highly prevalent pathogen which colonizes the ciliated epithelial lining of the porcine respiratory tract. Expression libraries constructed from genomic DNA of the non-pathogenic strain M. hyopneumoniae J were screened with porcine hyperimmune antiserum against M. hyopneumoniae. One clone expressed a 28 kDa protein which was also reactive with monospecific antiserum raised against a putative M. hyopneumoniae-specific 94 kDa antigen derived from strain J. Trypsin digestion of whole M. hyopneumoniae cells showed the 94 kDa antigen to be surface-accessible. DNA sequence analysis of the gene encoding the 94 kDa antigen revealed greater than 90% homology to two adhesin genes, encoding P97 and Mhp1, cloned from pathogenic strain 232 and strain P5722 of M. hyopneumoniae, respectively. Two regions of repetitive DNA sequence were identified in the gene encoding the 94 kDa antigen. The first encoded the deduced amino acid sequence A(T)-K-P-E(V)-A(T) arranged as nine tandem repeats (RR1). The second region of repetitive DNA sequence encoded the deduced amino acid sequence G-A(E,S)-P-N(S)-Q-G-K-K-A-E arranged as five tandem repeats (RR2). Comparison of the three M. hyopneumoniae adhesin genes revealed that the genes encoding P97 and Mhp1, and the strain J gene encoding the 94 kDa antigen contained 15, 12 and 9 tandem repeats, respectively, in RR1, and 4, 5 and 5 tandem repeats, respectively, in RR2. Southern hybridization analysis of EcoRI-digested genomic DNA probed with an 820 bp fragment spanning RR1 and RR2 identified a strongly hybridizing fragment ranging in size from 2.15 to 2.30 kb among seven geographically diverse strains of M. hyopneumoniae but failed to hybridize with DNA from four strains of Mycoplasma hyorhinis or Mycoplasma flocculare strain Ms42. PCR primers flanking the DNA sequence encoding RR1 and RR2 were used to amplify DNA from the seven strains of M. hyopneumoniae and DNA sequence analysis of the amplific...
Witrzens, B, Brettell, RIS, Murray, FR, McElroy, D, Li, ZY & Dennis, ES 1998, 'Comparison of three selectable marker genes for transformation of wheat by microprojectile bombardment', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 39-44.
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Witte, RS, Ryan, LM, Schutt, AJ, Carbone, PP & Engstrom, PF 1998, 'Pala Versus Streptozotocin, Doxorubicin, and Meccnu in the Treatment of Patients With Advanced Pancreatic Carcinoma', Investigational New Drugs, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 315-318.
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Seventy-three eligible, chemotherapy-naive, ambulatory patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma were allocated to one of two treatment regimens: 35 received PALA (1250 mg/m2 daily x 5 every 4 weeks) and 38 were given SAM (streptozotocin 400 mg/m2 IV daily x 5, doxorubicin 45 mg/m2 IV on day 1 and 22, and methyl CCNU 60 mg/m2 orally on days 1 and 22 every 6 weeks). Doses were modified for myelo-, gi-, or cardiotoxicity. Adequate organ, bone marrow and cardiac function; a measurable lesion; adequate caloric intake; and a life expectancy of 2 months were required for treatment on this trial. One patient on each regimen had a partial response for response rates of 3% (95% confidence intervals, 0.08 to 17%). Median survival on the PALA arm was 5 months and median time to treatment failure was 2.6 months. SAM patients experienced median overall and progression free survivals of 3.4 and 1.9 months, respectively. The severe toxicity observed was almost exclusively myelosuppression on both regimens. One patient receiving SAM had lethal leukopenic sepsis during the first cycle as the only treatment-related death. Neither PALA nor SAM offer any therapeutic utility to patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.
Wong-Kian, M, Cortie, MB & Cornish, LA 1998, 'Hot isostatic consolidation and transformation of sigma phase powders', MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 14, no. 12, pp. 1242-1248.
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Superferritic stainless steel compositions containing 38%Cr and at least 2% each of Ni and Mo carl be converted to sigma phase by heat treatment and then to powder by mechanical attrition. This powdered sigma phase has been experimentally processed by po
Xi, YG & Gu, HY 1998, 'Sensitivity analysis based objective coordination of constrained multi-objective multi-degree-of-freedom optimization', SCIENCE IN CHINA SERIES E-TECHNOLOGICAL SCIENCES, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 592-599.
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Xu, XP, Cho, SI, Sammel, M, You, LY, Cui, SC, Huang, YM, Ma, GH, Padungtod, C, Pothier, L, Niu, TH, Christiani, D, Smith, T, Ryan, L & Wang, LH 1998, 'Association of petrochemical exposure with spontaneous abortion', OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 31-36.
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Xue, YL, Smith, GB & Baker, AT 1998, 'Large refractive index and interparticle-interaction-induced nonlinear modulation in densely doped composite materials', IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, vol. 34, no. 8, pp. 1380-1389.
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We have performed a study of the population dynamics in a composite, in which the active medium is densely doped, by considering the interparticle interaction between the nearest neighboring active particles. A model is presented to describe the nonlinea
Zinder, Y & Roper, D 1998, 'An iterative algorithm for scheduling unit-time tasks with precedence constraints to minimise the maximum lateness', ANNALS OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH, vol. 81, pp. 321-340.
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