Publications

Corry, B, Cranfield, CG & Martinac, B 2000, 'Structure and Physiological Role of Ion Channels Studied by Fluorescence Spectroscopy' in Meyers, RA (ed), Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, online, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, USA, pp. 1-26.
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Kalceff, MAS, Phillips, MR, Moon, AR & Kalceff, W 2000, 'Cathodoluminescence microcharacterisation of silicon dioxide polymorphs' in Pagel, M, Barbin, V, Blanc, P & Ohnenstetter, D (eds), Cathodoluminescence in Geosciences, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, pp. 193-224.

Remond, G, Phillips, M & Roques-Carmes, C 2000, 'Importance of Instrumental Factors on the Reliability of Cathodoluminescence Data' in Pagel, M, Barbin, V, Blanc, P & Ohnenstetter, D (eds), Cathodoluminescence in Geosciences, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, pp. 59-126.

Robertson, J & Roux, C 2000, 'FIBERS | Transfer and Persistence' in Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences, Elsevier, pp. 834-838.
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Robinson, K, Wilson, M, Brown, DM, Miller, PF, Nicholson, GM, Garman, C & Van Vorst, SM 2000, 'Educational Board Games Promote Social Interaction and Effective Learning in Undergraduate Nursing Students' in Bialon, L (ed), Social Aspects of Higher Education - Polish and Australian Reflections, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland, pp. 157-168.

Roux, C & Robertson, J 2000, 'FIBERS | Significance' in Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences, Elsevier, pp. 829-834.
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Roux, C & Robertson, J 2000, 'FIBERS | Types' in Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences, Elsevier, pp. 838-854.
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Roux, C, Bull, S & Olinder, S 2000, 'PATTERN EVIDENCE | ‘Plastic’ Bag Striations' in Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences, Elsevier, pp. 1181-1189.
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Stuart, BH 2000, 'Infrared Spectroscopy of Biological Applications' in Meyers, RA (ed), Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry: Applications, Theory and Instrumentation, Wiley, New York, pp. 529-559.

Thrall, PH, Burdon, JJ & Murray, B 2000, 'The metapopulation paradigm: a fragmented view of conservation biology' in Young, AG & Clarke, GM (eds), Genetics, Demography and Viaability of Fragmented Populations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,United Kingdom, pp. 75-95.
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In the past, single-population approaches have dominated ecology and evolutionary biology. However, populations are not isolated either in time or space, but are connected by among-population processes such as migration and gene flow.While this concept is not new, until recently, there have beenrelatively few studies that have explicitly investigated the effects od spatial structure on demographic and genetic processes in the context of conservation. The metapopulation framework explicitly recognises and provides a conceptual tool for dealing with the interactions of within - (e.g. birth, death, competition) and among-population processes (e.g. dispersal, gene flow, colonisation and extinction). The ever-growing diversity of empirical and theoretical studies that demonstrate the importance of spatial structure in determining ecological and evolutionary trajectories also indicates that long-term conservation programmes need to focus on regional rather than local within-population persistence. In this regard, it is important to realise that ultimately all populations are ephemeral, and therefore colonisation processes must also be preserved. Clearly, not all species whose populations have undergone fragmentation fit the definition of a metapopulation. Nevertheless, a metapopulation approach to conservation biology is likely to provide a useful tool for developing management strategies as it addresses genetic, species and community effects of fragmentation in a single framework, therby making explicit questions regarding extinction, population connectedness, species behavioural patterns and the survival of coevolved systems. In essence, a metapopulation perspective ensures a process oriented, scale-appropriate approach to conservation that focuses attention on among-population processes critical for persistence of many natural systems.

ACCIOLY, LJDO & HUETE, AR 2000, 'Resposta espectral de solos em razão do ângulo de visada, da umidade e da rugosidade superficial', Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 2473-2484.
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Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as variações do fator de refletância bidirecional (FRB) de três séries de solo (McAllister, Stronghold e Epitaph) da microbacia experimental de Walnut Gulch (Arizona, EUA) em razão do ângulo de visada, da rugosidade superficial e do teor de umidade. Foram consideradas as faixas espectrais do visível e do infravermelho próximo e médio presentes no sensor TM, e os resultados foram expressos em termos de FRB em relação à resposta no Nadir (FRB relativo). O anisotropismo variou de solo para solo e foi maior nas menores faixas espectrais, nos ângulos de visada maiores localizados na direção do retroespalhamento, nos ângulos solar-zenitais maiores, e na condição de solo seco. No solo Epitaph (único solo submetido ao estudo de rugosidade) o anisotropismo foi também maior na superfície mais rugosa. Entretanto, uma melhor diferenciação entre as superfícies lisa e rugosa do solo Epitaph foi obtida na direção do espalhamento da energia refletida. Diferenças na escala e nos métodos de obtenção dos dados são apontadas como causas do realce do comportamento anisotrópico dos dados obtidos em condições de laboratório, em comparação com os dados de campo.

Aird, M, Coyle, M, Cobbin, DM & Zaslawski, C 2000, 'A Study of the Comparative Accuracy of Two Methods of Locating Acupuncture Points', Acupuncture in Medicine, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 15-21.
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The ability to locate an acupuncture point accurately is an essential component of both effective treatment and meaningful acupuncture research. This study examined the comparative accuracy of two commonly used mechanical methods of acupuncture point location: directional and proportional. Twenty final-year acupuncture students attempted to locate the points LI.10 (Shousanli) and ST.40 (Fenglong) using each method contralaterally on a volunteer. Both methods are appropriate for use in the locating of these points. Analysis of the results found no significant difference in accuracy between the two methods for either LI.10 (t=1.05, p=0.31) or ST.40 (t=0.59, p=0.57), both methods being found to be similarly inaccurate. The findings of this study demonstrate the serious limitations of both methods for accurate point location. Implications for acupuncture research and treatment are discussed.

Alvarez, R & Evans, LA 2000, 'Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite in the Presence of Biologically Significant Molecules', Journal of the Australasian Ceramic Society, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 53-62.

Alvarez, R, Evans, LA, Milham, P & Wilson, MA 2000, 'Analysis of oxygen-18 in orthophosphate by electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry', International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, vol. 203, no. 1-3, pp. 177-186.
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Ammit, A 2000, 'Antagonist of chemokine receptors CCR1 and CCR3', Respiratory Research, vol. 2, no. 1.
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AMMIT, AJ, ARMOUR, CL & BLACK, JL 2000, 'Smooth-Muscle Myosin Light-Chain Kinase Content Is Increased in Human Sensitized Airways', American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol. 161, no. 1, pp. 257-263.
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Ammit, AJ, Hoffman, RK, Amrani, Y, Lazaar, AL, Hay, DWP, Torphy, TJ, Penn, RB & Panettieri, RA 2000, 'Tumor Necrosis Factor- α –Induced Secretion of RANTES and Interleukin-6 from Human Airway Smooth-Muscle Cells', American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 794-802.
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Andersen, PA, Griffiths, AA, Duggin, IG & Wake, RG 2000, 'Functional specificity of the replication fork-arrest complexes of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli: significant specificity for Tus-Ter functioning in E-coli', MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 1327-1335.
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The Escherichia coli replication terminator TerB was inserted in its two alternate orientations into a Bacillus subtilis fork-arrest assay plasmid. After transferring these new plasmids into B. subtilis, which could overproduce the E. coli terminator protein Tus, it was shown that the E. coli Tus±TerB complex could cause polar replication fork arrest, albeit at a very low level, in B. subtilis. A new B. subtilis±E. coli shuttle plasmid was designed to allow the insertion of either the TerI (B. subtilis) or TerB (E. coli) terminator at the same site and in the active orientation in relation to the approaching replication fork generated in either organism. Fork-arrest assays for both terminator-containing plasmids replicating in both organisms which also produced saturating levels of either the B. subtilis terminator protein (RTP) or Tus were performed

Asatryan, AA, Robinson, PA, Botten, LC, McPhedran, RC, Nicorovici, NA & de Sterke, CM 2000, 'Effects of geometric and refractive index disorder on wave propagation in two-dimensional photonic crystals', PHYSICAL REVIEW E, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 5711-5720.
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Atkinson, R, Harper, PAW, Reichel, MP & Ellis, JT 2000, 'Progress in the serodiagnosis of Neospora caninum infections of cattle', PARASITOLOGY TODAY, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 110-114.
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Neospora caninum is an apicomplexan protozoan that has become the focus of significant research attention worldwide. This organism infects a range of host species, including dogs, from which it was originally reported in 1984, but it is most important as a major cause of bovine abortion. As a result of the global importance of N. caninum, researchers have developed a number of serological tests to investigate the epidemiology of infection and disease. In this article, Robert Atkinson, Peter Harper, Michael Reichel and John Ellis consider progress made in the serodiagnosis of N. caninum.

Atkinson, RA, Cook, RW, Reddacliff, LA, Rothwell, J, Broady, KW, Happer, PAW & Ellis, JT 2000, 'Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection following an abortion outbreak in a dairy cattle herd', AUSTRALIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL, vol. 78, no. 4, pp. 262-266.
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To investigate the seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection in a commercial dairy cattle herd, 15 months after detection of an abortion outbreak. PROCEDURE: Sera from the whole herd (n = 266) were examined for N caninum antibodies by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and immunoblot analysis. Herd records were reviewed to collate serological results with abortion history, proximity to calving, and pedigree data. RESULTS: The seroprevalence of N caninum infection was 24% (63/266) for IFAT titre > or = 160, 29% (78/266) for immunoblot positive (+ve), and 31% (82/266) for IFAT > or = 160 and/or immunoblot +ve; 94% (59/63) of animals with IFAT > or = 160 were immunoblot +ve. The association between seropositivity (IFAT > or = 160 and/or immunoblot +ve) and history of abortion was highly significant (P < 0.001); the seroprevalence was 86% (18/21) in aborting cows, compared with 30% (50/164) in non-aborting animals. The abortion rate for seropositive cows was 26% (18/68) compared with 3% (3/117) for seronegative animals. IFAT titres of infected cows were higher within 2 months of calving than at other times (P < 0.001). The association between seropositivity in dams and daughters was highly significant (P = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: The abortions were associated with N caninum infection and there was evidence of reactivation of latent infection close to calving and congenital transmission of infection. Immunodominant antigens identified by immunoblots may prove useful for improved diagnostic tests.

Balzani, V, Credi, A, Langford, SJ, Raymo, FM, Stoddart, JF & Venturi, M 2000, 'Constructing Molecular Machinery:  A Chemically-Switchable [2]Catenane', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 122, no. 14, pp. 3542-3543.
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Bao, KD, McPhedran, RC, Nicorovici, NA, Poulton, CG & Botten, LC 2000, 'The electromagnetic modes and homogenization for a cubic lattice of spheres', PHYSICA B, vol. 279, no. 1-3, pp. 162-163.
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We discuss the propagation of electromagnetic waves in a triply periodic lattice of dielectric spheres. We represent the electric and magnetic fields in terms of Debye potentials, and derive the generalized Rayleigh identity. In the long wavelength limit we evaluate the effective dielectric constant of the homogenized crystal.

Batt, KL, Morison, RP & Speer, MS 2000, 'Direct verification of forecasts from a very high resolution numerical weather prediction (NWP) model', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 74, no. 1-4, pp. 117-127.
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The University of New South Wales (UNSW) High Resolution numerical weather prediction model (HIRES) is run routinely, on a daily basis, at a horizontal resolution of 25 km. The output is made available to the New South Wales (NSW) regional office of the Australian Bureau of Meteorology in Sydney. HIRES has been used to forecast mean wind direction and speed at a height of 12 metres for a number of events in the past. The opportunity was used in December 1997 to run the model for the annual Sydney to Hobart yacht race area. For the 1997 Sydney to Hobart yacht race the model was run at 25km horizontal resolution and the output was made available to all competitors on the morning of the race, namely December 26th. It was also decided by the authors to expand the verification to include all observations available both from land and sea within the model domain an well as those available from a moving single point at sea, namely a yacht. After the event, the model was run once at the increased resolution of 10 km, out to 5 days ahead. Both model runs were subjected to detailed verification by one of the authors (KLB) who participated in the race aboard the maxi-yacht Nicorette and who carried out a pre-arranged observational program during the race. Surface synoptic weather maps prepared in the NSW office of the Bureau of Meteorology were also consulted in order to extend the verification scheme. The model predicted winds were verified on a six-hourly basis utilising instrumentation on the yacht as well as surface observations plotted in standard World Meterological Organisation (WMO) format on surface synoptic weather maps. The yacht carried wind sensors situated on top of the mast at a height of 30 metres above the water. The authors were most interested in the accuracy of the wind velocity forecast by the model. It is important to note that forecasting for points over the ocean at widely separated time intervals represents a very difficult challenge. The verificatio...

Beebe, NW, Bakote'e, B, Ellis, JT & Cooper, RD 2000, 'Differential ecology of Anopheles punctulatus and three members of the Anopheles farauti complex of mosquitoes on Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands, identified by PCR-RFLP analysis', MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 308-312.
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From a series of larval collections made across northern Guadalcanal during the dry season, October–November 1997, four members of the Anopheles punctulatus group of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) were identified using PCR-RFLP analysis. Anopheline larvae were found in 54/57 (95%) of the sites sampled, comprising An. farauti Laveran sensu stricto (32 sites), An. farauti species no. 2 (39 sites), An. farauti no. 7 (36 sites) and An. punctulatus Dönitz (10 sites). Anopheles punctulatus occurred only on the coastal plain, where it was associated with the more transient sites. Anopheles farauti sensu lato was more widespread throughout the survey region, with similar proportions of all three sibling species in both transient and permanent sites. Two members of the An. farauti complex, An. farauti s.s. and species no. 2, were found in brackish water. All breeding sites of An. punctulatus were cohabited by An. farauti s.l., sometimes by all three sibling species. Anopheles farauti s.s. was the only species collected on human bait, with a much higher biting rate early in the evening (57 bites/human/hour at 18.30–20.00 hours) than later (0.8 bites/human/hour at 21.00–24.00 hours).

Beebe, NW, Cooper, RD, Foley, DH & Ellis, JT 2000, 'Populations of the south-west Pacific malaria vector Anopheles farauti s.s. revealed by ribosomal DNA transcribed spacer polymorphisms', HEREDITY, vol. 84, no. 2, pp. 244-253.
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Beebe, NW, Cooper, RD, Morrison, DA & Ellis, JT 2000, 'A phylogenetic study of the Anopheles punctulatus group of malaria vectors comparing rDNA sequence alignments derived from the mitochondrial and nuclear small ribosomal subunits', MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 430-436.
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Beebe, NW, Cooper, RD, Morrison, DA & Ellis, JT 2000, 'Subset partitioning of the ribosomal DNA small subunit and its effects on the phylogeny of the Anopheles punctulatus group', INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 515-520.
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Bell, TDM, Jolliffe, KA, Ghiggino, KP, Oliver, AM, Shephard, MJ, Langford, SJ & Paddon-Row, MN 2000, 'Remarkable Conformational Control of Photoinduced Charge Separation and Recombination in a Giant U-Shaped Tetrad', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 122, no. 43, pp. 10661-10666.
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Bellamy, SL, Gibberd, R, Hancock, L, Howley, P, Kennedy, B, Klar, N, Lipsitz, S & Ryan, L 2000, 'Analysis of dichotomous outcome data for community intervention studies', STATISTICAL METHODS IN MEDICAL RESEARCH, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 135-159.
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Community intervention trials are becoming increasingly popular as a tool for evaluating the effectiveness of health education and intervention strategies. Typically, units such as households, schools, towns, counties, are randomized to receive either intervention or control, then outcomes are measured on individuals within each of the units of randomization. It is well recognized that the design and analysis of such studies must account for the clustering of subjects within the units of randomization. Furthermore, there are usually both subject level and cluster level covariates that must be considered in the modelling process. While suitable methods are available for continuous outcomes, data analysis is more complicated when dichotomous outcomes are measured on each subject. This paper will compare and contrast several of the available methods that can be applied in such settings, including random effects models, generalized estimating equations and methods based on the calculation of `design effects', as implemented in the computer package SUDAAN. For completeness, the paper will also compare these methods of analysis with more simplistic approaches based on the summary statistics. All the methods will be applied to a case study based on an adolescent anti-smoking intervention in Australia. The paper concludes with some general discussion and recommendations for routine design and analysis.

Bellec, N, Garrido Montalban, A, Williams, DBG, Cook, AS, Anderson, ME, Feng, X, Barrett, AGM & Hoffman, BM 2000, 'Porphyrazinediols:  Synthesis, Characterization, and Complexation to Group IVB Metallocenes', The Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 1774-1779.
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Benn, DE, Dwight, T, Richardson, AL, Delbridge, L, Bambach, CP, Stowasser, M, Gordon, RD, Marsh, DJ & Robinson, BG 2000, 'Sporadic and familial pheochromocytomas are associated with loss of at least two discrete intervals on chromosome 1p.', Cancer Res, vol. 60, no. 24, pp. 7048-7051.
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Pheochromocytomas are tumors of the adrenal medulla originating in the chromaffin cells derived from the neural crest. Ten % of these tumors are associated with the familial cancer syndromes multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL), and rarely, neurofibromatosis type 1, in which germ-line mutations have been identified in RET, VHL, and NF1, respectively. In both the sporadic and familial form of pheochromocytoma, allelic loss at 1p, 3p, 17p, and 22q has been reported, yet the molecular pathogenesis of these tumors is largely unknown. Allelic loss at chromosome 1p has also been reported in other endocrine tumors, such as medullary thyroid cancer and tumors of the parathyroid gland, as well as in tumors of neural crest origin including neuroblastoma and malignant melanoma. In this study, we performed fine structure mapping of deletions at chromosome 1p in familial and sporadic pheochromocytomas to identify discrete regions likely housing tumor suppressor genes involved in the development of these tumors. Ten microsatellite markers spanning a region of approximately 70 cM (1pter to 1p34.3) were used to screen 20 pheochromocytomas from 19 unrelated patients for loss of heterozygosity (LOH). LOH was detected at five or more loci in 8 of 13 (61%) sporadic samples and at five or more loci in four of five (80%) tumor samples from patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. No LOH at 1p was detected in pheochromocytomas from two VHL patients. Analysis of the combined sporadic and familial tumor data suggested three possible regions of common somatic loss, designated as PC1 (D1S243 to D1S244), PC2 (D1S228 to D1S507), and PC3 (D1S507 toward the centromere). We propose that chromosome 1p may be the site of at least three putative tumor suppressor loci involved in the tumorigenesis of pheochromocytomas. At least one of these loci, PC2 spanning an interval of <3.8 cM, is likely to have a broader role in the development of endocrine malignancies.

Billing, DG, Holzapfel, CW, Blann, K & Williams, DBG 2000, 'meso-2,2′-Diphenyl-3,3′,4,4′-tetrahydro-2,2′-bifuran-5,5′(2H,2′H)-dione', Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications, vol. 56, no. 11, pp. e522-e523.
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Booth, DJ, Kingsford, MJ, Doherty, PJ & Beretta, GA 2000, 'Recruitment of damselfishes in One Tree Island lagoon: persistent interannual spatial patterns', MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES, vol. 202, no. 0, pp. 219-230.
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The spatial and temporal patterns of distribution of new settlers of 23 species of damselfish (Pomacentridae) within One Tree Island lagoon, southern Great Barrier Reef (GBR) were measured for 3 summers to assess the persistence of spatial patterns of recruitment. Overall recruitment was 3 times higher in 1993/1994 than 1994/1995, and 1.5 times higher than 1999. In general, recruitment decreased towards the lagoon centre, even though habitat availability was not lower there on average, suggesting that most fish settled at outer sites as they were advected from adjacent waters. There was also great variation in numbers of recruits among outer sites. Patterns of recruitment to continuous reef and patch reef habitats also differed among species, suggesting habitat selection at this broad level. For example, Pomacentrus nagasakiensis was primarily found on patch reefs, while P. moluccensis was largely found on continuous reef. One site (Shark Alley) received the highest number of recruits of most species during the study, and this pattern has been observed in studies since 1975. Despite interannual variability in abundance of potential settlers and differences in the habitat preferences of some species, therefore, some sites on the reef can receive relatively high numbers of settlers over decadal time scales. This consistency of spatial pattern may be due to local topography and oceanography at Shark Alley, which appear to favour the input of potential settlers. The availability of live coral may also be important, but species which showed no preferences for live cover also recruited at high levels at this site. The attributes of Shark Alley were compared with those at other sites. Overall, sites that clustered on the basis of oceanographic and habitat features also had similar recruitment, suggesting that these features may be useful in predicting recruitment hotspots on reefs elsewhere.

Botten, LC, Nicorovici, NAP, Asatryan, AA, McPhedran, RC, de Sterke, CM & Robinson, PA 2000, 'Formulation for electromagnetic scattering and propagation through grating stacks of metallic and dielectric cylinders for photonic crystal calculations. Part I. Method', JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA A-OPTICS IMAGE SCIENCE AND VISION, vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 2165-2176.
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Botten, LC, Nicorovici, NAP, Asatryan, AA, McPhedran, RC, de Sterke, CM & Robinson, PA 2000, 'Formulation for electromagnetic scattering and propagation through grating stacks of metallic and dielectric cylinders for photonic crystal calculations. Part II. Properties and implementation', JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA A-OPTICS IMAGE SCIENCE AND VISION, vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 2177-2190.
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A numerical implementation and generalized conservation properties of a formulation for calculating wave propagation through stacked gratings comprising metallic and dielectric cylinders are presented. The basic formulation of the method was given in a c

Boyce, MC, Breadmore, M, Macka, M, Doble, P & Haddad, PR 2000, 'Indirect spectrophotometric detection of inorganic anions in ion-exchange capillary electrochromatography', ELECTROPHORESIS, vol. 21, no. 15, pp. 3073-3080.
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The application of indirect spectrophotometric detection was investigated for a capillary electrochromatographic system in which an anion-exchange stationary phase tin the form of aminated latex particles) was coated onto the wall of a fused-silica capil

Boyd, CP, Gullone, E, Kostanski, M, Ollendick, TH & Shek, DTL 2000, 'Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression in Australian Adolescents: Comparisons with Worldwide Data', The Journal of Genetic Psychology, vol. 161, no. 4, pp. 479-492.
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Data from two Australian studies were combined so that the prevalence of anxiety and depression in a large, normative sample of Australian adolescents could be investigated. The combined sample comprised 1,299 adolescents randomly selected from metropolitan and country schools in Melbourne, a large Australian city. The data were examined in order to ascertain the percentages of adolescents who scored above the clinical cut-off on two self-report instruments - the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (C. R. Reynolds & B. O. Richmond, 1985) and the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale (W. M. Reynolds, 1986). The results of these analyses were then compared with previously reported prevalence rates from studies worldwide. This comparison revealed striking differences in the prevalence of anxiety and depression across different countries and cultures. Limitations attributable to different self-report measures and imposed-etic approaches are discussed. Issues pertaining to social and political climate are also raised.

Braig, K, Menz, RI, Montgomery, MG, Leslie, AGW & Walker, JE 2000, 'Structure of bovine mitochondrial F1-ATPase inhibited by Mg2+ADP and aluminium fluoride', Structure, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 567-573.
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Brucker, P, Knust, S, Roper, D & Zinder, Y 2000, 'Scheduling UET task systems with concurrency on two parallel identical processors', MATHEMATICAL METHODS OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 369-387.
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Problems with unit execution time (UET) tasks and two identical parallel processors have received a great deal of attention in scheduling theory. In contrast to the conventional models, where each task requires only one processor, we consider a situation when a task may require both processors simultaneously. Following Lloyd, we term such task systems systems with concurrency. For problems without precedence constraints we present several polynomial time algorithms which complement recent results of Lee and Cai. We also show that the introduction of precedence constraints leads to NP-hardness results for maximum lateness and mean flow time objective functions. For the maximum lateness problem, a family of algorithms, based upon the idea of modified due dates, is considered. The worst case behaviour of these algorithms is analysed, and it is shown that the same upper bound is tight for each algorithm of this family.

Brucker, P, Knust, S, Roper, D & Zinder, Y 2000, 'Scheduling UET task systems with concurrency on two parallel indentical processors', Mathematical Methods of Operations Research, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 369-387.
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Brumback, BA 2000, 'A meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies with interval-censored exposure data: application to chorionic villus sampling', Biostatistics, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 203-217.
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Buckley, BW & Leslie, LM 2000, 'Sudden temperature changes in the Sydney Basin: climatology and case studies during the Olympic months of September and October', International Journal of Climatology, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 417-441.
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Buckley, BW & Leslie, LM 2000, 'The Australian Boxing Day Storm of 1998—Synoptic Description and Numerical Simulations', Weather and Forecasting, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 543-558.
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Cai, ZL & Reimers, JR 2000, 'Application of time-dependent density-functional theory to the (3)Sigma(-)(u) first excited state of H(2)', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 112, no. 2, pp. 527-530.
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Cai, ZL & Reimers, JR 2000, 'The low-lying excited states of pyridine', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A, vol. 104, no. 36, pp. 8389-8408.
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Cai, ZL, Tozer, DJ & Reimers, JR 2000, 'Time-dependent density-functional determination of arbitrary singlet and triplet excited-state potential energy surfaces: Application to the water molecule', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 113, no. 17, pp. 7084-7096.
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Cain, KD, Jones, DR & Raison, RL 2000, 'Characterisation of mucosal and systemic immune responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using surface plasmon resonance', Fish & Shellfish Immunology, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 651-666.
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Carlin, JB, Ryan, LM, Harvey, EA & Holmes, LB 2000, 'Anticonvulsant teratogenesis 4: Inter-rater agreement in assessing minor physical features related to anticonvulsant therapy', TERATOLOGY, vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 406-412.
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Background: We report on inter-rater agreement in the assessment of newborn infants with respect to a range of minor physical features in a cohort study of the fetal effects of maternal anticonvulsant use during pregnancy. Methods: Infants from three groups (exposed to anticonvulsants, seizure history but no medication exposure, and unexposed controls) were examined by both a pediatrician/teratologist, who was blinded with respect to the mother's exposure status, and an unblinded research assistant. Agreement on assessments for selected anomalies associated with anticonvulsant therapy was measured by kappa-statistics, as well as by more sensitive log-linear modeling techniques, which allow examination of possible covariate effects on the strength of agreement. Although the physician and research assistant agreed on a high proportion of cases (80-90%), kappa values were modest (0.2-0.5), partly because of the low prevalence of the anomalies considered. To explore how agreement varies within subgroups, we used recently developed methods for studying agreement based on log-linear models. Results: Log-linear modeling indicated that there was substantial variation in pattern of agreement between different individual research assistants but that other factors (e.g., exposure category, sex, and birthweight) did not appear to be related to agreement. Our results suggest that research assistants with more experience showed the highest degree of agreement with the physicians. Conclusions: Our results have implications for both clinical practice and epidemiologic research and underline the importance of thorough training of staff in the definitions to be used and also the need for multiple independent assessments of these subtle anomalies.

Carroll, RJ, Gail, MH, Benichou, J & Pee, D 2000, 'Score tests for familial correlation in genotyped-proband designs', Genetic Epidemiology, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 293-306.
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In the genotyped-proband design, a proband is selected based on an observed phenotype, the genotype of the proband is observed, and then the phenotypes of all first-degree relatives are obtained. The genotypes of these first-degree relatives are not observed. Gail et al. [(1999) Genet Epidemiol] discuss likelihood analysis of this design under the assumption that the phenotypes are conditionally independent of one another given the observed and unobserved genotypes. Li and Thompson [(1997) Biometrics 53:282-293] give an example where this assumption is suspect, thus suggesting that it is important to develop tests for conditional independence. In this paper, we develop a score test for the conditional independence assumption in models that might include covariates or observation of genotypes for some of the first degree relatives. The problem can be cast more generally as one of score testing in the presence of missing covariates. A standard analysis would require specifying a distribution for the covariates, which is not convenient and could lead to a lack of model-robustness. We show that by considering a natural conditional likelihood, and basing the score test on it, a simple analysis results. The methods are applied to a study of the penetrance for breast cancer of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations among Ashkenazi Jews.

Carroll, RJ, Schafer, DW, Lubin, JH, Ron, E & Stovall, M 2000, 'Thyroid cancer after scalp irradiation: a reanalysis accounting for uncertainty in dosimetry.', Radiat Res, vol. 154, no. 6, pp. 721-722.

Chen, D, Cho, SI, Chen, CZ, Wang, XO, Damokosh, AI, Ryan, L, Smith, TJ, Christiani, DC & Xu, XP 2000, 'Exposure to benzene, occupational stress, and reduced birth weight', OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE, vol. 57, no. 10, pp. 661-667.
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Objectives-The association between birth weight and exposure to benzene, work stress, and other occupational and environmental hazards was investigated. Methods-in a large petrochemical industry, 792 pregnant workers were enrolled and followed up through delivery between May 1996 and December 1998. Exposure to benzene and other solvents was assessed by an industrial hygienist based on each woman's job title and workplace information. Other occupational and environmental exposures and personal information, including perceived work stress, exposure to noise, physical exertion at work, and passive smoking, were obtained by an interview questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate regression models were used to examine the individual and combined associations of occupational and environmental exposures with birth weight, with adjustment for major confounders including gestational age. Results-In the univariate model, birth weight was negatively associated with exposure to benzene (-58 g (95% confidence interval (95% CI), -115 to -2)) and with work stress (-84 g (95% CI, -158 to -10)). In the multivariate model, there was a significant interaction between exposure to benzene and work stress relative to reduced birth weight, after adjustment for other environmental and occupational exposures and personal variables. Adjusted mean birth weight was 3445 g (95% CI 3401 to 3489) among those with neither exposure, 3430 g for those with exposure to benzene only, 3426 g for those with work stress only, and 3262 g (95% CI 3156 to 3369) for those with both exposures. In other words, there was 183 g (95% CI 65 to 301) reduction in birth weight among those with both exposure to benzene and work stress compared with those with neither exposure. Other work or environmental factors could not explain these findings. Conclusions-Low level exposure to benzene and work stress interact to reduce birth weight in this population.

Clarke, HE, Atkinson, R, Harper, PAW & Ellis, JT 2000, 'An investigation of the vertical transmission of Neospora caninum in mice.', Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences, vol. 13, no. SUPPL. A, pp. 252-252.

Clark-Walker, GD, Hansbro, PM, Gibson, F & Chen, XJ 2000, 'Mutant residues suppressing ρ0-lethality in Kluyveromyces lactis occur at contact sites between subunits of F1-ATPase', Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology, vol. 1478, no. 1, pp. 125-137.
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Cole, Davies, Hyde & Ashford 2000, 'ER-Tracker dye and BODIPY-brefeldin A differentiate the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies from the tubular-vacuole system in living hyphae of Pisolithus tinctorius', Journal of Microscopy, vol. 197, no. 3, pp. 239-249.
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Cole, L, Davies, D, Hyde, GJ & Ashford, AE 2000, 'Brefeldin A Affects Growth, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Bodies, Tubular Vacuole System, and Secretory Pathway in Pisolithus tinctorius', Fungal Genetics and Biology, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 95-106.
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Combes, V, Joly, P, Ambrosi, P, Sabatier, F, Camoin, L, Pili, J, Sampol, J & Dignat-George, F 2000, 'Platelet Vesiculation in Angina Patients Treated with Coronary Angioplasty', Thrombosis and Haemostasis, vol. 83, no. 03, pp. 518-518.
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Conigrave, AD, van der Weyden, L, Holt, L, Jiang, L, Wilson, P, Christopherson, RI & Morris, MB 2000, 'Extracellular ATP-dependent suppression of proliferation and induction of differentiation of human HL-60 leukemia cells by distinct mechanisms', Biochemical Pharmacology, vol. 60, no. 11, pp. 1585-1591.
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Extracellular ATP suppressed the growth of HL-60 leukemia cells and induced their differentiation as revealed by N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-induced β-glucuronidase release. ATP degraded to ADP, AMP, and adenosine, and the effect of ATP on cell growth was mimicked by these metabolites added to the cultures. The stable analog α,β-methylene ATP, however, had only a weak inhibitory effect on cell growth. Adenine nucleotide-induced growth suppression was reversed by uridine, suggesting the involvement of intracellular pyrimidine starvation secondary to adenosine accumulation. Consistent with this, ATP induced intracellular starvation of pyrimidine nucleotides, and this effect was also prevented by pretreatment of cells with uridine. The order of effectiveness of ATP-induced differentiation of HL-60 cells, unlike that for growth suppression, was ATP > ADP > AMP, and adenosine had no effect. Furthermore, uridine had no effect and the stable analog, α,β-methylene ATP also induced HL-60 cell differentiation, suggesting that differentiation was due to ATP per se. We tested the hypothesis that ATP-induced differentiation arises from activation of adenylyl cyclase by the novel P2Y11 receptor using the cell-permeable inhibitor of protein kinase A, Rp-CPT-cAMPS (8-(4-chlorophenylthio)adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate, Rp isomer). Rp-CPT-cAMPS (1-100 μM) prevented ATP-induced differentiation of HL-60 cells as assessed by fMLP-induced β-glucuronidase release. However, Rp-CPT-cAMPS did not prevent ATP-induced growth suppression. Taken together, the data indicate that extracellular ATP suppresses HL-60 growth and induces their differentiation by distinct mechanisms. Growth suppression arises from adenosine generation and consequent pyrimidine starvation. Differentiation arises, at least in part, from a distinct mechanism involving the activation of cell surface P2 receptors coupled to cAMP generation and activation of protein kinase A. (C) 2000 Elsevier Scie...

Contreras, M & Ryan, LM 2000, 'Fitting nonlinear and constrained generalized estimating equations with optimization software', BIOMETRICS, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1268-1271.
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In this article, we present an estimation approach for solving nonlinear constrained generalized estimating equations that can be implemented using object-oriented software for nonlinear programming, such as nlminb in Splus or fmincon and Isqnonlin in Matlab. We show how standard estimating equation theory includes this method as a special case so that our estimates, when unconstrained, will remain consistent: and asymptotically normal. To illustrate this method, we fit a nonlinear dose-response model with nonnegative mixed bound constraints to clustered binary data from a developmental toxicity study. Satisfactory confidence intervals are found using a nonparametric bootstrap method when a common correlation coefficient is assumed for all the dose groups and for some of the dose-specific groups.

Cortie, MB & Levey, FC 2000, 'Structure and ordering of the 18-carat Al-Au-Cu beta-phase', INTERMETALLICS, vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 793-804.
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Gold alloys with around 30 at% copper and 25 at% aluminium undergo a reversible displacive transformation with M-s and A(s) temperatures of about 30 and 75 degrees C respectively. However, the nature of the parent and product phases in this system has no

Coyle, M, Aird, M, Cobbin, DM & Zaslawski, C 2000, 'The Cun Measurement System: An Investigation into Its Suitability in Current Practice', Acupuncture in Medicine, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 10-14.
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The Chinese anatomical inch (cun) measurement system is an essential component of traditional point location methods used in acupuncture. This study used the cun system to investigate any variation between the traditional measurements and the sample means for selected finger measurements, and for the forearm and lower leg lengths obtained from 50 volunteer subjects randomly selected from staff and students of the College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, University of Technology, Sydney. Subjects were seated while the finger and arm measurements were recorded, and were standing for leg measurement. Data were converted to ratios for analysis, with the one cun measurement for the thumb designated as the standard. There were significant differences between the traditional measurements and the sample means for all hand and leg measurements in the sample. The results were generally the same for gender and the age groups studied. The authors conclude that the cun measurement system does not provide accurate estimates for contemporary Australian adults with respect to hand and lower leg measurements nor, to a lesser extent, with respect to measurements of the forearm. Consequently, it is recommended that methods of point location that are less reliant on the cun measurements (such as the proportional method) should be used in preference to the cundependent directional method.

Craddock, M 2000, 'Symmetry Groups of Linear Partial Differential Equations and Representation Theory: The Laplace and Axially Symmetric Wave Equations', Journal of Differential Equations, vol. 166, no. 1, pp. 107-131.
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We examine the Lie point symmetry groups of two important equations of mathematics and mathematical physics. We establish that the action of the symmetry groups are in fact equivalent to principal series representation sof the underlying group. Some application sare given.

Craddock, MJ, Heath, DP & Platen, E 2000, 'Numerical inversion of Laplace transforms: a survey of techniques with applications to derivative pricing', Journal of Computational Finance, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 57-81.

Croan, DG & Ellis, J 2000, 'The Leishmania major RNA Polymerase II Largest Subunit Lacks a Carboxy-Terminus Heptad Repeat Structure and its Encoding Gene is Linked with the Calreticulin Gene', Protist, vol. 151, no. 1, pp. 57-68.
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Croan, DG & Ellis, JT 2000, 'The Leishmania Major RNA Polymerase II Largest Subunit Lacks a Carboxy-Terminus Heptad Repeat Structure and its Encoding Gene is Linked with the Calretuculin Gene', Protist, vol. 151, no. 0, pp. 57-68.
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The gene encoding the RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPOIILS) has been isolated and sequenced from the kinetoplastid protozoan, Leishmania (Leishmania) major. The RPOIILS gene was shown to be present as a single copy and is composed of an uninterrupted open reading frame of 4.99 kb, specifying a protein 1663 aa in length with a predicted molecular mass of approximately 185 kDa. The carboxy terminus domain (CTD) of the RPOIILS from L. (L.) major, typical of the more evolutionary primitive protozoa, lacked a heptad repeat structure which is present in higher eukaryotes and some other protozoan phyla. Comparison of the predicted aa composition of the CTD from a diverse range of eukaryotic species revealed the abundance of Ser and Pro residues as the only discernible evolutionary conservative feature. A putative ATG start codon for an additional expressed sequence was located 1.1 kb downstream of the L. (L.) major RPOIILS gene stop codon. Nucleic acid database searches revealed the identity of this gene as that encoding the calcium binding protein calreticulin (CLT). The close proximity of the RPOIILS and CLT genes in L. (L.) major raises the possibility that these genes are transcribed as part of the same polycistronic unit.

Croft, L, Beatson, SA, Whitchurch, CB, Huang, B, Blakeley, RL & Mattick, JS 2000, 'An interactive web-based Pseudomonas aeruginosa genome database: discovery of new genes, pathways and structures', MICROBIOLOGY-SGM, vol. 146, no. 10, pp. 2351-2364.
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Using the complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, sequenced by the Pseudomonas Genome Project (ftp://ftp.pseudomonas.com/data/pacontigs.121599), a genome database (http://pseudomonas.bit.uq.edu.au/) has been developed containing informat

Daniel, RA, Harry, EJ & Errington, J 2000, 'Role of penicillin-binding protein PBP 2B in assembly and functioning of the division machinery of Bacillus subtilis', Molecular Microbiology, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 299-311.
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We have characterized the role of the penicillin-binding protein PBP 2B in cell division of Bacillus subtilis. We have shown that depletion of the protein results in an arrest in division, but that this arrest is slow, probably because the protein is relatively stable. PBP 2B-depleted filaments contained, at about their mid-points, structures resembling partially formed septa, into which most, if not all, of the division proteins had assembled. Although clearly deficient in wall material, membrane invagination seemed to continue, indicating that membrane and wall ingrowth can be uncoupled. At other potential division sites along the filaments, no visible ingrowths were observed, although FtsZ rings assembled at regular intervals. Thus, PBP 2B is apparently required for both the initiation of division and continued septal ingrowth. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that the protein is recruited to the division site. The pattern of localization suggested that this recruitment occurs continually during septal ingrowth. During sporulation, PBP 2B was present transiently in the asymmetrical septum of sporulating cells, and its availability may play a role in the regulation of sporulation septation.

Davidson, LA, Brown, RE, Chang, W-CL, Morris, JS, Wang, N, Carroll, RJ, Turner, ND, Lupton, JR & Chapkin, RS 2000, 'Morphodensitometric analysis of protein kinase C βII expression in rat colon: modulation by diet and relation to in situ cell proliferation and apoptosis', Carcinogenesis, vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 1513-1519.
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We have recently demonstrated that overexpression of PKC β(II) renders transgenic mice more susceptible to carcinogen-induced colonic hyperproliferation and aberrant crypt foci formation. In order to further investigate the ability of PKC β(II) to modulate colonocyte cytokinetics, we determined the localization of PKC β(II) with respect to cell proliferation and apoptosis along the entire colonic crypt axis following carcinogen and diet manipulation. Rats were provided diets containing either corn oil [containing n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)] or fish oil (containing n-3 PUFA), cellulose (non-fermentable fiber) or pectin (fermentable fiber) and injected with azoxymethane (AOM) or saline. After 16 weeks, an intermediate time point when no macroscopic tumors are detected, colonic sections were utilized for immunohistochemical image analysis and immunoblotting. Cell proliferation was measured by incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine into DNA and apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling. In the distal colon, PKC β(II) staining was localized to the upper portion of the crypt. In comparison, proximal crypts had more (P < 0.05) staining in the lower tertile. AOM enhanced (P < 0.05) PKC β(II) expression in all regions of the distal colonic crypt (upper, middle and lower tertiles). There was also an interaction (P < 0.05) between dietary fat and fiber on PKC β(II) expression (corn/pectin > fish/cellulose, fish/pectin > corn/cellulose) in all regions of the distal colonic crypt. With respect to colonic cell kinetics, proliferation paralleled the increase in PKC β(II) expression in carcinogen-treated animals. In contrast, apoptosis at the lumenal surface was inversely proportional to PKC β(II) expression in the upper tertile. These results suggest that an elevation in PKC β(II) expression along the crypt axis in the distal colon is linked to enhancement of cell proliferation and suppression of apoptosis, predictive inte...

De Lucca, SD, O’Meara, TJ & Tovey, ER 2000, 'Exposure to mite and cat allergens on a range of clothing items at home and the transfer of cat allergen in the workplace', Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 106, no. 5, pp. 874-879.
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BACKGROUND: Clothing has been proposed as an additional source of exposure to mite and cat allergens. Dispersal of allergen into public places has also been attributed to clothing. OBJECTIVES: We sought to study the contribution of various types of clothing on mite and cat exposure in a domestic environment. Also, we studied the ability of clothing to transfer allergen in a workplace. METHODS: Personal exposure to mite and cat allergen from a range of clothing was measured by using intranasal air samplers in 11 homes. Five categories of clothing were tested. Wearing no upper clothing was the sixth category tested to distinguish the contribution of clothing over ambient background exposure. An adhesive tape was used to sample allergen from the surface of clothing, and reservoir dust samples were also collected. The above techniques were also used in the workplace to examine the amount of cat allergen transferred from cat owners to non-cat owners. RESULTS: The amount of mite and cat allergen inhaled differed among the clothing types worn and whether they had been washed recently. Wearing a woolen sweater increased personal allergen exposure to cat and mite allergen by a mean of 11 and 10 times, respectively. Clothing items that were less frequently washed carried more allergen whether assessed by vacuuming or sampled with adhesive tape. This corresponded to the amount of allergen inhaled. We also found that cat levels on non-cat owners' clothing increased significantly at the end of a working day, which lead to the increase in their personal allergen exposure to cat. CONCLUSIONS: These studies strongly support the emerging model that personal clothing is an important source of both mite and cat allergen exposure. This article also demonstrates the importance of clothing as a means of distributing cat allergen into cat-free environments.

Delfs, CD, Stranger, R, Humphrey, MG & McDonagh, AM 2000, 'Trends in back-bonding in the series trans-[M(CCR)Cl(PH3)4] (M=Fe, Ru, Os; R=H, Ph, C6H4NO2-4)', Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, vol. 607, no. 1-2, pp. 208-212.
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The electronic structure of the complexes trans-[M(C=CR)Cl(PH3)4] (M=Fe, Ru, Os; R=H, Ph, C6H4NO2-4) has been investigated using approximate density functional theory in order to examine the M=C back-bonding interaction. For all three metal systems, the p back-bonding increases in the order R=H

Dennis, ES, Dolferus, R, Ellis, M, Rahman, M, Wu, Y, Hoeren, FU, Grover, A, Ismond, KP, Good, AG & Peacock, WJ 2000, 'Molecular strategies for improving waterlogging tolerance in plants', JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY, vol. 51, no. 342, pp. 89-97.
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Djordjevic, SP, Forbes, WA, Smith, LA & Hornitzky, MA 2000, 'Genetic and Biochemical Diversity among Isolates of Paenibacillus alvei Cultured from Australian Honeybee ( Apis mellifera ) Colonies', Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 1098-1106.
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ABSTRACT Twenty-five unique Cfo I-generated whole-cell DNA profiles were identified in a study of 30 Paenibacillus alvei isolates cultured from honey and diseased larvae collected from honeybee ( Apis mellifera ) colonies in geographically diverse areas in Australia. The fingerprint patterns were highly variable and readily discernible from one another, which highlighted the potential of this method for tracing the movement of isolates in epidemiological studies. 16S rRNA gene fragments (length, 1,416 bp) for all 30 isolates were enzymatically amplified by PCR and subjected to restriction analysis with Dra I, Hin fI, Cfo I, Alu I, Fok I, and Rsa I. With each enzyme the restriction profiles of the 16S rRNA genes from all 30 isolates were identical (one restriction fragment length polymorphism [RFLP] was observed in the Hin fI profile of the 16S rRNA gene from isolate 17), which confirmed that the isolates belonged to the same species. The restriction profiles generated by using Dra I, Fok I, and Hin fI differentiated P. alvei from the phylogenetically closely related species Paenibacillus macerans and Paenibacillus macquariensis

Doble, P, Macka, M & Haddad, PR 2000, 'Design of background electrolytes for indirect detection of anions by capillary electrophoresis', TRAC-TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 10-17.
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In capillary electrophoresis of inorganic and other low molecular weight anions using indirect photometric detection, the correct design of the background electrolyte can considerably reduce the time needed for method development and can increase the qua

Doblin, MA, Blackburn, SI & Hallegraeff, GM 2000, 'Intraspecific variation in the selenium requirement of different geographic strains of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum', JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 421-432.
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The requirement for selenium (IV) was assessed in five strains of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum Graham, representing three populations from Tasmania (Australia), as well as one each from Japan and Spain. Strains were grown in nutrient-en

Dooley, AH, Gupta, SK & Ricci, F 2000, 'Asymmetry of convolution norms on Lie groups', JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS, vol. 174, no. 2, pp. 399-416.
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Ellis, JT, Holmdahl, OJM, Ryce, C, Njenga, JM, Harper, PAW & Morrison, DA 2000, 'Molecular phylogeny of Besnoitia and the genetic relationships among Besnoitia of cattle, wildebeest and goats', PROTIST, vol. 151, no. 4, pp. 329-336.
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Ellis, JT, Ryce, C, Atkinson, R, Balu, S, Jones, P & Harper, PAW 2000, 'Isolation, characterization and expression of a GRA2 homologue from Neospora caninum', PARASITOLOGY, vol. 120, no. 0, pp. 383-390.
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A cDNA library derived frommRNAof tachyzoites of Neospora caninum (NC-Liverpool strain) was screened with antisera from a cow naturally infected with N. caninum. The DNA sequence of 1 recombinant isolated predicted a signi®cant protein sequence homology of the gene product to the 28 kDa (GRA2) antigen of Toxoplasma gondii. Studies on the N. caninum gene coding for this antigen demonstrated the presence of a single intron ¯anked by 2 exons; the gene was also highly expressed in culture-derived tachyzoites. The antigen was expressed in Escherichia coli ; when injected into mice it stimulated the production of antibodies which detected a 29 kDa antigen ofN. caninum. Secondary structure predictions made for the N. caninum protein showed support for several amphipathic helices separated by loops and turns. The available evidence indicates maintenance of protein secondary structure, and not DNA or amino acid sequence, has occurred during the evolution of GRA2 proteins in N. caninum and T. gondii.

Ellis, MH, Millar, AA, Llewellyn, DJ, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2000, 'Transgenic cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) over-expressing alcohol dehydrogenase shows increased ethanol fermentation but no increase in tolerance to oxygen deficiency', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 1041-1050.
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Field, CD 2000, 'Mangroves', Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 3, pp. 17-32.
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Mangroves form coastal forests largely confined between 30°north and south of the equator. This range is determined mainly by low and extreme temperatures and, to a lesser extent, by rainfall. They are thus abundant in many lesser developed countries with fast rising populations which exert strong development pressure on this ecosystem. In recent years, pressures of increasing population, food production and development have led to a significant proportion of the world's mangrove resource being destroyed at a rate faster than they are being regenerated. Much of their elimination has been to create land for aquaculture, particularly shrimp ponds, but in many instances shrimp ponds are quickly abandoned as a result of falling production, leaving highly degraded land on which mangroves do not naturally re-establish themselves. It is estimated that shrimp ponds in Asia rarely last for more than five to ten years, leaving irreversibly degraded environments. The scale of mangrove clearance may be huge: in the Philippines, for example 70% were lost in a period of 60 years, and similar or even greater clearance rates have been seen in 'New World' areas too. A popular view of mangrove forests is that they are very productive, and under some conditions they compare well with terrestrial forests. The qualitative importance of mangroves as habitat, nursery and source of food for both commercial fisheries species and other non-commercial fauna is generally accepted, as is the fact that a large number of juvenile fish use mangroves as nursery habitats. However, there is a lack of well established quantified relationships between fish yields and area of mangrove, though several studies support the hypothesis that coastal fish resources are closely linked to estuaries and mangroves, even if controversy remains about their degree of dependence. Apart from being a productive shoreline ecosystem, mangroves can help stabilise dynamic coastlines. There is now an upsurge in the number...

Finnegan, EJ, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2000, 'DNA methylation, a key regulator of plant development and other processes', CURRENT OPINION IN GENETICS & DEVELOPMENT, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 217-223.
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Fraedrich, K, Morison, R & Leslie, LM 2000, 'Improved tropical cyclone track predictions using error recycling', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 74, no. 1-4, pp. 51-56.
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Fu, SL, Wang, HJ, Davies, M & Dean, R 2000, 'Reactions of hypochlorous acid with tyrosine and peptidyl-tyrosyl residues give dichlorinated and aldehydic products in addition to 3-chlorotyrosine', JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 275, no. 15, pp. 10851-10858.
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Gail, MH 2000, 'On meta-analytic assessment of surrogate outcomes', Biostatistics, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 231-246.
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We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the meta-analytic approach to estimating the effect of a new treatment on a true clinical outcome measure, T, from the effect of treatment on a surrogate response, S. The meta-analytic approach (see Daniels and Hughes (1997) 16, 1965-1982) uses data from a series of previous studies of interventions similar to the new treatment. The data are used to estimate relationships between summary measures of treatment effects on T and S that can be used to infer the magnitude of the effect of the new treatment on T from its effects on S. We extend the class of models to cover a broad range of applications in which the parameters define features of the marginal distribution of (T, S). We present a new bootstrap procedure to allow for the variability in estimating the distribution that governs the between-study variation. Ignoring this variability can lead to confidence intervals that are much too narrow. The meta-analytic approach relies on quite different data and assumptions than procedures that depend, for example, on the conditional independence, at the individual level, of treatment and T, given S (see Prentice (1989) 8, 431-440). Meta-analytic calculations in this paper can be used to determine whether a new study, based only on S, will yield estimates of the treatment effect on T that are precise enough to be useful. Compared to direct measurement on T, the meta-analytic approach has a number of limitations, including likely serious loss of precision and difficulties in defining the class of previous studies to be used to predict the effects on T for a new intervention.

Gao, X, Huete, AR, Ni, WG & Miura, T 2000, 'Optical-biophysical relationships of vegetation spectra without background contamination', REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 609-620.
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For a better evaluation of the accuracy of VIs in estimating biophysical parameters, a true VI value attributed only to the vegetation signal and free of any contamination is needed. In this article, pure vegetation spectra were extracted from a set of open and closed canopies by unmixing the green vegetation signal from the background component. Canopy model-simulation and reflectances derived from graph-based linear extrapolation were used to unmix and derive a true vegetation signal, equivalent to a perfect absorber (free boundary) canopy background reflectance condition. Opticalbiophysical relationships were then derived for a variety of canopy structures with differences in foliage clumping, horizontal heterogeneity, and leaf type. A 3-dimensional canopy radiative transfer model and a hybrid geometric optical-radiative transfer model (GORT) were used to simulate the directional-hemispherical reflectances from agricultural, grassland, and forested canopies (cereal and broadleaf crop, grass, needleleaf, and broadleaf forest). The relationships of the extracted red and near-infrared reflectances and derived vegetation indices (VIs) to various biophysical parameters (leaf area index, fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation, and percent ground cover) were examined for the pure vegetation spectra. The results showed normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) relationships with biophysical parameters to become more asymptotic over the pure vegetation condition.

Gibb, SW, Barlow, RG, Cummings, DG, Rees, NW, Trees, CC, Holligan, P & Suggett, D 2000, 'Surface phytoplankton pigment distributions in the Atlantic Ocean: an assessment of basin scale variability between 50°N and 50°S', Progress in Oceanography, vol. 45, no. 3-4, pp. 339-368.
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We present an overview of the spatial distributions of phytoplankton pigments along transects between the UK and the Falkland Islands. These studies, undertaken as a component of the UK Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT) programme, provided the first post-launch validation data for the NASA SeaWiFS satellite. Pigment data are used to characterise basin-scale variations in phytoplankton biomass and community composition over 100°of latitude, and to compliment the definition of hydrographic oceanic provinces. A summary of the key pigment characteristics of each province is presented. Concentrations of total chlorophyll a (totCHLa = chlorophyll a, CHLa + divinyl CHLa, dvCHLa) were greatest in high latitude temperate waters (>37°N and >35°S), and in the Canary Current Upwelling system. In these regions, the total carotenoid (totCAR) budget was dominated by photosynthetic carotenoids (PSCs). High accessory pigment diversity was observed of which fucoxanthin (FUC), 19'-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin (HEX), and diadinoxanthin (DIAD) were most abundant, indicating proliferation of large eukaryotes and nanoflagellates. In contrast, tropical and sub-tropical waters exhibited concentrations of totCHLa below 500 ng l-1, with the North Atlantic Sub-tropical East gyre (NASE, 26.7-35°N), South Equatorial Current (SeqC, 7-14.6°S) and South Atlantic tropical Gyre (SATG, 14.6-26°S) characterised by totCHLa of <100 ng-1. These waters exhibited relatively limited pigment diversity, and the totCAR budget was dominated by photoprotecting pigments (PPCs) of which zeaxanthin (ZEA), a marker of prokaryotes (cyanobacteria and prochlorophytes), was most abundant. DvCHLa, a marker of prochlorophytes was detected in waters at temperatures >15°C, and between the extremes of 48°N and 42°S. DvCHLa accounted for up to two-thirds of totCHLa in oligotrophic provinces demonstrating the importance of prochlorophytes to oceanic biomass. Overall, HEX was the dominant PSC, contributing up to 75% of totCAR. HEX...

Gladstone, W 2000, 'The ecological and social basis for management of a Red Sea marine-protected area', OCEAN & COASTAL MANAGEMENT, vol. 43, no. 12, pp. 1015-1032.
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Gladstone, W & Fisher, PR 2000, 'Status and ecology of cetaceans in the Farasan Islands Marine Protected Area (Red Sea)', Fauna of Arabia, vol. 18.

Godlewski, M, Goldys, EM & Phillips, MR 2000, 'Cathodoluminescence studies of in-plane and in-depth properties of GaN epilayers', JOURNAL OF LUMINESCENCE, vol. 87-9, pp. 1155-1157.
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Godlewski, M, Goldys, EM, Phillips, MR, Langer, R & Barski, A 2000, 'Cathodoluminescence depth-profiling studies of GaN/AlGaN quantum-well structures', JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 495-501.
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Godlewski, M, Goldys, EM, Phillips, MR, Langer, R & Barski, A 2000, 'Cathodoluminescence depth-profiling studies of GaN/AlGaN quantum-well structures', Journal of Materials Research, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 495-501.
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In this paper we evaluate the in-depth homogeneity of GaN epilayers and the influence of electric field present in strained GaN/AlGaN heterostructures and quantum wells on the yellow and 'edge' emission in GaN and AlGaN. Our depth-profiling cathodoluminescence measurements show an increased accumulation of defects at the interface. Inhomogeneities in the doping level are reflected by the enhancement of the yellow emission in the interface region. The piezoelectric effect is found to strongly reduce the emission from the strained AlGaN quantum-well barriers. We also show that Ga droplets, commonly found on surfaces of samples grown in Ga-rich conditions, screen the internal electric field in a structure and thus result in a local enhancement of the edge emission intensity.

Goetghebeur, E & Ryan, L 2000, 'Semiparametric regression analysis of interval-censored data', BIOMETRICS, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1139-1144.
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We propose a semiparametric approach to the proportional hazards regression analysis of interval-censored data. An EM algorithm based on an approximate likelihood leads to an M-step that involves maximizing a standard Cox partial likelihood to estimate regression coefficients and then using the Breslow estimator for the unknown baseline hazards. The E-step takes a particularly simple form because all incomplete data appear as linear terms in the complete-data log likelihood. The algorithm of Turnbull (1976, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B 38, 290-295) is used to determine times at which the hazard can take positive mass. We found multiple imputation to yield an easily computed variance estimate that appears to be more reliable than asymptotic methods with small to moderately sized data sets. In the right-censored survival setting, the approach reduces to the standard Cox proportional hazards analysis, while the algorithm reduces to the one suggested by Clayton and Cuzick (1985, Applied Statistics 34, 148-156). The method is illustrated on data from the breast cancer cosmetics trial, previously analyzed by Finkelstein (1986, Biometrics 42, 845-854) and several subsequent authors.

Goldys, EM, Godlewski, M, Phillips, MR & Toropov, AA 2000, 'Photo- and cathodoluminescence investigations of piezoelectric GaN/AlGaN quantum wells', MRS Proceedings, vol. 639, pp. G6.12.1-G6.12.5.
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ABSTRACTWe have examined multiple quantum well AlGaN/GaN structures with several quantum wells of varying widths. The structures had strain-free quantum wells and strained barriers. Strong piezoelectric fields in these structures led to a large red shift of the PL emission energies and long decay times were also observed. While the peak energies could be modelled using the effective mass approximation, the calculated free exciton radiative lifetimes were much shorter than those observed in experiments, indicating an alternative recombination mechanism, tentatively attributed to localised excitons. Cathodoluminescence depth profiling revealed an unusually small penetration range of electrons suggesting that electron-hole pairs preferentially remain within the multiple quantum well region due to the existing electric fields. Spatial fluctuations of the cathodoluminescence intensity were also observed.

Gullone, E, King, NJ & Ollendick, TH 2000, 'The development and psychometric evaluation of the Fear Experiences Questionnaire: an attempt to disentangle the fear and anxiety constructs', Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 61-75.
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Indicative of the lack of knowledge that exists regarding the underlying processes of fear and anxiety experiences is the debate about whether they are the same or separate constructs. Some researchers distinguish anxiety from fear arguing that anxiety has a diffuse nature whereas fear is stimulus-specific. Others argue that there is no difference between the two, however, the debate is clouded by the fact that each construct is measured in ways which relate to this superficial distinction. We report two studies. The first study describes the development and psychometric evaluation of the Fear Experiences Questionnaire (FEQ) which was constructed in order to assess fear in a manner consistent with the assessment of anxiety. This study involved a sample of 245 adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years. In study 2, a slightly refined FEQ was administered to a sample of 901 adolescents along with the Fear Survey Schedule for Children-II, the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. The FEQ was found to have good reliability and validity. On the basis of a principal components analysis, including both fear and anxiety items, it was concluded that fear and anxiety are related but separate constructs. Copyright ©2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Gullone, E, King, NJ, Tonge, B, Heyne, D & Ollendick, TH 2000, 'The fear survey schedule for children — ii (fssc-ii): Validity data as a treatment outcome measure', Australian Psychologist, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 238-243.
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This article extends previous research on the development and evaluation of a fear survey schedule for children. It was predicted that children diagnosed with an anxiety or other internalising disorder would report fewer fears, a lower intensity of fear and different fear content following treatment, whereas the same changes would not be observed in a control group. A total of 34 children, aged 5 to 15 years, who presented with school-refusal behaviour, were randomly allocated to cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) or waiting-list control (WLC). Self-reported fear was assessed at pre-and post-test for both groups using the Fear Survey Schedule for Children - II (FSSC-II). Importantly, it was shown that the self-reported fear of the two groups was not distinguishable at pre-test. Also, whereas no significant differences were found between pre-and post-test on a total of 12 fear indices for the WLC group, the CBT group was found to report a significantly lower fear score at post-test on 10 of these 12 indices. In contrast to past research using the FSSC-II with samples of children without clinical problems, the pre-test top 10 fears of both groups and the post-test top 10 fears of the WLC group were found to include stimuli related to themes other than death and danger. It was concluded that these findings provide support for the sensitivity of the FSSC-II and justify its use as an outcome measure in treatment evaluations.

Hachiya, S-I, Cook, AS, Williams, DBG, Montalban, AG, Barrett, AGM & Hoffman, BM 2000, 'Synthesis, Characterization and Reactions of Enantiomerically Pure ‘Winged’ Spirane Porphyrazines', Tetrahedron, vol. 56, no. 35, pp. 6565-6569.
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Hall, LE, Reimers, JR, Hush, NS & Silverbrook, K 2000, 'Formalism, analytical model, and a priori Green's-function-based calculations of the current-voltage characteristics of molecular wires', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 112, no. 3, pp. 1510-1521.
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Harcourt, RL, Kyozuka, J, Floyd, RB, Bateman, KS, Tanaka, H, Decroocq, V, Llewellyn, DJ, Zhu, X, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2000, 'Insect- and herbicide-resistant transgenic eucalypts', MOLECULAR BREEDING, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 307-315.
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Harris, JE, Ryan, L, Hoover, HC, Stuart, RK, Oken, MM, Benson, AB, Mansour, E, Haller, DG, Manola, J & Hanna, MG 2000, 'Adjuvant Active Specific Immunotherapy for Stage II and III Colon Cancer With an Autologous Tumor Cell Vaccine: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study E5283', Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 148-148.
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PURPOSE: A randomized phase III clinical trial of adjuvant active specific immunotherapy (ASI) with an autologous tumor cell–bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine was conducted to determine whether surgical resection plus ASI was more beneficial than resection alone in stage II and III colon cancer patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients (n = 412) with colon cancer (297 with stage II disease, 115 with stage III disease) were randomly allocated to an observation arm or to a treatment arm in which they received three weekly intradermal vaccine injections of 107 irradiated autologous tumor cells beginning approximately 4 weeks after surgery. The first two weekly injections also contained 107 BCG organisms. Patients were observed for determination of time to recurrence and disease-free and overall survival. RESULTS: This was a negative study in that after a 7.6-year median follow-up period, there were no statistically significant differences in clinical outcomes between the treatment arms. However, there were disease-free survival (P = .078) and overall survival (P = .12) trends in favor of ASI when treatment compliance was evaluated, ie, patients who received the intended treatment had a delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity (DCH) response to the third vaccination (induration ≥5 mm). Also, the magnitude of the DCH response correlated with improved prognosis. The 5-year survival proportion was 84.6% for those with indurations greater than 10 mm, compared with 45.0% for those with indurations less than 5 mm. CONCLUSIONS: When all randomized patients were evaluated, no significant clinical benefit was seen with ASI in surgically resected colon cancer patients with stage II or III colon cancer. However, there was an indication that treatment compliance with effective immunization results in disease-free and overall survival benefits.

Haynes, D, Ralph, P, Prange, J & Dennison, B 2000, 'The impact of the herbicide diuron on photosynthesis in three species of tropical seagrass', MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN, vol. 41, no. 7-12, pp. 288-293.
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The impact and recovery from exposure to the herbicide diuron [DCMU; 3-(30,40-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl- urea] was assessed for three tropical seagrasses, maintained in outdoor aquaria over a 10-day period. Photosynthetic stress was detected using chlorophyll a Puorescence, measured with a Diving-PAM (pulse am- plitude modulated Puorometer). Exposure to 10 and 100 lg ly1 diuron resulted in a decline in e€ective quantum yield (F=Fm0 ) within 2 h of herbicide exposure in Cy- modocea serrulata, Halophila ovalis and Zostera capri- corni. E€ective quantum yield also declined over the Rrst 24 h of exposure in H. ovalis at even lower diuron con- centrations (0.1 and 1.0 lg ly1). E€ective quantum yield in H. ovalis and Z. capricorni was signiRcantly depressed at all diuron concentrations (0.1}100 lg ly1) after 5 days exposure, whereas e€ective quantum yield in C. serrulata was only signiRcantly lower in plants exposed to highest diuron concentrations (10 and 100 lg ly1). E€ective quantum yield depression was present 5 days after plants exposed to 10 and 100 lg ly1 diuron were returned to fresh seawater. These results indicate that exposure to herbicide concentrations present in nearshore Queensland sediments present a potential risk to seagrass functioning.

Helliwell, CA, Olive, MR, Gebbie, L, Forster, R, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2000, 'Isolation of an ent-kaurene oxidase cDNA from Cucurbita maxima', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 27, no. 12, pp. 1141-1149.
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Herok, GH, Millar, TJ, Anderton, PJ & Martin, DK 2000, 'Role of chloride channels in regulating the volume of acinar cells in the rabbit superior lacrimal gland', MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL, vol. 11, pp. 221A-221A.

Herok, GH, Millar, TJ, Anderton, PJ & Martin, DK 2000, 'Role Of Chloride Channels In Regulating The Volume Of Acinar Cells In The Rabbit Superior Lacrimal Gland', Molecular Biology Of The Cell, vol. 11, pp. 1-1.
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Hofmann, N & Platen, E 2000, 'Approximating large diversified portfolios', MATHEMATICAL FINANCE, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 77-88.
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Holmes, LB, Rosenberger, PB, Harvey, EA, Khoshbin, S & Ryan, L 2000, 'Intelligence and physical features of children of women with epilepsy', TERATOLOGY, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 196-202.
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The teratogenicity of maternal epilepsy has been attributed to several factors, including the antiepileptic drugs taken to prevent seizures during pregnancy, the occurrence of seizures during pregnancy, and the factors in the mother that caused her to have epilepsy. We have addressed the hypothesis that the children of women who have a history of epilepsy (seizure history), but who took no antiepileptic drugs (AED) and had no tonic-clonic seizures in pregnancy, have an increased risk of malformations and diminished intelligence. The frequency of cognitive dysfunction was determined in 57 seizure history and 57 matched control children aged 6-16 years. The masked evaluation of the children included a physical and neurologic examination and testing with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) and a systematic physical examination for the features of the fetal AED syndrome. The evaluation of both parents of each child included a test of reasoning (Ravens Progressive Matrix) and a physical examination. There were no differences between the two groups of children in either IQ scores or physical features; none of the seizure history children was judged to have the "anticonvulsant face" or digit hypoplasia. This study had 80% power to rule out a difference of seven or move IQ points between the two groups, based on a two-sided test at a 5% level of significance. Our confidence in concluding that there was no difference between seizure history and control infants was strengthened by the fact that no statistically significant differences were observed with respect to multiple outcomes, including eight related measures of intelligence. Thirty (53%) of the seizure history mothers resumed taking AED after the birth of the child we evaluated. Additional studies are needed to address the teratogenicity of the antiepileptic drugs as monotherapy.

Hong, MY, Lupton, JR, Morris, JS, Wang, N, Carroll, RJ, Davidson, LA, Elder, RH & Chapkin, RS 2000, 'Dietary fish oil reduces O6-methylguanine DNA adduct levels in rat colon in part by increasing apoptosis during tumor initiation.', Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 819-826.
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There is epidemiological, clinical, and experimental evidence that dietary fish oil, containing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, protects against colon tumor development. However, its effects on colonocytes in vivo remain poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the ability of fish oil to modulate colonic methylation-induced DNA damage, repair, and deletion. Sprague Dawley rats were provided with complete diets containing either corn oil or fish oil (15% by weight). Animals were injected with azoxymethane, and the distal colon was removed 3, 6, 9, or 12 h later. Targeted apoptosis and DNA damage were assessed by cell position within the crypt using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling assay and quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of O6-methylguanine adducts, respectively. Localization and expression of the alkyl group acceptor, O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase, was also determined. Lower levels of adducts were detected at 6, 9, and 12 h in fish oil- versus corn oil-fed animals (P < 0.05). In addition, fish oil supplementation had the greatest effect on apoptosis in the top one-third of the crypt, increasing the apoptotic index compared with corn oil-fed rats (P < 0.05). In the top one-third of the crypt, fish oil feeding caused an incremental stimulation of apoptosis as adduct level increased. In contrast, a negative correlation between apoptosis and adduct incidence occurred with corn oil feeding (P < 0.05). Diet had no main effect (all tertiles combined) on O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase expression over the time frame of the experiment. The enhancement of targeted apoptosis combined with the reduced formation of O6-methylguanine adducts may account, in part, for the observed protective effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids against experimentally induced colon cancer.

HORNITZKY, MA, BETTELHEIM, KA & DJORDJEVIC, SP 2000, 'The isolation of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O111:H-from Australian cattle', Australian Veterinary Journal, vol. 78, no. 9, pp. 636-637.
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HUANG, B, WHITCHURCH, CB, CROFT, L, BEATSON, SA & MATTICK, JS 2000, 'A Minimal Tiling Path Cosmid Library for Functional Analysis of thePseudomonas aeruginosaPAO1 Genome', Microbial & Comparative Genomics, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 189-203.
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Hughes, P, Dennis, E, Whitecross, M, Llewellyn, D & Gage, P 2000, 'The cytotoxic plant protein, beta-purothionin, forms ion channels in lipid membranes', JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 275, no. 2, pp. 823-827.
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HUM, S, KESSELL, A, DJORDJEVIC, S, RHEINBERGER, R, HORNITZKY, M, FORBES, W & GONSALVES, J 2000, 'Mastitis, polyarthritis and abortion caused by Mycoplasma species bovine group 7 in dairy cattle', Australian Veterinary Journal, vol. 78, no. 11, pp. 744-750.
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Objective To report an outbreak of mastitis, polyarthritis and abortion caused by Mycoplasma sp bovine group 7 in three large, centrally-managed dairies and to review the relevant literature. Design Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory data were anal

Hush, NS & Reimers, JR 2000, 'Solvent effects on the electronic spectra of transition metal complexes', CHEMICAL REVIEWS, vol. 100, no. 2, pp. 775-786.
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Idle, JR 2000, 'The heart of psychotropic drug therapy', The Lancet, vol. 355, no. 9217, pp. 1824-1825.
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In two consecutive issues, The Lancet has published articles that clearly link CYP2D6 (debrisoquine hydroxylase) and the human heart. First, Thomas Thum and Jürgen Borlak (March 18, p 979)1 reported the expression of several cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes, including CYP2D6, in the right ventricle, and J G Reilly and colleagues (March 25, p 1048)2 noted certain risk factors in psychiatric patients undergoing psychotropic drug therapy.

Idle, JR 2000, 'The heart of psychotropic drug therapy.', Lancet, vol. 355, no. 9217, pp. 1824-1825.
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Jones, PM & George, AM 2000, 'Symmetry and structure in P-glycoprotein and ABC transporters', European Journal of Biochemistry, vol. 267, no. 17, pp. 5298-5305.
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Jones, PM & George, AM 2000, 'Symmetry and Sturcture in P-Glycoprotein and ABC Transporters. What goes Around Comes Around', European Journal fo Biochemistry, vol. 267, no. 0, pp. 5298-5305.

Katis, VL, Wake, RG & Harry, EJ 2000, 'Septal Localization of the Membrane-Bound Division Proteins of Bacillus subtilis DivIB and DivIC Is Codependent Only at High Temperatures and Requires FtsZ', Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 182, no. 12, pp. 3607-3611.
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ABSTRACT Using immunofluorescence microscopy, we have examined the dependency of localization among three Bacillus subtilis division proteins, FtsZ, DivIB, and DivIC, to the division site. DivIC is required for DivIB localization. However, DivIC localization is dependent on DivIB only at high growth temperatures, at which DivIB is essential for division. FtsZ localization is required for septal recruitment of DivIB and DivIC, but FtsZ can be recruited independently of DivIB. These localization studies suggest a more specific role for DivIB in division, involving interaction with DivIC.

Kennerson, M, Nassif, N & Nicholson, G 2000, 'The CMT1A-REP Binary Repeat from Disease Causing Genomic Re-arrangements to a Role in Gene Evolution', Current Genomics, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 81-90.
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King, N, Tonge, BJ, Heyne, D & Ollendick, TH 2000, 'Research on the cognitive-behavioral treatment of school refusal', Clinical Psychology Review, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 495-507.
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Cognitive-behavior therapy is frequently used in the treatment of school refusal, a challenging problem for mental health professionals and school authorities. We review the clinical and research support for the efficacy of cognitive-behavior therapy using recently published guidelines for determining the level of evidentiary support for psychosocial interventions. Although cognitive-behavior therapy appears to be a useful treatment for school refusal, further research is needed before it can be considered as having 'well-established' empirical status. Several other important methodological and theoretical issues are emphasized. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.

King, N, Tonge, BJ, Mullen, P, Myerson, N, Heyne, D, Rollings, S & Ollendick, TH 2000, 'Sexually abused children and post-traumatic stress disorder', Counselling Psychology Quarterly, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 365-375.
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Sexually abused children often develop post-traumatic stress disorder, a distressing and debilitating condition that is typically unresponsive to non-directive counselling. Empirically supported abuse-confronting, structured interventions are urgently required for use by counselling psychologists responsible for the management of this challenging clinical population. Given the success of cognitive-behavioural interventions with adult trauma victims, it has been suggested that this treatment approach be applied to sexually abused children. This paper presents a cognitive-behavioural treatment framework comprising two levels of intervention: child therapy and parent training. We selectively review emerging empirical support for the efficacy and acceptability of this treatment approach.

King, NJ & Ollendick, TH 2000, 'In defence of empirically supported psychological interventions and the scientist-practitioner model: A response to andrews (2000)', Australian Psychologist, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 64-67.
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This article addresses misconceptions apparent in Andrews's comments about empirically supported psychological interventions and the scientist-practitioner model. Our discussion focuses on accountability, specific versus nonspecific aspects of intervention, dependence on the DSM, complexities of clinical practice and clinical training.

King, NJ, Ollendick, TH & Prins, PJM 2000, 'Test-anxious Children and Adolescents: Psychopathology, Cognition, and Psychophysiological Reactivity', Behaviour Change, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 134-142.
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AbstractTest anxiety in children has long been recognised to be a significant and challenging educational problem. Recent advances in diagnostic interviewing, cognitive assessment, and physiological recording have facilitated a considerable amount of research on test-anxious youth. This research has yielded important clinical insights about test-anxious children and adolescents of interest to teachers and psychologists. We describe and evaluate the findings of these investigations. Finally, we discuss the implications of the research findings for intervention in school settings. Cognitive-behavioural strategies are tentatively recommended for the treatment of test-anxious children and adolescents.

King, NJ, Ollendick, TH, Murphy, GC & Muris, P 2000, 'Animal phobias in children: aetiology, assessment and treatment', Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 11-21.
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Typically, animal phobias develop during childhood and persist for many years. The onset of childhood animal phobias is a perplexing theoretical issue. According to Rachman's influential three pathways theory, phobia onset is due to direct conditioning, modelling or instruction/information. Our review shows some empirical support for Rachman's three pathways theory in relation to the aetiology of childhood animal phobias. We also review laboratory investigations of attentional bias, which is considered to play a role in the maintenance of childhood animal phobias. Several clinical assessment procedures are outlined: structured diagnostic interviews, fear survey schedules for children, behavioural avoidance tests, self-monitoring and psychophysiological recording. Cognitive-behavioural interventions appear to be effective in the treatment of animal phobias displayed by children. However, further controlled research must be conducted before we can claim to have really clinically efficacious interventions for animal phobic children. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

KING, NJ, TONGE, BJ, MULLEN, P, MYERSON, N, HEYNE, D, ROLLINGS, S, MARTIN, R & OLLENDICK, TH 2000, 'Treating Sexually Abused Children With Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms: A Randomized Clinical Trial', Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 39, no. 11, pp. 1347-1355.
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Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of child and caregiver participation in the cognitive-behavioral treatment of sexually abused children with posttraumatic stress symptoms. Method: Thirty-six sexually abused children (aged 5-17 years) were randomly assigned to a child-alone cognitive-behavioral treatment condition, a family cognitive-behavioral treatment condition, or a waiting-list control condition. Results: Compared with controls, children who received treatment exhibited significant improvements in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and self-reports of fear and anxiety. Significant improvements also occurred in relation to parent-completed measures and clinician ratings of global functioning. In general, parental involvement did not improve the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy. Maintenance of improvement was evident at a 12-week follow-up assessment. Conclusions: Cognitive-behavioral treatment was useful, but further research is required on caregiver involvement.

Kucheyev, SO, Bradby, JE, Williams, JS, Jagadish, C, Toth, M, Phillips, MR & Swain, MV 2000, 'Nanoindentation of epitaxial GaN films', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 77, no. 21, pp. 3373-3375.
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Kuchler, U & Platen, E 2000, 'Strong Discrete Time Approximation of Stochastic Differential Equations with Time Delay', Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, vol. 54, no. 0, pp. 189-205.
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The paper introduces an approach for the derivation of discrete time approximations for solutions of stochastic differential equations with time delay. The suggested approximations converge in a strong sense. Furthermore, explicit solutions for linear stochastic delay equations are given.

Le Breton, A & Novikov, AA 2000, 'On Stochastic Approximation Procedures with Averaging', Theory of Probability & Its Applications, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 591-604.
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Linear multidimensional stochastic approximation procedures in continuous time with martingale errors are considered. An asymptotic behavior of the estimator obtained by trajectory averaging is studied. An asymptotics of integrated squared deviations functionals of the averaged estimator is found. Some results concerning fixed-size confidence regions are presented.

Lee, AP & Reedy, BJ 2000, 'Application of radiometric temperature determination methods to semiconductor gas sensors', SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL, vol. 69, no. 1-2, pp. 37-45.
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A radiometric method for the determination of the operating surface temperature of very small objects to within ±5 K has been applied to commercial semiconductor gas sensors operated in a static atmosphere. The method involves the collection of the infrared (IR) emission spectrum of the sensor at regular intervals over the operating heater voltage range, followed by the fitting of ambient-corrected Planck functions to determine the temperature at each voltage. At least one independent calibrating temperature measurement (to eliminate the effects of sensor emissivity and spectrometer response) is obtained using the known melting point of an inorganic salt. The operating voltage–temperature relationships for two popular Figaro tin oxide sensors were found to be pseudo-linear and are reported as T=103 V+214±3 K for the Figaro TGS813 sensor with its base removed, T=101 V+224±5 K for the TGS813 with its base attached, and T=106 V+238±5 K for the Figaro TGS2611 sensor. (The temperature of the sensors does not rise appreciably above ambient when they are operated below 0.5 V.) These results indicate that sensor temperatures are significantly higher than most previously reported estimates, particularly those made using infrared thermometers (IRTs). A heat loss model for the sensors is discussed, and the calibration of the heater resistance–temperature relationship is achieved for the TGS2611.

Leslie, LM & Abbey Jr., RF 2000, 'Hurricane predictability: are there simple linear invariants within these complex nonlinear dynamical systems?', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 74, no. 1-4, pp. 57-62.
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Leslie, LM & Speer, MS 2000, 'Comments on “Using Ensembles for Short-Range Forecasting”', Monthly Weather Review, vol. 128, no. 8, pp. 3018-3020.
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Levey, FC, Cortie, MB & Cornish, LA 2000, 'Displacive transformations in Au-18 wt pct Cu-6 wt pct Al', METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE, vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 1917-1923.
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A gold alloy with 18 wt pct Cu and 6 wt pet Al undergoes a reversible displacive phase transformation between an incompletely ordered L2(1) parent phase and a tetragonal product. The characteristics of these transformations were studied using acoustic em

Levy, JI, Houseman, EA, Ryan, L, Richardson, D & Spengler, JD 2000, 'Particle concentrations in urban microenvironments', ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES, vol. 108, no. 11, pp. 1051-1057.
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Although ambient particulate matter has been associated with a range of health outcomes, the health risks for individuals depend in part on their daily activities. Information about particle mass concentrations and size distributions in indoor and outdoor microenvironments can help identify high-risk individuals and the significant contributors to personal exposure. To address these issues in an urban setting, we measured particle count concentrations in four size ranges and particulate matter (3/4) 10 microm (PM(10)) concentrations outdoors and in seven indoor microenvironments in Boston, Massachusetts. Particle counts and PM(10) concentrations were continuously measured with two light-scattering devices. Because of the autocorrelation between sequential measurements, we used linear mixed effects models with an AR-1 autoregressive correlation structure to evaluate whether differences between microenvironments were statistically significant. In general, larger particles were elevated in the vicinity of significant human activity, and smaller particles were elevated in the vicinity of combustion sources, with indoor PM(10) concentrations significantly higher than the outdoors on buses and trolleys. Statistical models demonstrated significant variability among some indoor microenvironments, with greater variability for smaller particles. These findings imply that personal exposures can depend on activity patterns and that microenvironmental concentration information can improve the accuracy of personal exposure estimation.

Lim, S, Roche, N, Oliver, BG, Mattos, W, Barnes, PJ & Chung, KF 2000, 'Balance of matrix metalloprotease-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-1 from alveolar macrophages in cigarette smokers - Regulation by interleukin-10', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE, vol. 162, no. 4, pp. 1355-1360.
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Lin, X & Carroll, RJ 2000, 'Nonparametric Function Estimation for Clustered Data When the Predictor is Measured without/with Error', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 95, no. 450, pp. 520-520.
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Lin, XH, Ryan, L, Sammel, M, Zhang, DW, Padungtod, C & Xu, XP 2000, 'A scaled linear mixed model for multiple outcomes', BIOMETRICS, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 593-601.
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We propose a scaled linear mixed model to assess the effects of exposure and other covariates on multiple continuous outcomes. The most general form of the model allows a different exposure effect for each outcome. An important special case is a model that represents the exposure effects using a common global measure that can be characterized in terms of effect sizes. Correlations among different outcomes within the same subject are accommodated using random effects. We develop two approaches to model fitting, including the maximum likelihood method and the working parameter method. A key feature of both methods is that they can be easily implemented by repeatedly calling software for fitting standard linear mixed models, e.g., SAS PROC MIXED. Compared to the maximum likelihood method, the working parameter method is easier to implement and yields fully efficient estimators of the parameters of interest. We illustrate the proposed methods by analyzing data from a study of the effects of occupational pesticide exposure on semen quality in a cohort of Chinese men.

Lobo, C, Perret, N, Morris, D, Zou, J, Cockayne, DJH, Johnston, MB, Gal, M & Leon, R 2000, 'Carrier capture and relaxation in Stranski-KrastanowInxGa1−xAs/GaAs(311)Bquantum dots', Physical Review B, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 2737-2742.
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Loscher, CE, Donnelly, S, Lynch, MA & Mills, KHG 2000, 'Induction of inflammatory cytokines in the brain following respiratory infection with Bordetella pertussis', JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY, vol. 102, no. 2, pp. 172-181.
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Loscher, CE, Donnelly, S, Mills, KHG & Lynch, MA 2000, 'Interleukin-1 beta-dependent changes in the hippocampus following parenteral immunization with a whole cell pertussis vaccine', JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY, vol. 111, no. 1-2, pp. 68-76.
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Lu, MCK, Sammel, MD, Cleveland, RH, Ryan, LM & Holmes, LB 2000, 'Digit effects produced by prenatal exposure to antiepileptic drugs', TERATOLOGY, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 277-283.
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The hypothesis tested was that digit anomalies among individuals exposed in utero to antiepileptic drugs (AED) are best identified by a systematic search, including radiographs and dermatoglyphics, rather than relying only on visual inspection, A systematic search was made for five types of digit abnormalities in 46 AED-exposed individuals ages 5-29 years in comparison with controls: visible anomalies, size of fingernails, dermal ridge patterns, length of metacarpals and phalanges, and qualitative changes in the distal phalanges. Among the AED-exposed, nail size was not decreased. However, there was a 10.8% frequency of digit anomalies, a 12% frequency of three or more arch patterns, and significant shortening and qualitative changes in the distal phalanges, all of which are consistent with the fetal effects of AED. Among the 42 individuals who underwent all evaluations, 14.3% had two or more of these abnormalities, most of which would not be identified by clinical inspection. This frequency is much higher in these AED-exposed individuals than in the general population. Radiographs in 13 individuals over a period of several years showed that the changes in the phalanges and metacarpals persisted.

Luo, M, Bilodeau, P, Dennis, ES, Peacock, WJ & Chaudhury, A 2000, 'Expression and parent-of-origin effects for FIS2, MEA, and FIE in the endosperm and embryo of developing Arabidopsis seeds', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 97, no. 19, pp. 10637-10642.
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MacFarlane, GR, Booth, DJ & Brown, KR 2000, 'The Semaphore crab, Heloecius cordiformis: bio-indication potential for heavy metals in estuarine systems', Aquatic Toxicology, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 153-166.
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Macfarlane, GR, Booth, DJ & Brown, KR 2000, 'The Semaphore Crab, Heloecius Cordiformis: Bio-Indication Potential for Heavy Metals in Estuarine Systems', Aquatic Toxicology, vol. 50, no. 0, pp. 1530166-0.

Macnamara, J 2000, 'The 'Ad Value' of PR', Asia Pacific Public Relations Journal, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 99-104.

Manefield, M, Harris, L, Rice, SA, de Nys, R & Kjelleberg, S 2000, 'Inhibition of Luminescence and Virulence in the Black Tiger Prawn ( Penaeus monodon ) Pathogen Vibrio harveyi by Intercellular Signal Antagonists', Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 66, no. 5, pp. 2079-2084.
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ABSTRACT Expression of luminescence in the Penaeus monodon pathogen Vibrio harveyi is regulated by an intercellular quorum sensing mechanism involving the synthesis and detection of two signaling molecules, one of which is N -hydroxy butanoyl- l -homoserine lactone and the other of which is uncharacterized. Indirect evidence has suggested that virulence, associated with a toxic extracellular protein, and luminescence in V. harveyi are coregulated. In this study the effects of an acylated homoserine lactone antagonist produced by the marine alga Delisea pulchra on luminescence and toxin production in a virulent strain of V. harveyi were analyzed. Luminescence and toxin production were both inhibited by the signal antagonist at concentrations that had no impact on growth. Toxin production was found to be prematurely induced in V. harveyi cultures incubated in a 10% conditioned medium. Additionally, a significant reduction in the toxicity of concentrated supernatant extracts from V. harveyi cultures incubated in the presence of the signal antagonist, as measured by in vivo toxicity assays in mice and prawns, was observed. These results suggest that intercellular signaling antagonists have potential utility in the control of V. harveyi prawn infections.

Masens, C, Schulte, J, Phillips, M & Dligatch, S 2000, 'Ultra flat gold surfaces for use in chemical force microscopy: Scanning probe microscopy studies of the effect of preparation regime on surface morphology', MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 113-120.

McDonagh, AM, Bayly, SR, Riley, DJ, Ward, MD, McCleverty, JA, Cowin, MA, Morgan, CN, Varrazza, R, Penty, RV & White, IH 2000, 'A Variable Optical Attenuator Operating in the Near-Infrared Region Based on an Electrochromic Molybdenum Complex', Chemistry of Materials, vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 2523-2524.
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McDonagh, AM, Cifuentes, MP, Humphrey, MG, Houbrechts, S, Maes, J, Persoons, A, Samoc, M & Luther-Davies, B 2000, 'Organometallic complexes for nonlinear optics', Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, vol. 610, no. 1-2, pp. 71-79.
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The preparation of the chloro complex trans-[FeCl2{(R,R)-diph}2] (1) and the alkynyl complexes trans-[M(4- C=CC6H4R)Cl{(R,R)-diph}2] [M=Fe, R=NO2 (2); M=Ru, RH (4), NO2 (5), (E)-CH=CH-4-C6H4NO2 (6); M=Os, R=NO2 (7)], incorporating the optically active diphosphine 1,2-bis(methylphenylphosphino)benzene (diph), are described. Oxidation potentials, as determined by cyclic voltammetry, increase as 2B7B5. Molecular quadratic nonlinearities by hyper-Rayleigh scattering at 1064 nm increase upon introduction of an acceptor group (4B5), chain-lengthening of bridging group (5B6), and proceeding from 3d to 4d and 5d metal (25557). Two-level-corrected nonlinearities reproduce the first two trends, but metal variation follows the sequence 2B7B5. The experimental and two-level-corrected nonlinearities for 6 (2795x10-30 and 406x10-30 esu, respectively), are amongst the largest observed thus far for organometallic complexes. Crystals of complexes 2 and 7 exhibit second-harmonic generation (assessed using the Kurtz powder technique), with an efficiency for the former of twice that of urea.

McDonagh, AM, Cifuentes, MP, Lucas, NT, Humphrey, MG, Houbrechts, S & Persoons, A 2000, 'Organometallic complexes for nonlinear optics', Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, vol. 605, no. 2, pp. 184-192.
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The terminal alkyne 4-HC6-point triple bond; length half of m-dashCC6H4N=Image H (1) and ruthenium complex derivatives trans-[Ru(C6-point triple bond; length half of m-dashC-4-C6H4N= Image Full-size image H}Cl(dppm)2] (2) and [Ru{C6-point triple bond; length half of m-dashC-4-C6H4N=Image H}(PPh3)2(?-C5H5)] (3) have been synthesized. An X-ray structural study of 3 reveals the expected equivalent C---C bond lengths of the phenyl and alternating C---C and C=C bond lengths of the quinonal ring in the indoanilinoalkynyl ligand; there is a dihedral angle of 47.59° between the phenyl and quinonal rings, probably a result of ortho-hydrogen repulsion. Metal-centred oxidation potentials of 2 and 3 are similar to those of `extended chain 4-nitroarylalkynyl complex analogues. Irreversible quinonal ring-centred reductions occur at significantly more negative potentials than the quasi-reversible reductions in their nitro-containing analogues. Quadratic optical nonlinearities by hyper-Rayleigh scattering at 1064 nm for 2 (417×10-30 esu) and 3 (658×10-30 esu) are both large, but resonance enhanced. Two-level-corrected nonlinearities for these complexes (124×10-30, 159×10-30 esu, respectively) are also large, despite the presence of electron-donating tert-butyl groups reducing the efficiency of the (formally) electron-accepting quinonal ring in these donor-bridge-acceptor complexes

McDonagh, AM, Lucas, NT, Cifuentes, MP, Humphrey, MG, Houbrechts, S & Persoons, A 2000, 'Organometallic complexes for nonlinear optics', Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, vol. 605, no. 2, pp. 193-201.
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The syntheses of the alkyne (E)-4,4?-HC6-point triple bond; length half of m-dashCC6H4N=NC6H4NO2 (1) and alkynyl complexes LnM{(E)-4,4?-C6-point triple bond; length half of m-dashCC6H4N=NC6H4NO2} [LnM=trans-[RuCl(dppm)2] (2), Ru(PPh3)2(?-C5H5) (3), Au(PPh3) (4)] are reported. A structural study of 2 reveals E stereochemistry about the azo-linkage. Electrochemical data for the ruthenium complexes reveal that the azo-linkage in complexes 2 and 3 perturbs the metal-centred oxidation potential compared to all other alkynyl complexes of similar composition. Quadratic optical nonlinearities by hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) at 1064 nm are very large for 2 and 3, but resonance-enhanced. Comparison of HRS data for 4 with those of Au{(E)-4,4?-C6-point triple bond; length half of m-dashCC6H4X=CHC6H4NO2}(Image hImage ) (X=CH, N) reveals that complex 4 has a significantly larger quadratic nonlinearity than its ene- or imino-linked analogues.

McDougald, D, Rice, SA & Kjelleberg, S 2000, 'The marine pathogen Vibrio vulnificus encodes a putative homologue of the Vibrio harveyi regulatory gene, luxR: a genetic and phylogenetic comparison', Gene, vol. 248, no. 1-2, pp. 213-221.
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McNevin, D & Barford, J 2000, 'Biofiltration as an odour abatement strategy', Biochemical Engineering Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 231-242.
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McNevin, D, Harrison, M, King, A, David, K & Mitchell, C 2000, 'Towards an integrated performance model for subsurface flow constructed wetlands', JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART A-TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, vol. 35, no. 8, pp. 1415-1429.
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Detailed investigations have been conducted on a set of four pilot scale subsurface flow (SSF) constructed wetlands in order to characterise heat transfer, mass dispersion and biological performance mechanisms. These studies have followed the beds from post construction through unplanted hydraulic base line studies to the current status of mature stands of Phragmites australis. Experimental observations indicate that in unplanted beds, daily thermal fluctuations are depth dependent and range from 1 to 9 degrees Celsius. These fluctuations result in daily thermal inversions, and enhanced mixing and oxygen transport. For planted beds, thermal fluctuations are depth independent, and have a constant amplitude of 2 degrees Celsius. Planted beds may be thermally stratified. Lithium tracer studies corroborate these results for the planted bed. In addition, performance studies indicate that organic pollutant removal is probably limited to organic suspended solids removal, with subsequent biological breakdown. Current first-order plug flow models can not account for these operational issues. A combined model is necessary to account for lateral dispersion, temperature gradients and settling of suspended solids to accurately reflect real biological removal mechanisms

McPhedran, RC, Botten, LC & Nicorovici, NA 2000, 'Homogenization of composites: dynamic and static theories', PHYSICA B, vol. 279, no. 1-3, pp. 5-8.
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McPhedran, RC, Nicorovici, NA, Botten, LC & Grubits, KA 2000, 'Lattice sums for gratings and arrays', JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS, vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 7808-7816.
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Melrose, J, Smith, S, Rodgers, K, Little, C, Burkhardt, D & Ghosh, P 2000, 'Immunolocalisation of BPTI-like serine proteinase inhibitory proteins in mast cells, chondrocytes and intervertebral disc fibrochondrocytes of ovine and bovine connective tissues. An immunohistochemical and biochemical study', Histochemistry and Cell Biology, vol. 114, no. 2, pp. 137-146.
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A polyclonal anti-bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) IgY was raised in chickens immunised with aprotinin The anti-BPTI IgY was subsequently isolated lated from egg yolks and purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography on immobilised aproti

Miao, X & Ben-Nissan, B 2000, 'Microstructure and properties of zirconia-alumina nanolaminate sol-gel coatings', Journal of Materials Science, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 497-502.
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Zirconia-alumina multilayer nanolaminate coatings were applied on stainless steel 316 substrates by a sol-gel dipping method. The coatings were characterized using X-ray diffraction, optical and scanning electron microscopy. The hardness and elastic modulus, the wear resistance and the oxidation resistance of the coatings were measured and assessed. It was observed that the coatings possessed fine grains, fine pores and high retention of tetragonal zirconia phase. The coatings exhibited high hardness and elastic modulus as well as good resistance to oxidation at high temperatures. However, these properties may be influenced by the interactions at the coating/substrate interface.

Michels, KB 2000, 'RE: 'IMPLICATIONS OF A NEW DIETARY MEASUREMENT ERROR MODEL FOR ESTIMATION OF RELATIVE RISK: APPLICATION TO FOUR CALIBRATION STUDIES'', American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 152, no. 5, pp. 494-495.
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Mick, R, Crowley, JJ & Carroll, RJ 2000, 'Phase II Clinical Trial Design for Noncytotoxic Anticancer Agents for Which Time to Disease Progression Is the Primary Endpoint', Controlled Clinical Trials, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 343-359.
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Miller, CMD, Akratos, C, Johnson, AM & Smith, NC 2000, 'The production of a 70 kDa heat shock protein by Toxoplasma gondii RH strain in immunocompromised mice', International Journal for Parasitology, vol. 30, no. 14, pp. 1467-1473.
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Miura, T, Huete, AR & Yoshioka, H 2000, 'Evaluation of sensor calibration uncertainties on vegetation indices for MODIS', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 1399-1409.
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The impact of reflectance calibration uncertainties on the accuracies of several vegetation indices (VIs) was evaluated for the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor onboard the TERRA platform. A set of uncertainty propagation equations were designed to model the propagation of calibration uncertainties from top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectances to atmospherically-corrected VIs. The soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), the atmospherically-resistant vegetation index (ARVI), and the enhanced vegetation index (EVI) were evaluated along with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The resultant VI uncertainties associated with calibration ucal (VI) varied with both surface reflectances and atmospheric conditions. Uncertainties in the NDVI and ARVI were highly dependent on pixel brightness, with the largest uncertainties occurring over dark targets with little or no vegetation. The SAVI uncertainties were nearly constant throughout a range of target brightness and vegetation abundance. The EVI uncertainties linearly increased with increasing EVI values. Atmosphere turbidities increased calibration uncertainties in all the VIs through their effect on TOA reflectances. The VI uncertainties were also found to decrease when the calibration errors were positively correlated between bands.

MOORE, PE, LAPORTE, JD, ABRAHAM, JH, SCHWARTZMAN, IN, YANDAVA, CN, SILVERMAN, ES, DRAZEN, JM, WAND, MP, PANETTIERI, RA & SHORE, SA 2000, 'Polymorphism of the β₂-Adrenergic Receptor Gene and Desensitization in Human Airway Smooth Muscle', American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol. 162, no. 6, pp. 2117-2124.
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Morales, KH, Ryan, L, Kuo, TL, Wu, MM & Chen, CJ 2000, 'Risk of internal cancers from arsenic in drinking water', ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES, vol. 108, no. 7, pp. 655-661.
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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is under a congressional mandate to revise its current standard for arsenic in drinking water. We present a risk assessment for cancers of the bladder, liver, and lung from exposure to arsenic in water, based on data from 42 villages in an arseniasisendemic region of Taiwan. We calculate excess lifetime risk estimates for several variations of the generalized linear model and for the multistage-Weibull model. Risk estimates are sensitve to the model choice, to whether or not a comparison population is used to define the unexposed diease mortality rates, and to whether the comparison population is all of Taiwan or just the southwestem region. Some factors that may affect risk could not be evaluated quantitativel. the ecologic nature of the data, the nutritional status of the study population, and the dietary intake of arsenic. Despite all of these sources of uncertainty, however, our analysis suggests that the current standard of 50 pg/L is asoatted with a substantial increased risk of cancer and is not sufficiently protective of public health.

Mugridge, NB, Morrison, DA, Jakel, T, Heckeroth, AR, Tenter, AM & Johnson, AM 2000, 'Effects of sequence alignment and structural domains of ribosomal DNA on phylogeny reconstruction for the protozoan family Sarcocystidae', MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION, vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 1842-1853.
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Murray, BR & Dickman, CR 2000, 'Relationships between body size and geographical range size among Australian mammals: has human impact distorted macroecological patterns?', ECOGRAPHY, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 92-100.
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Extinction and artificial reduction in the size of geographical ranges of many species have occurred extensively across the globe because of human activities. In particular, Australian mammals have suffered heavily in the last two hundred years, with the highest number of reported cases of mammal extinctions anywhere. In the present study, we investigated the extent to which human impact has affected contemporary macroecological patterns in Australian terrestrial mammals. After examining patterns relating to body size and range size among the contemporary mammal fauna, we removed the effects of the last two hundred years of human impact by exploring patterns in the pre-European assemblage. This permitted us to determine whether contemporary macroecological patterns are distortions of pre-European patterns. In contrast to the expected pattern of a significant positive relationship between body size and range size, our results showed no significant association for the complete fauna in both cross-species and phylogenetic analyses, even when data were corrected for species extinctions and range reductions. Analyses within families and among species with the same dietary strategy revealed three significant positive relationships (Macropodidae, Peramelidae, and herbivores) and one significant negative relationship (insectivores) within the contemporary assemblage that disappeared when the pre-European assemblage was analysed. A positive relationship also emerged in the pre-European assemblage for the Vombatidae that was not apparent in the contemporary fauna. Thus, correcting for human impact revealed important distortions among contemporary macroecological relationships that have been brought about by human-induced range reduction and extinction. These findings not only provide further evidence that the Australian continent presents a unique and valuable opportunity with which to test the generality of macroecological patterns,

Murray, BR & Dickman, CR 2000, 'Relationships between body size and geographical range size among Australian mammals: has human impact distorted macroecological patterns?', Ecography, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 92-100.
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Murray, BR & Westoby, M 2000, 'Properties of species in the tail of rank-abundance curves: The potential for increase in abundance', EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY RESEARCH, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 583-592.
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It has recently been shown that most low-abundance species at a location are substantially more abundant somewhere else within their geographical range (somewhere-abundant). Fewer than 10% are everywhere-sparse Here, two everywhere-sparse species from dr

Myers, GSA, Grinvalds, R, Booth, S, Hutton, SI, Binks, M, Kemp, DJ & Sriprakash, KS 2000, 'Expression of two novel proteins in Chlamydia trachomatis during natural infection', Microbial Pathogenesis, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 63-72.
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Nogue, F, Grandjean, O, Craig, S, Dennis, S & Chaudhury, M 2000, 'Higher levels of cell proliferation rate and cyclin CycD3 expression in the Arabidopsis amp1 mutant.', PLANT GROWTH REGULATION, vol. 32, no. 2-3, pp. 275-283.
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Nogue, N, Hocart, H, Letham, DS, Dennis, ES & Chaudhury, AM 2000, 'Cytokinin synthesis is higher in the Arabidopsis amp1 mutant', PLANT GROWTH REGULATION, vol. 32, no. 2-3, pp. 267-273.
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Noyes, HA, Morrison, DA, Chance, ML & Ellis, JT 2000, 'Evidence for a neotropical origin of Leishmania', MEMORIAS DO INSTITUTO OSWALDO CRUZ, vol. 95, no. 4, pp. 575-578.

O'Brien, BA, Harmon, BV, Cameron, DP & Allan, DJ 2000, 'Nicotinamide prevents the development of diabetes in the cyclophosphamide-induced NOD mouse model by reducing beta-cell apoptosis', The Journal of Pathology, vol. 191, no. 1, pp. 86-92.
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The development of diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, which normally takes between 3 and 7 months, can be accelerated by cyclophosphamide (CY) injections, with rapid progression to diabetes within only 2±3 weeks. This insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) can be prevented or delayed in CY-treated NOD mice by nicotinamide (NA). The present study was undertaken to determine the mode of cell death responsible for the development of IDDM in CYtreated male NOD mice and to investigate the effect of NA on beta-cell death. Apoptotic beta cells were present within the islets of Langerhans in haematoxylin and eosin-stained sections of the pancreata harvested from 3- and 12-week-old male NOD mice, from 8 h until 14 days after a single intraperitoneal injection of CY (150 mg/kg body weight). The maximum amount of betacell apoptosis in 3-week-old animals occurred 1±2 days after CY treatment (20 apoptotic cells per 100 islets), after which time levels of apoptosis declined steadily throughout the 14-day period studied. The incidence of beta-cell apoptosis in 12-week-old male NOD mice occurred in two peaks; the ®rst was recorded 8±24 h after CY treatment (30 apoptotic cells/100 islets), while the second, at 7 days (36 apoptotic cells per 100 islets), coincided with increased insulitis. Administration of NA 15 min before CY treatment, and thereafter daily, substantially reduced the amount of apoptosis and effectively eliminated (4 apoptotic cells per 100 islets) the second wave of beta-cell apoptosis seen at day 7 in 12-week-old animals given CY alone. These results show that apoptosis is the mode of beta-cell death responsible for the development of CY-induced IDDM and that prevention of IDDM by NA is associated with a reduction in beta-cell apoptosis.

Ollendick, TH 2000, 'Sexually Abused Children: A Commentary', Behaviour Change, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 48-50.
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AbstractIn this brief commentary, issues associated with the definition, assessment, treatment and prevention of Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) are highlighted. It is concluded that much has been learned regarding CSA in recent years and there is reason to hope that we will do better in the future. Studies presented in this special issue document some of these advances. Still, CSA continues to occur with alarming frequency and our treatment programs are only beginning to address the many issues associated with such traumatic experiences. Furthermore, developmental issues have been largely ignored and prevention of CSA remains an illusory goal. We can, and must, do better.

O'Meara, T, Tovey, ER, Taylor, DJM, Graham, AH, Lovborg, U, Jones, AS & Sporik, R 2000, 'A New Immunodiagnostic System', Aerobiologia, vol. 16, pp. 113-118.

O'Reilly, D, Doble, P, Tanaka, K & Haddad, PR 2000, 'Retention behaviour of strong acid anions in ion-exclusion chromatography on sulfonate and carboxylate stationary phases', JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A, vol. 884, no. 1-2, pp. 61-74.
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Some factors influencing the retention of strong-acid anions on ion-exclusion columns were investigated using columns with sulfonate and carboxylate functional groups. The nature of the functional group on the resin, the eluent pH and the eluent ionic st

Otway, R, Tetlow, N, Hornby, J & Kohonen-Corish, M 2000, 'Evaluation of enzymatic mutation detection? in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer', Human Mutation, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 61-67.
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Padungtod, C, Savitz, DA, Overstreet, JW, Christiani, DC, Ryan, LM & Xu, XP 2000, 'Occupational pesticide exposure and semen quality among Chinese workers', JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE, vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 982-992.
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This study investigated the association between occupational pesticide exposure and semen quality among Chinese workers. Male workers, 32 who were exposed to organophosphate pesticides and 43 who were not exposed were recruited from two nearby factories

Patiag, D, Qu, X, Gray, S, Idris, I, Wilkes, M, Seale, JP & Donnelly, R 2000, 'Possible interactions between angiotensin II and insulin: effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in vivo and in vitro', Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 167, no. 3, pp. 525-531.
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Angiotensin II (ANGII) increases insulin sensitivity in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects, even at subpressor doses, and because there is 'crosstalk' between ANGII and insulin-signaling pathways the underlying mechanism may not be due solely to changes in regional blood flow. A series of experimental studies was undertaken to evaluate the effects of ANGII on glucose and lipid metabolism in vivo and in vitro. Groups of fructose-fed, insulin-resistant Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were pre-treated with 0.3 mg/kg per day of the AT(1)-receptor antagonist L-158 809 (n=16), or vehicle (n=16), by oral gavage. This was prior to an oral glucose tolerance test (day 5) and measurement of the effects of ANGII infusion (20 ng/kg per min i.v. for 3 h) on whole-body insulin sensitivity using the insulin suppression test (day 7). The effect of ANGII infusion on total triglyceride secretion rate (TGSR) was evaluated in normal SD rats pretreated for 7 days with L-158 809 (n=12) or vehicle (n=12). AT(1)- and AT(2)- receptor mRNA expression and [(3)H]2-deoxyglucose uptake were assessed in cultured L6 myoblasts. Short-term treatment with L-158 809 had no effect on glucose tolerance or fasting triglyceride levels in fructose-fed rats. ANGII infusion had no effect on insulin sensitivity in fructose-fed rats pretreated with vehicle (steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) values 8.1+/-1.6 vs 8. 4+/-0.4 mmol/l), but pretreatment with L-158 809 resulted in ANGII having a modest insulin antagonist effect in this insulin-resistant model (SSPG values 9.6+/-0.3 vs 7.1+/-0.6, P<0.03). ANGII infusion had no significant effect on TGSR (e.g. 24.6+/-1.4 vs 28.4+/-0.9 mg/100 g per h in vehicle-treated animals). RT-PCR analysis showed that L6 cells express both AT(1)- and AT(2)-receptor mRNA. Incubation with ANGII (10(-9) and 10(-8) M) had no significant effect on the dose-response curve for insulin-stimulated [(3)H]2-deoxyglucose uptake. For example, C(I200) values (dose of insulin required to in...

Pedrosa, J, Saunders, BM, Appelberg, R, Orme, IM, Silva, MT & Cooper, AM 2000, 'Neutrophils Play a Protective Nonphagocytic Role in Systemic Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection of Mice', Infection and Immunity, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 577-583.
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ABSTRACT Evidence showing that neutrophils play a protective role in the host response to infection by different intracellular parasites has been published in the past few years. We assessed this issue with regard to the infection of mice with Mycobacterium tuberculosis . We found a chronic recruitment of neutrophils to the infection foci, namely, to the peritoneal cavity after intraperitoneal infection and to the spleen and liver after intravenous inoculation of the mycobacteria. However, bacilli were never found associated with the recruited neutrophils but rather were found inside macrophages. The intravenous administration of the antineutrophil monoclonal antibody RB6-8C5 during the first week of infection led to selective and severe neutropenia associated with an enhancement of bacillary growth in the target organs of the mice infected by the intravenous route. The neutropenia-associated exacerbation of infection was most important in the liver, where a bacterial load 10-fold higher than that in nonneutropenic mice was found; the exacerbation in the liver occurred both during and after the neutropenic period. Early in infection by M. tuberculosis , neutropenic mice expressed lower levels of mRNAs for gamma interferon and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the liver compared to nondepleted mice. These results point to a protective role of neutrophils in the host defense mechanisms against M. tuberculosis , which occurs early in the infection and is not associated with the phagocytic activity of neutrophils but may be of an immunomodulatory nature.

Phillips, MR & Ott, DM 2000, 'Crosstalk caused by nonideal output filters in WDM lightwave systems', IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 1094-1096.
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Crosstalk mechanisms due to imperfections of the output demultiplexer in a 1550-nm wavelength-division multiplexed system are explored for the cable television frequency range of 50-800 MHz. Analytic and experimental results show significant crosstalk ca

Poulton, CG, Movchan, AB, McPhedran, RC, Nicorovici, NA & Antipov, YA 2000, 'Eigenvalue problems for doubly periodic elastic structures and phononic band gaps', Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol. 456, no. 2002, pp. 2543-2559.
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Qi, J, Kerr, YH, Moran, MS, Weltz, M, Huete, AR, Sorooshian, S & Bryant, R 2000, 'Leaf area index estimates using remotely sensed data and BRDF models in a semiarid region', REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 18-30.
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The amount and spatial and temporal dynamics of vegetation are important information in environmental studies and agricultural practices. There has been a great deal of interest in estimating vegetation parameters and their spatial and temporal extent using remotely sensed imagery. There are primarily two approaches to estimating vegetation parameters such as leaf area index (LAI). The first one is associated with computation of spectral vegetation indices (SVI) from radiometric measurements. This approach uses an empirical or modeled LAISVI relation between remotely sensed variables such as SVI and biophysical variables such as LAI. The major limitation of this empirical approach is that there is no single LAI-SVI equation (with a set of coefficients) that can be applied to remote-sensing images of different surface types. The second approach involves using bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) models. It inverts a BRDF model with radiometric measurements to estimate LAI using an optimization procedure. Although this approach has a theoretical basis and is potentially applicable to varying surface types, its primary limitation is the lengthy computation time and difficulty of obtaining the required input parameters by the model. In this study, we present a strategy that combines BRDF models and conventional LAISVI approaches to circumvent these limitations. The proposed strategy was implemented in three sequential steps. In the first step, a BRDF model was inverted with a limited number of data points or pixels to produce a training data set consisting of leaf area index and associated pixel values. In the second step, the training data set passed through a quality control procedure to remove outliers from the inversion procedure. In the final step, the training data set was used either to fit an LAISVI equation or to train a neural fuzzy system.

Qi, L, Wang, Y & Leslie, LM 2000, 'Numerical simulation of a cut-off low over southern Australia', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 74, no. 1-4, pp. 103-115.
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Quimio, CA, Torrizo, LB, Setter, TL, Ellis, M, Grover, A, Abrigo, EM, Oliva, NP, Ella, ES, Carpena, AL, Ito, O, Peacock, WJ, Dennis, E & Datta, SK 2000, 'Enhancement of submergence tolerance in transgenic rice overproducing pyruvate decarboxylase', JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 156, no. 4, pp. 516-521.
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Ralph, PJ 2000, 'Herbicide toxicity of Halophila ovalis assessed by chlorophyll a fluorescence', AQUATIC BOTANY, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 141-152.
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Razmovski, V, O’Meara, TJ, Taylor, DJM & Tovey, ER 2000, 'A new method for simultaneous immunodetection and morphologic identification of individual sources of pollen allergens', Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 105, no. 4, pp. 725-731.
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BACKGROUND: Exposure to outdoor allergens has commonly been estimated by collecting airborne particles with a Hirst-type spore trap and then using morphologic criteria to identify the intact pollen grains and fungal spores that are recognized as allergen sources. Several antibody-based blotting or fixation methods have also been developed that enable the counting of amorphous airborne particles carrying allergen, but none of these methods allow the ready association of the released allergen with the morphologically identifiable particle of origin. A method has been developed that uses pressure-sensitive adhesive tape to sample the airborne particles and then allows the immunoidentification of the specific particles that are the allergen sources. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to visualize and immunostain the particles carrying pollen allergen that are collected with a volumetric spore trap. METHODS: A Burkard sampler was used to collect airborne particles onto pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes. The particles were permanently fixed between the tape and a protein-binding membrane when the tape was laminated with the membrane. Allergens that elute from the particles onto the membrane were detected with a range of antibodies. Both the particle and associated immunostained allergen were viewed through the transparent tape for final microscopic identification. RESULTS: Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies and IgE from allergic patients stained allergens in the periphery of particles collected on the tapes. Individual pollen grains and paucimicronic particles were seen with halos of immunostained allergen surrounding them. When IgE was used, the density of immunostaining in the halo surrounding Lolium perenne pollen grains was found to be proportional to the level of Lolium-specific IgE. The method is highly sensitive and can be used to detect different airborne particles that carry allergen. Both the particle and the immunostaining can be subjected to a range of simple mea...

Regamey, A, Harry, EJ & Wake, RG 2000, 'Mid-cell Z ring assembly in the absence of entry into the elongation phase of the round of replication in bacteria: co-ordinating chromosome replication with cell division', Molecular Microbiology, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 423-434.
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We have shown previously that, when spores of a thymine-requiring strain of Bacillus subtilis were grown out in the absence of thymine, mid-cell Z rings formed over the nucleoid and much earlier than might be expected with respect to progression into the round of replication. It is now shown that such conditions allow no replication of oriC. Rather than replication, partial degradation of the oriC region occurs, suggesting that the status of this region is connected with the `premature' mid-cell Z ring assembly. A correlation was observed between entry into the replication elongation phase and a block to mid-cell Z rings. The conformation of the nucleoid under various conditions of DNA replication inhibition or limitation suggests that relief of nucleoid occlusion is not primarily responsible for mid-cell Z ring formation in the absence of thymine. We propose the existence of a specific structure at mid-cell that defines the Z ring nucleation site (NS). It is suggested that this NS is normally masked by the replisome upon initiation of replication or soon after entry into the elongation phase, and subsequently unmasked relatively late in the round. During spore outgrowth in the absence of thymine, this checkpoint control over mid-cell Z ring assembly breaks down prematurely.

Reimers, JR, Hall, LE & Hush, NS 2000, 'Tautomerization of nucleobase model compounds: The 4-pyridinol and 4(1H)-pyridinone monomers and their dimers', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A, vol. 104, no. 21, pp. 5087-5092.
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Reimers, JR, Hughes, JM & Hush, NS 2000, 'Modeling the bacterial photosynthetic reaction center 3: Interpretation of effects of site-directed mutagenesis on the special-pair midpoint potential', BIOCHEMISTRY, vol. 39, no. 51, pp. 16185-16189.
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Reimers, JR, Hutter, MC, Hughes, JM & Hush, NS 2000, 'Nature of the special-pair radical cation in bacterial photosynthesis', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUANTUM CHEMISTRY, vol. 80, no. 6, pp. 1224-1243.
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Reynolds, CA, Yitayew, M, Slack, DC, Hutchinson, CF, Huete, A & Petersen, MS 2000, 'Estimating crop yields and production by integrating the FAO Crop specific Water Balance model with real-time satellite data and ground-based ancillary data', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING, vol. 21, no. 18, pp. 3487-3508.
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An operational crop yield model was developed by introducing realtime satellite imagery into a Geographical Information System (GIS) and the Crop Specific Water Balance (CSWB) model of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Input databases were developed with three different resolutions; agro-ecological zone (AEZ) polygons, 7.6 km and 1.1 km pixels; from archived satellite data commonly used by Early Warning Systems (EWS) to simulate maize yield and production in Kenya from 1989 to 1997. Simulated production results from the GIS-based CSWB model were compared to historical maize production reports from two Government of Kenya (GoK) agencies. The coefficients of determination (r2) between the model and GoK district reports ranged from 0.86 to 0.89. The results indicated the 7.6 km pixel-by-pixel analysis was the most favorable method due to the Rainfall Estimate (RFE) input data having the same resolution. The GIS-based CSWB model developed by this study could also be easily expanded for use in other countries, extended for other crops, and improved in the future as satellite technologies improve.

Rice, SA, McDougald, D, Kjelleberg, S, Rice, SA & Kjelleberg, S 2000, 'Vibrio vulnificus: a physiological and genetic approach to the viable but nonculturable response', Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 115-120.
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In this review, we focus on studies of the viable but nonculturable response (VBNC) of Vibrio vulnificus, a significant and aggressive human pathogen, as a model system for the general understanding of the VBNC response. This response is characterized physiologically as the inability to culture an organism on media that normally supports its growth, and yet those cells retain indicators of metabolic activity. Implicit in this definition is that it may be possible to return or resuscitate VBNC cells to active division on laboratory media. Since its original description in 1985, the VBNC response has been recognized in a range of bacteria. Study of the VBNC response has traditionally focused on physiological methods aimed at demonstrating that VBNC cells are indeed viable but have a specific block that prevents them from dividing on laboratory media, and such study has attempted to identify conditions that unequivocally demonstrate the resuscitation of VBNC cells. With the advent of molecular genetics, VBNC studies have begun to focus on genetics as a means to determine whether there are specific genes or regulatory pathways responsible for the development of the VBNC response. Thus, by combining information from physiological and genetic experiments, it is hoped that it can be determined whether the VBNC response represents a genetically programmed physiological adaptation similar to sporulation and outgrowth or whether VBNC represents the slow loss of function on the way to cellular death.

Ricketts, BW & Ton-That, C 2000, 'Self-discharge of carbon-based supercapacitors with organic electrolytes', JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES, vol. 89, no. 1, pp. 64-69.
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Rodgers, KJ & Dean, RT 2000, 'Metabolism of protein-bound DOPA in mammals', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY & CELL BIOLOGY, vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 945-955.
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Protein-bound 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) can be generated in mammalian cells by both controlled enzymatic pathways, and by uncontrolled radical reactions. Protein-bound DOPA (PB-DOPA) has reducing activity and the capacity to inflict secondary dam

Roux, C, Bull, S, Goulding, J & Lennard, C 2000, 'Tracing the Source of Illicit Drugs Through Plastic Packaging—A Database', Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 14646J-14646J.
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Common plastic drug packaging material available in Australia and in Asia was analyzed using a standard protocol including optical examination, UV-visible and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. The aims were to determine whether there are significant differences between different sources, to establish the evidential value of these examinations, and to build a database of common packaging material. Visual examination was the most effective means for discriminating samples. Thickness and weight measurements provided useful information. Visualization of machining marks using crossed polarized light was found to be useful in the comparison process. UV-visible spectrophotometry has some value for distinguishing samples. Fourier transform infrared analysis was a good technique for determination of the polymer composition of the packaging. Significant differences were observed between Australian and overseas samples. The "Australian Database of Drug Packaging Materials" was created to systematically collate all of the collected data for application on personal computers. It is concluded that the properties of plastic packaging materials can be excellent indicators for identifying the specfic brand or origin of the packaging.

Roux, C, Jones, C, Lennard, M & Stoilovic, M 2000, 'Evaluation of 1,2-Indanedione and 5,6-Dimethoxy-1,2-Indanedione for the Detection of Latent Fingerprints on Porous Surfaces', Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 14768J-14768J.
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Roux, CP, Kirk, R, Benson, SJ, Van Haran, T & Petterd, C 2000, 'Glass Particles in Footwear of Members of the Public in South-Eastern Australia - A Survey', Forensic Science International, vol. 116, no. 0, pp. 149-156.

Salih, A, Larkum, A, Cox, G, Kuhl, M & Hoegh-Guldberg, O 2000, 'Fluorescent pigments in corals are photoprotective', NATURE, vol. 408, no. 6814, pp. 850-853.
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All reef-forming corals depend on the photosynthesis performed by their algal symbiont, and such corals are therefore restricted to the photic zone. The intensity of light in this zone declines over several orders of magnitudefrom high and damaging levels at the surface to extreme shade conditions at the lower limit1. The ability of corals to tolerate this range implies effective mechanisms for light acclimation and adaptation2. Here we show that the fluorescent pigments3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 (FPs) of corals provide a photobiological system for regulating the light environment of coral host tissue. Previous studies have suggested that under low light, FPs may enhance light availability4, 5. We now report that in excessive sunlight FPs are photoprotective; they achieve this by dissipating excess energy at wavelengths of low photosynthetic activity, as well as by reflecting of visible and infrared light by FP-containing chromatophores. We also show that FPs enhance the resistance to mass bleaching of corals during periods of heat stress, which has implications for the effect of environmental stress on the diversity of reef-building corals, such as enhanced survival of a broad range of corals allowing maintenance of habitat diversity.

Sashin, VA, Bolorizadeh, MA, Kheifets, AS & Ford, MJ 2000, 'Electronic band structure of metallic calcium measured by electron momentum spectroscopy', JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER, vol. 12, no. 45, pp. 9407-9423.
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We have measured the bulk energy-momentum resolved conduction band structure of metallic calcium using electron momentum spectroscopy (EMS). From the EMS data we have extracted the band dispersion, occupied bandwidth and density of states. The experimental results are compared with band structure calculations performed within the linear muffin-tin orbital (LMTO) approximation. The free-electron parabola expected for the dispersion relation in a metallic solid is clearly reproduced in the experimental data and is in good agreement with our calculation A background produced by multiple-scattering events within the target is also evident in the EMS results. In order to make a quantitative comparison, we have included the effects of multiple scattering in the calculation using a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. The results of this procedure reproduce the measured conduction band features and background intensity very well. The occupied bandwidth is measured to be 3.3+/-0.2 eV, and agrees with previous measurements and the value predicted by our LMTO calculation when the MC simulation is included. However, the experiment indicates that the band dispersion curve is narrower in momentum by as much as 0.1 au compared with the theory. We have also made measurements of the energies of the 3s and 3p core levels in metallic calcium, and obtained values of 45.0+/-0.4 eV and 25.6+/-0.2 eV respectively. These results are in good agreement with previous experiments.

Sashin, VA, Canney, SA, Ford, MJ, Bolorizadeh, MA, Oliver, DR & Kheifets, AS 2000, 'Energy-resolved momentum densities for the valence band of a nanoscale Si single crystal', JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 125-136.
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We have measured the energy- and momentum-resolved band structure, and ground state of occupation of the bands, for a crystalline silicon sample along the ( 100) and ( 110) directions. Band structures were determined directly by the technique of electron momentum spectroscopy (EMS) for a self-supporting Si membrane with a thickness of approximately 7 nm. We compare our experimental results with nb initio calculations for bulk crystalline silicon performed within the linear muffin tin orbital approximation. Qualitative agreement is seen between experiment and theory for the main valence band peak. Additional intensity is observed in the measurement on either side of the main peak and is attributed mainly to multiple-scattering events. Satellite structure could also be present in these additional features, although there is no direct evidence for this.

Sashin, VA, Dorsett, HE, Bolorizadeh, MA & Ford, MJ 2000, 'The valence band structures of BeO, MgO, and CaO', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 113, no. 18, pp. 8175-8182.
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We have performed direct measurements of the valence band structures of the light alkaline earth oxides BeO, MgO, and CaO using electron momentum spectroscopy (EMS). From these measurements, we have determined the band dispersions, valence bandwidths, and O(2s)-O(2p) intervalence bandgaps at the Gamma point. For comparison we have also performed Hartree-Fock (HF) and density-functional (DFT) calculations in the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) approximation. Intervalence bandgaps compare reasonably well with the DFT calculations and previous experimental and theoretical studies. Our measured bandwidths, however, are significantly smaller. In particular, we find that contrary to conventional wisdom, the local density approximation of DFT overestimates the valence bandwidths of these ionic solids. (C) 2000 American Institute of Physics. [S0021-9606(00)70642-8].

Satten, GA & Carroll, RJ 2000, 'Conditional and Unconditional Categorical Regression Models with Missing Covariates', Biometrics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 384-388.
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Saunders, BM & Cooper, AM 2000, 'Restraining mycobacteria: Role of granulomas in mycobacterial infections', Immunology & Cell Biology, vol. 78, no. 4, pp. 334-341.
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Saunders, BM, Frank, AA, Orme, IM & Cooper, AM 2000, 'Interleukin-6 Induces Early Gamma Interferon Production in the Infected Lung but Is Not Required for Generation of Specific Immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection', Infection and Immunity, vol. 68, no. 6, pp. 3322-3326.
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ABSTRACT Immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis is dependent upon the generation of a protective gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing T-cell response. Recent studies have suggested that interleukin-6 (IL-6) is required for the induction of a protective T-cell response and that IL-4 may suppress the induction of IFN-γ. To evaluate the role of the cytokines IL-6 and IL-4 in the generation of pulmonary immunity to M. tuberculosis , IL-6 and IL-4 knockout mice were infected with M. tuberculosis via aerosol. The absence of IL-6 led to an early increase in bacterial load with a concurrent delay in the induction of IFN-γ. However, mice were able to contain and control bacterial growth and developed a protective memory response to secondary infection. This demonstrates that while IL-6 is involved in stimulating early IFN-γ production, it is not essential for the development of protective immunity against M. tuberculosis . In contrast, while the absence of IL-4 resulted in increased IFN-γ production, this had no significant effect upon bacterial growth.

Schlogl, E, Dun, T & Barton, G 2000, 'Simulated Swaption Delta-Hedging in the Lognormal Forward LIBOR Model', International Journal of Theoretical & Applied Finance, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 677-709.
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Alternative approaches to hedging swaptions are explored and tested by simulation. Hedging methods implied by the Black swaption formula are compared with a lognormal forward LIBOR model approach encompassing all the relevant forward rates. The simulation is undertaken within the LIBOR model framework for a range of swaptions and volatility structures. Despite incompatibilities with the model assumptions, the Black method performs equally well as the LIBOR method, yielding very similar distributions for the hedging prot and loss | even at high rehedging frequencies. This result demonstrates the robustness of the Black hedging technique and implies that | being simpler and generally better understood by nancial practitioners | it would be the preferred method in practice.

Schulte, J, Ushio, J & Maruizumi, T 2000, 'Non-equilibrium molecular orbital calculations of Si/SiO2 interfaces', THIN SOLID FILMS, vol. 369, no. 1-2, pp. 285-288.
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A non-equilibrium statistical molecular orbital approach has been developed to analyze non-equilibrium configurations in Si/SiO2 heterostructures, improvement of which is essential for realization of superior semiconductor devices. The non-equilibrium statistics is discussed and results obtained in conjunction with molecular orbital calculations are being presented.

Semmler, ABT, Whitchurch, CB, Leech, AJ & Mattick, JS 2000, 'Identification of a novel gene, fimV, involved in twitching motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa', MICROBIOLOGY-UK, vol. 146, pp. 1321-1332.
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Transposon mutagenesis was used to identify a new locus required for twitching motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Four Tn5-B21 mutants which lacked twitching motility and a fifth which exhibited impaired motility were found to map to the same KpnI restr

Senoh, H, Morimoto, K, Inoue, H, Iwakura, C & Notten, PHL 2000, 'Relationship Between Equilibrium Hydrogen Pressure and Exchange Current for the Hydrogen Electrode Reaction at MmNi[sub 3.9−x]Mn[sub 0.4]Al[sub x]Co[sub 0.7] Alloy Electrodes', Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 147, no. 7, pp. 2451-2451.
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We present a theoretical relationship between equilibrium hydrogen pressure and exchange current for the hydrogen electrode reaction which considers the degree of hydrogen coverage at the electrode surface. Electrochemical measurements at MmNi3.9-xMn0.4AlxCo0.7 (0≤x≤0.8) electrodes were performed to prove the theoretical model. The equilibrium hydrogen pressures were analyzed from electrochemical pressure-composition isotherms, and the exchange currents were determined by linear polarization measurements. Fitting the experimental data to the theoretical model indicated that the rate constants for the charge-transfer reaction as well as the charge-transfer coefficient were influenced by the partial substitution of nickel by aluminum. Also, the exchange current passed through a maximum with decreasing equilibrium hydrogen pressure, i.e., with increasing aluminum content, indicating that it is possible to design new materials which combine high electrocatalytic activity with an appropriate equilibrium hydrogen pressure. Because of its high energy density and high power density, MmNi3.6Mn0.4Al0.3Co0.7 was found to be the most appropriate composition.

Sheldon, CC, Finnegan, EJ, Rouse, DT, Tadege, M, Bagnall, DJ, Helliwell, CA, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2000, 'The control of flowering by vernalization', CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 418-422.
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Sheldon, CC, Rouse, DT, Finnegan, EJ, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2000, 'The molecular basis of vernalization: The central role of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC)', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 97, no. 7, pp. 3753-3758.
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Shi, Q, Fan, K & Chen, H 2000, 'Localized amyloidosis of cervical lymph nodes.', Chin Med J (Engl), vol. 113, no. 2, pp. 184-185.

Singh, G & Zinder, Y 2000, 'Worst-case performance of critical path type algorithms', International Transactions in Operational Research, vol. 7, no. 4-5, pp. 383-399.
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The critical path method remains one of the most popular approaches in practical scheduling. Being developed for the makespan problem this method can also be generalized to the maximum lateness problem. For the unit execution time task system and parallel processors this generalization is known as the Brucker-Garey-Johnson algorithm. We characterize this algorithm by introducing an upper bound on the deviation of the criterion from its optimal value. The bound is stated in terms of parameters characterizing the problem, namely number of processors, the length of the longest path, and the total required processing time. We also derive a similar bound for the preemptive version of the Brucker- Garey-Johnson algorithm. © 2000 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Singh, G & Zinder, Y 2000, 'Worst-case performance of two critical path type algorithms', Asia Pacific Journal of Operational Research, vol. 17, pp. 101-122.

Singh, G & Zinder, Y 2000, 'Worst-case performance of two critical path type algorithms', ASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF OPERATIONAL RESEARCH, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 101-122.

Singleton, CB, Walker, BD, Tie, H, Bursill, JA, Wyse, KR, Valenzuela, SM, Breit, SN & Campbell, TJ 2000, 'Potent blockade by quinidine of the Kv4.3 current: Significance with regard to treatment of the brugada syndrome', Heart, Lung and Circulation, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. A92-A92.
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Solina, DM, Cheary, RW, Swift, PD, Dligatch, S, McCredie, GM, Gong, B & Lynch, P 2000, 'Investigation of the interfacial structure of ultra-thin platinum films using X-ray reflectivity and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy', Thin Solid Films, vol. 372, no. 1-2, pp. 94-103.
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Ultra-thin films of platinum deposited on highly polished 100 silicon have been investigated using X-ray reflectivityXRR.and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopyXPS.as part of a study on the interface structure of multilayers used for X-ray mirrors. In this paper results are presented for films deposited by electron beam evaporation and by DC-magnetron sputtering. The reflectivity was fitted by assuming an intermediate platinum silicide layer exists between the platinum and the silicon. XPS data clearly confirmed the existence of such a platinum silicide layer. According to the XRR data this layer was estimated to be approximately 10 A°thick for e-beam samples and approximately 30 A°thick for magnetron samples. For e-beam films the fitted density for the platinum silicide layer was found to decrease from 16.4 g?cmy3 for a nominal 80 A° film down to 2.65 g?cmy3 for a nominal 20 A° film. For magnetron sputtered films the fitted density was always within the range of 6.1]6.8 g?cmy3. The fitted density of the platinum layer from the e-beam results was always within 5% of the density of bulk platinum whereas for the magnetron sputtered films the density decreased uniformly with decreasing film thickness for films with a nominal thickness less than 30 A°. The XPS data show that the magnetron deposited platinum penetrates through the native oxide layer and into the silicon substrate to a far greater degree than the e-beam deposited platinum.

Speer, MS & Leslie, LM 2000, 'A comparison of five flood rain events over the New South Wales north coast and a case study', International Journal of Climatology, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 543-563.
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Speer, MS & Leslie, LM 2000, 'Mesoscale model forecasting as a tool for air pollution management: a case study of sustained smoke pollution over the Greater Sydney area', Meteorlogical Applications, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 177-186.
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Stuart, BH & Thomas, PS 2000, 'The characterisation of plastic used in a Gabo sculpture', POLYMER TESTING, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 953-957.
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Stuart, BH, Forbes, S, Dent, BB & Hodgson, G 2000, 'Studies of adipocere using diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy', VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 233-242.
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Stuart, BH, Forbes, S, Dent, BB & Hodgson, G 2000, 'Studies of adipocere using diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy', Vibrational Spectroscopy, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 233-242.
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Subramaniam, S, Frey, J, Huang, B, Djordjevic, S & Kwang, J 2000, 'Immunoblot assays using recombinant antigens for the detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae antibodies', Veterinary Microbiology, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 99-106.
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The 36 kDa L-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and a 29 kDa partial fragment of an ABC transporter ATP-binding protein analogue/multidrug resistance protein homologue (PR2) of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae were tested for their potential as diagnostic antigens. Rec

Tasevski, V, Benn, D, King, M, Luttrell, B & Simpson, A 2000, 'Mitogenic Effect of Lithium in FRTL-5 Cells Can be Reversed by BlockingDe NovoCholesterol Synthesis and Subsequent Signal Transduction', Thyroid, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 305-311.
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Lithium therapy is the therapeutic mainstay for bipolar disorder and has been associated in the thyroid with euthymic goiter, hyper and hypothyroidism as well as thyroid autoimmune disease. The FRTL-5 cell line is a well known model of thyroid cell physiology, where lithium has been shown to increase 3H-thymidine uptake at concentrations of 2 mM. This mitogenic effect was not associated with adenylate cyclase as measured by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production. The de novo synthesis of cholesterol is an important signal transduction pathway in FRTL-5 cells, where newly synthesized Rho GTPase is geranylgeranylated, enabling membrane localization of the G-protein and subsequent G1 to S-phase transition, resulting from extracellular stimulation. Here we confirm lithium mitogenicity at therapeutically relevant concentrations (1 mM) and demonstrate a lithium-associated accumulation of FRTL-5 cells in S-phase of the cell cycle. These effects could be abolished by Pravastatin, a potent inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), the rate-limiting enzyme in the formation of intermediates (de novo cholesterol synthesis) required for G-protein prenylation. Pravastatin, similar to lithium, showed no effect on cAMP production either under basal or thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)-stimulated conditions indicating that de novo cholesterol synthesis is not involved with adenylate cyclase. The inhibitory effect of pravastatin could be overcome by reinitiating de novo cholesterol synthesis. This was achieved by the addition of the cell permeable, first metabolite (mevalonate) after HMG-CoA, which allowed the cycle to continue, leading eventually to protein prenylation, despite the presence of Pravastatin. These novel findings demonstrate lithium involvement in de novo cholesterol synthesis and G-protein prenylation, an important signal transduction pathway in FRTL-5 cells.

Teare, DOH, Emmison, N, Ton-That, C & Bradley, RH 2000, 'Cellular attachment to ultraviolet ozone modified polystyrene surfaces', LANGMUIR, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 2818-2824.
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The surfaces of standard untreated polystyrene cell culture dishes have been oxidatively modified for up to 8 min exposure time using an ultraviolet ozone treater in order to promote cell adhesion. Surface oxygen chemisorption and topographical modification has been characterized using monochromatic X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. The oxidation process is shown to proceed at low exposure times (<60 s) via the formation of C-OR groups, although some R2C=O and RO-C=O groups are also formed. At longer treatments, RO-C=O groups become the dominant species, although the other groups are also present. The maximum level of oxygen reached is 36 atomic 8. Some of the oxygen present at surfaces treated at times of >60 s is in the form of loosely bound low molecular weight oxidized material (LMWOM) which is produced by oxidative scission of the PS backbone. Water washing leads to a reduction in surface oxygen content mainly by the removal of RO-C=O and R2C=O functional groups. The residual stable oxygen levels, which can be introduced, are approximately 20-25 atomic %. Surface chemistry changes are accompanied by the formation of surface spikes which are about 30 nm high and 300-400 nm wide. A correlation between treatment time/oxygen level and overall roughness is observed. The effect of washing upon the topography is to slightly increase the surface roughness, although not to a significant degree. The attachment kinetics of adhesion for Chinese hamster ovary cells show that adhesion occurs much more rapidly for oxidized surfaces than for untreated control materials. A direct correlation between the levels of oxidation and the rate of cell adhesion is demonstrated.

Teare, DOH, Ton-That, C & Bradley, RH 2000, 'Surface characterization and ageing of ultraviolet-ozone-treated polymers using atomic force microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy', SURFACE AND INTERFACE ANALYSIS, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 276-283.
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Ultraviolet-ozone (UVO) treatment of poly(ethyleneterephthalate) (PET) films and polystyrene (PS) dishes of up to 10 min exposure has been studied. Surface polarity, oxygen chemisorption and topographical change were analysed by contact angle measurement, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. Studies of the treated surface reveal the chemistry behind the increasing oxygen content. The oxidation process is shown to proceed via different mechanisms for the two polymers. Polyethyleneterephthalate appears to undergo a Norrish-type chain depolymerization reaction, whereas PS undergoes a much more random chain scission attack. Atomic force microscopy analysis shows an increase in the surface roughness with increasing exposure to UVO for both polymers, with grains of low-molecular-weight oxidized material (LMWOM) forming at the surface. This material can be removed by washing. Surfaces that remain after washing have a higher concentration of oxygen species than the native surfaces. Analysis of aged surfaces shows that for oxidized PET a relaxation process occurs, lowering the levels of surface oxygen. This appears to occur due to the diffusion of LMWOM into the PET bulk. Relaxation of the oxidized PS surface is less thermodynamically favourable owing to the apolar nature of the PS

Thurston, SW, Ryan, L, Christiani, DC, Snow, R, Carlson, J, You, LY, Cui, SC, Ma, GH, Wang, LH & Huang, YM 2000, 'Petrochemical exposure and menstrual disturbances', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 555-564.
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Background Art exploratory, cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted to examine the effects of benzene exposure on menstrual problems. Methods The study was based on a survey administered to over 3,000 women who worked in a large petrochemical company in Beijing, China. An abnormal menstrual cycle length (AMCL), defined as an average menstrual cycle length of greater than 35 clays or less than 21 days, is the major outcome of interest. Results After 7 years of benzene exposure, the adjusted odds ratio of having AMCL for each additional 5 years of exposure was 1.71 (95% CI 1.27-2.31). Feeling stressed at work was also all important predictor Conclusions This study suggests a significant association of benzene exposure and perceived stress with menstrual disturbance. A prospective study is needed to confirm this finding.

Thurston, SW, Wand, MP & Wiencke, JK 2000, 'Negative Binomial Additive Models', Biometrics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 139-144.
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Tie, H, Walker, BD, Singleton, C, Bursill, J, Wyse, KR, Valenzuela, S, Qiu, M, Breit, SN & Campbell, TJ 2000, 'The Antipsychotic Agents Thioridazine, Chlorpromazine And Clozapine Block The Human-ether-a-go-go-related Gene (herg) Potassium Channel: Cellular Mechanism For Proarrhythmia', Journal Of The American College Of Cardiology, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 1-1.
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NA

Tie, H, Walker, BD, Singleton, CB, Bursill, J, Wyse, K, Valenzuela, S, Breit, SN & Campbell, TJ 2000, 'The antipsychotic agents thioridazine, chlorpromazine and clozapine block the human-ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG) potassium channel: Cellular mechanism for proarrhythmia', Heart, Lung and Circulation, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. A109-A109.
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Tie, H, Walker, BD, Singleton, CB, Valenzuela, SM, Bursill, JA, Wyse, KR, Breit, SN & Campbell, TJ 2000, 'Inhibition of HERG potassium channels by the antimalarial agent halofantrine', British Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 130, no. 8, pp. 1967-1975.
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Halofantrine is a widely used antimalarial agent which has been associated with prolongation of the 'QT interval' of the electrocardiogram (ECG), torsades de pointes and sudden death. Whilst QT prolongation is consistent with halofantrine-induced increases in cardiac ventricular action potential duration, the cellular mechanism for these observations has not been previously reported. 2. The delayed rectifier potassium channel, I(Kr), is a primary site of action of drugs causing QT prolongation and is encoded by the human-ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG). We examined the effects of halofantrine on HERG potassium channels stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells. 3. Halofantrine blocked HERG tail currents elicited on repolarization to -60 mV from + 30 mV with an IC 50 of 196.9 nM. The therapeutic plasma concentration range for halofantrine is 1.67-2.98 uM. 4. Channel inhibition by halofantrine exhibited time-, voltage- and use-dependence. Halofantrine did not alter the time course of channel activation or deactivation, but inactivation was accelerated and there was a 20 mV hyperpolarizing shift in the mid-activation potential of steady-state inactivation. Block was enhanced by pulses that render channels inactivated, and channel blockade increased with increasing duration of depolarizing pulses. 5. We conclude that HERG channel inhibition by halofantrine is the likely underlying cellular mechanism for QT prolongation. Our data suggest preferential binding of halofantrine to the open and inactivated channel states.

Tie, H, Walker, BD, Valenzuela, SM, Breit, SN & Campbell, TJ 2000, 'The heart of psychotropic drug therapy', The Lancet, vol. 355, no. 9217, pp. 1825-1825.
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NA

Tonini, R, Ferroni, A, Valenzuela, SM, Warton, K, Campbell, TJ, Breit, SN & Mazzanti, M 2000, 'Functional characterization of the NCC27 nuclear protein in stable transfected CHO‐K1 cells', The FASEB Journal, vol. 14, no. 9, pp. 1171-1178.
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NCC27 belongs to a family of small, highly conserved, organellar ion channel proteins. It is constitutively expressed by native CHO-K1 and dominantly localized to the nucleus and nuclear membrane. When CHO-K1 cells are transfected with NCC27-expressing c

Ton-That, C, Campbell, PA & Bradley, RH 2000, 'Frictional force microscopy of oxidized polystyrene surfaces measured using chemically modified probe tips', LANGMUIR, vol. 16, no. 11, pp. 5054-5058.
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Ton-That, C, Shard, AG & Bradley, RH 2000, 'Thickness of spin-cast polymer thin films determined by angle-resolved XPS and AFM tip-scratch methods', LANGMUIR, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 2281-2284.
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Polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) thin films (<100 nm thickness) have been spin-cast from chloroform solution onto cleaved mica surfaces (roughness within 0.2 nm). An algorithm for calculating the film thicknesses based on the relative intensities of the C 1s peak of the films and the Si 2s peak of the mica from angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is presented. The film thickness changes as a function of casting conditions. Data from this approach are comparable with thickness measured by an atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip-scratch method in the range 1.5-5.5 nm. Thicknesses of the films are shown to increase linearly with concentration of cast solutions.

Ton-That, C, Shard, AG, Daley, R & Bradley, RH 2000, 'Effects of annealing on the surface composition and morphology of PS/PMMA blend', MACROMOLECULES, vol. 33, no. 22, pp. 8453-8459.
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Films of polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blend have been annealed at a temperature above their glass transition temperatures for up to 48 h. Surface chemical compositions of the cast and annealed films were measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) while surface topographical changes were followed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The blend films spin-cast from chloroform produce nonequilibrium surfaces with a significant excess of PMMA. The polymer component with a lower surface free energy, PS, is shown to segregate to the surface upon annealing. The PS surface concentration of the films, containing 50% PS:50% PMMA in the bulk, was evaluated using the ester peak in XPS C Is spectra (sampling depth similar to9 nm) and found to increase from similar to5% (freshly spin-cast film) to a saturated level of similar to 47% after 17 h of annealing. AFM imaging reveals evolution of blend morphology with annealing time. The spin-cast films prior to annealing exhibit pitted topography with typical pit size of similar to1.2 mum and depth of 30-40 nm. As the annealing process proceeds, these pits get continually shallower. Frictional force microscopy with hydroxylated tips recorded surface phase separations for the films of 2-4 h annealing. As the annealing continues to above 14 h, the pitted structure becomes distorted. The surface enrichment and morphology changes upon annealing are explained by dewetting of PMMA relative to PS.

Ton-That, C, Teare, DOH & Bradley, RH 2000, 'Friction, surface oxidation, and polar free energy for polymer surfaces by chemical force microscopy', CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS, vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 2106-2111.
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Toth, M & Phillips, MR 2000, 'The effects of space charge on contrast in images obtained using the environmental scanning electron microscope', SCANNING, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 319-325.

Toth, M & Phillips, MR 2000, 'The role of induced contrast in images obtained using the environmental scanning electron microscope', SCANNING, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 370-379.

Toth, M, Kucheyev, SO, Williams, JS, Jagadish, C, Phillips, MR & Li, G 2000, 'Imaging charge trap distributions in GaN using environmental scanning electron microscopy', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 77, no. 9, pp. 1342-1344.
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Toth, M, Phillips, M & Griffin, B 2000, 'X-ray Microanalysis of Insulators in the ESEM', Microscopy & Microanalysis, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 786-787.

Tuch, BE, Yao, M, Tabiin, MT, Simpson, AM, Gross, DJ, Holman, S, Humphrey, R & Szymanska, B 2000, 'Reversal Of Diabetes By Transplantation Of Insulin-producing Human Liver Cells', Diabetologia, vol. 43, no. 0, pp. 1-1.
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NA

Upadhyaya, NM, Zhou, XR, Wu, LM, Ramm, K & Dennis, ES 2000, 'The tms2 gene as a negative selection marker in rice', PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTER, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 227-233.
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Utteridge, SJ, Sashin, VA, Canney, SA, Ford, MJ, Fang, Z, Oliver, DR, Vos, M & Weigold, E 2000, 'Preparation of a 10 nm thick single-crystal silicon membrane self-supporting over a diameter of 1 mm', APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE, vol. 162, pp. 359-367.
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We report the fabrication of a 10 nm thick, self-supporting, single-crystal silicon membrane. The fabrication process can be broken up into four major stages. First, a buried SiO2 layer was formed by implantation of oxygen at a depth of 200 nm into a (100) silicon wafer. The size of the membrane was then established by removing the bulk of the silicon over a 1 mm area using a fast acid etch. After this the sample was etched in a hot EDP solution which stops at the buried SiO2 layer. The sample was then cleaned and the SiO2 layers removed, after which it was introduced into a plasma-etching chamber. The membrane was thinned down to a final thickness of 10 nm by RF plasma etching in a gas mixture of carbon tetrafluoride and oxygen. The thickness was monitored during plasma etching by measuring the intensity of He-Ne laser light transmitted through the membrane. The electron energy loss spectrum of the membrane has been measured and shows two features due to single and double plasmon excitation. The plasmon energy was 17.05 eV, in good agreement with previous measurements. Membrane thickness has also been estimated from the area of the plasmon energy loss peak. The final sample had good crystalline quality, was of even thickness over the membrane diameter and showed only a small amount of surface contamination due to the plasma etching stage. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Vachirapatama, N, Doble, P & Haddad, PR 2000, 'On-line preconcentration of niobium(V) and tantalum(V) as 4-(2-pyridylazo) resorcinol-citrate ternary complexes in geological samples by ion interaction high-performance liquid chromatography', JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A, vol. 885, no. 1-2, pp. 369-375.
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4-(2-Pyridylazo) resorcinol (PAR) and citrate were used as pre-column complexing agents for the determination of Nb(V) and Ta(V) as ternary complexes in geological samples. Aliquots of 2 mi of the standard and sample solutions containing the Nb(V) and Ta

Vachirapatama, N, Doble, P & Haddad, PR 2000, 'Separation and determination of niobium(V) and tantalum(V) as 2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-[N-propyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl)amino] phenol citrate ternary complexes in geological samples using ion interaction high-performance liquid chromatography', ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA, vol. 409, no. 1-2, pp. 35-43.
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A method for the simultaneous separation and determination of Nb(V) and Ta(V) as ternary complexes formed with 2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-[N-propyl-N-(3-sulfoproyl)amino]phenol (PAPS) and citrate was developed using ion interaction reversed-phase high-pe

Valenzuela, SM, Mazzanti, M, Tonini, R, Qiu, MR, Warton, K, Musgrove, EA, Campbell, TJ & Breit, SN 2000, 'The nuclear chloride ion channel NCC27 is involved in regulation of the cell cycle', The Journal of Physiology, vol. 529, no. 3, pp. 541-552.
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1. NCC27 is a nuclear chloride ion channel, identified in the PMA-activated U937 human monocyte cell line. NCC27 mRNA is expressed in virtually all cells and tissues and the gene encoding NCC27 is also highly conserved. Because of these factors, we have

Waite, PME, Gorrie, CA, Benetatos, E, Brown, J, Duflou, J & Gibson, T 2000, 'Neuropathology in children following fatal road trauma', EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, vol. 12, pp. 223-223.

Walker, B 2000, 'Comparative effects of azimilide and ambasilide on the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG) potassium channel', Cardiovascular Research, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 44-58.
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Objective: To evaluate the effects of azimilide and ambasilide on the biophysical properties of the human-ether-a-go-go-related (HERC) channel. Methods: HERG was stably transfected into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells and currents were measured using a whole cell, voltage-clamp technique. Results: Azimilide had a 'dual effect', inhibiting current at voltage steps above -40 mV and augmenting current at -40 and -50 mV. Tail current inhibition following a step to +30 mV did not vary with temperature (IC50 610 nM at 22 degrees C and 560 nM at 37 degrees C). The agonist effect at -50 mV was concentration-dependent and correlated with a hyperpolarizing shift in the V-1/2 of activation (r = 0.98, P < 0.05). Time constants of inactivation were faster and there was a -10 mV shift in the V-1/2 of steady state inactivation suggestive of open and inactivated state binding. By comparison, ambasilide inhibited HERG channels with lower potency (IC50 3.6 mu M), in a voltage- and time-dependent but frequency-independent manner (0.03-1 Hz). Ambasilide had no effect on activation or inactivation gating but prolonged both fast and slow components of deactivation consistent with unbinding from the open state. The net effect of both drugs was similar during a voltage ramp which simulated a cardiac action potential. Conclusions: Inhibition of HERG channels by azimilide and ambasilide exhibits a similar time and voltage-dependence. While both exhibit affinity for the open state, azimilide also binds to inactivated channels.

Walker, BD, Tie, H, Singleton, CB, Bursill, JA, Wyse, KR, Valenzuela, SM, Breit, SN & Campbell, TJ 2000, 'Hyperkalaemia and acidosis modify HERG channel biophysical properties and antagonise inhibition by sotalol', Heart, Lung and Circulation, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. A131-A131.
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Wand, MP 2000, 'A Comparison of Regression Spline Smoothing Procedures', Computational Statistics, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 443-462.
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Wang, XB, Chen, DF, Niu, TH, Wang, ZX, Wang, LH, Ryan, L, Smith, T, Christiani, DC, Zuckerman, B & Xu, XP 2000, 'Genetic susceptibility to benzene and shortened gestation: Evidence of gene-environment interaction', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, vol. 152, no. 8, pp. 693-700.
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This study investigated whether the association between low level benzene exposure and shortened gestation is modified by two susceptibility genes, CYP1A1 and GSTT1. This report includes 542 (302 nonexposed, 240 benzene-exposed) nonsmoking and nondrinking mothers of singleton live births at Beijing Yanshan Petrochemical Corporation between June 1995 and June 1997. Epidemiologic and clinical data and blood samples were obtained from mothers. Multiple linear regression models were used to estimate the associations of benzene exposure and genetic susceptibility with gestational age, adjusting for maternal age, education, parity, stress, passive smoking, prepregnancy weight and height, and infant's sex. Without consideration of genotype, benzene exposure was associated with a decrease in mean gestational age of 0.29 (standard error (SE), 0.12) week. When stratified by the maternal CYP1A1 genotype, the estimated decrease was 0.54 (SE, 0.12) week for the AA group, which was significantly greater (p = 0.003) than that for the Aa/aa group, which showed no decrease in gestational age. When both CYP1A1 and GSTT1 were considered, the greatest decrease was found among exposed mothers with the CYP1A1 AA-GSTT1 absent group (0.79 (SE, 0.25) week) and the CYP1A1 AA-GSTT1 present group (0.50 (SE, 0.22) week). Among the nonexposed, genetic susceptibility alone did not confer a significant adverse effect. This study provides evidence of gene-environment interaction and supports further assessment of the role of genetic susceptibility in the evaluation of reproductive toxins.

Warram, JH, Scott, LJ, Hanna, LS, Wantman, M, Cohen, SE, Laffel, LMB, Ryan, L & Krolewski, AS 2000, 'Progression of microalbuminuria to proteinuria in type 1 diabetes - Nonlinear relationship with hyperglycemia', DIABETES, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 94-100.
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Warton, K, Valenzuela, S, Tonini, R, Mazzanti, M & Breit, S 2000, 'Intracellular Ion Channel NCC27 Moves between a Soluble and a Transmembrane State', Biochemical Society Transactions, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. A471-A471.
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Webb, JK & Shine, R 2000, 'Paving the way for habitat restoration: can artificial rocks restore degraded habitats of endangered reptiles?', BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION, vol. 92, no. 1, pp. 93-99.
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The addition of artificial resources (nest boxes, shelter sites) to degraded habitats may help reverse the decline of species that rely on these structures. In south-eastern Australia, the endangered broad-headed snake (Hoplocephalus bungaroides) and its major prey, the velvet gecko (Oedura lesueurii), use exposed sandstone rocks for diurnal shelter sites. Removal of these sandstone "bush-rocks" for landscaping urban gardens has contributed to the decline of both species, and recent studies suggest that rock removal affects broad-headed snakes indirectly, via a decline in prey numbers. Thus, one way to restore degraded sandstone habitat is to provide artificial rocks for the snakes' major prey, the velvet gecko. To investigate this possibility, we placed 128 square concrete pavers (19 cm wide, 5 cm thick) at three study sites in Morton National Park, where velvet geckos and broad-headed snakes are relatively common. We manipulated crevice width (4 vs 8 mm) and temperature of concrete pavers (shaded vs exposed) to determine how these factors influence retreat-site selection by velvet geckos. We monitored the usage of these artificial habitats by geckos and invertebrates over a 1-year period. During the cooler months most velvet geckos selected exposed pavers with narrow crevices. Larger geckos used wider crevices than did smaller conspecifics. Our results show that habitat restoration with appropriate-sized concrete pavers may be a feasible conservation technique for degraded rock outcrops. We recommend the use of large pavers (30-45 cm wide, 5-10 cm thick) with a variety of crevice sizes (up to 10 mm) to maximize the diversity of retreat-sites for broad-headed snakes and saxicolous lizards

Webb, JK, Shine, R, Branch, WR & Harlow, PS 2000, 'Life underground: Food habits and reproductive biology of two amphisbaenian species from southern Africa', JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 510-516.
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Examination and dissection of 216 museum specimens of two species of amphisbaenians (the shovel-snouted Monopeltis anchietae and round-headed Zygaspis quadrifrons) from southern Africa provided data on morphology, sexual dimorphism, reproduction, and die

Webb, JK, Shine, R, Branch, WR & Harlow, PS 2000, 'Life‐history strategies in basal snakes: reproduction and dietary habits of the African thread snake Leptotyphlops scutifrons (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae)', Journal of Zoology, vol. 250, no. 3, pp. 321-327.
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Information on the biology of 'primitive' blind snakes can help clarify the origin of ecological traits typical of 'higher' snakes. We examined and dissected 360 museum specimens to obtain information on morphology, dietary habits, and reproduction of two subspecies of an African thread snake, Leptotyphlops s. scutifrons and L. s. conjunctus. These small (to 225 mm long), slender-bodied (body diameters < 5 mm) burrowing snakes are common throughout southern Africa. In both subspecies, females grow larger than males and have relatively shorter tails. Reproduction is seasonal, with vitellogenesis in spring (October), oviposition in summer (December-February), and hatching in autumn (April-May). Clutch sizes are small (1-3 eggs), and hatchling thread snakes are large relative to maternal body size. Despite the abundance of termites on the African continent, L. scutifrons feeds almost entirely on the larvae and pupae of small ants. Both races fed infrequently, and took large numbers of prey (up to 350 items) in a single meal. A shift from 'lizard-like' to 'snake-like' trophic biology is evident within the Scolecophidia: two species of North American thread snake feed frequently on a taxonomically diverse array of small prey; African L. scutifrons feed infrequently on small prey, but take large meals composed of numerous prey items; and one highly derived Melanesian typhlopid (Acutyphlops subocularis) feeds infrequently on large elongate prey. In contrast to popular theory, our data suggest that the evolutionary shift to infrequent feeding among snakes did not initially require a change from small to large prey.

Webb, JK, Shine, R, Branch, WR & Harlow, PS 2000, 'Life-history strategies in basal snakes: reproduction and dietary habits of the African thread snake Leptotyphlops scutifrons (Serpentes : Leptotyphlopidae)', JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY, vol. 250, pp. 321-327.
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Information on the biology of 'primitive' blind snakes can help clarify the origin of ecological traits typical of 'higher' snakes. We examined and dissected 360 museum specimens to obtain information on morphology, dietary habits, and reproduction of two subspecies of an African thread snake, Leptotyphlops s. scutifrons and L. s. conjunctus. These small (to 225 mm long), slender-bodied (body diameters < 5 mm) burrowing snakes are common throughout southern Africa. In both subspecies, females grow larger than males and have relatively shorter tails. Reproduction is seasonal, with vitellogenesis in spring (October), oviposition in summer (December-February), and hatching in autumn (April-May). Clutch sizes are small (1-3 eggs), and hatchling thread snakes are large relative to maternal body size. Despite the abundance of termites on the African continent, L. scutifrons feeds almost entirely on the larvae and pupae of small ants. Both races fed infrequently, and took large numbers of prey (up to 350 items) in a single meal. A shift from 'lizard-like' to 'snake-like' trophic biology is evident within the Scolecophidia: two species of North American thread snake feed frequently on a taxonomically diverse array of small prey; African L. scutifrons feed infrequently on small prey, but take large meals composed of numerous prey items; and one highly derived Melanesian typhlopid (Acutyphlops subocularis) feeds infrequently on large elongate prey. In contrast to popular theory, our data suggest that the evolutionary shift to infrequent feeding among snakes did not initially require a change from small to large prey.

WECHSLER, ME, GRASEMANN, H, DEYKIN, A, SILVERMAN, EK, YANDAVA, CN, ISRAEL, E, WAND, M & DRAZEN, JM 2000, 'Exhaled Nitric Oxide in Patients with Asthma', American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol. 162, no. 6, pp. 2043-2047.
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Weist, MD, Myers, CP, Danforth, J, McNeil, DW, Ollendick, TH & Hawkins, R 2000, 'Expanded school mental health services: Assessing needs related to school level and geography', Community Mental Health Journal, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 259-273.
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We surveyed 62 school administrators from three midatlantic (MD, VA, WV) and one northeastern (CT) state on factors relevant to developing school- based mental health programs. Administrators were from schools that varied on education level (elementary, middle, and high) and geographic location (urban, suburban, and rural), with equivalent numbers in each subgroup. Administrators provided ratings to questions grouped in five categories: (a) Stressful Conditions, (b) Internalizing Behavioral Problems, (c) Externalizing Behavioral Problems, (d) Substance Abuse, and (e) Barriers to Mental Health Care, and provided open-ended comments on needs of youth and mental health programs for them. They rated behavioral and substance abuse problems as progressively more serious as students advanced in school level. Urban youth were reported to encounter higher stress and present more severe internalizing problems than suburban or rural youth. Suburban and rural schools provided more health and mental health services than urban schools. Across geographic locales, physical health services far outnumbered mental health services. Findings related to barriers to mental health care, and the viability of schools as delivery sites for comprehensive mental health services, are discussed.

White, A 2000, 'The Reliability of the ‘cun— Measurement', Acupuncture in Medicine, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 144-145.
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Williams, DBG, Blann, K & Holzapfel, CW 2000, 'Samarium(II) Iodide Promoted Fragmentation and Sequential Reactions of Aromatic 1,4-Diketones', The Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol. 65, no. 9, pp. 2834-2836.
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Wilson, M, Patney, HK, Lee, GS & Evans, LA 2000, 'Carbon Nanotubes as Advanced Materials', Journal of the Australasian Ceramic Society, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 21-35.

Xie, M, Simpson, DG & Carroll, RJ 2000, 'Random Effects in Censored Ordinal Regression: Latent Structure and Bayesian Approach', Biometrics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 376-383.
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Yoshioka, H, Huete, AR & Miura, T 2000, 'Derivation of vegetation isoline equations in red-NIR reflectance space', IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 838-848.
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A technique to derive vegetation isoline equations in red-NIR reflectance space for homogeneous canopies is proposed and demonstrated. A canopy radiative transfer model, known as the Cooper-Smith-Pitts model, is utilized with truncation of the higher order interaction term between the canopy and soil layers. The technique consists of two model simulations, one with a perfect absorber as canopy background and the other with an arbitrary background to estimate the canopy optical properties necessary for the determination of the isoline parameters. These cases are independent of the soil optical properties of any specific site. Hence, the results can be used for any type or series of soils to construct the vegetation isoline equation. A set of simulations was also conducted using the SAIL model to demonstrate the vegetation isoline derivation by the proposed technique. Reflectances and vegetation indices (VI) estimated from the vegetation isoline generally showed good agreement with those simulated by the SAIL model, especially for relatively darker soil. The isoline equation and derivation were found to be useful for further study of two-band VIs and their variation with canopy background

Yoshioka, H, Miura, T, Huete, AR & Ganapol, BD 2000, 'Analysis of vegetation isolines in Red-NIR reflectance space', REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 313-326.
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The characteristic behavior of red-near-infrared (NIR) reflectance-based vegetation isolines were analyzed by focusing on its three features: the slope, NIR-intercept, and the intersection between the vegetation isoline and the soil line. These properties are the key factors in understanding variations of vegetation index values with changes of canopy background brightness, known as background noise. The analysis was conducted based on a vegetation isoline equation derived by using the representation of canopy reflectance by the adding method. The isoline parameters, slopes, and NIR-intercepts of vegetation isolines were numerically obtained by the SAIL canopy model. Some of the known behaviors of the vegetation isoline were simulated and analyzed in detail.

Zanobetti, A 2000, 'Generalized additive distributed lag models: quantifying mortality displacement', Biostatistics, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 279-292.
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Zanobetti, A, Wand, M, Schwartz, J & Ryan, L 2000, 'Mortality displacement in Milan, Italy.', EPIDEMIOLOGY, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. S77-S77.

Zhong, S, Wang, GX, Wang, J, Bradhurst, DH, Ionescu, M, Dou, SX & Liu, HK 2000, 'An anode material with pervoskite structure for rechargeable Li-ion batteries', Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 9-12.
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A conductive ceramic, barium metaplumbate (BaPbO3), has been synthesized by solid-state reactions for use as an anode in lithium-ion batteries. The electrochemical characteristics of the electrode were tested in ethylene and diethyl carbonate (EC-DEC) solutions of LiPF6 versus Li metal in test cells. During cycling, the material showed voltage plateaus between 0.2 V and 0.6 V versus Li, demonstrated a gravimetric discharge capacity of about 110 mAh g-1 and a volumetric capacity of 960 mAh cm-3. Two phases, BaPbO3 and PbO, were found in compositions containing excess PbO. The free PbO in the fired bodies was found in the experiment to react with the lithium and form a new compound, probably a Pb-Li alloy, which was unstable and brought an intensive capacity fading. A single phase, BaPbO3, which was obtained by increasing the calcining temperature and the partial pressure of O2 in the ambient air, presented an unproved capacity and a stable pervoskite structure. The results from cyclic voltammograms suggest that the insertion and de-insertion of Li ions proceed in the voltage range from 0.01 to 1.2 V versus Li/ Li+.

Abbey, RF, Leslie, LM & Qi, LX 1970, 'The sensitivity of landfalling tropical cyclone tracks and intensity to Indian Ocean SST anomalies', 24TH CONFERENCE ON HURRICANES AND TROPICAL METEOROLOGY/10TH CONFERENCE ON INTERACTION OF THE SEA AND ATMOSPHERE, 24th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology/10th Conference on Interaction of the Sea and Atmosphere, AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY, FT LAUDERDALE, FL, pp. 270-271.

Bacher, JW, Helms, C, Donis-Keller, H, Hennes, L, Nassif, N & Schumm, JW 1970, 'Chromosome localization of CODIS loci and new pentanucleotide repeat loci', PROGRESS IN FORENSIC GENETICS 8, 18th Congress of the International-Society-for-Forensic-Haemogenetics (ISFH), ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, SAN FRANCISCO, CA, pp. 33-36.

Booth, DJ 1970, 'Larval supply, condition and persistence of the coral reef fish, Pomacentrus moluccensis.', Proceedings of the Ninth International Coral Reef Symposium, Indonesian Institute of Sciences and the International Society for Reef Studies, Bali, pp. 463-466.
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Spatial and temporal patterns in population dynamics of reef fishes are thought to be largely driven by patterns of supply of larvae to reefs. Most attention to date has been given to patterns in density of incoming larvae, while the condition, or physiological health, of larvae has been largely ignored. In this study, I demonstrate that recruit condition is variable in time and space, and that condition affects patterns of post-settlement survival and thus population dynamics. Recruit condition (measured as lipid content per dry weight) varied from 2 to 25% across three locations on the Great Barrier Reef, and differed considerably among successive recruit cohorts at each site. A multiple regression model showed that recruit condition, larval supply/recruit density explained 26-99% of the variation in abundance of juveniles 6 months post settlement, and varied considerably among geographic locations and years. While the relationship between recruit condition and recruit persistence differed at these scales, it is clear that recruit condition may decouple any relationship between larval supply and recruitment of coral reef damselfishes.

Coupland, MP 1970, 'First Experiences with a Computer Algebra System', Mathematics Education Beyond 2000. Proceedings of the Twenty-third Annual Conference of the Mathematics Education Research Group of Australasia Inc. held at Fremantle, Western Australia, 5-9 July 2000., M.E.R.G.A., Fremantle, W.A., pp. 204-211.

Dowd, AR, Llewellyn, D, Gerald, JDF & Elliman, RG 1970, 'The Size Distribution of Ge Nanocrystals in Implanted and Annealed Silica', MRS Proceedings, Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
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ABSTRACTThis study examines the effect of implantation and annealing parameters on the formation of Ge crystallites in ion-implanted silica. Samples were implanted at room temperature or −196oC with 1.0 MeV Ge+ ions to fluences in the range from 0.6 to 3×1017 Ge.cm−2. Ge nanocrystals were not observed in samples implanted at −196°C but were observed in samples irradiated at room temperature. Nanocrystals were observed in all samples after annealing and their size distribution was found to be almost independent of the implant fluence. The distributions were also shown to be asymmetrical with depth, with smaller nanocrystals located on the near-surface side of the implant distribution.

Edgerton, BD, McNevin, D, Wong, CH, Menoud, P, Barford, JP & Mitchell, CA 1970, 'Strategies for dealing with piggery effluent in Australia: the sequencing batch reactor as a solution', WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 4th IAWQ International Specialised Conference on Small Wastewater Treatment Plants, PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, STRATFORD AVON, ENGLAND, pp. 123-126.

Ferreira, LG, Huete, A, Yoshioka, H & Sano, E 1970, 'Preliminary analysis of MODIS vegetation indices over the LBA sites in the Cerrado Region, Brazil', IGARSS 2000: IEEE 2000 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOL I - VI, PROCEEDINGS, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IEEE, HONOLULU, HI, pp. 524-526.

Godlewski, M, Goldys, EM, Phillips, MR, Ivanov, VY, Langer, R & Barski, A 1970, 'Photo- and cathodoluminescence investigations of piezoelectric GaN/AlGaN quantum well structures', 2000 International Semiconducting and Insulating Materials Conference. SIMC-XI (Cat. No.00CH37046), 2000 International Semiconducting and Insulating Materials Conference. SIMC-XI, IEEE, CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA, pp. 31-34.
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Godlewski, M, Goldys, EM, Phillips, MR, Ivanov, VY, Langer, R & Barski, A 1970, 'Photo- and cathodoluminescence investigations of piezoelectric GaN/AlGaN quantum well structures', IEEE Semiconducting and Semi-Insulating Materials Conference, SIMC, pp. 31-34.
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We studied high quality quasihomoepitaxial AlGaN/GaN quantum well (QW) heterostructures with high internal electric fields which lead to significant red shifts of exciton emission in wider QWs and an unusually long decay kinetics. The strong electric fields in the structures cause a significant change in the electron penetration range. The fields can be screened under intense electron beam excitation. We propose that electric field fluctuations are the reason for the observed in-plane variation of the CL intensity.

Graudins, A, Padula, M, Broady, KW & Nicholson, GM 1970, 'Evidence for red back spider antivenom efficacy in the prevention of envenomation by other widow spiders (genus Latrodectus)', Journal of Toxicology-Clinical Toxicology, Taylor & Francis, XX International Congress of the European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists, pp. 205-206.

Griffin, BJ, Nockolds, CE, Phillips, MR & Remond, G 1970, 'New needs for imaging and x-ray microanalysis standards: ESEM, CHIME and low voltage microanalysis', MICROBEAM ANALYSIS 2000, PROCEEDINGS, Institute of Physics, Hawaii, pp. 395-396.

Gross, KA, Phillips, MR & Suetsugu, Y 1970, 'Cathodoluminescence emission for differentiating the degree of carbonation in apatites', BIOCERAMICS, 13th Int. Symp. On Ceramics in Medicine, Trans tech Publications Ltd, Bologna, pp. 179-182.

Hodgkinson, IJ, Wu, QH, Thorn, KE & Arnold, MD 1970, 'Vacuum-deposited thin film polarizing elements for use with linearly and circularly polarized light at visible and near infrared wavelengths', COMPLEX MEDIUMS, Complex Mediums, SPIE, San Diego, USA, pp. 266-279.
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Huete, A, Didan, K, Shimabokuro, Y, Ferreira, L & Rodriguez, E 1970, 'Regional Amazon Basin and global analyses of MODIS vegetation indices: Early results and comparisons with AVHRR', IGARSS 2000: IEEE 2000 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOL I - VI, PROCEEDINGS, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IEEE, HONOLULU, HI, pp. 536-538.

Kordzakhia, N, Melchers, RE & Novikov, A 1970, 'First passage analysis of a 'square wave' filtered Poisson process', APPLICATIONS OF STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY, VOLS 1 AND 2, 8th International Conference on Applications of Statistics and Probability (ICASP 8), A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS, SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA, pp. 35-43.

Kucheyev, SO, Bradby, JE, Williams, JS, Swain, MV, Toth, M, Phillips, MR & Jagadish, C 1970, 'Mechanical Properties of As-Grown and Ion-Beam-Modified GaN Films', MRS Proceedings, Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
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ABSTRACTThe deformation behavior of as-grown and ion-beam-modified wurtzite GaN films is studied by a nanoindentation with a spherical indenter. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and cathodoluminescence are used to characterize the deformation mode. No systematic dependence of the mechanical properties on the film thickness ( at least for thicknesses from 1.8 to 4 μm) as well as on doping type is observed. Results strongly suggest that (i) slip is the major contributor to the plastic deformatio of crystalline GaN and (ii) slip nucleation (rater than a phae transformation) is responsible for “pop-in” events observed during loading. Indentation with an ∼ 4.2 μm radius spherical indenter at maximum loads up to 900 mN does not produce any cracking visible by AFM in crystalline GaN. Instead, under such loads, indentation results in a pronounced elevation of the material around the impression. Implantation disorder dramatically changes the deformation behaviour of GaN. In particular, implanation-produced defects in crystalline GaN syppress (i) “pop-in” events during loading, (ii) slip bands observed by AFM, and (iii) the plastic component of deformation. GaN amorphized by in bombardment exhibits plastic flow even for very low loads. The values of hardness and elastic modulus of amorphous GaN are dramatically reduced compared to those of as-grown GaN.

Kucheyev, SO, Toth, M, Phillips, MR, Williams, JS, Jagadish, C & Li, G 1970, 'Cathodoluminescence study of ion implanted GaN', COMMAD 2000 Proceedings. Conference on Optoelectronic and Microelectronic Materials and Devices, COMMAD 2000 Conference on Optoelectronic amd Microelectronic Materials and Devices, IEEE, LA TROBE UNIV, DEPTS ELECTR ENGN & PHYS, BUNDOORA, AUSTRALIA, pp. 190-193.
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Kucheyev, SO, Williams, JS, Jagadish, C, Zou, J, Toth, M, Phillips, MR & Li, G 1970, 'Ion implantation into GaN: opportunities and problems', 2000 International Semiconducting and Insulating Materials Conference. SIMC-XI (Cat. No.00CH37046), 2000 International Semiconducting and Insulating Materials Conference. SIMC-XI, IEEE, CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA, pp. 47-50.
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Kucheyev, SO, Williams, JS, Jagadish, C, Zou, J, Toth, M, Phillips, MR, Tan, HH, Li, G & Pearton, SJ 1970, 'Surface Disordering and Nitrogen Loss in GaN under Ion Bombardment', MRS Proceedings, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, pp. T791-T796.
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ABSTRACTThe damage build-up and amorphization behavior in wurtzite GaN films under a wide range of implant conditions are studied by Rutherford backscattering / channeling spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy, and cathodoluminescence spectroscopy. A strong surface peak of lattice disorder, in addition to the expected damage peak in the region of the maximum of nuclear energy loss, has been observed for all implant conditions of this study. Capping of GaN with SiOx and SixNy layers prior to implantation does not eliminate surface disordering. This may suggest that nitrogen loss is not the main reason for the observed enhanced surface disorder, but, rather, the GaN surface acts as a strong sink for migrating point defects. However, pronounced loss of N during ion bombardment is observed for high dose implantation when the near-surface region is amorphized. Moreover, after amorphization, annealing at temperatures above about 400°C leads to complete decomposition of the near-surface layer.

Le Marshall, J, Leslie, L, Morison, R, Pescod, N, Seecamp, R & Spinoso, C 1970, 'Recent developments in the continuous assimilation of satellite wind data for tropical cyclone track forecasting', Advances in Space Research, Elsevier BV, pp. 1077-1080.
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Tropical cyclone track forecasting remains a vexing problem. Here, we have examined nine forecasts in the Australian Region which were generally deemed difficult. The forecast problem has been addressed in three ways. First, modelling and data assimilation have been performed at very high (15 km) resolution. Second, a newly developed data source, namely, high spatial and temporal resolution cloud drift winds, has been used to augment the often quite poor data base upon which forecasts are based and, in one case, these winds have been augmented with scatterometer-based surface winds. Finally, a range of continuous assimilation techniques, including recently developed 4-D variational assimilation and hourly nudging have been tested. In these cases, where often, conventional forecast guidance and CLIPER (Morison, 1993) were poor, continuous assimilation procedures, i.e. 1-hourly nudging and 4-D variational assimilation, took best advantage of the high resolution winds and provided much improved forecasts. Worthy of note was, for the case examined, scatterometer winds were able to reduce the initial position error of the cyclone. Overall, it would appear continuous assimilation, combined with a substantial high resolution data base and high resolution modelling have the potential to greatly improve the accuracy of tropical cyclone track forecasts.

Leslie, LM & Speer, MS 1970, 'Tropical cyclone track forecasting using data assimilation of high resolution satellite derived winds', 24TH CONFERENCE ON HURRICANES AND TROPICAL METEOROLOGY/10TH CONFERENCE ON INTERACTION OF THE SEA AND ATMOSPHERE, 24th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology/10th Conference on Interaction of the Sea and Atmosphere, AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY, FT LAUDERDALE, FL, pp. 120-121.

Leslie, LM, Speer, MS & Bunker, R 1970, 'Very high resolution model forecasts of fire weather for the January 1994 fires', THIRD SYMPOSIUM ON FIRE AND FOREST METEOROLOGY, 3rd Symposium on Fire and Forest Meteorology, AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY, LONG BEACH, CA, pp. 68-69.

Meier, PC, Rogers, C & Cobbin, DM 1970, 'Developing an Evidence Base for Acupuncture', Tamworth rural Health Conference, Tamworth.

O'Brien, B 1970, 'Beta-cell apoptosis in the neonatal BioBreeding rat.', Diabetes, Amer Diabetes Assoc, USA, pp. 1083-1083.

Phillips, MR & Toth, M 1970, 'Charge neutralization of insulators in an ESEM', MICROBEAM ANALYSIS 2000, PROCEEDINGS, Institute of Physics, Hawaii, pp. 273-274.

Remond, G, Nockolds, CE, Phillips, MR & Cazaux, J 1970, 'Charging phenomena of wide bandgap materials in a VP-SEM.', MICROBEAM ANALYSIS 2000, PROCEEDINGS, Institute of Physics, Hawaii, pp. 269-270.

Remond, G, Phillips, MR & Roques-Carmes, C 1970, 'Importance of Instrumental and Experimental Factors on the Interpretation of Cathodoluminescence Data from Wide Band Gap Materials', CATHODOLUMINESCENCE IN GEOSCIENCES, International Conference on Cathodoluminescence and Related Techniques in Geosciences and Geomaterials, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, NANCY, FRANCE, pp. 59-126.
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Singh, G & Zinder, Y 1970, 'Worst-case performance of critical path type algorithms', International Transactions in Operational Research, 15th National Conference of Australian Society for Operations Research, Wiley, Gold Coast, pp. 383-399.
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The critical path method remains one of the most popular approaches in practical scheduling. Being developed for the makespan problem this method can also be generalized to the maximum lateness problem. For the unit execution time task system and parallel processors this generalization is known as the Brucker±Garey±Johnson algorithm. We characterize this algorithm by introducing an upper bound on the deviation of the criterion from its optimal value. The bound is stated in terms of parameters characterizing the problem, namely number of processors, the length of the longest path, and the total required processing time. We also derive a similar bound for the preemptive version of the Brucker-Garey-Johnson algorithm.

Speer, MS, Leslie, LM, Catchpole, W, Bradstock, R & Bunker, R 1970, 'Model predicted spread rates for the Sydney January 1994 fires', THIRD SYMPOSIUM ON FIRE AND FOREST METEOROLOGY, 3rd Symposium on Fire and Forest Meteorology, AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY, LONG BEACH, CA, pp. 114-115.

Stewart, S, Kher, A, Mulholland, M & Stuart, BH 1970, 'The application of near infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics to forensic evidence', 15th International Symposium on the Forensic Sciences, 15th International Symposium on the Forensic Sciences, Gold Coast.

Toth, M, Phillips, MR, Kucheyev, SO, Williams, JS, Jagadish, C & Li, G 1970, 'Charge contrast in SE images obtained using the ESEM', MICROBEAM ANALYSIS 2000, PROCEEDINGS, Institute of Physics, Hawaii, pp. 275-276.

Yozghatlian, SP, Meijs, G, Stuart, BH, Walsh, WR & Creagh, D 1970, 'The influence of strain on polyurethane morphology', Proceedings of the 6th World Biomaterials Congress, 6th World Biomaterials Congress, Hawaii.

Burchett, M, Orwell, RL, Tarran, J, Wood, R & Torpy, FR 2000, Towards improving the capacity of indoor plants and potting mix components for indoor air pollution reduction, pp. 1-32.

Chiarella, C, Craddock, M & El-Hassan, N 2000, 'The Calibration of Stock Option Pricing Models Using Inverse Problem Methodology', Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney.
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We analyse the procedure for determining volatility presented by Lagnado and Osher, and explain in some detail where the scheme comes from. We present an alternative scheme which avoids some of the technical complications arising in Lagnado and Osher's approach. An algorithm for solving the resulting equations is given, along with a selection of numerical examples.

Cole, L, Davies, D, Hyde, G & Ashford, A 2000, 'Ultrastructural studies of the effects of brefeldin A on the endomembrane system of a filamentous fungus.'.

Kuchler, U & Platen, E 2000, 'Strong discrete time approximation of stochastic differential equations with time delay', Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney.
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Research Paper Number: 44 Abstract: The paper introduces an approach for the derivation of discrete time approximations for solutions of stochastic differential equations with time delay. The suggested approximations converge in a strong sense. Furthermore, explicit solutions for linear stochastic delay equations are given.

Platen, E 2000, 'Risk Premia and Financial Modelling Without Measure Transformation', Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney.
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This paper describes a financial market modelling framework that exploits the notion of a deflator. The demonstrations of the deflator measured in units of primary assets form a minimal set of basic financial quantities that completely specify overall market dynamics. Risk premia of asset prices are obtained as a natural consequence of the approach. Contingent claim prices are computed under the real world measure both in the case of complete and incomplete markets.