Abdul, JM, Colville, A, Lim, R, Vigneswaran, S & Kandasamy, J 2012, 'Use of duckweed (Lemna disperma) to assess the phytotoxicity of the products of Fenton oxidation of metsulfuron methyl', Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol. 83, pp. 89-95.
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Because of pressure on water supplies world-wide, there is increasing interest in methods of remediating contaminated ground waters. However, with some remediation processes, the breakdown products are more toxic than the original contaminant. Organic matter and salinity may also influence degradation efficiency. This study tested the efficiency of Fenton oxidation in degrading the sulfonylurea herbicide metsulfuron methyl (MeS), and tested the reaction products for phytotoxicity with the Lemna (duckweed) bioassay. The efficiency of degradation by Fentonâs reagent (Fe2þ ¼0.09 mM; H2O2¼1.76mM, 4 h) decreased with increasing initial MeS concentration, from 98% with 5 mg/L MeS, to 63% with 70 mg/L MeS. Addition of NaCl (10 mM) and organic matter (humic acid at 0.2 and 2.0 mg C/L as Total Organic Carbon) reduced the efficiency of degradation at low initial MeS concentrations (5 and 10mg/L), but had no effect at high concentrations. The residual Fentonâs reagent after Fentonâs oxidation was toxic to Lemna. After removal of residual iron and H2O2, the measured toxicity to Lemna in the treated samples could be explained by the concentrations of MeS as measured by HPLC/UV detection, so there was no evidence of additional toxicity or amelioration due to the by-products or formulation materials.
Afzal, S, Daoud, WA & Langford, SJ 2012, 'Self-cleaning cotton by porphyrin-sensitized visible-light photocatalysis', Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 22, no. 9, pp. 4083-4083.
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Aharonovich, I & Shenderova, O 2012, 'Brilliant explosions', NATURE MATERIALS, vol. 11, no. 12, pp. 996-996.
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Aharonovich, I, Lee, JC, Magyar, AP, Buckley, BB, Yale, CG, Awschalom, DD & Hu, EL 2012, 'Homoepitaxial Growth of Single Crystal Diamond Membranes for Quantum Information Processing', ADVANCED MATERIALS, vol. 24, no. 10, pp. OP54-OP59.
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Alahyarizadeh, G 2012, 'Performance enhancement of deep violet indium gallium nitride double quantum well lasers using delta barrier close to electron blocking layer', Journal of Nanophotonics, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 063514-063514.
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Alahyarizadeh, G, Aghajani, H, Mahmodi, H, Rahmani, R & Hassan, Z 2012, 'Analytical and visual modeling of InGaN/GaN single quantum well laser based on rate equations', Optics & Laser Technology, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 12-20.
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Alahyarizadeh, G, Ghazai, AJ, Rahmani, R, Mahmodi, H & Hassan, Z 2012, 'Simulation and optimization of deep violet InGaN double quantum well laser', Optics Communications, vol. 285, no. 5, pp. 746-750.
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Allen, JC, Seidel, P, Schlosser, T, Ramsay, EE, Ge, Q & Ammit, AJ 2012, 'Cyclin D1 in ASM Cells from Asthmatics Is Insensitive to Corticosteroid Inhibition', Journal of Allergy, vol. 2012, pp. 1-6.
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Hyperplasia of airway smooth muscle (ASM) is a feature of the remodelled airway in asthmatics. We examined the antiproliferative effectiveness of the corticosteroid dexamethasone on expression of the key regulator of G1 cell cycle progression—cyclin D1—in ASM cells from nonasthmatics and asthmatics stimulated with the mitogen platelet-derived growth factor BB. While cyclin D1 mRNA and protein expression were repressed in cells from nonasthmatics in contrast, cyclin D1 expression in asthmatics was resistant to inhibition by dexamethasone. This was independent of a repressive effect on glucocorticoid receptor translocation. Our results corroborate evidence demonstrating that corticosteroids inhibit mitogen-induced proliferation only in ASM cells from subjects without asthma and suggest that there are corticosteroid-insensitive proliferative pathways in asthmatics.
Allen-Hall, A & McNevin, D 2012, 'Human tissue preservation for disaster victim identification (DVI) in tropical climates', Forensic Science International: Genetics, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 653-657.
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Allsop, DJ, Copeland, J, Norberg, MM, Fu, S, Molnar, A, Lewis, J & Budney, AJ 2012, 'Quantifying the Clinical Significance of Cannabis Withdrawal', PLOS ONE, vol. 7, no. 9, p. e44864.
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Abstract: Background and Aims: Questions over the clinical significance of cannabis withdrawal have hindered its inclusion as a discrete cannabis induced psychiatric condition in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV). This study aims to quantify functional impairment to normal daily activities from cannabis withdrawal, and looks at the factors predicting functional impairment. In addition the study tests the influence of functional impairment from cannabis withdrawal on cannabis use during and after an abstinence attempt. Methods and Results: volunteer sample of 49 non-treatment seeking cannabis users who met DSM-IV criteria for dependence provided daily withdrawal-related functional impairment scores during a one-week baseline phase and two weeks of monitored abstinence from cannabis with a one month follow up. Functional impairment from withdrawal symptoms was strongly associated with symptom severity (p = 0.0001). Participants with more severe cannabis dependence before the abstinence attempt reported greater functional impairment from cannabis withdrawal (p = 0.03). Relapse to cannabis use during the abstinence period was associated with greater functional impairment from a subset of withdrawal symptoms in high dependence users. Higher levels of functional impairment during the abstinence attempt predicted higher levels of cannabis use at one month follow up (p = 0.001). Conclusions: Cannabis withdrawal is clinically significant because it is associated with functional impairment to normal daily activities, as well as relapse to cannabis use. Sample size in the relapse group was small and the use of a non-treatment seeking population requires findings to be replicated in clinical samples. Tailoring treatments to target withdrawal symptoms contributing to functional impairment during a quit attempt may improve treatment outcomes.
Alrashdan, YA, Alkhouri, H, Chen, E, Lalor, DJ, Poniris, M, Henness, S, Brightling, CE, Burgess, JK, Armour, CL, Ammit, AJ & Margaret Hughes, J 2012, 'Asthmatic airway smooth muscle CXCL10 production: mitogen-activated protein kinase JNK involvement', American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, vol. 302, no. 10, pp. L1118-L1127.
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CXCL10 (IP10) is involved in mast cell migration to airway smooth muscle (ASM) bundles in asthma. We aimed to investigate the role of cytokine-induced MAPK activation in CXCL10 production by ASM cells from people with and without asthma. Confluent growth-arrested ASM cells were treated with inhibitors of the MAPKs ERK, p38, and JNK and transcription factor NF-κB, or vehicle, and stimulated with IL-1β, TNF-α, or IFN-γ, alone or combined (cytomix). CXCL10 mRNA and protein, JNK, NF-κB p65 phosphorylation, and Iκ-Bα protein degradation were assessed using real-time PCR, ELISA, and immunoblotting, respectively. Cytomix, IL-1β, and TNF-α induced CXCL10 mRNA expression more rapidly in asthmatic than nonasthmatic ASM cells. IL-1β and/or TNF-α combined with IFN-γ synergistically increased asthmatic ASM cell CXCL10 release. Inhibitor effects were similar in asthmatic and nonasthmatic cells, but cytomix-induced release was least affected, with only JNK and NF-κB inhibitors halving it. Notably, JNK phosphorylation was markedly less in asthmatic compared with nonasthmatic cells. However, in both, the JNK inhibitor SP600125 reduced JNK phosphorylation and CXCL10 mRNA levels but did not affect CXCL10 mRNA stability or Iκ-Bα degradation. Together, the JNK and NF-κB inhibitors completely inhibited their CXCL10 release. We concluded that, in asthmatic compared with nonasthmatic ASM cells, JNK activation was reduced and CXCL10 gene expression was more rapid following cytomix stimulation. However, in both, JNK activation did not regulate early events leading to NF-κB activation. Thus JNK and NF-κB provide independent therapeutic targets for limiting CXCL10 production and mast cell migration to the ASM in asthma.
Al-Sohaily, S, Biankin, A, Leong, R, Kohonen-Corish, M & Warusavitarne, J 2012, 'Molecular pathways in colorectal cancer', Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 1423-1431.
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Anderson, SR & Ollendick, TH 2012, 'Diagnosing Oppositional Defiant Disorder Using the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV: Parent Version and the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children', Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 467-475.
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The purpose of this study was to determine whether the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV: Parent Version (ADIS-P) is a valid diagnostic tool for the assessment of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) in youth. Although there is considerable evidence that the ADIS-P is effective in diagnosing anxiety disorders in youth, no studies have yet examined its validity in assessing ODD. In contrast, a number of studies support the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-Version IV (DISC-IV) as a reliable and valid tool in the assessment of ODD. In the present study, the ADIS-P and DISC-IV ODD modules were administered in a counterbalanced order to the parents of a clinical sample of 106 children between 7 and 14 years of age referred for the treatment of ODD. It was hypothesized that the ODD module of the ADIS-P would be valid as determined by its concurrent and convergent validity with the DISC-IV, the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC) Aggression and Conduct Problems scales, and the Disruptive Behavior Disorders rating scale (DBD). Results demonstrated that ADIS-P ODD diagnoses had moderate agreement with DISC-IV ODD diagnoses (0.46, p & gt;.001) and that Pearson correlations of ADIS symptom counts with questionnaire scales were similar in magnitude with correlations of DISC-IV symptom counts with the same questionnaires. Overall, findings suggest that clinicians and researchers can use the ADIS-P as an empirically-supported diagnostic interview for assessing children's oppositional problems. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012.
Angrisano, F, Riglar, DT, Sturm, A, Volz, JC, Delves, MJ, Zuccala, ES, Turnbull, L, Dekiwadia, C, Olshina, MA, Marapana, DS, Wong, W, Mollard, V, Bradin, CH, Tonkin, CJ, Gunning, PW, Ralph, SA, Whitchurch, CB, Sinden, RE, Cowman, AF, McFadden, GI & Baum, J 2012, 'Spatial Localisation of Actin Filaments across Developmental Stages of the Malaria Parasite', PLOS ONE, vol. 7, no. 2, p. e32188.
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Actin dynamics have been implicated in a variety of developmental processes during the malaria parasite lifecycle. Parasite motility, in particular, is thought to critically depend on an actomyosin motor located in the outer pellicle of the parasite cell. Efforts to understand the diverse roles actin plays have, however, been hampered by an inability to detect microfilaments under native conditions. To visualise the spatial dynamics of actin we generated a parasite-specific actin antibody that shows preferential recognition of filamentous actin and applied this tool to different lifecycle stages (merozoites, sporozoites and ookinetes) of the human and mouse malaria parasite species Plasmodium falciparum and P. berghei along with tachyzoites from the related apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Actin filament distribution was found associated with three core compartments: the nuclear periphery, pellicular membranes of motile or invasive parasite forms and in a ring-like distribution at the tight junction during merozoite invasion of erythrocytes in both human and mouse malaria parasites. Localisation at the nuclear periphery is consistent with an emerging role of actin in facilitating parasite gene regulation. During invasion, we show that the actin ring at the parasite-host cell tight junction is dependent on dynamic filament turnover. Super-resolution imaging places this ring posterior to, and not concentric with, the junction marker rhoptry neck protein 4. This implies motor force relies on the engagement of dynamic microfilaments at zones of traction, though not necessarily directly through receptor-ligand interactions at sites of adhesion during invasion. Combined, these observations extend current understanding of the diverse roles actin plays in malaria parasite development and apicomplexan cell motility, in particular refining understanding on the linkage of the internal parasite gliding motor with the extra-cellular milieu.
Angus, K, Thomas, P & Guerbois, J-P 2012, 'Synthesis and characterisation of cobaltite and ferrite spinels using thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray crystallography', Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, vol. 108, no. 2, pp. 449-452.
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The synthesis for a series of ferrite ((MFe2O4)-Fe-II) and cobaltite ((MCo2O4)-Co-II) spinels was investigated where M-II is Mg, Co, Ni, Cu or Zn. The ferrites were prepared at a calcination temperature of 800 A degrees C; the cobaltites at 500 A degrees
Arora, S, Flower, O, Murray, NPS & Lee, BB 2012, 'Respiratory care of patients with cervical spinal cord injury: a review.', Crit Care Resusc, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 64-73.
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Respiratory complications following cervical spinal cord injury are common and are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality after this type of injury. Impaired mechanics of ventilation, poor cough, increased secretions and bronchospasm predispose to atelectasis, pneumonia and exacerbations of respiratory failure. Prolonged mechanical ventilation and tracheostomy are often required. This review discusses the relevant pathophysiology, various ventilatory strategies and timing of tracheostomy, and examines the evidence surrounding physiotherapeutic and pharmacological treatment options.
Asatryan, AA, Botten, LC, Byrne, MA, Freilikher, VD, Gredeskul, SA, Shadrivov, IV, McPhedran, RC & Kivshar, YS 2012, 'Transmission and Anderson localization in dispersive metamaterials', PHYSICAL REVIEW B, vol. 85, no. 4, pp. 1-11.
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Comprehensive theoretical and numerical studies of the effects of dispersion and absorption on the Anderson localization of classical waves in weakly disordered, one-dimensional stacks composed of dispersive metamaterials and normal materials are present
Ayres, DL, Darling, A, Zwickl, DJ, Beerli, P, Holder, MT, Lewis, PO, Huelsenbeck, JP, Ronquist, F, Swofford, DL, Cummings, MP, Rambaut, A & Suchard, MA 2012, 'BEAGLE: An Application Programming Interface and High-Performance Computing Library for Statistical Phylogenetics', Systematic Biology, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 170-173.
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Phylogenetic inference is fundamental to our understanding of most aspects of the origin and evolution of life, and in recent years, there has been a concentration of interest in statistical approaches such as Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood es
Baird, AH, Sommer, B & Madin, JS 2012, 'Pole-ward range expansion of Acropora spp. along the east coast of Australia', Coral Reefs, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 1063-1063.
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Baker, AC & Murray, BR 2012, 'Seasonal intrusion of litterfall from non-native pine plantations into surrounding native woodland: Implications for management of an invasive plantation species', FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT, vol. 277, pp. 25-37.
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Radiata pine (Pinus radiata) is commonly grown throughout the world as a major plantation species. Non-native radiata pine plantations are often established as monocultures amongst large tracts of remnant native vegetation. While the direct impacts on native biodiversity of such vegetation replacement have been well documented, much less is known about how plant litterfall from such plantations influences ecosystem dynamics beyond the confines of the plantation limits. In this study, we assessed the inputs of plant litterfall from radiata pine plantations into surrounding native woodland vegetation over a two-year period in south-eastern Australia. We found that pine litter was a significant and even dominant component of litterfall at certain times of the year, typically autumn and winter, when quantities of pine needles falling were up to three times the fall of native leaves. Pine litter was found to be lower in quality than native litter, containing less carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) and having a higher C:N ratio than native litter. Although the comparatively larger inputs of pine litter resulted in C and N inputs that were 2-3 times those of native litter during some seasons, the influx of low-quality pine litter is likely to decompose slowly and immobilise N, thereby limiting the availability of N for plant growth in the long term. The intrusion of large quantities of pine litter into native eucalypt woodland may have a suite of further short and long term impacts on native biodiversity through a number of mechanisms including alteration of leaf-litter invertebrate communities, increased fire intensity and changes in microclimate. These impacts may be alleviated by preventing pine litter entering woodland communities through the use of modified buffer zones and by employing appropriate plantation design. We discuss the merits and shortfalls of various options available to land mangers to minimise pine-litter intrusion into adjacent native woodlands.
Baldi, DL, Higginson, EE, Hocking, DM, Praszkier, J, Cavaliere, R, James, CE, Bennett-Wood, V, Azzopardi, KI, Turnbull, L, Lithgow, T, Robins-Browne, RM, Whitchurch, CB & Tauschek, M 2012, 'The Type II Secretion System and Its Ubiquitous Lipoprotein Substrate, SslE, Are Required for Biofilm Formation and Virulence of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli', INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, vol. 80, no. 6, pp. 2042-2052.
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Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is a major cause of diarrhea in infants in developing countries. We have identified a functional type II secretion system (T2SS) in EPEC that is homologous to the pathway responsible for the secretion of heat-labi
Banik, GR, Birch, D, Stark, D & Ellis, JT 2012, 'A microscopic description and ultrastructural characterisation of Dientamoeba fragilis: An emerging cause of human enteric disease', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 139-153.
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Dientamoeba fragilis is a pathogenic trichomonad found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and is implicated as a cause of diarrhoea. Despite its discovery over a century ago, there has been no recent thorough description of this parasite by microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, confocal and light microscopy were therefore used to characterise D. fragilis populations growing in xenic culture. Two different populations smooth and ruffled cells were identifiable by scanning electron microscopy. No flagella, pelta structures, undulating membrane or pseudocyst-like forms were present. The organelles in D. fragilis were analysed by transmission electron microscopy; like Trichomonas and Histomonas, D. fragilis contains hydrogenosomes that presumably represent the site of anaerobic respiration. The nuclear morphology of D. fragilis trophozoites grown in vitro and trophozoites from clinical isolates were also compared by confocal microscopy and light microscopy. The majority of cells grown in culture were mononucleate while most cells in permanent stained faecal smears were binucleate. The two nuclei of D. fragilis are morphologically indistinguishable and contain equivalent amounts of DNA as determined by DAPI staining. The approximate cell and nuclear volume of four isolates of D. fragilis were measured and shown to be comparable to other trichomonads. In addition, the discovery of a virus-like particle is reported, to our knowledge for the first time in D. fragilis. This study therefore provides extensive and novel details of the ultrastructure of a neglected protozoan parasite that is an emerging cause of human disease.
Baraket, M, Oliver, BGG, Burgess, JK, Lim, S, King, GG & Black, JL 2012, 'Is low dose inhaled corticosteroid therapy as effective for inflammation and remodeling in asthma? A randomized, parallel group study', Respiratory Research, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 11-11.
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Background: While most of the clinical benefits of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) therapy may occur at low doses, results of dose-ranging studies are inconsistent. Although symptom/lung function response to low and high dose ICS medication is comparable, i
Barash, M, Reshef, A, Voskoboinik, L, Zamir, A, Motro, U & Gafny, R 2012, 'A Search for Obligatory Paternal Alleles in a DNA Database to Find an Alleged Rapist in a Fatherless Paternity Case', Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 1098-1101.
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A sexual assault case resulted in a pregnancy, which was subsequently aborted. The alleged father of the fetus was unknown. Maternal and fetal types were obtained using the 11-locus AmpFℓSTR(®) SGM Plus(®) kit. The national DNA database was searched for the paternal obligatory alleles and detected two suspects who could not be excluded as father of the male fetus. Additional typing using the AmpFℓSTR(®) Minifiler(™) kit, containing three additional autosomal loci, was not sufficient to exclude either suspect. Subsequent typing using the PowerPlex(®) 16, containing four additional loci, and Y-Filer(™) kits resulted in excluding one suspect. Searching a database for paternal obligatory alleles can be fruitful, but is fraught with possible false positive results so that finding a match must be taken as only preliminary evidence.
Barbosa, SS, Selma Klanten, O, Jones, H & Byrne, M 2012, 'Selfing in Parvulastra exigua: an asterinid sea star with benthic development', Marine Biology, vol. 159, no. 5, pp. 1071-1077.
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Bargain, A, Robin, M, Le Men, E, Huete, A & Barille, L 2012, 'Spectral response of the seagrass Zostera noltii with different sediment backgrounds', AQUATIC BOTANY, vol. 98, no. 1, pp. 45-56.
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The efficiency of vegetation indices (VIs) to estimate the above-ground biomass of the seagrass species Zostera noltii Hornem. from remote sensing was tested experimentally on different substrata, since terrestrial vegetation studies have shown that VIs
Barraud, N, Kardak, BG, Yepuri, NR, Howlin, RP, Webb, JS, Faust, SN, Kjelleberg, S, Rice, SA & Kelso, MJ 2012, 'Cephalosporin-3′-diazeniumdiolates: Targeted NO-Donor Prodrugs for Dispersing Bacterial Biofilms', Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol. 51, no. 36, pp. 9057-9060.
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Barraud, N, Kardak, BG, Yepuri, NR, Howlin, RP, Webb, JS, Faust, SN, Kjelleberg, S, Rice, SA & Kelso, MJ 2012, 'Cephalosporin-3′-diazeniumdiolates: Targeted NO-Donor Prodrugs for Dispersing Bacterial Biofilms', Angewandte Chemie, vol. 124, no. 36, pp. 9191-9194.
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Beckett, EL, Phipps, S, Starkey, MR, Horvat, JC, Beagley, KW, Foster, PS & Hansbro, PM 2012, 'TLR2, but Not TLR4, Is Required for Effective Host Defence against Chlamydia Respiratory Tract Infection in Early Life', PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. e39460-e39460.
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Becue, A, Scoundrianos, A & Moret, S 2012, 'Detection of fingermarks by colloidal gold (MMD/SMD) - beyond the pH 3 limit', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, vol. 219, no. 1-3, pp. 39-49.
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Behrendt, L, Larkum, AWD, Trampe, E, Norman, A, Sorensen, SJ & Kuhl, M 2012, 'Microbial diversity of biofilm communities in microniches associated with the didemnid ascidian Lissoclinum patella', ISME JOURNAL, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 1222-1237.
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We assessed the microbial diversity and microenvironmental niche characteristics in the didemnid ascidian Lissoclinum patella using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, microsensor and imaging techniques. L. patella harbors three distinct microbial communities spatially separated by few millimeters of tunic tissue: (i) a biofilm on its upper surface exposed to high irradiance and O-2 levels, (ii) a cloacal cavity dominated by the prochlorophyte Prochloron spp. characterized by strong depletion of visible light and a dynamic chemical microenvironment ranging from hyperoxia in light to anoxia in darkness and (iii) a biofilm covering the underside of the animal, where light is depleted of visible wavelengths and enriched in near-infrared radiation (NIR). Variable chlorophyll fluorescence imaging demonstrated photosynthetic activity, and hyperspectral imaging revealed a diversity of photopigments in all microhabitats. Amplicon sequencing revealed the dominance of cyanobacteria in all three layers. Sequences representing the chlorophyll d containing cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina and anoxygenic phototrophs were abundant on the underside of the ascidian in shallow waters but declined in deeper waters. This depth dependency was supported by a negative correlation between A. marina abundance and collection depth, explained by the increased attenuation of NIR as a function of water depth. The combination of microenvironmental analysis and fine-scale sampling techniques used in this investigation gives valuable first insights into the distribution, abundance and diversity of bacterial communities associated with tropical ascidians. In particular, we show that microenvironments and microbial diversity can vary significantly over scales of a few millimeters in such habitats; which is information easily lost by bulk sampling
Behrendt, L, Schrameyer, V, Qvortrup, K, Lundin, L, Sorensen, SJ, Larkum, AWD & Kuehl, M 2012, 'Biofilm Growth and Near-Infrared Radiation-Driven Photosynthesis of the Chlorophyll d-Containing Cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina', APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, vol. 78, no. 11, pp. 3896-3904.
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The cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina is the only known phototroph harboring chlorophyll (Chl) d. It is easy to cultivate it in a planktonic growth mode, and A. marina cultures have been subject to detailed biochemical and biophysical characterization. In natural situations, A. marina is mainly found associated with surfaces, but this growth mode has not been studied yet. Here, we show that the A. marina type strain MBIC11017 inoculated into alginate beads forms dense biofilm-like cell clusters, as in natural A. marina biofilms, characterized by strong O-2 concentration gradients that change with irradiance. Biofilm growth under both visible radiation (VIS, 400 to 700 nm) and near-infrared radiation (NIR, similar to 700 to 730 nm) yielded maximal cell-specific growth rates of 0.38 per day and 0.64 per day, respectively. The population doubling times were 1.09 and 1.82 days for NIR and visible light, respectively. The photosynthesis versus irradiance curves showed saturation at a photon irradiance of E-k (saturating irradiance) >250 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1) for blue light but no clear saturation at 365 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1) for NIR. The maximal gross photosynthesis rates in the aggregates were similar to 1,272 mu mol O-2 mg Chl d(-1) h(-1) (NIR) and similar to 1,128 mu mol O-2 mg Chl d(-1) h(-1) (VIS). The photosynthetic efficiency (alpha) values were higher in NIR-irradiated cells [(268 +/- 0.29) x 10(-6) m(2) mg Chl d(-1) (mean +/- standard deviation)] than under blue light [(231 +/- 0.22) x 10(-6) m(2) mg Chl d(-1)]. A. marina is well adapted to a biofilm growth mode under both visible and NIR irradiance and under O-2 conditions ranging from anoxia to hyperoxia, explaining its presence in natural niches with similar environmental conditions.
Bennett, WW, Teasdale, PR, Welsh, DT, Panther, JG, Stewart, RR, Price, HL & Jolley, DF 2012, 'Inorganic arsenic and iron(II) distributions in sediment porewaters investigated by a combined DGT–colourimetric DET technique', Environmental Chemistry, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 31-31.
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Environmental contextContamination of aquatic ecosystems with inorganic arsenic is a concern for both environmental and human health. Sediments are an important sink for dissolved arsenic, but they may also act as a source of arsenic because of human-induced changes in aquatic systems. This paper describes a new approach for investigating the status of inorganic arsenic in sediments, based on recent developments in diffusion-based sediment sampling techniques.
AbstractA new approach for investigating the biogeochemistry of inorganic arsenic and iron(II) in freshwater, estuarine and marine sediments is reported. The recently developed Metsorb diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique for the measurement of total inorganic arsenic and the colourimetric diffusive equilibration in thin films (DET) technique for the measurement of iron(II), were utilised in combination to determine co-located depth profiles of both solutes in sediment porewaters. DGT-measured porewater arsenic concentrations were typically less than 40 nM, whereas iron(II) concentrations reached up to 704 µM. Statistically significant (P < 0.0002) correlations between porewater arsenic and iron(II) profiles were observed (R > 0.92) in mesocosms of each sediment type. This approach to investigating arsenic and iron geochemistry in sediments allows the in-situ determination of arsenic and iron species at exactly the same location in the sediment at 3-mm resolution for arsenic and 1-mm resolution for iron(II). The technique was capable of detecting very low concentrations of arsenic, with a detection limit of 0.27 nM (0.02 µg L–1) for a 48-h deployment time. Porewater iron(II), which is often present over a wide range of concentrations, was detectable up to 2000 µM. This study shows the application of these recently developed DGT and DET techniques for the in-situ investigation of inorganic arsenic and iron biogeochemistry in sediments. This approach has the potential to enable si...
Berger, F, Cao, XF, Chandler, V, Dennis, L, Martienssen, R, Meyers, B, Pikaard, C, Peacock, J, Richards, E, Wagner, D, Weigel, D, Colot, V, Deal, R, Dean, C, Ecker, J, Gehring, M, Gong, Z, Gregory, B, Rodrigo, G, Gutierrez-Marcos, J, Hasebe, M, Hwang, ID, Jacobsen, S, Kakutani, T, Li, J, Michaels, S, Noh, YS, Provart, N & Vaughn, M 2012, 'Reading the Second Code: Mapping Epigenomes to Understand Plant Growth, Development, and Adaptation to the Environment', The Plant Cell, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 2257-2261.
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© 2012 American Society of Plant Biologists. All rights reserved. We have entered a new era in agricultural and biomedical science made possible by remarkable advances in DNA sequencing technologies. The complete sequence of an individual’s set of chromosomes (collectively, its genome) provides a primary genetic code for what makes that individual unique, just as the contents of every personal computer reflect the unique attributes of its owner. But a second code, composed of “epigenetic” layers of information, affects the accessibility of the stored information and the execution of specific tasks. Nature’s second code is enigmatic and must be deciphered if we are to fully understand and optimize the genetic potential of crop plants. The goal of the Epigenomics of Plants International Consortium is to crack this second code, and ultimately master its control, to help catalyze a new green revolution.
Bertrand, RL, Senadheera, S, Tanoto, A, Tan, KL, Howitt, L, Chen, H, Murphy, TV, Sandow, SL, Liu, L & Bertrand, PP 2012, 'Serotonin availability in rat colon is reduced during a Western diet model of obesity', American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, vol. 303, no. 3, pp. G424-G434.
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Constipation and slowed transit are associated with diet-induced obesity, although the mechanisms by which this occurs are unclear. Enterochromaffin (EC) cells within the intestinal epithelium respond to mechanical stimulation with the release of serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)], which promotes transit. Thus our aim was to characterize 5-HT availability in the rat colon of a physiologically relevant model of diet-induced obesity. EC cell numbers were determined immunohistochemically in chow-fed (CF) and Western diet-fed (WD) rats, while electrochemical methods were used to measure mechanically evoked (peak) and steady-state (SS) 5-HT levels. Fluoxetine was used to block the 5-HT reuptake transporter (SERT), and the levels of mRNA for tryptophan hydroxylase 1 and SERT were determined by quantitative PCR, and SERT protein was determined by Western blot. In WD rats, there was a significant decrease in the total number of EC cells per crypt (0.86 ± 0.06 and 0.71 ± 0.05 in CF and WD, respectively), which was supported by a reduction in the levels of 5-HT in WD rats (2.9 ± 1.0 and 10.5 ± 2.6 μM at SS and peak, respectively) compared with CF rats (7.3 ± 0.4 and 18.4 ± 3.4 μM at SS and peak, respectively). SERT-dependent uptake of 5-HT was unchanged, which was supported by a lack of change in SERT protein levels. In WD rats, there was no change in tryptophan hydroxylase 1 mRNA but an increase in SERT mRNA. In conclusion, our data show that foods typical of a WD are associated with decreased 5-HT availability in rat colon. Decreased 5-HT availability is driven primarily by a reduction in the numbers and/or 5-HT content of EC cells, which are likely to be associated with decreased intestinal motility in vivo.
Bhosale, SV, Hackbarth, S, Langford, SJ & Bhosale, SV 2012, 'Light-Induced Electron Transfer over Distances of 5, 10, and 15 Å within Water-Filled Yoctowells', Chemistry - An Asian Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 176-182.
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Biagini, F, Cretarola, A & Platen, E 2012, 'Local Risk-Minimization under the Benchmark Approach', Mathematics and Financial Economics, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 109-134.
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We study the pricing and hedging of derivatives in incomplete financial
markets by considering the local risk-minimization method in the context of the
benchmark approach, which will be called benchmarked local risk-minimization.
We show that the proposed benchmarked local risk-minimization allows to handle
under extremely weak assumptions a much richer modeling world than the
classical methodology.
Bishop, J, Lobo, CJ, Martin, A, Ford, M, Phillips, M & Toth, M 2012, 'Role of Activated Chemisorption in Gas-Mediated Electron Beam Induced Deposition', Physical Review Letters, vol. 109, no. 14, p. 146103.
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Models of adsorbate dissociation by energetic electrons are generalized to account for activated sticking and chemisorption, and used to simulate the rate kinetics of electron beam induced chemical vapor deposition (EBID). The model predicts a novel temperature dependence caused by thermal transitions from physisorbed to chemisorbed states that govern adsorbate coverage and EBID rates at elevated temperatures. We verify these results by experiments that also show how EBID can be used to deposit high purity materials and characterize the rates and energy barriers that govern adsorption.
Bishop, J, Toth, M, Phillips, M & Lobo, C 2012, 'Effects of oxygen on electron beam induced deposition of SiO2 using physisorbed and chemisorbed tetraethoxysilane', Applied Physics Letters, vol. 101, no. 21, pp. 211605-211605.
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Electron beam induced deposition (EBID) is limited by low throughput and purity of as-grown material. Co-injection of O2 with the growth precursor is known to increase both the purity and deposition rate of materials such as SiO2 at room temperature. Here, we show that O2 inhibits rather than enhances EBID from tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) precursor at elevated temperatures. This behavior is attributed to surface site competition between chemisorbates at elevated temperature, and TEOS decomposition by atomic oxygen produced through electron dissociation of physisorbed O2 at room temperature.
Blanes, L, Coltro, WKT, Saito, RM, Van Gramberg, A, Lucio do Lago, C & Doble, P 2012, 'High-voltage power supplies to capillary and microchip electrophoresis', ELECTROPHORESIS, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 893-898.
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Over the past years, the development of capillary electrophoresis (CE) and microchip electrophoresis (ME) systems has grown due to instrumental simplicity and wide application. In both CE andME, the application of a high voltage (HV) is a crucial step in the electrokinetic (EK) injection and separation processes. Particularly on ME devices, EK injection is often performed with three different modes: gated, pinched, and unpinched. In all these cases, different potential values may be applied to one or multiple channels to control the injection of small sample volumes as well as the separation process. For this reason, the construction of reliable HV power supplies (HVPS) is required. This review covers the advances of the development of commercial and laboratory-built HVPS for CE and ME. Moreover, it intends to be a guide for new developers of electrophoresis instrumentation.
Bliznyuk, N, Carroll, RJ, Genton, MG & Wang, Y 2012, 'Variogram estimation in the presence of trend', Statistics and Its Interface, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 159-168.
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Blumenthal, A, Nagalingam, G, Huch, JH, Walker, L, Guillemin, GJ, Smythe, GA, Ehrt, S, Britton, WJ & Saunders, BM 2012, 'M. tuberculosis Induces Potent Activation of IDO-1, but This Is Not Essential for the Immunological Control of Infection', PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. e37314-e37314.
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Bogema, DR, Deutscher, AT, Woolley, LK, Seymour, LM, Raymond, BBA, Tacchi, JL, Padula, MP, Dixon, NE, Minion, FC, Jenkins, C, Walker, MJ & Djordjevic, SP 2012, 'Characterization of Cleavage Events in the Multifunctional Cilium Adhesin Mhp684 (P146) Reveals a Mechanism by Which Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Regulates Surface Topography', MBIO, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 1-11.
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Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae causes enormous economic losses to swine production worldwide by colonizing the ciliated epithelium in the porcine respiratory tract, resulting in widespread damage to the mucociliary escalator, prolonged inflammation, reduced weight gain, and secondary infections. Protein Mhp684 (P146) comprises 1,317 amino acids, and while the N-terminal 400 residues display significant sequence identity to the archetype cilium adhesin P97, the remainder of the molecule is novel and displays unusual motifs. Proteome analysis shows that P146 preprotein is endogenously cleaved into three major fragments identified here as P50(P146), P40(P146), and P85(P146) that reside on the cell surface. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified a semitryptic peptide that delineated a major cleavage site in Mhp684. Cleavage occurred at the phenylalanine residue within sequence (672)ATEF down arrow QQ(677), consistent with a cleavage motif resembling S/T-X-F down arrow X-D/E recently identified in Mhp683 and other P97/P102 family members. Biotinylated surface proteins recovered by avidin chromatography and separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-D GE) showed that more-extensive endoproteolytic cleavage of P146 occurs. Recombinant fragments F1(P146)-F3(P146) that mimic P50(P146), P40(P146), and P85(P146) were constructed and shown to bind porcine epithelial cilia and biotinylated heparin with physiologically relevant affinity. Recombinant versions of F3(P146) generated from M. hyopneumoniae strain J and 232 sequences strongly bind porcine plasminogen, and the removal of their respective C-terminal lysine and arginine residues significantly reduces this interaction. These data reveal that P146 is an extensively processed, multifunctional adhesin of M. hyopneumoniae. Extensive cleavage coupled with variable cleavage efficiency provides a mechanism by which M. hyopneumoniae regulates protein topography.
Booth, D 2012, 'Science under siege-comment on Kearney article: Faith, vested interests and the scientific method: a critique of Kearney', Australian Zoologist, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 143-144.
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Borger, P, Oliver, B, Heijink, I & Hardavella, G 2012, 'Beyond the Immune System: The Role of Resident Cells in Asthma and COPD', Journal of Allergy, vol. 2012, pp. 1-3.
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Bosman, M, Anstis, GR, Keast, VJ, Clarke, JD & Cortie, MB 2012, 'Light Splitting in Nanoporous Gold and Silver', ACS NANO, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 319-326.
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Nanoporous gold and silver exhibit strong, omnidirectional broad-band absorption in the far-field. Even though they consist entirely of gold or silver atoms, these materials appear black and dull, in great contrast with the familiar luster of continuous
Bosse, Y 2012, 'Comments on Point:Counterpoint: Alterations in airway smooth muscle phenotype do/do not cause airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma', Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 113, no. 5, pp. 844-846.
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Bowen, MT, Keats, K, Kendig, MD, Cakic, V, Callaghan, PD & McGregor, IS 2012, 'Aggregation in quads but not pairs of rats exposed to cat odor or bright light', Behavioural Processes, vol. 90, no. 3, pp. 331-336.
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Brading, P, Warner, ME, Davey, P, Smith, DJ, Achterberg, EP & Suggett, DJ 2012, 'Erratum: Differential effects of ocean acidification on growth and photosynthesis among phylotypes of Symbiodinium (Dinophyceae)', Limnology and Oceanography, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 1255-1255.
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Breit, SN, Carrero, JJ, Tsai, VW-W, Yagoutifam, N, Luo, W, Kuffner, T, Bauskin, AR, Wu, L, Jiang, L, Barany, P, Heimburger, O, Murikami, M-A, Apple, FS, Marquis, CP, Macia, L, Lin, S, Sainsbury, A, Herzog, H, Law, M, Stenvinkel, P & Brown, DA 2012, 'Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1/GDF15) and mortality in end-stage renal disease', Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 70-75.
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Background. Elevated macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1/GDF15) levels in serum mediate anorexia and weight loss in some cancer patients and similarly elevated levels occur in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Serum MIC-1/GDF15 is also elevated in chronic inflammatory diseases and predicts atherosclerotic events independently of traditional risk factors. The relationship between chronic inflammation, decreasing body mass index (BMI) and increased mortality in CKD is not well understood and is being actively investigated. MIC-1/GDF15 may link these features of CKD.Methods. Cohorts of incident dialysis patients from Sweden (n = 98) and prevalent hemodialysis patients from the USA (n = 381) had serum MIC-1/GDF15, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and BMI measured at study entry. Additional surrogate markers of nutritional adequacy, body composition and inflammation were assessed in Swedish patients. Patients were followed for all-cause mortality.Results. In the Swedish cohort, serum MIC-1/GDF15 was associated with decreasing BMI, measures of nutrition and markers of oxidative stress and inflammation. Additionally, high serum MIC-1/GDF15 levels identified patients with evidence of protein-energy wasting who died in the first 3 years of dialysis. The ability of serum MIC-1/GDF15 to predict mortality in the first 3 years of dialysis was confirmed in the USA cohort. In both cohorts, serum MIC-1/GDF15 level was an independent marker of mortality when adjusted for age, CRP, BMI, history of diabetes mellitus and/or cardiovascular disease and glomerular filtration rate or length of time on dialysis at study entry.Conclusions. MIC-1/GDF15 is a novel independent serum marker of mortality in CKD capable of significantly improving the mortality prediction of other established markers. MIC-1/GDF15 may mediate protein-energy wasting in CKD and represent a novel therapeutic target for this fatal complication. © 2011 The Author.
Brown, JJ & Honchar, O 2012, 'Design and Estimation of Surveys to Measure Data Quality Aspects of Administrative Data', Lithuanian Journal of Statistics, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 5-16.
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National Statistics Institutes (NSIs) have been increasingly seeking to replace or enhance traditional survey-based data sources with administrative data sources; with the aim to improve overall quality in the absence of a definitive register of the population. The Beyond 2011 Census Programme in England and Wales is an example of looking to replace a traditional census with administrative data collected for another purpose by a different organisation, when there is no definitive register as a starting point. There are also similar projects across NSIs within the area of business surveys looking to use administrative sources to reduce cost and burden. In this paper we start with considering all aspects of a quality framework for administrative data and then focus on the elements relevant to data quality such as accuracy and coherence. We fit these concepts into the framework for total survey error highlighting the components an NSI needs to measure to produce estimates based on the administrative data. We then explore the use of both dependent and independent quality surveys to adjust the administrative data for `measurement and `coverage aspects to improve the quality of estimates produced from the administrative data.
Brown, R, Kabani, K, Favaloro, J, Yang, S, Ho, PJ, Gibson, J, Fromm, P, Suen, H, Woodland, N, Nassif, N, Hart, D & Joshua, D 2012, 'CD86(+) or HLA-G(+) can be transferred via trogocytosis from myeloma cells to T cells and are associated with poor prognosis', BLOOD, vol. 120, no. 10, pp. 2055-2063.
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The transfer of membrane proteins between cells during contact, known as trogocytosis, can create novel cells with a unique phenotype and altered function. We demonstrate that trogocytosis is more common in multiple myeloma (MM) than chronic lymphocytic leukemia and Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia; that T cells are more probable to be recipients than B or natural killer cells; that trogocytosis occurs independently of either the T-cell receptor or HLA compatibility; and that after trogocytosis, T cells with acquired antigens can become novel regulators of T-cell proliferation. We screened 168 patients with MM and found that CD86 and human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) were antigens commonly acquired by T cells from malignant plasma cells. CD3+ CD86acq+ and CD3+ HLA-Gacq+ cells were more prevalent in bone marrow than peripheral blood samples. The presence of either CD86 or HLA-G on malignant plasma cells was associated with a poor prognosis. CD38++ side population cells expressed HLA-G, suggesting that these putative myeloma stem cells could generate immune tolerance. HLA-G+ T cells had a regulatory potency similar to natural Tregs, thus providing another novel mechanism for MM to avoid effective immune surveillance
Browne, EC, Langford, SJ & Abbott, BM 2012, 'Peptide Nucleic Acid Monomers: A Convenient and Efficient Synthetic Approach to Fmoc/Boc Monomers', Australian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 65, no. 5, pp. 539-539.
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A convenient and cost-effective method for the synthesis of Fmoc/Boc-protected peptide nucleic acid monomers is described. The Fmoc/Boc strategy was developed in order to eliminate the solubility issues during peptide nucleic acid solid-phase synthesis, in particular that of the cytosine monomer, that occurred when using the commercialized Bhoc chemistry approach.
Brownless, JS, Lawrence, FJ, Mahmoodian, S, Dossou, KB, Botten, LC & de Sterke, CM 2012, 'Supermodes of hexagonal lattice waveguide arrays', JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 1338-1346.
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We present a semianalytical formulation for calculating the supermodes and corresponding Bloch factors of light in hexagonal lattice photonic crystal waveguide arrays. We then use this formulation to easily calculate dispersion curves and predict propaga
Brymora, A, Duggin, IG, Berven, LA, van Dam, EM, Roufogalis, BD & Robinson, PJ 2012, 'Identification and Characterisation of the RalA-ERp57 Interaction: Evidence for GDI Activity of ERp57', PLOS ONE, vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 1-11.
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RalA is a membrane-associated small GTPase that regulates vesicle trafficking. Here we identify a specific interaction between RalA and ERp57, an oxidoreductase and signalling protein. ERp57 bound specifically to the GDP-bound form of RalA, but not the GTP-bound form, and inhibited the dissociation of GDP from RalA in vitro. These activities were inhibited by reducing agents, but no disulphide bonds were detected between RalA and ERp57. Mutation of all four of ERp57's active site cysteine residues blocked sensitivity to reducing agents, suggesting that redox-dependent conformational changes in ERp57 affect binding to RalA. Mutations in the switch II region of the GTPase domain of RalA specifically reduced or abolished binding to ERp57, but did not block GTP-specific binding to known RalA effectors, the exocyst and RalBP1. Oxidative treatment of A431 cells with H(2)O(2) inhibited cellular RalA activity, and the effect was exacerbated by expression of recombinant ERp57. The oxidative treatment significantly increased the amount of RalA localised to the cytosol. These findings suggest that ERp57 regulates RalA signalling by acting as a redox-sensitive guanine-nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (RalGDI).
Bucolo, C, Leggio, GM, Maltese, A, Castorina, A, D’Agata, V & Drago, F 2012, 'Dopamine-3 receptor modulates intraocular pressure: Implications for glaucoma', Biochemical Pharmacology, vol. 83, no. 5, pp. 680-686.
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Burkhardt, K, Loxton, H, Kagee, A & Ollendick, TH 2012, 'Construction and Validation of the South African Version of the Fear Survey Schedule for Children: An Exploratory Factor Analysis', Behavior Therapy, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 570-582.
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The Fear Survey Schedule for Children-Revised (Ollendick, 1983) is an 80-item self-report instrument that has been used internationally to asses the number of fears and general level of fearfulness among children. Despite its widespread use, this instrument has not been adapted to the South African context. The present study addressed this gap by means of a 2-phase investigation aimed at developing a South African version of the instrument. In Phase 1, semistructured interviews were conducted with 40 children (7 to 13. years of age). Qualitative data obtained from these interviews were used to construct additional items for inclusion in the South African Fear Survey Schedule for Children-Revised. The modified scale, consisting of 97 items, was then administered to a sample of 646 children between the ages of 7 and 13. years. Further psychometric considerations resulted in the final version of the scale consisting of 74 items with high internal consistency (α = .97). The factor structure was explored by means of principal component analysis with varimax rotation and a 5-factor solution was found to provide the best conceptual fit. The factors identified were as follows: Fear of Death and Danger; Fear of the Unknown; Fear of Small Animals and Minor Threats to Self; Large Animal Fears; and Situational Fears. Differences between the South African version and the original Fear Survey Schedule for Children-Revised are noted and implications for the study of fear in South Africa and other countries are discussed. © 2012 Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies.
Buxton, L, Takahashi, S, Hill, R & Ralph, PJ 2012, 'VARIABILITY IN THE PRIMARY SITE OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC DAMAGE IN SYMBIODINIUM SP (DINOPHYCEAE) EXPOSED TO THERMAL STRESS', JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 117-126.
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Exposure to elevated temperature is known to cause photosynthetic inhibition in the coral symbiont Symbiodinium sp. Through the use of the artificial electron acceptor, methyl viologen, this study identified how reduced photosynthetic capacity occurs as a result of inhibition up- and/or downstream of ferredoxin in Symbiodinium sp. in hospite and in culture. Heterogeneity between coral species and symbiont clades was identified in the thermal sensitivity of photosynthesis in the symbionts of the scleractinian corals Stylophora pistillata and Pocillopora damicornis, as well as among Symbiodinium cultures of clades A, B, and C. The in hospite symbionts of S. pistillata and the cultured clade C Symbiodinium both exhibited similar patterns in that their primary site of thermal inhibition occurred downstream of ferredoxin at 32 degrees C. In contrast, the primary site of thermal inhibition occurred upstream of ferredoxin in clades A and B at 32 degrees C, while at 34 degrees C, all samples showed combined up- and downstream inhibition. Although clade C is common to both P. damicornis and S. pistillata, the manner of thermal inhibition was not consistent when observed in hospite. Results showed that there is heterogeneity in the primal site of thermal damage in Symbiodinium among coral species and symbiont clades.
Byrnes, A, Pant, R, Li, E, Choi, D-Y, Poulton, CG, Fan, S, Madden, S, Luther-Davies, B & Eggleton, BJ 2012, 'Photonic chip based tunable and reconfigurable narrowband microwave photonic filter using stimulated Brillouin scattering', OPTICS EXPRESS, vol. 20, no. 17, pp. 18836-18845.
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We report the first demonstration of a photonic chip based dynamically reconfigurable, widely tunable, narrow pass-band, high Q microwave photonic filter (MPF). We exploit stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in a 6.5 cm long chalcogenide (As2S3) photon
Caballo, VE, Arias, B, Salazar, IC, Calderero, M, Irurtia, MJ & Ollendick, TH 2012, 'A new self-report assessment measure of social phobia/anxiety in children: The Social Anxiety Questionnaire for Children (SAQ-C24)', Behavioral Psychology/ Psicologia Conductual, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 485-503.
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Social phobia/anxiety is a topic that has received considerable attention in adults and, to a lesser extent, in children and adolescents. One of the more widely debated issues in this area of research involves the assessment of social phobia/anxiety with self-report measures. Prior research papers (Caballo et al., 2010, 2012) have developed and validated a psychometrically sound instrument for assessing social anxiety in adults. This paper is the culmination of several years of research aimed at developing a new self-report measure for the assessment of social anxiety in children between the ages of 9 and 15, namely, the 'Social Anxiety Questionnaire for Children' (SAQ-C24). The final version of this instrument for children consists of 24 items and almost fully replicates the factor structure of the prior questionnaire for adults, providing only one extra factor (six in total): 1) Speaking in public/Interactions with teachers, 2) Interactions with the opposite sex, 3) Criticism and embarrassment, 4) Assertive expression of annoyance or disgust, 5) Interactions with strangers, and 6) Performing in public. Furthermore, the questionnaire's other psychometric properties are reported, and the results are compared for girls and boys. This research appears to confirm the structure of social phobia/anxiety centered on five/six dimensions.
Cadillo-Quiroz, H, Didelot, X, Held, NL, Herrera, A, Darling, A, Reno, ML, Krause, DJ & Whitaker, RJ 2012, 'Patterns of Gene Flow Define Species of Thermophilic Archaea', PLoS Biology, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. e1001265-e1001265.
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Despite a growing appreciation of their vast diversity in nature, mechanisms of speciation are poorly understood in Bacteria and Archaea. Here we use high-throughput genome sequencing to identify ongoing speciation in the thermoacidophilic Archaeon Sulfo
Cai, H, Li, K, Shen, M, Wen, S, Luo, Y, Peng, C, Zhang, G & Shi, X 2012, 'Facile assembly of Fe3O4@Au nanocomposite particles for dual mode magnetic resonance and computed tomography imaging applications', Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 22, no. 30, pp. 15110-15110.
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Cai, T, Lin, X & Carroll, RJ 2012, 'Identifying genetic marker sets associated with phenotypes via an efficient adaptive score test', Biostatistics, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 776-790.
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Calander, N, Jin, D & Goldys, EM 2012, 'Taking Plasmonic Core–Shell Nanoparticles Toward Laser Threshold', The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 116, no. 13, pp. 7546-7551.
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Camp, E & Fraser, D 2012, 'Influence of conservation education dive briefings as a management tool on the timing and nature of recreational SCUBA diving impacts on coral reefs', Ocean & Coastal Management, vol. 61, pp. 30-37.
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Carroll, R, Delaigle, A & Hall, P 2012, 'Deconvolution When Classifying Noisy Data Involving Transformations', JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION, vol. 107, no. 499, pp. 1166-1177.
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Carroll, RJ, Midthune, D, Subar, AF, Shumakovich, M, Freedman, LS, Thompson, FE & Kipnis, V 2012, 'Taking Advantage of the Strengths of 2 Different Dietary Assessment Instruments to Improve Intake Estimates for Nutritional Epidemiology', American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 175, no. 4, pp. 340-347.
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Castorina, A, Giunta, S, Scuderi, S & D’Agata, V 2012, 'Involvement of PACAP/ADNP Signaling in the Resistance to Cell Death in Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor (MPNST) Cells', Journal of Molecular Neuroscience, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 674-683.
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Ceh, J, Raina, J-B, Soo, RM, van Keulen, M & Bourne, DG 2012, 'Coral-Bacterial Communities before and after a Coral Mass Spawning Event on Ningaloo Reef', PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. e36920-e36920.
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Bacteria associated with three coral species, Acropora tenuis, Pocillopora damicornis and Tubastrea faulkneri, were assessed before and after coral mass spawning on Ningaloo Reef in Western Australia. Two colonies of each species were sampled before and after the mass spawning event and two additional samples were collected for P. damicornis after planulation. A variable 470 bp region of the 16 S rRNA gene was selected for pyrosequencing to provide an understanding of potential variations in coral-associated bacterial diversity and community structure. Bacterial diversity increased for all coral species after spawning as assessed by Chao1 diversity indicators. Minimal changes in community structure were observed at the class level and data at the taxonomical level of genus incorporated into a PCA analysis indicated that despite bacterial diversity increasing after spawning, coral-associated community structure did not shift greatly with samples grouped according to species. However, interesting changes could be detected from the dataset; for example, a-Proteobacteria increased in relative abundance after coral spawning and particularly the Roseobacter clade was found to be prominent in all coral species, indicating that this group may be important in coral reproduction.
Chadwick, S, Maynard, P, Kirkbride, P, Lennard, C, McDonagh, A, Spindler, X & Roux, C 2012, 'Styryl dye coated metal oxide powders for the detection of latent fingermarks on non-porous surfaces', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, vol. 219, no. 1-3, pp. 208-214.
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Conventional fingermark powders rely on contrast induced by absorption/reflection (e.g. black powder) or luminescence in the visible region (e.g. Blitz Green®). In most cases, these powders provide sufficient contrast; however, in some circumstances surface characteristics can interfere with the visualisation of powdered fingermarks. Visualisation in the near infra-red (NIR) region, however, has been shown to eliminate interferences commonly encountered in the visible region. In this study, a mixture of rhodamine 6G and the NIR laser dye styryl 11 (STaR 11) was coated onto an aluminium oxide nanopowder and then mixed with silver magnetic powder to develop and visualise fingermarks in the NIR. When compared to Blitz Green®, it was determined that the STaR 11 magnetic powder was better suited for marks deposited on textured surfaces and for older marks, whereas Blitz Green® performed better on smooth glossy surfaces. The ability of the STaR 11 mixed dye formulation to be visualised in both the visible and NIR regions also provides a significant advantage over conventional luminescent fingermark powders.
Chappaz-Gillot, C, Marek, PL, Blaive, BJ, Canard, G, Buerck, J, Garab, G, Hahn, H, Javorfi, T, Kelemen, L, Krupke, R, Moessinger, D, Ormos, P, Reddy, CM, Roussel, C, Steinbach, G, Szabo, M, Ulrich, AS, Vanthuyne, N, Vijayaraghavan, A, Zupcanova, A & Balaban, TS 2012, 'Anisotropic Organization and Microscopic Manipulation of Self-Assembling Synthetic Porphyrin Microrods That Mimic Chlorosomes: Bacterial Light-Harvesting Systems', JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, vol. 134, no. 2, pp. 944-954.
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Being able to control in time and space the positioning, orientation, movement, and sense of rotation of nano- to micro-scale objects is currently an active research area in nanoscience, having diverse nanotechnological applications. In this paper, we demonstrate unprecedented control and maneuvering of rod-shaped or tubular nanostructures with high aspect ratios which are formed by self-assembling synthetic porphyrins. The self-assembly algorithm, encoded by appended chemical-recognition groups on the periphery of these porphyrins, is the same as the one operating for chlorosomal bacteriochlorophylls (BChl's). Chlorosomes, rod-shaped organelles with relatively long-range molecular order, are the most efficient naturally occurring light-harvesting systems.(1,2) They are used by green photosynthetic bacteria to trap visible and infrared light of minute intensities even at great depths, e.g., 100 m below water surface or in volcanic vents in the absence of solar radiation. In contrast to most other natural light-harvesting systems, the chlorosomal antennae are devoid of a protein scaffold to orient the BChl's; thus, they are an attractive goal for mimicry by synthetic chemists, who are able to engineer more robust chromophores to self-assemble. Functional devices with environmentally friendly chromophores-which should be able to act as photosensitizers within hybrid solar cells, leading to high photon-to-current conversion efficiencies even under low illumination conditions have yet to be fabricated. The orderly manner in which the BChl's and their synthetic counterparts self-assemble imparts strong diamagnetic and optical anisotropies and flow/shear characteristics to their nanostructured assemblies, allowing them to be manipulated by electrical, magnetic, or tribomechanical forces.
Che, W, Manetsch, M, Quante, T, Rahman, MM, Patel, BS, Ge, Q & Ammit, AJ 2012, 'Sphingosine 1-phosphate induces MKP-1 expression via p38 MAPK- and CREB-mediated pathways in airway smooth muscle cells', Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research, vol. 1823, no. 10, pp. 1658-1665.
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Chen, H, Saad, S, Sandow, SL & Bertrand, PP 2012, 'Cigarette Smoking and Brain Regulation of Energy Homeostasis', Frontiers in Pharmacology, vol. 3, no. 147, pp. 1-8.
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Cigarette smoking is an addictive behavior, and is the primary cause of cardiovascular and pulmonary disease, and cancer (among other diseases). Cigarette smoke contains thousands of components that may affect caloric intake and energy expenditure, although nicotine is the major addictive substance present, and has the best described actions. Nicotine exposure from cigarette smoke can change brain feeding regulation to reduce appetite via both energy homeostatic and reward mechanisms, causing a negative energy state which is characterized by reduced energy intake and increased energy expenditure that are linked to low body weight. These findings have led to the public perception that smoking is associated with weight loss. However, its effects at reducing abdominal fat mass (a predisposing factor for glucose intolerance and insulin resistance) are marginal, and its promotion of lean body mass loss in animal studies suggests a limited potential for treatment in obesity. Smoking during pregnancy puts pressure on the mothers metabolic system and is a significant contributor to adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Chen, H, Simar, D, Ting, JHY, Erkelens, JRS & Morris, MJ 2012, 'Leucine Improves Glucose and Lipid Status in Offspring from Obese Dams, Dependent on Diet Type, but not Caloric Intake', Journal of Neuroendocrinology, vol. 24, no. 10, pp. 1356-1364.
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Previously, we showed that offspring from obese rat dams were hyperphagic, with increased adiposity, hyperlipidaemia and glucose intolerance associated with increased orexigenic neuropeptide expression after fasting. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) can inhibit food intake through a hypothalamic action. As we previously showed that maternal obesity down-regulated hypothalamic mTOR, in the present study, we hypothesised that dietary leucine supplementation would activate hypothalamic mTOR to reduce food intake, thus limiting metabolic disorders in offspring from obese dams, regardless of postweaning diet. Obesity was induced in SpragueDawley females by high-fat diet (HFD) for 5 weeks before mating, throughout gestation and lactation. Male pups from HFD-fed mothers were weaned onto chow or HFD; within each dietary group, half were supplied with leucine via drinking water (1.5%) versus water control for 10 weeks. Those from chow-fed mothers were fed chow and water. Maternal obesity led to increased adiposity in chow-fed offspring. Postweaning HFD consumption exaggerated adiposity, hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia and hyperlipidaemia. Supplementation with leucine doubled leucine intake and increased hypothalamic mTOR activation; however, appetite regulation was not affected. A reduction in blood lipid levels was observed in offspring regardless of diet, as well as improved glucose tolerance in HFD-fed rats. In HFD-fed rats, up-regulated carnitine palmitoyl-transferase-1 and peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-? coactivator-1a in muscle and glucose transporter 4 in fat suggested that leucine improved peripheral fat oxidation and glucose transport. Leucine is able to improve peripheral glucose and lipid metabolism independent of appetite and weight regulation, suggesting its potential application in the management of metabolic disorder
Chen, PY, Byrne, MA, Asatryan, AA, Botten, LC, Dossou, KB, Tuniz, A, McPhedran, RC, de Sterke, CM, Poulton, CG & Steel, MJ 2012, 'Plane-wave scattering by a photonic crystal slab: Multipole modal formulation and accuracy', WAVES IN RANDOM AND COMPLEX MEDIA, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 531-570.
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The optical properties of photonic crystal slabs are often simulated with general three-dimensional methods such as finite-difference time-domain. Here we develop a multipole modal method, which is specialized to exploit two symmetries of the photonic cr
Cheridito, P, Nikeghbali, A & Platen, E 2012, 'Processes of Class Sigma, Last Passage Times, and Drawdowns', SIAM JOURNAL ON FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 280-303.
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We propose a general framework for studying last passage times, suprema, and drawdowns of a large class of continuous-time stochastic processes. Our approach is based on processes of class Sigma and the more general concept of two processes, one of which moves only when the other is at the origin. After investigating certain transformations of such processes and their convergence properties, we provide three general representation results. The first allows the recovery of a process of class Sigma from its final value and the last time it visited the origin. In many situations this gives access to the distribution of the last time a stochastic process attains a certain level or is equal to its running maximum. It also leads to recently discovered formulas expressing option prices in terms of last passage times. Our second representation result is a stochastic integral representation that will allow us to price and hedge options on the running maximum of an underlying that are triggered when the underlying drops to a given level or, alternatively, when the drawdown or relative drawdown of the underlying attains a given height. The third representation gives conditional expectations of certain functionals of processes of class Sigma. It can be used to deduce the distributions of a variety of interesting random variables such as running maxima, drawdowns, and maximum drawdowns of suitably stopped processes.
Chew, K-L, Langtry, T, Zinder, Y, Yu, Q & Li, L 2012, 'Estimation of biochemical parameters from leaf photosynthesis', ANZIAM Journal, vol. 53, no. EMAC2011, pp. 218-218.
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The objective of measuring leaf photosynthesis using infrared gas analysis is to determine key indicators of plant eco-physiology, including light and CO2 compensation and saturation points, and critical thresholds of temperature. These and other biochemical parameters in photosynthesis models define specific response curves of photosynthetic rate to environmental variables, such as light intensity, temperature, and CO2. Since these parameters cannot regularly be measured in the field, modellers normally adopt laboratory values as universal ones even though the values of these parameters may vary across plant species. This study investigates the identification of parameter values from data sets obtained from field measurement
Cho, Y, Turner, ND, Davidson, LA, Chapkin, RS, Carroll, RJ & Lupton, JR 2012, 'A chemoprotective fish oil/pectin diet enhances apoptosis via Bcl-2 promoter methylation in rat azoxymethane-induced carcinomas', Experimental Biology and Medicine, vol. 237, no. 12, pp. 1387-1393.
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We have demonstrated that diets containing fish oil and pectin (FO/P) reduce colon tumor incidence relative to control (corn oil and cellulose [CO/C]) in part by inducing apoptosis of DNA-damaged colon cells. Relative to FO/P, CO/C promotes colonocyte expression of the antiapoptotic modulator, Bcl-2, and Bcl-2 promoter methylation is altered in colon cancer. To determine if FO/P, compared with CO/C, limits Bcl-2 expression by enhancing promoter methylation in colon tumors, we examined Bcl-2 promoter methylation, mRNA levels, colonocyte apoptosis and colon tumor incidence in azoxymethane (AOM)-injected rats. Rats were provided diets containing FO/P or CO/C, and were terminated 16 and 34 weeks after AOM injection. DNA isolated from paraformaldehyde-fixed colon tumors and uninvolved tissue was bisulfite modified and amplified by quantitative reverese transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction to assess DNA methylation in Bcl-2 cytosine-guanosine islands. FO/P increased Bcl-2 promoter methylation (P = 0.009) in tumor tissues and colonocyte apoptosis (P = 0.020) relative to CO/C. An inverse correlation between Bcl-2 DNA methylation and Bcl-2 mRNA levels was observed in the tumors. We conclude that dietary FO/P promotes apoptosis in part by enhancing Bcl-2 promoter methylation. These Bcl-2 promoter methylation responses, measured in vivo, contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms involved in chemoprevention of colon cancer by diets containing FO/P.
Choat, JH, klanten, OS, Van Herwerden, L, Robertson, DR & Clements, KD 2012, 'Patterns and processes in the evolutionary history of parrotfishes (Family Labridae)', Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 107, no. 3, pp. 529-557.
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Choi, AH, Matinlinna, JP & Ben-Nissan, B 2012, 'Finite element stress analysis of Ti-6Al-4V and partially stabilized zirconia dental implant during clenching', Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, vol. 70, no. 5, pp. 353-361.
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Objective. The purpose of this paper is to compare the differences in stress between Ti-6Al-4V and PS-ZrO2 dental implant during clenching and whether these changes are clinically signi?cant to limit the use of zirconia in oral implantology. Materials and methods. The model geometry was derived from position measurements taken from 28 diamond blade cut cross-sections of an average size human adult edentulous mandible and generated using a special sequencing method. Data on anatomical, structural, functional aspects and material properties were obtained from measurements and published data. Ti- 6Al-4V and PS-ZrO2 dental implants were modelled as cylindrical structure with a diameter of 3.26 mm and length of 12.00 mm was placed in the ?rst molar region on the right hemimandible. Results. The analysis revealed an increase of 23% in the averaged tensile and compressive stress and an increase of 8% in the averaged Von Mises stress were recorded in the boneimplant interface when PS-ZrO2 dental implant was used instead of Ti-6Al-4V dental implant. The results also revealed only relatively low levels of stresses were transferred from the implant to the surrounding cortical and cancellous bone, with the majority of the stresses transferred to the cortical bone. Conclusion. Even though high magnitudes of tensile, compressive and Von Mises stresses were recorded on the Ti-6Al-4V and PS-ZrO2 dental implants and in the surrounding osseous structures, the stresses may not be clinically critical since the mechanical properties of the implant material and the cortical and cancellous bone could withstand stress magnitudes far greater than those recorded in this analysis.
Choi, T-Y, Lee, MS, Kim, T-H, Zaslawski, C & Ernst, E 2012, 'Acupuncture for the treatment of cancer pain: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials', SUPPORTIVE CARE IN CANCER, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 1147-1158.
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Purpose: Controlling cancer-related pain is an important component in the palliative care of cancer patients. The objective of this review was to assess the effectiveness of acupuncture for treating cancer pain. Methods: Fourteen databases were searched from their inception through April 2011. Randomised clinical trials (RCTs) were included if acupuncture was used as the sole treatment or as a part of a combination therapy for cancer pain. Studies were included if they were controlled with a placebo or controlled against a drug-therapy or no-treatment group. The Cochrane criteria were used to assess the risk of bias. Results: A total of 15 RCTs met our inclusion criteria. All of the included RCTs were associated with a high risk of bias. The majority of acupuncture treatments or combination therapies with analgesics exhibited favourable effects compared with conventional treatments in individual studies. However, a meta-analysis suggested that acupuncture did not generate a better effect than drug therapy (n=886; risk ratio (RR), 1.12; 95% CI 0.98 to 1.28; P=0.09). The comparison between acupuncture plus drug therapy and drug therapy alone demonstrated a significant difference in favour of the combination therapy (n=437; RR, 1.36; 95% CI 1.13 to 1.64; P=0.003). The results of this systematic review provide no strong evidence for the effectiveness of acupuncture in the management of cancer pain. Conclusion: The total number of RCTs included in the analysis and their methodological quality were too low to draw firm conclusions. Future rigorous RCTs will be necessary to assess the clinical efficacy of acupuncture in this area.
Chong, G, Kimyon, O, Rice, SA, Kjelleberg, S & Manefield, M 2012, 'The presence and role of bacterial quorum sensing in activated sludge', Microbial Biotechnology, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 621-633.
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Chong, HS, Campbell, L, Padula, MP, Hill, C, Harry, E, Li, SS, Wilkins, MR, Herbert, B & Carter, D 2012, 'Time-Course Proteome Analysis Reveals the Dynamic Response of Cryptococcus gattii Cells to Fluconazole', PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. e42835-e42835.
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Cryptococcus gattii is an encapsulated fungus capable of causing fatal disease in immunocompetent humans and animals. As current antifungal therapies are few and limited in efficacy, and resistance is an emerging issue, the development of new treatment strategies is urgently required. The current study undertook a time-course analysis of the proteome of C. gattii during treatment with fluconazole (FLC), which is used widely in prophylactic and maintenance therapies. The aims were to analyze the overall cellular response to FLC, and to find fungal proteins involved in this response that might be useful targets in therapies that augment the antifungal activity of FLC. During FLC treatment, an increase in stress response, ATP synthesis and mitochondrial respiratory chain proteins, and a decrease in most ribosomal proteins was observed, suggesting that ATP-dependent efflux pumps had been initiated for survival and that the maintenance of ribosome synthesis was differentially expressed. Two proteins involved in fungal specific pathways were responsive to FLC. An integrative network analysis revealed co-ordinated processes involved in drug response, and highlighted hubs in the network representing essential proteins that are required for cell viability. This work demonstrates the dynamic cellular response of a typical susceptible isolate of C. gattii to FLC, and identified a number of proteins and pathways that could be targeted to augment the activity of FLC
Chou, J, Austin, C, Doble, P, Ben-Nissan, B & Milthorpe, B 2012, 'Trace elemental imaging of coralline hydroxyapatite by laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy', Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, vol. 8, no. 7, pp. n/a-n/a.
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Clifton, J, Etienne, M, Barnes, DKA, Barnes, RSK, Suggett, DJ & Smith, DJ 2012, 'Marine conservation policy in Seychelles: Current constraints and prospects for improvement', Marine Policy, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 823-831.
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The marine assets of Seychelles are fundamental to the national economy through generating income derived from tourism and fisheries. Marine management institutions and policies have undergone radical changes since 2008, reflecting a number of drivers an
Collier, BA, Groce, JE, Morrison, ML, Newnam, JC, Campomizzi, AJ, Farrell, SL, Mathewson, HA, Snelgrove, RT, Carroll, RJ & Wilkins, RN 2012, 'Predicting patch occupancy in fragmented landscapes at the rangewide scale for an endangered species: an example of an American warbler', Diversity and Distributions, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 158-167.
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Combes, V, Guillemin, GJ, Chan-Ling, T, Hunt, NH & Grau, GER 2012, 'The crossroads of neuroinflammation in infectious diseases: endothelial cells and astrocytes', Trends in Parasitology, vol. 28, no. 8, pp. 311-319.
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Cortez, DP, Growns, IO, Mitrovic, SM & Lim, RP 2012, 'Effects of a gradient in river regulation on the longitudinal trends in water quality and benthic algal and macroinvertebrate assemblages in the Hunter River, Australia', MARINE AND FRESHWATER RESEARCH, vol. 63, no. 6, pp. 494-504.
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River regulation impacts lotic ecosystem processes; however, the effect of a gradient of regulation on these attributes has rarely been studied. This study examined the effects of a river regulation gradient on longitudinal trends in water quality and be
Cortie, MB, Liu, F, Arnold, MD & Niidome, Y 2012, 'Multimode Resonances in Silver Nanocuboids', LANGMUIR, vol. 28, no. 24, pp. 9103-9112.
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A rich variety of dipolar and higher order plasmon resonances have been predicted for nanoscale cubes and parallopipeds of silver, in contrast to the simple dipolar modes found on silver nanospheres or nanorods. However, in general, these multimode reson
Cotton, S, Donnelly, S, Robinson, MW, Dalton, JP & Thivierge, K 2012, 'Defense peptides secreted by helminth pathogens: antimicrobial and/or immunomodulator molecules?', FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY, vol. 3, pp. 1-7.
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Host defense peptides (HDPs) are an evolutionarily conserved component of the innate immune response found in all living species. They possess antimicrobial activities against a broad range of organisms including bacteria, fungi, eukaryotic parasites, and viruses. HDPs also have the ability to enhance immune responses by acting as immunomodulators. We discovered a new family of HDPs derived from pathogenic helminth (worms) that cause enormous disease in animals and humans worldwide. The discovery of these peptides was based on their similar biochemical and functional characteristics to the human defense peptide LL-37. We propose that these new peptides modulate the immune response via molecular mimicry of mammalian HDPs thus providing a mechanism behind the anti-inflammatory properties of helminth infections.
Courtenay, G, Smith, DR & Gladstone, W 2012, 'Occupational health issues in marine and freshwater research', JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 1-11.
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Marine and freshwater scientists are potentially exposed to a wide variety of occupational hazards. Depending on the focus of their research, risks may include animal attacks, physiological stresses, exposure to toxins and carcinogens, and dangerous environmental conditions. Many of these hazards have been investigated amongst the general population in their recreational use of the environment; however, very few studies have specifically related potential hazards to occupational exposure. For example, while the incidence of shark and crocodile attacks may invoke strong emotions and the occupational risk of working with these animals is certainly real, many more people are stung by jellyfish or bitten by snakes or dogs each year. Furthermore, a large proportion of SCUBA-related injuries and deaths are incurred by novice or uncertified divers, rather than professional divers using aquatic environments. Nonetheless, marine and freshwater research remains a potentially risky occupation, and the likelihood of death, injury and long-term health impacts still needs to be seriously considered.
Couttas, TA, Raftery, MJ, Padula, MP, Herbert, BR & Wilkins, MR 2012, 'Methylation of translation-associated proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Identification of methylated lysines and their methyltransferases', PROTEOMICS, vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 960-972.
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This study aimed to identify sites of lysine methylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the associated methyltransferases. Hexapeptide ligand affinity chromatography was used to normalize the abundance levels of proteins in whole cell lysate. MS/MS, in association with antibody-based detection, was then used to identify lysine methylated proteins and the precise sites of modification. Lysine methylation was found on the proteins elongation factor (EF) 1-alpha, 2, and 3A, as well as ribosomal proteins 40S S18-A/B, 60S L11-A/B, L18-A/B, and L42-A/B. Precise sites were mapped in all cases. Single-gene knockouts of known and putative methyltransferase(s), in association with MS/MS, showed that EF1-alpha is monomethylated by Efm1 at lysin 30 and dimethylated by See1 at lysine 316. Methyltransferase Rkm1 was found to monomethylate 40S ribosomal protein S18-A/B at lysine 48. Knockout analysis also revealed that putative methyltransferase YBR271W affects the methylation of proteins EF2 and 3A; this was detected by Western blotting and immunodetection. This methyltransferase shows strong interspecies conservation and a tryptophan-containing motif associated with its active site. We suggest that enzyme YBR271W is named EF methyltransferase 2 (Efm2), in line with the recent naming of YHL039W as Efm1
Cox, RP, Higginbotham, HF, Graystone, BA, Sandanayake, S, Langford, SJ & Bell, TDM 2012, 'A new fluorescent H+ sensor based on core-substituted naphthalene diimide', Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 521, pp. 59-63.
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Craddock, M & Lennox, KA 2012, 'Lie symmetry methods for multi-dimensional parabolic PDEs and diffusions', Journal of Differential Equations, vol. 252, no. 1, pp. 56-90.
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In this paper we introduce new methods based upon integrating Lie symmetries for the construction of explicit fundamental solutions of multi-dimensional second order parabolic PDEs. We present applications to the problem of finding transition probability
Crawford, R & Macnamara, J 2012, 'MASSAGING THE MEDIA: AUSTRALIA DAY AND THE EMERGENCE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS', MEDIA INTERNATIONAL AUSTRALIA, vol. 144, no. 144, pp. 27-36.
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The status of Australia Day has long generated mixed responses - from patriotic flag-waving, to apathy, to outright hostility. Proponents of 26 January consequently have engaged in various public relations activities in order to promote Australia Day and to establish its credentials as the national day. From the early nineteenth century through to the present, local media outlets have had a dynamic relationship with Australia Day. Yet while they have been active proponents of Australia Day, their support was not unconditional. The emergence of various bodies with the specific aim of promoting Australia Day would alter this relationship, with the media becoming a potential adversary. As such, media relations assumed a more central function in the promotion of Australia Day. By charting the growth and development of media relations that have accompanied Australia Day celebrations, this study not only documents the evolution of media relations practice, but also reveals the extended history of public relations in Australia and its presence in everyday Australian life.
Croak, BM, Pike, DA, Webb, JK & Shine, R 2012, 'Habitat Selection in a Rocky Landscape: Experimentally Decoupling the Influence of Retreat Site Attributes from That of Landscape Features', PLOS ONE, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 1-8.
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Organisms selecting retreat sites may evaluate not only the quality of the specific shelter, but also the proximity of that site to resources in the surrounding area. Distinguishing between habitat selection at these two spatial scales is complicated by co-variation among microhabitat factors (i.e., the attributes of individual retreat sites often correlate with their proximity to landscape features). Disentangling this co-variation may facilitate the restoration or conservation of threatened systems. To experimentally examine the role of landscape attributes in determining retreat-site quality for saxicolous ectotherms, we deployed 198 identical artificial rocks in open (sun-exposed) sites on sandstone outcrops in southeastern Australia, and recorded faunal usage of those retreat sites over the next 29 months. Several landscape-scale attributes were associated with occupancy of experimental rocks, but different features were important for different species. For example, endangered broad-headed snakes (Hoplocephalus bungaroides) preferred retreat sites close to cliff edges, flat rock spiders (Hemicloea major) preferred small outcrops, and velvet geckos (Oedura lesueurii) preferred rocks close to the cliff edge with higher-than-average sun exposure. Standardized retreat sites can provide robust experimental data on the effects of landscape-scale attributes on retreat site selection, revealing interspecific divergences among sympatric taxa that use similar habitats.
Cui, PH, Rawling, T, Bourget, K, Kim, T, Duke, CC, Doddareddy, MR, Hibbs, DE, Zhou, F, Tattam, BN, Petrovic, N & Murray, M 2012, 'Antiproliferative and Antimigratory Actions of Synthetic Long Chain n-3 Monounsaturated Fatty Acids in Breast Cancer Cells That Overexpress Cyclooxygenase-2', Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 55, no. 16, pp. 7163-7172.
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Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is overexpressed in many human cancers and converts the n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) arachidonic acid to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which drives tumorigenesis; in contrast, n-3 PUFA inhibit tumorigenesis. We tested the hypothesis that these antitumor actions of n-3 PUFA may involve the n-3 olefinic bond. n-3 Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) of chain length C16C22 were synthesized and evaluated in MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells that stably overexpressed COX-2 (MDA-COX-2 cells). Longer chain (C19C22) n-3 MUFAs inhibited proliferation, activated apoptosis, decreased PGE2 formation, and decreased cell invasion; C16C18 analogues were less active. Molecular modeling showed that interactions of Arg120, Tyr355, and several hydrophobic amino acid residues in the COX-2 active site with C19C22 MUFA analogues were favored. Thus, longer-chain n-3 MUFAs may be prototypes of novel anticancer agents that decrease the formation of PGE2 in tumor cells that contain high levels of COX-2.
Daniels, WD, Garcia, TP, Carroll, RJ, Patil, BS & Turner, ND 2012, 'Suppression of early colon cancer lesions by apigenin and naringenin is in part due to their downregulation of p21, TLR‐4, and MCT‐1 expression', The FASEB Journal, vol. 26, no. S1.
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Davie, AW, Mitrovic, SM & Lim, RP 2012, 'Succession and accrual of benthic algae on cobbles of an upland river following scouring', INLAND WATERS, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 89-100.
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Flow releases from dams can be used to scour benthic algae, simulating the effects of natural spates and maintaining benthic algae in an early successional stage for increased grazer palatability. The timing of releases needs to consider the natural periodicity of flow events and the speed of regrowth and community succession changes. We studied benthic algal regrowth and succession using manipulative field experiments during summer and winter in the upland regulated Severn River, New South Wales, Australia. Benthic algal biomass accrual as chlorophyll a and community changes were determined after artificially scoured cobbles were returned to the river. In summer, algal biomass and diversity on scoured cobbles took 2 weeks to return to levels similar to reference cobbles and 5 weeks in winter. Chlorophyll a during summer was initially 0.24 ± 0.06 mg m-2 on scoured cobbles, but by day 16 had increased to 9.74 ± 1.97 mg m-2 and was no longer significantly different from reference cobbles. In winter, chlorophyll a was initially 0.47 ± 0.13 mg m-2 on scoured cobbles, but by day 37 had increased to 44.7 ± 10.9 mg m-2 and was no longer significantly different from reference cobbles. Peak chlorophyll a accrual during summer and winter was 1.64 and 2.63 mg m-2 d-1, respectively. Early succession in both experiments was dominated by diatoms such as Cocconeis, Synedra, and Fragilaria. A proliferation of the filamentous green alga Stigeoclonium was indicative of a late succession community. The implications for flow management based on resetting of benthic algae by scouring in riffle reaches of rivers are discussed.
Davis, J, Short, K, Lumpkin, G, Whittle, K, Wuhrer, R & Phillips, MR 2012, 'EBSD Studies of Ion Implanted Duplex Stainless Steel', Microscopy and Microanalysis, vol. 18, no. S2, pp. 1346-1347.
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
Dawes, FE, Bulach, DM, Kuzevski, A, Bettelheim, KA, Venturini, C, Djordjevic, SP & Walker, MJ 2012, 'Molecular Characterization of a 21.4 Kilobase Antibiotic Resistance Plasmid from an α-Hemolytic Escherichia coli O108:H- Human Clinical Isolate', PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. e34718-e34718.
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This study characterizes the 21.4 kilobase plasmid pECTm80 isolated from Escherichia coli strain 80, an a hemolytic human clinical diarrhoeal isolate (serotype O108:H-). DNA sequence analysis of pECTm80 revealed it belonged to incompatibility group X1, and contained plasmid partition and toxin-antitoxin systems, an R6K-like triple origin (ori) replication system, genes required for replication regulation, insertion sequences IS1R, ISEc37 and a truncated transposase gene (Tn3-like DtnpA) of the Tn3 family, and carried a class 2 integron. The class 2 integron of pECTm80 contains an intact cassette array dfrA1-sat2, encoding resistance to trimethoprim and streptothricin, and an aadA1 gene cassette truncated by the insertion of IS1R. The complex plasmid replication system includes a, b and c origins of replication. Pairwise BLASTn comparison of pECTm80 with plasmid pE001 reveals a conserved plasmid backbone suggestive of a common ancestral lineage. Plasmid pECTm80 is of potential clinical importance, as it carries multiple genes to ensure its stable maintenance through successive bacterial cell divisions and multiple antibiotic resistance genes.
De Grazia, A, Mikhael, M, Stojanovska, N, Reedy, B, Shimmon, R & Tahtouh, M 2012, 'Diacetylene copolymers for fingermark development', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, vol. 216, no. 1-3, pp. 189-197.
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In 1979, Miller and Patel showed that a solution containing two diacetylene monomers, 2,4-hexadiyne-1,6-bis(phenylurethane) (HDDPU) and 2,4-hexadiyne-1,6-bis(p-chlorophenylurethane) (HDDCPU) could be used to develop latent fingermarks on a non-porous surface. In the current work, the same mixture (HDDPU:HDDCPU = 10:1, in acetone solution) was used to develop fingermarks on a wide variety of surfaces, both non-porous and porous, including paper. An airbrush system was optimized for the application of the reagent solution. Once the solution evaporates on a surface, the monomers co-crystallize in different ways, depending upon a number of factors, including the surface residue. Active co-crystallization leads (with heat or radiation) to the formation of purple polymer, while inactive crystallization results in a non-polymerizable white deposit. Fingermark contrast was achieved as a result of active co-crystallization (giving purple polymer) in either the ridges or the furrows, depending upon the surface and other factors. A general observation (supported by spot tests with linseed oil, salt and amino acid solutions) was that on paper, oily materials are more likely to lead to the formation of the purple polymer, while the presence of water inhibits polymerization.
De Silva, KSB, Gambhir, S, Wang, XL, Xu, X, Li, WX, Officer, DL, Wexler, D, Wallace, GG & Dou, SX 2012, 'The effect of reduced graphene oxide addition on the superconductivity of MgB2', JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY, vol. 22, no. 28, pp. 13941-13946.
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De Silva, KSB, Xu, X, Wang, XL, Wexler, D, Attard, D, Xiang, F & Dou, SX 2012, 'A significant improvement in the superconducting properties of MgB2 by co-doping with graphene and nano-SiC', SCRIPTA MATERIALIA, vol. 67, no. 10, pp. 802-805.
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Dearnley, MK, Yeoman, JA, Hanssen, E, Kenny, S, Turnbull, L, Whitchurch, CB, Tilley, L & Dixon, MWA 2012, 'Origin, composition, organization and function of the inner membrane complex of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes', JOURNAL OF CELL SCIENCE, vol. 125, no. 8, pp. 2053-2063.
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The most virulent of the human malaria parasites, Plasmodium falciparum, undergoes a remarkable morphological transformation as it prepares itself for sexual reproduction and transmission via mosquitoes. Indeed P. falciparum is named for the unique falci
Dehollain, JP, Pla, JJ, Siew, E, Tan, KY, Dzurak, AS & Morello, A 2012, 'Nanoscale broadband transmission lines for spin qubit control', Nanotechnology, vol. 24, no. 1, p. 015202.
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The intense interest in spin-based quantum information processing has caused
an increasing overlap between two traditionally distinct disciplines, such as
magnetic resonance and nanotechnology. In this work we discuss rigourous design
guidelines to integrate microwave circuits with charge-sensitive
nanostructures, and describe how to simulate such structures accurately and
efficiently. We present a new design for an on-chip, broadband, nanoscale
microwave line that optimizes the magnetic field driving a spin qubit, while
minimizing the disturbance on a nearby charge sensor. This new structure was
successfully employed in a single-spin qubit experiment, and shows that the
simulations accurately predict the magnetic field values even at frequencies as
high as 30 GHz.
Demers, H, Poirier-Demers, N, Phillips, MR, de Jonge, N & Drouin, D 2012, 'Three-Dimensional Electron Energy Deposition Modeling of Cathodoluminescence Emission near Threading Dislocations in GaN and Electron-Beam Lithography Exposure Parameters for a PMMA Resist', MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 1220-1228.
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The Monte Carlo software CASINO has been expanded with new modules for the simulation of complex beam scanning patterns, for the simulation of cathodoluminescence (CL), and for the calculation of electron energy deposition in subregions of a three-dimens
Deplazes, E, Jayatilaka, D & Corry, B 2012, 'ExiFRET: flexible tool for understanding FRET in complex geometries', Journal of Biomedical Optics, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 011005-011005.
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Deplazes, E, Louhivuori, M, Jayatilaka, D, Marrink, SJ & Corry, B 2012, 'Structural Investigation of MscL Gating Using Experimental Data and Coarse Grained MD Simulations', PLoS Computational Biology, vol. 8, no. 9, pp. e1002683-e1002683.
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Deutscher, AT, Tacchi, JL, Minion, FC, Padula, MP, Crossett, B, Bogema, DR, Jenkins, C, Kuit, TA, Walker, MJ & Djordjevic, SP 2012, 'Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Surface Proteins Mhp385 and Mhp384 Bind Host Cilia and Glycosaminoglycans and Are Endoproteolytically Processed by Proteases That Recognize Different Cleavage Motifs', JOURNAL OF PROTEOME RESEARCH, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 1924-1936.
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P97 and P102 paralogues occur as endoproteolytic cleavage fragments on the surface of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae that bind glycosaminoglycans, plasminogen, and fibronectin and perform essential roles in colonization of ciliated epithelia. We show that the P102 paralogue Mhp384 is efficiently cleaved at an S/T-X-F down arrow X-D/E-like site, creating P60(384) and P50(384). The P97 paralogue Mhp385 is inefficiently cleaved, with tryptic peptides from a 115 kDa protein (P115(385)) and 88 kDa (P88(385)) and 27 kDa (P27(385)) cleavage fragments identified by LC-MS/MS. This is the first time a preprotein belonging to the P97 and P102 paralogue families has been identified by mass spectrometry. The semitryptic peptide (752)IQFELEPISLNV(763) denotes the C-terminus of P88(385) and defines the novel cleavage site L-761-N-V down arrow A-V-S-766 in Mhp385. P115(385), P88(385), P27(385), P60(384), and P50(384) were shown to reside extracellularly, though it is unknown how the fragments remain attached to the cell surface. Heparin- and cilium-binding sites were identified within P60(384), P50(384), and P88(385). No primary function was attributed to P27(385); however, this molecule contains four tandem R1 repeats with similarity to porcine collagen type VI (alpha 3 chain). P97 and P102 paralogue families are adhesins targeted by several proteases with different cleavage efficiencies, and this process generates combinatorial complexity on the surface of M. hyopneumoniae.
Didelot, X, Meric, G, Falush, D & Darling, AE 2012, 'Impact of homologous and non-homologous recombination in the genomic evolution of Escherichia coli', BMC GENOMICS, vol. 13, pp. 1-15.
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Background: Escherichia coli is an important species of bacteria that can live as a harmless inhabitant of the guts of many animals, as a pathogen causing life-threatening conditions or freely in the non-host environment. This diversity of lifestyles has
Ding, Y, Xie, H, Peng, T, Lu, Y, Jin, D, Teng, J, Ren, Q & Xi, P 2012, 'Laser oblique scanning optical microscopy (LOSOM) for phase relief imaging', OPTICS EXPRESS, vol. 20, no. 13, pp. 14100-14108.
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Donders, ME, Knoops, HCM, Kessels, WMM & Notten, PHL 2012, 'Co3O4 as anode material for thin film micro-batteries prepared by remote plasma atomic layer deposition', Journal of Power Sources, vol. 203, pp. 72-77.
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Donovan, C, Tan, X & Bourke, JE 2012, 'PPARγLigands Regulate Noncontractile and Contractile Functions of Airway Smooth Muscle: Implications for Asthma Therapy', PPAR Research, vol. 2012, pp. 1-13.
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In asthma, the increase in airway smooth muscle (ASM) can contribute to inflammation, airway wall remodeling and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Targetting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγ(PPARγ), a receptor upregulated in ASM in asthmatic airways, may provide a novel approach to regulate these contributions. This review summarises experimental evidence that PPARγligands, such as rosiglitazone (RGZ) and pioglitazone (PGZ), inhibit proliferation and inflammatory cytokine production from ASMin vitro. In addition, inhaled administration of these ligands reduces inflammatory cell infiltration and airway remodelling in mouse models of allergen-induced airways disease. PPARγligands can also regulate ASM contractility, with acute treatment eliciting relaxation of mouse tracheain vitrothrough a PPARγ-independent mechanism. Chronic treatment can protect against the loss of bronchodilator sensitivity toβ2-adrenoceptor agonists and inhibit the development of AHR associated with exposure to nicotinein uteroor following allergen challenge. Of particular interest, a small clinical trial has shown that oral RGZ treatment improves lung function in smokers with asthma, a group that is generally unresponsive to conventional steroid treatment. These combined findings support further investigation of the potential for PPARγagonists to target the noncontractile and contractile functions of ASM to improve outcomes for patients with poorly controlled asthma.
Dooley, AH & Golodets, VY 2012, 'On the entropy of actions of nilpotent Lie groups and their lattice subgroups', ERGODIC THEORY AND DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS, vol. 32, pp. 535-573.
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Dooley, AH & Hagihara, R 2012, 'Computing the critical dimensions of Bratteli-Vershik systems with multiple edges', ERGODIC THEORY AND DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS, vol. 32, pp. 103-117.
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Dooley, AH & Rudolph, DJ 2012, 'Non-uniqueness in G-measures', ERGODIC THEORY AND DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS, vol. 32, pp. 575-586.
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Dooley, AH & Zhang, G 2012, 'Co-induction in dynamical systems', ERGODIC THEORY AND DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS, vol. 32, pp. 919-940.
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Dossou, KB & Botten, LC 2012, 'A combined three-dimensional finite element and scattering matrix method for the analysis of plane wave diffraction by bi-periodic, multilayered structures', JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS, vol. 231, no. 20, pp. 6969-6989.
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A three-dimensional finite element method (FEM) for the analysis of plane wave diffraction by a bi-periodic slab is described and implemented. A scattering matrix formalism based on the FEM allows the efficient treatment of light reflection and transmission by multilayer bi-periodic structures, and the computation of Bloch modes of three-dimensional arrays. Numerical simulations, which show the accuracy and flexibility of the FEM, are presented.
Dossou, KB, Botten, LC, Asatryan, AA, Sturmberg, BCP, Byrne, MA, Poulton, CG, McPhedran, RC & de Sterke, CM 2012, 'Modal formulation for diffraction by absorbing photonic crystal slabs', JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA A-OPTICS IMAGE SCIENCE AND VISION, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 817-831.
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A finite element-based modal formulation of diffraction of a plane wave by an absorbing photonic crystal slab of arbitrary geometry is developed for photovoltaic applications. The semianalytic approach allows efficient and accurate calculation of the absorption of an array with a complex unit cell. This approach gives direct physical insight into the absorption mechanism in such structures, which can be used to enhance the absorption. The verification and validation of this approach is applied to a silicon nanowire array, and the efficiency and accuracy of the method is demonstrated. The method is ideally suited to studying the manner in which spectral properties (e.g., absorption) vary with the thickness of the array, and we demonstrate this with efficient calculations that can identify an optimal geometry.
Dubey, S, Croak, B, Pike, D, Webb, J & Shine, R 2012, 'Phylogeography and dispersal in the velvet gecko (Oedura lesueurii), and potential implications for conservation of an endangered snake (Hoplocephalus bungaroides)', BMC Evolutionary Biology, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 67-67.
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Dunn, SR, Pernice, M, Green, K, Hoegh-Guldberg, O & Dove, SG 2012, 'Thermal Stress Promotes Host Mitochondrial Degradation in Symbiotic Cnidarians: Are the Batteries of the Reef Going to Run Out?', PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 7, pp. e39024-e39024.
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Edgar, JA, McDonagh, AM & Cortie, MB 2012, 'Formation of Gold Nanorods by a Stochastic 'Popcorn' Mechanism', ACS NANO, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 1116-1125.
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Gold nanorods have significant technological potential and are of broad interest to the nanotechnology community. The discovery of the seeded, wet-chemical synthetic process to produce them may be regarded as a landmark in the control of metal nanopartic
El Saliby, I, Shahid, M, McDonagh, A, Shon, HK & Kim, J-H 2012, 'Photodesorption of organic matter from titanium dioxide particles in aqueous media', Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 1774-1780.
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Photo-induced desorption of organic compounds from TiO2 particles in aqueous media during photocatalysis has promising applications in water treatment. Photodesorption is a relatively fast phenomenon that facilitates the regeneration of photocatalysts with low energy consumption while concentrating the waste products in an energy and water efficient process. We propose that this transport phenomenon involves a significantly reduced affinity between the photocatalyst and pollutants upon UV illumination, and leads to the rapid detachment/decomposition of adsorbed pollutants. In this study, we report the effect of experimental conditions (pH, photocatalyst loading, organic loading, UV light irradiation and flow rate) on this phenomenon in a recirculating photocatalysis continuous reactor. Initially, organic compounds were allowed to adsorb on the surface of the photocatalyst (Degussa P25) until adsorption equilibrium was achieved. The photodesorption phenomenon was observed shortly after UVlight illumination of TiO2 but before the bulk photocatalytic oxidation takes place. The pH of the solution was found to affect both the adsorption and the desorption percentages revealing the role of particle charge on this phenomenon. Additionally, a 1 g/L loading of photocatalyst showed an optimum photodesorption rate using a single strength synthetic wastewater at pH 7.
Elder, M 2012, 'A short introduction to self-similar groups', The Australian Mathematical Society. Gazette, vol. 39, pp. 125-133.
Elder, M, Elston, G & Ostheimer, G 2012, 'On groups that have normal forms computable in logspace', Journal of Algebra, vol. 381, pp. 260-281.
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We consider the class of finitely generated groups which have a normal form
computable in logspace. We prove that the class of such groups is closed under
finite extensions, finite index subgroups, direct products, wreath products,
and also certain free products, and includes the solvable Baumslag-Solitar
groups, as well as non-residually finite (and hence non-linear) examples. We
define a group to be logspace embeddable if it embeds in a group with normal
forms computable in logspace. We prove that finitely generated nilpotent groups
are logspace embeddable. It follows that all groups of polynomial growth are
logspace embeddable.
Ellis, J, Goodswen, S, Kennedy, PJ & Bush, S 2012, 'The Core Mouse Response to Infection by Neospora Caninum Defined by Gene Set Enrichment Analyses', Bioinformatics and Biology Insights, vol. 6, pp. BBI.S9954-BBI.S9954.
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In this study, the BALB/c and Qs mouse responses to infection by the parasite Neospora caninum were investigated in order to identify host response mechanisms. Investigation was done using gene set (enrichment) analyses of microarray data. GSEA, MANOVA, Romer, subGSE and SAM-GS were used to study the contrasts Neospora strain type, Mouse type (BALB/c and Qs) and time post infection (6 hours post infection and 10 days post infection). The analyses show that the major signal in the core mouse response to infection is from time post infection and can be defined by gene ontology terms Protein Kinase Activity, Cell Proliferation and Transcription Initiation. Several terms linked to signaling, morphogenesis, response and fat metabolism were also identified. At 10 days post infection, genes associated with fatty acid metabolism were identified as up regulated in expression. The value of gene set (enrichment) analyses in the analysis of microarray data is discussed.
England, DG, Michelberger, PS, Champion, TFM, Reim, KF, Lee, KC, Sprague, MR, Jin, X-M, Langford, NK, Kolthammer, WS, Nunn, J & Walmsley, IA 2012, 'High-fidelity polarization storage in a gigahertz bandwidth quantum memory', Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, vol. 45, no. 12, pp. 124008-124008.
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Esbjørn, BH, Bender, PK, Reinholdt-Dunne, ML, Munck, LA & Ollendick, TH 2012, 'The Development of Anxiety Disorders: Considering the Contributions of Attachment and Emotion Regulation', Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 129-143.
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Essau, CA, Conradt, J, Sasagawa, S & Ollendick, TH 2012, 'Prevention of Anxiety Symptoms in Children: Results From a Universal School-Based Trial', Behavior Therapy, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 450-464.
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The present study evaluated the effectiveness of a universal school-based cognitive behavior prevention program (the FRIENDS program) for childhood anxiety. Participants were 638 children, ages 9 to 12 years, from 14 schools in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. All the children completed standardized measures of anxiety and depression, social and adaptive functioning, coping strategies, social skills, and perfectionism before and after the 10-week FRIENDS program and at two follow-up assessments (6 and 12 months) or wait period. Children who participated in the FRIENDS program exhibited significantly fewer anxiety and depressive symptoms, and lower perfectionism scores than children in the control group at 12-month follow-up. Younger children (9-10-year-olds) displayed treatment gains immediately after the intervention, whereas older children (11-12-year-olds) showed anxiety reduction only at 6- and 12-month follow-up. Perfectionism and avoidant coping acted as mediators of pre- to postintervention changes in anxiety scores. This study provides empirical evidence for the utility of the FRIENDS program in reducing anxiety and depressive symptoms among German children. © 2011.
Essau, CA, Olaya, B, Anastassiou-Hadjicharalambous, X, Pauli, G, Gilvarry, C, Bray, D, O'callaghan, J & Ollendick, TH 2012, 'Psychometric properties of the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire from five European countries', International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 232-245.
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The Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is a brief screening instrument for assessing emotional and behavioural problems in children and adolescents. This study examined the factor structure and validity of the self-report original English version of the SDQ and four of its many translations (German, Cypriot Greek, Swedish, and Italian). A total of 2418 adolescents from five European countries (Germany, Cyprus, England, Sweden, Italy), ages 12 to 17years, participated. The sample was drawn from general (school) populations. In addition to the SDQ, all participants completed the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS), a measure of anxiety symptoms. The internal consistency and validity of the SDQ total difficulties were good for most countries. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that both five- and three-factor models provided good fit for the whole sample; however, the three-factor model fit somewhat better than the five-factor model. The factor structure differed across countries, with the three-factor model showing better fit indices in Cyprus, whereas the five-factor model fitted better in Germany. Fit indices for the UK, Sweden, and Italy were poor for both models. When the reversed items were removed, the goodness-of-fit improved significantly for the total sample and in each country. It is therefore recommended that the reversed items be removed or re-worded in future studies. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essilfie, A-T, Simpson, JL, Dunkley, ML, Morgan, LC, Oliver, BG, Gibson, PG, Foster, PS & Hansbro, PM 2012, 'Combined Haemophilus influenzae respiratory infection and allergic airways disease drives chronic infection and features of neutrophilic asthma', THORAX, vol. 67, no. 7, pp. 588-599.
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Background 20-30% of patients with asthma have neutrophilic airway inflammation and reduced responsiveness to steroid therapy. They often have chronic airway bacterial colonisation and Haemophilus influenzae is one of the most commonly isolated bacteria.
Everest-Dass, AV, Jin, D, Thaysen-Andersen, M, Nevalainen, H, Kolarich, D & Packer, NH 2012, 'Comparative structural analysis of the glycosylation of salivary and buccal cell proteins: innate protection against infection by Candida albicans', Glycobiology, vol. 22, no. 11, pp. 1465-1479.
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Exton, DA, Suggett, DJ, Steinke, M & McGenity, TJ 2012, 'Spatial and temporal variability of biogenic isoprene emissions from a temperate estuary', Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. n/a-n/a.
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Isoprene is important for its atmospheric impacts and the ecophysiological benefits it affords to emitting organisms; however, isoprene emissions from marine systems remain vastly understudied compared to terrestrial systems. This study investigates for the first time drivers of isoprene production in a temperate estuary, and the role this production may play in enabling organisms to tolerate the inherently wide range of environmental conditions. Intertidal sediment cores as well as high and low tide water samples were collected from four sites along the Colne Estuary, UK, every six weeks over a year. Isoprene concentrations in the water were significantly higher at low than high tide, and decreased toward the mouth of the estuary; sediment production showed no spatial variability. Diel isoprene concentration increased with light availability and decreased with tidal height; nighttime production was 79% lower than daytime production. Seasonal isoprene production and water concentrations were highest for the warmest months, with production strongly correlated with light (r2 = 0.800) and temperature (r2 = 0.752). Intertidal microphytobenthic communities were found to be the primary source of isoprene, with tidal action acting as a concentrating factor for isoprene entering the water column. Using these data we estimated an annual production rate for this estuary of 681 mmol m2 y1 . This value falls at the upper end of other marine estimates and highlights the potentially significant role of estuaries as isoprene sources. The control of estuarine isoprene production by environmental processes identified here further suggests that such emissions may be altered by future environmental change.
Fagerlind, MG, Webb, JS, Barraud, N, McDougald, D, Jansson, A, Nilsson, P, Harlén, M, Kjelleberg, S & Rice, SA 2012, 'Dynamic modelling of cell death during biofilm development', Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol. 295, pp. 23-36.
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Faille, D, El-Assaad, F, Mitchell, AJ, Alessi, M-C, Chimini, G, Fusai, T, Grau, GE & Combes, V 2012, 'Endocytosis and intracellular processing of platelet microparticles by brain endothelial cells', Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 1731-1738.
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Falconer, RJ & Markelz, AG 2012, 'Terahertz Spectroscopic Analysis of Peptides and Proteins', Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, vol. 33, no. 10, pp. 973-988.
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Falklof, O, Collyer, CA & Reimers, JR 2012, 'Toward ab initio refinement of protein X-ray crystal structures: interpreting and correlating structural fluctuations', THEORETICAL CHEMISTRY ACCOUNTS, vol. 131, no. 1.
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Fane, AG, Wang, R, Tang, CY, Nielsen, CH, Rice, S & Chong, TH 2012, 'REMOVED: Bio-Inspired Enhancement of Membrane Desalination', Procedia Engineering, vol. 44, pp. 591-593.
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Fang, J, Aharonovich, I, Leychenko, I, Ostrikov, KK, Spizzirri, PG, Rubanov, S & Prawer, S 2012, 'Plasma-Enabled Growth of Single-Crystalline SiC/AlSiC Core-Shell Nanowires on Porous Alumina Templates', CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 2917-2922.
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We report the catalyst-free synthesis of the arrays of core-shell, ultrathin, size-uniform SiC/AlSiC nanowires on the top of a periodic anodic aluminum oxide template. The nanowires were grown using an environmentally friendly, silane-free process by exp
Farrell, H, Gentien, P, Fernand, L, Lunven, M, Reguera, B, Gonzalez-Gil, S & Raine, R 2012, 'Scales characterising a high density thin layer of Dinophysis acuta Ehrenberg and its transport within a coastal jet', HARMFUL ALGAE, vol. 15, pp. 36-46.
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An investigation into the distribution of Dinophysis spp. in coastal waters off the south coast of Ireland was carried out in July 2007. Dinophysis acuta was present as a sub surface layer containing up to 55,000cellsL -1. The population had a high percentage of viable cells (mean: 89%; median: 94%; n=24) with a high specific division rate (∼0.55d -1). The layer, of approximately 5m thickness, did not coincide with the fluorescence maximum and was present as a patch of horizontal dimension less than 10km×7km. Both conventional and towed undulating CTD used in conjunction with high vertical resolution sampling methods showed the patch of Dinophysis to move with a similar speed and direction as the coastal flow, which ran parallel to the coast in the form of a coastal jet with speed of the order of 6.5-7kmday -1. The implications of the alongshore transport of populations of harmful species in coastal jets for monitoring programmes and predictive models are discussed. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Farrell, L, Waters, A, Milliner, E & Ollendick, T 2012, 'Comorbidity and treatment response in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pilot study of group cognitive-behavioral treatment', Psychiatry Research, vol. 199, no. 2, pp. 115-123.
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Feito, R, Valcárcel, Y & Catalá, M 2012, 'Biomarker assessment of toxicity with miniaturised bioassays: diclofenac as a case study', Ecotoxicology, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 289-296.
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Fessa, CK & Lee, BSB 2012, 'An Australian Case of Surfer's Myelopathy', Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 281-283.
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Fletcher, SM, Stark, D, Harkness, J & Ellisa, J 2012, 'Enteric Protozoa in the Developed World: a Public Health Perspective', CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 420-449.
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Several enteric protozoa cause severe morbidity and mortality in both humans and animals worldwide. In developed settings, enteric protozoa are often ignored as a cause of diarrheal illness due to better hygiene conditions, and as such, very little effort is used toward laboratory diagnosis. Although these protozoa contribute to the high burden of infectious diseases, estimates of their true prevalence are sometimes affected by the lack of sensitive diagnostic techniques to detect them in clinical and environmental specimens. Despite recent advances in the epidemiology, molecular biology, and treatment of protozoan illnesses, gaps in knowledge still exist, requiring further research. There is evidence that climate-related changes will contribute to their burden due to displacement of ecosystems and human and animal populations, increases in atmospheric temperature, flooding and other environmental conditions suitable for transmission, and the need for the reuse of alternative water sources to meet growing population needs. This review discusses the common enteric protozoa from a public health perspective, highlighting their epidemiology, modes of transmission, prevention, and control. It also discusses the potential impact of climate changes on their epidemiology and the issues surrounding waterborne transmission and suggests a multidisciplinary approach to their prevention and control.
Fogarty, S, Harris, D, Zaslawski, C, McAinch, AJ & Stojanovska, L 2012, 'Development of a Chinese Medicine Pattern Severity Index for Understanding Eating Disorders', JOURNAL OF ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 597-606.
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Eating disorders commonly affect young girls and women. Four eating disorders are analyzed in this study: anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS), and binge eating disorder (BED). Eating disorders are a modern concept and as such there is no critically appraised research on how Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) conceptualizes of or treats eating disorders. The purpose of this study is to identify and quantify the TCM patterns relevant to eating disorders based on a systematic evaluation of the results of a self-reported questionnaire. Methods: One hundred and ninety-six (196) female participants (142 with a self-reported eating disorder and 54 with no eating disorder) completed an online survey, designed to collect data on their current general health and, where relevant, their eating disorder. The Berle methodology was used to identify TCM patterns involved in eating disorders to tabulate and score the number of signs and symptoms experienced by the participants. Results: For many of the TCM patterns, statistically significant differences were found between presentation severity across the four eating disorders. Conclusions: For the first time, there is evidence-based research to classify the TCM patterns involved in AN, BN, EDNOS, and BED. Evidence is given to support the anecdotal theories of TCM patterns involved in eating disorder presentation. These results have relevance on how eating disorders are treated and viewed by TCM practitioners.
Fowler, AM & Booth, DJ 2012, 'Evidence of sustained populations of a small reef fish on artificial structures. Does depth affect production on artificial reefs?', JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 613-629.
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The length frequencies and age structures of resident Pseudanthias rubrizonatus (n = 407), a small protogynous serranid, were measured at four isolated artificial structures on the continental shelf of north-western Australia between June and August 2008
Fowler, AM & Booth, DJ 2012, 'How well do sunken vessels approximate fish assemblages on coral reefs? Conservation implications of vessel-reef deployments', MARINE BIOLOGY, vol. 159, no. 12, pp. 2787-2796.
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The amount of artificial habitat (termed `artificial reef, AR) in marine systems is rapidly increasing, yet the effect of most types of AR on reef communities remains unknown. We examined the role of well-established vessel-reefs in structuring coral reef fish assemblages by comparing assemblages on 7 World War II wrecks (>65 years old) to those on interspersed coral patch reefs of comparable size in a tropical lagoon. Fish abundance, species richness, diversity and feeding guild structure on wrecks were similar to natural reefs; however, species composition differed between the two reef types (R = 0.1890.341, average dissimilarity: 67.368.8 %). Despite being more species-rich and diverse, fish assemblages on larger wrecks were less similar to assemblages on their adjacent natural reefs than smaller wrecks. Wrecks may also have affected fish abundance on adjacent natural reefs, with reefs adjacent to larger wrecks supporting higher abundances than reefs adjacent to smaller wrecks. Our results indicate that increases in vessel-reef habitat may not greatly affect reef fish assemblage parameters, but may affect the relative abundances of particular species
Frölich, S, Entzeroth, R & Wallach, M 2012, 'Comparison of Protective Immune Responses to Apicomplexan Parasites', Journal of Parasitology Research, vol. 2012, pp. 1-11.
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Members of the phylum Apicomplexa, which includes the speciesPlasmodium, Eimeria,Toxoplasma,andBabesiaamongst others, are the most successful intracellular pathogens known to humankind. The widespread acquisition of antimicrobial resistance to most drugs used to date has sparked a great deal of research and commercial interest in the development of vaccines as alternative control strategies. A few antigens from the asexual and sexual stages of apicomplexan development have been identified and their genes characterised; however, the fine cellular and molecular details of the effector mechanisms crucial for parasite inhibition and stimulation of protective immunity are still not entirely understood. This paper provides an overview of what is currently known about the protective immune response against the various types of apicomplexan parasites and focuses mainly on the similarities of these pathogens and their host interaction. Finally, the evolutionary relationships of these parasites and their hosts, as well as the modulation of immune functions that are critical in determining the outcome of the infection by these pathogenic organisms, are discussed.
Fronzi, M, Cereda, S, Tateyama, Y, De Vita, A & Traversa, E 2012, 'Ab initioinvestigation of defect formation at ZrO2-CeO2interfaces', Physical Review B, vol. 86, no. 8.
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The structural and electronic properties of low index (100) and (111) ZrO 2 -CeO 2 interfaces are analyzed on the basis of density functional theory calculations. The formation energy and relative stability of substitutional defects, oxygen vacancies, and vacancy-dopant complexes are investigated for the (100) orientation. By comparing these results with the ones obtained in bulk structures, we provide a possible explanation for the higher experimental ionic conductivity measured at the interface. © 2012 American Physical Society.
Fu, H, Jiang, X, Yang, X, Yu, A, Su, D & Wang, G 2012, 'Glycothermal synthesis of assembled vanadium oxide nanostructures for gas sensing', Journal of Nanoparticle Research, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 1-14.
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This study demonstrates a facile but effective glycothermal method to synthesize vanadium oxide nanostructures for gas sensing detection. In this method, sodium orthovanadate was first dispersed and heated in ethylene glycol at 120-180 degrees C for a few hours, and then the precipitates were collected, rinsed, and sintered at high temperatures (e.g., 600 degrees C) for V2O5 in air and V2O3 in nitrogen, respectively. The as-prepared vanadium oxide particles are nanorods (200 nm x 1 mu m) and can assemble into microspheres or urchin-like structures with a diameter of similar to 3 mu m. The experimental parameters (temperature, time, and surfactants) and the formation mechanisms were investigated by various advanced techniques, such as transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermo-gravimetric analysis. Finally, the V2O5 nanoparticles were tested for sensing detection of gas species of acetone, isopropanol, and ammonia. The microurchin structures show higher sensing performance than the nanorods.
Fu, L, Zhuang, J, Tang, D, Que, X, Lai, W & Chen, G 2012, 'DNA pseudoknot-functionalized sensing platform for chemoselective analysis of mercury ions', The Analyst, vol. 137, no. 19, pp. 4425-4425.
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Fujimoto, R, Sasaki, T, Ishikawa, R, Osabe, K, Kawanabe, T & Dennis, ES 2012, 'Molecular Mechanisms of Epigenetic Variation in Plants', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 9900-9922.
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Natural variation is defined as the phenotypic variation caused by spontaneous mutations. In general, mutations are associated with changes of nucleotide sequence, and many mutations in genes that can cause changes in plant development have been identifi
Fujimoto, R, Taylor, JM, Shirasawa, S, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2012, 'Heterosis of Arabidopsis hybrids between C24 and Col is associated with increased photosynthesis capacity', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 109, no. 18, pp. 7109-7114.
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Arabidopsis thaliana shows hybrid vigor (heterosis) in progeny of crosses between Columbia-0 and C24 accessions. Hybrid vigor was evident as early as mature seeds and in seedlings 3 d after sowing (DAS). At 3 DAS, genes encoding chloroplast-located prote
Fukumoto, T, Thomas, PS, Stuart, BH, Simon, P, Adam, G, Shimmon, R & Guerbois, J-P 2012, 'Estimation of the storage life of dimethylol urea using non-isothermal accelerated testing', JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY, vol. 108, no. 2, pp. 439-443.
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Gallagher, R, Shimmon, R & McDonagh, AM 2012, 'Synthesis and impurity profiling of MDMA prepared from commonly available starting materials', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, vol. 223, no. 1-3, pp. 306-313.
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This work examines the synthesis of 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA) from common starting materials that may be utilised by clandestine laboratory operators. Piperonal was prepared from two common starting materials, piperine (from pepper) a
Gautam, R, Kulow, M, Döpfer, D, Kaspar, C, Gonzales, T, Pertzborn, KM, Carroll, RJ, Grant, W & Ivanek, R 2012, 'The strain-specific dynamics ofEscherichia coliO157:H7 faecal shedding in cattle post inoculation', Journal of Biological Dynamics, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 1052-1066.
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Ge, Q, Moir, LM, Trian, T, Niimi, K, Poniris, M, Shepherd, PR, Black, JL, Oliver, BG & Burgess, JK 2012, 'The phosphoinositide 3 '-kinase p110 delta modulates contractile protein production and IL-6 release in human airway smooth muscle', JOURNAL OF CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 227, no. 8, pp. 3044-3052.
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Transforming growth factor (TGF) ß1 increases pro-inflammatory cytokines and contractile protein expression by human airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells, which could augment airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. Phosphoinositide 3' kinase (PI3K) is one of the signaling pathways implicated in TGFß1 stimulation, and may be altered in asthmatic airways. This study compared the expression of PI3K isoforms by ASM cells from donors with asthma (A), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or neither disease (NA), and investigated the role of PI3K isoforms in the production of TGFß1 induced pro-inflammatory cytokine and contractile proteins in ASM cells. A cells expressed higher basal levels of p110d mRNA compared to NA and COPD cells; however COPD cells produced more p110d protein. TGFß1 increased 110d mRNA expression to the same extent in the three groups. Neither the p110d inhibitor IC87114 (1, 10, 30?µM), the p110ß inhibitor TGX221 (0.1, 1, 10?µM) nor the PI3K pan inhibitor LY294002 (3, 10?µM) had any effect on basal IL-6, calponin or smooth muscle a-actin (a-SMA) expression. However, TGFß1 increased calponin and a-SMA expression was inhibited by IC87114 and LY294002 in all three groups. IC87114, TGX221, and LY294002 reduced TGFß1 induced IL-6 release in a dose related manner in all groups of ASM cells. PI3K p110d is important for TGFß1 induced production of the contractile proteins calponin and a-SMA and the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 in ASM cells, and may therefore be relevant as a potential therapeutic target to treat both inflammation and airway remodeling.
George, AM & Jones, PM 2012, 'Perspectives on the structure–function of ABC transporters: The Switch and Constant Contact Models', Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, vol. 109, no. 3, pp. 95-107.
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ABC transporters constitute one of the largest protein families across the kingdoms of archaea, eubacteria and eukarya. They couple ATP hydrolysis to vectorial translocation of diverse substrates across membranes. The ABC transporter architecture comprises two transmembrane domains and two cytosolic ATP-binding cassettes. During 2002-2012, nine prokaryotic ABC transporter structures and two eukaryotic structures have been solved to medium resolution. Despite a wealth of biochemical, biophysical, and structural data, fundamental questions remain regarding the coupling of ATP hydrolysis to unidirectional substrate translocation, and the mechanistic suite of steps involved. The mechanics of the ATP cassette dimer is defined most popularly by the 'Switch Model', which proposes that hydrolysis in each protomer is sequential, and that as the sites are freed of nucleotide, the protomers lose contact across a large solvent-filled gap of 20-30 angstrom: as captured in several X-ray solved structures. Our 'Constant Contact' model for the operational mechanics of ATP binding and hydrolysis in the ATP-binding cassettes is derived from the 'alternating sites' model, proposed in 1995, and which requires an intrinsic asymmetry in the ATP sites, but does not require the partner protomers to lose contact. Thus one of the most debated issues regarding the function of ABC transporters is whether the cooperative mechanics of ATP hydrolysis requires the ATP cassettes to separate or remain in constant contact and this dilemma is discussed at length in this review.
Gerace, D, Ren, B, Hawthorne, WJ, Byrne, MR, Phillips, P, OʼBrien, BA, Nassif, N, Alexander, IE & Simpson, AM 2012, 'Pancreatic Transdifferentiation in Porcine Liver Following Lentiviral Delivery of Human Furin-Cleavable Insulin', Transplantation Journal, vol. 94, no. 10S, pp. 172-172.
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Ghassabian, S, Rawling, T, Zhou, F, Doddareddy, MR, Tattam, BN, Hibbs, DE, Edwards, RJ, Cui, PH & Murray, M 2012, 'Role of human CYP3A4 in the biotransformation of sorafenib to its major oxidized metabolites', Biochemical Pharmacology, vol. 84, no. 2, pp. 215-223.
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The tyrosine kinase inhibitor drug sorafenib is used in the treatment of liver and renal cancers but adverse effects may necessitate dose interruption and under-dosage may lead to therapeutic failure. Sorafenib also undergoes cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent biotransformation to the N-oxide and other metabolites. However, although CYPs are major determinants of efficacy and toxicity the roles of these enzymes in the formation of multiple sorafenib metabolites are unclear. In the present study CYP-mediated pathways of sorafenib oxidation in human liver were evaluated. cDNA-expressed CYP3A4 was the major catalyst in the formation of the principal N-oxide and N-hydroxymethyl metabolites of sorafenib, as well as the minor N-desmethyl metabolite. In contrast, CYP3A5 exhibited only ~5% of the activity of CYP3A4 and eleven other CYPs and three flavin-containing monooxygenases were inactive. In human hepatic microsomes metabolite formation was correlated with CYP3A4-mediated midazolam 1'-hydroxylation, but not with other CYP-specific substrate oxidations. In accord with these findings the CYP3A4 inhibitor ketoconazole selectively inhibited microsomal sorafenib oxidation pathways. From computational modeling studies atoms in the structure of sorafenib that undergo biotransformation were within ~5.4 Å of the CYP3A4 heme. Important hydrogen bonding interactions between sorafenib and amino acids Ser-119 and Glu-374 in the active center of CYP3A4 were identified. These findings indicate that sorafenib is oxidized selectively by human CYP3A4. This information could be adapted in individualized approaches to optimize sorafenib safety and efficacy in cancer patients.
Gilbert, JA, Hill, R, Doblin, MA & Ralph, PJ 2012, 'Microbial consortia increase thermal tolerance of corals', MARINE BIOLOGY, vol. 159, no. 8, pp. 1763-1771.
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This study examined the response of a coral holobiont to thermal stress when the bacterial community was treated with antibiotics. Colonies of Pocillopora damicornis were exposed to broad and narrow-spectrum antibiotics targeting coral-associated a and c-Proteobacteria. Corals were gradually heated from the control temperature of 26 to 31 C, and measurements were made of host, zooxanthellar and microbial condition. Antibiotics artificially reduced the abundance and activity of bacteria, but had minimal effect on zooxanthellae photosynthetic efficiency or host tissue protein content. Heated corals without antibiotics showed significant declines in FV/FM, typical of thermal stress. However, heated corals treated with antibiotics showed severe tissue loss in addition to a decline in FV/ FM. This study demonstrated that a disruption to the microbial consortium diminished the resilience of the holobiont. Corals exposed to antibiotics under control temperature did not bleach, suggesting that temperature may be an important factor influencing the activity, diversity and ecological function of the holobiont bacterial community.
Giunta, S, Castorina, A, Bucolo, C, Magro, G, Drago, F & D’Agata, V 2012, 'Early changes in pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide and related receptors expression in retina of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats', Peptides, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 32-39.
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Giunta, S, Castorina, A, Scuderi, S, Patti, C & D’Agata, V 2012, 'Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and neuregulin (Neu) activation in human airway epithelial cells exposed to nickel acetate', Toxicology in Vitro, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 280-287.
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Gladstone, W, Lindfield, S, Coleman, M & Kelaher, B 2012, 'Optimisation of baited remote underwater video sampling designs for estuarine fish assemblages', JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY, vol. 429, pp. 28-35.
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Baited remote underwater video stations (BRUVS) are used for monitoring fish assemblages and assessing management effectiveness in reef environments but are infrequently used in estuaries. A review of the BRUVS literature found that most adopted sampling designs from other studies were rarely designed from pilot studies. This potentially compromises their value for monitoring natural and anthropogenic variation. The aims of this study were: (i) to assess the suitability of BRUVS for sampling fishes in estuarine habitats (seagrass beds and unvegetated sediments) and (ii) to develop an optimal and cost effective sampling methodology for each habitat. Fishes in both habitats were sampled independently using BRUVS with soak times of 30, 60, 90 min (n = 4). Thirty five species of fishes were recorded including 18 species of economic importance. Mean number of species, mean total Max N and mean Max N of species did not differ among soak times. Precision was generally greater in seagrass and in both habitats it improved with increasing soak time. Bootstrapping revealed that greater improvements in precision occurred from increasing soak time rather than increasing replication. A sampling design with n = 5 replicates of 90 min soak time was optimal for most variables. This sampling effort is greater than many current applications of BRUVS. The results highlight the importance of pilot studies to optimise sampling methods and develop cost effective and statistically-robust monitoring programs.
Glanville, EJ, Murray, SA & Seebacher, F 2012, 'Thermal adaptation in endotherms: climate and phylogeny interact to determine population-level responses in a wild rat', FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 390-398.
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1. The ecology of endotherms is driven by their great energetic need for thermoregulation, which renders mammals and birds particularly vulnerable to environmental temperature and resource fluctuations. Important outstanding questions are whether populations are specialized to their particular climate, and to what extent gene x environment interactions determine thermal responses. 2. Here, we show that phylogenetic relatedness and climate interact to determine metabolic capacities, body temperature and morphology in a wild rat ( Rattus fuscipes). 3. Mitochondrial metabolic capacities are greater in warm climate populations, indicating that these responses are not the result of cold adaptation. However, glycolytic capacities, fur thickness and capacity for nonshivering thermogenesis are greater in cool climate populations. In populations from cooler climates, body temperatures are lower, but more variable. Together, these changes lead to substantial energy savings in cool climate populations, although all traits are constrained by phylogenetic relatedness. 4. We demonstrate for the first time that gene u environment interactions determine thermal responses in wild mammal populations, and we suggest that physiological variability among populations may render the species more resilient to climate change because it increases wholespecies performance breadth. Climate envelope modelling is therefore insufficient to predict the future impact of climate change.
Gloeckl, S, Tyndall, JDA, Stansfield, SH, Timms, P & Huston, WM 2012, 'The Active Site Residue V266 of Chlamydial HtrA Is Critical for Substrate Binding during both in vitro and in vivo Conditions', Microbial Physiology, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 10-16.
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HtrA is a complex, multimeric chaperone and serine protease important for the virulence and survival of many bacteria. <i>Chlamydia trachomatis </i>is an obligate, intracellular bacterial pathogen that is responsible for severe disease pathology. <i>C. trachomatis </i>HtrA (CtHtrA) has been shown to be highly expressed in laboratory models of disease. In this study, molecular modelling of CtHtrA protein active site structure identified putative S1–S3 subsite residues I242, I265, and V266. These residues were altered by site-directed mutagenesis, and these changes were shown to considerably reduce protease activity on known substrates and resulted in a narrower and distinct range of substrates compared to wild type. Bacterial two-hybrid analysis revealed that CtHtrA is able to interact in vivo with a broad range of protein sequences with high affinity. Notably, however, the interaction was significantly altered in 35 out of 69 clones when residue V266 was mutated, indicating that this residue has an important function during substrate binding.
Gong, J, Jaiswal, R, Mathys, J-M, Combes, V, Grau, GER & Bebawy, M 2012, 'Microparticles and their emerging role in cancer multidrug resistance', CANCER TREATMENT REVIEWS, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 226-234.
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Drug resistance is a major obstacle to the successful treatment of cancer as tumor cells either fail to reduce in size following chemotherapy or the cancer recurs after an initial response. The phenomenon of multidrug resistance (MDR) is particularly problematic as it involves the simultaneous resistance to numerous chemotherapeutics of different classes. MDR is predominantly attributed to the overexpression of efflux transporters such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and the Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 1 (MRP1). P-gp and MRP1 are members of the ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) superfamily of transporters and are capable of effluxing many chemotherapeutics out of cancer cells, allowing them to survive the toxic insult. Numerous strategies have been developed over the years to circumvent MDR. Of these, the discovery and implementation of P-gp and MRP1 inhibitors have been most extensively studied. However, these inhibitors have not been able to be used clinically. While research continues in this area, it must also be acknowledged that other avenues must be explored. Recently, the novel `non-genetic acquisition of P-gp-mediated MDR by microparticles (MPs) has been reported. MPs are vesicles 0.11 lm in diameter that are released via plasma membrane blebbing. They are important mediators of inflammation, coagulation and vascular homeostasis. In addition to surface Pgp protein, MPs also carry various nucleic acid species as cargo. This `non-genetic intercellular transfer provides an alternative pathway for the cellular acquisition and dissemination of traits and implicates MPs as important mediators in the spread of MDR and provides a novel pathway for the circumvention of MDR.
Goodswen, SJ, Kennedy, PJ & Ellis, JT 2012, 'Evaluating High-Throughput Ab Initio Gene Finders to Discover Proteins Encoded in Eukaryotic Pathogen Genomes Missed by Laboratory Techniques', PLOS ONE, vol. 7, no. 11.
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Gräfe, M, Solntsev, AS, Keil, R, Sukhorukov, AA, Heinrich, M, Tünnermann, A, Nolte, S, Szameit, A & Kivshar, YS 2012, 'Biphoton generation in quadratic waveguide arrays: A classical optical simulation', Scientific Reports, vol. 2, no. 1.
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Greaves, IK, Groszmann, M, Dennis, ES & Peacock, WJ 2012, 'Trans-chromosomal methylation', EPIGENETICS, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 800-805.
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The epigenome plays a vital role in helping to maintain and regulate cell functions in all organisms. Alleles with differing epigenetic marks in the same nucleus do not function in isolation but can interact in trans to modify the epigenetic state of one or both alleles. This is particularly evident when two divergent epigenomes come together in a hybrid resulting in thousands of alterations to the methylome. These changes mainly involve the methylation patterns at one allele being changed to resemble the methylation patterns of the other allele, in processes we have termed trans-chromosomal methylation (TCM) and trans-chromosomal demethylation (TCdM). These processes are primarily modulated by siRNAs and the RNA directed DNA methylation pathway. Drawing from other examples of trans-allelic interactions, we describe the process of TCM and TCdM and the effect such changes can have on genome activity. Trans-allelic epigenetic interactions may be a common occurrence in many biological systems.
Greaves, IK, Groszmann, M, Ying, H, Taylor, JM, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2012, 'Trans Chromosomal Methylation in Arabidopsis hybrids', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 109, no. 9, pp. 3570-3575.
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The heterotic hybrid offspring of Arabidopsis accessions C24 and Landsberg erecta have altered methylomes. Changes occur most frequently at loci where parental methylation levels are different. There are context-specific biases in the nonadditive methyla
Gredeskul, SA, Kivshar, YS, Asatryan, AA, Bliokh, KY, Bliokh, YP, Freilikher, VD & Shadrivov, IV 2012, 'Anderson localization in metamaterials and other complex media (Review Article)', LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS, vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 570-602.
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We review some recent (mostly ours) results on the Anderson localization of light and electron waves in complex disordered systems, including: (i) left-handed metamaterials, (ii) magnetoactive optical structures, (iii) graphene superlattices, and (iv) nonlinear dielectric media. First, we demonstrate that left-handed metamaterials can significantly suppress localization of light and lead to an anomalously enhanced transmission. This suppression is essential at the long-wavelength limit in the case of normal incidence, at specific angles of oblique incidence (Brewster anomaly), and in the vicinity of the zero-ε or zero-μ frequencies for dispersive metamaterials. Remarkably, in disordered samples comprised of alternating normal and left-handed metamaterials, the reciprocal Lyapunov exponent and reciprocal transmittance increment can differ from each other. Second, we study magnetoactive multilayered structures, which exhibit nonreciprocal localization of light depending on the direction of propagation and on the polarization. At resonant frequencies or realizations, such nonreciprocity results in effectively unidirectional transport of light. Third, we discuss the analogy between the wave propagation through multilayered samples with metamaterials and the charge transport in graphene, which enables a simple physical explanation of unusual conductive properties of disordered graphene superlatices. We predict disorder-induced resonances of the transmission coefficient at oblique incidence of the Dirac quasiparticles. Finally, we demonstrate that an interplay of nonlinearity and disorder in dielectric media can lead to bistability of individual localized states excited inside the medium at resonant frequencies. This results in nonreciprocity of the wave transmission and unidirectional transport of light. © S.A. Gredeskul, Y.S. Kivshar, A.A. Asatryan, K.Y. Bliokh, Y.P. Bliokh, V.D. Freilikher, and I.V. Shadrivov, 2012.
Green, BC, Suggett, DJ, Hills, A & Steinke, M 2012, 'Optimisation of a fast DMS sensor (FDS) for real time quantification of dimethyl sulfide production by algae', Biogeochemistry, vol. 110, no. 1-3, pp. 163-172.
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Production of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) from marine samples is often quantified using gas chromatography techniques. Typically, these are labour intensive and have a slow sample turnover rate. Here we demonstrate the use of a portable fast DMS sensor (FDS) that utilises the chemiluminescent reaction of DMS and ozone to measure DMS production in aqueous samples, with a maximum frequency of 10 Hz. We have developed a protocol for quantifying DMS production that removes potential signal interference from other biogenic trace gases such as isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) and hydrogen sulfide. The detection limit was 0.89 pM (0.02 ppbv) when using a DMS standard gas mixture. The lowest DMS production rates quantified with the FDS and verified using conventional gas chromatography with flame photometric detection (GC-FPD) were around 0.01 nmol min-1. There was a strong correlation in DMS production when comparing the FDS and GC-FPD techniques with a range of marine samples (e.g., r2 = 0.94 for Emiliania huxleyi). However, the combined dataset showed the FDS measured 22% higher DMS production than the GC-FPD, with the differences in rates likely due to interfering gases, for example hydrogen sulfide and isoprene. This possible overestimation of DMS production is smaller than the two-fold difference in DMS production between day and night samples from a culture of E. huxleyi. The response time of the instrument to changes in DMS production is method dependent (e.g., geometry of incubation vessel, bubble size) and was approximately 4 min under our conditions when using a culture of E.huxleyi (800 ml) with aeration at 100 ml min-1. We suggest the FDS can reduce sample handling, is suitable for short- and long-term measurements of DMS production in algal cultures, and will widen the range of DMS research in marine environments.
Green, DW, Li, G, Milthorpe, B & Ben-Nissan, B 2012, 'Adult stem cell coatings for regenerative medicine', Materials Today, vol. 15, no. 1-2, pp. 60-66.
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Stem cells can become potent tools for the treatment of degenerative disorders such as heart failure, eye disease and osteoarthritis. Housing stem cells inside a hydrogel coating, directly deposited around them individually and in groups, may be an important solution to the problem of increasing stem cell viability and protection in cultivation. Such coatings can target regulatory proteins and genes for maintenance, differentiation and development into tissues. Already polymer coatings are being applied directly to protect insulin producing pancreatic islet cells in the hope of treating type I diabetes. Here, we review current emerging developments in adult mesenchymal stem cell nanocoating and microcoating techniques and assess their unique practical engineering, biological and potential clinical advantages.
Green, LC, Kalitsis, P, Chang, TM, Cipetic, M, Kim, JH, Marshall, O, Turnbull, L, Whitchurch, CB, Vagnarelli, P, Samejima, K, Earnshaw, WC, Choo, KHA & Hudson, DF 2012, 'Contrasting roles of condensin I and condensin II in mitotic chromosome formation', JOURNAL OF CELL SCIENCE, vol. 125, no. 6, pp. 1591-1604.
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In vertebrates, two condensin complexes exist, condensin I and condensin II, which have differing but unresolved roles in organizing mitotic chromosomes. To dissect accurately the role of each complex in mitosis, we have made and studied the first verteb
Gristwood, T, Duggin, IG, Wagner, M, Albers, SV & Bell, SD 2012, 'The sub-cellular localization of Sulfolobus DNA replication', NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH, vol. 40, no. 12, pp. 5487-5496.
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Analyses of the DNA replication-associated proteins of hyperthermophilic archaea have yielded considerable insight into the structure and biochemical function of these evolutionarily conserved factors. However, little is known about the regulation and progression of DNA replication in the context of archaeal cells. In the current work, we describe the generation of strains of Sulfolobus solfataricus and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius that allow the incorporation of nucleoside analogues during DNA replication. We employ this technology, in conjunction with immunolocalization analyses of replisomes, to investigate the sub-cellular localization of nascent DNA and replisomes. Our data reveal a peripheral localization of replisomes in the cell. Furthermore, while the two replication forks emerging from any one of the three replication origins in the Sulfolobus chromosome remain in close proximity, the three origin loci are separated.
Gupta, V, Bijo, AJ, Kumar, M, Reddy, CRK & Jha, B 2012, 'Detection of Epigenetic Variations in the Protoplast-Derived Germlings of Ulva reticulata Using Methylation Sensitive Amplification Polymorphism (MSAP)', Marine Biotechnology, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 692-700.
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Gutman, N, de Sterke, CM, Sukhorukov, AA & Botten, LC 2012, 'Slow and frozen light in optical waveguides with multiple gratings: Degenerate band edges and stationary inflection points', PHYSICAL REVIEW A, vol. 85, no. 3, pp. 1-11.
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We show that a waveguide with multiple gratings can have a modal dispersion relation which supports frozen light. This means that light can be coupled efficiently to low group velocity modes of an optical waveguide or can even have finite coupling to zer
Hahn, MA, Dickson, K-A, Jackson, S, Clarkson, A, Gill, AJ & Marsh, DJ 2012, 'The tumor suppressor CDC73 interacts with the ring finger proteins RNF20 and RNF40 and is required for the maintenance of histone 2B monoubiquitination', Human Molecular Genetics, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 559-568.
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Hall, P, Pham, T, Wand, MP & Wang, SSJ 2012, 'Asymptotic normality and valid inference for Gaussian variational approximation', Annals of Statistics, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 2502-2532.
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We derive the precise asymptotic distributional behavior of Gaussian
variational approximate estimators of the parameters in a single-predictor
Poisson mixed model. These results are the deepest yet obtained concerning the
statistical properties of a variational approximation method. Moreover, they
give rise to asymptotically valid statistical inference. A simulation study
demonstrates that Gaussian variational approximate confidence intervals possess
good to excellent coverage properties, and have a similar precision to their
exact likelihood counterparts.
Hallegraeff, GM, Blackburn, SI, Doblin, MA & Bolch, CJS 2012, 'Global toxicology, ecophysiology and population relationships of the chainforming PST dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum', HARMFUL ALGAE, vol. 14, pp. 130-143.
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Increasing scientific awareness since the 1980s of the chain-forming dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum has led to this species being reported with increased frequency in a globally increasing number of countries (23 at present). G. catenatum exhibits little molecular genetic variation in rDNA over its global range, in contrast to RAPD fingerprinting which points to high genetic variation within regional populations even between estuaries 50 km apart. All Australian and New Zealand strains possess a thymine nucleotide (T-gene) near the start of the 5.8S rRNA whereas all other global populations examined to date possess cytosine-nucleotide (C-gene), except for southern Japan which harbours both C-gene and T-gene strains. Together with cyst and plankton evidence this strongly suggests that both Australian and New Zealand populations have derived from southern Japan. Global dinoflagellate populations and cultures exhibit an extraordinary variation in PST profiles (STX and 21 analogues), but consistent regional patterns are evident with regard to the production of C1,2; C3,4; B1,2; and neoSTX analogues. PST profiles of cyst-derived cultures are deemed unrepresentative. Distinct ecophysiological differences exist between tropical (2132 °C) and warm-temperate ecotypes (1218 °C), but these appear unrelated to ITS genotypes and PST toxin phenotypes.
Hamidian, M, Nigro, SJ & Hall, RM 2012, 'Variants of the gentamicin and tobramycin resistance plasmid pRAY are widely distributed in Acinetobacter', Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol. 67, no. 12, pp. 2833-2836.
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Hansbro, PM & Jarnicki, AG 2012, 'Macrolides for macrophages in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', Respirology, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 739-740.
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Hansbro, PM, Starkey, MR, Kim, RY, Stevens, RL, Foster, PS & Horvat, JC 2012, 'Programming of the lung by early-life infection', Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, vol. 3, no. 03, pp. 153-158.
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Harasti, D, Martin-Smith, K & Gladstone, W 2012, 'Population dynamics and life history of a geographically restricted seahorse,Hippocampus whitei', Journal of Fish Biology, vol. 81, no. 4, pp. 1297-1314.
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The aim of this study was to collect data on population dynamics and life history for White's seahorse Hippocampus whitei, a geographically restricted species that is listed as data deficient under the IUCN Red List. Data from H. whitei populations were collected from two regions, Port Stephens (north) and Sydney Harbour (south) in New South Wales, Australia, covering most of the known range of H. whitei, from 2005 to 2010. Over 1000 individuals were tagged using fluorescent elastomer and on subsequent recaptures were re-measured for growth data that were used in a forced GullandâHolt plot to develop growth parameters for use in a specialized von Bertalanffy growth-function model. Growth parameters for Port Stephens were: females Lâ = 149·2 mm and K = 2·034 per year and males Lâ = 147·9 mm and K = 2·520 per year compared with estimates from Sydney Harbour: females Lâ = 139·8 mm and K = 1·285 per year and males Lâ = 141·6 mm and K = 1·223 per year. Whilst there was no significant difference in growth between sexes for each region, H. whitei in Port Stephens grew significantly quicker and larger and matured and reproduced at a younger age than those from Sydney Harbour. The life span of H. whitei is at least 5 years in the wild with six individuals recorded reaching this age. Data collected on breeding pairs found that H. whitei displays life-long monogamy with three pairs observed remaining pair bonded over three consecutive breeding years. Baseline population densities were derived for two Port Stephens' sites (0·035 and 0·110 mâ2) and for Manly in Sydney Harbour (1·050 mâ2). Even though the life-history parameters of H. whitei suggest it may be reasonably resilient, precaution should be taken in its future management as a result of its limited geographical distribution and increasing pressures from anthropogenic sources on its habitats.
Hare, D, Austin, C & Doble, P 2012, 'Quantification strategies for elemental imaging of biological samples using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry', ANALYST, vol. 137, no. 7, pp. 1527-1537.
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This review provides analysts with critical insights of current approaches for quantification by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry in the field of elemental imaging. This encompasses both calibration strategies that have been used with success in imaging biological samples, as well as those with potential to improve analytical accuracy and precision if applied to imaging. Methods reviewed include the use of CRMs, laboratory prepared matrix matched standards, internal standardisation, online standard addition and a variety of novel approaches that makes elemental imaging accessible to a wider base of analysts. The importance of quantification and factors affecting its use in imaging will also be considered.
Hare, DJ, Gerlach, M & Riederer, P 2012, 'Considerations for measuring iron in post-mortem tissue of Parkinson's disease patients', JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION, vol. 119, no. 12, pp. 1515-1521.
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Redox-active iron is considered to be an important factor in the pathology and progression of several neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinsons disease. The various roles of iron in normal physiology and its prevalence in the wider environment present numerous challenges to both accurate measurement and interpretation of brain iron levels. This review will discuss considerations for the analysis of iron in post-mortem samples, including how contamination, sample preparation and methods of analysis may influence results. In addition, several important factors influencing interpretation of iron levels will be considered.
Hare, DJ, Lee, JK, Beavis, AD, van Gramberg, A, George, J, Adlard, PA, Finkelstein, DI & Doble, PA 2012, 'Three-Dimensional Atlas of Iron, Copper, and Zinc in the Mouse Cerebrum and Brainstem', ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 84, no. 9, pp. 3990-3997.
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Atlases depicting molecular and functional features of the brain are becoming an integral part of modern neuroscience. In this study we used laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) to quantitatively measure iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) levels in a serially sectioned C57BL/6 mouse brain (cerebrum and brainstem). Forty-six sections were analyzed in a single experiment of approximately 158 h in duration. We constructed a 46-plate reference atlas by aligning quantified images of metal distribution with corresponding coronal sections from the Allen Mouse Brain Reference Atlas. The 46 plates were also used to construct three-dimensional models of Fe, Cu, and Zn distribution. This atlas represents the first reconstruction of quantitative trace metal distribution through the brain by LA-ICPMS and will facilitate the study of trace metals in the brain and help to elucidate their role in neurobiology.
Hemming, MN, Walford, SA, Fieg, S, Dennis, ES & Trevaskis, B 2012, 'Identification of High-Temperature-Responsive Genes in Cereals', PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 158, no. 3, pp. 1439-1450.
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High temperature influences plant development and can reduce crop yields. We examined how ambient temperature influences reproductive development in the temperate cereals wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare). High temperature resulted in rapid progression through reproductive development in long days, but inhibited early stages of reproductive development in short days. Activation of the long-day flowering response pathway through day-lengthinsensitive alleles of the PHOTOPERIOD1 gene, which result in high FLOWERING LOCUS T-like1 transcript levels, did not allow rapid early reproductive development at high temperature in short days. Furthermore, high temperature did not increase transcript levels of FLOWERING LOCUS T-like genes. These data suggest that genes or pathways other than the longday response pathway mediate developmental responses to high temperature in cereals. Transcriptome analyses suggested a possible role for vernalization-responsive genes in the developmental response to high temperature. The MADS-box floral repressor HvODDSOC2 is expressed at elevated levels at high temperature in short days, and might contribute to the inhibition of early reproductive development under these conditions. FLOWERING PROMOTING FACTOR1-like, RNase-S-like genes, and VER2-like genes were also identified as candidates for high-temperature-responsive developmental regulators. Overall, these data suggest that rising temperatures might elicit different developmental responses in cereal crops at different latitudes or times of year, due to the interaction between temperature and day length. Additionally, we suggest that different developmental regulators might mediate the response to high temperature in cereals compared to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana).
Hemtasin, C, Ung, AT, Kanokmedhakul, S, Kanokmedhakul, K, Bishop, R, Satraruji, T & Bishop, D 2012, 'ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Alkaloid-Like Compounds via the Bridging Ritter Reaction.', ChemInform, vol. 43, no. 40, pp. no-no.
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Hemtasin, C, Ung, AT, Kanokmedhakul, S, Kanokmedhakul, K, Bishop, R, Satraruji, T & Bishop, D 2012, 'Synthesis of alkaloid-like compounds via the bridging Ritter reaction', MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE, vol. 143, no. 6, pp. 955-963.
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Alkaloid-like compounds containing a benzo[c]azepine core structure were successfully prepared in three steps from H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-ol via the bridging Ritter reaction. Biological studies of these compounds revealed that some of them are AChE inhibitors and antimalarial agents.
Henningham, A, Chiarot, E, Gillen, CM, Cole, JN, Rohde, M, Fulde, M, Ramachandran, V, Cork, AJ, Hartas, J, Magor, G, Djordjevic, SP, Cordwell, SJ, Kobe, B, Sriprakash, KS, Nizet, V, Chhatwal, GS, Margarit, IYR, Batzloff, MR & Walker, MJ 2012, 'Conserved anchorless surface proteins as group A streptococcal vaccine candidates', Journal of Molecular Medicine, vol. 90, no. 10, pp. 1197-1207.
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Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus (GAS)) causes similar to 700 million human infections each year, resulting in over 500,000 deaths. The development of a commercial GAS vaccine is hampered by the occurrence of many unique GAS serotypes, antigenic variation within the same serotype, differences in serotype geographical distribution, and the production of antibodies cross-reactive with human tissue that may lead to autoimmune disease. Several independent studies have documented a number of GAS cell wall-associated or secreted metabolic enzymes that contain neither N-terminal leader sequences nor C-terminal cell wall anchors. Here, we applied a proteomic analysis of serotype M1T1 GAS cell wall extracts for the purpose of vaccine development. This approach catalogued several anchorless proteins and identified two protective vaccine candidates, arginine deiminase and trigger factor. These surface-exposed enzymes are expressed across multiple GAS serotypes exhibiting >= 99% amino acid sequence identity. Vaccine safety concerns are alleviated by the observation that these vaccine candidates lack human homologs, while sera from human populations suffering repeated GAS infections and high levels of autoimmune complications do not recognize these enzymes. Our study demonstrates anchorless cell surface antigens as promising vaccine candidates for the prevention of GAS disease
Hill, MR, Bastow, TJ, Bourgeois, L, Turner, DR, Seeber, A, McBean, K & Whitfield, HJ 2012, 'A simple route to full structural analysis of biophosphates and their application to materials discovery', Dalton Transactions, vol. 41, no. 18, pp. 5497-5497.
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An integrated suite of synthesis and characterisation techniques that includes synchrotron-based single crystal, powder X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance and electron diffraction have been employed to uncover two new distinct structures in the CaxBa2-xP2O7 polymorphic phosphate system. These materials have particular relevance for their application as both biomaterials and phosphors. Calcium barium pyrophosphate, CaBaP2O7, was shown by a combination of spectroscopic and diffraction techniques to have two polymorphs distinct in structure from all of the five previously reported polymorphs of Ca, Sr and Ba pyrophosphate. A high temperature polymorph HT-CaBaP2O7 prepared at 1200 °C is orthorhombic, of space group P212121 with a = 13.0494 Å, b = 8.9677 Å, c = 5.5444 Å. A low temperature polymorph LT-CaBaP2O7, prepared below 1000 °C, is monoclinic with space group P21/c and dimensions a = 12.065 Å, b = 10.582 Å, c = 9.515 Å, ß = 94.609°.
Hill, R, Larkum, AWD, Prasil, O, Kramer, DM, Szabo, M, Kumar, V & Ralph, PJ 2012, 'Light-induced dissociation of antenna complexes in the symbionts of scleractinian corals correlates with sensitivity to coral bleaching', CORAL REEFS, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 963-975.
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Elevated temperatures in combination with moderate to high irradiance are known to cause bleaching events in scleractinian corals, characterised by damage to photosystem II (PSII). Photoprotective mechanisms of the symbiont can reduce the excitation pressure impinging upon PSII. In the bleaching sensitive species, Acropora millepora and Pocillopora damicornis, high light alone induced photoprotection through the xanthophyll cycle, increased content of the antioxidant carotenoid, ß-carotene, as well as the dissociation of the light-harvesting chlorophyll complexes. The evidence is compatible with either the membrane-bound chlorophyll a-chlorophyll c 2-peridinin-protein (acpPC) complex or the peripheral peridinin-chlorophyll-protein complex, or both, disconnecting from PSII under high light. The acpPC complex potentially showed a state transition response with redistribution towards photosystem I to reduce PSII over-excitation. This apparent acpPC dissociation/reassociation was promoted by the addition of the xanthophyll cycle inhibitor, dithiothreitol, under high irradiance. Exposure to thermal stress as well as high light promoted xanthophyll de-epoxidation and increased ß-carotene content, although it did not influence light-harvesting chlorophyll complex (LHC) dissociation, indicating light, rather than temperature, controls LHC dissociation. Photoinhibition was avoided in the bleaching tolerant species, Pavona decussata, suggesting xanthophyll cycling along with LHC dissociation may have been sufficient to prevent photodamage to PSII. Symbionts of P. decussata also displayed the greatest detachment of antenna complexes, while the more thermally sensitive species, Pocillopora damicornis and A. millepora, showed less LHC dissociation, suggesting antenna movement influences bleaching susceptibility.
Ho, KKK, Cole, N, Chen, R, Willcox, MDP, Rice, SA & Kumar, N 2012, 'Immobilization of Antibacterial Dihydropyrrol-2-ones on Functional Polymer Supports To Prevent Bacterial Infections In Vivo', Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 1138-1141.
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ABSTRACT
Antibiotic-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
is of great concern, as it causes a wide range of life-threatening infections. The current study demonstrates that dihydropyrrolone (DHP)-coated polyacrylamide substrates are effective in reducing the number of culturable clinical isolates of
S. aureus
in vitro
in a dose-dependent manner and are able to reduce the pathogenic potential of staphylococcal infection in a subcutaneous infection model. Covalently bound DHPs therefore show great potential for use as an antimicrobial strategy in device-related applications.
Hoeksema, BW, Matthews, JL & Yeemin, T 2012, 'The 2010 coral bleaching event and its impact on the mushroom coral fauna of Koh Tao, western Gulf of Thailand', Phuket Marine Biological Center Research Bulletin, vol. 71, pp. 71-81.
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During two surveys of the mushroom coral fauna of Koh Tao, a total of 20 species was recorded. The first survey (June 2010) was during a coral bleaching event caused by elevated seawater temperatures. Bleaching in mushroom corals appeared to be depth-dependent at the deepest sites with less bleaching occurring below 20 m depth. Some fungiid species, like Ctenactis echinata, appeared to be less susceptible to bleaching than others. This species was affected very little and was represented by regularly coloured individuals among many bleached specimens of other mushroom coral species. Few corals of Fungia fungites showed bleaching on the shallow reef flats but many were bleached on the slopes. During the second survey (February 2011), Koh Tao's mushroom coral fauna appeared to have recovered and no trace of thermal bleaching was visible anymore.
Hoppenrath, M, Murray, S, Sparmann, SF & Leander, BS 2012, 'MORPHOLOGY AND MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF ANKISTRODINIUM GEN. NOV (DINOPHYCEAE), A NEW GENUS OF MARINE SAND-DWELLING DINOFLAGELLATES FORMERLY CLASSIFIED WITHIN AMPHIDINIUM', JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 1143-1152.
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The classical athecate dinoflagellate genera (Amphidinium, Gymnodinium, Gyrodinium) have long been recognized to be polyphyletic. Amphidinium sensu lato is the most diverse of all marine benthic dinoflagellate genera; however, following the redefinition
Horsington, J, Turnbull, L, Whitchurch, CB & Newsome, TP 2012, 'Sub-viral imaging of vaccinia virus using super-resolution microscopy', JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS, vol. 186, no. 1-2, pp. 132-136.
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The study of host-pathogen interactions over past decades has benefited from advances in microscopy and fluorescent imaging techniques. A particularly powerful model in this field is vaccinia virus (VACV), which due to its amenability to genetic manipulation has been a productive model in advancing the understanding of the transport of subcellular cargoes. Conventional light microscopy imposes an upper limit of resolution of similar to 250 nm, hence knowledge of events occurring at the sub-viral resolution is based predominantly on studies utilising electron microscopy. The development of super-resolution light microscopy presents the opportunity to bridge the gap between these two technologies. This report describes the analysis of VACV replication using fluorescent recombinant viruses, achieving sub-viral resolution with three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy. This is the first report of successfully resolving poxvirus particle morphologies at the scale of single virus particles using light microscopy.
Horton, RC, Kelly, TL, Lenehan, CE, Lennard, C, Lewis, SW, Lim, KF, Roux, C & Southam, DC 2012, 'Assessing Students’ Attitudes Toward Forensic Science: Collecting an Expert Consensus', Forensic Science Policy & Management: An International Journal, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 180-188.
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Howes, JM, Stuart, BH, Thomas, PS, Raja, S & O'Brien, C 2012, 'An Investigation of Model Forensic Bone in Soil Environments Studied Using Infrared Spectroscopy', JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 1161-1167.
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Infrared spectroscopy has been used to examine changes to bone chemistry as a result of soil burial. Pig carcasses were buried as part of a controlled field study, and pig bone was used in soil environments established in the laboratory. The variables of species type, bone pretreatment, soil type and pH, moisture content, temperature, and burial time were investigated. The crystallinity index (CI) and the organic and carbonate contents of the bones were monitored. The data revealed decreasing trends in the organic and carbonate contents and an increase in the CI of the bone with burial time. An acidic soil environment and soil type are the factors that have the most influence on bone chemistry as a result of burial. The study demonstrates the potential of infrared spectroscopy as a straightforward method of monitoring the changes associated with aging of bones in a variety of soil environments.
Hsu, AC-Y, Parsons, K, Barr, I, Lowther, S, Middleton, D, Hansbro, PM & Wark, PAB 2012, 'Critical Role of Constitutive Type I Interferon Response in Bronchial Epithelial Cell to Influenza Infection', PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. e32947-e32947.
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HSU, AC-Y, SEE, HV, HANSBRO, PM & WARK, PAB 2012, 'Innate immunity to influenza in chronic airways diseases', Respirology, vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 1166-1175.
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Huang, S-W, Cirmi, G, Moses, J, Hong, K-H, Bhardwaj, S, Birge, JR, Chen, L-J, Kabakova, IV, Li, E, Eggleton, BJ, Cerullo, G & Kärtner, FX 2012, 'Optical waveform synthesizer and its application to high-harmonic generation', Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, vol. 45, no. 7, pp. 074009-074009.
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Huete, AR 2012, 'Vegetation Indices, Remote Sensing and Forest Monitoring', Geography Compass, vol. 6, no. 9, pp. 513-532.
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With increasing threats and pressure exerted on Earth's forest resources, there are greater demands for more quantitative, timely, and accurate information on their state, functioning, and sustainability. Satellite remote sensing offers an effective way of measuring and monitoring vast forest areas in a consistent and robust manner. This complements ground forest surveys and overcomes the spatial limitations of in situ sampling of forest biophysical properties. Among the various remote sensing tools used in characterizing forests, spectral vegetation indices (VIs) are widely adopted for monitoring forest states and canopy processes. In this article I provide a brief overview on VI applications and advances made in the assessment and monitoring of forest biophysical states, functioning, phenology, and disturbance. I also address current and future challenges, demands, and limitations of VIs for long term forest monitoring and applications in climate science, hydrology, and biogeochemistry.
Hulley, H & Platen, E 2012, 'Hedging for the long run', Mathematics and Financial Economics, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 105-124.
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In the years following the publication of Black and Scholes (J Political Econ, 81(3), 637-654, 1973), numerous alternative models have been proposed for pricing and hedging equity derivatives. Prominent examples include stochastic volatility models, jump-diffusion models, and models based on Lévy processes. These all have their own shortcomings, and evidence suggests that none is up to the task of satisfactorily pricing and hedging extremely long-dated claims. Since they all fall within the ambit of risk-neutral valuation, it is natural to speculate that the deficiencies of these models are (at least in part) attributable to the constraints imposed by the risk-neutral approach itself. To investigate this idea, we present a simple two-parameter model for a diversified equity accumulation index. Although our model does not admit an equivalent risk-neutral probability measure, it nevertheless fulfils a minimal no-arbitrage condition for an economically viable financial market. Furthermore, we demonstrate that contingent claims can be priced and hedged, without the need for an equivalent change of probability measure. Convenient formulae for the prices and hedge ratios of a number of standard European claims are derived, and a series of hedge experiments for extremely long-dated claims on the S&P 500 total return index are conducted. Our model serves also as a convenient medium for illustrating and clarifying several points on asset price bubbles and the economics of arbitrage.
Husaini, Y, Qiu, MR, Lockwood, GP, Luo, XW, Shang, P, Kuffner, T, Tsai, VW-W, Jiang, L, Russell, PJ, Brown, DA & Breit, SN 2012, 'Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine-1 (MIC-1/GDF15) Slows Cancer Development but Increases Metastases in TRAMP Prostate Cancer Prone Mice', PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. e43833-e43833.
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Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1/GDF15), a divergent member of the TGF-β superfamily, is over-expressed by many common cancers including those of the prostate (PCa) and its expression is linked to cancer outcome. We have evaluated the effect of MIC-1/GDF15 overexpression on PCa development and spread in the TRAMP transgenic model of spontaneous prostate cancer. TRAMP mice were crossed with MIC-1/GDF15 overexpressing mice (MIC-1fms) to produce syngeneic TRAMPfmsmic-1 mice. Survival rate, prostate tumor size, histopathological grades and extent of distant organ metastases were compared. Metastasis of TC1-T5, an androgen independent TRAMP cell line that lacks MIC-1/GDF15 expression, was compared by injecting intravenously into MIC-1fms and syngeneic C57BL/6 mice. Whilst TRAMPfmsmic-1 survived on average 7.4 weeks longer, had significantly smaller genitourinary (GU) tumors and lower PCa histopathological grades than TRAMP mice, more of these mice developed distant organ metastases. Additionally, a higher number of TC1-T5 lung tumor colonies were observed in MIC-1fms mice than syngeneic WT C57BL/6 mice. Our studies strongly suggest that MIC-1/GDF15 has complex actions on tumor behavior: it limits local tumor growth but may with advancing disease, promote metastases. As MIC-1/GDF15 is induced by all cancer treatments and metastasis is the major cause of cancer treatment failure and cancer deaths, these results, if applicable to humans, may have a direct impact on patient care. © 2012 Husaini et al.
Huston, WM, Harvie, M, Mittal, A, Timms, P & Beagley, KW 2012, 'Vaccination to protect against infection of the female reproductive tract', Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 81-94.
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Hutchinson, AT, Jones, DR & Raison, RL 2012, 'The ability to interact with cell membranes suggests possible biological roles for free light chain', Immunology Letters, vol. 142, no. 1-2, pp. 75-77.
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During antibody synthesis, immunoglobulin light chains are produced in excess of heavy chains and, as a consequence, can be secreted by plasma cells as free light chains (FLC). Thus, FLC were considered to be a by-product of immunoglobulin synthesis, lac
Huynh, TT, McDougald, D, Klebensberger, J, Al Qarni, B, Barraud, N, Rice, SA, Kjelleberg, S & Schleheck, D 2012, 'Glucose Starvation-Induced Dispersal of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms Is cAMP and Energy Dependent', PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. e42874-e42874.
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Hwang, FJ & Lin, BMT 2012, 'Two-stage assembly-type flowshop batch scheduling problem subject to a fixed job sequence', JOURNAL OF THE OPERATIONAL RESEARCH SOCIETY, vol. 63, no. 6, pp. 839-845.
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This paper discusses a two-stage assembly-type flowshop scheduling problem with batching considerations subject to a fixed job sequence. The two-stage assembly flowshop consists of m stage-1 parallel dedicated machines and a stage-2 assembly machine which processes the jobs in batches. Four regular performance metrics, namely, the total completion time, maximum lateness, total tardiness, and number of tardy jobs, are considered. The goal is to obtain an optimal batching decision for the predetermined job sequence at stage 2. This study presents a two-phase algorithm, which is developed by coupling a problem-transformation procedure with a dynamic program. The running time of the proposed algorithm is O(mn + n(5)), where n is the number of jobs.
Hwang, FJ, Kovalyov, MY & Lin, BMT 2012, 'Total completion time minimization in two-machine flow shop scheduling problems with a fixed job sequence', DISCRETE OPTIMIZATION, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 29-39.
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This paper addresses scheduling n jobs in a two-machine flow shop to minimize the total completion time, subject to the condition that the jobs are processed in the same given sequence on both machines. A new concept of optimal schedule block is introduced, and polynomial time dynamic programming algorithms employing this concept are derived for two specific problems. In the first problem, the machine-2 processing time of a job is a step increasing function of its waiting time between the machines, and a decision about machine-1 idle time insertion has to be made. This problem is solved in O(n2) time. In the second problem, the jobs are processed in batches and each batch is preceded by a machine-dependent setup time. An O(n5) algorithm is developed to find an optimal batching decision.
Ichimaru, Y, Krimmer, DI, Burgess, JK, Black, JL & Oliver, BGG 2012, 'TGF-β enhances deposition of perlecan from COPD airway smooth muscle', American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, vol. 302, no. 3, pp. L325-L333.
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma are characterized by irreversible remodeling of the airway walls, including thickening of the airway smooth muscle layer. Perlecan is a large, multidomain, proteoglycan that is expressed in the lungs, and in other organ systems, and has been described to have a role in cell adhesion, angiogenesis, and proliferation. This study aimed to investigate functional properties of the different perlecan domains in relation to airway smooth muscle cells (ASMC). Primary human ASMC obtained from donors with asthma ( n = 13), COPD ( n = 12), or other lung disease ( n = 20) were stimulated in vitro with 1 ng/ml transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) before perlecan deposition and cytokine release were analyzed. In some experiments, inhibitors of signaling molecules were added. Perlecan domains I–V were seeded on tissue culture plates at 10 μg/ml with 1 μg/ml collagen I as a control. ASM was incubated on top of the peptides before being analyzed for attachment, proliferation, and wound healing. TGF-β1 upregulated deposition of perlecan by ASMC from COPD subjects only. TGF-β1 upregulated release of IL-6 into the supernatant of ASMC from all subjects. Inhibitors of SMAD and JNK signaling molecules decreased TGF-β1-induced perlecan deposition by COPD ASMC. Attachment of COPD ASMC was upregulated by collagen I and perlecan domains IV and V, while perlecan domain II upregulated attachment only of asthmatic ASMC. Seeding on perlecan domains did not increase proliferation of any ASMC type. TGF-β1-induced perlecan deposition may enhance attachment of migrating ASMC in vivo and thus may be a mechanism for ASMC layer hypertrophy in COPD.
Ignatieva, K & Platen, E 2012, 'Estimating the diffusion coefficient function for a diversified world stock index', COMPUTATIONAL STATISTICS & DATA ANALYSIS, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 1333-1349.
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This paper deals with the estimation of continuous-time diffusion processes which model the dynamics of a well diversified world stock index (WSI). We use the nonparametric kernel-based estimation to empirically identify a square root type diffusion coefficient function in the dynamics of the discounted WSI. A square root process turns out to be an excellent building block for a parsimonious model for the WSI. Its dynamics allow capturing various empirical stylized facts and long term properties of the index, as well as, the explicit computation of various financial quantities
Ishikawa, S-I, Motomura, N, Kawabata, Y, Tanaka, H, Shimotsu, S, Sato, Y & Ollendick, TH 2012, 'Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Japanese Children and Adolescents with Anxiety Disorders: A Pilot Study', Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 271-285.
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Background: Thirty-three Japanese children and adolescents diagnosed with an anxiety disorder participated in individual or group Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) that was modelled after evidence-based intervention programs developed in Western countries. Method: The treatment consisted of: (a) building rapport and education; (b) identifying emotions and recognizing cognitive self-talk; (c) challenging anxious self-talk; (d) developing an anxiety hierarchy and in vivo exposures; and (e) planning for future challenges. Results: Three months following treatment, 20 of the 33 children and adolescents (60.91%) no longer met criteria for their principal anxiety disorders and 16 (48.48%) were free from all anxiety disorders. Self-reported anxiety, depression, and cognitive errors also decreased significantly from pre- to post-treatment and these gains were maintained at 3-month follow-up. For the most part, similar outcomes were found in both the group and individual formats of CBT. Conclusions: This study provides preliminary support for the transportability of CBT in both an individual and group format to Japan.
Ivanov, IE, Boyd, CD, Newell, PD, Schwartz, ME, Turnbull, L, Johnson, MS, Whitchurch, CB, O'Toole, GA & Camesano, TA 2012, 'Atomic force and super-resolution microscopy support a role for LapA as a cell-surface biofilm adhesin of Pseudomonas fluorescens', RESEARCH IN MICROBIOLOGY, vol. 163, no. 9-10, pp. 685-691.
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Pseudomonas fluorescence Pf0-1 requires the large repeat protein LapA for stable surface attachment. This study presents direct evidence that LapA is a cell-surface-localized adhesin. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed a significant 2-fold reduction in adhesion force for mutants lacking the LapA protein on the cell surface compared to the wild-type strain. Deletion of lapG, a gene encoding a periplasmic cysteine protease that functions to release LapA from the cell surface, resulted in a 2-fold increase in the force of adhesion. Three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy (3D-SIM) revealed the presence of the LapA protein on the cell surface, consistent with its role as an adhesin. The protein is only visualized in the cytoplasm for a mutant of the ABC transporter responsible for translocating LapA to the cell surface. Together, these data highlight the power of combining the use of AFM and 3D-SIM with genetic studies to demonstrate that LapA, a member of a large group of RTX-like repeat proteins, is a cell-surface adhesin
Jaiswal, R, Gong, J, Sambasivam, S, Combes, V, Mathys, J-M, Davey, R, Grau, GER & Bebawy, M 2012, 'Microparticle-associated nucleic acids mediate trait dominance in cancer', FASEB JOURNAL, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 420-429.
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Drug resistance is a major cause of cancer treatment failure, with multidrug resistance (MDR) being the most serious, whereby cancer cells display cross-resistance to structurally and functionally unrelated drugs. MDR is caused by overexpression of the efflux transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1). These transporters act to maintain sublethal intracellular drug concentrations within the cancer cell, making the population treatment unresponsive. Recently, we discovered a novel nongenetic basis to MDR whereby microparticles (MPs) transfer P-gp intercellularly from MDR donor cells to drug-sensitive recipient cells. MPs isolated from MDR leukemia and breast cancer cells were cocultured with their drug-sensitive counterparts. P-gp transfer was assessed by direct immunolabeling, and acquired transcripts and regulatory microRNAs by quantitative real-time PCR. We show that MDR MPs incorporate nucleic acids; MPs change recipient cells' transcriptional environment to reflect donor MDR phenotype, and distinct pathways exist among cancers of different origin that may be dependent on donor cells' ABCB1 overexpression. We demonstrate that this pathway exists for both hematological and nonhematological malignancies. By conferring MDR and "retemplating" the transcriptional landscape of recipient cells, MPs provide a novel pathway, having implications in the dissemination and acquisition of deleterious traits in clinical oncology.-
Jajoo, A, Szabo, M, Zsiros, O & Garab, G 2012, 'Low pH induced structural reorganization in thylakoid membranes', BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS, vol. 1817, no. 8, pp. 1388-1391.
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By using low temperature fluorescence spectroscopy, it has been shown that exposing chloroplast thylakoid membranes to acidic pH reversibly decreases the fluorescence of photosystem II while the fluorescence of photosystem I increases [P. Singh-Rawal et al. (2010) Evidence that pH can drive state transitions in isolated thylakoid membranes from spinach, Photochem Photobiol Sci, 9830-837]. In order to shed light on the origin of these changes, we performed circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy on freshly isolated pea thylakoid membranes. We show that the magnitude of the psi-type CD, which is associated with the presence of chirally ordered macroarrays of the chromophores in intact thylakoid membranes, decreases gradually and reversibly upon gradually lowering the pH of the medium from 7.5 to 4.5 (psi, polymer or salt induced). The same treatment, as shown on thylakoid membranes washed in hypotonic low salt medium possessing no psi-type bands, induces no discernible change in the excitonic CD. These data show that while no change in the pigment-pigment interactions and thus in the molecular organization of the bulk protein complexes can be held responsible for the observed changes in the fluorescence, acidification of the medium significantly alters the macro-organization of the complexes; hence providing an explanation for the pH-induced redistribution of the excitation energy between the two photosystems. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Photosynthesis Research for Sustainability: from Natural to Artificial
Jankova, L, Robertson, G, Chan, C, Tan, KL, Kohonen-Corish, M, Fung, CL-S, Clarke, C, Lin, BPC, Molloy, M, Chapuis, PH, Bokey, L, Dent, OF & Clarke, SJ 2012, 'Glutathione S-transferase Pi expression predicts response to adjuvant chemotherapy for stage C colon cancer: a matched historical control study', BMC Cancer, vol. 12, no. 1.
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Abstract
Background
This study examined the association between overall survival and Glutathione S-transferase Pi (GST Pi) expression and genetic polymorphism in stage C colon cancer patients after resection alone versus resection plus 5-fluourouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy.
Methods
Patients were drawn from a hospital registry of colorectal cancer resections. Those receiving chemotherapy after it was introduced in 1992 were compared with an age and sex matched control group from the preceding period. GST Pi expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Overall survival was analysed by the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression.
Results
From an initial 104 patients treated with chemotherapy and 104 matched controls, 26 were excluded because of non-informative immunohistochemistry, leaving 95 in the treated group and 87 controls. Survival did not differ significantly among patients with low GST Pi who did or did not receive chemotherapy and those with high GST Pi who received chemotherapy (lowest pair-wise p = 0.11) whereas patients with high GST Pi who did not receive chemotherapy experienced markedly poorer survival than any of the other three groups (all pair-wise p <0.01). This result was unaffected by GST Pi genotype.
Conclusion
Stage C colon cancer patients with low GST Pi did not benefit from 5-fluourouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy whereas those with high GST Pi did.
Jarrett, MA & Ollendick, TH 2012, 'Treatment of comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and anxiety in children: A multiple baseline design analysis.', Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, vol. 80, no. 2, pp. 239-244.
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Objective: The present study evaluated a 10-week psychosocial treatment designed specifically for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and a comorbid anxiety disorder. Method: Using a nonconcurrent multiple baseline design, the authors treated 8 children ages 8-12 with ADHD, combined type, and at least 1 of 3 major anxiety disorders (separation anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia). The integrated treatment protocol involved parent management training for ADHD and family-based cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety. Pretreatment assessments included semistructured diagnostic interviews and other standardized measures to determine study eligibility. Children were randomized to 1 of 3 baseline control conditions (i.e., 2, 3, or 4 weeks) and subsequently treated in a university-based psychosocial treatment clinic. Weekly assessments of ADHD and anxiety disorder symptoms occurred throughout treatment and comprehensive assessments were obtained at pretreatment, 1-week posttreatment, and 6-months posttreatment. Results: Single-case results supported greater success in the treatment phase relative to the baseline phase for both ADHD and anxiety symptoms, and ADHD and anxiety symptoms appeared to change concurrently. Pre-post group analyses revealed significant and clinically meaningful improvements in ADHD and anxiety symptoms at 1-week posttreatment, but only anxiety symptoms moved into the subclinical range. At 6-months follow-up, treatment effects were maintained with new movement into the subclinical range for ADHD. Conclusions: The present study provides initial data on an integrated treatment protocol for ADHD and anxiety. Further replication and evaluation are needed. Implications of the findings are discussed. © 2012 American Psychological Association.
Jia, H, Schmid, B, Liu, S-X, Jaggi, M, Monbaron, P, Bhosale, SV, Rivadehi, S, Langford, SJ, Sanguinet, L, Levillain, E, El-Khouly, ME, Morita, Y, Fukuzumi, S & Decurtins, S 2012, 'Tetrathiafulvalene-Fused Porphyrins via Quinoxaline Linkers: Symmetric and Asymmetric Donor-Acceptor Systems', ChemPhysChem, vol. 13, no. 14, pp. 3370-3382.
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Jiang, L, Salao, K, Li, H, Rybicka, JM, Yates, RM, Luo, XW, Shi, XX, Kuffner, T, Tsai, VW-W, Husaini, Y, Wu, L, Brown, DA, Grewal, T, Brown, LJ, Curmi, PMG & Breit, SN 2012, 'Intracellular chloride channel protein CLIC1 regulates macrophage functions via modulation of phagosomal acidification', Journal of Cell Science, vol. 125, no. 22, pp. 5479-5488.
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Intracellular chloride channel protein 1 (CLIC1) is a 241 amino acid protein of the glutathione S transferase fold family with redox and pH dependent membrane association and chloride ion channel activity. Whilst CLIC proteins are evolutionarily conserved in metazoa, indicating an important role, little is known about their biology.
CLIC1 was first cloned on the basis of increased expression in activated macrophages. We therefore examined its subcellular localisation in murine peritoneal macrophages by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. In resting cells, CLIC1 is observed in punctate cytoplasmic structures that do not colocalise with markers for endosomes or secretory vesicles. However, when these macrophages phagocytose serum opsonized zymosan, CLIC1 translocates onto the phagosomal membrane. Macrophages from CLIC1−/− mice display a defect in phagosome acidification as determined by imaging live cells phagocytosing zymosan tagged with the pH sensitive fluorophore Oregon Green. This altered phagosomal acidification was not accompanied by a detectable impairment in phagosomal-lysosomal fusion. However, consistent with a defect in acidification, CLIC1−/− macrophages also displayed impaired phagosomal proteolytic capacity and reduced reactive oxygen species production. Further, CLIC1−/− mice were protected from development of serum transfer induced K/BxN arthritis.
These data all point to an important role for CLIC1 in regulating macrophage function via its ion channel activity and suggest it may be a suitable target for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs.
Jimenez, IM, Larkum, AWD, Ralph, PJ & Kuehl, M 2012, 'Thermal effects of tissue optics in symbiont-bearing reef-building corals', LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 1816-1825.
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Reflectance spectroscopy and microscale temperature measurements were used to investigate links between optical and thermal properties of corals. Coral tissue heating showed a species-specific linear correlation to the absorptance of incident irradiance. Heat budgets estimated from absorptance and thermal boundary layer measurements indicated differences in the relative contribution of convection and conduction to heat loss in Porites lobata and Stylophora pistillata, and a higher heat conduction into the skeleton of the thin-tissued branching S. pistillata as compared to the massive thick-tissued P. lobata. Decreasing absorptance associated with bleaching resulted in decreased surface warming of coral tissue. Action spectra of coral tissue heating showed elevated efficiency of heating at wavelengths corresponding to absorption maxima of major zooxanthellae photopigments. Generally, energy-rich radiation (, 500 nm) showed the highest heating efficiency. Speciesspecific relationships between coral tissue heating and absorptance can be strongly affected by differences in the thermal properties of the skeleton and/or tissue arrangement within the skeletal matrix, indicating a yet unresolved potential for coral shape, size, and tissue thickness to affect heat dissipation and especially the conduction of heat into the coral skeleton.
Jimenez, IM, Larkum, AWD, Ralph, PJ & Kuhl, M 2012, 'In situ thermal dynamics of shallow water corals is affected by tidal patterns and irradiance', MARINE BIOLOGY, vol. 159, no. 8, pp. 1773-1782.
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We studied the diel variation of in situ coral temperature, irradiance and photosynthetic performance of hemispherical colonies of Porites lobata and branching colonies of Porites cylindrica during different bulk water temperature and tidal scenarios on the shallow reef flat of Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Our study presents in situ evidence that coral tissue surface temperatures can exceed that of the surrounding water under environmental conditions typically occurring during low tide in shallow reef or lagoon environments. Such heating may be a regular occurrence on shallow reef flats, triggered by the combined effects of high irradiance and low water flow characteristic of low Spring tides. At these times, solar heating of corals coincides with times of maximum water temperature and high irradiance, where the slow flow and consequent thick boundary layers impede heat exchange between corals and the surrounding water. Despite similar light-absorbing properties, the heating effect was more pronounced for the hemispherical P. lobata than for the branching P. cylindrica. This is consistent with previous laboratory experiments showing the evidence of interspecific variation in coral thermal environment and may result from morphologically influenced variation in convective heat transfer and/or thermal properties of the skeleton. Maximum coral surface warming did not coincide with maximum irradiance, but with maximum water temperature, well into the low-tide period with extremely low water flow in the partially drained reef flat, just prior to flushing by the rising tide. The timing of low tide thus influences the thermal exposure and photophysiological performance of corals, and the timing of tidally driven coral surface warming could potentially have different physiological impacts in the morning or in the afternoon.
Johnson, A, Archer, M, Leigh-Shaw, L, Pais, M, O’Donnell, C & Wallman, J 2012, 'Examination of forensic entomology evidence using computed tomography scanning: case studies and refinement of techniques for estimating maggot mass volumes in bodies', International Journal of Legal Medicine, vol. 126, no. 5, pp. 693-702.
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Johnson, AP, Wallman, JF & Archer, MS 2012, 'Experimental and Casework Validation of Ambient Temperature Corrections in Forensic Entomology*,†', Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 215-221.
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Johnson, FA, Chandra, H, Brown, JJ & PADMADAS, SS 2012, 'Small Area Estimation for Policy Development: A Case Study of Child Undernutrition in Ghana', Journal of the Indian Society of Agricultural Statistics, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 171-186.
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The demand for Small (local-level) Area Statistics has increased tremendously, particularly in countries where a decentralised approach to governance and service provision has been adopted. Most of these countries lack local-level statistics to aid policy decisions and planning. Sample surveys such as the Demographic and Health Survey provide a wide range of invaluable data at the national and regional level but cannot be used directly to produce reliable district-level estimates due to small smaple sizes. The paper illustrates the application of Small Area Estimation (SAE) techniques to derive model-based district-level estimates of child undernutrition in Ghana linking data from the 2003 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS) and the 2000 Ghana Population and Housing Census (GPHC). The diagnostics measures show that the model-based estimates are robust when compared to the direct surevey estimates. The model-based estimates reveal considerable heterogeneity in the prevalence of undernutrition, with children living in the Northern part of the country being most disadvantaged. The estimates clearly highlight the districts where targeted child health interventions need to be strengthened. In countries where small area statistics are non-existent, SAE techniques could be crucila for designing effective policies and strengthening local-level governance.
Jokic, T, Borisov, SM, Saf, R, Nielsen, DA, Kuehl, M & Klimant, I 2012, 'Highly Photostable Near-Infrared Fluorescent pH Indicators and Sensors Based on BF2-Chelated Tetraarylazadipyrromethene Dyes', ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 84, no. 15, pp. 6723-6730.
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In this study, a series of new BF2-chelated tetraarylazadipyrromethane dyes are synthesized and are shown to be suitable for the preparation of on/off photoinduced electron transfer modulated fluorescent sensors. The new indicators are noncovalently entrapped in polyurethane hydrogel D4 and feature absorption maxima in the range 660â 710 nm and fluorescence emission maxima at 680â740 nm. Indicators have high molar absorption coefficients of â¼80 000 Mâ1 cmâ1, good quantum yields (up to 20%), excellent photostability and low cross-sensitivity to the ionic strength. pKa values of indicators are determined from absorbance and fluorescence measurements and range from 7 to 11, depending on the substitution pattern of electron-donating and -withdrawing functionalities. Therefore, the new indicators are suitable for exploitation and adaptation in a diverse range of analytical applications. Apparent pKa values in sensor films derived from fluorescence data show 0.5â1 pH units lower values in comparison with those derived from the absorption data due to FoÌrster resonance energy transfer from protonated to deprotonated form. A dual-lifetime referenced sensor is prepared, and application for monitoring of pH in corals is demonstrated.
Jones, PM & George, AM 2012, 'Role of the D-Loops in Allosteric Control of ATP Hydrolysis in an ABC Transporter', The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, vol. 116, no. 11, pp. 3004-3013.
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ABC transporters couple ATP hydrolysis to movement of substrates across cell membranes. They comprise two transmembrane domains and two cytosolic nucleotide-binding domains forming two active sites that hydrolyze ATP cooperatively. The mechanism of ATP hydrolysis is controversial and the structural dynamic basis of its allosteric control unknown. Here we report molecular dynamics simulations of the ATP/apo and ATP/ADP states of the bacterial ABC exporter Sav1866, in which the cytoplasmic region of the protein was simulated in explicit water for 150 ns. In the simulation of the ATP/apo state, we observed, for the first time, conformers of the active site with the canonical geometry for an in-line nucleophilic attack on the ATP gamma-phosphate. The conserved glutamate immediately downstream of the Walker B motif is the catalytic base, forming a dyad with the H-loop histidine, whereas the Q-loop glutamine has an organizing role. Each D-loop provides a coordinating residue of the attacking water, and comparison with the simulation of the ATP/ADP state suggests that via their flexibility, the D-loops modulate formation of the hydrolysis-competent state. A global switch involving a coupling helix delineates the signal transmission route by which allosteric control of ATP hydrolysis in ABC transporters is mediated.
Jones, RT, Ollendick, TH, Mathai, CM, Allen, KR, Hadder, JM, Chapman, S & Woods, O 2012, '“When I came home…Everything was gone.” The Impact of Residential Fires on Children', Fire Technology, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 927-943.
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Children's reactions to residential fires were explored using a qualitative methodology. Forty-four children (n = 44) between the ages of 6 and 18 (23 female and 21 male) participated. The youth were interviewed using two instruments that assessed levels of psychological distress and explored their perceptions regarding their experiences of the fire. The following five themes were identified through qualitative analysis of the interview transcriptions: vivid description, fear/trauma, physical injury, losses, and gains. Implications for future research and intervention are discussed. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
Kabakova, IV, Yu, Z, Halliwell, D, Fonjallaz, P-Y, Tarasenko, O, de Sterke, CM & Margulis, W 2012, 'Switching and dynamic wavelength conversion in a fiber grating cavity', Journal of the Optical Society of America B, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 155-155.
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Kabakova, IV, Zou, L, Brawley, GA, Florea, C, Aggarwal, ID, Sanghera, JS, Mägi, EC, Li, E & Eggleton, BJ 2012, 'Dynamics of photoinduced refractive index changes in As2S3fibers', Applied Optics, vol. 51, no. 30, pp. 7333-7333.
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Kardaras, C & Platen, E 2012, 'ON THE DYBVIG-INGERSOLL-ROSS THEOREM', MATHEMATICAL FINANCE, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 729-740.
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The Dybvig-Ingersoll-Ross (DIR) theorem states that, in arbitrage-free term structure models, long-term yields and forward rates can never fall. We present a refined version of the DIR theorem, where we identify the reciprocal of the maturity date as the maximal order that long-term rates at earlier dates can dominate long-term rates at later dates. The viability assumption imposed on the market model is weaker than those appearing previously in the literature.
Kardaras, C, Obloj, J & Platen, E 2012, 'The numeraire property and long-term growth optimality for drawdown-constrained investments', Mathematical Finance, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 68-95.
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We consider the portfolio choice problem for a long-run investor in a general
continuous semimartingale model. We suggest to use path-wise growth optimality
as the decision criterion and encode preferences through restrictions on the
class of admissible wealth processes. Specifically, the investor is only
interested in strategies which satisfy a given linear drawdown constraint. The
paper introduces the numeraire property through the notion of expected relative
return and shows that drawdown-constrained strategies with the numeraire
property exist and are unique, but may depend on the financial planning
horizon. However, when sampled at the times of its maximum and asymptotically
as the time-horizon becomes distant, the drawdown-constrained numeraire
portfolio is given explicitly through a model-independent transformation of the
unconstrained numeraire portfolio. Further, it is established that the
asymptotically growth-optimal strategy is obtained as limit of numeraire
strategies on finite horizons.
Kavazos, CRJ & Wallman, JF 2012, 'Community composition of carrion-breeding blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) along an urban gradient in south-eastern Australia', Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 106, no. 2, pp. 183-190.
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Kawanabe, T, Fujimoto, R, Sasaki, T, Taylor, JM & Dennis, ES 2012, 'A comparison of transcriptome and epigenetic status between closely related species in the genus Arabidopsis', GENE, vol. 506, no. 2, pp. 301-309.
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Difference in the level of expression of genes is one of the factors contributing to plant phenotype. As well as being under genetic control, gene expression is regulated by epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation and histone modifications. We compared genome-wide gene expression between Arabidopsis thaliana and the related species Arabidopsis lyrata subsp. lyrata and Arabidopsis halleri subsp. gemmifera to understand which genes might contribute to species differences. Genes categorized into response to stress tended to show differential expression between species, suggesting that divergence of expression in these genes contributes to adaptation to environmental conditions following the divergence of species. Regions methylated in A. lyrata were identified from Methylated-DNA immunoprecipitation, and this DNA methylation profile together with transcriptome data revealed that gene body methylation was not associated with differential gene expression between A. thaliana and A. lyrata. The DNA methylation status of four putative imprinted genes of A. lyrata was examined and found to be conserved in vegetative tissues between A. thaliana and A. lyrata in FIS2, HDG3, and HDG9, but not in HDG8.
Keely, S, Talley, NJ & Hansbro, PM 2012, 'Pulmonary-intestinal cross-talk in mucosal inflammatory disease', Mucosal Immunology, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 7-18.
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Kim-Spoon, J, Ollendick, TH & Seligman, LD 2012, 'Perceived Competence and Depressive Symptoms Among Adolescents: The Moderating Role of Attributional Style', Child Psychiatry & Human Development, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 612-630.
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Abstract This longitudinal study examined the interactive effects of depressive attributional style and multiple domains of perceived competence on depressive symptoms among 431 adolescents. Our structural equation modeling with latent factor interactions indicated that (1) for girls with a higher depressive attributional style lower perceived competence in physical appearance was predictive of depressive symptoms over a 2.5 year period and (2) regardless of gender among adolescents with a higher depressive attributional style lower athletic competence was predictive of higher depressive symptoms 6 months later which in turn were related to higher depressive symptoms 2 years later. Significant main effects suggested that lower levels of perceived social acceptance were associated with higher subsequent levels of depressive symptoms but only for boys. These findings have implications for understanding the roles of perceived competence and attributional style in predicting depressive symptoms among adolescent girls and boys.© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012.
King, JS, Brown, GK, Jenkins, DJ, Ellis, JT, Fleming, PJS, Windsor, PA & Slapeta, J 2012, 'Oocysts and high seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in dogs living in remote Aboriginal communities and wild dogs in Australia', VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY, vol. 187, no. 1-2, pp. 85-92.
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Canines are definitive hosts of Neospora caninum (Apicomplexa). For horizontal transmission from canines to occur, viable oocysts of N. caninum must occur in the environment of susceptible intermediate hosts. Canids in Australia include wild dogs and Aboriginal community dogs. Wild dogs are those dogs that are not dependent on humans for survival and consist of the dingo, feral domestic dog and their hybrid genotypes. Aboriginal community dogs are dependent on humans, domesticated and owned by a family, but are free-roaming and have free access throughout the community. In this study the extent of N. caninum infection was determined in a total of 374 dogs (75 wild dogs and 299 Aboriginal community dogs) using a combination of microscopic, molecular and serological techniques. Oocysts of N. caninum were observed in the faeces of two juvenile Aboriginal community dogs (2/132; 1.5%). To estimate N. caninum prevalence, a new optimised cut-off of 18.5% inhibition for a commercial competitive ELISA was calculated using a two-graph receiver-operating characteristic (TG-ROC) analysis and IFAT as the gold standard resulting in equal sensitivity and specificity of 67.8%. Of the 263 dog sera tested the true prevalence of N. caninum antibodies was 27.0% (95% confidence limit: 10.3-44.1%). The association between the competitive ELISA results in dogs less than 12 month old and older dogs was significant (P=0.042). To our knowledge this is the first large scale parasitological survey of the Aboriginal community dogs and wild dogs from Australia. The high prevalence of N. canilium infection in Aboriginal community dogs illustrates that horizontal transmission of N. caninum is occurring in Australia. These results demonstrated that N. caninum in dogs is widespread, including the semi-arid to arid regions of north-western New South Wales and the Northern Territory. The populations of free-ranging dogs are likely to be important contributors to the sylvatic life cycle of N. caninu...
Kipnis, V, Midthune, D, Freedman, LS & Carroll, RJ 2012, 'Regression calibration with more surrogates than mismeasured variables', Statistics in Medicine, vol. 31, no. 23, pp. 2713-2732.
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Knoops, HCM, Donders, ME, van de Sanden, MCM, Notten, PHL & Kessels, WMM 2012, 'Atomic layer deposition for nanostructured Li-ion batteries', Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 010801-010801.
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Kofoed, MVW, Nielsen, DÅ, Revsbech, NP & Schramm, A 2012, 'Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) detection of nitrite reductase transcripts (nirS mRNA) in Pseudomonas stutzeri biofilms relative to a microscale oxygen gradient', Systematic and Applied Microbiology, vol. 35, no. 8, pp. 513-517.
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Microsensor measurements of oxygen were combined with mRNA-targeted ?uorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to relate the expression of nitrite reductase (nirS) to oxygen concentrations in arti?- cial bio?lms of the denitri?er Pseudomonas stutzeri. A distinct zone of nirS transcript-containing cells was detected at the oxicanoxic transition zone, below an oxygen threshold concentration of 0.72.5 M, depending on incubation conditions. Although not a routine technique yet, the possibility of coupling microsensor and mRNA-targeted FISH analyses described here opens for studies addressing microenvironment, identity, and actual activity of microbes in strati?ed environments at single cell resolution
Koh, B, Freeman, L & Zaslawski, C 2012, 'Alternative medicine and doping in sports.', Australas Med J, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 18-25.
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Athletes are high achievers who may seek creative or unconventional methods to improve performance. The literature indicates that athletes are among the heaviest users of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and thus may pioneer population trends in CAM use. Unlike non-athletes, athletes may use CAM not just for prevention, treatment or rehabilitation from illness or injuries, but also for performance enhancement. Assuming that athletes' creative use of anything unconventional is aimed at 'legally' improving performance, CAM may be used because it is perceived as more 'natural' and erroneously assumed as not potentially doping. This failure to recognise CAMs as pharmacological agents puts athletes at risk of inadvertent doping.The general position of the World Anti-Doping Authority (WADA) is one of strict liability, an application of the legal proposition that ignorance is no excuse and the ultimate responsibility is on the athlete to ensure at all times whatever is swallowed, injected or applied to the athlete is both safe and legal for use. This means that a violation occurs whether or not the athlete intentionally or unintentionally, knowingly or unknowingly, used a prohibited substance/method or was negligent or otherwise at fault. Athletes are therefore expected to understand not only what is prohibited, but also what might potentially cause an inadvertent doping violation. Yet, as will be discussed, athlete knowledge on doping is deficient and WADA itself sometimes changes its position on prohibited methods or substances. The situation is further confounded by the conflicting stance of anti-doping experts in the media. These highly publicised disagreements may further portray inconsistencies in anti-doping guidelines and suggest to athletes that what is considered doping is dependent on the dominant political zeitgeist. Taken together, athletes may believe that unless a specific and explicit ruling is made, guidelines are open to interpretation. The...
KOH, KS, MATZ, C, TAN, CH, LE, HL, RICE, SA, MARSHALL, DJ, STEINBERG, PD & KJELLEBERG, S 2012, 'Minimal increase in genetic diversity enhances predation resistance', Molecular Ecology, vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 1741-1753.
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Kokal, I, Ramanujachary, KV, Notten, PHL & Hintzen, HT 2012, 'Sol–gel synthesis and lithium ion conduction properties of garnet-type Li6BaLa2Ta2O12', Materials Research Bulletin, vol. 47, no. 8, pp. 1932-1935.
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Konarzewski, TK, Murray, BR & Godfree, RC 2012, 'Rapid Development of Adaptive, Climate-Driven Clinal Variation in Seed Mass in the Invasive Annual Forb Echium plantagineum L.', PLOS ONE, vol. 7, no. 12.
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We examined adaptive clinal variation in seed mass among populations of an invasive annual species, Echium plantagineum, in response to climatic selection. We collected seeds from 34 field populations from a 1,000 km long temperature and rainfall gradient across the speciesâ introduced range in south-eastern Australia. Seeds were germinated, grown to reproductive age under common glasshouse conditions, and progeny seeds were harvested and weighed. Analyses showed that seed mass was significantly related to climatic factors, with populations sourced from hotter, more arid sites producing heavier seeds than populations from cooler and wetter sites. Seed mass was not related to edaphic factors. We also found that seed mass was significantly related to both longitude and latitude with each degree of longitude west and latitude north increasing seed mass by around 2.5% and 4% on average. There was little evidence that within-population or between-population variation in seed mass varied in a systematic manner across the study region. Our findings provide compelling evidence for development of a strong cline in seed mass across the geographic range of a widespread and highly successful invasive annual forb. Since large seed mass is known to provide reproductive assurance for plants in arid environments, our results support the hypothesis that the fitness and range potential of invasive species can increase as a result of genetic divergence of populations along broad climatic gradients. In E. plantagineum population-level differentiation has occurred in 150 years or less, indicating that the adaptation process can be rapid.
Konstandatos, O & Kyng, T 2012, 'Real Options Analysis for Commodity Based Mining Enterprises with Compound and Barrier Features', Accounting and Finance Research, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 216-225.
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Traditional project evaluations rely mainly on Net Present Value methodology, and largely ignore the flexibilities available to the sponsor to vary the project after initiation. Real Options Analysis remedies this by applying option pricing theory to more fully evaluate investment decisions. Through several hypothetical gold-mining examples, we illustrate the economic valuation of multi-stage investment decisions as simple or compound options, possibly with barrier option features. We present analytic valuation formulae for the types of compound options arising in this context, which differ from standard compound options. Barrier options are common in foreign exchange markets, and also arise in our analysis. We also present formulae for the valuation of the compound options appearing in our analysis with barrier features. It turns out that the decision to delay commencement contingent on commodity prices rising requires an up-and-in barrier option feature, whereas the risk of project nationalization may be modeled by adding an up-and-out barrier feature. Other barrier option features also arise in a Real Options context. We apply recently developed valuation methods for compound and barrier exotic options to several gold-mining examples, and we implement examples of the closed form valuation formulae using Excel spreadsheet software
Kovacs, EK, Crowther, MS, Webb, JK & Dickman, CR 2012, 'Population and behavioural responses of native prey to alien predation', OECOLOGIA, vol. 168, no. 4, pp. 947-957.
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The introduction of invasive alien predators often has catastrophic effects on populations of native native prey, but in situations where prey survive the initial impact a predator may act as a strong selective agent for prey that can discriminate and avoid it. Using two common species of Australian small mammals that have persisted in the presence of an alien predator, the European red fox Vulpes vulpes, for over a century, we hypothesised that populations of both would perform better where the activity of the predator was low than where it was high and that prey individuals would avoid signs of the predator's presence. We found no difference in prey abundance in sites with high and low fox activity, but survival of one species-the bush rat Rattus fuscipes-was almost twofold higher where fox activity was low. Juvenile, but not adult rats, avoided fox odour on traps, as did individuals of the second prey species, the brown antechinus, Antechinus stuartii. Both species also showed reduced activity at foraging trays bearing fox odour in giving-up density (GUD) experiments, although GUDs and avoidance of fox odour declined over time. Young rats avoided fox odour more strongly where fox activity was high than where it was low, but neither adult R. fuscipes nor A. stuartii responded differently to different levels of fox activity. Conservation managers often attempt to eliminate alien predators or to protect predator-native prey in protected reserves. Our results suggest that, if predator pressure can be reduced, otherwise susceptible prey may survive the initial impact of an alien predator, and experience selection to discriminate cues to its presence and avoid it over the longer term. Although predator reduction is often feasible, identifying the level of reduction that will conserve prey and allow selection for avoidance remains an important challenge.
Krimmer, DI, Burgess, JK, Wooi, TK, Black, JL & Oliver, BGG 2012, 'Matrix Proteins from Smoke-Exposed Fibroblasts Are Pro-proliferative', American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 34-39.
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Airway remodeling decreases lung function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition is increased in remodeled airways and drives cellular processes of proliferation, migration, and inflammation. We investigated the role of cigarette smoke in altering the ECM deposited from human lung fibroblasts. Lung fibroblasts isolated from patients with COPD or other lung disease were exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and 5 ng/ml transforming growth factor-ß1 for 72 hours; in some experiments, inhibitors of signaling molecules were added. Deposition of perlecan, fibronectin, and elastin were measured by ELISA, as was release of IL-8 and IL-13. Unstimulated fibroblast cells were reseeded onto deposited matrix and assessed for proliferation and cytokine release. CSE (5%) increased deposition of fibronectin and perlecan from only COPD fibroblasts. Fibronectin and perlecan deposition was attenuated by addition of the NF-?B inhibitor, BMS-345541, and the signal transduction and activator of transcription-1/3 inhibitor, pyridone 6, respectively. CSE (5%) increased IL-8 release from COPD fibroblasts more than non-COPD fibroblasts. This increase was attenuated by BMS-345541. Matrix deposited after 5% CSE stimulation increased proliferation of fibroblasts, but did not alter cytokine release. ECM produced from COPD fibroblasts after CSE exposure has proproliferative effects. Thus, the ECM in patients with COPD may create an environment that promotes airway remodeling.
Krull, CR, Ranjard, L, Landers, TJ, Ismar, SMH, Matthews, JL & Hauber, ME 2012, 'Analyses of sex and individual differences in vocalizations of Australasian gannets using a dynamic time warping algorithm', The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 132, no. 2, pp. 1189-1198.
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Kuehl, M, Behrendt, L, Trampe, E, Qvortrup, K, Schreiber, U, Borisov, SM, Klimant, I & Larkum, AWD 2012, 'Microenvironmental ecology of the chlorophyll b-containing symbiotic cyanobacterium Prochloron in the didernnid ascidian Lissoclinum patella', FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY, vol. 3, pp. 1-18.
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The discovery of the cyanobacterium Prochloron was the first finding of a bacterial oxyphototroph with chlorophyll (Chl) b, in addition to Chl a. It was first described as Prochloron didemni but a number of clades have since been described. Prochloron is a conspicuously large (7â25mm) unicellular cyanobacterium living in a symbiotic relationship, primarily with (sub-) tropical didemnid ascidians; it has resisted numerous cultivation attempts and appears truly obligatory symbiotic. Recently, a Prochloron draft genome was published, revealing no lack of metabolic genes that could explain the apparent inability to reproduce and sustain photosynthesis in a free-living stage. Possibly, the unsuccessful cultivation is partly due to a lack of knowledge about the microenvironmental conditions and ecophysiology of Prochloron in its natural habitat.We used microsensors, variable chlorophyll fluorescence imaging and imaging of O2 and pH to obtain a detailed insight to the microenvironmental ecology and photobiology of Prochloron in hospite in the didemnid ascidian Lissoclinum patella. The microenvironment within ascidians is characterized by steep gradients of light and chemical parameters that change rapidly with varying irradiances. The interior zone of the ascidians harboring Prochloron thus became anoxic and acidic within a few minutes of darkness, while the same zone exhibited O2 super-saturation and strongly alkaline pH after a few minutes of illumination. Photosynthesis showed lack of photoinhibition even at high irradiances equivalent to full sunlight, and photosynthesis recovered rapidly after periods of anoxia.We discuss these new insights on the ecological niche of Prochloron and possible interactions with its host and other microbes in light of its recently published genome and a recent study of the overall microbial diversity and metagenome of L. patella.
Kumar, M, Bijo, AJ, Baghel, RS, Reddy, CRK & Jha, B 2012, 'Selenium and spermine alleviate cadmium induced toxicity in the red seaweed Gracilaria dura by regulating antioxidants and DNA methylation', Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 51, pp. 129-138.
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The protective role of exogenously supplied selenium (Se) and polyamines (PAs) such as putrescine (Put) and spermine (Spm) in detoxifying the cadmium (Cd) induced toxicity was studied in the marine red alga Gracilaria dura in laboratory conditions. The Cd exposure (0.4 mM) impede the growth of alga while triggering the reactive oxygen species (ROS viz. O2•− and H2O2) generation, inhibition of antioxidant system, and enhancing the lipoxygenase (LOX) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) level and demethylation of DNA. Additions of Se (50 μM) and/or Spm (1 mM) to the culture medium in contrast to Put, efficiently ameliorated the Cd toxicity by decreasing the accumulation of ROS and MDA contents, while restoring or enhancing the level of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants and their redox ratio, phycobiliproteins and phytochelatins, over the controls. The isoforms of antioxidant enzymes namely superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD, ∼ 150 kDa; Fe-SOD ∼120 kDa), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px, ∼120 and 140 kDa), glutathione reductase (GR, ∼110 kDa) regulated differentially to Se and/or Spm supplementation. Furthermore, it has also resulted in enhanced levels of endogenous PAs (specially free and bound insoluble Put and Spm) and n-6 PUFAs (C20-3, n-6 and C20-4, n-6). This is for the first time wherein Se and Spm were found to regulate the stabilization of DNA methylation by reducing the events of cytosine demethylation in a mechanism to alleviate the Cd stress in marine alga. The present findings reveal that both Se and Spm play a crucial role in controlling the Cd induced oxidative stress in G. dura.
Labbate, M, Boucher, Y, Luu, I, Chowdhury, PR & Stokes, HW 2012, 'Integron associated mobile genes', Mobile Genetic Elements, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 13-18.
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Lateral gene transfer (LGT) impacts on the evolution of prokaryotes in both the short and long-term. The short-term impacts of mobilized genes are a concern to humans since LGT explains the global rise of multi drug resistant pathogens seen in the past 70 years. However, LGT has been a feature of prokaryotes from the earliest days of their existence and the concept of a bifurcating tree of life is not entirely applicable to prokaryotes since most genes in extant prokaryotic genomes have probably been acquired from other lineages. Successful transfer and maintenance of a gene in a new host is understandable if it acts independently of cell networks and confers an advantage. Antibiotic resistance provides an example of this whereby a gene can be advantageous in virtually any cell across broad species backgrounds. In a longer evolutionary context however laterally transferred genes can be assimilated into even essential cell networks. How this happens is not well understood and we discuss recent work that identifies a mobile gene, unique to a cell lineage, which is detrimental to the cell when lost. We also present some additional data and believe our emerging model will be helpful in understanding how mobile genes integrate into cell networks.
Lai, W, Tang, D, Que, X, Zhuang, J, Fu, L & Chen, G 2012, 'Enzyme-catalyzed silver deposition on irregular-shaped gold nanoparticles for electrochemical immunoassay of alpha-fetoprotein', Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 755, pp. 62-68.
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Lam, CFD, Leung, KS, Heng, PA, Lim, CED & Wong, FWS 2012, 'Chinese Acupuncture Expert System (CAES)—A Useful Tool to Practice and Learn Medical Acupuncture', Journal of Medical Systems, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 1883-1890.
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Lapine, M, Jelinek, L & Marqués, R 2012, 'Surface mesoscopic effects in finite metamaterials', Optics Express, vol. 20, no. 16, pp. 18297-18297.
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Lapine, M, Shadrivov, I & Kivshar, Y 2012, 'Wide-band negative permeability of nonlinear metamaterials', Scientific Reports, vol. 2, no. 1.
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Lapine, M, Shadrivov, IV, Powell, DA & Kivshar, YS 2012, 'Magnetoelastic metamaterials', Nature Materials, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 30-33.
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The study of advanced artificial electromagnetic materials, known as metamaterials, provides a link from material science to theoretical and applied electrodynamics, as well as to electrical engineering. Being initially intended mainly to achieve negative refraction, the concept of metamaterials quickly covered a much broader range of applications, from microwaves to optics and even acoustics. In particular, nonlinear metamaterials established a new research direction giving rise to fruitful ideas for tunable and active artificial materials. Here we introduce the concept of magnetoelastic metamaterials, where a new type of nonlinear response emerges from mutual interaction. This is achieved by providing a mechanical degree of freedom so that the electromagnetic interaction in the metamaterial lattice is coupled to elastic interaction. This enables the electromagnetically induced forces to change the metamaterial structure, dynamically tuning its effective properties. This concept leads to a new generation of metamaterials, and can be compared to such fundamental concepts of modern physics as optomechanics of photonic structures or magnetoelasticity in magnetic materials.
Larkum, AWD, Chen, M, Li, Y, Schliep, M, Trampe, E, West, J, Salih, A & Kuhl, M 2012, 'A Novel Epiphytic Chlorophyll d-containing Cyanobacterium Isolated from a Mangrove-associated Red Alga', JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 1320-1327.
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A new habitat and a new chlorophyll (Chl) d-containing cyanobacterium belonging to the genus Acaryochloris are reported in this study. Hyperspectral microscopy showed the presence of Chl d-containing microorganisms in epiphytic biofilms on a red alga (Gelidium caulacantheum) colonizing the pneumato-phores of a temperate mangrove (Avicennia marina). The presence of Chl d was further proven by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based pigment analysis and by confocal imaging of cultured cells. Enrichment of mangrove biofilm samples under near-infrared radiation (NIR) yielded the new Acaryochloris sp. MPGRS1, which was closely related in terms of 16S rRNA gene sequence to an isolate from the hypertrophic Salton Sea, USA. The new isolate used Chl d as its major photopigment; Chl d and Chl a contents were ~98% and 1%2% of total cellular chlorophyll, respectively. These findings expand the variety of ecological niches known to harbor Chl d-containing cyanobacteria and support our working hypothesis that such oxyphototrophs may be ubiquitous in habitats depleted of visible light, but with sufficient NIR exposure
Larkum, AWD, Ross, IL, Kruse, O & Hankamer, B 2012, 'Selection, breeding and engineering of microalgae for bioenergy and biofuel production', Trends in Biotechnology, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 198-205.
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Microalgal production technologies are seen as increasingly attractive for bioenergy production to improve fuel security and reduce CO2 emissions. Photosynthetically derived fuels are a renewable, potentially carbon-neutral and scalable alternative reserve. Microalgae have particular promise because they can be produced on non-arable land and utilize saline and wastewater streams. Furthermore, emerging microalgal technologies can be used to produce a range of products such as biofuels, protein-rich animal feeds, chemical feedstocks (e.g. bio-plastic precursors) and higher-value products. This review focuses on the selection, breeding and engineering of microalgae for improved biomass and biofuel conversion efficiencies.
Lategan, MJ, Torpy, FR, Newby, S, Stephenson, S & Hose, GC 2012, 'Fungal Diversity of Shallow Aquifers in Southeastern Australia', GEOMICROBIOLOGY JOURNAL, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 352-361.
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The diversity of groundwater mycobiota remains relatively unknown and unchartered. As a first description of the fungal diversity in Australian aquifers we explored the distribution, abundance and diversity of fungal assemblages in samples from an alluvial (Bylong) and two sandy (Tomago; Botany Sands) unconfined aquifers in coastal catchments of NSW, Australia. A total of 89 strains were isolated with 54 Eumycotan taxa identified. The Botany Sands aquifer, with a history of industrial chlorinated hydrocarbon contamination along a hydraulic gradient, yielded the highest richness with 23 identifiable taxa, followed by Tomago with 17 and Bylong with 14. Despite differences in geology and land use, the aquifers shared similarities in their fungal assemblages with Penicillium, Rhodotorula, Paecilomyces and Cladosporium spp. common to all sites. Fungal assemblages were notably similar between the Bylong and Tomago samples and differed from the Botany samples in composition and heterogeneity. Taxa appeared to cluster into two main groups according to their association with environmental conditions; with the taxa common to the Botany aquifer correlating strongly with higher dissolved oxygen concentrations. The diversity and spatial heterogeneity of groundwater mycobiota appeared to be influenced by both anthropogenic contaminants and associated environmental variables. Based on the criteria of ubiquity, abundance and potential sensitivity to contamination, Penicillium and Rhodotorula spp. might be fitting taxa for monitoring groundwater quality.
Lawrence, FJ, Botten, LC, Dossou, KB, McPhedran, RC & de Sterke, CM 2012, 'A flexible Bloch mode method for computing complex band structures and impedances of two-dimensional photonic crystals', JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 111, no. 1, pp. 1-8.
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We present a flexible method that can calculate Bloch modes, complex band structures, and impedances of two-dimensional photonic crystals from scattering data produced by widely available numerical tools. The method generalizes previous work which relied on specialized multipole and finite element method (FEM) techniques underpinning transfer matrix methods. We describe the numerical technique for mode extraction, and apply it to calculate a complex band structure and to design two photonic crystal antireflection coatings. We do this for frequencies at which other methods fail, but which nevertheless are of significant practical interest.
Lear, J, Hare, D, Adlard, P, Finkelstein, D & Doble, P 2012, 'Improving acquisition times of elemental bio-imaging for quadrupole-based LA-ICP-MS', JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 159-164.
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Elemental bio-imaging experiments by quadrupole-based LA-ICP-MS normally employ scan speeds where the distance traversed in one second is equal to or less than the diameter of the laser beam. Consequently, data for a higher-resolution (pixel size = 15 µm2) image of a 5 mm2 tissue section can take upwards of 30 h to acquire. Appropriate laser scan speeds may be calculated by consideration of the relationship between laser scan speed, laser spot diameter and the total scan cycle of the quadrupole mass analyser. This paper presents a simple method to calculate the laser scan speeds capable of reducing the acquisition time by up to a factor of 5 whilst maintaining dimensional integrity of the image.
Lear, J, Hare, DJ, Fryer, F, Adlard, PA, Finkelstein, DI & Doble, PA 2012, 'High-Resolution Elemental Bioimaging of Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, and Zn Employing LA-ICP-MS and Hydrogen Reaction Gas', ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 84, no. 15, pp. 6707-6714.
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Imaging of trace metal distribution in tissue sections by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is typically performed using spatial resolutions of 30 µm2 and above. Higher resolution imaging is desirable for many biological applications in order to approach the dimensions of a single cell. The limiting factor for increasing resolution is sensitivity, where signal-to-noise ratios are poor due to inherent background spectral interferences and reduced sample volume with decreasing laser beam diameter. Several prominent spectral interferences are present for a number of biologically relevant isotopes, including the 40Ar16O+ spectral interference on 56Fe+. We examined if H2 as a reaction gas could improve the analytical performance of imaging experiments for a range of masses with spectral interferences. At low (<1 mL min1) H2 flow rates, greater spectral interference due to H+ adducts was observed for 55Mn, 57Fe, and 59Co. At higher flow rates of up to 3 mL H2 per minute, the spectral interferences were reduced leading to improvement in limits of analysis for masses with O- and N-based polyatomic interferences. Enhanced sensitivity with the reaction cell allowed construction of high resolution (6 µm2) imaging of 56Fe in the mouse brain that approached the dimensions of single cells.
Lee, JC, Aharonovich, I, Magyar, AP, Rol, F & Hu, EL 2012, 'Coupling of silicon-vacancy centers to a single crystal diamond cavity', OPTICS EXPRESS, vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 8891-8897.
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Optical coupling of an ensemble of silicon-vacancy (SiV) centers to single-crystal diamond microdisk cavities is demonstrated. The cavities are fabricated from a single-crystal diamond membrane generated by ion implantation and electrochemical liftoff fo
Lee, KC, Sussman, BJ, Sprague, MR, Michelberger, P, Reim, KF, Nunn, J, Langford, NK, Bustard, PJ, Jaksch, D & Walmsley, IA 2012, 'Macroscopic non-classical states and terahertz quantum processing in room-temperature diamond', Nature Photonics, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 41-44.
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Lee, S-H, Larsen, AG, Ohkubo, K, Cai, Z-L, Reimers, JR, Fukuzumi, S & Crossley, MJ 2012, 'Long-lived long-distance photochemically induced spin-polarized charge separation in beta,beta '-pyrrolic fused ferrocene-porphyrin-fullerene systems', CHEMICAL SCIENCE, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 257-269.
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The exceptionally long lived charge separation previously observed in a b,b'-pyrrolic-fused ferrocene-porphyrin-fullerene triad (lifetime 630 mu s) and related porphyrin-fullerene dyad (lifetime 260 mu s) is attributed to the production of triplet charge-separated states. Such molecular excited-state spin polarization maintained over distances of up to 23 angstrom is unprecedented and offers many technological applications. Electronic absorption and emission spectra, femtosecond and nanosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectra, and cyclic voltammograms of two triads and four dyads are measured and analyzed to yield rate constants, donor-acceptor couplings, free-energy changes, and reorganization energies for charge-separation and charge-recombination processes. Production of long-lived intramolecular triplet states is confirmed by electron-paramagnetic resonance spectra at 77-223 K, as is retention of spin polarization in p-conjugated ferrocenium ions. The observed rate constants were either first predicted (singlet manifold) or later confirmed (triplet manifold) by a priori semiclassical kinetics calculations for all conceivable photochemical processes, parameterized using density-functional theory and complete-active-space self-consistent-field calculations. Identified are both a ps-timescale process attributed to singlet recombination and a mu s-timescale process attributed to triplet recombination.
Leigh, A, Sevanto, S, Ball, MC, Close, JD, Ellsworth, DS, Knight, CA, Nicotra, AB & Vogel, S 2012, 'Do thick leaves avoid thermal damage in critically low wind speeds?', New Phytologist, vol. 194, no. 2, pp. 477-487.
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Summary Transient lulls in air movement are rarely measured, but can cause leaf temperature to rise rapidly to critical levels. The high heat capacity of thick leaves can damp this rapid change in temperature. However, little is known about the extent to which increased leaf thickness can reduce thermal damage, or how thick leaves would need to be to have biological significance. We evaluated quantitatively the contribution of small increases in leaf thickness to the reduction in thermal damage during critically low wind speeds under desert conditions. We employed a numerical model to investigate the effect of thickness relative to transpiration, absorptance and leaf size on damage avoidance. We used measured traits and thermotolerance thresholds of real leaves to calculate the leaf temperature response to naturally occurring variable low wind speed. Our results demonstrated that an increase in thickness of only fractions of a millimetre can prevent excursions to damaging high temperatures. This damping effect of increased thickness was greatest when other means of reducing leaf temperature (transpiration, reflectance or reduced size) were lacking. For perennial desert flora, we propose that increased leaf thickness is important in decreasing the incidence of extreme heat stress and, in some species, in enhancing long-term survival.
Lewis, KM, Byrd, DA & Ollendick, TH 2012, 'Anxiety symptoms in African-American and Caucasian youth: Relations to negative life events, social support, and coping', Journal of Anxiety Disorders, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 32-39.
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The purpose of the present study was to determine the relations among negative life events, social support, coping and anxiety symptoms in 709 Caucasian and African-American youth between 11 and 14 years of age. Results indicated that more negative life events, less social support, more coping efforts, and African-American status were related to more anxiety symptoms. Additionally, although active coping moderated the relationship between negative life events and anxiety, these relations were qualified in separate analyses for the African-American and Caucasian youth. Negative life events were related to anxiety symptoms only for the African-American participants. When these findings were explored further for males and females of each racial group, negative life events remained significant for African-American males but not African-American females. Implications of these findings are examined and future directions for research to understand the processes underlying these relations with both Caucasian and African-American youth are addressed. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
LI, J, YANG, Z, YANG, Z, YAN, D, WU, H, LIAO, J, QIU, J, SONG, Z, YANG, Y & ZHOU, D 2012, 'Upconversion luminescence and color tunable properties in Yb-Tb codoped Ca0.15Zr0.85O1.85 inverse opal', Journal of Rare Earths, vol. 30, no. 12, pp. 1191-1194.
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Li, K, Wang, B, Su, D, Park, J, Ahn, H & Wang, G 2012, 'Enhance electrochemical performance of lithium sulfur battery through a solution-based processing technique', Journal of Power Sources, vol. 202, pp. 389-393.
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Sulfur/carbon nanocomposites have been successfully prepared by a solution-based processing technique using dimethyl sulfoxide as the solvent. The as-prepared nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical performance of sulfur/carbon nanocomposites were tested by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling. When applied as the cathode material in lithium sulfur batteries, the as-prepared sulfur/carbon nanocomposites exhibited a high reversible capacity of 1220 mAh g(-1) in the first cycle and maintained a satisfactory cyclability. This drastic improvement of specific capacity and cycling performance could be attributed to the reduced particle size of sulfur and the homogeneous distribution of sulfur nanoparticles on a carbon matrix, resulting from this novel solution-based processing technique.
Li, X-H, McGrath, KC-Y, Nammi, S, Heather, AK & Roufogalis, BD 2012, 'Attenuation of Liver Pro-Inflammatory Responses by Zingiber officinale via Inhibition of NF-kappa B Activation in High-Fat Diet-Fed Rats', Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, vol. 110, no. 3, pp. 238-244.
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The aim of this study was to investigate whether treatment with a ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract of high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rats suppresses Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B)-driven hepatic inflammation and to subsequently explore the molecular me
Liao, Y, Zeng, M, Wu, Z-F, Chen, H, Wang, H-N, Wu, Q, Shan, Z & Han, X-Y 2012, 'Improving Phytase Enzyme Activity in a Recombinant phyA Mutant Phytase from Aspergillus niger N25 by Error-Prone PCR', Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, vol. 166, no. 3, pp. 549-562.
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Lim, CED & Cheng, NCL 2012, 'Connective tissue reflex massage to improve peripheral circulation in type 2 diabetes mellitus', Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 69-70.
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Lim, CED & Cheng, NCL 2012, 'Massage therapy to improve sleep quality post coronary artery bypass graft surgery', Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 67-68.
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Liu, H, Du, X, Xing, X, Wang, G & Qiao, SZ 2012, 'Highly ordered mesoporous Cr2O3 materials with enhanced performance for gas sensors and lithium ion batteries', CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 865-867.
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Highly ordered mesoporous Cr2O3 materials with high specific surface area and narrow pore size distribution were successfully prepared by a vacuum assisted impregnation method. Both 2-dimensional hexagonal and 3-dimensional cubic Cr2O3 mesoporous replicas from SBA-15 and KIT-6 templates exhibit enhanced performance for gas sensors and lithium ion batteries, compared to the bulk Cr2O3 counterpart.
Liu, H, Su, D, Wang, G & Qiao, SZ 2012, 'An ordered mesoporous WS2 anode material with superior electrochemical performance for lithium ion batteries', JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY, vol. 22, no. 34, pp. 17437-17440.
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Ordered mesoporous tungsten sulfide (WS2) with high surface area and narrow pore size distribution was synthesized by a vacuum assisted impregnation route. The as-prepared mesoporous WS2 exhibited a high lithium storage capacity of 805 mA h g(-1) at a current of 0.1 A g(-1) and an excellent high rate capability.
Liu, H, Su, D, Zhou, R, Sun, B, Wang, G & Qiao, SZ 2012, 'Highly Ordered Mesoporous MoS2 with Expanded Spacing of the (002) Crystal Plane for Ultrafast Lithium Ion Storage', ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS, vol. 2, no. 8, pp. 970-975.
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Many alternative energy technologies have been developed in an attempt to alleviate the critical problems of an escalating energy crisis and greenhouse gas pollution, derived from the consumption of fossil fuels. Rechargeable lithium ion batteries have attracted great attention at fundamental application levels because of their high energy density and design fl exibility. As such, they are considered as the most promising next generation power sources for electric vehicles. The development of electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles demands high power energy sources which can operate under much higher current condition (tens of Amperes) than the operating current of mobilephones ( ~ 100 milli-Amperes).
Liu, Y, Biarnés Costa, M & Gerhardinger, C 2012, 'IL-1β Is Upregulated in the Diabetic Retina and Retinal Vessels: Cell-Specific Effect of High Glucose and IL-1β Autostimulation', PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. e36949-e36949.
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Many molecular and cellular abnormalities detected in the diabetic retina support a role for IL-1β-driven neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. IL-1β is well known for its role in the induction and, through autostimulation, amplification of neuroinflammation. Upregulation of IL-1β has been consistently detected in the diabetic retina; however, the mechanisms and cellular source of IL-1β overexpression are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high glucose and IL-1β itself on IL-1β expression in microglial, macroglial (astrocytes and Müller cells) and retinal vascular endothelial cells; and to study the effect of diabetes on the expression of IL-1β in isolated retinal vessels and on the temporal pattern of IL-1β upregulation and glial reactivity in the retina of streptozotocin-diabetic rats. IL-1β was quantified by RealTime RT-PCR and ELISA, glial fibrillar acidic protein, α2-macroglobulin, and ceruloplasmin by immunoblotting. We found that high glucose induced a 3-fold increase of IL-1β expression in retinal endothelial cells but not in macroglia and microglia. IL-1β induced its own synthesis in endothelial and macroglial cells but not in microglia. In retinal endothelial cells, the high glucose-induced IL-1β overexpression was prevented by calphostin C, a protein kinase C inhibitor. The retinal vessels of diabetic rats showed increased IL-1β expression as compared to non-diabetic rats. Retinal expression of IL-1β increased early after the induction of diabetes, continued to increase with progression of the disease, and was temporally associated with upregulation of markers of glial activation. These findings point to hyperglycemia as the trigger and to the endothelium as the origin of the initial retinal upregulation of IL-1β in diabetes; and to IL-1β itself, via autostimulation in endothelial and macroglial cells, as the mechanism of sustained IL-1β overexpression. Interrupting the vicious circle trig...
Liu, Y, Ding, Y, Alonas, E, Zhao, W, Santangelo, PJ, Jin, D, Piper, JA, Teng, J, Ren, Q & Xi, P 2012, 'Achieving λ/10 Resolution CW STED Nanoscopy with a Ti:Sapphire Oscillator', PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. e40003-e40003.
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Liu, Y, Qiu, X-S & Wang, E-H 2012, 'Sporadic Hemangioblastoma of the Kidney: a rare renal tumor', Diagnostic Pathology, vol. 7, no. 1.
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Abstract
Abstract
Hemangioblastoma is a benign and morphologically distinctive tumor that can occur sporadically or in association with von Hippel-Lindau disease in approximately 25% of the cases, and which involves the central nervous system in the majority of the cases. Rare occurrences of hemangioblastoma in peripheral nerves and extraneural tissues have been reported. This report describes one case of sporadic renal hemangioblastoma happened in a 16-year-old Chinese female patient, presenting with hematuria, and low back pain. Histologically, the tumors were circumscribed, and composed of sheets of large polygonal cells traversed by arborizing thin-walled blood vessels. The diagnosis of hemangioblastoma was confirmed by negative immunostaining for cytokeratin, and positive staining for α-inhibin, S100 and neuron-specific enolase (NSE). This benign neoplasm which can be mistaken for various malignancies such as renal cell carcinoma, epithelioid hemangiopericytoma and epithelioid angiomyolipoma, deserves wider recognition for its occurrence as a primary renal tumor.
Virtual slides
The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/5445834246942699
Lloyd, HB, Murray, BR & Gribben, PE 2012, 'Trait and abundance patterns in two marine molluscs: the influence of abiotic conditions operating across multiple spatial scales', MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES, vol. 463, pp. 205-214.
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Theoretical mechanisms describing species abundance distributions should also underpin geographic variation in life-history traits. However, recent studies suggest that abundance and trait patterns may not co-vary and may respond differently to abiotic conditions acting at different spatial scales. We examined patterns in abundance and body size of 2 estuarine molluscs, the arkshell Anadara trapezia and the mudsnail Batillaria australis, across their wide distributions in eastern Australia. We related abundance and body size patterns to abiotic variables including water temperature, pH, salinity, sediment redox and dissolved oxygen content at multiple spatial scales. Two hypotheses were tested: (1) geographic patterns in abundance and body size do not co-vary, and (2) patterns in abundance are more strongly influenced by abiotic conditions occurring at a large spatial scale (e.g. across latitudinal gradients) whereas body size is more strongly influenced by variation in abiotic conditions occurring at smaller scales. The influence of spatial scale and associated abiotic variables on abundance and body size distributions was determined using multiple linear regression, ANOVA and variance component analyses. Geographic variation in abundance and body size were independent of each other in both species. Abiotic variation across latitudinal gradients was the strongest predictor of abundance, but factors that varied substantially at local scales (e.g. dissolved oxygen and sediment redox) were the strongest predictors of body size. Our data indicate that geographic patterns in body size and abundance can be disconnected from each other, most likely due to differential responses to abiotic variation acting at different spatial scales.
Lobo, CJ, Martin, A, Phillips, MR & Toth, M 2012, 'Electron beam induced chemical dry etching and imaging in gaseous NH3 environments', NANOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 23, no. 37, pp. 375302-375302.
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We report the use of ammonia (NH3) vapor as a new precursor for nanoscale electron beam induced etching (EBIE) of carbon, and an efficient imaging medium for environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). Etching is demonstrated using amorphous carbonaceous nanowires grown by electron beam induced deposition (EBID). It is ascribed to carbon volatilization by hydrogen radicals generated by electron dissociation of NH3 adsorbates. The volatilization process is also effective at preventing the buildup of residual hydrocarbon impurities that often compromise EBIE, EBID and electron imaging. We also show that ammonia is a more efficient electron imaging medium than H2O, which up to now has been the most commonly used ESEM imaging gas.
Loo, C-Y, Young, PM, Lee, W-H, Cavaliere, R, Whitchurch, CB & Rohanizadeh, R 2012, 'Superhydrophobic, nanotextured polyvinyl chloride films for delaying Pseudomonas aeruginosa attachment to intubation tubes and medical plastics', ACTA BIOMATERIALIA, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 1881-1890.
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Bacterial attachment onto the surface of polymers in medical devices such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is influenced by the physicochemical properties of the polymer, including its surface hydrophobicity and roughness. In this study, to prevent biofilm fo
Lord, MS, Jung, M, Teoh, WY, Gunawan, C, Vassie, JA, Amal, R & Whitelock, JM 2012, 'Cellular uptake and reactive oxygen species modulation of cerium oxide nanoparticles in human monocyte cell line U937', Biomaterials, vol. 33, no. 31, pp. 7915-7924.
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Cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria) are promising materials for intracellular oxygen free radical scavenging providing a potential therapy for reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated inflammatory processes. In this study rhombohedral-shaped nanoceria were synthesized by flame spray pyrolysis with tuneable particle diameters between 3 and 94 nm by changing the liquid precursor flow rate. Monocytes and macrophages are major players in inflammatory processes as their production of ROS species has important downstream effects on cell signalling. Therefore, this study examined the ability of the nanoceria to be internalised by the human monocytic cell line, U937, and scavenge intracellular ROS. U937 cells activated in the presence of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) were found to be more responsive to the nanoceria than U937 cells, which may not be surprising given the role of monocyte/macrophages in phagocytosing foreign material. The smaller particles were found to contain more crystal lattice defects with which to scavenge ROS, however a greater proportion of both the U937 and activated U937 cell populations responded to the larger particles. Hence all nanoceria particle sizes examined in this study were equally effective in scavenging intracellular ROS.
Lu, J, Martin, J, Lu, Y, Zhao, J, Yuan, J, Ostrowski, M, Paulsen, I, Piper, JA & Jin, D 2012, 'Resolving Low-Expression Cell Surface Antigens by Time-Gated Orthogonal Scanning Automated Microscopy', Analytical Chemistry, vol. 84, no. 22, pp. 9674-9678.
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Lu, Y, Xi, P, Piper, JA, Huo, Y & Jin, D 2012, 'Time-Gated Orthogonal Scanning Automated Microscopy (OSAM) for High-speed Cell Detection and Analysis', Scientific Reports, vol. 2, no. 1.
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Lucey, T, Wuhrer, R, Cortie, M, Moran, K & Huggett, P 2012, 'Microstructural analysis of the interfacial development of white iron/steel composites.', Microscopy and Microanalysis, vol. 18, no. S2, pp. 1670-1671.
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
Lucey, T, Wuhrer, R, Moran, K, Reid, M, Huggett, P & Cortie, M 2012, 'Interfacial reactions in white iron/steel composites', JOURNAL OF MATERIALS PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY, vol. 212, no. 11, pp. 2349-2357.
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The interfacial phenomena occurring when a white iron of low melting point is cast onto a steel substrate are considered. Such layered composites offer the prospect of combining the toughness of steel and the wear-resistance of a white cast iron into a s
Luck, NL, Thomas, KC, Morin-Adeline, VE, Barwick, S, Chong, AY, Carpenter, EL, Wan, L, Willet, CE, Langford-Salisbury, SM, Abdelsayd, M, Ang, RA, Atkinson, SJ, Barcelo, FG, Booth, ME, Bradbury, EJ, Branighan, TL, Brown, J, Castillo, LE, Chandler, ND, Chong, JY, Collits, KJ, Cook, E, Cruz, RE, Farrugia, CA, Fletcher, JL, Fletcher, S, Gamaliel, NS, Gurr, JF, Hallett, NJ, Hargreaves, G, Harris, T, Hollings, S, Hopcroft, RL, Johinke, D, Kern, PL, Kiddell, JL, Kilby, KE, Kragic, B, Kwan, JH, Lee, JI, Liang, JM, Lillie, MC, Lui, BC, Luk, SW, Lun, KH, Marshall, KL, Marzec, JA, Masters, KT, Mazurkijevic, LJ, Medlock, J, Meoli, C, Morris, KM, Noh, YH, Okazaki, H, Orourke, TJ, Payne, EM, Powell, DJ, Quinlivan, AR, Reeves, TJ, Robson, K, Robson, KL, Royle, LJ, Stevenson, R, Sellens, T, Sun, Z, Sutton, AL, Swan, A, Tang, JM, Tinker, JE, Tomlinson, SC, Wilkin, T, Wright, AL, Xiao, ST, Yang, J, Yee, C, Jaratlerdsiri, W, Isberg, SR, Miles, L, Higgins, D, Lane, A & Gongora, J 2012, 'Mitochondrial DNA analyses of the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) from the Northern Territory of Australia', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 18-25.
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Luo, X, Hong, X-S, Xiong, X-D, Zeng, L-Q & Lim, CED 2012, 'A Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in EXO1 Gene Is Associated With Cervical Cancer Susceptibility in Chinese Patients', International Journal of Gynecological Cancer, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 220-225.
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Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the association of Exonuclease1 (EXO1) genetic polymorphism and the development of cervical carcinoma. Methods: This study was conducted with 126 patients diagnosed with cervical cancer and 278 people with no cancer history. The polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to evaluate the K589E and C908G gene polymorphisms. Unconditional logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the association between the genotypes and the risk for cervical cancer. Results: This is the first study on the role of EXO1 K589E (rs1047840) and EXO1 C908G (rs10802996) polymorphisms in cervical cancer in a Chinese population. Our results indicated that the EXO1 K589G polymorphism were significantly associated with the risk for cervical cancer. Compared with the G allele EXO1 K589E, the A allele increased the risk for cervical cancer (adjusted odds ratio, 1.67; 95% confidence interval, 1.13-2.45). By contrast, we have not found a significant association between the EXO1 C908G polymorphism and cervical cancer risk (P = 0.791). Conclusion: These findings indicate that the SNPs of EXO1 K589E may contribute to cervical cancer carcinogenesis in Chinese populations. A larger population study will need to be carried out to further validate the potential association of EXO1 genetic polymorphism and cervical carcinoma. Copyright © 2012 by IGCS and ESGO.
Luong, S, Shimmon, R, Hook, J & Fu, S 2012, '2-Nitro-6-monoacetylmorphine: potential marker for monitoring the presence of 6-monoacetylmorphine in urine adulterated with potassium nitrite', ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 403, no. 7, pp. 2057-2063.
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6-Monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM), being a unique metabolite of heroin, is routinely tested in urine samples to monitor heroin use. However, detection of 6-MAM-related opiates such as morphine is known to be affected by in vitro urine adulteration using oxidi
Luts, J, Broderick, T & Wand, MP 2012, 'Real-time semiparametric regression', Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 589-615.
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We develop algorithms for performing semiparametric regression analysis in
real time, with data processed as it is collected and made immediately
available via modern telecommunications technologies. Our definition of
semiparametric regression is quite broad and includes, as special cases,
generalized linear mixed models, generalized additive models, geostatistical
models, wavelet nonparametric regression models and their various combinations.
Fast updating of regression fits is achieved by couching semiparametric
regression into a Bayesian hierarchical model or, equivalently, graphical model
framework and employing online mean field variational ideas. An internet site
attached to this article, realtime-semiparametric-regression.net, illustrates
the methodology for continually arriving stock market, real estate and airline
data. Flexible real-time analyses, based on increasingly ubiquitous streaming
data sources stand to benefit.
Lynch, EA, Langille, MGI, Darling, A, Wilbanks, EG, Haltiner, C, Shao, KSY, Starr, MO, Teiling, C, Harkins, TT, Edwards, RA, Eisen, JA & Facciotti, MT 2012, 'Sequencing of Seven Haloarchaeal Genomes Reveals Patterns of Genomic Flux', PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 7, pp. e41389-e41389.
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We report the sequencing of seven genomes from two haloarchaeal genera, Haloferax and Haloarcula. Ease of cultivation and the existence of well-developed genetic and biochemical tools for several diverse haloarchaeal species make haloarchaea a model grou
Ma, R, Shimmon, R, McDonagh, A, Maynard, P, Lennard, C & Roux, C 2012, 'Fingermark detection on non-porous and semi-porous surfaces using YVO4:Er,Yb luminescent upconverting particles', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, vol. 217, no. 1-3, pp. E23-E26.
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Ma, S, Yang, L & Carroll, RJ 2012, 'A simultaneous confidence band for sparse longitudinal regression', Statistica Sinica, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 95-122.
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Ma, Z, Ji, H, Tan, D, Dong, G, Teng, Y, Zhou, J & Qiu, J 2012, 'Porous YAG:Nd3+ Fibers with Excitation and Emission in the Human “NIR Optical Window” as Luminescent Drug Carriers', Chemistry - A European Journal, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 2609-2616.
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The design and preparation of luminescent drug carriers has been a prosperous area of research for many years. However, the excitation and/or emission wavelength of such luminescent drug carriers haven′t been optimized in the so-called human “near infrared (NIR) optical window”, thus restricting their practical applications. Herein, we report the synthesis of electrospun porous YAG:Nd3+ (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet) fibers with both excitation and emission in the “NIR optical window” as luminescent drug carriers. The YAG:Nd3+ porous fibers were characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD, scanning transmission electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDX), and photoluminescence (PL). Ibuprofen (IBU) was used as a model drug to evaluate the drug-loading capacities and release profiles of the samples. BMSCs (bone mesenchymal stem cells) were used as model human cells to investigate cytotoxicity. Our results indicated that the YAG:Nd3+ fibers possessed a fine, irregularly porous fibrous morphology with an average diameter of 378 nm. The florescence of the sample (1064 nm) could be excited over a wide wavelength range in the NIR region. During the release process of IBU in simulated body fluid (SBF), along with the dissolving of the drug, the solvent entered into the pores, and the emission intensity of the YAG:Nd3+ fibers at 1064 nm decreased gradually, owing to a quenching effect of the hydroxy groups, thus provided an approach to track and monitor drug release. In addition, cytotoxicity investigations revealed that these YAG:Nd3+ fibers were biocompatible with human cells. Consequently, the porous YAG:Nd3+ fibers are a promising material for applications as advanced drug carriers.
Macnamara, J 2012, 'Corporate and organisational diplomacy: an alternative paradigm to PR', Journal of Communication Management, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 312-325.
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PurposeA number of scholars including Benno Signitzer and Jacquie L'Etang have proposed public diplomacy as an alternative model to describe and/or inform the practices of public relations. However, international relations and political science scholars claim major differences between public diplomacy and PR, and few studies have sought to reconcile these claims and counter‐claims. The purpose of this paper is to report a comparative analysis of key concepts and principles of public diplomacy.Design/methodology/approachThis article reports a comparative analysis of key concepts and principles of public diplomacy and the “new diplomacy” as described by Shaun Riordan and public relations (PR) as defined in Excellence theory and other contemporary models of PR to identify commonalties as well as divergences, and discusses how these can inform PR theory and practice.FindingsThis analysis shows similarities between these fields of practice, as well as six unique concepts and principles of public diplomacy and “new diplomacy” that inform corporate diplomacy and organisational diplomacy as an alternative paradigm to “public relations”.Practical implicationsReconceptualising PR as corporate and organisational diplomacy involves much more than a name change. It recasts PR within alternative theoretical frameworks that are significantly different to those of dominant paradigms of PR and informs new and refined approaches to practice.Social implicationsAdopting the concepts and principles of public diplomacy and “new diplomacy”...
Macnamara, J 2012, 'The global shadow of functionalism and Excellence Theory: An analysis of Australasian PR', Public Relations Inquiry, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 367-402.
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There are increasing claims and, in some quarters, celebration of a ‘sociocultural turn’ in public relations that has allegedly shifted the locus of scholarship and practice from US-originating functionalist and organization-centric models to more socially and culturally orientated approaches. However, this article presents a critical analysis of PR education and scholarship in Australasia which shows that, despite a claimed ‘sociocultural turn’ and a number of emergent postmodern models identified by contemporary scholars around the world, Excellence Theory, including its various constituent theories, remains a dominant paradigm of PR in Australia and many South East Asian countries. The ontological and epistemological characteristics of PR in Australasia, and the influences that have created and sustained them, as well as the progress of alternative postmodern and critical conceptualizations, are explored in this article based on two stages of research. In the first, a broad exploratory study was undertaken using ethnography and elements of autoethnography to provide reflective insights into the nature of and influences on PR scholarship and practice in the region. In the second stage, the findings of this exploratory analysis were tested and further contextualized with empirical data from structured textual analysis of the PR texts and reference books most commonly used today.
Macnamara, J & Zerfass, A 2012, 'Social Media Communication in Organizations: The Challenges of Balancing Openness, Strategy, and Management', International Journal of Strategic Communication, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 287-308.
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A comparative study of social media use by private and public sector organisations in three highly developed European countries and three highly developed Australasian countries examining the main social media used, objectives and governance including staff policies and guidelines, training and monitoring. The study found a lack of governance and a focus on 'control' and the pursuit of organisational objectives, rather than dialogue and engagement with publics and stakeholders.
Macnamara, J, Sakinofsky, P & Beattie, J 2012, 'E-electoral Engagement: How Governments Use Social Media to Engage Voters', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 623-639.
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Governments worldwide are increasingly attempting to use the internet to engage citizens. After an initial focus on delivery of information and services via what technologists call Web 1.0, strategies referred to as âGovernment 2.0â and e-democracy have turned attention to using interactive Web 2.0-based âsocial mediaâ to engage citizens in consultation and participation to redress a concerning âdemocratic deficitâ and reinvigorate the public sphere. Even in countries with compulsory voting, such as Australia, electoral enrolment, voter turnout and formal voting are declining. While much focus has been given to expedient political use of social media during election campaigns, an understudied area is how disengaged citizens and youth can be encouraged to engage or re-engage in democratic participation on an ongoing basis. This article reports analysis of initiatives by national, state and territory electoral commissions in Australia and New Zealand to use social media to engage citizens in political participation.
Macreadie, PI, Allen, K, Kelaher, BP, Ralph, PJ & Skilbeck, CG 2012, 'Paleoreconstruction of estuarine sediments reveal human-induced weakening of coastal carbon sinks', GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 891-901.
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Human activities in coastal areas frequently cause loss of benthic macrophytes (e.g. seagrasses) and concomitant increases in microalgal production through eutrophication. Whether such changes translate into shifts in the composition of sediment detritus is largely unknown, yet such changes could impact the role these ecosystems play in sequestrating CO2. We reconstructed the sedimentary records of cores taken from two sites within Botany Bay, Sydney the site of European settlement of Australia to look for human-induced changes in dominant sources of detritus in this estuary. Cores covered a period from the present day back to the middle Holocene (6000years) according to 210Pb profiles and radiocarbon (14C) dating. Depositional histories at both sites could not be characterized by a linear sedimentation rate; sedimentation rates in the last 3050years were considerably higher than during the rest of the Holocene. C:N ratios declined and began to exhibit a microalgal source signature from around the time of European settlement, which could be explained by increased nutrient flows into the Bay caused by anthropogenic activity. Analysis of stable isotopic ratios of 12C/13C showed that the relative contribution of seagrass and C3 terrestrial plants (mangroves, saltmarsh) to detritus declined around the time of rapid industrial expansion (1950s), coinciding with an increase in the contribution of microalgal sources. We conclude that the relative contribution of microalgae to detritus has increased within Botany Bay, and that this shift is the sign of increased industrialization and concomitant eutrophication.
Macreadie, PI, Fowler, AM & Booth, DJ 2012, 'Rigs-to-reefs policy: can science trump public sentiment?', FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 179-180.
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Mahmoodian, S, Sipe, JE, Poulton, CG, Dossou, KB, Botten, LC, McPhedran, RC & de Sterke, CM 2012, 'Double-heterostructure cavities: From theory to design', PHYSICAL REVIEW A, vol. 86, no. 4.
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Mahmoodian, S, Sipe, JE, Poulton, CG, Dossou, KB, Botten, LC, McPhedran, RC & de Sterke, CM 2012, 'First-principles method for high-Q photonic crystal cavity mode calculations', OPTICS EXPRESS, vol. 20, no. 20, pp. 22763-22769.
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We present a first-principles method to compute radiation properties of ultra-high quality factor photonic crystal cavities. Our Frequency-domain Approach for Radiation (FAR) can compute the far-field radiation pattern and quality factor of cavity modes ~ 100 times more rapidly than conventional finite-difference time domain calculations. We explain how the radiation pattern depends on the perturbation used to create the cavity and on the Bloch modes of the photonic crystal.
Manetsch, M, Che, W, Seidel, P, Chen, Y & Ammit, AJ 2012, 'MKP-1: A negative feedback effector that represses MAPK-mediated pro-inflammatory signaling pathways and cytokine secretion in human airway smooth muscle cells', Cellular Signalling, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 907-913.
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Manetsch, M, Ramsay, EE, King, EM, Seidel, P, Che, W, Ge, Q, Hibbs, DE, Newton, R & Ammit, AJ 2012, 'Corticosteroids and β2-agonists upregulate mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1: in vitro mechanisms', British Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 166, no. 7, pp. 2049-2059.
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Manetsch, M, Seidel, P, Heintz, U, Che, W, Hughes, JM, Ge, Q, Sukkar, MB & Ammit, AJ 2012, 'TLR2 ligand engagement upregulates airway smooth muscle TNFα-induced cytokine production', American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, vol. 302, no. 9, pp. L838-L845.
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Airway inflammation and respiratory infections are important factors contributing to disease exacerbation in chronic airway diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells express Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and may be involved in the amplification of airway inflammatory responses during infectious exacerbations. We determined whether infectious stimuli (mimicked using Pam3CSK4, a synthetic bacterial lipopeptide that binds to TLR2/TLR1) further enhance ASM cell inflammatory responses to TNFα in vitro and the signaling pathways involved. Human ASM cells were pretreated for 1 h with Pam3CSK4 (1 μg/ml) in the absence or presence of TNFα (10 ng/ml), and IL-6 and IL-8 release was measured after 24 h. As expected, stimulation with Pam3CSK4 or TNFα alone induced significant IL-6 and IL-8 release. Furthermore, Pam3CSK4 significantly increased TNFα-induced IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA expression and protein release and neutrophil chemotactic activity. The potentiating effect of Pam3CSK4 on TNFα-induced inflammatory responses was not due to enhanced TLR2 expression nor did it involve augmentation of NF-κB or MAPK signaling pathways. Rather, Pam3CSK4 induced cAMP response element (CRE) binding protein phosphorylation and induced CRE-mediated transcriptional regulation, suggesting that Pam3CSK4 and TNFα are acting in concert to enhance ASM cytokine secretion via parallel transcriptional pathways. Our findings suggest that ASM cells may be involved in the amplification of airway inflammatory responses during infectious exacerbations in chronic airway disease.
Manivasagam, T, Kiraz, K & Notten, P 2012, 'Electrochemical and Optical Properties of Magnesium-Alloy Hydrides Reviewed', Crystals, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 1410-1433.
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As potential hydrogen storage media, magnesium based hydrides have been systematically studied in order to improve reversibility, storage capacity, kinetics and thermodynamics. The present article deals with the electrochemical and optical properties of Mg alloy hydrides. Electrochemical hydrogenation, compared to conventional gas phase hydrogen loading, provides precise control with only moderate reaction conditions. Interestingly, the alloy composition determines the crystallographic nature of the metal-hydride: a structural change is induced from rutile to fluorite at 80 at.% of Mg in Mg-TM alloy, with ensuing improved hydrogen mobility and storage capacity. So far, 6 wt.% (equivalent to 1600 mAh/g) of reversibly stored hydrogen in MgyTM(1-y)Hx (TM: Sc, Ti) has been reported. Thin film forms of these metal-hydrides reveal interesting electrochromic properties as a function of hydrogen content. Optical switching occurs during (de)hydrogenation between the reflective metal and the transparent metal hydride states. The chronological sequence of the optical improvements in optically active metal hydrides starts with the rare earth systems (YHx), followed by Mg rare earth alloy hydrides (MgyGd(1-y)Hx) and concludes with Mg transition metal hydrides (MgyTM(1-y)Hx). In-situ optical characterization of gradient thin films during (de)hydrogenation, denoted as hydrogenography, enables the monitoring of alloy composition gradients simultaneously. © 2011 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Mansell, PJ, Suggett, DJ & Smith, DJ 2012, 'Management of marine resources; combining industry and research', Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, vol. 92, no. 4, pp. 643-646.
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Martinac, B & Cranfield, CG 2012, 'Shining a light on the structural dynamics of ion channels using Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET).', IPSI BgD Transactions on Advanced Research, vol. 8, pp. 19-24.
Martinez, E, Marquez, C, Ingold, A, Merlino, J, Djordjevic, SP, Stokes, HW & Chowdhury, PR 2012, 'Diverse Mobilized Class 1 Integrons Are Common in the Chromosomes of Pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clinical Isolates', ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 2169-2172.
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Eleven clinical class 1 integron-containing Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from Australia and Uruguay were investigated for the genomic locations of these elements. Several novel class 1 integrons/transposons were found in at least four distinct locations in the chromosome, including genomic islands. These elements seem to be undergoing successful dispersal by lateral gene transfer since integrons were identified across several lineages and more than one clonal line.
Mazard, S, Ostrowski, M, Partensky, F & Scanlan, DJ 2012, 'Multi-locus sequence analysis, taxonomic resolution and biogeography of marine Synechococcus', Environmental Microbiology, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 372-386.
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McCauley, J 2012, 'Hendrickson Reagent (Triphenylphosphonium Anhydride Trifluoromethane Sulfonate)', Synlett, vol. 23, no. 20, pp. 2999-3000.
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McDougald, D, Rice, SA, Barraud, N, Steinberg, PD & Kjelleberg, S 2012, 'Should we stay or should we go: mechanisms and ecological consequences for biofilm dispersal', Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 39-50.
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McGrath, KC, Li, XH, Gaus, K, Williams, P, Celermajer, DS, Handelsman, DJ & Heather, AK 2012, 'Androgens rapidly activate nuclear factor-kappa B via intracellular Ca2+ signalling in human vascular endothelial cells', Journal of Steroids & Hormonal Science, vol. S2, pp. 1-6.
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There exists a striking gender difference in the incidence of atherosclerosis. Androgen exposure may predispose men to earlier onset atherosclerosis. We previously demonstrated that the potent androgen, dihydrotestosterone, enhanced the binding of monocytes to endothelial cells, via androgen receptor/nuclear factor kappa B-dependent expression of the cell adhesion molecules, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1. We now show that testosterone and dihydrotestosterone can also induce a novel, non-genomic pathway that leads to the rapid activation of nuclear factor-kappa B via intracellular Ca2+ signalling, initiated at the plasma membrane. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to 6-60 nM testosterone or dihydrotestosterone showed a rapid increase in intracellular calcium levels. The testosterone or dihydrotestosterone effect on increased intracellular calcium could not be abrogated by pre-incubation with androgen receptor antagonist, hydroxyflutamide, or by U73122, an inhibitor of intracellular calcium release from endoplasmic reticulum stores.
McGrath, KCY & Heather, AK 2012, 'Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Inflammatory Disease', Endocrinology, vol. 153, no. 7, pp. 2949-2952.
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In this issue of Endocrinology, Miani and colleagues (1) provide evidence that increased circulating levels of free fatty acids (FFA) associated with obesity induce a mild endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in pancreatic ß-cells that predisposes them to an augmented inflammatory response when exposed to cytokines such as IL-1ß or TNF-a. They found that rat insulinoma cells (INS-1E), or primary rat ß-cells, when exposed to the ER stressor sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) blocker (cyctopiazonic acid) or free fatty acids (FFA), followed by exposure to low-dose IL-1ß or TNF-a, had enhanced expression of the inflammatory markers CCL2, CXCL1, iNOS, and Fas. Interrogation of the molecular pathway showed augmented nuclear factor-?B (NF-?B) activation, after degradation of forkhead box O1 (FoxO1) protein. Using small interfering RNA that targeted specific ER stress pathways, the investigators demonstrated involvement of the inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1)/X-box binding protein-1s (XBP1s) pathway. The importance of these findings is that obesity-associated FFA may easily induce mild ß-cell ER stress that, in turn, triggers a heightened inflammatory response that could drive apoptosis. ß-cell apoptosis is the primary pathogenic mechanism that underlies type 1 diabetes, an area of growing concern because the worldwide incidence of type 1 diabetes is increasing at a rapid rate.
McKemmish, LK, Kedziora, DJ, White, GR, Hush, NS & Reimers, JR 2012, 'Frequency-based Quantum Computers from a Chemist's Perspective', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, vol. 65, no. 5, pp. 512-519.
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Quantum computer elements are often designed and tested using molecular or nanoscopic components that form registers of qubits in which memory is stored and information processed. Often such registers are probed and manipulated using frequency-based techniques such as nuclear-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A major challenge is to design molecules to act as these registers. We provide a basis for rational molecular design through consideration of the generic spectroscopic properties required for quantum computing, bypassing the need for intricate knowledge of the way these molecules are used spectroscopically. Designs in which two-qubit gate times scale similarly to those for one-qubit gates are presented. The specified spectroscopic requirements are largely independent of the type of spectroscopy used (e. g. magnetic resonance or vibrational) and are often independent of technical details of the application (e.g. broadband or high-resolution spectroscopy). This should allow the design of much larger quantum registers than have currently been demonstrated.
McMinn, A, Ashworth, C, Bhagooli, R, Martin, A, Salleh, S, Ralph, P & Ryan, K 2012, 'Antarctic coastal microalgal primary production and photosynthesis', MARINE BIOLOGY, vol. 159, no. 12, pp. 2827-2837.
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Primary production in coastal Antarctica is primarily contributed from three sources: sea ice algae, phytoplankton, and microphytobenthos. Compared to other eastern Antarctic sites, the sea ice microalgal biomass at Casey Station, in spring 2005 was rela
McPhedran, RC, Botten, LC, Williamson, DJ & Nicorovici, N-AP 2012, 'The Riemann hypothesis and the zero distribution of angular lattice sums', Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol. 468, no. 2137, pp. 303-304.
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MeikleJohn, KA, Dowton, M & Wallman, JF 2012, 'Notes on the Distribution of 31 Species of Sarcophagidae (Diptera) in Australia, Including new Records in Australia for Eight Species', Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, vol. 136, no. 1, pp. 56-64.
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Meiklejohn, KA, Wallman, JF, Cameron, SL & Dowton, M 2012, 'Comprehensive evaluation of DNA barcoding for the molecular species identification of forensically important Australian Sarcophagidae (Diptera)', Invertebrate Systematics, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 515-515.
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Carrion-breeding Sarcophagidae (Diptera) can be used to estimate the post-mortem interval in forensic cases. Difficulties with accurate morphological identifications at any life stage and a lack of documented thermobiological profiles have limited their current usefulness. The molecular-based approach of DNA barcoding, which utilises a 648-bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunitI gene, was evaluated in a pilot study for discrimination between 16 Australian sarcophagids. The current study comprehensively evaluated barcoding for a larger taxon set of 588 Australian sarcophagids. In total, 39 of the 84 known Australian species were represented by 580 specimens, which includes 92% of potentially forensically important species. A further eight specimens could not be identified, but were included nonetheless as six unidentifiable taxa. A neighbour-joining tree was generated and nucleotide sequence divergences were calculated. All species except Sarcophaga (Fergusonimyia) bancroftorum, known for high morphological variability, were resolved as monophyletic (99.2% of cases), with bootstrap support of 100. Excluding S. bancroftorum, the mean intraspecific and interspecific variation ranged from 1.12% and 2.81–11.23%, respectively, allowing for species discrimination. DNA barcoding was therefore validated as a suitable method for molecular identification of Australian Sarcophagidae, which will aid in the implementation of this fauna in forensic entomology.
Melzer, M, Lin, G, Makarov, D & Schmidt, OG 2012, 'Stretchable Spin Valves on Elastomer Membranes by Predetermined Periodic Fracture and Random Wrinkling', Advanced Materials, vol. 24, no. 48, pp. 6468-6472.
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The first highly stretchable and sensitive spin valve sensor on elastomeric membranes are demonstrated. The sensor elements exhibit stable GMR behavior up to tensile strains of 29% in in situ stretching experiments and show no fatigue over 500 loading cycles. This remarkable stretchability is achieved by a predetermined periodic fracture mechanism that creates a meander-like pattern upon stretching.
Application fields such as smart skin1 and flexible or stretchable consumer electronics2–6 require a wide range of electronic components that are shapeable into nonplanar geometries after fabrication. Ideally, they should also be elastic and withstand many cycles of deformations without degrading in performance. Mechanical compliancy of thin films of naturally stiff materials can be achieved by different morphology transitions,6 that transfer large deformations of the substrate into small strains in the functional film, e.g., by wrinkling7, 8 or lithographically defined meander structures.9, 10 However, exploiting the full bandwidth and application potential of modern electronics requires implementation of stretchability into all types of electronic devices.
For instance, there is rapid progress in fabrication of interconnects11 and opto-electronic devices12 with stretchabilities up to several tens of percents. During the last years, magnetic13, 14 as well as magnetoresistive15–18 structures were fabricated and characterized on bendable polymeric substrates. Recently, stretchable magneto-electronics has been introduced by the fabrication of a wrinkled magnetic sensor based on [Co(Py)/Cu] multilayers19, 20 revealing a giant magnetoresistive (GMR) effect; Py stands for the permalloy, Ni81Fe19 alloy. However, only moderate stretchability of the magnetic sensor of up to about 4% was achieved. Furthermore, the sensitivity of stretchable magnetic sensors to small magnetic fields, as required for applications such as wearable electronics,1 has to be substantially enhanced....
Mercer, AE, Shafer, CM, Doswell, CA, Leslie, LM & Richman, MB 2012, 'Synoptic Composites of Tornadic and Nontornadic Outbreaks', Monthly Weather Review, vol. 140, no. 8, pp. 2590-2608.
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Abstract
Tornadic and nontornadic outbreaks occur within the United States and elsewhere around the world each year with devastating effect. However, few studies have considered the physical differences between these two outbreak types. To address this issue, synoptic-scale pattern composites of tornadic and nontornadic outbreaks are formulated over North America using a rotated principal component analysis (RPCA). A cluster analysis of the RPC loadings group similar outbreak events, and the resulting map types represent an idealized composite of the constituent cases in each cluster. These composites are used to initialize a Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) simulation of each hypothetical composite outbreak type in an effort to determine the WRF’s capability to distinguish the outbreak type each composite represents.
Synoptic-scale pattern analyses of the composites reveal strikingly different characteristics within each outbreak type, particularly in the wind fields. The tornado outbreak composites reveal a strong low- and midlevel cyclone over the eastern Rockies, which is likely responsible for the observed surface low pressure system in the plains. Composite soundings from the hypothetical outbreak centroids reveal significantly greater bulk shear and storm-relative environmental helicity values in the tornado outbreak environment, whereas instability fields are similar between the two outbreak types. The WRF simulations of the map types confirm results observed in the composite soundings.
Mertens-Walker, I, Baxter, RC & Marsh, DJ 2012, 'Gonadotropin signalling in epithelial ovarian cancer', Cancer Letters, vol. 324, no. 2, pp. 152-159.
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Midthune, DN, Carroll, RJ, Subar, AF, Freedman, LS, Thompson, FE & Kipnis, V 2012, 'Combining self‐report dietary assessment instruments to reduce the effects of measurement error', The FASEB Journal, vol. 26, no. S1.
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Mladenova, D & Kohonen-Corish, MRJ 2012, 'Review: Mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease--insights into the mechanisms of inflammation-associated colorectal cancer.', In Vivo, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 627-646.
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The association between chronic inflammation and cancer has been noted for at least a century but the exact molecular mechanisms of cancer initiation and promotion by such inflammation are still poorly understood. The gastrointestinal tract is a unique organ where maintaining a balance between the colonic epithelial cells, the immune system and a fine-tuned response to the resident microflora is crucial for preserving the gut homeostasis. A breakdown of the tight interdependent regulation of the epithelium-immunity-microbiota triangle leads to inflammatory bowel disorders and may promote cancer. This review focuses on inflammation-associated colorectal cancer in mouse models of the disease and highlights emerging research trends.
Moezzi, A, McDonagh, AM & Cortie, MB 2012, 'Zinc oxide particles: Synthesis, properties and applications', CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL, vol. 185, pp. 1-22.
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Zinc oxide powder has traditionally been used as a white pigment and as an additive to rubber. While it has largely been displaced as a pigment in paints, its usage in rubber remains very important. However, the myriad of other practical uses of ZnO are
Mohanty, M 2012, 'New renewable energy sources, green energy development and climate change', Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 264-274.
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PurposeThe aim of the paper is to examine the renewable energy resources for enhancing a green energy development in the face of energy crisis and climate change, and to explore the prospects for “new” renewable energy sources and the green energy initiatives taken in the Pacific Island countries (PICs).Design/methodology/approachThe data were collated from a wide variety of sources including policy documents, road maps, reports, research articles on renewable and green energy sources. The methodology adopted was primarily a qualitative one based on a “content analysis”.FindingsThe findings reveal that increasing emphases have been given recently to “new” renewable and green energy sources in the Pacific Island countries as mitigation and adaptation strategies to fuel crisis and climate change. PICs have taken a wide range of green energy initiatives including “biomass”, solar, wind and other non‐traditional renewable energy sources and bio‐fuels development. Prospects for coconut, copra and palm‐oil based bio‐fuels do exist in many PICs. Opportunities for ethanol bio‐fuels also exist especially in Fiji.Practical implicationsRenewable and green energy sources are of practical implications to PICs. There is, however, a greater need for framing sound energy policies by the PICs.Originality/valueThe author has brought out clear linkages between climate change and green energy development and analyzed the importance of new renewable energy sources, especially in PICs. The paper has higher policy relevance and it is of gr...
Moheimani, F, Kim, CHJ, Rahmanto, AS, van Reyk, DM & Davies, MJ 2012, 'Inhibition of lysosomal function in macrophages incubated with elevated glucose concentrations: A potential contributory factor in diabetes-associated atherosclerosis', ATHEROSCLEROSIS, vol. 223, no. 1, pp. 144-151.
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Objective People with diabetes have an elevated risk of atherosclerosis. The accumulation of lipid within macrophage cells in the artery wall is believed to arise via the uptake and subsequent processing of modified low-density lipoproteins (LDL) via the endo-lysosomal system. In this study the effects of prolonged exposure to elevated glucose upon macrophage lysosomal function was examined to determine whether this contributes to modulated protein catabolism. Methods Human monocytes were isolated from white-cell concentrates and differentiated, in vitro, into monocyte-derived macrophages over 11 days in medium containing 530 mmol/L glucose. Murine macrophage-like J774A.1 cells were incubated similarly. Lysosomal cathepsin (B, D, L and S) and acid lipase activities were assessed using fluorogenic substrates; cathepsin protein levels were examined by Western blotting. Lysosomal numbers were examined using the lysomotropic fluorescent dye LysoTracker DND-99, measurement of aryl sulfatase activity, and quantification of lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein-1 (LAMP-1) by Western blotting. Results Exposure to elevated glucose, but not mannitol, resulted in a concentration-dependent decrease in the activity, and to a lesser extent protein levels, of four lysosomal cathepsins. Acid lipase activity was also significantly reduced. Arysulfatase activity, LAMP-1 levels and lysosomal numbers were also decreased at the highest glucose concentrations, though to a lesser extent.
Mokhadinyana, M, Desset, SL, Williams, DBG & Cole-Hamilton, DJ 2012, 'Cooperative Ligand Effects in Phase-Switching Homogeneous Catalysts', Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol. 51, no. 7, pp. 1648-1652.
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Molnar, A, Lewis, J, Doble, P, Hansen, G, Prolov, T & Fu, S 2012, 'A rapid and sensitive method for the identification of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in oral fluid by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, vol. 215, no. 1-3, pp. 92-96.
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A fast and sensitive method was developed for detecting delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in oral fluid by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The method is suitable for samples of small volume and low concentration. For method de
Mondal, AK, Wang, B, Su, D, Wang, Y, Zhang, X & Wang, G 2012, 'Preparation and Enhanced Electrochemical Performance of MnO2Nanosheets for Supercapacitors', Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society, vol. 59, no. 10, pp. 1275-1279.
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MnO2 nanosheets have been synthesized by using a redox reaction of manganese nitrate tetrahydrate and potassium permanganate without any surfactants. The morphology and microstructure of the as-prepared material were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Electrochemical performances as electrode materials for supercapacitor were evaluated using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge in 1 M Na2SO4 aqueous electrolyte. It was found that MnO2 nanosheets showed an excellent capacitive behaviour with good cycling stability. The specific capacitance of the MnO2 nanosheet electrode can reach up to 332.8 Fgâ1 at a current density of 500 mA/g and a stable cycling performance.
Montgomery, L, Spindler, X, Maynard, P, Lennard, C & Roux, C 2012, 'Pretreatment strategies for the improved cyanoacrylate development of dry latent fingerprints on nonporous surfaces', Journal of Forensic Identification, vol. 62, no. 5, pp. 517-542.
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Cyanoacrylate fuming is a popular technique commonly used by evidence examiners for the development of latent fingermarks on nonporous surfaces. The process involves the preferential formation of hard, white polycyanoacrylate along the ridgelines of the fingerprint as opposed to the substrate background. This preferential deposition results in contrast between the fingerprint and substrate. This contrast may be further enhanced through the use of staining techniques such as rhodamine 6G. Because the cyanoacrylate mechanism is believed to be initiated by fingerprint constituents and catalyzed by moisture, it follows that fingerprints subjected to harsh conditions (e.g., heat, low humidity, or UV light) often produce poorly developed results. This study aimed to further investigate and validate the use of 10% w/v methylamine as a pretreatment strategy to overcome the limitations associated with the cyanoacrylate development of dry fingerprints and to compare the results with those obtained using previously proposed pretreatment solutions. The effectiveness of this treatment was demonstrated on samples similar to those encountered in casework, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the treated fingerprints confirmed the rejuvenation of the dry latent deposits through a qualitative assessment of the polymer morphology.
Moore, JL, Dickson-Deane, C, Galyen, K, Kumalasari, C & Kwon, K 2012, 'The ZONE learning community: Gaining knowledge through mentoring', First Monday, vol. 17, no. 9, p. 8.
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Assisting doctoral students with developing teaching skills along with providing effective instruction is a common dilemma in academia. We propose a model for developing skill sets of two audiences, doctoral teaching assistants and students. For the teaching assistants, or ZONE mentors, they gain valuable and meaningful skills in course design, online feedback and evaluation, and demonstration of course concepts. For students, the ZONE model encourages self–direction, development of evaluation skills, and the ability to problem solve when assisting peers. Each audience gains experience through scaffolding and mentoring.
Morelato, M, Beavis, A, Ogle, A, Doble, P, Kirkbride, P & Roux, C 2012, 'Screening of gunshot residues using desorption electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry (DESI-MS)', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, vol. 217, no. 1-3, pp. 101-106.
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Several studies have indicated that there are potential environmental sources of particles resembling inorganic primer found in gunshot residues (GSR); as a consequence examiners are reluctant to unambiguously assign the origin of inorganic particles. If organic gunshot residues (OGSR) were found in combination with inorganic particles, the possibility of environmental sources could be potentially eliminated, thereby significantly enhancing the strength of the evidence. Methods have been previously described whereby GSR specimens can be analysed for the presence of OGSR or inorganic GRS (IGSR). However, no methods have been reported that allow the analysis of both OGSR and IGSR on the same specimen. Described in this article is a direct method using desorption electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) for the detection of methyl centralite (MC), ethyl centralite (EC) and diphenylamine (DPA) on adhesive tape GSR stubs typically used for scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) analysis. The optimisation of numerous parameters was conducted using an experimental design. The results indicate that direct analysis of these organic components of GSR is possible although some limitations were also identified. This initial investigation has also indicated that subjecting stubs to DESI analysis does not interfere with subsequent SEM-EDX analysis of primer residues; therefore the technique described herein allows a comprehensive examination of GSR that would be highly probative in the event that both OGSR and IGSR are detected in the same specimen.
Mueller, T, Aharonovich, I, Wang, Z, Yuan, X, Castelletto, S, Prawer, S & Atatuere, M 2012, 'Phonon-induced dephasing of chromium color centers in diamond', PHYSICAL REVIEW B, vol. 86, no. 19, p. 195210.
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We report on the coherence properties of single photons from chromium-based color centers in diamond. We use field-correlation and spectral line-shape measurements to reveal the interplay between slow spectral wandering and fast dephasing mechanisms as a function of temperature. The zero-phonon transition frequency and its linewidth follow a power-law dependence on temperature, which is consistent with direct electronphonon coupling and phonon-modulated Coulomb coupling to nearby impurities, which are the predominant fast dephasing mechanisms for these centers. Further, the observed reduction in the quantum yield for photon emission as a function of temperature suggests the opening of additional nonradiative channels through thermal activation to higher-energy states and indicates a near-unity quantum efficiency at 4 K.
Mulholland, AR, Thordarson, P, Mensforth, EJ & Langford, SJ 2012, 'Porphyrin dyads linked by a rotatable 3,3′-biphenyl scaffold: a new binding motif for small ditopic molecules', Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, vol. 10, no. 30, pp. 6045-6045.
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Munasinghe, VS, Stark, D & Ellis, JT 2012, 'New advances in the in-vitro culture of Dientamoeba fragilis', PARASITOLOGY, vol. 139, no. 7, pp. 864-869.
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Dientamoeba fragilis is an intestinal protozoan in humans that is commonly associated with diarrhoea and other gastrointestinal complaints. Studies conducted to investigate the biology of this parasite are limited by methods for in vitro cultivation. The objective of this study was to improve a biphasic culture medium, based on the Loeffler's slope, by further supplementation in order to increase the yield of trophozoites in culture. The current in vitro culture of D. fragilis is a xenic culture with a mix of bacteria. Three different liquid overlays were evaluated including Earle's balanced salt solution (EBSS), PBS and Dulbecco's modified PBS (DPBS), for their ability to support the in vitro growth of D. fragilis trophozoites. Out of these 3 overlays EBSS gave the highest increase in the trophozoite numbers. The effect of supplementation was analysed by supplementing EBSS with ascorbic acid, ferric ammonium citrate, L-cysteine, cholesterol and alpha-lipoic acid and quantification of in vitro growth by cell counts. A new liquid overlay is here described based upon EBSS supplemented with cholesterol and ferric ammonium citrate that, in conjunction with the Loeffler's slope, supports the growth of D. fragilis trophozoites in vitro. This modified overlay supported a 2-fold increase in the numbers of trophozoite in culture from all 4 D. fragilis isolates tested, when compared to a PBS overlay. These advances enable the harvest of a larger number of trophozoites needed for further studies on this parasite.
Murray, B & Phillips, M 2012, 'Temporal introduction patterns of invasive alien plant species to Australia', NeoBiota, vol. 13, pp. 1-14.
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We examined temporal introduction patterns of 132 invasive alien plant species (IAPS) to Australia since European colonisation in 1770. Introductions of IAPS were high during 18101820 (10 species), 1840 1880 (51 species, 38 of these between 1840 and 1860) and 19301940 (9 species). Conspicuously few introductions occurred during 10-year periods directly preceding each introduction peak. Peaks during early European settlement (18101820) and human range expansion across the continent (1840-1860) both coincided with considerable growth in Australias human population. We suggest that population growth during these times increased the likelihood of introduced plant species becoming invasive as a result of increased colonization and propagule pressure. Deliberate introductions of IAPS (104 species) far outnumbered accidental introductions (28 species) and were particularly prominent during early settlement. Cosmopolitan IAPS (25 species) and those native solely to South America (53 species), Africa (27 species) and Asia (19 species) have been introduced deliberately and accidentally to Australia across a broad period of time. A small number of IAPS, native solely to Europe (5 species) and North America (2 species), were all introduced to Australia prior to 1880. These contrasting findings for native range suggest some role for habitat matching, with similar environmental conditions in Australia potentially driving the proliferation of IAPS native to southern-hemisphere regions.
Murray, SA, Garby, T, Hoppenrath, M & Neilan, BA 2012, 'Genetic Diversity, Morphological Uniformity and Polyketide Production in Dinoflagellates (Amphidinium, Dinoflagellata)', PLOS ONE, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. e38253-0.
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Dinoflagellates are an intriguing group of eukaryotes, showing many unusual morphological and genetic features. Some groups of dinoflagellates are morphologically highly uniform, despite indications of genetic diversity. The species Amphidinium carterae is abundant and cosmopolitan in marine environments, grows easily in culture, and has therefore been used as a `model dinoflagellate in research into dinoflagellate genetics, polyketide production and photosynthesis. We have investigated the diversity of `cryptic species of Amphidinium that are morphologically similar to A. carterae, including the very similar species Amphidinium massartii, based on light and electron microscopy, two nuclear gene regions (LSU rDNA and ITS rDNA) and one mitochondrial gene region (cytochrome b). We found that six genetically distinct cryptic species (clades) exist within the species A. massartii and four within A. carterae, and that these clades differ from one another in molecular sequences at levels comparable to other dinoflagellate species, genera or even families. Using primers based on an alignment of alveolate ketosynthase sequences, we isolated partial ketosynthase genes from several Amphidinium species. We compared these genes to known dinoflagellate ketosynthase genes and investigated the evolution and diversity of the strains of Amphidinium that produce them.
Murray, SA, Patterson, DJ & Thessen, AE 2012, 'Transcriptomics and microbial eukaryote diversity: a way forward', TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION, vol. 27, no. 12, pp. 651-652.
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Recent reviews have pointed out the large proportion of microbial eukaryotic (protist) diversity that has yet to be described, and the enormous challenges that accompany its description [1]. The ~100 000 species [2] of microbial eukaryotes may be significantly underestimated if we continue to discover increasing numbers of cryptic species. Tools such as environmental sequencing, which have been highly successful in revealing novel lineages of uncultured bacteria and archaea, promise to add substantial new data for comparatively little effort [1]. In our opinion, significant challenges, grounded in both biology and the history of study of these organisms, need to be faced before environmental sequencing can unlock our understanding of microbial eukaryotic diversity.
Murray, SA, Wiese, M, Neilan, BA, Orr, RJS, de Salas, M, Brett, S & Hallegraeff, G 2012, 'A reinvestigation of saxitoxin production and sxtA in the 'non-toxic' Alexandrium tamarense Group V clade', HARMFUL ALGAE, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 96-104.
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The three Alexandrium species A. tamarense, A. fundyense and A. catenella include strains that can be potent producers of the neurotoxin saxitoxin (STX) and its analogues, the causative agents of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). These three species a
Nagata, N, Marriott, D, Harkness, J, Ellis, JT & Stark, D 2012, 'Current treatment options for Dientamoeba fragilis infections', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE, vol. 2, pp. 204-215.
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Dientamoeba fragilis belongs to the trichomonad group of protozoan parasites and it has been implicated as a cause of gastrointestinal disease with world-wide prevalences ranging from 0.5% to 16%. The majority of patients with dientamoebiasis present with gastrointestinal complaints. Chronic symptoms are common with up to a third of patients exhibiting persistent diarrhoea. Numerous studies have successfully demonstrated parasite clearance, coupled with complete resolution of clinical symptoms following treatment with various antiparasitic compounds. Treatments reported to be successful for dientamoebiasis include carbarsone, diphetarsone, tetracyclines, paromomycin, erythromycin, hydroxyquinolines and the 5-nitroimidazoles, including metronidazole, secnidazole, tinidazole and ornidazole. It is of note that most current treatment data is based only on small number of case reports. No large scale double blind randomised placebo controlled trials testing the efficacy of antimicrobial agents against D. fragilis has been undertaken highlighting the need for further study. In addition there is very little in vitro susceptibility data available for the organism making some current treatment options questionable. The aim of this review is to critically discuss all treatment options currently available for dientamoebiasis.
Nagata, N, Marriott, D, Harkness, J, Ellis, JT & Stark, D 2012, 'In Vitro Susceptibility Testing of Dientamoeba fragilis', ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 487-494.
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Dientamoeba fragilis is a commonly encountered trichomonad which has been implicated as a cause of gastrointestinal disease in humans. Despite the frequency of reports recording infections with this parasite, little research has been undertaken in terms of antimicrobial susceptibility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of D. fragilis to several commonly used antiparasitic agents: diloxanide furoate, furazolidone, iodoquinol, metronidazole, nitazoxanide, ornidazole, paromomycin, secnidazole, ronidazole, tetracycline, and tinidazole. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed on four clinical strains of D. fragilis, designated A, E, M, and V, respectively. Molecular testing followed, and all strains were determined to be genotype 1. The activities of antiprotozoal compounds at concentrations ranging from 2!g/ml to 500!g/ml were determined via cell counts of D. fragilis trophozoites grown in dixenic culture. Minimum lethal concentrations (MLCs) were as follows: ornidazole, 8 to 16 !g/ml; ronidazole, 8 to 16!g/ml; tinidazole, 31!g/ml; metronidazole, 31!g/ml; secnidazole, 31 to 63!g/ml; nitazoxanide, 63 !g/ml; tetracycline, 250!g/ml; furazolidone, 250 to 500!g/ml; iodoquinol, 500!g/ml; paromomycin, 500!g/ml; and diloxanide furoate,>500!g/ml. This is the first study to report the profiles of susceptibility to a wide range of commonly used treatments for clinical isolates of D. fragilis. Our study indicated 5-nitroimidazole derivatives to be the most active compounds in vitro against D. fragilis.
Nagy, G, Szabo, M, Uennep, R, Kali, G, Miloslavina, Y, Lambrev, PH, Zsiros, O, Porcar, L, Timmins, P, Rosta, L & Garab, G 2012, 'Modulation of the multilamellar membrane organization and of the chiral macrodomains in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum revealed by small-angle neutron scattering and circular dichroism spectroscopy', PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH, vol. 111, no. 1-2, pp. 71-79.
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Diatoms possess effective photoprotection mechanisms, which may involve reorganizations in the photosynthetic machinery. We have shown earlier, by using circular dichroism(CD) spectroscopy, that in Phaeodactylum tricornutumthe pigment-protein complexes are arranged into chiral macrodomains, which have been proposed to be associated with the multilamellar organization of the thylakoid membranes and shown to be capable of undergoing light-induced reversible reorganizations (Szabo et al. Photosynth Res 95: 237, 2008). Recently, by using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) on the same algal cells we have determined the repeat distances and revealed reversible light-induced reorganizations in the lamellar order of thylakoids (Nagy et al. Biochem J 436: 225, 2011). In this study, we show that in moderately heat-treated samples, the weakening of the lamellar order is accompanied by the diminishment of the psi-type CD signal associated with the long-range chiral order of the chromophores (psi, polymer or salt-induced). Further, we show that the light-induced reversible increase in the psi-type CD is associated with swelling in the membrane system, with magnitudes larger in high light than in low light. In contrast, shrinkage of the membrane system, induced by sorbitol, brings about a decrease in the psi-type CD signal; this shrinkage also diminishes the non-photochemical quenching capability of the cells. These data shed light on the origin of the psi-type CD signal, and confirm that both CD spectroscopy and SANS provide valuable information on the macro-organization of the thylakoid membranes and their dynamic properties; these parameters are evidently of interest with regard to the photoprotection in whole algal cells.
Nelson, LA, Lambkin, CL, Batterham, P, Wallman, JF, Dowton, M, Whiting, MF, Yeates, DK & Cameron, SL 2012, 'Beyond barcoding: A mitochondrial genomics approach to molecular phylogenetics and diagnostics of blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae)', Gene, vol. 511, no. 2, pp. 131-142.
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Niimi, K, Ge, Q, Moir, LM, Ammit, AJ, Trian, T, Burgess, JK, Black, JL & Oliver, BGG 2012, 'β2-Agonists upregulate PDE4 mRNA but not protein or activity in human airway smooth muscle cells from asthmatic and nonasthmatic volunteers', American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, vol. 302, no. 3, pp. L334-L342.
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β2-Adrenergic receptor (β2AR) agonists induce airway relaxation via cAMP. Phosphodiesterase (PDE)s degrade and regulate cAMP, and in airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells PDE4D degrades cAMP. Long-acting β2-agonists are now contraindicated as monotherapy for asthma, and increased PDE4D has been speculated to contribute to this phenomenon. In this study we investigated the expression of PDE4D in asthmatic and nonasthmatic ASM cells and its regulation by formoterol and budesonide. Primary ASM cells from people with or without asthma were stimulated with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, formoterol, and/or budesonide. PDE4D mRNA was assessed by real-time PCR, or PCR to assess splice variant production. PDE4D protein was assessed by Western blotting, and we investigated the effect of formoterol on cAMP production and PDE activity. Interleukin (IL)-6 was assessed using ELISA. PDE4D mRNA was dose dependently upregulated by formoterol, with a single splice variant, PDE4D5, present. Formoterol did not induce PDE4D protein at time points between 3 to 72 h, whereas it did induce and increase IL-6 secretion. We pretreated cells with actinomycin D and a proteasome inhibitor, MG132, and found no evidence of alterations in mRNA, protein expression, or degradation of PDE4D. Finally PDE activity was not altered by formoterol. This study shows, for the first time, that PDE4D5 is predominantly expressed in human ASM cells from people with and without asthma and that formoterol does not upregulate PDE4D protein production. This leads us to speculate that continual therapy with β2AR agonists is unlikely to cause PDE4-mediated tachyphylaxis.
Niu, N, Liu, T-L, Aharonovich, I, Russell, KJ, Woolf, A, Sadler, TC, El-Ella, HAR, Kappers, MJ, Oliver, RA & Hu, EL 2012, 'A full free spectral range tuning of p-i-n doped gallium nitride microdisk cavity', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 101, no. 16.
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Nolan, LM, Beatson, SA, Croft, L, Jones, PM, George, AM, Mattick, JS, Turnbull, L & Whitchurch, CB 2012, 'Extragenic suppressor mutations that restore twitching motility to fimL mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are associated with elevated intracellular cyclic AMP levels', MICROBIOLOGYOPEN, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 490-501.
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Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is a signaling molecule that is involved in the regulation of multiple virulence systems of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The intracellular concentration of cAMP in P. aeruginosa cells is tightly controlled at the levels of cAMP synthesis and degradation through regulation of the activity and/or expression of the adenylate cyclases CyaA and CyaB or the cAMP phosphodiesterase CpdA. Interestingly, mutants of fimL, which usually demonstrate defective twitching motility, frequently revert to a wild-type twitching-motility phenotype presumably via the acquisition of an extragenic suppressor mutation(s). In this study, we have characterized five independent fimL twitching-motility revertants and have determined that all have increased intracellular cAMP levels compared with the parent fimL mutant. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that only one of these fimL revertants has acquired a loss-of-function mutation in cpdA that accounts for the elevated levels of intracellular cAMP. As mutation of cpdA did not account for the restoration of twitching motility observed in the other four fimL revertants, these observations suggest that there is at least another, as yet unidentified, site of extragenic suppressor mutation that can cause phenotypic reversion in fimL mutants and modulation of intracellular cAMP levels of P. aeruginosa.
Nomura, T, Cranfield, CG, Deplazes, E, Owen, DM, Macmillan, A, Battle, AR, Constantine, M, Sokabe, M & Martinac, B 2012, 'Differential effects of lipids and lyso-lipids on the mechanosensitivity of the mechanosensitive channels MscL and MscS', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 109, no. 22, pp. 8770-8775.
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Mechanosensitive (MS) channels of small (MscS) and large (MscL) conductance are the major players in the protection of bacterial cells against hypoosmotic shock. Although a great deal is known about structure and function of these channels, much less is known about how membrane lipids may influence their mechanosensitivity and function. In this study,we use liposome coreconstitution to examine the effects of different types of lipids on MscS and MscL mechanosensitivity simultaneously using the patch-clamp technique and confocal microscopy. Fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM)-FRET microscopy demonstrated that coreconstitution of MscS and MscL led to clustering of these channels causing a significant increase in the MscS activation threshold. Furthermore, the MscL/MscS threshold ratio dramatically decreased in thinner compared with thicker bilayers and upon addition of cholesterol, known to affect the bilayer thickness, stiffness and pressure profile. In contrast, application of micromolar concentrations of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) led to an increase of the MscL/MscS threshold ratio. These data suggest that differences in hydrophobic mismatch and bilayer stiffness, change in transbilayer pressure profile, and close proximity of MscL and MscS affect the structural dynamics of both channels to a different extent. Our findings may have far-reaching implications for other types of ion channels and membrane proteins that, like MscL and MscS, may coexist in multiple molecular complexes and, consequently, have their activation characteristics significantly affected by changes in the lipid environment and their proximity to each other.
Notter, SJ & Stuart, BH 2012, 'The Effect of Body Coverings on the Formation of Adipocere in an Aqueous Environment', JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 120-125.
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Adipocere is a postmortem decomposition product that consists of a mixture of fatty acids. The rate of formation of adipocere from pig adipose tissue in an aqueous environment has been monitored. The effect of various clothing and carpet material types on the process was investigated. The fatty acid composition of the adipocere was determined at regular intervals using gas chromatographymass spectrometry. Examination of the changes to fatty acid concentrations allowed the degree of adipocere formation in the different environments to be estimated. The study demonstrated that the rate at which adipocere forms is particularly accelerated by the presence of coverings produced from natural materials. Elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometry revealed, for the most part, little change to the cations present in the adipocere formed. However, an increase in Ca concentration was observed for tissue wrapped in acrylic carpet, which was associated with a CaCO3 additive used in the carpet manufacture.
O'Brien, CJ, Peloquin, JA, Vogt, M, Heinle, M, Gruber, N, Ajani, P, Andruleit, H, Arístegui, J, Beaufort, L, Estrada, M, Karentz, D, Kopczyńska, E, Lee, R, Pritchard, T & Widdicombe, C 2012, 'Global marine plankton functional type biomass distributions: coccolithophores', EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE DATA, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 259-276.
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Abstract. Coccolithophores are calcifying marine phytoplankton of the class Prymnesiophyceae. They are considered to play an import role in the global carbon cycle through the production and export of organic carbon and calcite. We have compiled observations of global coccolithophore abundance from several existing databases as well as individual contributions of published and unpublished datasets. We estimate carbon biomass using standardised conversion methods and provide estimates of uncertainty associated with these values. The database contains 58 384 individual observations at various taxonomic levels. This corresponds to 12 391 observations of total coccolithophore abundance and biomass. The data span a time period of 1929–2008, with observations from all ocean basins and all seasons, and at depths ranging from the surface to 500 m. Highest biomass values are reported in the North Atlantic, with a maximum of 501.7 μg C l−1. Lower values are reported for the Pacific (maximum of 79.4 μg C l−1) and Indian Ocean (up to 178.3 μg C l−1). Coccolithophores are reported across all latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, from the Equator to 89° N, although biomass values fall below 3 μg C l−1 north of 70° N. In the Southern Hemisphere, biomass values fall rapidly south of 50° S, with only a single non-zero observation south of 60° S. Biomass values show a clear seasonal cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, reaching a maximum in the summer months (June–July). In the Southern Hemisphere the seasonal cycle is less evident, possibly due to a greater proportion of low-latitude data. The original and gridded datasets can be downloaded from Pangaea (http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.785092).
Ollendick, TH & Benoit, KE 2012, 'A Parent–Child Interactional Model of Social Anxiety Disorder in Youth', Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 81-91.
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In this paper, one of the most common disorders of childhood and adolescence, social anxiety disorder (SAD), is examined to illustrate the complex and delicate interplay between parent and child factors that can result in normal development gone awry. Our parent-child model of SAD posits a host of variables that converge to occasion the onset and maintenance of this disorder. Specifically, five risk factors-temperamental characteristics of the child, parental anxiety, attachment processes in the parent-child dyad, information processing biases, and parenting practices-will be highlighted. While it is acknowledged that other factors including genetic influences and peer relationships may also be important, they are simply not the focus of this paper. Within these constraints, the implications of our parent-child interaction model for prevention, treatment, research, and practice will be explored. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
Ollendick, TH & White, SW 2012, 'The presentation and classification of anxiety in autism spectrum disorder: Where to from here?', Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 352-355.
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In this brief commentary, we reflect on two issues attendant to the comprehensive review of anxiety in youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) by Kerns and Kendall (2012). Specifically, we explore (a) issues related to unique and shared features of anxiety in youth with ASD and neurotypical youth and (b) the meaning of validation in psychological research. We conclude that anxiety in youth with ASD is characterized by a set of unique features that must be considered in assessing anxiety in these youth and that test instruments must attend to various aspects of a complex validation process. We conclude that validation is not a condition of an instrument per se but an ongoing, iterative process. © 2013 American Psychological Association. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc., on behalf of the American Psychological Association.
Ollendick, TH, Lewis, KM, Cowart, MJW & Davis, T 2012, 'Prediction of Child Performance on a Parent-Child Behavioral Approach Test With Animal Phobic Children', Behavior Modification, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 509-524.
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A host of factors including genetic influences, temperament characteristics, learning experiences, information processing biases, parental psychopathology, and specific parenting practices have been hypothesized to contribute to the development and expression of children's phobias. In the present study, the authors focused on parental psychopathology (phobic anxiety) and parenting behaviors (warmth, involvement) in the prediction of child performance on a behavioral approach test (BAT). All children (n = 44) experienced a phobia of animals and were clinic referred. The youth completed two BATs: the first alone and the second one with a parent present. Overall, performance was greater on the parent-present BAT (58% of steps completed) than on the child-alone BAT (38% of steps completed), although considerable variability was present. Performance on the parent-present BAT was associated with parental warmth and involvement but not parental phobic anxiety. Implications of these findings were discussed, and their implications for the use of behavioral analogues tests were explored. © The Author(s) 2012.
Ormerod, JT & Wand, MP 2012, 'Comment', Technometrics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 233-236.
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Ormerod, JT & Wand, MP 2012, 'Gaussian Variational Approximate Inference for Generalized Linear Mixed Models', Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 2-17.
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Variational approximation methods have become a mainstay of contemporary machine learning methodology, but currently have little presence in statistics. We devise an effective variational approximation strategy for fitting generalized linear mixed models
Orr, RJS, Murray, SA, Stuken, A, Rhodes, L & Jakobsen, KS 2012, 'When Naked Became Armored: An Eight-Gene Phylogeny Reveals Monophyletic Origin of Theca in Dinoflagellates', PLOS ONE, vol. 7, no. 11, pp. e50004-0.
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The dinoflagellates are a diverse lineage of microbial eukaryotes. Dinoflagellate monophyly and their position within the group Alveolata are well established. However, phylogenetic relationships between dinoflagellate orders remain unresolved. To date, only a limited number of dinoflagellate studies have used a broad taxon sample with more than two concatenated markers. This lack of resolution makes it difficult to determine the evolution of major phenotypic characters such as morphological features or toxin production e.g. saxitoxin. Here we present an improved dinoflagellate phylogeny, based on eight genes, with the broadest taxon sampling to date. Fifty-five sequences for eight phylogenetic markers from nuclear and mitochondrial regions were amplified from 13 species, four orders, and concatenated phylogenetic inferences were conducted with orthologous sequences. Phylogenetic resolution is increased with addition of support for the deepest branches, though can be improved yet further. We show for the first time that the characteristic dinoflagellate thecal plates, cellulosic material that is present within the sub-cuticular alveoli, appears to have had a single origin. In addition, the monophyly of most dinoflagellate orders is confirmed: the Dinophysiales, the Gonyaulacales, the Prorocentrales, the Suessiales, and the Syndiniales. Our improved phylogeny, along with results of PCR to detect the sxtA gene in various lineages, allows us to suggest that this gene was probably acquired separately in Gymnodinium and the common ancestor of Alexandrium and Pyrodinium and subsequently lost in some descendent species of Alexandrium.
Orwa, JO, Ganesan, K, Newnham, J, Santori, C, Barclay, P, Fu, KMC, Beausoleil, RG, Aharonovich, I, Fairchild, BA, Olivero, P, Greentree, AD & Prawer, S 2012, 'An upper limit on the lateral vacancy diffusion length in diamond', DIAMOND AND RELATED MATERIALS, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 6-10.
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Ion implantation is widely used to modify the structural, electrical and optical properties of materials. By appropriate masking, this technique can be used to define nano- and micro-structures. However, depending on the type of mask used, experiments have shown that vacancy-related substrate modification can be inferred tens of micrometers away from the edge of the mask used to define the implanted region. This could be due to fast diffusion of vacancies from the implanted area during annealing or to a geometric effect related to ion scattering around the mask edges. For quantum and single-atom devices, stray ion damage can be deleterious and must be minimized. In order to profile the distribution of implantation-induced damage, we have used the nitrogen-vacancy color center as a sensitive marker for vacancy concentration and distribution following MeV He ion implantation into diamond and annealing. Results show that helium atoms implanted through a mask clamped to the diamond surface are scattered underneath the mask to distances in the range of tens of micrometers from the mask edge. Implantation through a lithographically defined and deposited mask, with no spacing between the mask and the substrate, significantly reduces the scattering to = 5 µm but does not eliminate it. These scattering distances are much larger than the theoretically estimated vacancy diffusion distance of ~ 260 nm under similar conditions. This paper shows that diffusion, upon annealing, of vacancies created by ion implantation in diamond, is limited, and the appearance of vacancies many tens of micrometers from the edge of the mask is due to scattering effects
Osabe, K, Kawanabe, T, Sasaki, T, Ishikawa, R, Okazaki, K, Dennis, ES, Kazama, T & Fujimoto, R 2012, 'Multiple Mechanisms and Challenges for the Application of Allopolyploidy in Plants', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES, vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 8696-8721.
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An allopolyploid is an individual having two or more complete sets of chromosomes derived from different species. Generation of allopolyploids might be rare because of the need to overcome limitations such as co-existing populations of parental lines, ov
Oxborough, K, Moore, CM, Suggett, DJ, Lawson, T, Chan, HG & Geider, RJ 2012, 'Direct estimation of functional PSII reaction center concentration and PSII electron flux on a volume basis: a new approach to the analysis of Fast Repetition Rate fluorometry (FRRf) data', Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 142-154.
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Packer, JM, Irish, J, Herbert, BR, Hill, C, Padula, M, Blair, SE, Carter, DA & Harry, EJ 2012, 'Specific non-peroxide antibacterial effect of manuka honey on the Staphylococcus aureus proteome', International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 43-50.
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Manuka honey, derived from the New Zealand flowering plant Leptospermum scoparium, shows promise as a topical antibacterial agent and effective chronic wound dressing. The aim of this study was to determine the non-peroxide antibacterial effects of this
Pagan, F, Lim, C, Keglovic, M & McNevin, D 2012, 'Comparison of DNA extraction methods for identification of human remains', Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 117-127.
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Palee, J, Dheeranupa, S, Jatisatien, A, Wangkarn, S, Mungkornas, P, Pyne, S, Ung, A & Sastraruji, T 2012, 'Influence of Plantlet Age and Different Soilless Culture on Acclimatization of Stemona curtisii Hook.f.', Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 294-299.
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The aim of this experiment was to study the optimal age of Stemona curtisii plantlets for acclimatization. The in vitro shoots of S. curtisii were cultured on Murashige and Skoog solid medium supplemented with 1 mg L-1 naphthalene acetic acid to induce roots. Then, the plantlets from in vitro culture of 4, 8 and 12 week-old were transferred into the soil and their survival rate during the acclimatization process in the greenhouse was investigated. It was found that the 8 week-old plantlets had the highest survival rate of 80%. However, to enhance the survival rate of these plantlets, a soilless culture technique as a possible approach for the acclimatization was considered. Eight week-old plantlets were transferred into either, soil, a hydroponic system (nutrient film technique), coconut fiber or sand. The plantlets which were cultivated in coconut fiber or hydroponic culture showed 100% survival rate with the highest average number of new roots per plant. However, the mean root length of the plantlets grown in hydroponic system was significantly higher than that grown in coconut fiber.
Pan, MW, Ye, N, Chen, ZQ, Gu, CM & Lim, CED 2012, 'Observation of infiltration and activation of dendritic cells in primary foci of prostate cancer using fuzhengyiliufa integrative treatments', Journal of the Australian Traditional-Medicine Society, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 151-154.
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Objective: To elucidate the effect of the integrative TCM treatment fuzhengyiliufa on the infiltration and activation of dendritic cells in the primary foci of prostate cancer. Method: A prospective controlled trial of 57 prostate cancer inpatients were recruited for the study. The subjects were divided into two groups. Group 1: 18 subjects were recruited for the study. Ten were randomly assigned to the therapeutic group and eight to the control group. The therapeutic group received the fuzhengyiliufa integrative treatment, which consisted of ingesting the Chinese herbal medicine fuzhengyiliufa combined with routine incretion (endocrine) therapy; the control group received routine incretion therapy only. The remaining 39 patients formed the second group. The second group was also divided into two groups groups according to whether patients received fuzhengyiliufa TCM treatment or not before their biopsy. The TCM group consisted of 19 patients who received fuzhengyiliufa treatments; the control group (20 patients) received no treatment. For statistical analysis the software SPSS13.0 was used. Venue: Guangdong Women's and Children's Hospital and Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine. Results: Group 1: All 18 patients had returned two pathological samples before the trial. In the therapeutic subgroup of ten patients, in one sample before treatment both CD1a and CD83 were negative. The quantity of CD1a positive dendritic cells after treatment in both groups were elevated compared to the quantity of CD1a before treatments; the differences were statistically significant (p<0.05). The quantity of CD83 positive dendritic cells were higher than pre-treatment levels, with a a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). Group 2: The second group of 39 patients had each returned one pathological sample. The quantity of CD1a with positive dendritic cells in the therapeutic group was higher than that in the control group, with a statistically significant differe...
Pangon, L, Van Kralingen, C, Abas, M, Daly, RJ, Musgrove, EA & Kohonen-Corish, MRJ 2012, 'The PDZ-binding motif of MCC is phosphorylated at position −1 and controls lamellipodia formation in colon epithelial cells', Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research, vol. 1823, no. 6, pp. 1058-1067.
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Pant, R, Byrnes, A, Poulton, CG, Li, E, Choi, D-Y, Madden, S, Luther-Davies, B & Eggleton, BJ 2012, 'Photonic-chip-based tunable slow and fast light via stimulated Brillouin scattering', OPTICS LETTERS, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 969-971.
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We report the first (to our knowledge) demonstration of photonic chip based tunable slow and fast light via stimulated Brillouin scattering. Slow, fast, and negative group velocities were observed in a 7 cm long chalcogenide (As2S3) rib waveguide with a
Parkinson, KL, Booth, DJ & Lee, JE 2012, 'Validation of otolith daily increment formation for two temperate syngnathid fishes: the pipefishes Stigmatopora argus and Stigmatopora nigra', JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 698-704.
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Otoliths were used for the first time to successfully validate the age of members of the family Syngnathidae: the spotted pipefish Stigmatopora argus and the wide-bodied pipefish Stigmatopora nigra. Otolith increments were deposited daily in (1) known-ag
Paterson, AH, Wendel, JF, Gundlach, H, Guo, H, Jenkins, J, Jin, D, Llewellyn, D, Showmaker, KC, Shu, S, Udall, J, Yoo, M-J, Byers, R, Chen, W, Doron-Faigenboim, A, Duke, MV, Gong, L, Grimwood, J, Grover, C, Grupp, K, Hu, G, Lee, T-H, Li, J, Lin, L, Liu, T, Marler, BS, Page, JT, Roberts, AW, Romanel, E, Sanders, WS, Szadkowski, E, Tan, X, Tang, H, Xu, C, Wang, J, Wang, Z, Zhang, D, Zhang, L, Ashrafi, H, Bedon, F, Bowers, JE, Brubaker, CL, Chee, PW, Das, S, Gingle, AR, Haigler, CH, Harker, D, Hoffmann, LV, Hovav, R, Jones, DC, Lemke, C, Mansoor, S, Rahman, MU, Rainville, LN, Rambani, A, Reddy, UK, Rong, J-K, Saranga, Y, Scheffler, BE, Scheffler, JA, Stelly, DM, Triplett, BA, Van Deynze, A, Vaslin, MFS, Waghmare, VN, Walford, SA, Wright, RJ, Zaki, EA, Zhang, T, Dennis, ES, Mayer, KFX, Peterson, DG, Rokhsar, DS, Wang, X & Schmutz, J 2012, 'Repeated polyploidization of Gossypium genomes and the evolution of spinnable cotton fibres', NATURE, vol. 492, no. 7429, pp. 423-+.
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Paul, RG, Elston, MS, Gill, AJ, Marsh, D, Beer, I, Wolmarans, L, Conaglen, JV & MeyerRochow, GY 2012, 'Hypercalcaemia due to parathyroid carcinoma presenting in the third trimester of pregnancy', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 204-207.
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Peng, T, Xie, H, Ding, Y, Wang, W, Li, Z, Jin, D, Tang, Y, Ren, Q & Xi, P 2012, 'CRAFT: Multimodality confocal skin imaging for early cancer diagnosis', JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS, vol. 5, no. 5-6, pp. 469-476.
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Pérez, A, Zhang, S, Kipnis, V, Freedman, LS & Carroll, RJ 2012, 'Intake_epis_food(): AnRFunction for Fitting a Bivariate Nonlinear Measurement Error Model to Estimate Usual and Energy Intake for Episodically Consumed Foods', Journal of Statistical Software, vol. 46, no. Code Snippet 3, pp. 1-17.
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We consider a Bayesian analysis using WinBUGS to estimate the distribution of usual intake for episodically consumed foods and energy (calories). The model uses measures of nutrition and energy intakes via a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) along with repeated 24 hour recalls and adjusting covariates. In order to estimate the usual intake of the food, we phrase usual intake in terms of person-specific random effects, along with day-to-day variability in food and energy consumption. Three levels are incorporated in the model. The first level incorporates information about whether an individual in fact reported consumption of a particular food item. The second level incorporates the amount of intake from those individuals who reported consumption of the food, and the third level incorporates the energy intake. Estimates of posterior means of parameters and distributions of usual intakes are obtained by using Markov chain Monte Carlo calculations. This R function reports to users point estimates and credible intervals for parameters in the model, samples from their posterior distribution, samples from the distribution of usual intake and usual energy intake, trace plots of parameters and summary statistics of usual intake, usual energy intake and energy adjusted usual intake.
Pernice, M & Boucher-Rodoni, R 2012, 'Occurrence of a specific dual symbiosis in the excretory organ of geographically distant Nautiloids populations', Environmental Microbiology Reports, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 504-511.
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Pernice, M, Meibom, A, Van Den Heuvel, A, Kopp, C, Domart-Coulon, I, Hoegh-Guldberg, O & Dove, S 2012, 'A single-cell view of ammonium assimilation in coral–dinoflagellate symbiosis', The ISME Journal, vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 1314-1324.
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Petrou, K, Kranz, SA, Doblin, MA & Ralph, PJ 2012, 'PHOTOPHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF FRAGILARIOPSIS CYLINDRUS (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) TO NITROGEN DEPLETION AT TWO TEMPERATURES', JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 127-136.
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The photosynthetic efficiency and photoprotective capacity of the sea-ice diatom, Fragilariopsis cylindrus (Grunow) W. Krieg., grown in a matrix of nitrogen repletion and depletion at two different temperatures (-1 degrees C and +6 degrees C) was investigated. Temperature showed no significant effect on photosynthetic efficiency or photoprotection in F. cylindrus. Cultures under nitrogen depletion showed enhanced photoprotective capacity with an increase in nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) when compared with nitrogen-replete cultures. This phenomenon was achieved at no apparent cost to the photosynthetic efficiency of PSII (FV/FM). Nitrogen depletion yielded a partially reduced electron transport chain in which maximum fluorescence (FM) could only be obtained by adding 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU). reoxidation curves showed the presence of QB nonreducing PSII centers under nitrogen depletion. Fast induction curves (FICs) and electron transport rates (ETRs) revealed slowing of the electrons transferred from the primary (QA) to the secondary (QB) quinone electron acceptors of PSII. The data presented show that nitrogen depletion in F. cylindrus leads to the formation of QB nonreducing PSII centers within the photosystem. On a physiological level, the formation of QB nonreducing PSII centers in F. cylindrus provides the cell with protection against photoinhibition by facilitating the rapid induction of NPQ. This strategy provides an important ecological advantage, especially during the Antarctic spring, maintaining photosynthetic efficiency under high light and nutrient-limiting conditions.
Phillips, ML & Murray, BR 2012, 'Invasiveness in exotic plant species is linked to high seed survival in the soil', EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY RESEARCH, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 83-94.
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Background: Exotic species often do no harm for many generations and then become invasive. The science of invasion ecology seeks to determine the nature or causes of this change. Among the possibilities is that soil-borne fungi play a significant role in reducing the potential for invasiveness in the introduced range. Predictions: The seed survival of invasive species in the soil exceeds that of non-invasives. Seed survival, both in invasives and non-invasives, is higher in the presence of fungicide, but fungicide improves the seed survival of non-invasives more than that of invasives. Methods: A common garden experiment under field conditions to compare seed survival in the soil between invasive and non-invasive exotic plant species. We contrasted seven congeneric pairs of invasive and non-invasive species. The species in each pair originated from the same donor continent, shared similar growth form, habitat occurrence, and residence times in Australia. The addition of fungicide was used as an experimental treatment. Results: Seed survival was significantly higher in invasive species. The addition of fungicide improved seed survival. However, there was also a significant interaction: the fungicide treatment had a significantly stronger effect on the seed survival of non-invasive species. Seed mass differences between congeners did not provide a consistent, significant explanation of seed survival differences. Conclusion: The seeds of invasive species are better equipped to survive in the soil than those of non-invasive species. Moreover, soil-borne fungi play a key role in the lower seed survival of non-invasive species.
Phillips, MR 2012, 'Stability Of InGaN/GaN MQW Luminescence Under Prolonged High Current Injection', Microscopy and Microanalysis, vol. 18, no. S2, pp. 1876-1877.
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
Piefer, LA, Weeks, BR, Carroll, RJ, Byrne, DH, Ambrus, A & Turner, ND 2012, 'Quercetin and chlorogenic acid affect butyrate excretion, NF‐ κB activity, and cell proliferation in DSS treated rats', The FASEB Journal, vol. 26, no. S1.
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Pike, DA, Webb, JK & Shine, R 2012, 'Hot mothers, cool eggs: nest-site selection by egg-guarding spiders accommodates conflicting thermal optima', FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 469-475.
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In oviparous species providing maternal care, the choice of nest site is crucial for the survival of both the eggs and the mother. Most embryos only develop successfully within a narrow range of incubation conditions, which may differ from the mothers own requirements. How, then, do nest-attending mothers select sites that provide suitable conditions for embryonic development, without compromising their own viability? We investigated nest-site selection in flat-rock spiders, Hemicloea major, a species that guards fixed egg sacs in a thermally challenging environment (under sun-exposed rocks). Females glue egg sacs beneath rocks during late spring and guard their eggs during summer, when temperatures beneath rocks often exceed 50 degrees C. Our field surveys show that spiders laid eggs beneath rocks that were larger and thinner, and thus hotter, than were most available rocks. However, the egg sacs almost invariably were glued to the coolest sites on the substrate beneath a rock, rather than to the (hotter, by about 9 degrees C) underside of the rock. By affixing their egg sacs to the coolest locations beneath the hottest rocks, females ensured that their developing offspring experienced moderate temperatures and avoided lethal extremes and, simultaneously, gave themselves access to much hotter areas (that enhance their feeding and growth rates) under the same rock. This strategy allows mobile adult spiders to actively select higher temperatures than can be tolerated by their embryos, while remaining close enough to their eggs for effective nest guarding.
Pike, DA, Webb, JK & Shine, R 2012, 'Reply to comment on ‘chainsawing for conservation: ecologically informed tree removal for habitat management’', Ecological Management & Restoration, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. e12-e13.
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Poreba, M, McGowan, S, Skinner-Adams, TS, Trenholme, KR, Gardiner, DL, Whisstock, JC, To, J, Salvesen, GS, Dalton, JP & Drag, M 2012, 'Fingerprinting the Substrate Specificity of M1 and M17 Aminopeptidases of Human Malaria, Plasmodium falciparum', PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. e31938-e31938.
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Porkovich, AJ, Arnold, MD, Kouzmina, G, Hingley, B & Cortie, MB 2012, 'Calorimetric Sensor for H2O2/H2O Mist Streams', IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL, vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 2392-2398.
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Mist streams comprised of H2O2/H2O droplets are a recent innovation for disinfecting medical equipment, but the availability of a sensor that could monitor the concentration of H2O2 applied during the treatment would be desirable. Here we describe a means to obtain a rapid estimation of H2O2 concentration in this environment. The proposed sensor is based on a platinum resistance thermometer coated with a layer of MnO2 catalyst. It may be calibrated to operate either during the mist delivery step of a disinfection cycle, or during the evacuation (drying) phase. Cooling of the sensor surface due to evaporation of H2O and effervescence of decomposing H2O2 operates against heat generated by the decomposition reaction to produce a wellde?ned minimum in the temperature. The time and temperature at which this minimum occurs are well correlated, with the H2O2 content of the solution used to produce the mist droplets.
Post, V, Hamidian, M & Hall, RM 2012, 'Antibiotic-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii variants belonging to global clone 1', Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 1039-1040.
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Poulton, CG, Pant, R, Byrnes, A, Fan, S, Steel, MJ & Eggleton, BJ 2012, 'Design for broadband on-chip isolator using stimulated Brillouin scattering in dispersion-engineered chalcogenide waveguides', OPTICS EXPRESS, vol. 20, no. 19, pp. 21235-21246.
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We propose a scheme for on-chip isolation in chalcogenide (As2S3) rib waveguides, in which Stimulated Brillouin Scattering is used to induce non-reciprocal mode conversion within a multi-moded waveguide. The design exploits the idea that a chalcogenide r
Poursoltan, P, Currey, N, Pangon, L, van Kralingen, C, Selinger, CI, Mahar, A, Cooper, WA, Kennedy, CW, McCaughan, BC, Trent, R & Kohonen-Corish, MRJ 2012, 'Loss of heterozygosity of the Mutated in Colorectal Cancer gene is not associated with promoter methylation in non-small cell lung cancer', Lung Cancer, vol. 77, no. 2, pp. 272-276.
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Prieto-García, A, Zheng, D, Adachi, R, Xing, W, Lane, WS, Chung, K, Anderson, P, Hansbro, PM, Castells, M & Stevens, RL 2012, 'Mast Cell Restricted Mouse and Human Tryptase·Heparin Complexes Hinder Thrombin-induced Coagulation of Plasma and the Generation of Fibrin by Proteolytically Destroying Fibrinogen', Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 287, no. 11, pp. 7834-7844.
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Puill-Stephan, E, Willis, BL, Abrego, D, Raina, J-B & van Oppen, MJH 2012, 'Allorecognition maturation in the broadcast-spawning coral Acropora millepora', Coral Reefs, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 1019-1028.
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Many sessile marine invertebrates discriminate self from non-self with great precision, but maturation of allorecognition generally takes months to develop in juveniles. Here, we compare the development of allorecognition in full-sibling, half-sibling and non-sibling contact reactions between newly settled juveniles of the broadcast-spawning coral Acropora millepora on the Great Barrier Reef (Australia). Absence of a rejection response showed that A. millepora lacks a mature allorecognition system in the first 2 months post-settlement. From thereon, incompatibilities were observed between juveniles, their level of relatedness (i.e. full-, half- and non-sibling status) governing the rate of allorecognition maturation. All contact reactions between non-siblings resulted in rejections by 3 months post-settlement, whereas the expression of allorecognition took at least 5 months between half-siblings and longer than 13 months for some full-siblings. Approximately 74 % of fused full-siblings ( n = 19) persisted as chimeras at 11 months, thus maturation of allorecognition in this spawning coral appeared to be slower (>13 months) than in brooding corals (~4 months). We hypothesize that late maturation of allorecognition may contribute to flexibility in Symbiodinium uptake in corals with horizontal transmission, and could allow fusions and chimera formation in early ontogeny, which potentially enable rapid size increase through fusion
Pushpamalar, V, Langford, SJ, Ahmad, M, Hashim, K & Lim, YY 2012, 'Absorption characterization of Ca2+, Na+, and K+ on irradiation crosslinked carboxymethyl sago pulp hydrogel', Journal of Applied Polymer Science, pp. n/a-n/a.
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R. Doddareddy, M, Rawling, T & J. Ammit, A 2012, 'Targeting Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase-1 (MKP-1): Structure-Based Design of MKP-1 Inhibitors and Upregulators', Current Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 163-173.
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Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatases (MKPs) are dual specificity protein phosphatases (DUSPs) that dephosphorylate both phospho-tyrosine and phospho-threonine residues on mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Because the MAPK family of signalling molecules (phospho-p38 MAPK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)) play essential roles in cell signalling pathways that regulate cell growth and inflammation, controlling MAPK-mediated pathways is a therapeutically attractive strategy. While small molecule MAPK inhibitors have utility, in this review we will focus on exploring the potential of targeting the endogenous MAPK deactivator--MKP-1. Importantly, there is a strong justification for developing both inhibitors and upregulators of MKP-1 because of the diverse roles played by MAPKs in disease: for example, in cancer, MKP-1 inhibitors may prove beneficial, as MKP-1 is overexpressed and is considered responsible for the failure of JNK-driven apoptotic pathways induced by chemotherapeutics; conversely, in inflammatory diseases such as asthma and arthritis, MKP-1 reduces MAPK-mediated signalling and developing novel ligands to upregulate MKP-1 levels would be a therapeutically attractive anti-inflammatory strategy. Thus, in this review we utilise MKP-1 homology modeling to highlight the structural features of MKP-1 inhibitors that permit potent and selective inhibition, and to provide insights into the structural requirements for selective MKP-1 upregulators.
Ramelow, S, Fedrizzi, A, Poppe, A, Langford, NK & Zeilinger, A 2012, 'Polarization-entanglement-conserving frequency conversion of photons', Physical Review A, vol. 85, no. 1.
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Ranjbartoreh, AR, Su, D & Wang, G 2012, 'Consideration of Critical Axial Properties of Pristine and Defected Carbon Nanotubes Under Compression', JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 5025-5029.
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Carbon nanotubes are hexagonally configured carbon atoms in cylindrical structures. Exceptionally high mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, surface area, thermal stability and optical transparency of carbon nanotubes outperformed other known mat
Rapee, RM, Bőgels, SM, van der Sluis, CM, Craske, MG & Ollendick, T 2012, 'Annual Research Review: Conceptualising functional impairment in children and adolescents', Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 454-468.
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Raviraj, V, Zhang, H, Chien, H-Y, Cole, L, Thompson, EW & Soon, L 2012, 'Dormant but migratory tumour cells in desmoplastic stroma of invasive ductal carcinomas', Clinical & Experimental Metastasis, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 273-292.
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Rawling, T, McDonagh, AM, Tattam, B & Murray, M 2012, 'Synthesis of unsymmetrical biaryl ureas from N-carbamoylimidazoles: kinetics and application', Tetrahedron, vol. 68, no. 30, pp. 6065-6070.
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N-Carbamoylimidazoles dissociate in solution to yield imidazole and an isocyanate that may be reacted with another aryl amine to form an unsymmetrical biaryl urea. This paper investigates the reaction kinetics and the influence of electron withdrawing/do
Reid, S, Johnson, L, Woodland, N & Marks, DC 2012, 'Pathogen reduction treatment of buffy coat platelet concentrates in additive solution induces proapoptotic signaling', TRANSFUSION, vol. 52, no. 10, pp. 2094-2103.
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BACKGROUND: Pathogen reduction technology (PRT) can potentially reduce the risk of transfusion-transmitted infections. However, PRT treatment of platelet (PLT) concentrates also results in reduced PLT quality and increased markers of apoptosis during storage. The aim of this study was to investigate changes to the expression and activation of proteins involved in apoptosis signaling. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Samples from riboflavin and ultraviolet light PRT-treated and untreated (control) buffy coatderived PCs in 70% SSP+ and 30% plasma were taken on Days 1, 5, and 7 of storage. Phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure, expression of Bcl-2 family proteins, cytochrome c release, and cleavage of caspase-3 and caspase-3 substrates were analyzed using flow cytometry and Western blotting. RESULTS: Compared to untreated controls, markers of apoptosis signaling were increased after PRT and subsequent storage. PS exposure on the PLT outer membrane was significantly higher after PRT on Days 5 and 7 of storage (p < 0.05). Expression of proapoptotic Bak and Bax was higher after PRT and subsequent storage. Cytochrome c release and caspase-3 cleavage were also greater and occurred earlier in the PRT-treated PLTs. The cleavage of caspase-3 substrates gelsolin and ROCK I were also increased after PRT, compared to untreated controls. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated an increase in proapoptotic signaling during PLT storage, which was exacerbated by PRT. Many of these differences emerged outside the current 5-day storage period. These changes may not currently influence PLT transfusion quality, but will need to be carefully evaluated when considering extending PLT storage beyond 5 days
Reim, KF, Nunn, J, Jin, X-M, Michelberger, PS, Champion, TFM, England, DG, Lee, KC, Kolthammer, WS, Langford, NK & Walmsley, IA 2012, 'Multipulse Addressing of a Raman Quantum Memory: Configurable Beam Splitting and Efficient Readout', Physical Review Letters, vol. 108, no. 26.
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Reimers, JR & Cai, Z-L 2012, 'Hydrogen bonding and reactivity of water to azines in their S-1 (n,pi*) electronic excited states in the gas phase and in solution', PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 14, no. 25, pp. 8791-8802.
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Rice, SA, van den Akker, B, Pomati, F & Roser, D 2012, 'A risk assessment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in swimming pools: a review', Journal of Water and Health, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 181-196.
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Despite routine monitoring and disinfection, treated swimming pools are frequently contaminated with the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which can represent a significant public health threat. This review was undertaken to identify the current understanding of risk factors associated with pool operation with respect to P. aeruginosa. The ecology and factors that promote growth of P. aeruginosa in the pool environment are complex and dynamic and so we applied a systematic risk assessment approach to integrate existing data, with the aim to improve pool management and safety. Sources of P. aeruginosa, types of infections, dose responses, routes of transmission, as well as the efficacy of current disinfectant treatments were reviewed. This review also highlights the critical knowledge gaps that are required for a more robust, quantitative risk assessment of P. aeruginosa. Quantitative risk management strategies have been successfully applied to drinking water systems and should similarly be amenable to developing a better understanding of the risk posed by P. aeruginosa in swimming pools.
Richman, MB & Leslie, LM 2012, 'Adaptive Machine Learning Approaches to Seasonal Prediction of Tropical Cyclones', Procedia Computer Science, vol. 12, pp. 276-281.
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Ritchie, LE, Carroll, R, Weeks, B, Rooney, L & Turner, ND 2012, 'Novel sorghum brans containing bioactive compounds alter the production of microbial secondary metabolites in response to a DSS‐induced chronic inflammatory state', The FASEB Journal, vol. 26, no. S1.
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Ritchie, RJ & Larkum, AWD 2012, 'Modelling photosynthesis in shallow algal production ponds', PHOTOSYNTHETICA, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 481-500.
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Shallow ponds with rapidly photosynthesising cyanobacteria or eukaryotic algae are used for growing biotechnology feedstock and have been proposed for biofuel production but a credible model to predict the productivity of a column of phytoplankton in suc
Robinson, MW, Alvarado, R, To, J, Hutchinson, AT, Dowdell, SN, Lund, M, Turnbull, L, Whitchurch, CB, O'Brien, BA, Dalton, JP & Donnelly, S 2012, 'A helminth cathelicidin-like protein suppresses antigen processing and presentation in macrophages via inhibition of lysosomal vATPase', FASEB JOURNAL, vol. 26, no. 11, pp. 4614-4627.
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We previously reported the identification of a novel family of immunomodulatory proteins, termed helminth defense molecules (HDMs), that are secreted by medically important trematode parasites. Since HDMs share biochemical, structural, and functional characteristics with mammalian cathelicidin-like host defense peptides (HDPs), we proposed that HDMs modulate the immune response via molecular mimicry of host molecules. In the present study, we report the mechanism by which HDMs influence the function of macrophages. We show that the HDM secreted by Fasciola hepatica (FhHDM-1) binds to macrophage plasma membrane lipid rafts via selective interaction with phospholipids and/or cholesterol before being internalized by endocytosis. Following internalization, FhHDM-1 is rapidly processed by lysosomal cathepsin L to release a short C-terminal peptide (containing a conserved amphipathic helix that is a key to HDM function), which then prevents the acidification of the endolysosomal compartments by inhibiting vacuolar ATPase activity. The resulting endolysosomal alkalization impedes macrophage antigen processing and prevents the transport of peptides to the cell surface in conjunction with MHC class II for presentation to CD4(+) T cells. Thus, we have elucidated a novel mechanism by which helminth pathogens alter innate immune cell function to assist their survival in the host.-Robinson, M. W., Alvarado, R., To, J., Hutchinson, A. T., Dowdell, S. N., Lund, M., Turnbull, L., Whitchurch, C. B., O'Brien, B. A., Dalton, J. P., Donnelly, S. A helminth cathelicidin-like protein suppresses antigen processing and presentation in macrophages via inhibition of lysosomal vATPase
Robinson, MW, Hutchinson, AT & Donnelly, S 2012, 'Antimicrobial peptides: utility players in innate immunity', FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY, vol. 3, no. 325.
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Roczen, M, Schade, M, Malguth, E, Callsen, G, Barthel, T, Gref, O, Toefflinger, JA, Schoepke, A, Schmidt, M, Leipner, HS, Ruske, F, Phillips, MR, Hoffmann, A, Korte, L & Rech, B 2012, 'Structural investigations of silicon nanostructures grown by self-organized island formation for photovoltaic applications', APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING, vol. 108, no. 3, pp. 719-726.
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The self-organized growth of crystalline silicon nanodots and their structural characteristics are investigated. For the nanodot synthesis, thin amorphous silicon (a-Si) layers with different thicknesses have been deposited onto the ultrathin (2 nm) oxid
Rodgers, KJ & Jackson, CL 2012, 'Aneurysm prevention: keep the cat out of the bag', CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH, vol. 96, no. 3, pp. 350-351.
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Rodrigues, CDA & Harry, EJ 2012, 'The Min System and Nucleoid Occlusion Are Not Required for Identifying the Division Site in Bacillus subtilis but Ensure Its Efficient Utilization', PLoS Genetics, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. e1002561-e1002561.
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Precise temporal and spatial control of cell division is essential for progeny survival. The current general view is that precise positioning of the division site at midcell in rod-shaped bacteria is a result of the combined action of the Min system and
Roelke, DL, Spatharis, S & Mitrovic, SM 2012, 'A new hydrology: effects on ecosystem form and functioning', Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 69, no. 8, pp. 1377-1379.
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Water cycles are changing because of human population growth and climate change. Such changes will affect fundamental system-level characteristics that in turn will greatly influence ecosystem form and functioning. Here, a collection of papers is offered that furthers our understanding of cause and effect relationships between altered hydrology and various ecosystem properties. Combined, these papers address issues related to inflows, connectivity, and circulation and vertical mixing. In regards to altered inflows, this collection of papers addresses how seagrass bed communities, incidence of some haptophyte harmful algal blooms, and biodiversity of intermittently flowing streams might respond. These papers also address factors that influence connectivity in wetlands, and in the case of a lake and its neighboring wetland, how connectivity between systems can profoundly affect ecosystem form and functioning. Finally, the effects of altered circulation and vertical mixing are addressed as they relate to the spread of some cyanobacteria blooms to higher latitudes. The reader of this collection of papers gains a better appreciation of how ecosystem form and functioning is influenced by hydrologic processes and can conclude that there is a need for continued research in this area to better understand the impacts of human population growth and climate change.
Ronquist, F, Teslenko, M, van der Mark, P, Ayres, DL, Darling, A, Höhna, S, Larget, B, Liu, L, Suchard, MA & Huelsenbeck, JP 2012, 'MrBayes 3.2: Efficient Bayesian Phylogenetic Inference and Model Choice Across a Large Model Space', Systematic Biology, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 539-542.
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Since its introduction in 2001, MrBayes has grown in popularity as a software package for Bayesian phylogenetic inference using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. With this note, we announce the release of version 3.2, a major upgrade to the latest
Roux, C 2012, 'A milestone for forensic science in Australasia', Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 217-218.
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Roux, C, Crispino, F & Ribaux, O 2012, 'From Forensics to Forensic Science', Current Issues in Criminal Justice, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 7-24.
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Salter, PS, Jesacher, A, Spring, JB, Metcalf, BJ, Thomas-Peter, N, Simmonds, RD, Langford, NK, Walmsley, IA & Booth, MJ 2012, 'Adaptive slit beam shaping for direct laser written waveguides', Optics Letters, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 470-470.
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Sastraruji, K, Sastraruji, T, Ung, AT, Griffith, R, Jatisatienr, A & Pyne, SG 2012, 'Synthesis of stemofoline analogues as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors', TETRAHEDRON, vol. 68, no. 35, pp. 7103-7115.
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Thirty-two new stemofoline analogues were prepared from didehydrostemofoline for studies as AChE inhibitors. C-3 Side-chain modified amino, carbamate, triazole and oxazole stemofoline derivatives were prepared. In general the amine derivatives were found to be stronger inhibitors of AChE than their alcohol analogues that we previously reported. Compounds 5 and 26, with small C-3 side-chain substituents, were two of the most active inhibitors. Preliminary molecular docking studies suggested that these compounds may inhibit AChE by binding horizontally along the passage of the active-site gorge and block access to acetylcholine.
Sastraruji, T, Pyne, SG & Ung, AT 2012, 'ChemInform Abstract: Oxidation of Acyclic Alkenes and Allyl and Benzyl Ethers with DIB/t-BuOOH/Mg(OAc)2.', ChemInform, vol. 43, no. 26, pp. no-no.
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Sastraruji, T, Pyne, SG & Ung, AT 2012, 'Oxidation of acyclic alkenes and allyl and benzyl ethers with DIB/t-BuOOH/Mg(OAc)(2)', TETRAHEDRON, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 598-602.
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Oxidation of (11Z)-1',2'-didehydrostemofoline with DIB/TBHP/Mg(OAc)(2)center dot 4H(2)O resulted in oxidative cleavage of the C-11-C-12 double bond instead of the desired allylic oxidation of the 1-butenyl side chain. Stemofoline gave a similar result. The oxidation of more simple terminal alkenes was regioselective and gave vinyl ketones while allyl and benzyl ethers gave acrylate and benzoate esters, respectively. Allyl and benzyl ethers could be chemoselectively oxidized in the presence of a terminal alkene or benzyl group. Oxidation of an internal alkene was poorly regioselective, in contrast to the oxidation of 1-substituted cyclohexenes.
Schartner, EP, Jin, D, Ebendorff-Heidepriem, H, Piper, JA, Lu, Z & Monro, TM 2012, 'Lanthanide upconversion within microstructured optical fibers: improved detection limits for sensing and the demonstration of a new tool for nanocrystal characterization', Nanoscale, vol. 4, no. 23, pp. 7448-7448.
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Scheurer, MS, Arnold, MD, Setiadi, J & Ford, MJ 2012, 'Damping of Plasmons of Closely Coupled Sphere Chains Due to Disordered Gaps', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C, vol. 116, no. 1, pp. 1335-1343.
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The damping of plasmons due to structural disorder may have important practical consequences. Here, we use spherical harmonic expansions to quantify the damping of plasmons of ensembles of closely coupled sphere chains with moderately disordered gaps. We show that the quadratic shift of average resonance position due to disorder is maintained in the transition from weak to close coupling, but the sensitivity to disorder increases. Further, we find that although the main peak is most often damped and broadened by disorder, it is possible for the optical extinction of disordered gold chains to increase slightly due to red-skew into a region with more favorable metal properties.
Schiek, R, Solntsev, AS & Neshev, DN 2012, 'Temporal dynamics of all-optical switching in quadratic nonlinear directional couplers', Applied Physics Letters, vol. 100, no. 11, pp. 111117-111117.
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Scott, NE, Nothaft, H, Edwards, AVG, Labbate, M, Djordjevic, SP, Larsen, MR, Szymanski, CM & Cordwell, SJ 2012, 'Modification of the Campylobacter jejuni N-Linked Glycan by EptC Protein-mediated Addition of Phosphoethanolamine', Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 287, no. 35, pp. 29384-29396.
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Campylobacter jejuni is the major worldwide cause of bacterial gastroenteritis. C. jejuni possesses an extensive repertoire of carbohydrate structures that decorate both protein and nonprotein surface-exposed structures. An N-linked glycosylation system
Selinger, CI, Rogers, T-M, Russell, P, Yip, P, O’Toole, S, Horvath, L, Boyer, M, McCaughan, B, Kohonen-Corish, M, Fox, S, Cooper, W & Solomon, B 2012, 'Testing for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement in lung adenocarcinomas: a multicentre study', Pathology, vol. 44, pp. S95-S95.
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Seymour, JR, Doblin, MA, Jeffries, TC, Brown, MV, Newton, K, Ralph, PJ, Baird, M & Mitchell, JG 2012, 'Contrasting microbial assemblages in adjacent water masses associated with the East Australian Current', ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 548-555.
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Different oceanographic provinces host discrete microbial assemblages that are adapted to local physicochemical conditions. We sequenced and compared the metagenomes of two microbial communities inhabiting adjacent water masses in the Tasman Sea, where the recent strengthening of the East Australian Current (EAC) has altered the ecology of coastal environments. Despite the comparable latitude of the samples, significant phylogenetic differences were apparent, including shifts in the relative frequency of matches to Cyanobacteria, Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota. Fine-scale variability in the structure of SAR11, Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus populations, with more matches to `warm-water ecotypes observed in the EAC, indicates the EAC may drive an intrusion of tropical microbes into temperate regions of the Tasman Sea. Furthermore, significant shifts in the relative importance of 17 metabolic categories indicate that the EAC prokaryotic community has different physiological properties than surrounding waters
Seymour, LM, Jenkins, C, Deutscher, AT, Raymond, BBA, Padula, MP, Tacchi, JL, Bogema, DR, Eamens, GJ, Woolley, LK, Dixon, NE, Walker, MJ & Djordjevic, SP 2012, 'Mhp182 (P102) binds fibronectin and contributes to the recruitment of plasmin(ogen) to the Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae cell surface', CELLULAR MICROBIOLOGY, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 81-94.
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Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a major, economically damaging respiratory pathogen. Although M. hyopneumoniae cells bind plasminogen, the identification of plasminogen-binding surface proteins and the biological ramifications of acquiring plasminogen requires further investigation. mhp182 encodes a highly expressed 102 kDa protein (P102) that undergoes proteolytic processing to generate surface-located N-terminal 60 kDa (P60) and C-terminal 42 kDa (P42) proteins of unknown function. We show that recombinant P102 (rP102) binds plasminogen at physiologically relevant concentrations (KD similar to 76 nM) increasing the susceptibility of plasmin(ogen) to activation by tissue-specific plasminogen activator (tPA). Recombinant proteins constructed to mimic P60 (rP60) and P42 (rP42) also bound plasminogen at physiologically significant levels. M. hyopneumoniae surface-bound plasminogen was activated by tPA and is able to degrade fibrinogen, demonstrating the biological functionality of M. hyopneumoniae-bound plasmin(ogen) upon activation. Plasmin(ogen) was readily detected in porcine ciliated airways and plasmin levels were consistently higher in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from M. hyopneumoniae-infected animals. Additionally, rP102 and rP42 bind fibronectin with KDs of 26 and 33 nM respectively and recombinant P102 proteins promote adherence to porcine kidney epithelial-like cells. The multifunctional binding ability of P102 and activation of M. hyopneumoniae-sequestered plasmin(ogen) by an exogenous activator suggests P102 plays an important role in virulence.
Shafer, CM, Mercer, AE, Richman, MB, Leslie, LM & Doswell, CA 2012, 'An Assessment of Areal Coverage of Severe Weather Parameters for Severe Weather Outbreak Diagnosis', Weather and Forecasting, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 809-831.
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Abstract
The areal extent of severe weather parameters favorable for significant severe weather is evaluated as a means of identifying major severe weather outbreaks. The first areal coverage method uses kernel density estimation (KDE) to identify severe weather outbreak locations. A selected severe weather parameter value is computed at each grid point within the region identified by KDE. The average, median, or sum value is used to diagnose the event’s severity. The second areal coverage method finds the largest contiguous region where a severe weather parameter exceeds a specified threshold that intersects the KDE region. The severe weather parameter values at grid points within the parameter exceedance region are computed, with the average, median, or sum value used to diagnose the event’s severity. A total of 4057 severe weather outbreaks from 1979 to 2008 are analyzed. An event is considered a major outbreak if it exceeds a selected ranking index score (developed in previous work), and is a minor event otherwise. The areal coverage method is also compared to Storm Prediction Center (SPC) day-1 convective outlooks from 2003 to 2008. Comparisons of the SPC forecasts and areal coverage diagnoses indicate the areal coverage methods have similar skill to SPC convective outlooks in discriminating major and minor severe weather outbreaks. Despite a seemingly large sample size, the rare-events nature of the dataset leads to sample size sensitivities. Nevertheless, the findings of this study suggest that areal coverage should be tested in a forecasting environment as a means of providing guidance in future outbreak scenarios.
Sharbeen, G, Yee, CWY, Smith, AL & Jolly, CJ 2012, 'Ectopic restriction of DNA repair reveals that UNG2 excises AID-induced uracils predominantly or exclusively during G1 phase', Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 209, no. 5, pp. 965-974.
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Immunoglobulin (Ig) affinity maturation requires the enzyme AID, which converts cytosines (C) in Ig genes into uracils (U). This alone produces C:G to T:A transition mutations. Processing of U:G base pairs via U N-glycosylase 2 (UNG2) or MutSα generates further point mutations, predominantly at G:C or A:T base pairs, respectively, but it is unclear why processing is mutagenic. We aimed to test whether the cell cycle phase of U processing determines fidelity. Accordingly, we ectopically restricted UNG2 activity in vivo to predefined cell cycle phases by fusing a UNG2 inhibitor peptide to cell cycle–regulated degradation motifs. We found that excision of AID-induced U by UNG2 occurs predominantly during G1 phase, inducing faithful repair, mutagenic processing, and class switching. Surprisingly, UNG2 does not appear to process U:G base pairs at all in Ig genes outside G1 phase.
Shi, X, Tong, Cao, Wen, Guo, Shen & Wang 2012, 'Enhancing the specificity and efficiency of polymerase chain reaction using polyethyleneimine-based derivatives and hybrid nanocomposites', International Journal of Nanomedicine, vol. 7, pp. 1069-1069.
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Shimoni, O, Postma, A, Yan, Y, Scott, AM, Heath, JK, Nice, EC, Zelikin, AN & Caruso, F 2012, 'Macromolecule Functionalization of Disulfide-Bonded Polymer Hydrogel Capsules and Cancer Cell Targeting', ACS Nano, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 1463-1472.
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We present a generic and versatile method for functionalization of disulfide-stabilized PMA hydrogel capsules (HCs) with macromolecules, including a number of specific antibodies to cancer cells. Functionalization was achieved by reversible additionfragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVPON), which introduced biorelevant heterotelechelic end groups (thiol and amine) to the polymer chain. The PVPON with heterotelechelic end groups was conjugated to the outermost layer of PMA HCs through the thiol groups and reacted with biotin via the amine groups to generate PMA/PVPONbiotin HCs. On the basis of the high specific interaction and high affinity between biotin and avidin, and its derivates, such as NeutrAvidin (NAv), we functionalized the PMA HCs with biotinylated antibodies. We demonstrate significantly enhanced cellular binding and internalization of the antibody (Ab)-functionalized capsules compared with control human immunoglobulin (IgG)-functionalized capsules, suggesting these capsules can specifically interact with cells through antibody/antigen recognition. We anticipate that the versatility of the functionalization approach reported in this study will assist in targeted therapeutic delivery applications.
Shine, R, Webb, JK, Lane, A & Mason, RT 2012, 'Familiarity with a female does not affect a male's courtship intensity in garter snakes Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis', CURRENT ZOOLOGY, vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 805-811.
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Siboni, N, Abrego, D, Seneca, F, Motti, CA, Andreakis, N, Tebben, J, Blackall, LL & Harder, T 2012, 'Using Bacterial Extract along with Differential Gene Expression in Acropora millepora Larvae to Decouple the Processes of Attachment and Metamorphosis', PLOS ONE, vol. 7, no. 5.
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Siboni, N, Ben-Dov, E, Sivan, A & Kushmaro, A 2012, 'Geographic Specific Coral-Associated Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea in the Northern Gulf of Eilat (Red Sea)', MICROBIAL ECOLOGY, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 18-24.
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Sigglekow, ND, Pangon, L, Brummer, T, Molloy, M, Hawkins, NJ, Ward, RL, Musgrove, EA & Kohonen-Corish, MRJ 2012, 'Mutated in colorectal cancer protein modulates the NFκB pathway.', Anticancer Res, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 73-79.
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BACKGROUND: The tumour suppressor gene 'mutated in colorectal cancer' (MCC) is silenced through promoter methylation in colorectal cancer and has been implicated as a regulator of the nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) pathway. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether MCC modulates NFκB activation in colorectal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: NFκB activation was assessed using luciferase reporter assays in colorectal cancer cells in vitro. MCC methylation was analysed in primary tumour specimens from patients with inflammatory bowel disease. RESULTS: Re-expression of MCC reduced NFκB-dependent transcription in tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)- or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated cells. Conversely, knockdown of MCC resulted in accumulation of the inhibitor of kappa B alpha (IκBα) protein, encoded by NFKBIA, a first response gene specifically and rapidly regulated by NFκB pathway activation. The MCC gene is methylated in up to 6/16 of inflammatory bowel disease-associated tissue specimens, and myosin-10 and valosin-containing protein were identified as MCC-interacting proteins. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that MCC modulates NFκB pathway signalling indirectly in colorectal cancer cells.
Simar, D, Chen, H, Lambert, K, Mercier, J & Morris, MJ 2012, 'Interaction between maternal obesity and post-natal over-nutrition on skeletal muscle metabolism', Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 269-276.
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Background and aims: Maternal obesity and post-natal over-nutrition play an important role in programming glucose and lipid metabolism later in life. The aim of this study was to decipher the contributions of maternal obesity and post-natal over-nutrition on glucose and lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle. Method and results: Male offspring of Sprague Dawley rat mothers fed either chow or high fat diet (HFD) for 5 weeks prior to mating were subsequently fed either chow or HFD until 18 weeks of age. Collection of plasma and skeletal muscle was performed at weaning (20 days) and 18 weeks. At weaning, offspring from obese mothers showed increased body weight, plasma insulin and lactate concentrations associated with reduced skeletal muscle glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and increased monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) protein. In 18-week old offspring, post-weaning HFD further exacerbated the elevated body weight caused by maternal obesity. Surprisingly this additive effect on body weight was not reflected in plasma glucose, insulin, lactate and MCT1; these markers were only increased by post-weaning HFD consumption. However, an additive effect of maternal obesity and post-weaning HFD led to decreased muscle GLUT4 levels, as well as mRNA levels of carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1, myogenic differentiation protein and myogenin. Conclusion: Post-weaning HFD exerted an additive effect to that of maternal obesity on body weight and skeletal muscle markers of glucose and lipid metabolism but not on plasma glucose and insulin levels, suggesting that maternal obesity and post-natal over-nutrition impair skeletal muscle function via different mechanisms.
Simpson, SL, Yverneau, H, Cremazy, A, Jarolimek, CV, Price, HL & Jolley, DF 2012, 'DGT-Induced Copper Flux Predicts Bioaccumulation and Toxicity to Bivalves in Sediments with Varying Properties', Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 46, no. 16, pp. 9038-9046.
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Sinetova, MA, Červený, J, Zavřel, T & Nedbal, L 2012, 'On the dynamics and constraints of batch culture growth of the cyanobacterium Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142', Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 162, no. 1, pp. 148-155.
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Sinutok, S, Hill, R, Doblin, MA, Kuhl, M & Ralph, PJ 2012, 'Microenvironmental changes support evidence of photosynthesis and calcification inhibition in Halimeda under ocean acidification and warming', CORAL REEFS, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 1201-1213.
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The effects of elevated CO 2 and temperature on photosynthesis and calcification of two important calcifying reef algae (Halimedamacroloba and Halimeda cylindracea) were investigated with O 2 microsensors and chlorophyll a fluorometry through a combination of two pCO 2 (400 and 1,200 µatm) and two temperature treatments (28 and 32 °C) equivalent to the present and predicted conditions during the 2100 austral summer. Combined exposure to pCO 2 and elevated temperature impaired calcification and photosynthesis in the two Halimeda species due to changes in the microenvironment around the algal segments and a reduction in physiological performance. There were no significant changes in controls over the 5-week experiment, but there was a 50-70 % decrease in photochemical efficiency (maximum quantum yield), a 70-80 % decrease in O 2 production and a threefold reduction in calcification rate in the elevated CO 2 and high temperature treatment. Calcification in these species is closely coupled with photosynthesis, such that a decrease in photosynthetic efficiency leads to a decrease in calcification. Although pH seems to be the main factor affecting Halimeda species, heat stress also has an impact on their photosystem II photochemical efficiency. There was a strong combined effect of elevated CO 2 and temperature in both species, where exposure to elevated CO 2 or temperature alone decreased photosynthesis and calcification, but exposure to both elevated CO 2 and temperature caused a greater decline in photosynthesis and calcification than in each stress individually. Our study shows that ocean acidification and ocean warming are drivers of calcification and photosynthesis inhibition in Halimeda. Predicted climate change scenarios for 2100 would therefore severely affect the fitness of Halimeda, which can result in a strongly reduced production of carbonate sediments on coral reefs under such changed climate conditions.
Sklibosios Nikitopoulos, C & Platen, E 2012, 'Alternative Term Structure Models for Reviewing Expectations Puzzles', International journal of economic research, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 361-384.
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Skoog, K, Söderström, B, Widengren, J, von Heijne, G & Daley, DO 2012, 'Sequential Closure of the Cytoplasm and Then the Periplasm during Cell Division in Escherichia coli', Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 194, no. 3, pp. 584-586.
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ABSTRACT
To visualize the latter stages of cell division in live
Escherichia coli
, we have carried out fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) on 121 cells expressing cytoplasmic green fluorescent protein and periplasmic mCherry. Our data show conclusively that the cytoplasm is sealed prior to the periplasm during the division event.
Smale, DA, Barnes, DKA, Barnes, RSK, Smith, DJ & Suggett, DJ 2012, 'Spatial variability in the structure of intertidal crab and gastropod assemblages within the Seychelles Archipelago (Indian Ocean)', Journal of Sea Research, vol. 69, pp. 8-15.
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Tropical nearshore ecosystems represent global hotspots of marine biodiversity and endemism but are often poorly understood and impacted by human activities. The Seychelles Archipelago (Western Indian Ocean) sustains a wealth of marine life, much of which is threatened by rapid development associated with tourism and climate change. Six marine parks exist within the Archipelago, but their biodiversity value and ecological health are poorly known, especially with regards to non-fish and coral species. Here we investigate spatial patterns of littoral biodiversity on 6 islands, 5 of which were granitic and within marine parks, including the first surveys of Curieuse and Ile Cocos. Our surveys formed a nested sampling design, to facilitate an examination of variability in species richness, faunal abundance, taxonomic distinctness and assemblage composition at multiple spatial scales, from islands (>100 s km) to quadrats (metres). We identified (mostly to species) and enumerated two target taxa, brachyuran decapod crustaceans and gastropod molluscs, and recorded over 8300 individuals belonging to over 150 species. Crabs and gastropods exhibited different patterns of spatial variability, as crab assemblages were generally more distinct between islands, while gastropod assemblages were markedly variable at the smallest spatial scales of `patch and `quadrat. Intertidal biodiversity was greatest on Curieuse Island and least at Desroches, the latter was being the only coral atoll we surveyed and thereby differing in its geological and ecological context. We discuss likely drivers of these biodiversity patterns and highlight urgently-needed research directions. Our assessment of the status of poorly-known invertebrate assemblages across the Seychelles will complement more extensive surveys of coral and fish assemblages and, in doing so, provide a useful baseline for monitoring the effects of key stressors in the region, such as coastal development and climae change.
Smith, GB 2012, 'Green nanophotonics', JOURNAL OF NANOPHOTONICS, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1-19.
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Nanotechnology, in particular nanophotonics, is proving essential to achieving green outcomes of sustainability and renewable energy at the production scales needed. Nanomaterials enable optimization of optical, opto-electrical, and thermal responses. Op
Smith, GB, Aguilar, JLC, Gentle, AR & Chen, D 2012, 'Multi-parameter sensitivity analysis: A design methodology applied to energy efficiency in temperate climate houses', ENERGY AND BUILDINGS, vol. 55, pp. 668-673.
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Quantified sensitivities of heating and cooling loads to different variables that influence heat gain and loss in a building provides a valuable basis for energy efficient design, especially in temperate climate zones where particular parameter settings
Solntsev, AS, Sukhorukov, AA, Neshev, DN & Kivshar, YS 2012, 'Spontaneous Parametric Down-Conversion and Quantum Walks in Arrays of Quadratic Nonlinear Waveguides', Physical Review Letters, vol. 108, no. 2.
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Song, Z, Anissimov, YG, Zhao, J, Nechaev, AV, Nadort, A, Jin, D, Prow, TW, Roberts, MS & Zvyagin, AV 2012, 'Background free imaging of upconversion nanoparticle distribution in human skin', Journal of Biomedical Optics, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 061215-061215.
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Stark, D, Roberts, T, Marriott, D, Harkness, J & Ellis, JT 2012, 'Detection and Transmission of Dientamoeba fragilis from Environmental and Household Samples', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE, vol. 86, no. 2, pp. 233-236.
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Dientamoeba fragilis is a commonly occurring pathogenic protozoan often detected at higher rates in stool samples than Giardia intestinalis. However, little is known about its life cycle and mode of transmission. A total of 210 environmental and household samples were examined for the presence of D. fragilis by culture and polymerase chain reaction. Of 100 environmental samples, D. fragilis was detected only in untreated sewage. In the household samples D. fragilis was detected in 30% of household contacts tested and was not detected in any domestic pets. This study provides evidence that environmental transmission of D. fragilis is unlikely and that pets played no role in transmission of the disease in this study. Direct transmission from infected persons is the most likely mode of transmission for D. fragilis. The study also highlights the need for household contacts to be screened, given the propensity of close contacts to become infected with the organism.
Starkey, MR, Kim, RY, Beckett, EL, Schilter, HC, Shim, D, Essilfie, A-T, Nguyen, DH, Beagley, KW, Mattes, J, Mackay, CR, Horvat, JC & Hansbro, PM 2012, 'Chlamydia muridarum Lung Infection in Infants Alters Hematopoietic Cells to Promote Allergic Airway Disease in Mice', PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. e42588-e42588.
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Stelzer-Braid, S, Johal, H, Skilbeck, K, Steller, A, Alsubie, H, Tovey, E, Van Asperen, P, McKay, K & Rawlinson, WD 2012, 'Detection of viral and bacterial respiratory pathogens in patients with cystic fibrosis', Journal of Virological Methods, vol. 186, no. 1-2, pp. 109-112.
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Stokes, HW, Martinez, E, Chowdhury, PR & Djordjevic, S 2012, 'Class 1 integron-associated spread of resistance regions in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: plasmid or chromosomal platforms?', JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY, vol. 67, no. 7, pp. 1799-1800.
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Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections are a growing clinical problem. Of particular concern is the range of b-lactamase genes associated with this species. If the spread of resistance is to be controlled, it is critical that researchers have a good understanding of the mechanisms by which resistance genes are spread. In the Enterobacteriaceae, the role of plasmids in the lateral gene transfer (LGT) of resistance is extensive. However, many clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacteria also commonly carry additional syntenic blocks of DNA as part of the chromosome that are lineage specific within a species and are known as genomic islands.
Stokes, N, Cortie, MB, Davis, TJ & McDonagh, AM 2012, 'Plasmon Resonances in V-Shaped Gold Nanostructures', PLASMONICS, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 235-243.
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Using numerical simulations, we examine the change in plasmon resonance behavior in gold nanorod structures that have a V shape. The reduction in symmetry compared to linear rods causes two different longitudinal-type resonances to appear in a single str
Strauss, MP, Liew, ATF, Turnbull, L, Whitchurch, CB, Monahan, LG & Harry, EJ 2012, '3D-SIM Super Resolution Microscopy Reveals a Bead-Like Arrangement for FtsZ and the Division Machinery: Implications for Triggering Cytokinesis', PLOS BIOLOGY, vol. 10, no. 9, p. e1001389.
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FtsZ is a tubulin-like GTPase that is the major cytoskeletal protein in bacterial cell division. It polymerizes into a ring, called the Z ring, at the division site and acts as a scaffold to recruit other division proteins to this site as well as providing a contractile force for cytokinesis. To understand how FtsZ performs these functions, the in vivo architecture of the Z ring needs to be established, as well as how this structure constricts to enable cytokinesis. Conventional wide-field fluorescence microscopy depicts the Z ring as a continuous structure of uniform density. Here we use a form of super resolution microscopy, known as 3D-structured illumination microscopy (3D-SIM), to examine the architecture of the Z ring in cells of two Gram-positive organisms that have different cell shapes: the rod-shaped Bacillus subtilis and the coccoid Staphylococcus aureus. We show that in both organisms the Z ring is composed of a heterogeneous distribution of FtsZ. In addition, gaps of fluorescence were evident, which suggest that it is a discontinuous structure. Time-lapse studies using an advanced form of fast live 3D-SIM (Blaze) support a model of FtsZ localization within the Z ring that is dynamic and remains distributed in a heterogeneous manner. However, FtsZ dynamics alone do not trigger the constriction of the Z ring to allow cytokinesis. Lastly, we visualize other components of the divisome and show that they also adopt a bead-like localization pattern at the future division site. Our data lead us to propose that FtsZ guides the divisome to adopt a similar localization pattern to ensure Z ring constriction only proceeds following the assembly of a mature divisome.
Sturmberg, BCP, Dossou, KB, Botten, LC, Asatryan, AA, Poulton, CG, McPhedran, RC & de Sterke, CM 2012, 'Nanowire array photovoltaics: Radial disorder versus design for optimal efficiency', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 101, no. 17, pp. 173902-1-173902-5.
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Solar cell designs based on disordered nanostructures tend to have higher
efficiencies than structures with uniform absorbers, though the reason is
poorly understood. To resolve this, we use a semi-analytic approach to
determine the physical mechanism leading to enhanced efficiency in arrays
containing nanowires with a variety of radii. We use our findings to
systematically design arrays that outperform randomly composed structures. An
ultimate efficiency of 23.75% is achieved with an array containing 30% silicon,
an increase of almost 10% over a homogeneous film of equal thickness.
Su, D, Ford, M & Wang, G 2012, 'Mesoporous NiO crystals with dominantly exposed {110} reactive facets for ultrafast lithium storage', Scientific Reports, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 924.
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Faceted crystals with exposed highly reactive planes have attracted intensive investigations for applications such as hydrogen production, enhanced catalytic activity, and electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Herein, we report the synthesis of mesoporous NiO crystals with dominantly exposed {110} reactive facets by the thermal conversion of hexagonal Ni(OH)2 nanoplatelets. When applied as anode materials in lithium-ion batteries, mesoporous NiO crystals exhibit a high reversible lithium storage capacity of 700âmAh gâ1 at 1 C rate in 100âcycles and an excellent cyclability. In particular, the dominantly exposed {110} reactive facets and mesoporous nanostructure of NiO crystals lead to ultrafast lithium storage, which mimics the high power delivery of supercapacitors.
Su, D, Horvat, J, Munroe, P, Ahn, H, Ranjbartoreh, AR & Wang, G 2012, 'ChemInform Abstract: Polyhedral Magnetite Nanocrystals with Multiple Facets: Facile Synthesis, Structural Modelling, Magnetic Properties and Application for High Capacity Lithium Storage.', ChemInform, vol. 43, no. 16, pp. no-no.
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Su, D, Horvat, J, Munroe, P, Ahn, H, Ranjbartoreh, AR & Wang, G 2012, 'Polyhedral Magnetite Nanocrystals with Multiple Facets: Facile Synthesis, Structural Modelling, Magnetic Properties and Application for High Capacity Lithium Storage', Chemistry - A European Journal, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 488-497.
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Polyhedral magnetite nanocrystals with multiple facets were synthesised by a low temperature hydrothermal method. Atomistic simulation and calculations on surface attachment energy successfully predicted the polyhedral structure of magnetite nanocrystals with multiple facets. X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and high resolution transmission microscopy confirmed the crystal structure of magnetite, which is consistent with the theoretical modelling. The magnetic property measurements show the superspin glass state of the polyhedral nanocrystals, which could originate from the nanometer size of individual single crystals. When applied as an anode material in lithium ion cells, magnetite nanocrystals demonstrated an outstanding electrochemical performance with a high lithium storage capacity, a satisfactory cyclability, and an excellent high rate capacity.
Su, D, Kim, H-S, Kim, W-S & Wang, G 2012, 'ChemInform Abstract: Mesoporous Nickel Oxide Nanowires: Hydrothermal Synthesis, Characterization and Applications for Lithium-Ion Batteries and Supercapacitors with Superior Performance.', ChemInform, vol. 43, no. 38, pp. no-no.
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Su, D, Kim, H-S, Kim, W-S & Wang, G 2012, 'Mesoporous Nickel Oxide Nanowires: Hydrothermal Synthesis, Characterisation and Applications for Lithium-Ion Batteries and Supercapacitors with Superior Performance', Chemistry - A European Journal, vol. 18, no. 26, pp. 8224-8229.
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Mesoporous nickel oxide nanowires were synthesized by a hydrothermal reaction and subsequent annealing at 400?degrees C. The porous one-dimensional nanostructures were analysed by field-emission SEM, high-resolution TEM and N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm measurements. When applied as the anode material in lithium-ion batteries, the as-prepared mesoporous nickel oxide nanowires demonstrated outstanding electrochemical performance with high lithium storage capacity, satisfactory cyclability and an excellent rate capacity. They also exhibited a high specific capacitance of 348 F?g-1 as electrodes in supercapacitors.
Su, D, Kim, H-S, Kim, W-S & Wang, G 2012, 'Synthesis of tuneable porous hematites (α-Fe2O3) for gas sensing and lithium storage in lithium ion batteries', Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, vol. 149, no. 1, pp. 36-45.
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Tuneable porous α-Fe2O3 materials were prepared by using a selective etching method. The structure and morphology of the as-prepared porous hematites have been systematically characterised by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope. We found that the pore size and pore volume can be controlled by adjusting the etching time during the synthesis process. The porous hematites have been applied for gas sensing and lithium storage in lithium ion cells. The porous α-Fe2O3 materials demonstrated a reversible lithium storage capacity of 1269 mAh/g. When used as a sensing material in gas sensors, porous α-Fe2O3 exhibited a superior sensitivity towards toxic and flammable gases.
Suggett, DJ, Hall‐Spencer, JM, Rodolfo‐Metalpa, R, Boatman, TG, Payton, R, Tye Pettay, D, Johnson, VR, Warner, ME & Lawson, T 2012, 'Sea anemones may thrive in a high CO 2 world', Global Change Biology, vol. 18, no. 10, pp. 3015-3025.
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Increased seawater pCO(2), and in turn ocean acidification (OA), is predicted to profoundly impact marine ecosystem diversity and function this century. Much research has already focussed on calcifying reef-forming corals (Class: Anthozoa) that appear pa
Suggett, DJ, Kikuchi, RKP, Oliveira, MDM, Spanó, S, Carvalho, R & Smith, DJ 2012, 'Photobiology of corals from Brazil’s near-shore marginal reefs of Abrolhos', Marine Biology, vol. 159, no. 7, pp. 1461-1473.
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Coral communities were examined from highly turbid near-shore marginal reefs of Abrolhos (Brazil) to test a paradigm previously developed from observations in clear water reefs; specifically, that coral photobiological properties follow a highly conserve
Sun, B, Liu, H, Munroe, P, Ahn, H & Wang, G 2012, 'Nanocomposites of CoO and a mesoporous carbon (CMK-3) as a high performance cathode catalyst for lithium-oxygen batteries', NANO RESEARCH, vol. 5, no. 7, pp. 460-469.
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A nanocomposite of CoO and a mesoporous carbon (CMK-3) has been studied as a cathode catalyst for lithium-oxygen batteries in alkyl carbonate electrolytes. The morphology and structure of the as-prepared nanocomposite were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. The electrochemical properties of the mesoporous CoO/CMK-3 nanocomposite as a cathode catalyst in lithium-oxygen batteries were studied using galvanostatic charge-discharge methods. The reaction products on the cathode were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The CoO/CMK-3 nanocomposite exhibited better capacity retention than bare mesoporous CMK-3 carbon, Super-P carbon or CoO/Super-P nanocomposite. The synergistic effects arising from the combination of CoO nanoparticles and the mesoporous carbon nanoarchitecture may be responsible for the optimum catalytic performance in lithium-oxygen batteries.
Sun, B, Wang, B, Su, D, Xiao, L, Ahn, H & Wang, G 2012, 'Graphene nanosheets as cathode catalysts for lithium-air batteries with an enhanced electrochemical performance', CARBON, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 727-733.
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Graphene nanosheets have been investigated as cathode catalysts for lithium-air batteries with alkyl carbonate electrolyte. Field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscope and Raman spectroscopy have confirmed the high quality of the as-prepared graphene nanosheets and the surface analysis has identified the mesoporous characteristic of graphene nanosheets. The electrochemical properties of graphene nanosheets as cathode catalysts in lithium-air batteries were evaluated by a galvanostatic charge/discharge testing. The reaction products on the graphene nanosheets cathode were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The graphene nanosheet electrodes exhibited a much better cycling stability and lower overpotential than that of the Vulcan XC-72 carbon. This work demonstrated that graphene nanosheets could be an efficient catalyst for lithium-air batteries.
Suthers, B, Hansbro, P, Thambar, S, McEvoy, M, Peel, R & Attia, J 2012, 'Pneumococcal vaccination may induce anti-oxidized low-density lipoprotein antibodies that have potentially protective effects against cardiovascular disease', Vaccine, vol. 30, no. 27, pp. 3983-3985.
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Suwarno, SR, Chen, X, Chong, TH, Puspitasari, VL, McDougald, D, Cohen, Y, Rice, SA & Fane, AG 2012, 'The impact of flux and spacers on biofilm development on reverse osmosis membranes', Journal of Membrane Science, vol. 405-406, pp. 219-232.
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Tan, X, Khalil, N, Tesarik, C, Vanapalli, K, Yaputra, V, Alkhouri, H, Oliver, BGG, Armour, CL & Hughes, JM 2012, 'Th1 cytokine-induced syndecan-4 shedding by airway smooth muscle cells is dependent on mitogen-activated protein kinases', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 302, no. 7, pp. 1700-1710.
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Tan X, Khalil N, Tesarik C, Vanapalli K, Yaputra V, Alkhouri H, Oliver BG, Armour CL, Hughes JM. Th1 cytokine-induced syndecan-4 shedding by airway smooth muscle cells is dependent on mitogen-activated protein kinases. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol
Tekwe, CD, Carroll, RJ & Dabney, AR 2012, 'Application of survival analysis methodology to the quantitative analysis of LC-MS proteomics data', Bioinformatics, vol. 28, no. 15, pp. 1998-2003.
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Tekwe, CD, Lei, J, Yao, K, Li, X, Rezaei, R, Dahanayaka, S, Meininger, CJ, Carroll, RJ, Bazer, FW & Wu, G 2012, 'Oral administration of interferon‐τ reduces adiposity in Zucker diabetic fatty rats', The FASEB Journal, vol. 26, no. S1.
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Tekwe, CD, Lei, J, Yao, K, Li, X, Rezaei, R, Dahanayaka, S, Meininger, CJ, Carroll, RJ, Bazer, FW & Wu, G 2012, 'Oral administration of L‐leucine reduces nitric oxide synthesis by endothelial cells of rats', The FASEB Journal, vol. 26, no. S1.
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Tekwe, CD, Lei, J, Yao, K, Li, X, Rezaei, R, Dahanayaka, S, Meininger, CJ, Carroll, RJ, Bazer, FW & Wu, G 2012, 'Oral administration of α‐ketoglutarate or interferon‐τ reduces adiposity in diet‐induced obese rats', The FASEB Journal, vol. 26, no. S1.
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Teng, Y, Zhou, J, Lin, G, Hua, J, Zeng, H, Zhou, S & Qiu, J 2012, 'Ultrafast modification of elements distribution and local luminescence properties in glass', Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, vol. 358, no. 9, pp. 1185-1189.
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The success in construction of three-dimensional micro optical components or devices inside transparent materials is highly dependent on the ability to modify materials’ local structure. Especially, the realization of space-selective manipulation of element distribution is highly desirable since most of optical parameters such as refractive index and luminescence are closely related to element distribution. Up to present, the only way to control selective element distribution is local melting of glass. Here, we reported, for the first time to our knowledge, the success in realization of space-selective manipulation of element distribution in glassy state region (i.e., un-melted region) inside glass with the irradiation of high repetition rate femtosecond laser. Confocal fluorescence spectra and micro-Raman spectra show that the luminescence distribution of Cu+ ions and the glass network structure can be controlled with femtosecond laser irradiation, revealing the potential applications of this technique in the fabrication of functional waveguides and integrated optical devices.
Teng, Y, Zhou, J, Lin, G, Luo, F, Zhou, S & Qiu, J 2012, 'Recent Research Progress on Femtosecond Laser Induced Microstructures in Glasses', International Journal of Optomechatronics, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 179-187.
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Thessen, AE, Patterson, DJ & Murray, SA 2012, 'The Taxonomic Significance of Species That Have Only Been Observed Once: The Genus Gymnodinium (Dinoflagellata) as an Example', PLOS ONE, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. e44015-0.
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Thorburn, AN, Foster, PS, Gibson, PG & Hansbro, PM 2012, 'Components of Streptococcus pneumoniae Suppress Allergic Airways Disease and NKT Cells by Inducing Regulatory T Cells', The Journal of Immunology, vol. 188, no. 9, pp. 4611-4620.
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Abstract
Asthma is an allergic airways disease (AAD) caused by dysregulated immune responses and characterized by eosinophilic inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). NKT cells have been shown to contribute to AHR in some mouse models. Conversely, regulatory T cells (Tregs) control aberrant immune responses and maintain homeostasis. Recent evidence suggests that Streptococcus pneumoniae induces Tregs that have potential to be harnessed therapeutically for asthma. In this study, mouse models of AAD were used to identify the S. pneumoniae components that have suppressive properties, and the mechanisms underlying suppression were investigated. We tested the suppressive capacity of type-3-polysaccharide (T3P), isolated cell walls, pneumolysoid (Ply) and CpG. When coadministered, T3P + Ply suppressed the development of: eosinophilic inflammation, Th2 cytokine release, mucus hypersecretion, and AHR. Importantly, T3P + Ply also attenuated features of AAD when administered during established disease. We show that NKT cells contributed to the development of AAD and also were suppressed by T3P + Ply treatment. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of NKT cells induced AHR, which also could be reversed by T3P + Ply. T3P + Ply-induced Tregs were essential for the suppression of NKT cells and AAD, which was demonstrated by Treg depletion. Collectively, our results show that the S. pneumoniae components T3P + Ply suppress AAD through the induction of Tregs that blocked the activity of NKT cells. These data suggest that S. pneumoniae components may have potential as a therapeutic strategy for the suppression of allergic asthma through the induction of Tregs and suppression of NKT cells.
Tian, H, Li, B, Zhu, J, Wang, H, Li, Y, Xu, J, Wang, J, Wang, W, Sun, Z, Liu, W, Huang, X, Yan, X, Wang, Q, Yao, X & Tang, Y 2012, 'Two selective fluorescent chemosensors for cadmium ions in 99% aqueous solution: the end group effect on the selectivity, DFT calculations and biological applications', Dalton Trans., vol. 41, no. 7, pp. 2060-2065.
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Tian, L, Dai, Z, Zhang, L, Zhang, R, Ye, Z, Wu, J, Jin, D & Yuan, J 2012, 'Preparation and time-gated luminescence bioimaging applications of long wavelength-excited silica-encapsulated europium nanoparticles', Nanoscale, vol. 4, no. 11, pp. 3551-3551.
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Toddo, S, Söderström, B, Palombo, I, von Heijne, G, Nørholm, MHH & Daley, DO 2012, 'Application of split-green fluorescent protein for topology mapping membrane proteins inEscherichia coli', Protein Science, vol. 21, no. 10, pp. 1571-1576.
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Ton-That, C, Foley, M, Phillips, MR, Tsuzuki, T & Smith, Z 2012, 'Correlation between the structural and optical properties of Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles', JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS, vol. 522, pp. 114-117.
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The crystallographic and optical properties of Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles prepared by a sol-gel process have been investigated by X-ray diffraction, UV-visible absorption spectroscopy and cathodoluminescence microanalysis. X-ray diffraction reveals that the nanoparticles have hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure, with the lattice constants along the a-and c-axes increasing with increasing Mn concentration from 0 to 2.4 at%. For all Mn concentrations in this range, the nanoparticles are essentially free of native point defects so that they exhibit only band-edge luminescence. The optical bandgap and band-edge emission energies for Mn-doped ZnO were found to increase in proportion to the lattice constants. The direct correlation between the bandgap and crystal structure suggests that the band-edge optical properties of Mn-doped ZnO is predominantly influenced by the amount of Mn atoms substituting Zn on the lattice sites.
Ton-That, C, Weston, L & Phillips, MR 2012, 'Characteristics of point defects in the green luminescence from Zn- and O-rich ZnO', PHYSICAL REVIEW B, vol. 86, no. 11, pp. 1-5.
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Cathodoluminescence spectra have been measured to determine the characteristics of ubiquitous green luminescence (GL) in nonstoichiometric zinc oxide (ZnO). Zn- and O-rich ZnO were found to exhibit characteristic emissions at 2.53 eV [full width at half-maximum (FWHM) 340 meV] and 2.30 eV (FWHM 450 meV), respectively. Hydrogen was used to probe the physical nature of GL centers. The Zn-rich GL is enhanced upon H incorporation, whereas the O-rich GL is completely quenched as its underlying acceptor-like V-Zn centers are passivated by H. The GL emission bands each exhibit remarkably different excitation-power dependencies. The Zn-rich GL follows a close to linear relationship with excitation power, while the O-rich GL exhibits a square-root dependence. Calculations based on bimolecular recombination equations show the defect concentration in Zn-rich ZnO is three orders of magnitude greater than that in O-rich ZnO, indicating V-O is more readily formed than V-Zn in thermochemical treatments of ZnO.
Trevitt, AJ, Reimers, JR, Clarke, RJ & Vandenberg, JI 2012, 'BIOPHYSCHEM2011: A Joint Meeting of the Australian Society for Biophysics and the RACI Physical Chemistry Division Foreword', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, vol. 65, no. 5, pp. 439-441.
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Tritt, A, Eisen, JA, Facciotti, MT & Darling, AE 2012, 'An Integrated Pipeline for de Novo Assembly of Microbial Genomes', PLOS ONE, vol. 7, no. 9, pp. 1-9.
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Remarkable advances in DNA sequencing technology have created a need for de novo genome assembly methods tailored to work with the new sequencing data types. Many such methods have been published in recent years, but assembling raw sequence data to obtai
Tsai, VWW, Husaini, Y, Manandhar, R, Lee-Ng, KKM, Zhang, HP, Harriott, K, Jiang, L, Lin, S, Sainsbury, A, Brown, DA & Breit, SN 2012, 'Anorexia/cachexia of chronic diseases: a role for the TGF-β family cytokine MIC-1/GDF15', Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 239-243.
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Anorexia/cachexia is a common and currently mostly untreatable complication of advanced cancer. It is also a feature of a number of chronic diseases and can also occur as part of the normal ageing process. Over recent years, two different, but sometimes overlapping, processes have been identified to mediate anorexia/cachexia: those that act primarily on muscle reducing its mass and function, and processes that decrease nutrition leading to loss of both fat and muscle. In the case of at least some cancers, the latter process is sometimes driven by marked overexpression of macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1/growth differentiation factor 15 (MIC-1/GDF15). MIC-1/GDF15 is a transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) family cytokine that is found in the serum of all normal individuals at an average concentration of about 0.6 ng/ml. Its increased expression in both cancers and other diseases can result in 10-100-fold or more elevation of its serum levels. In experimental animals, serum MIC-1/GDF15 levels at the lower end of this range induce anorexia by direct actions of the circulating cytokine on feeding centres in the brain. Mice with tumours overexpressing MIC-1/GDF15 display decreased food intake, loss of lean and fat mass and cachexia. That this process also mediates anorexia/cachexia in humans is suggested by the fact that there is a direct correlation between the degree of serum MIC-1/GDF15 elevation and the amount of cancer-related weight loss, the first such relationship demonstrated. Further, in experimental animals, weight loss can be reversed by neutralisation of tumour-produced MIC-1/GDF15 with a specific monoclonal antibody, suggesting the possibility of effective therapy of patients with the devastating complication of anorexia/cachexia. © 2012 Springer-Verlag.
Van Lent, S, Piet, JR, Beeckman, D, van der Ende, A, Van Nieuwerburgh, F, Bavoil, P, Myers, G, Vanrompay, D & Pannekoek, Y 2012, 'Full Genome Sequences of All Nine Chlamydia psittaci Genotype Reference Strains', Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 194, no. 24, pp. 6930-6931.
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ABSTRACT
Chlamydia psittaci
primarily infects birds, but zoonotic transmission occurs in people in close contact with infected birds. The clinical outcome ranges from inapparent disease to pneumonia. Here we report the genome sequences of all 9
Chlamydia psittaci
genotype reference strains.
Van Ly, D, Burgess, JK, Brock, TG, Lee, TH, Black, JL & Oliver, BGG 2012, 'Prostaglandins but not leukotrienes alter extracellular matrix protein deposition and cytokine release in primary human airway smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts', American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, vol. 303, no. 3, pp. L239-L250.
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Eicosanoids are lipid-signaling mediators released by many cells in response to various stimuli. Increasing evidence suggests that eicosanoids such as leukotrienes and prostaglandins (PGs) may directly mediate remodeling. In this study, we assessed whether these substances could alter extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and the inflammatory profiles of primary human airway smooth muscle cells (ASM) and fibroblasts. PGE2decreased both fibronectin and tenascin C in fibroblasts but only fibronectin in ASM. PGD2decreased both fibronectin and tenascin C in both ASM and fibroblasts, whereas PGF2αhad no effect on ECM deposition. The selective PGI2analog, MRE-269, decreased fibronectin but not tenascin C in both cell types. All the PGs increased IL-6 and IL-8 release in a dose-dependent manner in ASM and fibroblasts. Changes in ECM deposition and cytokine release induced by prostaglandins in both ASM and fibroblasts were independent of an effect on cell number. Neither the acute nor repeated stimulation with leukotrienes had an effect on the deposition of ECM proteins or cytokine release from ASM or fibroblasts. We concluded that, collectively, these results provide evidence that PGs may contribute to ECM remodeling to a greater extent than leukotrienes in airway cells.
Verhoeven, MPC, Kelaher, BP, Bishop, MJ & Ralph, PJ 2012, 'Epiphyte grazing enhances productivity of remnant seagrass patches', AUSTRAL ECOLOGY, vol. 37, no. 8, pp. 885-892.
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Anthropogenic nutrient enrichment is increasingly modifying community structure and ecosystem functioning in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. In marine ecosystems, the paradigm is that nutrient enrichment leads to a decline of seagrasses by stimulatin
Voyer, M, Gladstone, W & Goodall, H 2012, 'Methods of social assessment in Marine Protected Area planning: Is public participation enough?', MARINE POLICY, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 432-439.
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Addressing social and economic considerations is crucial to the success of Marine Protected Area (MPA) planning and management. Ineffective social assessment can alienate local communities and under- mine the success of existing and future MPAs. It is rare to critique the success of methods used currently to incorporate social and economic considerations into MPA planning. Three Australian MPA planning processes covering three states and incorporating federal and state jurisdictions are reviewed in order to determine how potential social impacts were assessed and considered. These case studies indicate that Social Impact Assessment (SIA) is under-developed in Australian MPA planning. Assessments rely heavily on public participation and economic modelling as surrogates for dedicated SIA and are followed commonly by attitudinal surveys to gauge public opinion on the MPA after its establishment. The emergence of issues around public perception of the value of MPAs indicates the failure of some of these proposals to adequately consider social factors in planning and management. This perception may have potential implications for the long term success of individual MPAs. It may also compromise Australia's ability to meet international commitments for MPA targets to gazette at least 10% of all its marine habitats as MPAs. Indeed, this is demonstrated in two of the three case studies where social and economic arguments against MPAs have been used to delay or block the future expansion of the MPA network.
Walford, S-A, Wu, Y, Llewellyn, DJ & Dennis, ES 2012, 'Epidermal cell differentiation in cotton mediated by the homeodomain leucine zipper gene, GhHD-1', PLANT JOURNAL, vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 464-478.
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Gossypium hirsutum L. (cotton) fibres are specialized trichomes a few centimetres in length that grow from the seed coat. Few genes directly involved in the differentiation of these epidermal cells have been identified. These include GhMYB25-like and GhMYB25, two related MYB transcription factors that regulate fibre cell initiation and expansion. We have also identified a putative homeodomain leucine zipper (HD-ZIP) transcription factor, GhHD-1, expressed in trichomes and early fibres that might play a role in cotton fibre initiation. Here, we characterize GhHD-1 homoeologues from tetraploid G. hirsutum and show, using reporter constructs and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), that they are expressed predominantly in epidermal tissues during early fibre development, and in other tissues bearing epidermal trichomes. Silencing of GhHD-1 reduced trichome formation and delayed the timing of fibre initiation. Constitutive overexpression of GhHD-1 increased the number of fibres initiating on the seed, but did not affect leaf trichomes. Expression of GhHD-1 in cotton silenced for different fibre MYBs suggest that in ovules it acts downstream of GhMYB25-like, but is unaffected in GhMYB25- or GhMYB109-silenced plants. Microarray analysis of silencing and overexpression lines of GhHD-1 indicated that it potentially regulates the levels of ethylene and reactive oxidation species (ROS) through a WRKY transcription factor and calcium-signalling pathway genes to activate downstream genes necessary for cell expansion and elongation.
Walsh, SP & Berry, K 2012, 'Electroacupuncture and TENS: Putting Theory into practice', The journal of the acupuncture association of chartered acupuncturists, vol. 2012, no. 1, pp. 39-54.
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Electrotherapies can be a safe and effective way to alleviate pain, improve therapeutic outcomes and help patients recover more quickly from injury. This paper explains the neurophysiological mechanisms of electroacupuncture and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and outlines their methods of application for a range of conditions. when used appropriately, the integration of electrotherapies with acupuncture can broaden one's scope of clinical practice.
Wand, MP & Ormerod, JT 2012, 'Continued fraction enhancement of Bayesian computing', Stat, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 31-41.
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The agéd number theoretic concept of continued fractions can enhance certain Bayesian computations. The crux of this claim is due to continued fraction representations of numerically challenging special function ratios that arise in Bayesian computing. Continued fraction approximation via Lentz's Algorithm often leads to efficient and stable computation of such quantities.
Wang, B, Li, K, Su, D, Ahn, H & Wang, G 2012, 'Superior Electrochemical Performance of Sulfur/Graphene Nanocomposite Material for High‐Capacity Lithium–Sulfur Batteries', Chemistry – An Asian Journal, vol. 7, no. 7, pp. 1637-1643.
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Abstract Sulfur/graphene nanocomposite material has been prepared by incorporating sulfur into the graphene frameworks through a melting process. Field-emission scanning electron microscope analysis shows a homogeneous distribution of sulfur in the graphene nanosheet matrix. The sulfur/graphene nanocomposite exhibits a super-high lithium-storage capacity of 1580âmAhâgâ1 and a satisfactory cycling performance in lithiumâsulfur cells. The enhancement of the reversible capacity and cycle life could be attributed to the flexible graphene nanosheet matrix, which acts as a conducting medium and a physical buffer to cushion the volume change of sulfur during the lithiation and delithiation process. Graphene-based nanocomposites can significantly improve the electrochemical performance of lithiumâsulfur batteries.
Wang, B, Park, J, Su, D, Wang, C, Ahn, H & Wang, G 2012, 'Solvothermal synthesis of CoS2–graphene nanocomposite material for high-performance supercapacitors', Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 22, no. 31, pp. 15750-15750.
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A CoS2-graphene nanocomposite was prepared by a facile solvothermal method. FESEM and TEM analyses have confirmed that CoS2 nanoparticles with sizes of 5-15 nm are densely anchored on graphene nanosheets. The as-prepared nanocomposite was electrochemically tested as an electrode material for supercapacitors. The CoS2-graphene nanocomposite exhibited specific capacitances of 314 F g(-1) in the aqueous electrolyte and 141 F g(-1) in the organic electrolyte at a current rate of 0.5 A g(-1) with excellent cycling stability. The electrochemical performance of the nanocomposite has been significantly improved, compared to bare graphene nanosheets and CoS2 nanoparticles. This could be credited to the 3D nanoarchitecture, in which CoS2 nanoparticles were sandwiched between graphene nanosheets, and the additional electrochemical contribution of the decorated CoS2 nanoparticles.
Wang, B, Su, D, Park, J, Ahn, H & Wang, G 2012, 'Graphene-supported SnO2 nanoparticles prepared by a solvothermal approach for an enhanced electrochemical performance in lithium-ion batteries', Nanoscale Research Letters, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1-10.
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SnO2 nanoparticles were dispersed on graphene nanosheets through a solvothermal approach using ethylene glycol as the solvent. The uniform distribution of SnO2 nanoparticles on graphene nanosheets has been confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The particle size of SnO2 was determined to be around 5 nm. The assynthesized SnO2/graphene nanocomposite exhibited an enhanced electrochemical performance in lithium-ion batteries, compared with bare graphene nanosheets and bare SnO2 nanoparticles. The SnO2/graphene nanocomposite electrode delivered a reversible lithium storage capacity of 830 mAh gâ1 and a stable cyclability up to 100 cycles. The excellent electrochemical properties of this graphene-supported nanocomposite could be attributed to the insertion of nanoparticles between graphene nanolayers and the optimized nanoparticles distribution on graphene nanosheets.
Wang, J, Wu, J, Chen, Y, Wang, H, Li, Y, Liu, W, Tian, H, Zhang, T, Xu, J & Tang, Y 2012, 'A small-molecular europium complex with anion sensing sensitivity', Dalton Transactions, vol. 41, no. 41, pp. 12936-12936.
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Wang, JJJ 2012, 'On asymmetric generalised t stochastic volatility models', Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, vol. 82, no. 11, pp. 2079-2095.
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Wang, Y, Park, J, Sun, B, Ahn, H & Wang, G 2012, 'ChemInform Abstract: Wintersweet-Flower-Like CoFe2O4/MWCNTs Hybrid Material for High-Capacity Reversible Lithium Storage.', ChemInform, vol. 43, no. 51, pp. no-no.
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Wang, Y, Park, J, Sun, B, Ahn, H & Wang, G 2012, 'Wintersweet-Flower-Like CoFe2O4/MWCNTs Hybrid Material for High-Capacity Reversible Lithium Storage', CHEMISTRY-AN ASIAN JOURNAL, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 1940-1946.
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Abstract CoFe2O4/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) hybrid materials were synthesized by a hydrothermal method. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis confirmed the morphology of the as-prepared hybrid material resembling wintersweet flower âbuds on branchesâ, in which CoFe2O4 nanoclusters, consisting of nanocrystals with a size of 5â10ânm, are anchored along carbon nanotubes. When applied as an anode material in lithium ion batteries, the CoFe2O4/MWCNTs hybrid material exhibited a high performance for reversible lithium storage. In particular, the hybrid anode material delivered reversible lithium storage capacities of 809, 765, 539, and 359âmAâhâgâ1 at current densities of 180, 450, 900, and 1800âmAâgâ1, respectively. The superior performance of CoFe2O4/MWCNTs hybrid materials could be ascribed to the synergistic pinning effect of the wintersweet-flower-like nanoarchitecture. This strategy could also be applied to synthesize other metal oxide/CNTs hybrid materials as high-capacity anode materials for lithium ion batteries.
Wang, Y, Su, D, Ung, A, Ahn, J-H & Wang, G 2012, 'Hollow CoFe2O4nanospheres as a high capacity anode material for lithium ion batteries', Nanotechnology, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 055402-055402.
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Hollow structured CoFe(2)O(4) nanospheres were synthesized by a hydrothermal method. The uniform hollow nanosphere architecture of the as-prepared CoFe(2)O(4) has been confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis, which give an outer diameter of 200-300 nm and a wall thickness of about 100 nm. CoFe(2)O(4) nanospheres exhibited a high reversible capacity of 1266 mA h g(-1) with an excellent capacity retention of 93.6% over 50 cycles and an improved rate capability. CoFe(2)O(4) could be a promising high capacity anode material for lithium ion batteries.
Wangpraseurt, D, Larkum, AWD, Ralph, PJ & Kuehl, M 2012, 'Light gradients and optical microniches in coral tissues', FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY, vol. 3, no. 316, pp. 1-9.
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Light quantity and quality are among the most important factors determining the physiology and stress response of zooxanthellate corals. Yet, almost nothing is known about the light ?eld that Symbiodinium experiences within their coral host, and the basic optical properties of coral tissue are unknown. We used scalar irradiance microprobes to characterize vertical and lateral light gradients within and across tissues of several coral species. Our results revealed the presence of steep light gradients with photosynthetically available radiation decreasing by about one order of magnitude from the tissue surface to the coral skeleton. Surface scalar irradiance was consistently higher over polyp tissue than over coenosarc tissue in faviid corals. Coral bleaching increased surface scalar irradiance by ~150% (between 500 and 700 nm) relative to a healthy coral. Photosynthesis peaked around 300 µm within the tissue, which corresponded to a zone exhibiting strongest depletion of scalar irradiance. Deeper coral tissue layers, e.g., ~1000 µm into aboral polyp tissues, harbor optical microniches, where only ~10% of the incident irradiance remains. We conclude that the optical microenvironment of corals exhibits strong lateral and vertical gradients of scalar irradiance, which are affected by both tissue and skeleton optical properties. Our results imply that zooxanthellae populations inhabit a strongly heterogeneous light environment and highlight the presence of different optical microniches in corals; an important ?nding for understanding the photobiology, stress response, as well as the phenotypic and genotypic plasticity of coral symbionts.
Ward, R & Carroll, RJ 2012, 'Testing Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with a simple root-mean-square statistic', Biostatistics, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 74-86.
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We provide evidence that a root-mean-square test of goodness-of-fit can be
significantly more powerful than state-of-the-art exact tests in detecting
deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Unlike Pearson's chi-square test,
the log--likelihood-ratio test, and Fisher's exact test, which are sensitive to
relative discrepancies between genotypic frequencies, the root-mean-square test
is sensitive to absolute discrepancies. This can increase statistical power, as
we demonstrate using benchmark datasets and through asymptotic analysis. With
the aid of computers, exact P-values for the root-mean-square statistic can be
calculated eeffortlessly, and can be easily implemented using the author's
freely available code.
Webb, G, Miller, P & Peters, B 2012, 'Pyriproxyfen for the Control of Australian Salt-Marsh Mosquito, Aedes vigilax', Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 50-52.
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The efficacy of pyriproxyfen against the Australian salt-marsh mosquito, Aedes vigilax, was examined in 2 laboratory and 1 semi-field study using both technical grade and formulated products. In a dose-response study, the median emergence inhibition (EI5
Weckmann, M, Moir, LM, Heckman, CA, Black, JL, Oliver, BG & Burgess, JK 2012, 'Lamstatin - a novel inhibitor of lymphangiogenesis derived from collagen IV', JOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE, vol. 16, no. 12, pp. 3062-3073.
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The lymphatic system is essential for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and immunity. Its dysfunction in disease (such as lymphangioleiomyomatosis) can lead to chylous effusions, oedema or dissemination of malignant cells. Collagen IV has six a chain
Wei, J, Carroll, RJ, Harden, KK & Wu, G 2012, 'Comparisons of treatment means when factors do not interact in two-factorial studies', Amino Acids, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 2031-2035.
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Wei, Y, Ma, Y & Carroll, RJ 2012, 'Multiple imputation in quantile regression', Biometrika, vol. 99, no. 2, pp. 423-438.
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Wertheim, JO, Fourment, M & Kosakovsky Pond, SL 2012, 'Inconsistencies in Estimating the Age of HIV-1 Subtypes Due to Heterotachy', Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 451-456.
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Westgeest, KB, de Graaf, M, Fourment, M, Bestebroer, TM, van Beek, R, Spronken, MIJ, de Jong, JC, Rimmelzwaan, GF, Russell, CA, Osterhaus, ADME, Smith, GJD, Smith, DJ & Fouchier, RAM 2012, 'Genetic evolution of the neuraminidase of influenza A (H3N2) viruses from 1968 to 2009 and its correspondence to haemagglutinin evolution', Journal of General Virology, vol. 93, no. 9, pp. 1996-2007.
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Each year, influenza viruses cause epidemics by evading pre-existing humoral immunity through mutations in the major glycoproteins: the haemagglutinin (HA) and the neuraminidase (NA). In 2004, the antigenic evolution of HA of human influenza A (H3N2) viruses was mapped (Smith et al., Science
305, 371–376, 2004) from its introduction in humans in 1968 until 2003. The current study focused on the genetic evolution of NA and compared it with HA using the dataset of Smith and colleagues, updated to the epidemic of the 2009/2010 season. Phylogenetic trees and genetic maps were constructed to visualize the genetic evolution of NA and HA. The results revealed multiple reassortment events over the years. Overall rates of evolutionary change were lower for NA than for HA1 at the nucleotide level. Selection pressures were estimated, revealing an abundance of negatively selected sites and sparse positively selected sites. The differences found between the evolution of NA and HA1 warrant further analysis of the evolution of NA at the phenotypic level, as has been done previously for HA.
Westhorpe, DP & Mitrovic, SM 2012, 'Dissolved organic carbon mobilisation in relation to variable discharges and environmental flows in a highly regulated lowland river', Marine and Freshwater Research, vol. 63, no. 12, pp. 1218-1218.
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The relationships between discharge and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) have been extensively studied in rainfall runoff-driven stream systems. Less is known about discharge and DOC relationships in river systems dependent on floodplain inundation. We examined DOC dynamics and mobilisation over low discharge periods and several larger discharge events in the highly regulated lowland Namoi River, Australia. Stable isotope signatures (δ13C) of various water-column fractions (e.g. 200 µm, fine particulate organic matter) were used to determine the sources of DOC. DOC concentrations over low discharge periods were fairly similar among sites and ranged between 5 and 10 mg L–1. Concentrations during a high-discharge event increased substantially with a mean of 20.4 mg L–1 and a maximum of 44 mg L–1. Significant positive linear relationships were found between DOC concentrations and discharge (P < 0.001, r2 = 0.45). The 13C composition of DOC sampled across the three sites (e.g. –26.2‰) suggests a mixture of terrestrial and aquatic sources, with little downstream variation; however, we would envisage that during periods of high discharge allochthonous sources would dominate. Environmental flows (that are ecologically beneficial, potentially reversing changes brought about by flow regulation) have been allocated to the river, with the intention to increase the amount of DOC delivered to the river. The relationship between DOC and discharge was used to estimate DOC loads to the river under different modelled flow-management scenarios, including without environmental flow, with environmental flow, and simulated natural (low development) flow. On the basis of the modelling results, environmental flows should increase the amount of allochthonous DOC transported within the river in years with moderate and large flow events. Years with low flows did not deliver large loads of allochthonous DOC. The present results showed the potential variability in DOC delivery in...
Westhorpe, DP, Mitrovic, SM & Woodward, KB 2012, 'Diel variation of dissolved organic carbon during large flow events in a lowland river', Limnologica, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 220-226.
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Diel variation in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) within lotic systems has been reported on numerous occasions. However, to our knowledge there has been no published work on diel DOC variation within lowland rivers during high flow events. We sampled DOC
Weston, L, Ton-That, C & Phillips, MR 2012, 'Doping properties of hydrogen in ZnO', JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH, vol. 27, no. 17, pp. 2220-2224.
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The doping properties and stability of hydrogen in zinc oxide (ZnO) crystals have been investigated by cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy. Hydrogen incorporation was achieved by hydrogen plasma at 200 °C. The ZnO near-band-edge (NBE) peak is dramatically enhanced, while the green emission at 2.4 eV is quenched with increasing hydrogen incorporation. These effects are attributed to hydrogen passivating green luminescence centers, which are most likely negatively charged zinc vacancy defects. E-beam irradiation of H-doped ZnO crystals by an intense electron beam with µW power reverses the hydrogen doping process. This effect is ascribed to the dissociation of H-related defects, formation of Chidden H2, and electromigration of H + under the influence of the local trapped charge-induced electric field. These results highlight the potential to modify the local luminescent properties of ZnO by e-beam irradiation
Weyermann, C, Bucher, L, Majcherczyk, P, Mazzella, W, Roux, C & Esseiva, P 2012, 'Statistical discrimination of black gel pen inks analysed by laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, vol. 217, no. 1-3, pp. 127-133.
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Pearson correlation coefficients were applied for the objective comparison of 30 black gel pen inks analysed by laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS). The mass spectra were obtained for ink lines directly on paper using positive and nega
White, SW, Bray, BC & Ollendick, TH 2012, 'Examining Shared and Unique Aspects of Social Anxiety Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder Using Factor Analysis', Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 874-884.
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Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are fairly common psychiatric conditions that impair the functioning of otherwise healthy young adults. Given that the two conditions frequently co-occur, measurement of the characteristics unique to each condition is critical. This study evaluated the structure and construct overlap of two screening measures of SAD and ASD. Results from 623 young adults indicated that separable, though highly correlated, factors can be derived from the two measures related to social anxiety and social difficulties. The ASD screening measure also taps unique factors related to restricted interests and attention to details, theory of mind deficits, and a preference for routine. Recommendations are provided for accurate screening of symptoms of both SAD and ASD. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011.
Williams, DBG & Bredenkamp, T 2012, 'Pd/Al(OTf)3Catalyzed Methoxycarbonylation: On the Importance of Counterions and the Acid Source', ChemCatChem, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 206-208.
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Williams, DBG, Sibiya, MS & van Heerden, PS 2012, 'Efficient hydroalkoxylation of alkenes to generate octane-boosting ethers using recyclable metal triflates and highly active metal triflate/Brønsted acid-assisted catalysts', Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 94, no. 1, pp. 75-79.
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Williams, DBG, Simelane, SB & Kinfe, HH 2012, 'Aluminium triflate catalysed O-glycosidation: temperature-switched selective Ferrier rearrangement or direct addition with alcohols', Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, vol. 10, no. 29, pp. 5636-5636.
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Wilson, KG & Ralph, PJ 2012, 'Laboratory testing protocol for the impact of dispersed petrochemicals on seagrass', MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN, vol. 64, no. 11, pp. 2421-2427.
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To improve the effectiveness of oil spill mitigation, we developed a rapid, logistically simple protocol to detect petrochemical stress on seagrass. Sections of leaf blades from Zostera muelleri subsp. capricorni were exposed to the water accommodated fraction (WAF) of non-dispersed and dispersed Tapis crude oil and fuel oil (IFO-380) for 5 h. Photosynthetic health was monitored by assessing changes in effective quantum yield of photosystem II () and chlorophyll a pigment concentrations. Loss of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) was measured using an oil-in-water fluorometer, whilst GCMS analyses quantified the hydrocarbon components within each treatment. Few significant differences were detected in the chlorophyll a pigment analyses; however, appeared sensitive to petrochemical exposure. Dispersing both types of oil resulted in a substantial increase in the TPH of the WAF and was generally correlated with a greater physiological impact to the seagrass health, compared with the oil alone.
Wittmann, B, Ramelow, S, Steinlechner, F, Langford, NK, Brunner, N, Wiseman, HM, Ursin, R & Zeilinger, A 2012, 'Loophole-free Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen experiment via quantum steering', New Journal of Physics, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 053030-053030.
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Wolff, JC & Ollendick, TH 2012, 'Treatment of Comorbid Conduct Problems and Depression in Youth: A Pilot Study', Child & Family Behavior Therapy, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 141-155.
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The purpose of this study was to pilot a cognitive behavioral treatment protocol for adolescents with co-occurring conduct problems and depression. A non-concurrent multiple baseline design was used to assess the effectiveness of the intervention. A sample of five adolescents, aged 11 to 14 years, participated; all five families completed the protocol. Results indicated that symptoms of oppositionality were significantly reduced. Moreover, maternal ratings suggested significant improvements in emotion regulation in their children and cohesion in the family. However, symptoms of depression showed little improvement. Results of this study have implications for improving treatment outcomes for youth with these comorbid conditions and may lead to increased conceptual understanding of these comorbid problems. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
Woo, JKK, Webb, JS, Kirov, SM, Kjelleberg, S & Rice, SA 2012, 'Biofilm dispersal cells of a cystic fibrosisPseudomonas aeruginosaisolate exhibit variability in functional traits likely to contribute to persistent infection', FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 251-264.
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Wood, M, Maynard, P, Spindler, X, Lennard, C & Roux, C 2012, 'Visualization of Latent Fingermarks Using an Aptamer-Based Reagent', ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION, vol. 51, no. 49, pp. 12272-12274.
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Wood, M, Maynard, P, Spindler, X, Lennard, C & Roux, C 2012, 'Visualization of Latent Fingermarks Using an Aptamer-Based Reagent', Angewandte Chemie, vol. 124, no. 49, pp. 12438-12440.
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Don't touch! Aptamers selected against lysozyme are transformed into aptamer-based reagents, with which latent fingermarks can be developed with high selectivity and sensitivity. The design of aptamers targeting components of latent fingermarks opens up a new range of detection methods that previously have not been explored.
Woolley, LK, Fell, S, Gonsalves, JR, Walker, MJ, Djordjevic, SP, Jenkins, C & Eamens, GJ 2012, 'Evaluation of clinical, histological and immunological changes and qPCR detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in tissues during the early stages of mycoplasmal pneumonia in pigs after experimental challenge with two field isolates', Veterinary Microbiology, vol. 161, no. 1-2, pp. 186-195.
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Differences in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strain virulence and infection patterns will affect experimental challenge systems used to evaluate vaccine efficacy. Two strains (Hillcrest and Beaufort) were assessed by experimental pig challenge for their abili
Wynne, O, Horvat, JC, Smith, R, Hansbro, PM, Clifton, VL & Hodgson, DM 2012, 'Effect of neonatal respiratory infection on adult BALB/c hippocampal glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors', Developmental Psychobiology, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 568-575.
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Xiang, X, Gui, H, King, NJC, Cole, L, Wang, H, Xie, Q & Bao, S 2012, 'IL‐22 and non‐ELR‐CXC chemokine expression in chronic hepatitis B virus‐infected liver', Immunology & Cell Biology, vol. 90, no. 6, pp. 611-619.
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Xiao, H & Fu, S 2012, 'A Sensitive Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method for the Determination of Patulin in Apple Juice', JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL, vol. 95, no. 6, pp. 1709-1712.
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A simple and sensitive GC/MS method was developed for the detection of patulin in apple juice. The method utilized a common laboratory chemical, 3-nitrobenzyl alcohol, as an internal standard. The calibration curve, ranging from 5 to 100 µg/L, showed good linearity with a correlation coefficient of 0.999. The LOD and LOQ were 2 and 5 µg/L, respectively. The significant advantage of the method was removal of the need for in-house synthesis of appropriate internal standards as reported by other researchers. The method also eliminated the need for careful sample preparation procedures, as outlined in some AOAC methods in which no internal standard was utilized. The streamlined extraction process and the improved sensitivity warrant the developed method to be a useful alternative for drug testing laboratories, especially those with large specimen volume and throughput to determine patulin levels in apple juice.
Xiao, L, Lao, W-G, Tan, Y & Qu, X 2012, 'In Vitro Investigation of Anti-Diabetic Effect of Taxus cuspidate Extracts by Ultrasound Assisted Method', The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, vol. 40, no. 06, pp. 1205-1215.
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Extracting active components from Chinese medicinal herbs efficiently is a key step in the investigation of their pharmacological effects and modes of action. In this project, we compared the ultrasound-assisted method and the conventional solvent method for extracting the active compound of Taxus cuspidate (dong bei hong dou shan). Through the analysis of various extractions with a quadruple time-of-fight (Q-TOF) LC/MS, we demonstrated that the ultrasound-assisted method reduced solvent consumption and had shorter extraction time, while the extraction yields of the active compound (taxol) were equivalent to or even higher than those obtained with the conventional solvent extraction method. Through the comparison of Taxus cuspidate extracts (TCEs) with different concentrations of acetone and ethanol, we proved that 50% ethanol was an optimal solvent for extracting taxol from Taxus cuspidate. Based on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) literature, we further determined whether TCEs possess antidiabetic effects by testing glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with TCEs from Taxus cuspidate bark and twigs under insulin stimulation (100 nM). The results showed that neither taxol (10 μg/ml) nor TCEs (1 and 0.1 mg/ml) changed glucose uptake significantly compared with insulin alone. This study demonstrated that the ultrasound-assisted method with 50% ethanol is a highly efficient approach for extracting Taxus cuspidate, which may be applicable for extraction of other Chinese medicinal herbs. Extracts of Taxus cuspidate bark and twigs had no effect on insulin stimulated-glucose uptake in vitro. This result conflicts with the description in TCM literature. Further in vivo study to clarify Taxus cuspidate's metabolic actions is necessary.
Xu, J, Jia, L, Ma, Y, Liu, X, Tian, H, Liu, W & Tang, Y 2012, 'Novel lanthanide hybrid functional materials for high performance luminescence application: The relationship between structures and photophysical behaviors', Materials Chemistry and Physics, vol. 136, no. 1, pp. 112-119.
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Xu, X, Li, WX, Zhang, Y, De Silva, KSB, Kim, JH & Choi, S 2012, 'The Effects of Graphene Doping on the In-Field J(c) of MgB2 Wires', JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 1402-1405.
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Yang, L, Thomas, P & Stuart, B 2012, 'Discrimination of thermally treated low density polyethylenes using DSC and principal component analysis', Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, vol. 108, no. 2, pp. 445-448.
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The potential for differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) as a tool for the discrimination of forensic polymer specimens is investigated for a series of commercial low density polyethylene (LDPE) samples. Variation in the melting temperatures of 'as received' samples was found to be too small for its use in sample discrimination. The melting behaviour of thermally treated samples, quenched from the melt in liquid nitrogen followed by annealing at temperatures below the melting temperature, showed promise in discrimination potential. The application of principal component analysis to aid discrimination demonstrated the necessity in using a controlled thermal history to aid the discrimination process. The clustering of the LDPEs based on the factors selected demonstrated the potential of DSC for the discrimination of forensic LDPE samples.
Yang, M, Kumar, RK, Hansbro, PM & Foster, PS 2012, 'Emerging roles of pulmonary macrophages in driving the development of severe asthma', Journal of Leukocyte Biology, vol. 91, no. 4, pp. 557-569.
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Yi, GY, Ma, Y & Carroll, RJ 2012, 'A functional generalized method of moments approach for longitudinal studies with missing responses and covariate measurement error', Biometrika, vol. 99, no. 1, pp. 151-165.
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Abstract
Covariate measurement error and missing responses are typical features in longitudinal data analysis. There has been extensive research on either covariate measurement error or missing responses, but relatively little work has been done to address both simultaneously. In this paper, we propose a simple method for the marginal analysis of longitudinal data with time-varying covariates, some of which are measured with error, while the response is subject to missingness. Our method has a number of appealing properties: assumptions on the model are minimal, with none needed about the distribution of the mismeasured covariate; implementation is straightforward and its applicability is broad. We provide both theoretical justification and numerical results.
Yin, L, Fristedt, R, Herdean, A, Solymosi, K, Bertrand, M, Andersson, MX, Mamedov, F, Vener, AV, Schoefs, B & Spetea, C 2012, 'Photosystem II Function and Dynamics in Three Widely Used Arabidopsis thaliana Accessions', PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 9, pp. e46206-e46206.
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Yin, S, Li, L, Yang, Y & Reimers, JR 2012, 'Challenges for the Accurate Simulation of Anisotropic Charge Mobilities through Organic Molecular Crystals: The beta Phase of mer-Tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum(III) (Alq3) Crystal', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C, vol. 116, no. 28, pp. 14826-14836.
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York, PH, Kelaher, BP, Booth, DJ & Bishop, MJ 2012, 'Trophic responses to nutrient enrichment in a temperate seagrass food chain', MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES, vol. 449, pp. 291-296.
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Simple ecological models that predict trophic responses to bottom-up forcing are valuable tools for ecosystem managers. Traditionally, theoretical ecologists have used resource-dependent functional responses to explain the modification of food chains exp
Younger, JS, Booth, DJ & Kurniawan, K 2012, 'Sustainable development – the East Bali poverty project', Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Municipal Engineer, vol. 165, no. 1, pp. 43-58.
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Sustainable development is an essential objective for all governments, whether tasked with leading a fully industrialised country or grappling with the challenges faced by developing countries. Efforts to deal with some of the major issues of the world that have loomed over the past few decades such as water and sanitation and poverty, the scale of which has primarily resulted from very large population growth over the past half century, have generally failed. This is particularly noticeable in the fast industrialising countries of Asia and in parts of Africa. In more recent times, it has been recognised that resolution of poverty problems really only succeed if the people requiring assistance are directly and fully embraced in the solutions needed, along with the approaches and procedures adopted to tackle the problems. In this paper, details are presented of the approach taken to respond to the aspirations of a desperately poor community of 15 000 in a remote area of Bali, Indonesia, with difficult access, and raise it to a situation of sustainable development. In the beginning the elders of the community prioritised education for their children as a means of providing for a better future. Before the children could respond properly, serious health issues had to be addressed, and this meant taking a long-term and holistic view with a matching schedule of parallel infrastructure and social programmes, and full participation of the community. This privately funded integrated development is now in its eleventh year, and the many challenges and solutions to achieve sustainable development are described. The project provides many lessons for adaptation, and is already providing selective assistance elsewhere.
Yu, B, Yip, PY, Cooper, W, Ng, CC, Mercorella, B, Le, H, Trent, R, Kohonen-Corish, M, Kennedy, C, McCaughan, B, Kench, J, Boyer, M, Horvath, L & O’Toole, S 2012, 'Patterns of somatic mutations in an Australian cohort of lung adenocarcinoma', Pathology, vol. 44, pp. S90-S90.
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Zadin, V, Danilov, D, Brandell, D, Notten, PHL & Aabloo, A 2012, 'Finite element simulations of 3D ionic transportation properties in Li-ion electrolytes', Electrochimica Acta, vol. 65, pp. 165-173.
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In current work, the ionic transport limitations in the Li-ion battery liquid electrolyte with separator are studied by a finite element method. This theoretical approach is based on the Nernst-Planck equation. It is shown that instead of solving coupled PDE system for concentration and potential, it is sufficient to calculate only the concentration profile in a three-dimensional (3D) structure to obtain a full description of the diffusion-migration ionic transport in the electrolyte in the steady-state. Subsequently, the overpotential and electric field can be calculated by using the provided equations. It was found that diffusion and migration overpotentials are equal in the steady-state. Consequently, two algorithms exploiting electrolyte simulations are proposed and successfully used to calculate the limiting current for the simulated battery system. In the present study a single perforated layer of the separator is inserted into the electrolyte and the simulations are carried out by increasing the complexity of the membrane holes. The ionic transportation dependence on the pore shape was found to be local and limited by the spatial area around the perforated separator. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Zaslawski, C 2012, 'Guest Editorials: Response to Friends of Science in Medicine: Medicine, Science, Arts and Friends: What do we make of the claims made by Friends of Science in Medicine (FSM)?: Where does the evidence lie? A response to the recent media blitz on Chinese medicine and acupuncture', Australian Journal of Acupuncture and Chinese Medicine, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 4-5.
Zhang, L, Wang, Y, Ye, Z, Jin, D & Yuan, J 2012, 'New Class of Tetradentate β-Diketonate-Europium Complexes That Can Be Covalently Bound to Proteins for Time-Gated Fluorometric Application', Bioconjugate Chemistry, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 1244-1251.
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Zhang, R, Ye, Z, Yin, Y, Wang, G, Jin, D, Yuan, J & Piper, JA 2012, 'Developing Red-Emissive Ruthenium(II) Complex-Based Luminescent Probes for Cellular Imaging', Bioconjugate Chemistry, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 725-733.
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Zhang, W, Zhang, R, Zhang, J, Ye, Z, Jin, D & Yuan, J 2012, 'Photoluminescent and electrochemiluminescent dual-signaling probe for bio-thiols based on a ruthenium(II) complex', Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 740, pp. 80-87.
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Zhang, XZ, Ye, N, Pan, MW & Lim, CED 2012, 'Preventive treatment for diseases: A practice model. a challenge for hospital management in the field of integrative medicine', Journal of the Australian Traditional-Medicine Society, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 221-223.
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The concept of preventive treatment for diseases in the Chinese context originated in an ancient Chinese medical text called The Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon or The Inner Canon of Huangdi. This concept is that of taking treatment measures in order to prevent recurrence of diseases and consequent deterioration in health and well-being. There are three aspects of preventive treatment: 1) preventive measures before the onset of the illness; 2) measures taken against deterioration during the illness; and 3) measures taken against relapse after recovery.1 The authors introduced a Tradtional Chinese Medicine (TCM) model of preventive treatment for diseases into the clinical health care practice at Guangdong Women's and Children's Hospital (GDWCH). TCM principles and methodologies were applied along with modern medical practices of diagnosis and treatment. The study found that the new model of integrative medicine applied at GDWCH presented a wide range of possibilities for both social benefits and good medical prognosis.
Zhang, Z, ten Kate, OM, Delsing, A, van der Kolk, E, Notten, PHL, Dorenbos, P, Zhao, J & Hintzen, HT 2012, 'Photoluminescence properties and energy level locations of RE3+ (RE = Pr, Sm, Tb, Tb/Ce) in CaAlSiN3 phosphors', Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 22, no. 19, pp. 9813-9813.
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RE 3+ (RE = Pr, Sm, Tb, Tb/Ce)-activated CaAlSiN 3 samples were prepared by a solid-state reaction method at high temperature, and their photoluminescence properties were investigated. An interesting observation is that the 5d bands of Pr 3+ and Tb 3+ are at rather low energy in CaAlSiN 3 compared to oxides. Pr 3+-doped CaAlSiN 3 shows strong 4f 15d 1 → 4f 2 emission bands (334-480 nm) as well as typical 4f 2 → 4f 2 emission lines (480-800 nm) of Pr 3+ under 4f 2 → 4f 15d 1 excitation. Sm 3+-doped CaAlSiN 3 exhibits bright red emission originating from 4G 5/2 → 6H J (J = 5/2, 7/2 and 9/2) transitions, and the charge transfer band of Sm 3+ was observed at an unusually low energy of 3.91 eV. In Tb 3+-doped samples, the direct Tb 3+ 4f 8 → 4f 75d 1 excitation leads to 5D 3 → 7F J (J = 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1) (blue) and 5D 4 → 7F J (J = 6, 5, 4, 3) (green) line emissions. The bands at about 252 nm in the excitation spectra are attributed to the host lattice absorption. It is observed that there is energy transfer from the host lattice to the luminescent activators (Pr 3+, Sm 3+, Tb 3+). In Tb 3+/Ce 3+-codoped CaAlSiN 3, an effective energy transfer process exists from Tb 3+ to Ce 3+. A detailed energy level diagram that contains the position of the 4f and 5d levels of all divalent and trivalent lanthanide ions with respect to the valence and conduction bands of CaAlSiN 3 has been constructed and explained. © 2012 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Zhang, Z, ten Kate, OM, Delsing, ACA, Stevens, MJH, Zhao, J, Notten, PHL, Dorenbos, P & Hintzen, HT 2012, 'Photoluminescence properties of Yb2+ in CaAlSiN3 as a novel red-emitting phosphor for white LEDs', Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 22, no. 45, pp. 23871-23871.
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This paper reports on the diffuse reflection spectra, photoluminescence spectra and chromaticity of ytterbium in CaAlSiN 3 at room temperature. It can be excited efficiently over a broad spectral range between 280 and 580 nm and exhibits a single intense red emission at 629 nm with a full width at half maximum of 75 nm due to the electronic transitions from the excited state of 4f 135d to the ground state 4f 14 of Yb 2+. The low energy of Yb 2+ emission in CaAlSiN 3 can be attributed to the large nephelauxetic effect and crystal field splitting due to the coordination of Yb 2+ by nitrogen. This novel developed CaAlSiN 3:Yb 2+, which is the first Yb 2+-activated nitride red-emitting phosphor, has potential applications in spectral conversion materials for warm-white LEDs. The width of the emission band, Stokes shift and thermal quenching mechanism of Yb 2+ in CaAlSiN 3 and (oxy)nitride-based phosphors are discussed and compared with those of Eu 2+. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2012.
Zhang, ZJ, Delsing, ACA, Notten, PHL, Zhao, JT & Hintzen, HT 2012, 'Photoluminescence properties of Eu2+-activated Ca2Y2Si2O9 phosphor', Materials Research Bulletin, vol. 47, no. 8, pp. 2040-2044.
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Zhou, J, Teng, Y, Ye, S, Lin, G & Qiu, J 2012, 'A discussion on spectral modification from visible to near-infrared based on energy transfer for silicon solar cells', Optical Materials, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 901-905.
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We report on spectral modification from visible to near-infrared (NIR) in Pr3+ and Yb3+ codoped oxyfluoride glass for c-Si solar cell. The excitation and emission spectra indicate the energy transfer from Pr3+ to Yb3+. The theoretical quantum efficiency is calculated based on the fluorescent lifetime and has reached more than 150%. However, the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of the Pr3+ and Yb3+ codoped glass covered on silicon solar cell is decreased compared to that of the host glass. The reasons of the negative effect of spectral modification on EQE are discussed and analyzed.
Zhou, J, Teng, Y, Zhou, S & Qiu, J 2012, 'Quantum Cutting in Luminescent Glasses and Glass Ceramics', International Journal of Applied Glass Science, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 299-308.
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In the last decade, revolutions in photonic material design and large-area nanostructure fabrication have given researchers and technologists tools to enable a new era of ultrahigh-efficiency photovoltaics. Quantum cutting has received much attention as a potential approach to enhance the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of solar cell in the recent decades. In this article, we review the phenomena, mechanisms, and design of the quantum cutting processes, focusing on the promising applications of the transparent glasses and glass ceramic materials as the down-converter of solar spectrum. We discuss the gaps between the current theoretical analysis and the practical applications of the quantum-cutting materials. To concave the negative effects of using the quantum-cutting materials as a down-converter on the front surface of the solar cell, much attention should be given to the choice of material and improvement of the material properties as well as the integration of photonic nanostructures and circuits on the solar cell.
Zuccala, ES, Gout, AM, Dekiwadia, C, Marapana, DS, Angrisano, F, Turnbull, L, Riglar, DT, Rogers, KL, Whitchurch, CB, Ralph, SA, Speed, TP & Baum, J 2012, 'Subcompartmentalisation of Proteins in the Rhoptries Correlates with Ordered Events of Erythrocyte Invasion by the Blood Stage Malaria Parasite', PLOS ONE, vol. 7, no. 9, p. e46160.
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Host cell infection by apicomplexan parasites plays an essential role in lifecycle progression for these obligate intracellular pathogens. For most species, including the etiological agents of malaria and toxoplasmosis, infection requires active host-cell invasion dependent on formation of a tight junction - the organising interface between parasite and host cell during entry. Formation of this structure is not, however, shared across all Apicomplexa or indeed all parasite lifecycle stages. Here, using an in silico integrative genomic search and endogenous gene-tagging strategy, we sought to characterise proteins that function specifically during junction-dependent invasion, a class of proteins we term invasins to distinguish them from adhesins that function in species specific host-cell recognition. High-definition imaging of tagged Plasmodium falciparum invasins localised proteins to multiple cellular compartments of the blood stage merozoite. This includes several that localise to distinct subcompartments within the rhoptries. While originating from the same organelle, however, each has very different dynamics during invasion. Apical Sushi Protein and Rhoptry Neck protein 2 release early, following the junction, whilst a novel rhoptry protein PFF0645c releases only after invasion is complete. This supports the idea that organisation of proteins within a secretory organelle determines the order and destination of protein secretion and provides a localisation-based classification strategy for predicting invasin function during apicomplexan parasite invasion.
