ACCIOLY, LJDO & HUETE, AR 2000, 'Resposta espectral de solos em razão do ângulo de visada, da umidade e da rugosidade superficial', Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 2473-2484.
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Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as variações do fator de refletância bidirecional (FRB) de três séries de solo (McAllister, Stronghold e Epitaph) da microbacia experimental de Walnut Gulch (Arizona, EUA) em razão do ângulo de visada, da rugosidade superficial e do teor de umidade. Foram consideradas as faixas espectrais do visível e do infravermelho próximo e médio presentes no sensor TM, e os resultados foram expressos em termos de FRB em relação à resposta no Nadir (FRB relativo). O anisotropismo variou de solo para solo e foi maior nas menores faixas espectrais, nos ângulos de visada maiores localizados na direção do retroespalhamento, nos ângulos solar-zenitais maiores, e na condição de solo seco. No solo Epitaph (único solo submetido ao estudo de rugosidade) o anisotropismo foi também maior na superfície mais rugosa. Entretanto, uma melhor diferenciação entre as superfícies lisa e rugosa do solo Epitaph foi obtida na direção do espalhamento da energia refletida. Diferenças na escala e nos métodos de obtenção dos dados são apontadas como causas do realce do comportamento anisotrópico dos dados obtidos em condições de laboratório, em comparação com os dados de campo.
Aird, M, Coyle, M, Cobbin, DM & Zaslawski, C 2000, 'A Study of the Comparative Accuracy of Two Methods of Locating Acupuncture Points', Acupuncture in Medicine, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 15-21.
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The ability to locate an acupuncture point accurately is an essential component of both effective treatment and meaningful acupuncture research. This study examined the comparative accuracy of two commonly used mechanical methods of acupuncture point location: directional and proportional. Twenty final-year acupuncture students attempted to locate the points LI.10 (Shousanli) and ST.40 (Fenglong) using each method contralaterally on a volunteer. Both methods are appropriate for use in the locating of these points. Analysis of the results found no significant difference in accuracy between the two methods for either LI.10 (t=1.05, p=0.31) or ST.40 (t=0.59, p=0.57), both methods being found to be similarly inaccurate. The findings of this study demonstrate the serious limitations of both methods for accurate point location. Implications for acupuncture research and treatment are discussed.
Ammit, A 2000, 'Antagonist of chemokine receptors CCR1 and CCR3', Respiratory Research, vol. 2, no. 1.
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AMMIT, AJ, ARMOUR, CL & BLACK, JL 2000, 'Smooth-Muscle Myosin Light-Chain Kinase Content Is Increased in Human Sensitized Airways', American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol. 161, no. 1, pp. 257-263.
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Ammit, AJ, Hoffman, RK, Amrani, Y, Lazaar, AL, Hay, DWP, Torphy, TJ, Penn, RB & Panettieri, RA 2000, 'Tumor Necrosis Factor- α –Induced Secretion of RANTES and Interleukin-6 from Human Airway Smooth-Muscle Cells', American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 794-802.
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Andersen, PA, Griffiths, AA, Duggin, IG & Wake, RG 2000, 'Functional specificity of the replication fork-arrest complexes of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli: significant specificity for Tus-Ter functioning in E-coli', MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 1327-1335.
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The Escherichia coli replication terminator TerB was inserted in its two alternate orientations into a Bacillus subtilis fork-arrest assay plasmid. After transferring these new plasmids into B. subtilis, which could overproduce the E. coli terminator protein Tus, it was shown that the E. coli Tus±TerB complex could cause polar replication fork arrest, albeit at a very low level, in B. subtilis. A new B. subtilis±E. coli shuttle plasmid was designed to allow the insertion of either the TerI (B. subtilis) or TerB (E. coli) terminator at the same site and in the active orientation in relation to the approaching replication fork generated in either organism. Fork-arrest assays for both terminator-containing plasmids replicating in both organisms which also produced saturating levels of either the B. subtilis terminator protein (RTP) or Tus were performed
Anzenbacher, P, Jursíková, K, Shriver, JA, Miyaji, H, Lynch, VM, Sessler, JL & Gale, PA 2000, 'Lithiation of meso-Octamethylcalix[4]pyrrole: A General Route to C-Rim Monosubstituted Calix[4]pyrroles', The Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol. 65, no. 22, pp. 7641-7645.
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Asatryan, AA, Robinson, PA, Botten, LC, McPhedran, RC, Nicorovici, NA & de Sterke, CM 2000, 'Effects of geometric and refractive index disorder on wave propagation in two-dimensional photonic crystals', PHYSICAL REVIEW E, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 5711-5720.
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Atkinson, R, Harper, PAW, Reichel, MP & Ellis, JT 2000, 'Progress in the serodiagnosis of Neospora caninum infections of cattle', PARASITOLOGY TODAY, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 110-114.
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Neospora caninum is an apicomplexan protozoan that has become the focus of significant research attention worldwide. This organism infects a range of host species, including dogs, from which it was originally reported in 1984, but it is most important as a major cause of bovine abortion. As a result of the global importance of N. caninum, researchers have developed a number of serological tests to investigate the epidemiology of infection and disease. In this article, Robert Atkinson, Peter Harper, Michael Reichel and John Ellis consider progress made in the serodiagnosis of N. caninum.
Atkinson, RA, Cook, RW, Reddacliff, LA, Rothwell, J, Broady, KW, Happer, PAW & Ellis, JT 2000, 'Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection following an abortion outbreak in a dairy cattle herd', AUSTRALIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL, vol. 78, no. 4, pp. 262-266.
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To investigate the seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection in a commercial dairy cattle herd, 15 months after detection of an abortion outbreak. PROCEDURE: Sera from the whole herd (n = 266) were examined for N caninum antibodies by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and immunoblot analysis. Herd records were reviewed to collate serological results with abortion history, proximity to calving, and pedigree data. RESULTS: The seroprevalence of N caninum infection was 24% (63/266) for IFAT titre > or = 160, 29% (78/266) for immunoblot positive (+ve), and 31% (82/266) for IFAT > or = 160 and/or immunoblot +ve; 94% (59/63) of animals with IFAT > or = 160 were immunoblot +ve. The association between seropositivity (IFAT > or = 160 and/or immunoblot +ve) and history of abortion was highly significant (P < 0.001); the seroprevalence was 86% (18/21) in aborting cows, compared with 30% (50/164) in non-aborting animals. The abortion rate for seropositive cows was 26% (18/68) compared with 3% (3/117) for seronegative animals. IFAT titres of infected cows were higher within 2 months of calving than at other times (P < 0.001). The association between seropositivity in dams and daughters was highly significant (P = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: The abortions were associated with N caninum infection and there was evidence of reactivation of latent infection close to calving and congenital transmission of infection. Immunodominant antigens identified by immunoblots may prove useful for improved diagnostic tests.
Balzani, V, Credi, A, Langford, SJ, Raymo, FM, Stoddart, JF & Venturi, M 2000, 'Constructing Molecular Machinery: A Chemically-Switchable [2]Catenane', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 122, no. 14, pp. 3542-3543.
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Bao, KD, McPhedran, RC, Nicorovici, NA, Poulton, CG & Botten, LC 2000, 'The electromagnetic modes and homogenization for a cubic lattice of spheres', PHYSICA B, vol. 279, no. 1-3, pp. 162-163.
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We discuss the propagation of electromagnetic waves in a triply periodic lattice of dielectric spheres. We represent the electric and magnetic fields in terms of Debye potentials, and derive the generalized Rayleigh identity. In the long wavelength limit we evaluate the effective dielectric constant of the homogenized crystal.
Beebe, NW, Bakote'e, B, Ellis, JT & Cooper, RD 2000, 'Differential ecology of Anopheles punctulatus and three members of the Anopheles farauti complex of mosquitoes on Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands, identified by PCR-RFLP analysis', MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 308-312.
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From a series of larval collections made across northern Guadalcanal during the dry season, OctoberNovember 1997, four members of the Anopheles punctulatus group of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) were identified using PCR-RFLP analysis. Anopheline larvae were found in 54/57 (95%) of the sites sampled, comprising An. farauti Laveran sensu stricto (32 sites), An. farauti species no. 2 (39 sites), An. farauti no. 7 (36 sites) and An. punctulatus Dönitz (10 sites). Anopheles punctulatus occurred only on the coastal plain, where it was associated with the more transient sites. Anopheles farauti sensu lato was more widespread throughout the survey region, with similar proportions of all three sibling species in both transient and permanent sites. Two members of the An. farauti complex, An. farauti s.s. and species no. 2, were found in brackish water. All breeding sites of An. punctulatus were cohabited by An. farauti s.l., sometimes by all three sibling species. Anopheles farauti s.s. was the only species collected on human bait, with a much higher biting rate early in the evening (57 bites/human/hour at 18.3020.00 hours) than later (0.8 bites/human/hour at 21.0024.00 hours).
Beebe, NW, Cooper, RD, Foley, DH & Ellis, JT 2000, 'Populations of the south-west Pacific malaria vector Anopheles farauti s.s. revealed by ribosomal DNA transcribed spacer polymorphisms', HEREDITY, vol. 84, no. 2, pp. 244-253.
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Beebe, NW, Cooper, RD, Morrison, DA & Ellis, JT 2000, 'A phylogenetic study of the Anopheles punctulatus group of malaria vectors comparing rDNA sequence alignments derived from the mitochondrial and nuclear small ribosomal subunits', MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 430-436.
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Beebe, NW, Cooper, RD, Morrison, DA & Ellis, JT 2000, 'Subset partitioning of the ribosomal DNA small subunit and its effects on the phylogeny of the Anopheles punctulatus group', INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 515-520.
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Bellamy, SL, Gibberd, R, Hancock, L, Howley, P, Kennedy, B, Klar, N, Lipsitz, S & Ryan, L 2000, 'Analysis of dichotomous outcome data for community intervention studies', STATISTICAL METHODS IN MEDICAL RESEARCH, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 135-159.
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Community intervention trials are becoming increasingly popular as a tool for evaluating the effectiveness of health education and intervention strategies. Typically, units such as households, schools, towns, counties, are randomized to receive either intervention or control, then outcomes are measured on individuals within each of the units of randomization. It is well recognized that the design and analysis of such studies must account for the clustering of subjects within the units of randomization. Furthermore, there are usually both subject level and cluster level covariates that must be considered in the modelling process. While suitable methods are available for continuous outcomes, data analysis is more complicated when dichotomous outcomes are measured on each subject. This paper will compare and contrast several of the available methods that can be applied in such settings, including random effects models, generalized estimating equations and methods based on the calculation of 'design effects', as implemented in the computer package SUDAAN. For completeness, the paper will also compare these methods of analysis with more simplistic approaches based on the summary statistics. All the methods will be applied to a case study based on adolescent anti-smoking intervention in Australia. The paper concludes with some general discussion and recommendations for routine design and analysis.
Bellec, N, Garrido Montalban, A, Williams, DBG, Cook, AS, Anderson, ME, Feng, X, Barrett, AGM & Hoffman, BM 2000, 'Porphyrazinediols: Synthesis, Characterization, and Complexation to Group IVB Metallocenes', The Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 1774-1779.
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Benn, DE, Dwight, T, Richardson, AL, Delbridge, L, Bambach, CP, Stowasser, M, Gordon, RD, Marsh, DJ & Robinson, BG 2000, 'Sporadic and familial pheochromocytomas are associated with loss of at least two discrete intervals on chromosome 1p.', Cancer Res, vol. 60, no. 24, pp. 7048-7051.
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Pheochromocytomas are tumors of the adrenal medulla originating in the chromaffin cells derived from the neural crest. Ten % of these tumors are associated with the familial cancer syndromes multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL), and rarely, neurofibromatosis type 1, in which germ-line mutations have been identified in RET, VHL, and NF1, respectively. In both the sporadic and familial form of pheochromocytoma, allelic loss at 1p, 3p, 17p, and 22q has been reported, yet the molecular pathogenesis of these tumors is largely unknown. Allelic loss at chromosome 1p has also been reported in other endocrine tumors, such as medullary thyroid cancer and tumors of the parathyroid gland, as well as in tumors of neural crest origin including neuroblastoma and malignant melanoma. In this study, we performed fine structure mapping of deletions at chromosome 1p in familial and sporadic pheochromocytomas to identify discrete regions likely housing tumor suppressor genes involved in the development of these tumors. Ten microsatellite markers spanning a region of approximately 70 cM (1pter to 1p34.3) were used to screen 20 pheochromocytomas from 19 unrelated patients for loss of heterozygosity (LOH). LOH was detected at five or more loci in 8 of 13 (61%) sporadic samples and at five or more loci in four of five (80%) tumor samples from patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. No LOH at 1p was detected in pheochromocytomas from two VHL patients. Analysis of the combined sporadic and familial tumor data suggested three possible regions of common somatic loss, designated as PC1 (D1S243 to D1S244), PC2 (D1S228 to D1S507), and PC3 (D1S507 toward the centromere). We propose that chromosome 1p may be the site of at least three putative tumor suppressor loci involved in the tumorigenesis of pheochromocytomas. At least one of these loci, PC2 spanning an interval of <3.8 cM, is likely to have a broader role in the development of endocrine malignancies.
Bhar, R, Chiarella, C, El-Hassan, N & Zheng, X 2000, 'The reduction of forward rate dependent volatility HJM models to Markovian form: pricing European bond options', The Journal of Computational Finance, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 47-72.
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Billing, DG, Holzapfel, CW, Blann, K & Williams, DBG 2000, 'meso-2,2′-Diphenyl-3,3′,4,4′-tetrahydro-2,2′-bifuran-5,5′(2H,2′H)-dione', Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications, vol. 56, no. 11, pp. e522-e523.
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Booth, DJ, Kingsford, MJ, Doherty, PJ & Beretta, GA 2000, 'Recruitment of damselfishes in One Tree Island lagoon: persistent interannual spatial patterns', MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES, vol. 202, no. 0, pp. 219-230.
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The spatial and temporal patterns of distribution of new settlers of 23 species of damselfish (Pomacentridae) within One Tree Island lagoon, southern Great Barrier Reef (GBR) were measured for 3 summers to assess the persistence of spatial patterns of recruitment. Overall recruitment was 3 times higher in 1993/1994 than 1994/1995, and 1.5 times higher than 1999. In general, recruitment decreased towards the lagoon centre, even though habitat availability was not lower there on average, suggesting that most fish settled at outer sites as they were advected from adjacent waters. There was also great variation in numbers of recruits among outer sites. Patterns of recruitment to continuous reef and patch reef habitats also differed among species, suggesting habitat selection at this broad level. For example, Pomacentrus nagasakiensis was primarily found on patch reefs, while P. moluccensis was largely found on continuous reef. One site (Shark Alley) received the highest number of recruits of most species during the study, and this pattern has been observed in studies since 1975. Despite interannual variability in abundance of potential settlers and differences in the habitat preferences of some species, therefore, some sites on the reef can receive relatively high numbers of settlers over decadal time scales. This consistency of spatial pattern may be due to local topography and oceanography at Shark Alley, which appear to favour the input of potential settlers. The availability of live coral may also be important, but species which showed no preferences for live cover also recruited at high levels at this site. The attributes of Shark Alley were compared with those at other sites. Overall, sites that clustered on the basis of oceanographic and habitat features also had similar recruitment, suggesting that these features may be useful in predicting recruitment hotspots on reefs elsewhere.
Botten, LC, Nicorovici, NAP, Asatryan, AA, McPhedran, RC, de Sterke, CM & Robinson, PA 2000, 'Formulation for electromagnetic scattering and propagation through grating stacks of metallic and dielectric cylinders for photonic crystal calculations. Part I. Method', JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA A-OPTICS IMAGE SCIENCE AND VISION, vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 2165-2176.
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Botten, LC, Nicorovici, NAP, Asatryan, AA, McPhedran, RC, de Sterke, CM & Robinson, PA 2000, 'Formulation for electromagnetic scattering and propagation through grating stacks of metallic and dielectric cylinders for photonic crystal calculations. Part II. Properties and implementation', JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA A-OPTICS IMAGE SCIENCE AND VISION, vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 2177-2190.
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A numerical implementation and generalized conservation properties of a formulation for calculating wave propagation through stacked gratings comprising metallic and dielectric cylinders are presented. The basic formulation of the method was given in a c
Boyce, MC, Breadmore, M, Macka, M, Doble, P & Haddad, PR 2000, 'Indirect spectrophotometric detection of inorganic anions in ion-exchange capillary electrochromatography', ELECTROPHORESIS, vol. 21, no. 15, pp. 3073-3080.
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The application of indirect spectrophotometric detection was investigated for a capillary electrochromatographic system in which an anion-exchange stationary phase tin the form of aminated latex particles) was coated onto the wall of a fused-silica capil
Brown, KG, Kuo, TL, Guo, HR, Ryan, LM & Abernathy, CO 2000, 'Sensitivity analysis of US EPA's estimates of skin cancer risk from inorganic arsenic in drinking water', HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 1055-1074.
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The current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA's) risk analysis on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) for arsenic in drinking water is based on an epidemiological study of skill cancer in Taiwan. Assumptions used in the USEPA applic
Brucker, P, Knust, S, Roper, D & Zinder, Y 2000, 'Scheduling UET task systems with concurrency on two parallel identical processors', MATHEMATICAL METHODS OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 369-387.
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Problems with unit execution time (UET) tasks and two identical parallel processors have received a great deal of attention in scheduling theory. In contrast to the conventional models, where each task requires only one processor, we consider a situation when a task may require both processors simultaneously. Following Lloyd, we term such task systems systems with concurrency. For problems without precedence constraints we present several polynomial time algorithms which complement recent results of Lee and Cai. We also show that the introduction of precedence constraints leads to NP-hardness results for maximum lateness and mean flow time objective functions. For the maximum lateness problem, a family of algorithms, based upon the idea of modified due dates, is considered. The worst case behaviour of these algorithms is analysed, and it is shown that the same upper bound is tight for each algorithm of this family.
Brucker, P, Knust, S, Roper, D & Zinder, Y 2000, 'Scheduling UET task systems with concurrency on two parallel indentical processors', Mathematical Methods of Operations Research, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 369-387.
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Brumback, BA 2000, 'A meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies with interval-censored exposure data: application to chorionic villus sampling', Biostatistics, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 203-217.
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Brumback, BA, Ryan, LM, Schwartz, JD, Neas, LM, Stark, PC & Burge, HA 2000, 'Transitional regression models, with application to environmental time series', JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION, vol. 95, no. 449, pp. 16-27.
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Environmental epidemiologists often encounter time series data in the form of discrete or other nonnormal outcomes; for example, in modeling the relationship between air pollution and hospital admissions or mortality rates. We present a case study examining the association between pollen counts and meteorologic covariates. Although such time series data are inadequately described by standard methods for Gaussian time series, they are often autocorrelated, and warrant an analysis beyond those provided by ordinary generalized linear models (GLMs). Transitional regression models (TRMs), signifying nonlinear regression models expressed in terms of conditional means and variances given past observations, provide a unifying framework for two mainstream approaches to extending the GLM for autocorrelated data. The first approach models current outcomes with a GLM that incorporates past outcomes as covariates, whereas the second models individual outcomes with marginal GLMs and then couples the error terms with an autoregressive covariance matrix. Although the two approaches coincide for the Gaussian GLM, which serves as a helpful introductory example, in general they yield fundamentally different models. We analyze the pollen study using TRM's of both types and present parameter estimates together with asymptotic and bootstrap standard errors. In several cases we find evidence of residual autocorrelation; however, when we relax the TRM to allow for a nonparametric smooth trend, the autocorrelation disappears. This kind of trade-off between autocorrelation and flexibility is to be expected, and has a natural interpretation in terms of the covariance function for a nonparametric smoother. We provide an algorithm for fitting these flexible TRM's that is relatively easy to program with the generalized additive model software in S-PLUS. © 2000 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
Buckley, BW & Leslie, LM 2000, 'Sudden temperature changes in the Sydney Basin: climatology and case studies during the Olympic months of September and October', International Journal of Climatology, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 417-441.
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Buckley, BW & Leslie, LM 2000, 'The Australian Boxing Day Storm of 1998—Synoptic Description and Numerical Simulations', Weather and Forecasting, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 543-558.
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Cai, ZL & Reimers, JR 2000, 'Application of time-dependent density-functional theory to the (3)Sigma(-)(u) first excited state of H(2)', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 112, no. 2, pp. 527-530.
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Cai, ZL & Reimers, JR 2000, 'The low-lying excited states of pyridine', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A, vol. 104, no. 36, pp. 8389-8408.
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Cai, ZL, Tozer, DJ & Reimers, JR 2000, 'Time-dependent density-functional determination of arbitrary singlet and triplet excited-state potential energy surfaces: Application to the water molecule', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 113, no. 17, pp. 7084-7096.
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Cain, KD, Jones, DR & Raison, RL 2000, 'Characterisation of mucosal and systemic immune responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using surface plasmon resonance', Fish & Shellfish Immunology, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 651-666.
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Camiolo, S & Gale, PA 2000, 'Fluoride recognition in ‘super-extended cavity’ calix[4]pyrroles', Chemical Communications, no. 13, pp. 1129-1130.
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Camiolo, S, Coles, SJ, Gale, PA, Hursthouse, MB, Mayer, TA & Paver, MA 2000, 'Hydrogen bonding networks and anion coordination in (η6-arene)Cr(CO)3 complexes: metal carbonyls as hydrogen bond acceptors', Chemical Communications, no. 4, pp. 275-276.
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Carlin, JB, Ryan, LM, Harvey, EA & Holmes, LB 2000, 'Anticonvulsant teratogenesis 4: Inter-rater agreement in assessing minor physical features related to anticonvulsant therapy', TERATOLOGY, vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 406-412.
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Background: We report on inter-rater agreement in the assessment of newborn infants with respect to a range of minor physical features in a cohort study of the fetal effects of maternal anticonvulsant use during pregnancy. Methods: Infants from three groups (exposed to anticonvulsants, seizure history but no medication exposure, and unexposed controls) were examined by both a pediatrician/teratologist, who was blinded with respect to the mother's exposure status, and an unblinded research assistant. Agreement on assessments for selected anomalies associated with anticonvulsant therapy was measured by kappa-statistics, as well as by more sensitive log-linear modeling techniques, which allow examination of possible covariate effects on the strength of agreement. Although the physician and research assistant agreed on a high proportion of cases (80-90%), kappa values were modest (0.2-0.5), partly because of the low prevalence of the anomalies considered. To explore how agreement varies within subgroups, we used recently developed methods for studying agreement based on log-linear models. Results: Log-linear modeling indicated that there was substantial variation in pattern of agreement between different individual research assistants but that other factors (e.g., exposure category, sex, and birthweight) did not appear to be related to agreement. Our results suggest that research assistants with more experience showed the highest degree of agreement with the physicians. Conclusions: Our results have implications for both clinical practice and epidemiologic research and underline the importance of thorough training of staff in the definitions to be used and also the need for multiple independent assessments of these subtle anomalies. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Carroll, RJ, Gail, MH, Benichou, J & Pee, D 2000, 'Score tests for familial correlation in genotyped-proband designs', Genetic Epidemiology, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 293-306.
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In the genotyped-proband design, a proband is selected based on an observed phenotype, the genotype of the proband is observed, and then the phenotypes of all first-degree relatives are obtained. The genotypes of these first-degree relatives are not observed. Gail et al. [(1999) Genet Epidemiol] discuss likelihood analysis of this design under the assumption that the phenotypes are conditionally independent of one another given the observed and unobserved genotypes. Li and Thompson [(1997) Biometrics 53:282-293] give an example where this assumption is suspect, thus suggesting that it is important to develop tests for conditional independence. In this paper, we develop a score test for the conditional independence assumption in models that might include covariates or observation of genotypes for some of the first degree relatives. The problem can be cast more generally as one of score testing in the presence of missing covariates. A standard analysis would require specifying a distribution for the covariates, which is not convenient and could lead to a lack of model-robustness. We show that by considering a natural conditional likelihood, and basing the score test on it, a simple analysis results. The methods are applied to a study of the penetrance for breast cancer of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations among Ashkenazi Jews.
Carroll, RJ, Schafer, DW, Lubin, JH, Ron, E & Stovall, M 2000, 'Thyroid cancer after scalp irradiation: a reanalysis accounting for uncertainty in dosimetry.', Radiat Res, vol. 154, no. 6, pp. 721-722.
Chen, D, Cho, SI, Chen, CZ, Wang, XO, Damokosh, AI, Ryan, L, Smith, TJ, Christiani, DC & Xu, XP 2000, 'Exposure to benzene, occupational stress, and reduced birth weight', OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE, vol. 57, no. 10, pp. 661-667.
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Objectives - The association between birth weight and exposure to benzene, work stress, and other occupational and environmental hazards was investigated. Methods - In a large petrochemical industry, 792 pregnant workers were enrolled and followed up through delivery between May 1996 and December 1998. Exposure to benzene and other solvents was assessed by an industrial hygienist based on each woman's job title and workplace information. Other occupational and environmental exposures and personal information, including perceived work stress, exposure to noise, physical exertion at work, and passive smoking, were obtained by an interview questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate recession models were used to examine the individual and combined associations of occupational and environmental exposures with birth weight, with adjusment for major confounders including gestational age. Results - In the univariate model, birth weight was negatively associated with exposure to benzene (-58 g (95% confidence interval (95% CI), -115 to -2)) and with work stress (-84 g (95% CI, -158 to -10)). In the multivariate model, there was a significant interaction between exposure to benzene and work stress relative to reduced birth weight, after adjustment for other environmental and occupational exposures and personal variabless. Adjusted mean birth weight was 3445 g (95% CI 3401 to 3489) among those with neither exposure, 3430 g for those with exposure to benzene only, 3426 g for those with work stress only, and 3262 g (95% CI 3156 to 3369) for those with both exposures. In order words, there was 183 g (95% CI 65 to 301) reduction in birth weight among those with both exposure to benzene and work stress compared with those with neither exposure. Other work or environmental factors could not explain these findings. Conclusions - Low level exposure to benzene and work stress interact to reduce birth weight in this population.
Chen, KLB, Gertig, D, Ryan, L, Willett, W, Christiani, D & Hunter, D 2000, 'Toenail arsenic levels and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin', EPIDEMIOLOGY, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. S58-S58.
Cho, SI, Chen, C, Chen, D, Damokosh, AI, Yiu, L, Ryan, L, Smith, TJ, Lasley, BL, O'Connor, JF, Wang, L, Wilcox, AJ, Christiani, DC & Xu, X 2000, 'Benzene exposure and time to conception.', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, vol. 151, no. 11, pp. S13-S13.
Cho, SI, Goldman, MB, Ryan, L, Chen, C, Damokosh, AI, Christiani, DC, Lasley, BL, O'Connor, JF, Wilcox, AJ & Xu, X 2000, 'Reliability of HCG data interpretation.', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, vol. 151, no. 11, pp. S48-S48.
Clarke, HE, Atkinson, R, Harper, PAW & Ellis, JT 2000, 'An investigation of the vertical transmission of Neospora caninum in mice.', Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences, vol. 13, no. SUPPL. A, pp. 252-252.
Clark-Walker, GD, Hansbro, PM, Gibson, F & Chen, XJ 2000, 'Mutant residues suppressing ρ0-lethality in Kluyveromyces lactis occur at contact sites between subunits of F1-ATPase', Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology, vol. 1478, no. 1, pp. 125-137.
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Clayton, D, Campbell, MJ, Longford, NT, Armstrong, B, Richardson, S, Rushton, L, Raab, GM, Quinn, M, Nelder, JA, Bland, M, Macfarlane, A, Dryden, IL, Smith, RI, Berhane, K, Thomas, DC, Cotton, JW, Coull, BA, Mezzetti, M, Ryan, LM, Cowles, K, Cox, C, Cox, LH, Gupta, S, Hosmane, BS, Gurrin, LC, Pettitt, AN, Saez, M, Sheppard, L & Lumley, T 2000, 'Combining evidence on air pollution and daily mortality from the 20 largest US cities: a hierarchical modelling strategy - Discussion', JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY SERIES A-STATISTICS IN SOCIETY, vol. 163, pp. 284-302.
Cole, Davies, Hyde & Ashford 2000, 'ER‐Tracker dye and BODIPY‐brefeldin A differentiate the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies from the tubular‐vacuole system in living hyphae of Pisolithus tinctorius', Journal of Microscopy, vol. 197, no. 3, pp. 239-249.
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Two fluorochromes, ER‐TrackerTM Blue‐White DPX dye and the fluorescent brefeldin A (BFA) derivative, BODIPY‐BFA, label the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in hyphal tips of Pisolithus tinctorius and allow its differentiation from the tubular‐vacuole system at the light microscope level in living cells. The ER‐Tracker dye labels a reticulate network similar in distribution to ER as seen in electron micrographs of freeze‐substituted hyphae. BODIPY‐BFA stains a thicker axially aligned structure with an expanded region at the apex, which is similar to that seen when hyphae are stained with ER‐Tracker dye in the presence of unconjugated BFA. This structure is considered to be ER modified by BFA, a view supported by ultrastructural observations of the effect of BFA on the fungal ER. Both fluorescent probes also stain punctate structures, which are most likely to be Golgi bodies. Neither probe labels the tubular‐vacuole system.
Cole, L, Davies, D, Hyde, GJ & Ashford, AE 2000, 'Brefeldin A Affects Growth, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Bodies, Tubular Vacuole System, and Secretory Pathway in Pisolithus tinctorius', Fungal Genetics and Biology, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 95-106.
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Combes, V, Joly, P, Ambrosi, P, Sabatier, F, Camoin, L, Pili, J, Sampol, J & Dignat-George, F 2000, 'Platelet Vesiculation in Angina Patients Treated with Coronary Angioplasty', Thrombosis and Haemostasis, vol. 83, no. 03, pp. 518-518.
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Contreras, M & Ryan, LM 2000, 'Fitting nonlinear and constrained generalized estimating equations with optimization software', BIOMETRICS, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1268-1271.
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In this article, we present an estimation approach for solving nonlinear constrained generalized estimating equations that can be implemented using object-oriented software for nonlinear programming, such as nlminb in Splus or fmincon and Isqnonlin in Matlab. We show how standard estimating equation theory includes this method as a special case so that our estimates, when unconstrained, will remain consistent and asymptotically normal. To illustrate this method, we fit a nonlinear dose-response model with nonnegative mixed bound constraints to clustered binary data from a developmental toxicity study. Satisfactory confidence intervals are found using a nonparametric bootstrap method when a common correlation coefficient is assumed for all the dose groups and for some of the dose-specific groups.
Cortie, MB & Levey, FC 2000, 'Structure and ordering of the 18-carat Al-Au-Cu beta-phase', INTERMETALLICS, vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 793-804.
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Gold alloys with around 30 at% copper and 25 at% aluminium undergo a reversible displacive transformation with M-s and A(s) temperatures of about 30 and 75 degrees C respectively. However, the nature of the parent and product phases in this system has no
Coyle, M, Aird, M, Cobbin, DM & Zaslawski, C 2000, 'The Cun Measurement System: An Investigation into Its Suitability in Current Practice', Acupuncture in Medicine, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 10-14.
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The Chinese anatomical inch (cun) measurement system is an essential component of traditional point location methods used in acupuncture. This study used the cun system to investigate any variation between the traditional measurements and the sample means for selected finger measurements, and for the forearm and lower leg lengths obtained from 50 volunteer subjects randomly selected from staff and students of the College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, University of Technology, Sydney. Subjects were seated while the finger and arm measurements were recorded, and were standing for leg measurement. Data were converted to ratios for analysis, with the one cun measurement for the thumb designated as the standard. There were significant differences between the traditional measurements and the sample means for all hand and leg measurements in the sample. The results were generally the same for gender and the age groups studied. The authors conclude that the cun measurement system does not provide accurate estimates for contemporary Australian adults with respect to hand and lower leg measurements nor, to a lesser extent, with respect to measurements of the forearm. Consequently, it is recommended that methods of point location that are less reliant on the cun measurements (such as the proportional method) should be used in preference to the cundependent directional method.
Craddock, M 2000, 'Symmetry Groups of Linear Partial Differential Equations and Representation Theory: The Laplace and Axially Symmetric Wave Equations', Journal of Differential Equations, vol. 166, no. 1, pp. 107-131.
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We examine the Lie point symmetry groups of two important equations of mathematics and mathematical physics. We establish that the action of the symmetry groups are in fact equivalent to principal series representation sof the underlying group. Some application sare given.
Craddock, MJ, Heath, DP & Platen, E 2000, 'Numerical inversion of Laplace transforms: a survey of techniques with applications to derivative pricing', Journal of Computational Finance, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 57-81.
Croan, DG & Ellis, J 2000, 'The Leishmania major RNA Polymerase II Largest Subunit Lacks a Carboxy-Terminus Heptad Repeat Structure and its Encoding Gene is Linked with the Calreticulin Gene', Protist, vol. 151, no. 1, pp. 57-68.
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Croan, DG & Ellis, JT 2000, 'The Leishmania Major RNA Polymerase II Largest Subunit Lacks a Carboxy-Terminus Heptad Repeat Structure and its Encoding Gene is Linked with the Calretuculin Gene', Protist, vol. 151, no. 0, pp. 57-68.
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The gene encoding the RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPOIILS) has been isolated and sequenced from the kinetoplastid protozoan, Leishmania (Leishmania) major. The RPOIILS gene was shown to be present as a single copy and is composed of an uninterrupted open reading frame of 4.99 kb, specifying a protein 1663 aa in length with a predicted molecular mass of approximately 185 kDa. The carboxy terminus domain (CTD) of the RPOIILS from L. (L.) major, typical of the more evolutionary primitive protozoa, lacked a heptad repeat structure which is present in higher eukaryotes and some other protozoan phyla. Comparison of the predicted aa composition of the CTD from a diverse range of eukaryotic species revealed the abundance of Ser and Pro residues as the only discernible evolutionary conservative feature. A putative ATG start codon for an additional expressed sequence was located 1.1 kb downstream of the L. (L.) major RPOIILS gene stop codon. Nucleic acid database searches revealed the identity of this gene as that encoding the calcium binding protein calreticulin (CLT). The close proximity of the RPOIILS and CLT genes in L. (L.) major raises the possibility that these genes are transcribed as part of the same polycistronic unit.
Croft, L, Beatson, SA, Whitchurch, CB, Huang, B, Blakeley, RL & Mattick, JS 2000, 'An interactive web-based Pseudomonas aeruginosa genome database: discovery of new genes, pathways and structures', MICROBIOLOGY-SGM, vol. 146, no. 10, pp. 2351-2364.
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Using the complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, sequenced by the Pseudomonas Genome Project (ftp://ftp.pseudomonas.com/data/pacontigs.121599), a genome database (http://pseudomonas.bit.uq.edu.au/) has been developed containing informat
Daniel, RA, Harry, EJ & Errington, J 2000, 'Role of penicillin‐binding protein PBP 2B in assembly and functioning of the division machinery of Bacillus subtilis', Molecular Microbiology, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 299-311.
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We have characterized the role of the penicillin‐binding protein PBP 2B in cell division of Bacillus subtilis. We have shown that depletion of the protein results in an arrest in division, but that this arrest is slow, probably because the protein is relatively stable. PBP 2B‐depleted filaments contained, at about their mid‐points, structures resembling partially formed septa, into which most, if not all, of the division proteins had assembled. Although clearly deficient in wall material, membrane invagination seemed to continue, indicating that membrane and wall ingrowth can be uncoupled. At other potential division sites along the filaments, no visible ingrowths were observed, although FtsZ rings assembled at regular intervals. Thus, PBP 2B is apparently required for both the initiation of division and continued septal ingrowth. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that the protein is recruited to the division site. The pattern of localization suggested that this recruitment occurs continually during septal ingrowth. During sporulation, PBP 2B was present transiently in the asymmetrical septum of sporulating cells, and its availability may play a role in the regulation of sporulation septation.
Davidson, LA, Brown, RE, Chang, W-CL, Morris, JS, Wang, N, Carroll, RJ, Turner, ND, Lupton, JR & Chapkin, RS 2000, 'Morphodensitometric analysis of protein kinase C βII expression in rat colon: modulation by diet and relation to in situ cell proliferation and apoptosis', Carcinogenesis, vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 1513-1519.
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We have recently demonstrated that overexpression of PKC β(II) renders transgenic mice more susceptible to carcinogen-induced colonic hyperproliferation and aberrant crypt foci formation. In order to further investigate the ability of PKC β(II) to modulate colonocyte cytokinetics, we determined the localization of PKC β(II) with respect to cell proliferation and apoptosis along the entire colonic crypt axis following carcinogen and diet manipulation. Rats were provided diets containing either corn oil [containing n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)] or fish oil (containing n-3 PUFA), cellulose (non-fermentable fiber) or pectin (fermentable fiber) and injected with azoxymethane (AOM) or saline. After 16 weeks, an intermediate time point when no macroscopic tumors are detected, colonic sections were utilized for immunohistochemical image analysis and immunoblotting. Cell proliferation was measured by incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine into DNA and apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling. In the distal colon, PKC β(II) staining was localized to the upper portion of the crypt. In comparison, proximal crypts had more (P < 0.05) staining in the lower tertile. AOM enhanced (P < 0.05) PKC β(II) expression in all regions of the distal colonic crypt (upper, middle and lower tertiles). There was also an interaction (P < 0.05) between dietary fat and fiber on PKC β(II) expression (corn/pectin > fish/cellulose, fish/pectin > corn/cellulose) in all regions of the distal colonic crypt. With respect to colonic cell kinetics, proliferation paralleled the increase in PKC β(II) expression in carcinogen-treated animals. In contrast, apoptosis at the lumenal surface was inversely proportional to PKC β(II) expression in the upper tertile. These results suggest that an elevation in PKC β(II) expression along the crypt axis in the distal colon is linked to enhancement of cell proliferation and suppression of apoptosis, predictive inte...
De Lucca, SD, O’Meara, TJ & Tovey, ER 2000, 'Exposure to mite and cat allergens on a range of clothing items at home and the transfer of cat allergen in the workplace', Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 106, no. 5, pp. 874-879.
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BACKGROUND: Clothing has been proposed as an additional source of exposure to mite and cat allergens. Dispersal of allergen into public places has also been attributed to clothing. OBJECTIVES: We sought to study the contribution of various types of clothing on mite and cat exposure in a domestic environment. Also, we studied the ability of clothing to transfer allergen in a workplace. METHODS: Personal exposure to mite and cat allergen from a range of clothing was measured by using intranasal air samplers in 11 homes. Five categories of clothing were tested. Wearing no upper clothing was the sixth category tested to distinguish the contribution of clothing over ambient background exposure. An adhesive tape was used to sample allergen from the surface of clothing, and reservoir dust samples were also collected. The above techniques were also used in the workplace to examine the amount of cat allergen transferred from cat owners to non-cat owners. RESULTS: The amount of mite and cat allergen inhaled differed among the clothing types worn and whether they had been washed recently. Wearing a woolen sweater increased personal allergen exposure to cat and mite allergen by a mean of 11 and 10 times, respectively. Clothing items that were less frequently washed carried more allergen whether assessed by vacuuming or sampled with adhesive tape. This corresponded to the amount of allergen inhaled. We also found that cat levels on non-cat owners' clothing increased significantly at the end of a working day, which lead to the increase in their personal allergen exposure to cat. CONCLUSIONS: These studies strongly support the emerging model that personal clothing is an important source of both mite and cat allergen exposure. This article also demonstrates the importance of clothing as a means of distributing cat allergen into cat-free environments.
De Oliveira Accioly, LJ & Huete, AR 2000, 'Soil spectral response in relation to viewing angle, soil moisture and surface roughness', Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira, vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 2473-2484.
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The objective of this study was to characterize the bi-directional reflectance factor (BRF) of three soil series (McAllister, Stronghold, and Epitaph) located at the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed (Arizona, USA) as a function of the viewing angle, soil moisture and surface roughness. Soil spectra were taken in the visible, near and mid-infrared regions, convolved to match the Landsat-TM bands, and the results were normalized to the Nadir response and expressed as relative BRF. The anisotropic behavior varies from soil to soil and it was higher when the following conditions were taken combined or individually: shorter wavelengths, higher viewing and solar zenith angles, in the backscattering direction, soil in the dry condition as opposed to wet condition, and in the rough surface as compared to the smooth surface of Epitaph soil series (the only soil tested for the effect of roughness). Rough and smooth surfaces of Epitaph soil, however, were better discriminated in the forward scattering direction. Differences in scale and methods used to obtain the spectral curves were pointed out as responsible for the enhancement of the anisotropic behavior of the soils for lab results as compared to field results.
Declerck, L, Molenberghs, G, Aerts, M & Ryan, L 2000, 'Litter-based methods in developmental toxicity risk assessment', ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 57-76.
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Developmental toxicity experiments are designed to assess potential adverse effects of drugs and other exposures on developing fetuses from pregnant dams. Extrapolation to humans is a very difficult problem. An important issue here is whether risk assessment should be based on the fetus or the litter level. In this paper, fetus and litter-based risks that properly account for cluster size are defined and compared for the beta-binomial model and a conditional model for clustered binary data. It is shown how the hierarchical structure of non-viable implants and viable but malformed offspring can be incorporated. Risks based on a joint model for death/resorption and malformation are contrasted with risks based on an adverse event defined as either death/resorption or malformation. The estimation of safe exposure levels for all risk types is discussed and it is shown how estimation of the cluster size distribution affects variance estimation. The methods are applied to data collected under the National Toxicology Program and in large sample simulations.
Delfs, CD, Stranger, R, Humphrey, MG & McDonagh, AM 2000, 'Trends in back-bonding in the series trans-[M(CCR)Cl(PH3)4] (M=Fe, Ru, Os; R=H, Ph, C6H4NO2-4)', Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, vol. 607, no. 1-2, pp. 208-212.
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The electronic structure of the complexes trans-[M(C=CR)Cl(PH3)4] (M=Fe, Ru, Os; R=H, Ph, C6H4NO2-4) has been investigated using approximate density functional theory in order to examine the M=C back-bonding interaction. For all three metal systems, the p back-bonding increases in the order R=H
Dennis, ES, Dolferus, R, Ellis, M, Rahman, M, Wu, Y, Hoeren, FU, Grover, A, Ismond, KP, Good, AG & Peacock, WJ 2000, 'Molecular strategies for improving waterlogging tolerance in plants', JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY, vol. 51, no. 342, pp. 89-97.
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Djordjevic, SP, Forbes, WA, Smith, LA & Hornitzky, MA 2000, 'Genetic and Biochemical Diversity among Isolates of Paenibacillus alvei Cultured from Australian Honeybee ( Apis mellifera ) Colonies', Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 1098-1106.
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ABSTRACT Twenty-five unique Cfo I-generated whole-cell DNA profiles were identified in a study of 30 Paenibacillus alvei isolates cultured from honey and diseased larvae collected from honeybee ( Apis mellifera ) colonies in geographically diverse areas in Australia. The fingerprint patterns were highly variable and readily discernible from one another, which highlighted the potential of this method for tracing the movement of isolates in epidemiological studies. 16S rRNA gene fragments (length, 1,416 bp) for all 30 isolates were enzymatically amplified by PCR and subjected to restriction analysis with Dra I, Hin fI, Cfo I, Alu I, Fok I, and Rsa I. With each enzyme the restriction profiles of the 16S rRNA genes from all 30 isolates were identical (one restriction fragment length polymorphism [RFLP] was observed in the Hin fI profile of the 16S rRNA gene from isolate 17), which confirmed that the isolates belonged to the same species. The restriction profiles generated by using Dra I, Fok I, and Hin fI differentiated P. alvei from the phylogenetically closely related species Paenibacillus macerans and Paenibacillus macquarie...
Doble, P, Macka, M & Haddad, PR 2000, 'Design of background electrolytes for indirect detection of anions by capillary electrophoresis', TRAC-TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 10-17.
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In capillary electrophoresis of inorganic and other low molecular weight anions using indirect photometric detection, the correct design of the background electrolyte can considerably reduce the time needed for method development and can increase the qua
Doblin, MA, Blackburn, SI & Hallegraeff, GM 2000, 'Intraspecific variation in the selenium requirement of different geographic strains of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum', JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 421-432.
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The requirement for selenium (IV) was assessed in five strains of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum Graham, representing three populations from Tasmania (Australia), as well as one each from Japan and Spain. Strains were grown in nutrient-en
Dooley, AH, Gupta, SK & Ricci, F 2000, 'Asymmetry of convolution norms on Lie groups', JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS, vol. 174, no. 2, pp. 399-416.
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Ellis, JT, Holmdahl, OJM, Ryce, C, Njenga, JM, Harper, PAW & Morrison, DA 2000, 'Molecular phylogeny of Besnoitia and the genetic relationships among Besnoitia of cattle, wildebeest and goats', PROTIST, vol. 151, no. 4, pp. 329-336.
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Ellis, JT, Ryce, C, Atkinson, R, Balu, S, Jones, P & Harper, PAW 2000, 'Isolation, characterization and expression of a GRA2 homologue from Neospora caninum', PARASITOLOGY, vol. 120, no. 0, pp. 383-390.
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A cDNA library derived frommRNAof tachyzoites of Neospora caninum (NC-Liverpool strain) was screened with antisera from a cow naturally infected with N. caninum. The DNA sequence of 1 recombinant isolated predicted a signi®cant protein sequence homology of the gene product to the 28 kDa (GRA2) antigen of Toxoplasma gondii. Studies on the N. caninum gene coding for this antigen demonstrated the presence of a single intron ¯anked by 2 exons; the gene was also highly expressed in culture-derived tachyzoites. The antigen was expressed in Escherichia coli ; when injected into mice it stimulated the production of antibodies which detected a 29 kDa antigen ofN. caninum. Secondary structure predictions made for the N. caninum protein showed support for several amphipathic helices separated by loops and turns. The available evidence indicates maintenance of protein secondary structure, and not DNA or amino acid sequence, has occurred during the evolution of GRA2 proteins in N. caninum and T. gondii.
Ellis, MH, Millar, AA, Llewellyn, DJ, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2000, 'Transgenic cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) over-expressing alcohol dehydrogenase shows increased ethanol fermentation but no increase in tolerance to oxygen deficiency', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 1041-1050.
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Field, CD 2000, 'Mangroves', Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 3, pp. 17-32.
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Mangroves form coastal forests largely confined between 30°north and south of the equator. This range is determined mainly by low and extreme temperatures and, to a lesser extent, by rainfall. They are thus abundant in many lesser developed countries with fast rising populations which exert strong development pressure on this ecosystem. In recent years, pressures of increasing population, food production and development have led to a significant proportion of the world's mangrove resource being destroyed at a rate faster than they are being regenerated. Much of their elimination has been to create land for aquaculture, particularly shrimp ponds, but in many instances shrimp ponds are quickly abandoned as a result of falling production, leaving highly degraded land on which mangroves do not naturally re-establish themselves. It is estimated that shrimp ponds in Asia rarely last for more than five to ten years, leaving irreversibly degraded environments. The scale of mangrove clearance may be huge: in the Philippines, for example 70% were lost in a period of 60 years, and similar or even greater clearance rates have been seen in 'New World' areas too. A popular view of mangrove forests is that they are very productive, and under some conditions they compare well with terrestrial forests. The qualitative importance of mangroves as habitat, nursery and source of food for both commercial fisheries species and other non-commercial fauna is generally accepted, as is the fact that a large number of juvenile fish use mangroves as nursery habitats. However, there is a lack of well established quantified relationships between fish yields and area of mangrove, though several studies support the hypothesis that coastal fish resources are closely linked to estuaries and mangroves, even if controversy remains about their degree of dependence. Apart from being a productive shoreline ecosystem, mangroves can help stabilise dynamic coastlines. There is now an upsurge in the number...
Finnegan, EJ, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2000, 'DNA methylation, a key regulator of plant development and other processes', CURRENT OPINION IN GENETICS & DEVELOPMENT, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 217-223.
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Fraedrich, K, Morison, R & Leslie, LM 2000, 'Improved tropical cyclone track predictions using error recycling', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 74, no. 1-4, pp. 51-56.
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Franklin, NM, Stauber, JL, Markich, SJ & Lim, RP 2000, 'pH-dependent toxicity of copper and uranium to a tropical freshwater alga (Chlorella sp.)', AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY, vol. 48, no. 2-3, pp. 275-289.
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Copper (Cu) and uranium (U) are of potential ecotoxicological concern to tropical freshwater organisms in northern Australia as a result of mining activity. No local data on the toxicity of these metals to tropical freshwater algae are currently available. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pH (5.7 and 6.5) on the toxicity of Cu and U to the green alga Chlorella sp. in a synthetic softwater representative of fresh surface waters in sandy-streams of tropical northern Australia. The effects of Cu and U on algal growth (cell division) rate after a 72-h exposure were determined. Intracellular and extracellular (membrane-bound) metal concentrations at the two selected pH values were also compared. Based on the 72-h minimum detectable effect concentrations (MDEC), Chlorella sp. was approximately 20-fold more sensitive to Cu (0.7 and 1.4 μg l-1 at pH 6.5 and 5.7, respectively) than U (13 and 34 μg l-1 at pH 6.5 and 5.7, respectively), and more sensitive than other Australian tropical freshwater organisms. The toxicity of Cu and U was highly pH-dependent. Copper concentrations required to inhibit growth (cell division) rate by 50% (72-h EC50) increased from 1.5 to 35 μg l-1 as the pH decreased from 6.5 to 5.7. Similarly, the 72-h EC50 values for U increased from 44 to 78 μg l-1 over the same pH range. Calculation of Cu and U speciation using the geochemical model HARPHRQ, showed that differences in the concentrations of the free metal ions (Cu2+ and UO2/2+) were only minimal (<10%) between pH 5.7 and 6.5. The decreased toxicity at pH 5.7 was due to lower concentrations of cell-bound and intracellular Cu and U compared to those at pH 6.5. These results are explained in terms of the possible mechanism of competition between H+ and the metal ion at the cell surface. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.
Franklin, NM, Stauber, JL, Markich, SJ & Lim, RP 2000, 'pH-Dependent Toxicity of Copper and Uranium to a Tropical Freshwater Alga (Chlorella sp.)', Aquatic Toxicology, vol. 48, no. 0, pp. 275-289.
Fu, SL, Wang, HJ, Davies, M & Dean, R 2000, 'Reactions of hypochlorous acid with tyrosine and peptidyl-tyrosyl residues give dichlorinated and aldehydic products in addition to 3-chlorotyrosine', JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 275, no. 15, pp. 10851-10858.
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Gail, MH 2000, 'On meta-analytic assessment of surrogate outcomes', Biostatistics, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 231-246.
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We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the meta-analytic approach to estimating the effect of a new treatment on a true clinical outcome measure, T, from the effect of treatment on a surrogate response, S. The meta-analytic approach (see Daniels and Hughes (1997) 16, 1965-1982) uses data from a series of previous studies of interventions similar to the new treatment. The data are used to estimate relationships between summary measures of treatment effects on T and S that can be used to infer the magnitude of the effect of the new treatment on T from its effects on S. We extend the class of models to cover a broad range of applications in which the parameters define features of the marginal distribution of (T, S). We present a new bootstrap procedure to allow for the variability in estimating the distribution that governs the between-study variation. Ignoring this variability can lead to confidence intervals that are much too narrow. The meta-analytic approach relies on quite different data and assumptions than procedures that depend, for example, on the conditional independence, at the individual level, of treatment and T, given S (see Prentice (1989) 8, 431-440). Meta-analytic calculations in this paper can be used to determine whether a new study, based only on S, will yield estimates of the treatment effect on T that are precise enough to be useful. Compared to direct measurement on T, the meta-analytic approach has a number of limitations, including likely serious loss of precision and difficulties in defining the class of previous studies to be used to predict the effects on T for a new intervention.
Gale, P 2000, 'Anion coordination and anion-directed assembly: highlights from 1997 and 1998', Coordination Chemistry Reviews, vol. 199, no. 1, pp. 181-233.
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Gale, PA 2000, 'Supramolecular chemistry: from complexes to complexity', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol. 358, no. 1766, pp. 431-453.
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Gao, X, Huete, AR, Ni, WG & Miura, T 2000, 'Optical-biophysical relationships of vegetation spectra without background contamination', REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 609-620.
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For a better evaluation of the accuracy of VIs in estimating biophysical parameters, a 'true' VI value attributed only to the vegetation signal and free of any contamination is needed. In this article, pure vegetation spectra were extracted from a set of open and closed canopies by unmixing the green vegetation signal from the background component. Canopy model-simulation and reflectances derived from graph-based linear extrapolation were used to unmix and derive a 'true' vegetation signal, equivalent to a perfect absorber (free boundary) canopy background reflectance condition. Optical-biophysical relationships were then derived for a variety of canopy structures with differences in foliage clumping, horizontal heterogeneity, and leaf type. A 3-dimensional canopy radiative transfer model and a hybrid geometric optical-radiative transfer model (GORT) were used to simulate the directional-hemispherical reflectances from agricultural, grassland, and forested canopies (cereal and broadleaf crop, grass, needleleaf, and broadleaf forest). The relationships of the extracted red and near-intimated reflectances and derived vegetation indices (VIs) to various biophysical parameters (leaf area index, fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation, and percent ground cover) were examined for the pure vegetation spectra. The results showed normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) relationships with biophysical parameters to become more asymptotic over the pure vegetation condition. The extraction of pure vegetation signals had little effect on the soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), which had values equivalent to those obtained with the presence of a background signal. NDVI values were fairly uniform across the different canopy types, whereas the SAVI values had pronounced differences among canopy types, particularly between the broadleaf and cereal/needleleaf structural types. These results were useful not only in selecting suitable vegetation in...
Geys, H, Molenberghs, G, Declerck, L & Ryan, L 2000, 'Flexible quantitative risk assessment for developmental toxicity based on fractional polynomial predictors', BIOMETRICAL JOURNAL, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 279-302.
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Risk assessment for developmental toxicity studies in rodents is faced with the fairly involved data structure of clustered multivariate binary outcomes. While likelihood methods for this setting do not abound, we show that a conditional model, combined with pseudo-likelihood inference and fractional polynomial predictor functions, as proposed by ROYSTON and ALTMAN (1994), are a promising way forward. The methods are illustrated using teratology data collected under the National Toxicology Program.
Gibb, SW, Barlow, RG, Cummings, DG, Rees, NW, Trees, CC, Holligan, P & Suggett, D 2000, 'Surface phytoplankton pigment distributions in the Atlantic Ocean: an assessment of basin scale variability between 50°N and 50°S', Progress in Oceanography, vol. 45, no. 3-4, pp. 339-368.
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We present an overview of the spatial distributions of phytoplankton pigments along transects between the UK and the Falkland Islands. These studies, undertaken as a component of the UK Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT) programme, provided the first post-launch validation data for the NASA SeaWiFS satellite. Pigment data are used to characterise basin-scale variations in phytoplankton biomass and community composition over 100°of latitude, and to compliment the definition of hydrographic oceanic provinces. A summary of the key pigment characteristics of each province is presented. Concentrations of total chlorophyll a (totCHLa = chlorophyll a, CHLa + divinyl CHLa, dvCHLa) were greatest in high latitude temperate waters (>37°N and >35°S), and in the Canary Current Upwelling system. In these regions, the total carotenoid (totCAR) budget was dominated by photosynthetic carotenoids (PSCs). High accessory pigment diversity was observed of which fucoxanthin (FUC), 19'-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin (HEX), and diadinoxanthin (DIAD) were most abundant, indicating proliferation of large eukaryotes and nanoflagellates. In contrast, tropical and sub-tropical waters exhibited concentrations of totCHLa below 500 ng l-1, with the North Atlantic Sub-tropical East gyre (NASE, 26.7-35°N), South Equatorial Current (SeqC, 7-14.6°S) and South Atlantic tropical Gyre (SATG, 14.6-26°S) characterised by totCHLa of <100 ng-1. These waters exhibited relatively limited pigment diversity, and the totCAR budget was dominated by photoprotecting pigments (PPCs) of which zeaxanthin (ZEA), a marker of prokaryotes (cyanobacteria and prochlorophytes), was most abundant. DvCHLa, a marker of prochlorophytes was detected in waters at temperatures >15°C, and between the extremes of 48°N and 42°S. DvCHLa accounted for up to two-thirds of totCHLa in oligotrophic provinces demonstrating the importance of prochlorophytes to oceanic biomass. Overall, HEX was the dominant PSC, contributing up to 75% of totCAR. HEX...
Gladstone, W 2000, 'The ecological and social basis for management of a Red Sea marine-protected area', OCEAN & COASTAL MANAGEMENT, vol. 43, no. 12, pp. 1015-1032.
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Gladstone, W & Fisher, PR 2000, 'Status and ecology of cetaceans in the Farasan Islands Marine Protected Area (Red Sea)', Fauna of Arabia, vol. 18.
Godlewski, M, Goldys, EM & Phillips, MR 2000, 'Cathodoluminescence studies of in-plane and in-depth properties of GaN epilayers', JOURNAL OF LUMINESCENCE, vol. 87-9, pp. 1155-1157.
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Godlewski, M, Goldys, EM, Phillips, MR, Langer, R & Barski, A 2000, 'Cathodoluminescence depth-profiling studies of GaN/AlGaN quantum-well structures', JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 495-501.
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Godlewski, M, Goldys, EM, Phillips, MR, Langer, R & Barski, A 2000, 'Cathodoluminescence depth-profiling studies of GaN/AlGaN quantum-well structures', Journal of Materials Research, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 495-501.
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In this paper we evaluate the in-depth homogeneity of GaN epilayers and the influence of electric field present in strained GaN/AlGaN heterostructures and quantum wells on the yellow and 'edge' emission in GaN and AlGaN. Our depth-profiling cathodoluminescence measurements show an increased accumulation of defects at the interface. Inhomogeneities in the doping level are reflected by the enhancement of the yellow emission in the interface region. The piezoelectric effect is found to strongly reduce the emission from the strained AlGaN quantum-well barriers. We also show that Ga droplets, commonly found on surfaces of samples grown in Ga-rich conditions, screen the internal electric field in a structure and thus result in a local enhancement of the edge emission intensity.
Goetghebeur, E & Ryan, L 2000, 'Semiparametric regression analysis of interval-censored data', BIOMETRICS, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1139-1144.
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We propose a semiparametric approach to the proportional hazards regression analysis of interval-censored data. An EM algorithm based on an approximate likelihood leads to an M-step that involves maximizing a standard Cox partial likelihood to estimate regression coefficients and then using the Breslow estimator for the unknown baseline hazards. The E-step takes a particularly simple form because all incomplete data appear as linear terms in the complete-data log likelihood. The algorithm of Turnbull (1976, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B 38, 290-295) is used to determine times at which the hazard can take positive mass. We found multiple imputation to yield an easily computed variance estimate that appears to be more reliable than asymptotic methods with small to moderately sized data sets. In the right-censored survival setting, the approach reduces to the standard Cox proportional hazards analysis, while the algorithm reduces to the one suggested by Clayton and Cuzick (1985, Applied Statistics 34, 148-156). The method is illustrated on data from the breast cancer cosmetics trial, previously analyzed by Finkelstein (1986, Biometrics 42, 845-854) and several subsequent authors.
Goldys, EM, Godlewski, M, Phillips, MR & Toropov, AA 2000, 'Photo- and cathodoluminescence investigations of piezoelectric GaN/AlGaN quantum wells', MRS Proceedings, vol. 639, pp. G6.12.1-G6.12.5.
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ABSTRACTWe have examined multiple quantum well AlGaN/GaN structures with several quantum wells of varying widths. The structures had strain-free quantum wells and strained barriers. Strong piezoelectric fields in these structures led to a large red shift of the PL emission energies and long decay times were also observed. While the peak energies could be modelled using the effective mass approximation, the calculated free exciton radiative lifetimes were much shorter than those observed in experiments, indicating an alternative recombination mechanism, tentatively attributed to localised excitons. Cathodoluminescence depth profiling revealed an unusually small penetration range of electrons suggesting that electron-hole pairs preferentially remain within the multiple quantum well region due to the existing electric fields. Spatial fluctuations of the cathodoluminescence intensity were also observed.
Hachiya, S-I, Cook, AS, Williams, DBG, Montalban, AG, Barrett, AGM & Hoffman, BM 2000, 'Synthesis, Characterization and Reactions of Enantiomerically Pure ‘Winged’ Spirane Porphyrazines', Tetrahedron, vol. 56, no. 35, pp. 6565-6569.
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Hall, LE, Reimers, JR, Hush, NS & Silverbrook, K 2000, 'Formalism, analytical model, and a priori Green's-function-based calculations of the current-voltage characteristics of molecular wires', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 112, no. 3, pp. 1510-1521.
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Harcourt, RL, Kyozuka, J, Floyd, RB, Bateman, KS, Tanaka, H, Decroocq, V, Llewellyn, DJ, Zhu, X, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2000, 'Insect- and herbicide-resistant transgenic eucalypts', MOLECULAR BREEDING, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 307-315.
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Harris, JE, Ryan, L, Hoover, HC, Stuart, RK, Oken, MM, Benson, AB, Mansour, E, Haller, DG, Manola, J & Hanna, MG 2000, 'Adjuvant Active Specific Immunotherapy for Stage II and III Colon Cancer With an Autologous Tumor Cell Vaccine: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study E5283', Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 148-148.
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PURPOSE: A randomized phase III clinical trial of adjuvant active specific immunotherapy (ASI) with an autologous tumor cell–bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine was conducted to determine whether surgical resection plus ASI was more beneficial than resection alone in stage II and III colon cancer patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients (n = 412) with colon cancer (297 with stage II disease, 115 with stage III disease) were randomly allocated to an observation arm or to a treatment arm in which they received three weekly intradermal vaccine injections of 107 irradiated autologous tumor cells beginning approximately 4 weeks after surgery. The first two weekly injections also contained 107 BCG organisms. Patients were observed for determination of time to recurrence and disease-free and overall survival. RESULTS: This was a negative study in that after a 7.6-year median follow-up period, there were no statistically significant differences in clinical outcomes between the treatment arms. However, there were disease-free survival (P = .078) and overall survival (P = .12) trends in favor of ASI when treatment compliance was evaluated, ie, patients who received the intended treatment had a delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity (DCH) response to the third vaccination (induration ≥5 mm). Also, the magnitude of the DCH response correlated with improved prognosis. The 5-year survival proportion was 84.6% for those with indurations greater than 10 mm, compared with 45.0% for those with indurations less than 5 mm. CONCLUSIONS: When all randomized patients were evaluated, no significant clinical benefit was seen with ASI in surgically resected colon cancer patients with stage II or III colon cancer. However, there was an indication that treatment compliance with effective immunization results in disease-free and overall survival benefits.
Haynes, D, Ralph, P, Prange, J & Dennison, B 2000, 'The impact of the herbicide diuron on photosynthesis in three species of tropical seagrass', MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN, vol. 41, no. 7-12, pp. 288-293.
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The impact and recovery from exposure to the herbicide diuron [DCMU; 3-(30,40-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl- urea] was assessed for three tropical seagrasses, maintained in outdoor aquaria over a 10-day period. Photosynthetic stress was detected using chlorophyll a Puorescence, measured with a Diving-PAM (pulse am- plitude modulated Puorometer). Exposure to 10 and 100 lg ly1 diuron resulted in a decline in eective quantum yield (F=Fm0 ) within 2 h of herbicide exposure in Cy- modocea serrulata, Halophila ovalis and Zostera capri- corni. Eective quantum yield also declined over the Rrst 24 h of exposure in H. ovalis at even lower diuron con- centrations (0.1 and 1.0 lg ly1). Eective quantum yield in H. ovalis and Z. capricorni was signiRcantly depressed at all diuron concentrations (0.1}100 lg ly1) after 5 days exposure, whereas eective quantum yield in C. serrulata was only signiRcantly lower in plants exposed to highest diuron concentrations (10 and 100 lg ly1). Eective quantum yield depression was present 5 days after plants exposed to 10 and 100 lg ly1 diuron were returned to fresh seawater. These results indicate that exposure to herbicide concentrations present in nearshore Queensland sediments present a potential risk to seagrass functioning.
Helliwell, CA, Olive, MR, Gebbie, L, Forster, R, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2000, 'Isolation of an ent-kaurene oxidase cDNA from Cucurbita maxima', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 27, no. 12, pp. 1141-1149.
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Herok, GH, Millar, TJ, Anderton, PJ & Martin, DK 2000, 'Role of chloride channels in regulating the volume of acinar cells in the rabbit superior lacrimal gland', MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL, vol. 11, pp. 221A-221A.
Herok, GH, Millar, TJ, Anderton, PJ & Martin, DK 2000, 'Role Of Chloride Channels In Regulating The Volume Of Acinar Cells In The Rabbit Superior Lacrimal Gland', Molecular Biology Of The Cell, vol. 11, pp. 1-1.
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Hofmann, N & Platen, E 2000, 'Approximating large diversified portfolios', MATHEMATICAL FINANCE, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 77-88.
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Holmes, LB, Rosenberger, PB, Harvey, EA, Khoshbin, S & Ryan, L 2000, 'Intelligence and physical features of children of women with epilepsy', TERATOLOGY, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 196-202.
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The teratogenicity of maternal epilepsy has been attributed to several factors, including the antiepileptic drugs taken to prevent seizures during pregnancy, the occurrence of seizures during pregnancy, and the factors in the mother that caused her to have epilepsy. We have addressed the hypothesis that the children of women who have a history of epilepsy (seizure history), but who took no antiepileptic drugs (AED) and had no tonic-clonic seizures in pregnancy, have an increased risk of malformations and diminished intelligence. The frequency of cognitive dysfunction was determined in 57 seizure history and 57 matched control children aged 6-16 years. The masked evaluation of the children included a physical and neurologic examination and testing with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) and a systematic physical examination for the features of the fetal AED syndrome. The evaluation of both parents of each child included a test of reasoning (Ravens Progressive Matrix) and a physical examination. There were no differences between the two groups of children in either IQ scores or physical features; none of the seizure history children was judged to have the 'anticonvulsant face' or digit hypoplasia. This study had 80% power to rule out a difference of seven or more IQ points between the two groups, based on a two-sided test at a 5% level of significance. Our confidence in concluding that there was no difference between seizure history and control infants was strengthened by the fact that no statistically significant differences were observed with respect to multiple outcomes, including eight related measures of intelligence. Thirty (53%) of the seizure history mothers resumed taking AED after the birth of the child we evaluated. Additional studies are needed to address the teratogenicity of the antiepileptic drugs as monotherapy. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Holt, SA, McGillivray, DJ, Poon, S & White, JW 2000, 'Protein Deformation and Surfactancy at an Interface', The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 104, no. 31, pp. 7431-7438.
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Holt, SA, Reynolds, PA & White, JW 2000, 'Growth of silicated films at the solid/liquid interface', Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol. 2, no. 24, pp. 5667-5671.
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Hong, MY, Lupton, JR, Morris, JS, Wang, N, Carroll, RJ, Davidson, LA, Elder, RH & Chapkin, RS 2000, 'Dietary fish oil reduces O6-methylguanine DNA adduct levels in rat colon in part by increasing apoptosis during tumor initiation.', Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 819-826.
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There is epidemiological, clinical, and experimental evidence that dietary fish oil, containing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, protects against colon tumor development. However, its effects on colonocytes in vivo remain poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the ability of fish oil to modulate colonic methylation-induced DNA damage, repair, and deletion. Sprague Dawley rats were provided with complete diets containing either corn oil or fish oil (15% by weight). Animals were injected with azoxymethane, and the distal colon was removed 3, 6, 9, or 12 h later. Targeted apoptosis and DNA damage were assessed by cell position within the crypt using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling assay and quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of O6-methylguanine adducts, respectively. Localization and expression of the alkyl group acceptor, O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase, was also determined. Lower levels of adducts were detected at 6, 9, and 12 h in fish oil- versus corn oil-fed animals (P < 0.05). In addition, fish oil supplementation had the greatest effect on apoptosis in the top one-third of the crypt, increasing the apoptotic index compared with corn oil-fed rats (P < 0.05). In the top one-third of the crypt, fish oil feeding caused an incremental stimulation of apoptosis as adduct level increased. In contrast, a negative correlation between apoptosis and adduct incidence occurred with corn oil feeding (P < 0.05). Diet had no main effect (all tertiles combined) on O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase expression over the time frame of the experiment. The enhancement of targeted apoptosis combined with the reduced formation of O6-methylguanine adducts may account, in part, for the observed protective effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids against experimentally induced colon cancer.
HORNITZKY, MA, BETTELHEIM, KA & DJORDJEVIC, SP 2000, 'The isolation of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O111:H‐from Australian cattle', Australian Veterinary Journal, vol. 78, no. 9, pp. 636-637.
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HUANG, B, WHITCHURCH, CB, CROFT, L, BEATSON, SA & MATTICK, JS 2000, 'A Minimal Tiling Path Cosmid Library for Functional Analysis of thePseudomonas aeruginosaPAO1 Genome', Microbial & Comparative Genomics, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 189-203.
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HUANG, B, WHITCHURCH, CB, CROFT, L, BEATSON, SA & MATTICK, JS 2000, 'A Minimal Tiling Path Cosmid Library for Functional Analysis of thePseudomonas aeruginosaPAO1 Genome', Microbial & Comparative Genomics, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 189-203.
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Hughes, P, Dennis, E, Whitecross, M, Llewellyn, D & Gage, P 2000, 'The cytotoxic plant protein, beta-purothionin, forms ion channels in lipid membranes', JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 275, no. 2, pp. 823-827.
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HUM, S, KESSELL, A, DJORDJEVIC, S, RHEINBERGER, R, HORNITZKY, M, FORBES, W & GONSALVES, J 2000, 'Mastitis, polyarthritis and abortion caused by Mycoplasma species bovine group 7 in dairy cattle', Australian Veterinary Journal, vol. 78, no. 11, pp. 744-750.
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Objective To report an outbreak of mastitis, polyarthritis and abortion caused by Mycoplasma sp bovine group 7 in three large, centrally‐managed dairies and to review the relevant literature. Design Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory data were analysed, collated and reported. Multidisciplinary procedures were employed. These included clinical assessment and comprehensive laboratory investigations of affected calves, aborted foetuses and milk samples. Mycoplasma cultures and genetic analyses of isolates were undertaken to identify the aetiological agent. Results About 30% of 240 calves usually kept in a calf rearing facility developed severe polyarthritis as a result of Mycoplasma sp bovine group 7 infection between 2 and 3 weeks of age. Multiple abortions occurred on these farms. Mycoplasma s p bovine group 7 was recovered from the fibrinopurulent synovial exudates of four 14‐day‐old calves, from the stomach contents and lungs of two aborted foetuses, from 14 of 21 bulk milk and four of 10 mastitic quarters. Three bulk colostrum samples cultured during the outbreak were negative for mycoplasma. Conclusion Mycoplasma s p bovine group 7 caused significant economic losses as a result of polyarthritis, abortion and mastitis. The disease probably originated from udder infections with spread being facilitated by the decreased use of tetracycline in the treatment of mastitis. Neonatal calves were most likely infected by the consumption of milk contaminated with the organism. Abortions presumably resulted from mycoplasmaemia. This appears to be the first report in Australia of bovine abortion resulting from Mycoplasma sp infection.
Hush, NS & Reimers, JR 2000, 'Solvent effects on the electronic spectra of transition metal complexes', CHEMICAL REVIEWS, vol. 100, no. 2, pp. 775-786.
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Ibrahim, JG, Chen, MH & Ryan, LM 2000, 'Bayesian variable selection for time series count data', STATISTICA SINICA, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 971-987.
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We consider a parametric model for time series of counts by constructing a likelihood-based generalization of a model considered by Zeger (1988). We consider a Bayesian approach and propose a class of informative prior distributions for the model paramet
Jones, PM & George, AM 2000, 'Symmetry and structure in P‐glycoprotein and ABC transporters', European Journal of Biochemistry, vol. 267, no. 17, pp. 5298-5305.
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The ABC superfamily of membrane transporters is one of the largest classes of proteins across all species and one of the most intensely researched. ABC proteins are involved in the trafficking of a diverse variety of biological molecules across cell membranes, with some members implicated in medical syndromes such as cystic fibrosis and multidrug resistance to anti‐cancer drugs. In the absence of X‐ray crystallographic data, structural information has come from spectroscopy, electron microscopy, secondary structure prediction algorithms and residue substitution, epitope labelling and cysteine cross‐linking studies. These have generally supported a model for the topology of the transmembrane domains of ABC transporters in which a single aqueous pore is formed by a toroidal ring of 12 α helices, deployed in two arcs of six helices each. Although this so‐called 6 + 6 helix model can be arranged in either mirror or rotational symmetry configurations, experimental data supports the former. In this review, we put forward arguments against both configurations of this 6 + 6 helix model, based on what is known generally about symmetry relationships in proteins. We relate these arguments to P‐glycoprotein, in particular, and discuss alternative models for the structure of ABC transporters in the light of the most recent research.
Katis, VL, Wake, RG & Harry, EJ 2000, 'Septal Localization of the Membrane-Bound Division Proteins of Bacillus subtilis DivIB and DivIC Is Codependent Only at High Temperatures and Requires FtsZ', Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 182, no. 12, pp. 3607-3611.
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ABSTRACT Using immunofluorescence microscopy, we have examined the dependency of localization among three Bacillus subtilis division proteins, FtsZ, DivIB, and DivIC, to the division site. DivIC is required for DivIB localization. However, DivIC localization is dependent on DivIB only at high growth temperatures, at which DivIB is essential for division. FtsZ localization is required for septal recruitment of DivIB and DivIC, but FtsZ can be recruited independently of DivIB. These localization studies suggest a more specific role for DivIB in division, involving interaction with DivIC.
Kennerson, M, Nassif, N & Nicholson, G 2000, 'The CMT1A-REP Binary Repeat from Disease Causing Genomic Re-arrangements to a Role in Gene Evolution', Current Genomics, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 81-90.
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Kucheyev, SO, Bradby, JE, Williams, JS, Jagadish, C, Toth, M, Phillips, MR & Swain, MV 2000, 'Nanoindentation of epitaxial GaN films', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 77, no. 21, pp. 3373-3375.
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Kuchler, U & Platen, E 2000, 'Strong Discrete Time Approximation of Stochastic Differential Equations with Time Delay', Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, vol. 54, no. 0, pp. 189-205.
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The paper introduces an approach for the derivation of discrete time approximations for solutions of stochastic differential equations with time delay. The suggested approximations converge in a strong sense. Furthermore, explicit solutions for linear stochastic delay equations are given.
Le Breton, A & Novikov, AA 2000, 'On Stochastic Approximation Procedures with Averaging', Theory of Probability & Its Applications, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 591-604.
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Linear multidimensional stochastic approximation procedures in continuous time with martingale errors are considered. An asymptotic behavior of the estimator obtained by trajectory averaging is studied. An asymptotics of integrated squared deviations functionals of the averaged estimator is found. Some results concerning fixed-size confidence regions are presented.
Lee, AP & Reedy, BJ 2000, 'Application of radiometric temperature determination methods to semiconductor gas sensors', SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL, vol. 69, no. 1-2, pp. 37-45.
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A radiometric method for the determination of the operating surface temperature of very small objects to within ±5 K has been applied to commercial semiconductor gas sensors operated in a static atmosphere. The method involves the collection of the infrared (IR) emission spectrum of the sensor at regular intervals over the operating heater voltage range, followed by the fitting of ambient-corrected Planck functions to determine the temperature at each voltage. At least one independent calibrating temperature measurement (to eliminate the effects of sensor emissivity and spectrometer response) is obtained using the known melting point of an inorganic salt. The operating voltagetemperature relationships for two popular Figaro tin oxide sensors were found to be pseudo-linear and are reported as T=103 V+214±3 K for the Figaro TGS813 sensor with its base removed, T=101 V+224±5 K for the TGS813 with its base attached, and T=106 V+238±5 K for the Figaro TGS2611 sensor. (The temperature of the sensors does not rise appreciably above ambient when they are operated below 0.5 V.) These results indicate that sensor temperatures are significantly higher than most previously reported estimates, particularly those made using infrared thermometers (IRTs). A heat loss model for the sensors is discussed, and the calibration of the heater resistancetemperature relationship is achieved for the TGS2611.
Leonard, AW, Hyne, RV, Lim, RP, Pablo, F & Van den Brink, PJ 2000, 'Riverine endosulfan concentrations in the Namoi River, Australia: Link to cotton field runoff and macroinvertebrate population densities', ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 1540-1551.
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Leslie, LM & Abbey Jr., RF 2000, 'Hurricane predictability: are there simple linear invariants within these complex nonlinear dynamical systems?', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 74, no. 1-4, pp. 57-62.
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Leslie, LM & Speer, MS 2000, 'Comments on “Using Ensembles for Short-Range Forecasting”', Monthly Weather Review, vol. 128, no. 8, pp. 3018-3020.
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Levey, FC, Cortie, MB & Cornish, LA 2000, 'Displacive transformations in Au-18 wt pct Cu-6 wt pct Al', METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE, vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 1917-1923.
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A gold alloy with 18 wt pct Cu and 6 wt pet Al undergoes a reversible displacive phase transformation between an incompletely ordered L2(1) parent phase and a tetragonal product. The characteristics of these transformations were studied using acoustic em
Levy, JI, Houseman, EA, Ryan, L, Richardson, D & Spengler, JD 2000, 'Particle concentrations in urban microenvironments', ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES, vol. 108, no. 11, pp. 1051-1057.
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Although ambient particulate matter has been associated with a range of health outcomes, the health risks for individuals depend in part on their daily activities. Information about particle mass concentrations and size distributions in indoor and outdoor microenvironments can help identify high-risk individuals and the significant contributors to personal exposure. To address these issues in an urban setting, we measured particle count concentrations in four size ranges and particulate matter ≤ 10 μm (PM10) concentrations outdoors and in seven indoor microenvironments in Boston, Massachusetts. Particle counts and PM10 concentrations were continuously measured with two light-scattering devices. Because of the autocorrelation between sequential measurements, we used linear mixed effects models with an AR-1 autoregressive correlation structure to evaluate whether differences between microenvironments were statistically significant. In general, larger particles were elevated in the vicinity of significant human activity, and smaller particles were elevated in the vicinity of combustion sources, with indoor PM10 concentrations significantly higher than the outdoors on buses and trolleys. Statistical models demonstrated significant variability among some indoor microenvironments, with greater variability for smaller particles. These findings imply that personal exposures can depend on activity patterns and that microenvironmental concentration information can improve the accuracy of personal exposure estimation.
Lim, S, Roche, N, Oliver, BG, Mattos, W, Barnes, PJ & Chung, KF 2000, 'Balance of matrix metalloprotease-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-1 from alveolar macrophages in cigarette smokers - Regulation by interleukin-10', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE, vol. 162, no. 4, pp. 1355-1360.
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Lin, X & Carroll, RJ 2000, 'Nonparametric Function Estimation for Clustered Data When the Predictor is Measured without/with Error', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 95, no. 450, pp. 520-520.
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Lin, X & Carroll, RJ 2000, 'Nonparametric Function Estimation for Clustered Data When the Predictor is Measured without/with Error', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 95, no. 450, pp. 520-534.
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We consider local polynomial kernel regression with a single covariate for clustered data using estimating equations. We assume that at most m < ∞ observations are available on each cluster. In the case of random regressors, with no measurement error in the predictor, we show that it is generally the best strategy to ignore entirely the correlation structure within each cluster and instead pretend that all observations are independent. In the further special case of longitudinal data on individuals with fixed common observation times, we show that equivalent to the pooled data approach is the strategy of fitting separate nonparametric regressions at each observation time and constructing an optimal weighted average. We also consider what happens when the predictor is measured with error. Using the SIMEX approach to correct for measurement error, we construct an asymptotic theory for both the pooled and the weighted average estimators. Surprisingly, for the same amount of smoothing, the weighted average estimators typically have smaller variances than the pooling strategy. We apply the proposed methods to analysis of the AIDS Costs and Services Utilization Survey. © 2000 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Lin, XH, Ryan, L, Sammel, M, Zhang, DW, Padungtod, C & Xu, XP 2000, 'A scaled linear mixed model for multiple outcomes', BIOMETRICS, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 593-601.
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We propose a scaled linear mixed model to assess the effects of exposure and other covariates on multiple continuous outcomes. The most general form of the model allows a different exposure effect for each outcome. An important special case is a model that represents the exposure effects using a common global measure that can be characterized in terms of effect sizes. Correlations among different outcomes within the same subject are accommodated using random effects. We develop two approaches to model fitting, including the maximum likelihood method and the working parameter method. A key feature of both methods is that they can be easily implemented by repeatedly calling software for fitting standard linear mixed models, e.g., SAS PROC MIXED. Compared to the maximum likelihood method, the working parameter method is easier to implement and yields fully efficient estimators of the parameters of interest. We illustrate the proposed methods by analyzing data from a study of the effects of occupational pesticide exposure on semen quality in a cohort of Chinese men.
Lobo, C, Perret, N, Morris, D, Zou, J, Cockayne, DJH, Johnston, MB, Gal, M & Leon, R 2000, 'Carrier capture and relaxation in Stranski-KrastanowInxGa1−xAs/GaAs(311)Bquantum dots', Physical Review B, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 2737-2742.
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Loscher, CE, Donnelly, S, Lynch, MA & Mills, KHG 2000, 'Induction of inflammatory cytokines in the brain following respiratory infection with Bordetella pertussis', JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY, vol. 102, no. 2, pp. 172-181.
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Loscher, CE, Donnelly, S, Mills, KHG & Lynch, MA 2000, 'Interleukin-1 beta-dependent changes in the hippocampus following parenteral immunization with a whole cell pertussis vaccine', JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY, vol. 111, no. 1-2, pp. 68-76.
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Lu, MCK, Sammel, MD, Cleveland, RH, Ryan, LM & Holmes, LB 2000, 'Digit effects produced by prenatal exposure to antiepileptic drugs', TERATOLOGY, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 277-283.
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The hypothesis tested was that digit anomalies among individuals exposed in utero to antiepileptic drugs (AED) are best identified by a systematic search, including radiographs and dermatoglyphics, rather than relying only on visual inspection. A systematic search was made for five types of digit abnormalities in 46 AED-exposed individuals ages 5-29 years in comparison with controls: visible anomalies, size of fingernails, dermal ridge patterns, length of metacarpals and phalanges, and qualitative changes in the distal phalanges. Among the AED-exposed, nail size was not decreased. However, there was a 10.8% frequency of digit anomalies, a 12% frequency of three or more arch patterns, and significant shortening and qualitative changes in the distal phalanges, all of which are consistent with the fetal effects of AED. Among the 42 individuals who underwent all evaluations, 14.3% had two or more of these abnormalities, most of which would not be identified by clinical inspection. This frequency is much higher in these AED-exposed individuals than in the general population. Radiographs in 13 individuals over a period of several years showed that the changes in the phalanges and metacarpals persisted. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Luo, M, Bilodeau, P, Dennis, ES, Peacock, WJ & Chaudhury, A 2000, 'Expression and parent-of-origin effects for FIS2, MEA, and FIE in the endosperm and embryo of developing Arabidopsis seeds', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 97, no. 19, pp. 10637-10642.
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MacFarlane, GR, Booth, DJ & Brown, KR 2000, 'The Semaphore crab, Heloecius cordiformis: bio-indication potential for heavy metals in estuarine systems', Aquatic Toxicology, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 153-166.
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Macfarlane, GR, Booth, DJ & Brown, KR 2000, 'The Semaphore Crab, Heloecius Cordiformis: Bio-Indication Potential for Heavy Metals in Estuarine Systems', Aquatic Toxicology, vol. 50, no. 0, pp. 1530166-0.
Manefield, M, Harris, L, Rice, SA, de Nys, R & Kjelleberg, S 2000, 'Inhibition of Luminescence and Virulence in the Black Tiger Prawn ( Penaeus monodon ) Pathogen Vibrio harveyi by Intercellular Signal Antagonists', Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 66, no. 5, pp. 2079-2084.
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ABSTRACT Expression of luminescence in the Penaeus monodon pathogen Vibrio harveyi is regulated by an intercellular quorum sensing mechanism involving the synthesis and detection of two signaling molecules, one of which is N -hydroxy butanoyl- l -homoserine lactone and the other of which is uncharacterized. Indirect evidence has suggested that virulence, associated with a toxic extracellular protein, and luminescence in V. harveyi are coregulated. In this study the effects of an acylated homoserine lactone antagonist produced by the marine alga Delisea pulchra on luminescence and toxin production in a virulent strain of V. harveyi were analyzed. Luminescence and toxin production were both inhibited by the signal antagonist at concentrations that had no impact on growth. Toxin production was found to be prematurely induced in V. harveyi cultures incubated in a 10% conditioned medium. Additionally, a significant reduction in the toxicity of concentrated supernatant extracts from V. harveyi cultures incubated in the presence of the signal antagonist, as measured by in vivo toxicity assays in mice and prawns, was observed. These results suggest that intercellular signaling antagonists have potential utility in the control of V. harveyi prawn infections.
Markich, S 2000, 'Valve movement responses of Velesunio angasi (Bivalvia: Hyriidae) to manganese and uranium: An exception to the free ion activity model', Aquatic Toxicology, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 155-175.
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The veracity of the free ion activity model (FIAM) was tested by examining the acute (48 h) valve movement responses (VMR) (measured in terms of the duration of valve opening) of the Australian tropical freshwater unionid bivalve, Velesunio angasi to increasing concentrations of total Mn or U, in a standard synthetic water under conditions of varying pH (5.0-6.0) and/or dissolved organic carbon (model fulvic acid, FA) concentrations (0-8.9 mg l-1). Valve movement behaviour, measured using an automated data acquisition system, was shown to be a quantifiable and rapid, real-time endpoint for assessing the toxic effects of Mn and U exposures. For Mn, the VMR of V. angasi were independent (P > 0.05) of pH and/or model FA concentration. In contrast, VMR to U exposures were highly dependent (P ≤ 0.05) on pH and/or model FA concentration; individuals were more sensitive to U at low pH and model FA concentrations. Valve movement responses to Mn were directly proportional to the activity of the free metal ion (Mn2+), which is consistent with the FIAM. In contrast, VMR to U were regarded as an 'exception' to the FIAM, since they were a weighted function of the activities of the free metal ion and the 1:1 metal hydroxide species (i.e. 1.86 x UO22+ + UO2OH+). Additionally, the effect of U on V. angasi demonstrates the importance of examining VMR at more than one pH. At a fixed pH, the results for U were consistent with the FIAM (i.e. response was directly proportional to UO22+); only when pH was altered, were the results inconsistent with the FIAM. The inconsistency in the VMR of V. angasi to U exposures in this study, together with similar examples from other studies using different metals (e.g. Al or Zn), raises questions regarding the veracity of the FIAM. A detailed examination of the conceptual development of the FIAM is required to probe its apparent failure to describe several metal-organism interactions. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.
Markich, SJ, Brown, PR, Jeffree, R & Lim, RP 2000, 'Valve Movement Responses of Velesunio angasi (Bivalvia: Hyriidae) to Manganese and Uranium: An Exception to the Free Ion Activity Model', Aquatic Toxicology, vol. 51, no. 0, pp. 155-175.
Masens, C, Schulte, J, Phillips, M & Dligatch, S 2000, 'Ultra flat gold surfaces for use in chemical force microscopy: Scanning probe microscopy studies of the effect of preparation regime on surface morphology', MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 113-120.
McDonagh, AM, Bayly, SR, Riley, DJ, Ward, MD, McCleverty, JA, Cowin, MA, Morgan, CN, Varrazza, R, Penty, RV & White, IH 2000, 'A Variable Optical Attenuator Operating in the Near-Infrared Region Based on an Electrochromic Molybdenum Complex', Chemistry of Materials, vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 2523-2524.
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NA
McDonagh, AM, Cifuentes, MP, Lucas, NT, Humphrey, MG, Houbrechts, S & Persoons, A 2000, 'Organometallic complexes for nonlinear optics', Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, vol. 605, no. 2, pp. 184-192.
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The terminal alkyne 4-HC6-point triple bond; length half of m-dashCC6H4N=Image H (1) and ruthenium complex derivatives trans-[Ru(C6-point triple bond; length half of m-dashC-4-C6H4N= Image Full-size image H}Cl(dppm)2] (2) and [Ru{C6-point triple bond; length half of m-dashC-4-C6H4N=Image H}(PPh3)2(?-C5H5)] (3) have been synthesized. An X-ray structural study of 3 reveals the expected equivalent C---C bond lengths of the phenyl and alternating C---C and C=C bond lengths of the quinonal ring in the indoanilinoalkynyl ligand; there is a dihedral angle of 47.59° between the phenyl and quinonal rings, probably a result of ortho-hydrogen repulsion. Metal-centred oxidation potentials of 2 and 3 are similar to those of `extended chain 4-nitroarylalkynyl complex analogues. Irreversible quinonal ring-centred reductions occur at significantly more negative potentials than the quasi-reversible reductions in their nitro-containing analogues. Quadratic optical nonlinearities by hyper-Rayleigh scattering at 1064 nm for 2 (417×10-30 esu) and 3 (658×10-30 esu) are both large, but resonance enhanced. Two-level-corrected nonlinearities for these complexes (124×10-30, 159×10-30 esu, respectively) are also large, despite the presence of electron-donating tert-butyl groups reducing the efficiency of the (formally) electron-accepting quinonal ring in these donor-bridge-acceptor complexes
McDonagh, AM, Lucas, NT, Cifuentes, MP, Humphrey, MG, Houbrechts, S & Persoons, A 2000, 'Organometallic complexes for nonlinear optics', Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, vol. 605, no. 2, pp. 193-201.
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The syntheses of the alkyne (E)-4,4?-HC6-point triple bond; length half of m-dashCC6H4N=NC6H4NO2 (1) and alkynyl complexes LnM{(E)-4,4?-C6-point triple bond; length half of m-dashCC6H4N=NC6H4NO2} [LnM=trans-[RuCl(dppm)2] (2), Ru(PPh3)2(?-C5H5) (3), Au(PPh3) (4)] are reported. A structural study of 2 reveals E stereochemistry about the azo-linkage. Electrochemical data for the ruthenium complexes reveal that the azo-linkage in complexes 2 and 3 perturbs the metal-centred oxidation potential compared to all other alkynyl complexes of similar composition. Quadratic optical nonlinearities by hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) at 1064 nm are very large for 2 and 3, but resonance-enhanced. Comparison of HRS data for 4 with those of Au{(E)-4,4?-C6-point triple bond; length half of m-dashCC6H4X=CHC6H4NO2}(Image hImage ) (X=CH, N) reveals that complex 4 has a significantly larger quadratic nonlinearity than its ene- or imino-linked analogues.
McDougald, D, Rice, SA & Kjelleberg, S 2000, 'The marine pathogen Vibrio vulnificus encodes a putative homologue of the Vibrio harveyi regulatory gene, luxR: a genetic and phylogenetic comparison', Gene, vol. 248, no. 1-2, pp. 213-221.
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McNevin, D & Barford, J 2000, 'Biofiltration as an odour abatement strategy', Biochemical Engineering Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 231-242.
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McNevin, D, Harrison, M, King, A, David, K & Mitchell, C 2000, 'Towards an integrated performance model for subsurface flow constructed wetlands', JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART A-TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, vol. 35, no. 8, pp. 1415-1429.
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Detailed investigations have been conducted on a set of four pilot scale subsurface flow (SSF) constructed wetlands in order to characterise heat transfer, mass dispersion and biological performance mechanisms. These studies have followed the beds from post construction through unplanted hydraulic base line studies to the current status of mature stands of Phragmites australis. Experimental observations indicate that in unplanted beds, daily thermal fluctuations are depth dependent and range from 1 to 9 degrees Celsius. These fluctuations result in daily thermal inversions, and enhanced mixing and oxygen transport. For planted beds, thermal fluctuations are depth independent, and have a constant amplitude of 2 degrees Celsius. Planted beds may be thermally stratified. Lithium tracer studies corroborate these results for the planted bed. In addition, performance studies indicate that organic pollutant removal is probably limited to organic suspended solids removal, with subsequent biological breakdown. Current first-order plug flow models can not account for these operational issues. A combined model is necessary to account for lateral dispersion, temperature gradients and settling of suspended solids to accurately reflect real biological removal mechanisms
McPhedran, RC, Botten, LC & Nicorovici, NA 2000, 'Homogenization of composites: dynamic and static theories', PHYSICA B, vol. 279, no. 1-3, pp. 5-8.
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McPhedran, RC, Nicorovici, NA, Botten, LC & Grubits, KA 2000, 'Lattice sums for gratings and arrays', JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS, vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 7808-7816.
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Melrose, J, Smith, S, Rodgers, K, Little, C, Burkhardt, D & Ghosh, P 2000, 'Immunolocalisation of BPTI-like serine proteinase inhibitory proteins in mast cells, chondrocytes and intervertebral disc fibrochondrocytes of ovine and bovine connective tissues. An immunohistochemical and biochemical study', Histochemistry and Cell Biology, vol. 114, no. 2, pp. 137-146.
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A polyclonal anti-bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) IgY was raised in chickens immunised with aprotinin The anti-BPTI IgY was subsequently isolated lated from egg yolks and purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography on immobilised aproti
Miao, X & Ben-Nissan, B 2000, 'Microstructure and properties of zirconia-alumina nanolaminate sol-gel coatings', Journal of Materials Science, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 497-502.
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Zirconia-alumina multilayer nanolaminate coatings were applied on stainless steel 316 substrates by a sol-gel dipping method. The coatings were characterized using X-ray diffraction, optical and scanning electron microscopy. The hardness and elastic modulus, the wear resistance and the oxidation resistance of the coatings were measured and assessed. It was observed that the coatings possessed fine grains, fine pores and high retention of tetragonal zirconia phase. The coatings exhibited high hardness and elastic modulus as well as good resistance to oxidation at high temperatures. However, these properties may be influenced by the interactions at the coating/substrate interface.
Michels, KB 2000, 'RE: 'IMPLICATIONS OF A NEW DIETARY MEASUREMENT ERROR MODEL FOR ESTIMATION OF RELATIVE RISK: APPLICATION TO FOUR CALIBRATION STUDIES'', American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 152, no. 5, pp. 494-495.
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Mick, R, Crowley, JJ & Carroll, RJ 2000, 'Phase II Clinical Trial Design for Noncytotoxic Anticancer Agents for Which Time to Disease Progression Is the Primary Endpoint', Controlled Clinical Trials, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 343-359.
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Miller, CMD, Akratos, C, Johnson, AM & Smith, NC 2000, 'The production of a 70 kDa heat shock protein by Toxoplasma gondii RH strain in immunocompromised mice', International Journal for Parasitology, vol. 30, no. 14, pp. 1467-1473.
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Miura, T, Huete, AR & Yoshioka, H 2000, 'Evaluation of sensor calibration uncertainties on vegetation indices for MODIS', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 1399-1409.
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The impact of reflectance calibration uncertainties on the accuracies of several vegetation indices (VIs) was evaluated for the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor onboard the TERRA platform. A set of uncertainty propagation equations were designed to model the propagation of calibration uncertainties from top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectances to atmospherically-corrected VIs. The soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), the atmospherically-resistant vegetation index (ARVI), and the enhanced vegetation index (EVI) were evaluated along with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The resultant VI uncertainties associated with calibration ucal (VI) varied with both surface reflectances and atmospheric conditions. Uncertainties in the NDVI and ARVI were highly dependent on pixel brightness, with the largest uncertainties occurring over dark targets with little or no vegetation. The SAVI uncertainties were nearly constant throughout a range of target brightness and vegetation abundance. The EVI uncertainties linearly increased with increasing EVI values. Atmosphere turbidities increased calibration uncertainties in all the VIs through their effect on TOA reflectances. The VI uncertainties were also found to decrease when the calibration errors were positively correlated between bands.
MOORE, PE, LAPORTE, JD, ABRAHAM, JH, SCHWARTZMAN, IN, YANDAVA, CN, SILVERMAN, ES, DRAZEN, JM, WAND, MP, PANETTIERI, RA & SHORE, SA 2000, 'Polymorphism of the β2-Adrenergic Receptor Gene and Desensitization in Human Airway Smooth Muscle', American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol. 162, no. 6, pp. 2117-2124.
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Morales, KH, Ryan, L, Kuo, TL, Wu, MM & Chen, CJ 2000, 'Risk of internal cancers from arsenic in drinking water', ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES, vol. 108, no. 7, pp. 655-661.
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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is under a congressional mandate to revise its current standard for arsenic in drinking water. We present a risk assessment for cancers of the bladder, liver, and lung from exposure to arsenic in water, based on data from 42 villages in an arseniasisendemic region of Taiwan. We calculate excess lifetime risk estimates for several variations of the generalized linear model and for the multistage-Weibull model. Risk estimates are sensitive to the model choice, to whether or not a comparison population is used to define the unexposed disease mortality rates, and to whether the comparison population is all of Taiwan or just the southwestern region. Some factors that may affect risk could not be evaluated quantitatively: the ecologic nature of the data, the nutritional status of the study population, and the dietary intake of arsenic. Despite all of these sources of uncertainty, however, our analysis suggests that the current standard of 50 μg/L is associated with a substantial increased risk of cancer and is not sufficiently protective of public health.
Mote, PA, Balleine, RL, McGowan, EM & Clarke, CL 2000, 'Heterogeneity of progesterone receptors A and B expression in human endometrial glands and stroma', Human Reproduction, vol. 15, no. suppl 3, pp. 48-56.
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Mugridge, NB, Morrison, DA, Jakel, T, Heckeroth, AR, Tenter, AM & Johnson, AM 2000, 'Effects of sequence alignment and structural domains of ribosomal DNA on phylogeny reconstruction for the protozoan family Sarcocystidae', MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION, vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 1842-1853.
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Murray, BR & Westoby, M 2000, 'Properties of species in the tail of rank-abundance curves: The potential for increase in abundance', EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY RESEARCH, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 583-592.
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It has recently been shown that most low-abundance species at a location are substantially more abundant somewhere else within their geographical range (somewhere-abundant). Fewer than 10% are everywhere-sparse Here, two everywhere-sparse species from dr
Nogue, F, Grandjean, O, Craig, S, Dennis, S & Chaudhury, M 2000, 'Higher levels of cell proliferation rate and cyclin CycD3 expression in the Arabidopsis amp1 mutant.', PLANT GROWTH REGULATION, vol. 32, no. 2-3, pp. 275-283.
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Nogue, N, Hocart, H, Letham, DS, Dennis, ES & Chaudhury, AM 2000, 'Cytokinin synthesis is higher in the Arabidopsis amp1 mutant', PLANT GROWTH REGULATION, vol. 32, no. 2-3, pp. 267-273.
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Noyes, HA, Morrison, DA, Chance, ML & Ellis, JT 2000, 'Evidence for a neotropical origin of Leishmania', MEMORIAS DO INSTITUTO OSWALDO CRUZ, vol. 95, no. 4, pp. 575-578.
O'Brien, BA, Harmon, BV, Cameron, DP & Allan, DJ 2000, 'Nicotinamide prevents the development of diabetes in the cyclophosphamide-induced NOD mouse model by reducing beta-cell apoptosis', The Journal of Pathology, vol. 191, no. 1, pp. 86-92.
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The development of diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, which normally takes between 3 and 7 months, can be accelerated by cyclophosphamide (CY) injections, with rapid progression to diabetes within only 2±3 weeks. This insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) can be prevented or delayed in CY-treated NOD mice by nicotinamide (NA). The present study was undertaken to determine the mode of cell death responsible for the development of IDDM in CYtreated male NOD mice and to investigate the effect of NA on beta-cell death. Apoptotic beta cells were present within the islets of Langerhans in haematoxylin and eosin-stained sections of the pancreata harvested from 3- and 12-week-old male NOD mice, from 8 h until 14 days after a single intraperitoneal injection of CY (150 mg/kg body weight). The maximum amount of betacell apoptosis in 3-week-old animals occurred 1±2 days after CY treatment (20 apoptotic cells per 100 islets), after which time levels of apoptosis declined steadily throughout the 14-day period studied. The incidence of beta-cell apoptosis in 12-week-old male NOD mice occurred in two peaks; the ®rst was recorded 8±24 h after CY treatment (30 apoptotic cells/100 islets), while the second, at 7 days (36 apoptotic cells per 100 islets), coincided with increased insulitis. Administration of NA 15 min before CY treatment, and thereafter daily, substantially reduced the amount of apoptosis and effectively eliminated (4 apoptotic cells per 100 islets) the second wave of beta-cell apoptosis seen at day 7 in 12-week-old animals given CY alone. These results show that apoptosis is the mode of beta-cell death responsible for the development of CY-induced IDDM and that prevention of IDDM by NA is associated with a reduction in beta-cell apoptosis.
O'Reilly, D, Doble, P, Tanaka, K & Haddad, PR 2000, 'Retention behaviour of strong acid anions in ion-exclusion chromatography on sulfonate and carboxylate stationary phases', JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A, vol. 884, no. 1-2, pp. 61-74.
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Some factors influencing the retention of strong-acid anions on ion-exclusion columns were investigated using columns with sulfonate and carboxylate functional groups. The nature of the functional group on the resin, the eluent pH and the eluent ionic st
Padungtod, C, Savitz, DA, Overstreet, JW, Christiani, DC, Ryan, LM & Xu, XP 2000, 'Occupational pesticide exposure and semen quality among Chinese workers', JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE, vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 982-992.
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This study investigated the association between occupational pesticide exposure and semen quality among Chinese workers. Male workers, 32 who were exposed to organophosphate pesticides and 43 who were not exposed were recruited from two nearby factories
Patiag, D, Qu, X, Gray, S, Idris, I, Wilkes, M, Seale, JP & Donnelly, R 2000, 'Possible interactions between angiotensin II and insulin: effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in vivo and in vitro', Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 167, no. 3, pp. 525-531.
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Angiotensin II (ANGII) increases insulin sensitivity in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects, even at subpressor doses, and because there is 'crosstalk' between ANGII and insulin-signaling pathways the underlying mechanism may not be due solely to changes in regional blood flow. A series of experimental studies was undertaken to evaluate the effects of ANGII on glucose and lipid metabolism in vivo and in vitro. Groups of fructose-fed, insulin-resistant Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were pre-treated with 0.3 mg/kg per day of the AT(1)-receptor antagonist L-158 809 (n=16), or vehicle (n=16), by oral gavage. This was prior to an oral glucose tolerance test (day 5) and measurement of the effects of ANGII infusion (20 ng/kg per min i.v. for 3 h) on whole-body insulin sensitivity using the insulin suppression test (day 7). The effect of ANGII infusion on total triglyceride secretion rate (TGSR) was evaluated in normal SD rats pretreated for 7 days with L-158 809 (n=12) or vehicle (n=12). AT(1)- and AT(2)- receptor mRNA expression and [(3)H]2-deoxyglucose uptake were assessed in cultured L6 myoblasts. Short-term treatment with L-158 809 had no effect on glucose tolerance or fasting triglyceride levels in fructose-fed rats. ANGII infusion had no effect on insulin sensitivity in fructose-fed rats pretreated with vehicle (steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) values 8.1+/-1.6 vs 8. 4+/-0.4 mmol/l), but pretreatment with L-158 809 resulted in ANGII having a modest insulin antagonist effect in this insulin-resistant model (SSPG values 9.6+/-0.3 vs 7.1+/-0.6, P<0.03). ANGII infusion had no significant effect on TGSR (e.g. 24.6+/-1.4 vs 28.4+/-0.9 mg/100 g per h in vehicle-treated animals). RT-PCR analysis showed that L6 cells express both AT(1)- and AT(2)-receptor mRNA. Incubation with ANGII (10(-9) and 10(-8) M) had no significant effect on the dose-response curve for insulin-stimulated [(3)H]2-deoxyglucose uptake. For example, C(I200) values (dose of insulin requ...
Pedrosa, J, Saunders, BM, Appelberg, R, Orme, IM, Silva, MT & Cooper, AM 2000, 'Neutrophils Play a Protective Nonphagocytic Role in SystemicMycobacterium tuberculosisInfection of Mice', Infection and Immunity, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 577-583.
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ABSTRACTEvidence showing that neutrophils play a protective role in the host response to infection by different intracellular parasites has been published in the past few years. We assessed this issue with regard to the infection of mice withMycobacterium tuberculosis. We found a chronic recruitment of neutrophils to the infection foci, namely, to the peritoneal cavity after intraperitoneal infection and to the spleen and liver after intravenous inoculation of the mycobacteria. However, bacilli were never found associated with the recruited neutrophils but rather were found inside macrophages. The intravenous administration of the antineutrophil monoclonal antibody RB6-8C5 during the first week of infection led to selective and severe neutropenia associated with an enhancement of bacillary growth in the target organs of the mice infected by the intravenous route. The neutropenia-associated exacerbation of infection was most important in the liver, where a bacterial load 10-fold higher than that in nonneutropenic mice was found; the exacerbation in the liver occurred both during and after the neutropenic period. Early in infection byM. tuberculosis, neutropenic mice expressed lower levels of mRNAs for gamma interferon and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the liver compared to nondepleted mice. These results point to a protective role of neutrophils in the host defense mechanisms againstM. tuberculosis, which occurs early in the infection and is not associated with the phagocytic activity of neutrophils but may be of an immunomodulatory nature.
Phillips, MR & Ott, DM 2000, 'Crosstalk caused by nonideal output filters in WDM lightwave systems', IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 1094-1096.
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Crosstalk mechanisms due to imperfections of the output demultiplexer in a 1550-nm wavelength-division multiplexed system are explored for the cable television frequency range of 50-800 MHz. Analytic and experimental results show significant crosstalk ca
Poulton, CG, Movchan, AB, McPhedran, RC, Nicorovici, NA & Antipov, YA 2000, 'Eigenvalue problems for doubly periodic elastic structures and phononic band gaps', Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol. 456, no. 2002, pp. 2543-2559.
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Qi, J, Kerr, YH, Moran, MS, Weltz, M, Huete, AR, Sorooshian, S & Bryant, R 2000, 'Leaf area index estimates using remotely sensed data and BRDF models in a semiarid region', REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 18-30.
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The amount and spatial and temporal dynamics of vegetation are important information in environmental studies and agricultural practices. There has been a great deal of interest in estimating vegetation parameters and their spatial and temporal extent using remotely sensed imagery. There are primarily two approaches to estimating vegetation parameters such as leaf area index (LAI). The first one is associated with computation of spectral vegetation indices (SVI) from radiometric measurements. This approach uses an empirical or modeled LAI-SVI relation between remotely sensed variables, such as SVI and biophysical variables, such as LAI. The major limitation of this empirical approach is that there is no single LAI-SVI equation (with a set of coefficients) that can be applied to remote-sensing images of different surface types. The second approach involves using bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) models. It inverts a BRDF model with radiometric measurements to estimate LAI using an optimization, procedure. Although this approach has a theoretical basis and is potentially applicable to varying surface types, its primary limitation is the lengthy computation time and difficulty of obtaining the required input parameters, by the model. In this, study, we present a strategy that combines BRDF models and conventional LAI-SVI approaches to circumvent these limitations. The proposed strategy was implemented in three sequential steps. In the first step, a BRDF model was inverted with a limited number of data points or pixels to produce a training data set consisting of leaf area index and associated pixel values. In the second step, the training data set passed through a quality control procedure to remove outliers from the inversion procedure. In the final step, the training data set was used either to fit an LAI-SVI equation or to train a neural fuzzy system. The best fit equation or the trained fuzzy system was then applied to large-scale ...
Qi, L, Wang, Y & Leslie, LM 2000, 'Numerical simulation of a cut-off low over southern Australia', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 74, no. 1-4, pp. 103-115.
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Quimio, CA, Torrizo, LB, Setter, TL, Ellis, M, Grover, A, Abrigo, EM, Oliva, NP, Ella, ES, Carpena, AL, Ito, O, Peacock, WJ, Dennis, E & Datta, SK 2000, 'Enhancement of submergence tolerance in transgenic rice overproducing pyruvate decarboxylase', JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 156, no. 4, pp. 516-521.
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Ralph, PJ 2000, 'Herbicide toxicity of Halophila ovalis assessed by chlorophyll a fluorescence', AQUATIC BOTANY, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 141-152.
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Razmovski, V, O’Meara, TJ, Taylor, DJM & Tovey, ER 2000, 'A new method for simultaneous immunodetection and morphologic identification of individual sources of pollen allergens', Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 105, no. 4, pp. 725-731.
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BACKGROUND: Exposure to outdoor allergens has commonly been estimated by collecting airborne particles with a Hirst-type spore trap and then using morphologic criteria to identify the intact pollen grains and fungal spores that are recognized as allergen sources. Several antibody-based blotting or fixation methods have also been developed that enable the counting of amorphous airborne particles carrying allergen, but none of these methods allow the ready association of the released allergen with the morphologically identifiable particle of origin. A method has been developed that uses pressure-sensitive adhesive tape to sample the airborne particles and then allows the immunoidentification of the specific particles that are the allergen sources. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to visualize and immunostain the particles carrying pollen allergen that are collected with a volumetric spore trap. METHODS: A Burkard sampler was used to collect airborne particles onto pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes. The particles were permanently fixed between the tape and a protein-binding membrane when the tape was laminated with the membrane. Allergens that elute from the particles onto the membrane were detected with a range of antibodies. Both the particle and associated immunostained allergen were viewed through the transparent tape for final microscopic identification. RESULTS: Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies and IgE from allergic patients stained allergens in the periphery of particles collected on the tapes. Individual pollen grains and paucimicronic particles were seen with halos of immunostained allergen surrounding them. When IgE was used, the density of immunostaining in the halo surrounding Lolium perenne pollen grains was found to be proportional to the level of Lolium-specific IgE. The method is highly sensitive and can be used to detect different airborne particles that carry allergen. Both the particle and the immunostaining can be subjected to a range of simple mea...
Regamey, A, Harry, EJ & Wake, RG 2000, 'Mid‐cell Z ring assembly in the absence of entry into the elongation phase of the round of replication in bacteria: co‐ordinating chromosome replication with cell division', Molecular Microbiology, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 423-434.
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We have shown previously that, when spores of a thymine‐requiring strain of Bacillus subtilis were grown out in the absence of thymine, mid‐cell Z rings formed over the nucleoid and much earlier than might be expected with respect to progression into the round of replication. It is now shown that such conditions allow no replication of oriC. Rather than replication, partial degradation of the oriC region occurs, suggesting that the status of this region is connected with the ‘premature’ mid‐cell Z ring assembly. A correlation was observed between entry into the replication elongation phase and a block to mid‐cell Z rings. The conformation of the nucleoid under various conditions of DNA replication inhibition or limitation suggests that relief of nucleoid occlusion is not primarily responsible for mid‐cell Z ring formation in the absence of thymine. We propose the existence of a specific structure at mid‐cell that defines the Z ring nucleation site (NS). It is suggested that this NS is normally masked by the replisome upon initiation of replication or soon after entry into the elongation phase, and subsequently unmasked relatively late in the round. During spore outgrowth in the absence of thymine, this checkpoint control over mid‐cell Z ring assembly breaks down prematurely.
Reimers, JR, Hall, LE & Hush, NS 2000, 'Tautomerization of nucleobase model compounds: The 4-pyridinol and 4(1H)-pyridinone monomers and their dimers', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A, vol. 104, no. 21, pp. 5087-5092.
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Reimers, JR, Hughes, JM & Hush, NS 2000, 'Modeling the bacterial photosynthetic reaction center 3: Interpretation of effects of site-directed mutagenesis on the special-pair midpoint potential', BIOCHEMISTRY, vol. 39, no. 51, pp. 16185-16189.
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Reimers, JR, Hutter, MC, Hughes, JM & Hush, NS 2000, 'Nature of the special-pair radical cation in bacterial photosynthesis', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUANTUM CHEMISTRY, vol. 80, no. 6, pp. 1224-1243.
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Reynolds, CA, Yitayew, M, Slack, DC, Hutchinson, CF, Huete, A & Petersen, MS 2000, 'Estimating crop yields and production by integrating the FAO Crop specific Water Balance model with real-time satellite data and ground-based ancillary data', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING, vol. 21, no. 18, pp. 3487-3508.
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An operational crop yield model was developed by introducing real-time satellite imagery into a Geographical Information System (GIS) and the Crop Specific Water Balance (CSWB) model of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Input databases were developed with three different resolutions; agro-ecological zone (AEZ) polygons, 7.6 km and 1.1 km pixels; from archived satellite data commonly used by Early Warning Systems (EWS) to simulate maize yield and production in Kenya from 1989 to 1997. Simulated production results from the GIS-based CSWB model were compared to historical maize production reports from two Government of Kenya (GoK) agencies. The coefficients of determination (r2) between the model and GoK district reports ranged from 0.86 to 0.89. The results indicated the 7.6 km pixel-by-pixel analysis was the most favorable method due to the Rainfall Estimate (RFE) input data having the same resolution. The GIS-based CSWB model developed by this study could also be easily expanded for use in other countries, extended for other crops, and improved in the future as satellite technologies improve.
Rice, SA, McDougald, D, Kjelleberg, S, Rice, SA & Kjelleberg, S 2000, 'Vibrio vulnificus: a physiological and genetic approach to the viable but nonculturable response', Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 115-120.
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In this review, we focus on studies of the viable but nonculturable response (VBNC) of Vibrio vulnificus, a significant and aggressive human pathogen, as a model system for the general understanding of the VBNC response. This response is characterized physiologically as the inability to culture an organism on media that normally supports its growth, and yet those cells retain indicators of metabolic activity. Implicit in this definition is that it may be possible to return or resuscitate VBNC cells to active division on laboratory media. Since its original description in 1985, the VBNC response has been recognized in a range of bacteria. Study of the VBNC response has traditionally focused on physiological methods aimed at demonstrating that VBNC cells are indeed viable but have a specific block that prevents them from dividing on laboratory media, and such study has attempted to identify conditions that unequivocally demonstrate the resuscitation of VBNC cells. With the advent of molecular genetics, VBNC studies have begun to focus on genetics as a means to determine whether there are specific genes or regulatory pathways responsible for the development of the VBNC response. Thus, by combining information from physiological and genetic experiments, it is hoped that it can be determined whether the VBNC response represents a genetically programmed physiological adaptation similar to sporulation and outgrowth or whether VBNC represents the slow loss of function on the way to cellular death.
Ricketts, BW & Ton-That, C 2000, 'Self-discharge of carbon-based supercapacitors with organic electrolytes', JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES, vol. 89, no. 1, pp. 64-69.
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Roach, AC 2000, 'Variation in the population dynamics of the intertidal pulmonate gastropod Salinator solida Martens (Gastropoda: Amphibolidae) at Towra Point, NSW, Australia', Wetlands Ecology and Management, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 53-69.
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This paper describes variation in the population dynamics of the intertidal pulmonate gastropod Salinator solida among mangrove and saltmarsh habitats at Towra Point, NSW, Australia over a two-year period. In general, this paper describes the degree to which the density of the populations fluctuated and the size structure of the populations varied among heights on shore. The density of individuals in the upper mangrove forest was most variable through time and their population size structure was dominated by smaller individuals. The density of populations in the Sarcocornia high on the shore fluctuated least through time and were dominated by large individuals. Those populations found on the mid-shore in the Sarcocornia had population characteristics intermediate to those populations in the upper mangrove forest and the Sarcocornia high on the shore. Analysis of size frequency data indicated that the growth rates of individuals and their annual mortality decreased with increasing height on shore.
Rodgers, KJ & Dean, RT 2000, 'Metabolism of protein-bound DOPA in mammals', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY & CELL BIOLOGY, vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 945-955.
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Protein-bound 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) can be generated in mammalian cells by both controlled enzymatic pathways, and by uncontrolled radical reactions. Protein-bound DOPA (PB-DOPA) has reducing activity and the capacity to inflict secondary dam
Rose, RM, Warne, MS & Lim, RP 2000, 'Life history responses of the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia cf. dubia to variation in food concentration', HYDROBIOLOGIA, vol. 427, no. 1-3, pp. 59-64.
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Rose, RW, Warne, MS & Lim, RP 2000, 'Life History Response of the the Cladeceran Ceriodaphnia cf. dubia to Variation in Food Concentration', Hydrobiologia, vol. 427, no. 0, pp. 59-64.
Roux, C, Bull, S, Goulding, J & Lennard, C 2000, 'Tracing the Source of Illicit Drugs Through Plastic Packaging—A Database', Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 99-114.
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Abstract Common plastic drug packaging material available in Australia and in Asia was analyzed using a standard protocol including optical examination, UV-visible and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. The aims were to determine whether there are significant differences between different sources, to establish the evidential value of these examinations, and to build a database of common packaging material. Visual examination was the most effective means for discriminating samples. Thickness and weight measurements provided useful information. Visualization of machining marks using crossed polarized light was found to be useful in the comparison process. UV-visible spectrophotometry has some value for distinguishing samples. Fourier transform infrared analysis was a good technique for determination of the polymer composition of the packaging. Significant differences were observed between Australian and overseas samples. The “Australian Database of Drug Packaging Materials” was created to systematically collate all of the collected data for application on personal computers. It is concluded that the properties of plastic packaging materials can be excellent indicators for identifying the specific brand or origin of the packaging.
Roux, C, Jones, N, Lennard, C & Stoilovic, M 2000, 'Evaluation of 1,2-Indanedione and 5,6-Dimethoxy-1,2-Indanedione for the Detection of Latent Fingerprints on Porous Surfaces', Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 761-769.
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Abstract The ability of 1,2-indanedione and 5,6-dimethoxy-1,2-indanedione to detect latent prints on porous surfaces, as compared to DFO and ninhydrin, has been evaluated. Comparisons of prints developed under various conditions determined the optimum development conditions for the new reagents. The indanediones tested were found to have lower detection limits for glycine. The carrier solvent used was found to affect the quality of the prints developed. In Arklone, the new reagents developed prints that displayed superior luminescence to those developed with DFO. In HFE 7100, 1,2-indanedione and 5,6-dimethoxy-1,2-indanedione gave superior luminescence to DFO after zinc salt treatment and cooling with liquid nitrogen, both of which improve the luminescence of prints developed with 1,2-indanediones, 1,2-Indanediones could offer less expensive but effective alternatives to DFO. With further optimization, the new reagents may supersede DFO as the method of choice for the detection of latent fingerprints on porous surfaces.
Roux, CP, Kirk, R, Benson, SJ, Van Haran, T & Petterd, C 2000, 'Glass Particles in Footwear of Members of the Public in South-Eastern Australia - A Survey', Forensic Science International, vol. 116, no. 0, pp. 149-156.
Ruckstuhl, AF, Welsh, AH & Carroll, RJ 2000, 'Nonparametric function estimation of the relationship between two repeatedly measured variables', Statistica Sinica, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 51-71.
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We describe methods for estimating the regression function nonparametrically, and for estimating the variance components in a simple variance component model which is sometimes used for repeated measures data or data with a simple clustered structure. We consider a number of different ways of estimating the regression function. The main results are that the simple pooled estimator which treats the data as independent performs very well asymptotically, but that we can construct estimators which perform better asymptotically in some circumstances. The local linear version of the quasi-likelihood estimator is supposed to exploit the covariance structure of the model but does not in fact do so, asymptotically performing worse than the simple pooled estimator.
Ruggles, JL, Holt, SA, Reynolds, PA & White, JW 2000, 'Synthesis of Silica Films at the Air/Water Interface: Effect of Template Chain Length and Ionic Strength', Langmuir, vol. 16, no. 10, pp. 4613-4619.
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Ruppert, D & Carroll, RJ 2000, 'Theory & Methods: Spatially‐adaptive Penalties for Spline Fitting', Australian & New Zealand Journal of Statistics, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 205-223.
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The paper studies spline fitting with a roughness penalty that adapts to spatial heterogeneity in the regression function. The estimates are pth degree piecewise polynomials with p− 1 continuous derivatives. A large and fixed number of knots is used and smoothing is achieved by putting a quadratic penalty on the jumps of the pth derivative at the knots. To be spatially adaptive, the logarithm of the penalty is itself a linear spline but with relatively few knots and with values at the knots chosen to minimize the generalized cross validation (GCV) criterion. This locally‐adaptive spline estimator is compared with other spline estimators in the literature such as cubic smoothing splines and knot‐selection techniques for least squares regression. Our estimator can be interpreted as an empirical Bayes estimate for a prior allowing spatial heterogeneity. In cases of spatially heterogeneous regression functions, empirical Bayes confidence intervals using this prior achieve better pointwise coverage probabilities than confidence intervals based on a global‐penalty parameter. The method is developed first for univariate models and then extended to additive models.
Ryan, LM 2000, 'Statistical issues in toxicology', JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION, vol. 95, no. 449, pp. 304-308.
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Ryan, LM 2000, 'Statistical Issues in Toxicology', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 95, no. 449, pp. 304-304.
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Saad, SR, Bendall, LJ, McGowan, EM, Clarke, CL, Gottlieb, DJ & Bradstock, KF 2000, 'Effects of progesterone on the migration of breast cancer cells within bone marrow stroma', Blood, vol. 96, no. 11 PART II, pp. 82A-82A.
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Breast cancer metastasises to bone more frequently than any other site, and virtually all patients dying of the disease will have bone lesions, therefore the mechanisms whereby breast cancer cells interact with the bone marrow microenvironment are of particular importance. The involvement of progesterone in the growth and metastasis of breast cancer has been increasingly recognised in recent years. However, the role of progesterone in breast cancer cell interaction with the bone marrow microenvironment, including extracellular matrix binding, invasion, migration and cytoskeletal rearrangement is still unknown. In this study we examined the effect of the synthetic progestin Org2058, and the antiprogestin RU486 on the migration of the hormone-sensitive, human breast cancer cell line T47D through bone marrow stromal cells in vitro using 5lCr based adhesion and migration assays, flow cytometry, zymography, immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Org2058 inhibited migration through bone marrow fibroblasts by up to 50% after 3 and 48h exposure. This effect was reversed by the progesterone inhibitor RU486. Org2058 and RU486 had no effect on T47D adhesion to bone marrow stroma, and no effect on the production of gelatinases, including the matrix metalloproteinase MMP-2. No change in adhesion molecule function following Org2058 treatment was detected despite reduced expression of av, a5,
Salih, A, Larkum, A, Cox, G, Kuhl, M & Hoegh-Guldberg, O 2000, 'Fluorescent pigments in corals are photoprotective', NATURE, vol. 408, no. 6814, pp. 850-853.
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All reef-forming corals depend on the photosynthesis performed by their algal symbiont, and such corals are therefore restricted to the photic zone. The intensity of light in tiffs zone declines over several orders of magnitude - from high and damaging levels at the surface to extreme shade conditions at the lower limit1. The ability of corals to tolerate this range implies effective mechanisms for light acclimation and adaptation2. Here we show that the fluorescent pigments3-9 (FPs) of corals provide a photobiological system for regulating the light environment of coral host tissue. Previous studies have suggested that under low light, FPs may enhance light availability4,5. We now report that in excessive sunlight FPs are photoprotective; they achieve this by dissipating excess energy at wavelengths of low photosynthetic activity, as well as by reflecting of visible and infrared light by FP-containing chromatophores. We also show that FPs enhance the resistance to mass bleaching of corals during periods of heat stress, which has implications for the effect of environmental stress on the diversity of reef-building corals, such as enhanced survival of a broad range of corals allowing maintenance of habitat diversity.
Sanchez, JM, Collia, F, Stoler, JM, McGuirk, C, Holmes, LB, Ryan, L & Lieberman, E 2000, 'Letter to the editor (multiple letters)', Genetics in Medicine, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 300-301.
Sarcoma Meta‐analysis Collaboration (SMAC) ‐ see acknowledgement section for list of authors 2000, 'Adjuvant chemotherapy for localised resectable soft tissue sarcoma in adults. Sarcoma Meta-analysis Collaboration (SMAC).', Cochrane Database Syst Rev, vol. 2000, no. 2, p. CD001419.
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BACKGROUND: Individually, randomised trilas have not shown conclusively whether adjuvant chemotherapy benefits adult patients with localised resectable soft-tissue sarcoma. OBJECTIVES: Adjuvant chemotherapy aims to lessen the recurrence of cancer after surgery with or without radiotherapy. The objective of this review was to assess the effects of adjuvant chemotherapy in adults with resectable soft tissue sarcoma after such local treatment. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, UKCCCR Register of Cancer Trials, Physicians Data Query, EMBASE, MEDLINE and CancerLit. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised trials of adjuvant chemotherapy after local treatment in adults with localised resectable soft tissue sarcoma were included. Only trials in which accrual was completed by December 1992 were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Individual patient data were obtained. Accuracy of data and quality of randomisation and follow-up of trials was assessed. MAIN RESULTS: Fourteen trials of doxorubicin-based adjuvant chemotherapy involving 1568 patients were included. Median follow-up was 9.4 years. For local recurrence-free interval the hazard ratio with chemotherapy was 0.73 (95% Confidence Interval 0.56-0.94). For distant recurrence-free interval it was 0. 70 (95% CI 0.57-0.85). For overall recurrence-free survival it was 0. 75 (95% CI 0.64-0.87). These correspond to significant absolute benefits of 6-10% at 10 years. For overall survival the hazard ratio of 0.89 (95% CI 0.76-1.03) was not significant but potentially represents an absolute benefit of 4% (95% CI -1 to 9) at 10 years. There was no consistent evidence of a difference in effect according to age, sex, stage, site, grade, histology, extent of resection, tumour size or exposure to radiotherapy. However, the strongest evidence of a beneficial effect on survival was shown in patients with sarcoma of the extremities. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Doxorubicin-based adjuvant chemotherapy...
Sashin, VA, Dorsett, HE, Bolorizadeh, MA & Ford, MJ 2000, 'The valence band structures of BeO, MgO, and CaO', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 113, no. 18, pp. 8175-8182.
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We have performed direct measurements of the valence band structures of the light alkaline earth oxides BeO, MgO, and CaO using electron momentum spectroscopy (EMS). From these measurements, we have determined the band dispersions, valence bandwidths, and O(2s)-O(2p) intervalence bandgaps at the Gamma point. For comparison we have also performed Hartree-Fock (HF) and density-functional (DFT) calculations in the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) approximation. Intervalence bandgaps compare reasonably well with the DFT calculations and previous experimental and theoretical studies. Our measured bandwidths, however, are significantly smaller. In particular, we find that contrary to conventional wisdom, the local density approximation of DFT overestimates the valence bandwidths of these ionic solids. (C) 2000 American Institute of Physics. [S0021-9606(00)70642-8].
Satten, GA & Carroll, RJ 2000, 'Conditional and Unconditional Categorical Regression Models with Missing Covariates', Biometrics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 384-388.
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Summary. We consider methods for analyzing categorical regression models when some covariates (Z) are completely observed but other covariates (X) are missing for some subjects. When data on X are missing at random (i.e., when the probability that X is observed does not depend on the value of X itself), we present a likelihood approach for the observed data that allows the same nuisance parameters to be eliminated in a conditional analysis as when data are complete. An example of a matched casecontrol study is used to demonstrate our approach.
Saunders, BM & Cooper, AM 2000, 'Restraining mycobacteria: Role of granulomas in mycobacterial infections', Immunology & Cell Biology, vol. 78, no. 4, pp. 334-341.
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The generation of prolonged immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis requires not only an antigen‐specific IFN‐γ‐producing T cell response, including both CD4 and CD8 T cells, but also the generation of protective granulomatous lesions, whereby the close apposition of activated T cells and macrophages acts to contain bacterial growth. The importance of the granulomatous lesion in controlling this immune response and in limiting both tissue damage and bacterial dissemination has been considered a secondary event but, as the present review illustrates, is no less important in surviving mycobacterial infection than an antigen‐specific T‐cell response. The formation of a protective granuloma involves the orchestrated production of a host of chemokines and cytokines, the upregulation of their receptors along with upregulation of addressins, selectins and integrins to coordinate the recruitment, migration and retention of cells to and within the granuloma. In the present review, the principal components of the protective response are outlined and the role of granuloma formation and maintenance in mediating prolonged containment of mycobacteria within the lung is addressed.
Saunders, BM, Frank, AA, Orme, IM & Cooper, AM 2000, 'Interleukin-6 Induces Early Gamma Interferon Production in the Infected Lung but Is Not Required for Generation of Specific Immunity toMycobacterium tuberculosisInfection', Infection and Immunity, vol. 68, no. 6, pp. 3322-3326.
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ABSTRACTImmunity toMycobacterium tuberculosisis dependent upon the generation of a protective gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing T-cell response. Recent studies have suggested that interleukin-6 (IL-6) is required for the induction of a protective T-cell response and that IL-4 may suppress the induction of IFN-γ. To evaluate the role of the cytokines IL-6 and IL-4 in the generation of pulmonary immunity toM. tuberculosis, IL-6 and IL-4 knockout mice were infected withM. tuberculosisvia aerosol. The absence of IL-6 led to an early increase in bacterial load with a concurrent delay in the induction of IFN-γ. However, mice were able to contain and control bacterial growth and developed a protective memory response to secondary infection. This demonstrates that while IL-6 is involved in stimulating early IFN-γ production, it is not essential for the development of protective immunity againstM. tuberculosis. In contrast, while the absence of IL-4 resulted in increased IFN-γ production, this had no significant effect upon bacterial growth.
Schlogl, E, Dun, T & Barton, G 2000, 'Simulated Swaption Delta-Hedging in the Lognormal Forward LIBOR Model', International Journal of Theoretical & Applied Finance, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 677-709.
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Alternative approaches to hedging swaptions are explored and tested by simulation. Hedging methods implied by the Black swaption formula are compared with a lognormal forward LIBOR model approach encompassing all the relevant forward rates. The simulation is undertaken within the LIBOR model framework for a range of swaptions and volatility structures. Despite incompatibilities with the model assumptions, the Black method performs equally well as the LIBOR method, yielding very similar distributions for the hedging prot and loss | even at high rehedging frequencies. This result demonstrates the robustness of the Black hedging technique and implies that | being simpler and generally better understood by nancial practitioners | it would be the preferred method in practice.
Semmler, ABT, Whitchurch, CB, Leech, AJ & Mattick, JS 2000, 'Identification of a novel gene, fimV, involved in twitching motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa', MICROBIOLOGY-UK, vol. 146, pp. 1321-1332.
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Transposon mutagenesis was used to identify a new locus required for twitching motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Four Tn5-B21 mutants which lacked twitching motility and a fifth which exhibited impaired motility were found to map to the same KpnI restr
Sessler, JL, Anzenbacher, P, Miyaji, H, Jursíková, K, Bleasdale, ER & Gale, PA 2000, 'Modified Calix[4]pyrroles', Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol. 39, no. 10, pp. 3471-3478.
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Sheldon, CC, Finnegan, EJ, Rouse, DT, Tadege, M, Bagnall, DJ, Helliwell, CA, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2000, 'The control of flowering by vernalization', CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 418-422.
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Sheldon, CC, Rouse, DT, Finnegan, EJ, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2000, 'The molecular basis of vernalization: The central role of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC)', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 97, no. 7, pp. 3753-3758.
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Singh, G & Zinder, Y 2000, 'Worst-case performance of critical path type algorithms', International Transactions in Operational Research, vol. 7, no. 4-5, pp. 383-399.
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The critical path method remains one of the most popular approaches in practical scheduling. Being developed for the makespan problem this method can also be generalized to the maximum lateness problem. For the unit execution time task system and parallel processors this generalization is known as the Brucker-Garey-Johnson algorithm. We characterize this algorithm by introducing an upper bound on the deviation of the criterion from its optimal value. The bound is stated in terms of parameters characterizing the problem, namely number of processors, the length of the longest path, and the total required processing time. We also derive a similar bound for the preemptive version of the Brucker- Garey-Johnson algorithm. © 2000 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Singh, G & Zinder, Y 2000, 'Worst-case performance of two critical path type algorithms', Asia Pacific Journal of Operational Research, vol. 17, pp. 101-122.
Singh, G & Zinder, Y 2000, 'Worst-case performance of two critical path type algorithms', ASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF OPERATIONAL RESEARCH, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 101-122.
Smith, G, Earp, AA, Stevens, J, Swift, PD, McCredie, G & Franklin, J 2000, 'Materials Properties for Advanced Daylighting in Buildings', Sayish AAM, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 201-206.
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Some recent developments in materials used to illuminate interior and exterior spaces with daylight, and mathematical modelling of their interaction with light for design purposes are presented. The Sydney 2000 Olympic Stadium roof and a new solid light guide system are two examples. Emphasis is on making full use of the daylight resource, not just the diffuse component, while controlling the associated solar heat gain. Sensitivity to glare is essential if materials capabilities are to be realised.
Solina, DM, Cheary, RW, Swift, PD, Dligatch, S, McCredie, GM, Gong, B & Lynch, P 2000, 'Investigation of the interfacial structure of ultra-thin platinum films using X-ray reflectivity and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy', Thin Solid Films, vol. 372, no. 1-2, pp. 94-103.
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Ultra-thin films of platinum deposited on highly polished 100 silicon have been investigated using X-ray reflectivityXRR.and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopyXPS.as part of a study on the interface structure of multilayers used for X-ray mirrors. In this paper results are presented for films deposited by electron beam evaporation and by DC-magnetron sputtering. The reflectivity was fitted by assuming an intermediate platinum silicide layer exists between the platinum and the silicon. XPS data clearly confirmed the existence of such a platinum silicide layer. According to the XRR data this layer was estimated to be approximately 10 A°thick for e-beam samples and approximately 30 A°thick for magnetron samples. For e-beam films the fitted density for the platinum silicide layer was found to decrease from 16.4 g?cmy3 for a nominal 80 A° film down to 2.65 g?cmy3 for a nominal 20 A° film. For magnetron sputtered films the fitted density was always within the range of 6.1]6.8 g?cmy3. The fitted density of the platinum layer from the e-beam results was always within 5% of the density of bulk platinum whereas for the magnetron sputtered films the density decreased uniformly with decreasing film thickness for films with a nominal thickness less than 30 A°. The XPS data show that the magnetron deposited platinum penetrates through the native oxide layer and into the silicon substrate to a far greater degree than the e-beam deposited platinum.
Speer, MS & Leslie, LM 2000, 'A comparison of five flood rain events over the New South Wales north coast and a case study', International Journal of Climatology, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 543-563.
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Speer, MS & Leslie, LM 2000, 'Mesoscale model forecasting as a tool for air pollution management: a case study of sustained smoke pollution over the Greater Sydney area', Meteorological Applications, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 177-186.
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AbstractA mesoscale model has been applied over the Greater Sydney region to an air pollution episode resulting from fire hazard reduction burns from 12 to 14 April 1997. The episode was characterised by two distinct events in a period of sustained light winds, which included humid sea breezes and land breezes. The first event occurred early in the period when the atmospheric circulation involved either weak sea breezes or no sea breeze at the coast. Described here are the meteorological conditions associated with the inter‐regional transport of smoke from a prescribed, or hazard reduction, burn just north of Sydney, which concentrated smoke in the eastern part of the Sydney metropolitan area. The second event, which occurred late in the episode, was local in nature but was induced synoptically by the large‐scale airflow by a change in wind direction that transported smoke and fog over a major highway. Also described are the meteorological conditions that contributed to the disruption of a major highway caused by a multiple vehicle pile‐up just to the south‐west of Sydney later in the period. Numerical model simulations using the University of New South Wales (UNSW) NWP model, which used archived real‐time data, accurately predicted both the concentration of pollution in the eastern part of the Sydney metropolitan area in the first event and the hazardous smog formation and timing of the clearing south‐west wind change in the second event. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
Stoler, JM, McGuirk, C, Holmes, LB, Ryan, L & Lieberman, E 2000, 'Untitled - Response', GENETICS IN MEDICINE, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 300-301.
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Subramaniam, S, Frey, J, Huang, B, Djordjevic, S & Kwang, J 2000, 'Immunoblot assays using recombinant antigens for the detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae antibodies', Veterinary Microbiology, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 99-106.
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The 36 kDa L-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and a 29 kDa partial fragment of an ABC transporter ATP-binding protein analogue/multidrug resistance protein homologue (PR2) of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae were tested for their potential as diagnostic antigens. Rec
Tasevski, V, Benn, D, King, M, Luttrell, B & Simpson, A 2000, 'Mitogenic Effect of Lithium in FRTL-5 Cells Can be Reversed by BlockingDe NovoCholesterol Synthesis and Subsequent Signal Transduction', Thyroid, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 305-311.
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Lithium therapy is the therapeutic mainstay for bipolar disorder and has been associated in the thyroid with euthymic goiter, hyper and hypothyroidism as well as thyroid autoimmune disease. The FRTL-5 cell line is a well known model of thyroid cell physiology, where lithium has been shown to increase 3H-thymidine uptake at concentrations of 2 mM. This mitogenic effect was not associated with adenylate cyclase as measured by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production. The de novo synthesis of cholesterol is an important signal transduction pathway in FRTL-5 cells, where newly synthesized Rho GTPase is geranylgeranylated, enabling membrane localization of the G-protein and subsequent G1 to S-phase transition, resulting from extracellular stimulation. Here we confirm lithium mitogenicity at therapeutically relevant concentrations (1 mM) and demonstrate a lithium-associated accumulation of FRTL-5 cells in S-phase of the cell cycle. These effects could be abolished by Pravastatin, a potent inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), the rate-limiting enzyme in the formation of intermediates (de novo cholesterol synthesis) required for G-protein prenylation. Pravastatin, similar to lithium, showed no effect on cAMP production either under basal or thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)-stimulated conditions indicating that de novo cholesterol synthesis is not involved with adenylate cyclase. The inhibitory effect of pravastatin could be overcome by reinitiating de novo cholesterol synthesis. This was achieved by the addition of the cell permeable, first metabolite (mevalonate) after HMG-CoA, which allowed the cycle to continue, leading eventually to protein prenylation, despite the presence of Pravastatin. These novel findings demonstrate lithium involvement in de novo cholesterol synthesis and G-protein prenylation, an important signal transduction pathway in FRTL-5 cells.
Teare, DOH, Emmison, N, Ton-That, C & Bradley, RH 2000, 'Cellular attachment to ultraviolet ozone modified polystyrene surfaces', LANGMUIR, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 2818-2824.
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The surfaces of standard untreated polystyrene cell culture dishes have been oxidatively modified for up to 8 min exposure time using an ultraviolet ozone treater in order to promote cell adhesion. Surface oxygen chemisorption and topographical modification has been characterized using monochromatic X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. The oxidation process is shown to proceed at low exposure times (<60 s) via the formation of C-OR groups, although some R2C=O and RO-C=O groups are also formed. At longer treatments, RO-C=O groups become the dominant species, although the other groups are also present. The maximum level of oxygen reached is 36 atomic 8. Some of the oxygen present at surfaces treated at times of >60 s is in the form of loosely bound low molecular weight oxidized material (LMWOM) which is produced by oxidative scission of the PS backbone. Water washing leads to a reduction in surface oxygen content mainly by the removal of RO-C=O and R2C=O functional groups. The residual stable oxygen levels, which can be introduced, are approximately 20-25 atomic %. Surface chemistry changes are accompanied by the formation of surface spikes which are about 30 nm high and 300-400 nm wide. A correlation between treatment time/oxygen level and overall roughness is observed. The effect of washing upon the topography is to slightly increase the surface roughness, although not to a significant degree. The attachment kinetics of adhesion for Chinese hamster ovary cells show that adhesion occurs much more rapidly for oxidized surfaces than for untreated control materials. A direct correlation between the levels of oxidation and the rate of cell adhesion is demonstrated.
Teare, DOH, Ton-That, C & Bradley, RH 2000, 'Surface characterization and ageing of ultraviolet-ozone-treated polymers using atomic force microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy', SURFACE AND INTERFACE ANALYSIS, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 276-283.
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Ultraviolet-ozone (UVO) treatment of poly(ethyleneterephthalate) (PET) films and polystyrene (PS) dishes of up to 10 min exposure has been studied. Surface polarity, oxygen chemisorption and topographical change were analysed by contact angle measurement, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. Studies of the treated surface reveal the chemistry behind the increasing oxygen content. The oxidation process is shown to proceed via different mechanisms for the two polymers. Polyethyleneterephthalate appears to undergo a Norrish-type chain depolymerization reaction, whereas PS undergoes a much more random chain scission attack. Atomic force microscopy analysis shows an increase in the surface roughness with increasing exposure to UVO for both polymers, with grains of low-molecular-weight oxidized material (LMWOM) forming at the surface. This material can be removed by washing. Surfaces that remain after washing have a higher concentration of oxygen species than the native surfaces. Analysis of aged surfaces shows that for oxidized PET a relaxation process occurs, lowering the levels of surface oxygen. This appears to occur due to the diffusion of LMWOM into the PET bulk. Relaxation of the oxidized PS surface is less thermodynamically favourable owing to the apolar nature of the PS
Thurston, SW, Ryan, L, Christiani, DC, Snow, R, Carlson, J, You, LY, Cui, SC, Ma, GH, Wang, LH & Huang, YM 2000, 'Petrochemical exposure and menstrual disturbances', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 555-564.
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Background: An exploratory, cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted to examine the effects of benzene exposure on menstrual problems. Methods: The study was based on a survey administered to over 3,000 women who worked in a large petrochemical company in Beijing, China. An abnormal menstrual cycle length (AMCL), defined as an average menstrual cycle length of greater than 35 days or less than 21 days, is the major outcome of interest. Results: After 7 years of benzene exposure, the adjusted odds ratio of having AMCL for each additional 5 years of exposure was 1.71 (95% CI 1.27-2.31). Feeling stressed at work was also an important predictor. Conclusions: This study suggests a significant association of benzene exposure and perceived stress with menstrual disturbance. A prospective study is needed to confirm this finding. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Thurston, SW, Wand, MP & Wiencke, JK 2000, 'Negative Binomial Additive Models', Biometrics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 139-144.
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Summary. The generalized additive model is extended to handle negative binomial responses. The extension is complicated by the fact that the negative binomial distribution has two parameters and is not in the exponential family. The methodology is applied to data involving DNA adduct counts and smoking variables among ex‐smokers with lung cancer. A more detailed investigation is made of the parametric relationship between the number of adducts and years since quitting while retaining a smooth relationship between adducts and the other covariates.
Tie, H, Walker, BD, Singleton, C, Bursill, J, Wyse, KR, Valenzuela, S, Qiu, M, Breit, SN & Campbell, TJ 2000, 'The Antipsychotic Agents Thioridazine, Chlorpromazine And Clozapine Block The Human-ether-a-go-go-related Gene (herg) Potassium Channel: Cellular Mechanism For Proarrhythmia', Journal Of The American College Of Cardiology, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 1-1.
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Tierney, J, Alvegård, TA, Sigurdsson, H, Antman, K, Bacchi, M, Baker, LH, Benjamin, RS, Brady, MF, Bramwell, V, Bui, BN, Edmonson, JH, Fletcher, CDM, Gherlinzoni, F, Jones, G, Patel, M, Leyvraz, S, Mosseri, V, Omura, GA, Parmar, MKB, Stewart, LA, Tierney, JF, Rouëssé, J, Ruiz de Elvira, MC, Ryan, L, Souhami, RL, Sylvester, R, Tursz, T, van Oosterom, AT & Yang, JC 2000, 'Adjuvant chemotherapy for localised resectable soft tissue sarcoma in adults', Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, vol. 2015, no. 2.
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Background: Individually, randomised trials have not shown conclusively whether adjuvant chemotherapy benefits adult patients with localised resectable soft-tissue sarcoma. Objectives: Adjuvant chemotherapy aims to lessen the recurrence of cancer after surgery with or without radiotherapy. The objective of this review was to assess the effects of adjuvant chemotherapy in adults with resectable soft tissue sarcoma after such local treatment. Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, UKCCCR Register of Cancer Trials, Physicians Data Query, EMBASE, MEDLINE and CancerLit. Selection criteria: Randomised trials of adjuvant chemotherapy after local treatment in adults with localised resectable soft tissue sarcoma were included. Only trials in which accrual was completed by December 1992 were included. Data collection and analysis: Individual patient data were obtained. Accuracy of data and quality of randomisation and follow-up of trials was assessed. Main results: Fourteen trials of doxorubicin-based adjuvant chemotherapy involving 1568 patients were included. Median follow-up was 9.4 years. For local recurrence-free interval the hazard ratio (HR) with chemotherapy was 0.73 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.56 to 0.94). For distant recurrence-free interval it was 0.70 (95% CI 0.57 to 0.85). For overall recurrence-free survival it was 0.75 (95% CI 0.64 to 0.87). These correspond to significant absolute benefits of 6 to 10% at 10 years. For overall survival (OS) the HR of 0.89 (95% CI 0.76 to 1.03) was not significant but potentially represents an absolute benefit of 4% (95% CI 1 to 9) at 10 years. There was no consistent evidence of a difference in effect according to age, sex, stage, site, grade, histology, extent of resection, tumour size or exposure to radiotherapy. However, the strongest evidence of a beneficial effect on survival was shown in patients with sarcoma of the extremities. Authors' conclusions: Doxorubicin-based adjuvant chemothe...
Ton-That, C, Campbell, PA & Bradley, RH 2000, 'Frictional force microscopy of oxidized polystyrene surfaces measured using chemically modified probe tips', LANGMUIR, vol. 16, no. 11, pp. 5054-5058.
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Ton-That, C, Shard, AG & Bradley, RH 2000, 'Thickness of spin-cast polymer thin films determined by angle-resolved XPS and AFM tip-scratch methods', LANGMUIR, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 2281-2284.
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Polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) thin films (<100 nm thickness) have been spin-cast from chloroform solution onto cleaved mica surfaces (roughness within 0.2 nm). An algorithm for calculating the film thicknesses based on the relative intensities of the C 1s peak of the films and the Si 2s peak of the mica from angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is presented. The film thickness changes as a function of casting conditions. Data from this approach are comparable with thickness measured by an atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip-scratch method in the range 1.5-5.5 nm. Thicknesses of the films are shown to increase linearly with concentration of cast solutions.
Ton-That, C, Shard, AG, Daley, R & Bradley, RH 2000, 'Effects of annealing on the surface composition and morphology of PS/PMMA blend', MACROMOLECULES, vol. 33, no. 22, pp. 8453-8459.
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Films of polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blend have been annealed at a temperature above their glass transition temperatures for up to 48 h. Surface chemical compositions of the cast and annealed films were measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) while surface topographical changes were followed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The blend films spin-cast from chloroform produce nonequilibrium surfaces with a significant excess of PMMA. The polymer component with a lower surface free energy, PS, is shown to segregate to the surface upon annealing. The PS surface concentration of the films, containing 50% PS:50% PMMA in the bulk, was evaluated using the ester peak in XPS C Is spectra (sampling depth similar to9 nm) and found to increase from similar to5% (freshly spin-cast film) to a saturated level of similar to 47% after 17 h of annealing. AFM imaging reveals evolution of blend morphology with annealing time. The spin-cast films prior to annealing exhibit pitted topography with typical pit size of similar to1.2 mum and depth of 30-40 nm. As the annealing process proceeds, these pits get continually shallower. Frictional force microscopy with hydroxylated tips recorded surface phase separations for the films of 2-4 h annealing. As the annealing continues to above 14 h, the pitted structure becomes distorted. The surface enrichment and morphology changes upon annealing are explained by dewetting of PMMA relative to PS.
Ton-That, C, Teare, DOH & Bradley, RH 2000, 'Friction, surface oxidation, and polar free energy for polymer surfaces by chemical force microscopy', CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS, vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 2106-2111.
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Toth, M & Phillips, M 2000, 'Space Charge Artefacts in ESEM Images: Shadowing and Contrast', Microscopy & Microanalysis, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 775-775.
Toth, M & Phillips, MR 2000, 'The effects of space charge on contrast in images obtained using the environmental scanning electron microscope', SCANNING, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 319-325.
Toth, M & Phillips, MR 2000, 'The role of induced contrast in images obtained using the environmental scanning electron microscope', SCANNING, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 370-379.
Toth, M, Kucheyev, SO, Williams, JS, Jagadish, C, Phillips, MR & Li, G 2000, 'Imaging charge trap distributions in GaN using environmental scanning electron microscopy', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 77, no. 9, pp. 1342-1344.
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Toth, M, Phillips, M & Griffin, B 2000, 'X-ray Microanalysis of Insulators in the ESEM', Microscopy & Microanalysis, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 786-787.
Tuch, BE, Yao, M, Tabiin, MT, Simpson, AM, Gross, DJ, Holman, S, Humphrey, R & Szymanska, B 2000, 'Reversal Of Diabetes By Transplantation Of Insulin-producing Human Liver Cells', Diabetologia, vol. 43, no. 0, pp. 1-1.
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Upadhyaya, NM, Zhou, XR, Wu, LM, Ramm, K & Dennis, ES 2000, 'The tms2 gene as a negative selection marker in rice', PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTER, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 227-233.
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Vachirapatama, N, Doble, P & Haddad, PR 2000, 'On-line preconcentration of niobium(V) and tantalum(V) as 4-(2-pyridylazo) resorcinol-citrate ternary complexes in geological samples by ion interaction high-performance liquid chromatography', JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A, vol. 885, no. 1-2, pp. 369-375.
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4-(2-Pyridylazo) resorcinol (PAR) and citrate were used as pre-column complexing agents for the determination of Nb(V) and Ta(V) as ternary complexes in geological samples. Aliquots of 2 mi of the standard and sample solutions containing the Nb(V) and Ta
Vachirapatama, N, Doble, P & Haddad, PR 2000, 'Separation and determination of niobium(V) and tantalum(V) as 2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-[N-propyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl)amino] phenol citrate ternary complexes in geological samples using ion interaction high-performance liquid chromatography', ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA, vol. 409, no. 1-2, pp. 35-43.
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A method for the simultaneous separation and determination of Nb(V) and Ta(V) as ternary complexes formed with 2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-[N-propyl-N-(3-sulfoproyl)amino]phenol (PAPS) and citrate was developed using ion interaction reversed-phase high-pe
Valenzuela, SM, Mazzanti, M, Tonini, R, Qiu, MR, Warton, K, Musgrove, EA, Campbell, TJ & Breit, SN 2000, 'The nuclear chloride ion channel NCC27 is involved in regulation of the cell cycle', The Journal of Physiology, vol. 529, no. 3, pp. 541-552.
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1. NCC27 is a nuclear chloride ion channel, identified in the PMA-activated U937 human monocyte cell line. NCC27 mRNA is expressed in virtually all cells and tissues and the gene encoding NCC27 is also highly conserved. Because of these factors, we have
van Reyk, D, Sarel, S & Hunt, N 2000, 'Inhibition of in vitro lymphoproliferation by three novel iron chelators of the pyridoxal and salicyl aldehyde hydrazone classes', BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 581-587.
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Wand, MP 2000, 'A Comparison of Regression Spline Smoothing Procedures', Computational Statistics, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 443-462.
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Wang, XB, Chen, DF, Niu, TH, Wang, ZX, Wang, LH, Ryan, L, Smith, T, Christiani, DC, Zuckerman, B & Xu, XP 2000, 'Genetic susceptibility to benzene and shortened gestation: Evidence of gene-environment interaction', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, vol. 152, no. 8, pp. 693-700.
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This study investigated whether the association between low level benzene exposure and shortened gestation is modified by two susceptibility genes, CYP1A1 and GSTT1. This report includes 542 (302 nonexposed, 240 benzene-exposed) nonsmoking and nondrinking mothers of singleton live births at Beijing Yanshan Petrochemical Corporation between June 1995 and June 1997. Epidemiologic and clinical data and blood samples were obtained from mothers. Multiple linear regression models were used to estimate the associations of benzene exposure and genetic susceptibility with gestational age, adjusting for maternal age, education, parity, stress, passive smoking, prepregnancy weight and height, and infant's sex. Without consideration of genotype, benzene exposure was associated with a decrease in mean gestational age of 0.29 (standard error (SE), 0.12) week. When stratified by the maternal CYP1A1 genotype, the estimated decrease was 0.54 (SE, 0.12) week for the AA group, which was significantly greater (p = 0.003) than that for the Aa/aa group, which showed no decrease in gestational age. When both CYP1A1 and GSTT1 were considered, the greatest decrease was found among exposed mothers with the CYP1A1 AA-GSTT1 absent group (0.79 (SE, 0.25) week) and the CYP1A1 AA-GSTT1 present group (0.50 (SE, 0.22) week). Among the nonexposed, genetic susceptibility alone did not confer a significant adverse effect. This study provides evidence of gene-environment interaction and supports further assessment of the role of genetic susceptibility in the evaluation of reproductive toxins.
Warram, JH, Scott, LJ, Hanna, LS, Wantman, M, Cohen, SE, Laffel, LMB, Ryan, L & Krolewski, AS 2000, 'Progression of microalbuminuria to proteinuria in type 1 diabetes - Nonlinear relationship with hyperglycemia', DIABETES, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 94-100.
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WECHSLER, ME, GRASEMANN, H, DEYKIN, A, SILVERMAN, EK, YANDAVA, CN, ISRAEL, E, WAND, M & DRAZEN, JM 2000, 'Exhaled Nitric Oxide in Patients with Asthma', American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol. 162, no. 6, pp. 2043-2047.
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White, A 2000, 'The Reliability of the ‘cun— Measurement', Acupuncture in Medicine, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 144-145.
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Williams, DBG, Blann, K & Holzapfel, CW 2000, 'Samarium(II) Iodide Promoted Fragmentation and Sequential Reactions of Aromatic 1,4-Diketones', The Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol. 65, no. 9, pp. 2834-2836.
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Xie, M, Simpson, DG & Carroll, RJ 2000, 'Random Effects in Censored Ordinal Regression: Latent Structure and Bayesian Approach', Biometrics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 376-383.
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Summary. This paper discusses random effects in censored ordinal regression and presents a Gibbs sampling approach to fit the regression model. A latent structure and its corresponding Bayesian formulation are introduced to effectively deal with heterogeneous and censored ordinal observations. This work is motivated by the need to analyze interval‐censored ordinal data from multiple studies in toxicological risk assessment. Application of our methodology to the data offers further support to the conclusions developed earlier using GEE methods yet provides additional insight into the uncertainty levels of the risk estimates.
Yoshioka, H, Huete, AR & Miura, T 2000, 'Derivation of vegetation isoline equations in red-NIR reflectance space', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 838-848.
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A technique to derive vegetation isoline equations in red-NIR reflectance space for homogeneous canopies is proposed and demonstrated. A canopy radiative transfer model, known as the Cooper-Smith-Pitts model, is utilized with truncation of the higher order interaction term between the canopy and soil layers. The technique consists of two model simulations, one with a perfect absorber as canopy background and the other with an arbitrary background to estimate the canopy optical properties necessary for the determination of the isoline parameters. These cases are independent of the soil optical properties of any specific site. Hence, the results can be used for any type or series of soils to construct the vegetation isoline equation. A set of simulations was also conducted using the SAIL model to demonstrate the vegetation isoline derivation by the proposed technique. Reflectances and vegetation indices (VI) estimated from the vegetation isoline generally showed good agreement with those simulated by the SAIL model, especially for relatively darker soil. The isoline equation and derivation were found to be useful for further study of two-band VI's and their variation with canopy background.
Yoshioka, H, Miura, T, Huete, AR & Ganapol, BD 2000, 'Analysis of vegetation isolines in Red-NIR reflectance space', REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 313-326.
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The characteristic behavior of red-near-infrared (NIR) reflectance-based vegetation isolines were analyzed by focusing on its three features: the slope, NIR-intercept, and the intersection between the vegetation isoline and the soil line. These properties are the key factors in understanding variations of vegetation index values with changes of canopy background brightness, known as background noise. The analysis was conducted based on a vegetation isoline equation derived by using the representation of canopy reflectance by the adding method. The isoline parameters, slopes, and NIR-intercepts of vegetation isolines were numerically obtained by the SAIL canopy model. Some of the known behaviors of the vegetation isoline were simulated and analyzed in detail. (C) Elsevier Science Inc., 2000.
Zanobetti, A 2000, 'Generalized additive distributed lag models: quantifying mortality displacement', Biostatistics, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 279-292.
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There are a number of applied settings where a response is measured repeatedly over time, and the impact of a stimulus at one time is distributed over several subsequent response measures. In the motivating application the stimulus is an air pollutant such as airborne particulate matter and the response is mortality. However, several other variables (e.g. daily temperature) impact the response in a possibly non-linear fashion. To quantify the effect of the stimulus in the presence of covariate data we combine two established regression techniques: generalized additive models and distributed lag models. Generalized additive models extend multiple linear regression by allowing for continuous covariates to be modeled as smooth, but otherwise unspecified, functions. Distributed lag models aim to relate the outcome variable to lagged values of a time-dependent predictor in a parsimonious fashion. The resultant, which we call generalized additive distributed lag models, are seen to effectively quantify the so-called 'mortality displacement effect' in environmental epidemiology, as illustrated through air pollution/mortality data from Milan, Italy.
Zanobetti, A, Wand, M, Schwartz, J & Ryan, L 2000, 'Mortality displacement in Milan, Italy.', EPIDEMIOLOGY, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. S77-S77.
