Publications

Spalding, M, Blasco, F & Field, CD 1997, World Mangrove Atlas.

Carroll, RJ & Stefanski, LA 1997, 'Asymptotic Theory for the Simex Estimator in Measurement Error Models' in Advances in Statistical Decision Theory and Applications, Birkhäuser Boston, pp. 151-164.
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Carroll, RJ, Lin, X & Wang, N 1997, 'Generalized Linear Mixed Measurement Error Models' in Lecture Notes in Statistics, Springer New York, pp. 321-330.
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Xie, M, Simpson, DG & Carroll, RJ 1997, 'Scaled Link Functions for Heterogeneous Ordinal Response Data*' in Lecture Notes in Statistics, Springer New York, pp. 23-36.
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Ammit, AJ & O'Neill, C 1997, 'Optimization of a method for deactivation of platelet-activating factor:acetylhydrolase in serum for use in in-vitro fertilization culture media', Human Reproduction, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 785-791.
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Ammit, AJ & O'Neill, C 1997, 'Studies of the Nature of the Binding by Albumin of Platelet-activating Factor Released from Cells', Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 272, no. 30, pp. 18772-18778.
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Ammit, AJ & O'Neill, C 1997, 'The role of albumin in the release of platelet-activating factor by mouse preimplantation embryos in vitro', Reproduction, vol. 109, no. 2, pp. 309-318.
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Ammit, AJ, Bekir, SS, Johnson, PR, Hughes, JM, Armour, CL & Black, JL 1997, 'Mast cell numbers are increased in the smooth muscle of human sensitized isolated bronchi.', American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol. 155, no. 3, pp. 1123-1129.
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Andersson, CR, Llewellyn, DJ, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 1997, 'Cell-specific expression of the promoters of two nonlegume hemoglobin genes in a transgenic legume, Lotus corniculatus', PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 113, no. 1, pp. 45-57.
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Anelli, P, Asakawa, M, Ashton, PR, Bissell, RA, Clavier, G, Górski, R, Kaifer, AE, Langford, SJ, Mattersteig, G, Menzer, S, Philp, D, Slawin, AMZ, Spencer, N, Stoddart, JF, Tolley, MS & Williams, DJ 1997, 'Toward Controllable Molecular Shuttles', Chemistry – A European Journal, vol. 3, no. 7, pp. 1113-1135.
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AbstractA number of nanometer‐scale molecular assemblies, based on rotaxane‐type structures, have been synthesized by means of a template‐directed strategy from simple building blocks that, on account of the molecular recognition arising from the noncovalent interactions between them, are able to self‐assemble into potential molecular abacuses. In all the cases investigated, the π‐electron‐deficient tetracationic cyclophane cyclobis(paraquat‐p‐phenylene) is constrained mechanically around a dumbbell‐shaped component consisting of a linear polyether chain intercepted by at least two, if not three, π‐electron‐rich units and terminated at each end by blocking groups or stoppers. The development of an approach toward constructing these molecular abacuses, in which the tetracationic cyclophane is able to shuttle back and forth with respect to the dumbbell‐shaped component, begins with the self‐assembly of a [2]rotaxane consisting of two hydroquinone rings symmetrically positioned within a polyether chain terminated by triisopropylsilyl ether blocking groups. In this first so‐called molecular shuttle, the tetracationic cyclophane oscillates in a degenerate fashion between the two π‐electron‐rich hydroquinone rings. Replacement of one of the hydroquinone rings—or the insertion of another π‐electron‐rich ring system between the two hydroquinine rings—introduces the possibility of translational isomerism, a phenomenon that arises because of the different relative positions and populations of the tetracationic cyclophane with respect to the π‐donor sites on the dumbbell‐shaped component. In two subsequent [2]rotaxanes, one of the hydroquinone rings in the dumbbell‐shaped component is replaced, first by a p‐xylyl and then by an indole unit. Finally, a tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) unit is positioned between two hydroquinone rings in the dumbbell‐shaped component. Spectroscopic and el...

Augenlicht, LH, Wadler, S, Corner, G, Richards, C, Ryan, L, Multani, AS, Pathak, S, Benson, A, Haller, D & Heerdt, BG 1997, 'Low-level c-myc amplification in human colonic carcinoma cell lines and tumors: a frequent, p53-independent mutation associated with improved outcome in a randomized multi-institutional trial.', Cancer Res, vol. 57, no. 9, pp. 1769-1775.
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Human colonic cancer is associated with multiple genetic deletions, mutations, and alterations in gene expression; in contrast, gene amplification has not been recognized as a prominent characteristic of human colonic tumors. Although the c-myc gene is overexpressed in approximately 70% of human colonic cancers, previous studies have not detected frequent gene amplification or rearrangement of c-myc in these tumors, although such amplification has been reported in chemically induced rodent colon cancer and quantitative analysis of gene copy number has shown the gene to be amplified at a low level in mucinous and poorly differentiated human colon carcinomas. Using rigorously controlled blot methodology, we have established that the c-myc gene, located at 8q21, exhibited amplification of 87% to 35-fold in 7 of 10 human colonic carcinoma cell lines. This was highly significant even at a low level of amplification in HT29 cells (P < 0.0001). Cytogenetic analysis by G-banding did not detect aneuploidy involving chromsome 8q, suggesting that the amplification for the c-myc gene on 8q was relatively specific, and this was consistent with a lack of amplification detected for the c-mos gene on 8q24, which was assayed similarly. The same methodology then revealed amplification of c-myc from 1.5-fold to 5-fold in 32% of tumors from 149 patients entered into a multi-institutional Phase III study of adjuvant therapy for colon cancer. c-myc status was not related to time to recurrence or death, but low levels of c-myc amplification identified a subset of patients who showed a statistically significant increase in disease-free survival, and a corresponding trend to longer overall survival, in response to adjuvant therapy with 5-fluorouracil plus levamisole. Presence of c-myc amplification was not related to incidence of p53 mutations.

Bacskay, GB, Reimers, JR & Nordholm, S 1997, 'The mechanism of covalent bonding', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION, vol. 74, no. 12, pp. 1494-1502.
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Baird, SJS, Catalano, PJ, Ryan, LM & Evans, JS 1997, 'Evaluation of effect profiles: Functional observational battery outcomes', FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 37-51.
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The Functional Observational Battery (FOB) is a neurotoxicity screening assay composed of 25-30 descriptive, scalar, binary, and continuous endpoints. These outcomes have been grouped into six biologically logical domains as a means to interpret the neur

Baird, SJS, Catalano, PJ, Ryan, LM & Evans, JS 1997, 'Evaluation of Effect Profiles: Functional Observational Battery Outcomes', Toxicological Sciences, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 37-51.
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The Functional Observational Battery (FOB) is a neurotoxicity screening assay composed of 25-30 descriptive, scalar, binary, and continuous endpoints. These outcomes have been grouped into six biologically logical domains as a means to interpret the neuroactive properties of tested chemicals (V.C. Moser, 1992, J. Am. Cell. Toxicot. 10(6), 661-669). However, no data-based exploration of these functional domains has been done. We investigated the degree to which experimental data correspond to the domain groupings by examining severity scores from 10 chemicals tested using a standardized protocol for acute exposure (V.C. Moser et al., 1995, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 45, 173-210) and identifying endpoint groupings (factors) that best describe the interrelationships in the data, allowing a statistical assessment of whether the FOB endpoints break into domains. We also used a standard measure of bivariate association to confirm the results of the factor analysis. Our results show that while there are clear relationships among variables that compose some domains, there is often substantial correlation among endpoints in different domains. In addition, we investigated a related issue concerning the relative power of the chosen endpoint groupings for identifying significant domain effects. Results from a randomization analysis of the 10 chemicals suggest that the neurophysiologic domain structuring may provide some degree of statistical efficiency for identifying effects.

Baranyi, J, Gibson, AM, Pitt, JI, Eyles, MJ & Roberts, TA 1997, 'Predictive models as means of measuring the relatedness of someAspergillusspecies', Food Microbiology, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 347-351.
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Barber, JS, Gasser, RB, Ellis, J, Reichel, MP, McMillan, D & Trees, AJ 1997, 'Prevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum in different canid populations', JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY, vol. 83, no. 6, pp. 1056-1058.
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Barr, BC, Bjerkas, I, Buxton, D, Conrad, PA, Dubey, JP, Ellis, JT, Jenkins, MC, Johnston, SA, Lindsay, DS, Sibley, D, Trees, AJ & Wouda, W 1997, 'Neosporosis - Report of the International Neospora Workshop', COMPENDIUM ON CONTINUING EDUCATION FOR THE PRACTICING VETERINARIAN, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. S120-&.

Beer, PD, Gale, PA, Chen, Z, Drew, MGB, Heath, JA, Ogden, MI & Powell, HR 1997, 'New Ionophoric Calix[4]diquinones:  Coordination Chemistry, Electrochemistry, and X-ray Crystal Structures', Inorganic Chemistry, vol. 36, no. 25, pp. 5880-5893.
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Bennett, AF, Chua, BS & Leslie, LM 1997, 'Generalized inversion of a global numerical weather prediction model, II: Analysis and implementation', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 62, no. 3-4, pp. 129-140.
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Bilodeau, P, Helliwell, CA, Dennis, ES & Peacock, WJ 1997, 'Toward the isolation of cytochrome P450 genes involved in the early steps of gibberellin biosynthesis.', PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 114, no. 3, pp. 171-171.

Bootcov, MR, Bauskin, AR, Valenzuela, SM, Moore, AG, Bansal, M, He, XY, Zhang, HP, Donnellan, M, Mahler, S, Pryor, K, Walsh, BJ, Nicholson, RC, Fairlie, WD, Por, SB, Robbins, JM & Breit, SN 1997, 'MIC-1, a novel macrophage inhibitory cytokine, is a divergent member of the TGF-β superfamily', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 94, no. 21, pp. 11514-11519.
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Macrophages play a key role in both normal and pathological processes involving immune and inflammatory responses, to a large extent through their capacity to secrete a wide range of biologically active molecules. To identify some of these as yet not characterized molecules, we have used a subtraction cloning approach designed to identify genes expressed in association with macrophage activation. One of these genes, designated macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 (MIC-1), encodes a protein that bears the structural characteristics of a transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily cytokine. Although it belongs to this superfamily, it has no strong homology to existing families, indicating that it is a divergent member that may represent the first of a new family within this grouping. Expression of MIC-1 mRNA in monocytoid cells is up-regulated by a variety of stimuli associated with activation, including interleukin 1β, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 2, and macrophage colony-stimulating factor but not interferon γ, or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Its expression is also increased by TGF-β. Expression of MIC-1 in CHO cells results in the proteolytic cleavage of the propeptide and secretion of a cysteine-rich dimeric protein ofMr25 kDa. Purified recombinant MIC-1 is able to inhibit lipopolysaccharide -induced macrophage TNF-α production, suggesting that MIC-1 acts in macrophages as an autocrine regulatory molecule. Its production in response to secreted proinflammatory cytokines and TGF-β may serve to limit the later phases of macrophage activation.

Borkowf, CB, Gail, MH, Carroll, RJ & Gill, RD 1997, 'Analyzing Bivariate Continuous Data Grouped into Categories Defined by Empirical Quantiles of Marginal Distributions', Biometrics, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 1054-1054.
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Botten, LC, McPhedran, RC, Nicorovici, NA & Derrick, GH 1997, 'Periodic models for thin optimal absorbers of electromagnetic radiation', PHYSICAL REVIEW B, vol. 55, no. 24, pp. 16072-16075.
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We study a system composed of two thin crossed lamellar gratings, with lamellae composed of a Drude metal. We show that such a system can yield striking behavior for wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation much longer than the grating period, with refle

Brown, AS, Holt, SA, Dam, T, Trau, M & White, JW 1997, 'Mesoporous Silicate Film Growth at the Air−Water InterfaceDirect Observation by X-ray Reflectivity', Langmuir, vol. 13, no. 24, pp. 6363-6365.
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Burnstock, G, Campbell, G, Satchell, D & Smythe, A 1997, 'Evidence that adenosine triphosphate or a related nucleotide is the transmitter substance released by non-adrenergic inhibitory nerves in the gut. 1970.', Br J Pharmacol, vol. 120, no. 4 Suppl, pp. 337-357.
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1. Stimulation of the vagal non-adrenergic inhibitory innervation caused the release of adenosine and inosine into vascular perfusates from the stomachs of guinea-pigs and toads. 2. Stimulation of portions of Auerbach's plexus isolated from turkey gizzard caused the release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP). 3. ATP, added to solutions perfused through the toad stomach vasculature, was broken down to adenosine, inosine and adenine. 4. Of a series of purine and pyrimidine derivatives tested for inhibitory activity on the guinea-pig isolated taenia coli, ATP and ADP were the most potent. 5. ATP caused inhibition of twelve other gut preparations previously shown to contain non-adrenergic inhibitory nerves. The inhibitory action of ATP was not prevented by tetrodotoxin. 6. Quinidine antagonized relaxations of the guinea-pig taenia coli caused by catecholamines or adrenergic nerve stimulation. Higher concentrations of quinidine antagonized relaxations caused by ATP or non-adrenergic inhibitory nerve stimulation. 7. When tachyphylaxis to ATP had been produced in the rabbit ileum, there was a consistent depression of the responses to non-adrenergic inhibitory nerve stimulation but not of responses to adrenergic nerve stimulation. 8. It is suggested that ATP or a related nucleotide is the transmitter substance released by the non-adrenergic inhibitory innervation of the gut.

Buzas, J, Carroll, RJ, Ruppert, D & Stefanski, LA 1997, 'Measurement Error in Nonlinear Models.', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 92, no. 437, pp. 385-385.
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Carroll, R 1997, 'Miscellanea. Surprising effects of measurement error on an aggregate data estimator', Biometrika, vol. 84, no. 1, pp. 231-234.
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Carroll, RJ, Chen, R, George, EI, Li, TH, Newton, HJ, Schmiediche, H & Wang, N 1997, 'Ozone Exposure and Population Density in Harris County, Texas', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 92, no. 438, pp. 392-404.
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We address the following question: What is the pattern of human exposure to ozone in Harris County (Houston) since 1980? While there has been considerable research on characterizing ozone measured at fixed monitoring stations, little is known about ozone away from the monitoring stations, and whether areas of higher ozone correspond to areas of high population density. To address this question, we build a spatial-temporal model for hourly ozone levels that predicts ozone at any location in Harris County at any time between 1980 and 1993. Along with building the model, we develop a fast model-fitting method that can cope with the massive amounts of available data and takes into account the substantial number of missing observations. Having built the model, we combine it with census tract information, focusing on young children. We conclude that the highest ozone levels occur at locations with relatively small populations of young children. Using various measures of exposure, we estimate that exposure of young children to ozone decreased by approximately 20% from 1980 to 1993. An examination of the distribution of population exposure has several policy implications. In particular, we conclude that the current siting of monitors is not ideal if one is concerned with population exposure assessment. Monitors appear to be well sited in the downtown Houston and close-in southeast portions of the county. However, the area of peak population is southwest of the urban center, coincident with a rapidly growing residential area. Currently, only one monitor measures air quality in this area. The far north-central and northwest parts of the county are also experiencing rapid population growth, and our model predicts relatively high levels of population exposure in these areas. Again, only one monitor is sited to assess exposure over this large area. The model we developed for the ozone prediction consists of first using a square root transformation and then decomposing the tra...

Carroll, RJ, Chen, R, George, EI, Li, TH, Newton, HJ, Schmiediche, H & Wang, N 1997, 'Rejoinder', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 92, no. 438, pp. 414-415.
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Carroll, RJ, Fan, J, Gijbels, I & Wand, MP 1997, 'Generalized Partially Linear Single-Index Models', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 92, no. 438, pp. 477-489.
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The typical generalized linear model for a regression of a response Y on predictors (X, Z) has conditional mean function based on a linear combination of (X, Z). We generalize these models to have a nonparametric component, replacing the linear combination αT0X + βT0Z by η0(αT0X) + βT0Z, where η0(·) is an unknown function. We call these generalized partially linear single-index models (GPLSIM). The models include the “single-index” models, which have β0 = 0. Using local linear methods, we propose estimates of the unknown parameters (α0, β0) and the unknown function η0(·) and obtain their asymptotic distributions. Examples illustrate the models and the proposed estimation methodology. © 1997 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Carroll, RJ, Freedman, L & Pee, D 1997, 'Design Aspects of Calibration Studies in Nutrition, with Analysis of Missing Data in Linear Measurement Error Models', Biometrics, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1440-1440.
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Cartier, J, Roux, C & Grieve, M 1997, 'A Study to Investigate the Feasibility of Using X-Ray Fluorescence Microanalysis to Improve Discrimination Between Colorless Synthetic Fibers', Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 1019-1026.
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Abstract The use of X-ray fluorescence microanalysis was investigated to determine if it would allow further discrimination between samples of colorless acrylic and polyester fibers which were indistinguishable using brightfield, fluorescence and FTIR-microscopy. The aim was to determine if this technique could be successfully applied to single fibers of relatively fine titer and whether it would be beneficial to include it into the existing sequence of techniques used to compare colorless fibers. The extent of intra-garment variation and the possible effects of tape and mounting media residues on the elemental analysis were also investigated. The results confirmed the high value of fluorescence microscopy within the existing examination sequence and showed that single fiber analysis using X-ray fluorescence microanalysis is not only feasible, but improved the discriminating power between such colorless samples by about 50%.

Chaudhury, AM, Ming, L, Miller, C, Craig, S, Dennis, ES & Peacock, WJ 1997, 'Fertilization-independent seed development in Arabidopsis thaliana', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 94, no. 8, pp. 4223-4228.
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Chiarella, C & El-Hassan, N 1997, 'Evaluation of Derivative Security Prices in the Heath-Jarrow-Morton Framework as Path Integrals using Fast Fourier Transform Techniques', UTS Finance and Economics Working Paper, vol. 6, no. 72, pp. 121-147.

Clark, DE & Ryan, LM 1997, 'Modeling injury outcomes using time-to-event methods', JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 1129-1134.
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Background: Mortality is an important measurement of injury outcomes, but measurements reflecting disability or cost are also important. Hospital length of stay (LOS) has been used as an outcome variable, but reduced LOS could be achieved either by improved care or by increased mortality. A solution to this statistical problem of 'competing risks' would enable injury outcomes based on LOS to be modeled using time-to-event methods. Methods: Time-to-event methodology was applied to 2,106 cases with complete data from the 1991-1994 registry of a regional trauma center. LOS was used as the outcome variable, modified by assigning an arbitrarily long LOS to any fatal case. A combination of proportional hazards and logistic regression models was used to explore the effects of potential predictive variables, including Trauma Score (TS), Injury Severity Score (ISS), components of TS or ISS, age, sex, alcohol use, and whether a patient was transferred. Results: The 'TRISS' combination of TS, ISS, and age previously shown to predict mortality also predicted 'modified LOS' (Wald p value less than 0.001 for each variable). Models using only age and certain components of ISS or TS fit our data even better, with fewer parameters. Other variables were not predictive. Modified Kaplan-Meier plots provided easily interpreted graphical results, combining both mortality and LOS information. Conclusions: With a simple modification to allow for competing risks, time-to-event methods enable more informative modeling of injury outcomes than binary (lived/died) methods alone. Such models may be useful for describing and comparing groups of hospitalized trauma patients.

Cole, L, Hyde, GJ & Ashford, AE 1997, 'Uptake and compartmentalisation of fluorescent probes byPisolithus tinctorius hyphae: evidence for an anion transport mechanism at the tonoplast but not for fluid-phase endocytosis', Protoplasma, vol. 199, no. 1-2, pp. 18-29.
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Combes, V, Dignat-George, F, Mutin, M & Sampol, J 1997, 'A New Flow Cytometry Method of Platelet-derived Microvesicle Quantitation in Plasma', Thrombosis and Haemostasis, vol. 77, no. 01, pp. 220-220.
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Cook, AS, Williams, DBG, White, AJP, Williams, DJ, Lange, SJ, Barrett, AGM & Hoffman, BM 1997, 'Enantiomerically Pure “Winged” Spirane Porphyrazinoctaols', Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English, vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 760-761.
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Cooper, AM, Saunders, BM, D'Souza, CD, Frank, AA & Orme, IM 1997, 'Mycobacterium tuberculosis-driven processes in gene-disrupted mice', Bulletin de l'Institut Pasteur, vol. 95, no. 2, pp. 85-96.
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Mice which have disrupted genes for important components of the immune system have been used to study the role of these components in the immune response to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This has resulted in the identification of interleukin-12 (IL12), interferon-γ (IFNγ), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) as being essential to the protective response. Less crucial but perhaps more intriguing roles for other molecules such as intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) and IL6 have also been suggested by this kind of analysis.

Cotton, P & Dooley, AH 1997, 'Contraction of an adapted functional calculus', Journal of Lie Theory, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 147-164.
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We aim to show, using the example of a Riemannian symmetric pair (G, K) = (SL2(ℝ), SO(2)), how contraction ideas may be applied to functional calculi constructed on coadjoint orbits of Lie groups. We construct such calculi on principal series orbits and generic orbits of the Cartan motion group V ⋊ K , and show how the two are related. Since the calculi are adapted to the representations traditionally attached to the orbits, we recover at the Lie algebra level the contraction results of Dooley and Rice [5]. © 1997 Heldermann Verlag.

Craig, DC, Ghiggino, KP, Jolliffe, KA, Langford, SJ & Paddon-Row, MN 1997, 'Synthesis, Structure, and Photophysical Studies of a Pair of Novel Rigid Bichromophoric Systems Bearing a Methyl Viologen Acceptor Unit', The Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol. 62, no. 8, pp. 2381-2386.
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Credi, A, Balzani, V, Langford, SJ & Stoddart, JF 1997, 'Logic Operations at the Molecular Level. An XOR Gate Based on a Molecular Machine', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 119, no. 11, pp. 2679-2681.
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Croan, D & Ellis, J 1997, 'Monophyletic origin of the genus Sauroleishmania', ARCHIV FUR PROTISTENKUNDE, vol. 148, no. 3, pp. 269-275.
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Croan, DG, Morrison, DA & Ellis, JT 1997, 'Evolution of the genus Leishmania revealed by comparison of DNA and RNA polymerase gene sequences', MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL PARASITOLOGY, vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 149-159.
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Previous hypotheses of Leishmania evolution are undermined by limitations in the phylogenetic reconstruction method employed or due to the omission of key parasites. In this. experiment, sequences of the gene encoding the DNA polpmerase alpha catalytic p

Dahia, PL, Marsh, DJ, Zheng, Z, Zedenius, J, Komminoth, P, Frisk, T, Wallin, G, Parsons, R, Longy, M, Larsson, C & Eng, C 1997, 'Somatic deletions and mutations in the Cowden disease gene, PTEN, in sporadic thyroid tumors.', Cancer Res, vol. 57, no. 21, pp. 4710-4713.
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The majority of familial medullary thyroid neoplasms are associated with germ-line mutations of the RET proto-oncogene, yet very little is known about the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of familial and sporadic nonmedullary thyroid tumors. A subset of thyroid tumors have loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 10q22-23, a region harboring the gene responsible for Cowden disease, an autosomal dominant hamartoma syndrome associated with thyroid and breast tumors. PTEN/MMAC1/TEP1 codes for a dual-specificity phosphatase and is likely a tumor suppressor gene. We sought to determine the PTEN status in a series of epithelial thyroid neoplasms. We studied 95 sporadic thyroid tumors, of which 39 were papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs), 12 were follicular carcinomas, 9 were anaplastic carcinomas, 5 were Hürthle cell carcinomas, 21 were nonfunctioning follicular adenomas, and 9 were Hürthle cell adenomas. Direct sequencing of PCR-amplified products was performed for all nine exons of PTEN. Two polymorphic markers, one located in intron 8 and another, a dinucleotide repeat marker, AFMa086wg9, located within intron 2, were analyzed in paired blood-tumor DNA samples to assess hemizygous deletions of PTEN. We found a somatic frameshift mutation in one PTC, which was expected to generate a premature stop codon 2 amino acids downstream. Twenty-six % of informative benign tumors (four follicular adenomas and three Hürthle cell adenomas) and only 3 of 49 (6.1%) informative malignant tumors (one PTC, one follicular carcinoma, and one anaplastic carcinoma) showed evidence of hemizygous deletion of PTEN (P = 0.046). We conclude that a subset of thyroid tumors have somatic deletions of the PTEN gene, predominantly the benign forms, and that small intragenic mutations of PTEN are infrequent in thyroid tumors. We speculate that other mechanisms of PTEN inactivation, rather than small intragenic mutations, might occur in the hemizygously deleted samples and act as the 'K...

DJORDJEVIC, SP, EAMENS, GJ, ROMALIS, LF, NICHOLLS, PJ, TAYLOR, V & CHIN, J 1997, 'Serum and mucosal antibody responses and protection in pigs vaccinated againstMycoplasma hyopneumoniaewith vaccines containing a denatured membrane antigen pool and adjuvant', Australian Veterinary Journal, vol. 75, no. 7, pp. 504-511.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the protective efficacy of a pool of denatured membrane protein antigens ofMycoplasma hyopneumoniae(J strain) in the molecular size range 70 to 85 kDa (F3 antigen) in combination with adjuvants for pigs challenged withM hyopneumoniae.DesignA vaccine efficacy experiment with assessment of serum and respiratory tract antibody responses.ProcedureF3 antigens were emulsified with five different adjuvants. To groups of three pigs per vaccine, four vaccines were given by intramuscular injection, and two vaccines, including one of those given intramuscularly, were given by intraperitoneal injection.ResultsCompared to six unvaccinated pigs, animals vaccinated with F3 antigen displayed significantly reduced pneumonia (54% reduction in mean lung score) following experimental challenge. Analysis of post‐vaccination, pre‐challenge IgG and IgA ELISA antibody absorbances in serum and respiratory tract washings revealed no correlation with lung score. Six weeks after challenge, pigs previously vaccinated intramuscularly mostly demonstrated greater IgG and IgA responses in respiratory tract washings, and greater IgG serum antibody responses, than those vaccinated by intraperitoneal injection.ConclusionPigs vaccinated withM hyopneumoniaeantigens in the molecular size range of 70 to 85 kDa showed a significant reduction in lung lesions compared with unvaccinated control animals after experimental challenge. IgG and IgA antibody concentrations in serum and respiratory tract washings after vaccination do not provide a useful prognostic indicator of protection from enzootic pneumonia.

Doble, P, Andersson, P & Haddad, PR 1997, 'Determination and prediction of transfer ratios for anions in capillary zone electrophoresis with indirect UV detection', JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A, vol. 770, no. 1-2, pp. 291-300.
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Transfer ratios (i.e. the number of moles of the UV-absorbing probe anion displaced by one mole of analyte anion) were determined for the separation of inorganic and organic anions by capillary zone electrophoresis using indirect UV absorbance detection.

Doble, P, Macka, M, Andersson, P & Haddad, PR 1997, 'Buffered chromate electrolytes for separation and indirect absorbance detection of inorganic anions in capillary electrophoresis', ANALYTICAL COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 34, no. 11, pp. 351-353.
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Chromate is the most commonly used carrier electrolyte for the determination of low molecular weight and inorganic anions by capillary electrophoresis. However, chromate electrolytes are usually prepared in the sodium form and consequently have poor buff

Dolferus, R, Osterman, JC, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 1997, 'Cloning of the Arabidopsis and rice formaldehyde dehydrogenase genes: Implications for the origin of plant ADH enzymes', GENETICS, vol. 146, no. 3, pp. 1131-1141.

Donnelly, SM, Sheahan, BJ & Atkins, GJ 1997, 'Long-term effects of Semliki Forest virus infection in the mouse central nervous system', NEUROPATHOLOGY AND APPLIED NEUROBIOLOGY, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 235-241.

Donnelly, SM, Sheahan, BJ & Atkins, GJ 1997, 'Long‐term effects of Semliki Forest virus infection in the mouse central nervous system', Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 235-241.
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Semliki Forest virus (SFV) infection of mice is used as a model to study pathogenic processes occurring in viral encephalitis and demyelinating disease. In this study, the long‐term effects of infection by the avirulent M9 mutant of SFV on the central nervous system (CNS) of BALB/c and SJL mice were determined. The presence of infectious virus, viral RNA and cytokine mRNA in the brains of individual mice and the presence of lesions in the spinal cords of the same mice up to 360 days post‐infection (d.p.i.) were analysed in order to detect any correlation between these parameters of pathogenesis. Infectious virus could not be detected beyond 7 d.p.i. for either mouse strain. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) was used to detect the presence of the E2 and nsP1 regions of the virus genome and mRNA for interferon‐γ and tumour necrosis factor‐α. Viral RNA could be detected up to 90 d.p.i. for both mouse strains. Cytokine mRNA could be detected up to 28 d.p.i. for BALB/c mice but up to 360 d.p.i. for SJL mice. Inflammatory lesions, which were associated with cytokine mRNA expression, were not detected in BALB/c mice beyond 28 d.p.i. but were detected in two SJL mice at 90 d.p.i. It is concluded that M9‐SFV infection induces long‐term prolonged expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in the CNS of the majority of SJL (but not BALB/c) mice which is not associated with persistence of the virus genome. M9‐SFV infection of SJL mice may be a relevant model for the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis in man.

Dooley, AH & Zhang, GK 1997, 'Generalized principal series representations of SL(1+n, C)', PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY, vol. 125, no. 9, pp. 2779-2787.
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Eckert, RS, Carroll, RJ & Wang, N 1997, 'Transformations to Additivity in Measurement Error Models', Biometrics, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 262-262.
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Fagan, PK, Djordjevic, SP, Chin, J, Eamens, GJ & Walker, MJ 1997, 'Oral immunization of mice with attenuated Salmonella typhimurium aroA expressing a recombinant Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae antigen (NrdF)', Infection and Immunity, vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 2502-2507.
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Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the etiological agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia, a commercially expensive respiratory disease of swine. Salmonella typhimurium SL3261 was used as a live carrier of plasmid pKF1, which encodes a 15-kDa recombinant M. hyopneumoniae protein. This expressed recombinant protein consists of the carboxy-terminal 11 kDa of a 42-kDa M. hyopneumoniae NrdF ribonucleotide reductase R2 subunit protein. Rabbit anti-15-kDa serum was able to inhibit the growth of viable M. hyopneumoniae J in vitro. When used as a live oral vaccine, S. typhimurium SL3261(pKF1) induced a significant secretory immunoglobulin A immune response in the lungs of mice orally immunized against the M. hyopneumoniae antigen. Utilization of live oral vaccines expressing potentially protective M. hyopneumoniae proteins, such as the NrdF antigen, which can stimulate a lung mucosal response against surface-accessible proteins may provide a cost-effective alternative to the present control strategies used for porcine enzootic pneumonia.

Forbes, GW, Butler, DJ, Gordon, RL & Asatryan, AA 1997, 'Algebraic corrections for paraxial wave fields', JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA A-OPTICS IMAGE SCIENCE AND VISION, vol. 14, no. 12, pp. 3300-3315.
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Asymptotic analysis of the angular spectrum solution for diffraction is used to establish the validity of a standard, formal series for nonparaxial wave propagation. The lowest term corresponds to the field in the Fresnel approximation, and this derivati

Franklin, LA & Larkum, AWD 1997, 'Multiple strategies for a high light existence in a tropical marine macroalga', Photosynthesis Research, vol. 53, no. 2/3, pp. 149-159.
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Acclimation to high light conditions on the top of coral reefs was examined in the coenocytic, filamentous green macroalga Chlorodesmis fastigiata (C. Ag.) Ducker. Despite having a pool of violaxanthin, high light does not induce formation of zeaxanthin in this macroalga. Exposure to 11 and 33% of surface irradiance resulted in parallel, reversible declines in F(v)/F(m) and in the number of functional PSII centers. The quantum requirement for PSII inactivation was calculated to be approx. 2 x 107 photons. Recovery of PSII activity after low photon exposures did not depend on protein synthesis, unlike at higher photon exposures, where recovery was inhibited by 50% in the presence of lincomycin. Accumulation of inactive, quenching PSII centers is proposed as a mechanism of energy dissipation; only some of these centers require protein synthesis for reactivation. In natural-sized populations, midday photoinhibition was greater in filament tips than in bases, but the number of inactive PSII centers within entire filaments did not significantly change over the course of the day. It is proposed that the higher chlorophyll concentration in the tips provides protective shading to chloroplasts in lower regions, and that cytoplasmic streaming of chloroplasts within this siphonous alga limits the cumulative exposure to high light, thereby providing another level of protection from high light stress.

Fu, SL & Dean, RT 1997, 'Structural characterization of the products of hydroxyl-radical damage to leucine and their detection on proteins', BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL, vol. 324, no. 1, pp. 41-48.

Fu, SL, Davies, MJ & Dean, RT 1997, 'Protein-bound hydroxylated amino acid levels are elevated in human atherosclerotic plaque', ATHEROSCLEROSIS, vol. 134, no. 1-2, pp. 221-221.
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It is well established that macromolecule oxidation, especially lipoprotein oxidation is a key and early event responsible for the loading of lipid into atherosclerotic foam cells and possibly many other features of atherogenesis. There have been many studies concerning protein oxidation and its contribution to the pathology. This study examined oxidized amino acid residues which may result from hydroxyl radical damage [Fu et al. 1995a. Free Rad Biol Med 19, 281-292; 1995b. Biochem. J. 311, 821-827; 1997. Biochem. J. in press] on intimal proteins isolated from normal human ateries and human atherosclerotic plaques. Normal iliac arteries (n = 6) were obtained from liver transplant donors and human plaques (n = 9) from patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. Proteins were obtained from the intima samples after homogenization and delipidation and subquently subjected to acid-catalysed hydrolysis. Protein hydrolysates were analysed by several HPLC methods for the presence of oxidation products (characteristic of hydroxyl radical attack) of tyrosine (DOPA, dityrosine), phenylalnine (o- and m-tyrosine), valine (?-hydroxyvaline), and leucine (?-hydoxyleucine). Results are expressed as mmol oxidized amino acid/mol parent amino acid and are summarized in the table below. It shows that all of the oxidized amino acids measured are elevated in the plaque samples compared to those in the normal controls, suggesting that hydroxyl radicals may be an important factor for atherogenesis

Gale, PA, Genge, JW, Král, V, McKervey, MA, Sessler, JL & Walker, A 1997, 'First synthesis of an expanded calixpyrrole', Tetrahedron Letters, vol. 38, no. 49, pp. 8443-8444.
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Gale, PA, Sessler, JL, Allen, WE, Tvermoes, NA & Lynch, V 1997, 'Calix[4]pyrroles: C-rim substitution and tunability of anion binding strength', Chemical Communications, no. 7, pp. 665-666.
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Garner, B, van Reyk, D, Dean, RT & Jessup, W 1997, 'Direct Copper Reduction by Macrophages', Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 272, no. 11, pp. 6927-6935.
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Oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) results in changes to the lipoprotein that are potentially atherogenic. Numerous studies have shown that macrophages cultured in vitro can promote LDL oxidation via a transition metal-dependent process, yet the exact mechanisms that are responsible for macrophage-mediated LDL oxidation are not understood. One contributing mechanism may be the ability of macrophages to reduce transition metals. Reduced metals (such as Fe(II) or Cn(I)) rapidly react with lipid hydroperoxides, leading to the formation of reactive lipid radicals and conversion of the reduced metal to its oxidized form. We demonstrate here the ability of macrophages to reduce extracellular iron and copper and identify a contributing mechanism. Evidence is provided that a proportion of cell- mediated metal reduction is due to direct transplasma membrane electron transport. Glucagon suppressed both macrophage-mediated metal reduction and LDL oxidation. Although metal reduction was augmented when cells were provided with a substrate for thiol production, thiol export was not a strict requirement for cell-mediated metal reduction. Similarly, while the metal- dependent acceleration of LDL oxidation by macrophages was augmented by thiol production, macrophages could still promote LDL oxidation when thiol export was minimized (by substrate limitation). This study identifies a novel mechanism that may contribute to macrophage-mediated LDL oxidation and may also reveal potential new strategies for the inhibition of this process.

Garvey, M, Rogers, C, Ryan, D, Congxing, Y & Zaslawski, C 1997, 'Toward development of appropriate clinical trial methodology for acupuncture: Considerations and design of a research project on stress', American Journal of Acupuncture, vol. 25, no. 2-3, pp. 161-168.
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The College of Traditional Chinese Medicine at the University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), undertook a clinical research project (1) to test the hypothesis that traditional Chinese acupuncture is effective in the treatment of stress, and (2) to develop a clinical trial methodology consistent with the practice of traditional acupuncture and the rigors of scientific research. This paper focuses on acupuncture trial methodology, e.g., subject selection, establishing appropriate controls, ethical issues, etc. Of particular concern is the inappropriate design of Western clinical trials on the effects of acupuncture. These trials commonly use a standard acupoint formula on every participant, rather than specific treatment unique to the individual, which is the manner in which acupuncture is traditionally practiced. Those problems and viable solutions are addressed along with the practical issues and limitations of implementing a study in the context of the university setting.

Geys, H, Molenberghs, G & Ryan, LM 1997, 'Pseudo-likelihood inference for clustered binary data', COMMUNICATIONS IN STATISTICS-THEORY AND METHODS, vol. 26, no. 11, pp. 2743-2767.
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Molenberghs and Ryan (1996) proposed a likelihood-based model for clustered. binary data, based on a multivariate exponential family model (Cox, 1972). The model benefits from the elegance and simplicity of exponential family theory and is flexible in terms of allowing response rates to depend on cluster size. A main problem however, particularly with large clusters is the evaluation of the normalizing constant. In this paper, pseudo-likelihood is explored as an alternative mode of inference. The pseudo-likelihood equations are derived, the model is applied to data from a developmental toxicity study, and an asymptotic and small sample relative efficiency study is performed.

Gimm, O 1997, 'Germline Dinucleotide Mutation in Codon 883 of the RETProto-Oncogene in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2B Without Codon 918 Mutation', Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 82, no. 11, pp. 3902-3904.
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Gimm, O, Marsh, DJ, Andrew, SD, Frilling, A, Dahia, PLM, Mulligan, LM, Zajac, JD, Robinson, BG & Eng, C 1997, 'Germline Dinucleotide Mutation in Codon 883 of theRETProto-Oncogene in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2B Without Codon 918 Mutation', The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 82, no. 11, pp. 3902-3904.
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The autosomal dominant multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndromes (MEN 2) comprise three clinically distinct entities, MEN 2A, familial medullary thyroid carcinoma and MEN 2B, which share a common clinical feature: medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). MEN 2B is considered to have the most aggressive form of MTC. Therefore, early detection of MEN 2B in order to prevent potentially lethal MTC is important. More than 95% of all MEN 2B cases are caused by germline mutation at codon 918 (M918T) in exon 16 of the RET proto-oncogene. In this study, we demonstrate the presence of germline codon 883 mutation (A883F) in 2 of 3 unrelated MEN 2B eases without codon 918 mutation. Our data demonstrate a novel etiologic event which may have roles in predisposition to MEN 2B when present in the germline and in the pathogenesis of sporadic MTC when somatic.

Goldys, EM, Zuo, HY, Phillips, MR, Contessa, CM, Vaughan, MR & Tansley, TL 1997, 'Type I and type II alignment of the light hole band in In0.15Ga0.85As/GaAs and in In0.15Ga0.85As/Al0.15Ga0.85As strained quantum wells', JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC MATERIALS, vol. 26, no. 8, pp. 922-927.
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We present results of photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence measurements of strained undoped In0.15Ga0.85AsXGaAs and In0.15Ga0.85As/Al0.15Ga0.85As quantum well structures, designed to throw light on the current controversy over light-hole band alignment at low In content. We compare these data with theoretical calculations of the confined state energies within the eight band effective mass approximation. Our analysis shows that for In0.15Ga0 85As/GaAs, the observed two transitions are consistent with either type I or type II alignment of the light hole band for band offset ratios within the accepted range. In the case of In0.15Ga0 85As/Al0.15Ga0 85As, however, our results clearly indicate type II alignment for the light hole band. We derive the band offset ratio Q, defined here as Q = ΔEc/ΔEg where ΔEc is the conduction band offset and ΔEg is the bandgap difference between the quantum well and the barrier in the presence of strain, for the In0.15Ga0.85As/Al0.15Ga0.85As system to be Q = 0.83 and discuss it in the context of the common anion rule.

Good, AG, Osterman, JC & Dennis, E 1997, 'The selection of signal transduction mutants in the anaerobic induction pathway.', PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 114, no. 3, pp. 1376-1376.

Gulyas, PT, Langford, SJ, Lokan, NR, Ranasinghe, MG & Paddon-Row, MN 1997, 'Convenient Synthetic Route to Rigid Donor−{Bridge}−Acceptor Systems Involving Porphyrin and Phenanthroline Annulation of Norbornylogous Bridges via 2,3-Norbornanediones', The Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol. 62, no. 10, pp. 3038-3039.
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Guo, Z-G, Gross, U & Johnson, AM 1997, 'Toxoplasma gondii virulence markers identified by random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction', Parasitology Research, vol. 83, no. 5, pp. 458-463.
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Genomic DNAs from 35 Toxoplasma gondii strains were amplified by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using 18 arbitrary 10-mer primers. At least four primers were found to generate DNA fragments that discriminate the 35 T. gondii strains into a genotype of virulent strains and a genotype of avirulent strains. Primer B12 was found to generate a virulence-specific fragment and primers B5, C8, and C20 were found to generate avirulence-specific fragments, which in all cases clearly identified either the virulence phenotype or the avirulence phenotype, respectively. In addition, the DNA polymorphic bands detected were analyzed by parsimony and distance analysis. A similar genetic relationship among the T. gondii strains was determined by the two phylogenetic methods, which use completely different assumptions. Consistent with the division of the 35 strains into a genotype of virulent strains and a genotype of avirulent strains, both analyses revealed 2 clonal lineages directly correlated with murine virulence. These results strongly support the hypothesis that the genus Toxoplasma may actually contain two clonal lineages correlated with virulence, which have evolved independently following their initial separation.

Guth, DJ, Carroll, RJ, Simpson, DG & Zhou, H 1997, 'Categorical Regression Analysis of Acute Exposure to Tetrachloroethylene¹', Risk Analysis, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 321-332.
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Exposure‐response analysis of acute noncancer risks should consider both concentration (C) and duration (T) of exposure, as well as severity of response. Stratified categorical regression is a form of meta‐analysis that addresses these needs by combining studies and analyzing response data expressed as ordinal severity categories. A generalized linear model for ordinal data was used to estimate the probability of response associated with exposure and severity category. Stratification of the regression model addresses systematic differences among studies by allowing one or more model parameters to vary across strata denned, for example, by species and sex. The ability to treat partial information addresses the difficulties in assigning consistent severity scores. Studies containing information on acute effects of tetrachloroethylene in rats, mice, and humans were analyzed. The mouse data were highly uncertain due to lack of data on effects of low concentrations and were excluded from the analysis. A model with species‐specific concentration intercept terms for rat and human central nervous system data improved fit to the data compared with the base model (combined species). More complex models with strata denned by sex and species did not improve the fit. The stratified regression model allows human effect levels to be identified more confidently by basing the intercept on human data and the slope parameters on the combined data (on a C × T plot). This analysis provides an exposure–response function for acute exposures to tetrachloroethylene using categorical regression analysis.

Harry, EJ 1997, 'Illuminating the force: Bacterial mitosis?', Trends in Microbiology, vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 295-297.
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Bacterial chromosome segregation involves the separation and movement of two sister chromosomes away from one another to locations where they can be incorporated into separate daughter cells during cell division. Chromosome (nucleoid) segregation involves two distinct processes: (1) the decatenation and resolution of two newly replicated nucleoids to produce two separable sister nucleoids and (2) the movement of these sister chromosomes (partitioning) to reposition them on either side of the division site. Recent work has clarified the first process in molecular terms; however, the process of chromosome movement remains a mystery.

Harry, EJ & Wake, RG 1997, 'The membrane‐bound cell division protein DivIB is localized to the division site in Bacillus subtilis', Molecular Microbiology, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 275-283.
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The cell division gene divIB of Bacillus subtilis is essential for the normal rate of growth and division. The gene product, DivIB, is a membrane‐bound protein in which the bulk of the protein (at the C‐terminal end) is on the exterior surface of the cell membrane. DivIB is involved in the early stages of septum formation, but its exact role in cell division is unknown. To gain more information about the mode of action of DivIB in septum formation, we determined the location of DivIB within the cell membrane using immunofluorescence. This immunolocalization approach established that DivIB becomes localized to the division site before visible septation and remains localized to this site throughout the division process. Various DivIB immunostaining patterns were observed in immunofluorescence experiments and, together with cell length and nucleoid distance measurements, have allowed us to propose two models to describe DivIB localization during the cell cycle.

Hartweck, LM, Llewellyn, DJ & Dennis, ES 1997, 'The Arabidopsis thaliana genome has multiple divergent forms of phosphoinositol-specific phospholipase C', GENE, vol. 202, no. 1-2, pp. 151-156.
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Hayward, JA & Reimers, JR 1997, 'Unit cells for the simulation of hexagonal ice', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 106, no. 4, pp. 1518-1529.
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Hazel, E, Logan, P & Gallagher, P 1997, 'Equitable assessment of students in physics: importance of gender and language background', International Journal of Science Education, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 381-392.
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Research on student learning has shown that assessment is a key factor in determining students' approaches to learning. It plays an important role in their willingness and ability to pursue further studies in a field and to consider careers in a field. Some research suggests that in areas of science and technology, questions of the traditional short quantitative type, multiple choice structure or those lacking in context may disadvantage female students in assessments. In this paper, we report on a study of student assessment in first year physics at university level. The results suggest that the question type and the context within which the questions were set were likely to favour male students. In performance, the group most at risk were female students of non-English speaking background. Strategies are discussed for changing assessments in the physical sciences to use more gender equitable approaches.

Holt, SA, Brown, AS, Creagh, DC & Leon, R 1997, 'Application of Imaging-Grazing-Incidence X-ray Diffraction and Specular Reflectivity to the Structural Investigation of Quantum-Confinement Semiconductor Devices', Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 169-174.
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Holt, SA, Jones, CF, Watson, GS, Crossley, A, Johnston, C, Sofield, CJ & Myhra, S 1997, 'Surface modification of MgO substrates from aqueous exposure: an atomic force microscopy study', Thin Solid Films, vol. 292, no. 1-2, pp. 96-102.
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Howe, E, Howe, C, Lim, R & Burchett, M 1997, 'Impact of the introduced poeciliid Gambusia holbrooki (Girard, 1859) on the growth and reproduction of Pseudomugil signifer (Kner, 1865) in Australia', Marine and Freshwater Research, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 425-425.
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The impact of the presence of the introduced poeciliidGambusia holbrooki on the Australian pseudomugilidPseudomugil signifer was examined in open-air tankexperiments. G. holbrooki profoundly affected thebreeding of P. signifer. In the presence ofG. holbrooki, P. signifer did notgain weight or grow in total length, ovarian weight and fecundity were greatlyreduced, and the ovaries were morphologically undeveloped. No eggs ofP. signifer were observed in tanks that also housedG. holbrooki. The results indicate that, at least in acaptive situation, the presence of the exotic species had a very deleteriouseffect on the breeding and hence possible survival of the native species.These results are discussed with reference to the conservation of Australianpseudomugilid species, especially those inhabiting confined habitats.

Huete, AR, Liu, HQ, Batchily, K & vanLeeuwen, W 1997, 'A comparison of vegetation indices global set of TM images for EOS-MODIS', REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 440-451.
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A set of Landsat Thematic Mapper images representing a wide range of vegetation conditions from the NASA Landsat Pathfinder, global land cover test site (GLCTS) initiative were processed to simulate the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), global vegetation index imagery at 250 m pixel size resolution. The sites included boreal forest, temperature coniferous forest, temperate deciduous forest, tropical rainforest, grassland, savanna, and desert biomes. Differences and similarities in sensitivity to vegetation conditions were compared among various spectral vegetation indices (VIs). All VIs showed a qualitative relationship to variations in vegetation. However, there were significant differences among the VIs over desert, grassland, and forested biomes. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was sensitive to and responded primarily to the highly absorbing red reflectance band, while other indices such as the soil and atmosphere resistant vegetation index (SARVI) were more responsive to variations in the near-infrared (NIR) band. As a result, we found the NDVI to mimic red reflectances and saturate over the forested sites while the SARVI, by contrast, did not saturate and followed variations in NIR reflectances. In the arid and semiarid biomes, the NDVI was much more sensitive to canopy background variations than the SARVI. Maximum differences among vegetation index behavior occurred over the evergreen needleleaf forest sites relative to the deciduous broadleaf forests and drier, grassland, and shrub sites. These differences appear to be useful in complementing the NDVI for improved monitoring of vegetation, with the NDVI sensitive to fraction of absorbed photosynthetic active radiation and the SARVI more sensitive to structural canopy parameters such as leaf area index and leaf morphology.

Hyde, G, Cole, L & Ashford, A 1997, 'Mycorrhiza movies', Mycorrhiza, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 167-169.
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Hyndman, RJ & Wand, MP 1997, 'NONPARAMETRIC AUTOCOVARIANCE FUNCTION ESTIMATION', Australian Journal of Statistics, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 313-324.
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SummaryNonparametric estimators of autocovariance functions for non‐stationary time series are developed. The estimators are based on straightforward nonparametric mean function estimation ideas and allow use of any linear smoother (e.g. smoothing spline, local polynomial). The paper studies the properties of the estimators, and illustrates their usefulness through application to some meteorological and seismic time series.

JEFFRIES, AC, SCHNITIZLER, B, HEYDORN, AO, JOHNSON, AM & TENTER, AM 1997, 'Identification of Synapomorphic Characteris in the GenusSarcocystisBased on 18S rDNA Sequence Comparison', Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 388-392.
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ABSTRACT.In order to further investigate synapomorphic characters in the genusSarcocystis, the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences ofSarcocystis capracanisandSarcocystis mouleiwere determined and used to infer the phylogenetic position of these two organisms within the cyst‐forming coccidia. Phylogenies derived using distance, maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods demonstrated thatS. capracanisgroups withSarcoystis tenellaandSarcocystis arieticanisas a clade that shares the characteristic of using canids as their definitive host.S. mouleiwas shown to group withSarcocystis giganteaandSarcocystis fusiformisas a clade that shares the characteristic of using felids as their definitive host.

Johnson, AM 1997, 'Speculation on possible life cycles for the clonal lineages in the genus toxoplasma', Parasitology Today, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 393-397.
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Recent evidence suggests that the strains currently classified in the genus Toxoplasma, ie. within the species Toxoplasma gondii, may actually comprise at least two clonal lineages correlated with their virulence in mice. Here, Alan Johnson reviews these data in the context of evolution and speciation within the genus, and raises hypotheses on how the virulent lineage may undergo an asexual life cycle in nature, similar to that found for the very closely related coccidian, Neospora camnum. The putative vertical transmission life cycle of this mouse virulent lineage of T. gondii could involve passage to the foetus late in pregnancy, or transmission in milk to the neonate after birth.

Johnson, PR, Ammit, AJ, Carlin, SM, Armour, CL, Caughey, GH & Black, JL 1997, 'Mast cell tryptase potentiates histamine-induced contraction in human sensitized bronchus', European Respiratory Journal, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 38-43.
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The mast cell plays a pivotal role in the early asthmatic response via release of mediators, which directly influence airway smooth muscle tone. Canine mast cell tryptase has been reported to potentiate the contractile response of canine isolated airways to histamine. The aim of this study was to investigate whether human mast cell tryptase potentiated contractile responses in human isolated bronchi. The effect of tryptase differed according to the sensitization status of the bronchi. In lung tissue from sensitized patients (those whose bronchial tissue contracted in response to the application of any of four common antigens) 90 ng.mL-1 of human purified lung tryptase markedly potentiated the contractile response to histamine. The maximal response as a percentage of maximal contraction to acetylcholine was 80 +/- 8% in control tissues and 119 +/- 6% in tryptase treated tissues (n = 4; p < 0.05). Tryptase, at a dose of 200 ng.mL-1, also potentiated responses but to a lesser degree, 100 +/- 5% (n = 4; p < 0.05). In nonsensitized bronchi, neither 90 nor 200 ng.mL-1 tryptase had any significant effect on histamine responses. The increased response in the presence of tryptase in sensitized tissue was inhibited by the calcium voltage-dependent channel antagonist, verapamil (10(-6) M). We have shown, for the first time, that human mast cell tryptase potentiates contraction in sensitized bronchi via a calcium-related mechanism. These findings provide a link between a mast cell derived product and in vitro human airway hyperresponsiveness.

Kalceff, MAS, Phillips, MR, Moon, AR & Smallwood, A 1997, 'Cathodoluminescence microanalysis of natural hydrated amorphous SiO2; Opal', PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF MINERALS, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 131-138.
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Natural amorphous hydrated silicon dioxide (opal) has been investigated for the first time using Cathodoluminescence microanalysis in a Scanning Electron Microscope. Defect centers have been identified and imaged with high sensitivity and high spatial re

Katis, VL, Harry, EJ & Wake, RG 1997, 'The Bacillus subtilis division protein DivIC is a highly abundant membrane‐bound protein that localizes to the division site', Molecular Microbiology, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 1047-1055.
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The Bacillus subtilis divIC gene is involved in the initiation of cell division. It encodes a 14.7 kDa protein, with a potential transmembrane region near the N‐terminus. In this paper, we show that DivIC is associated with the cell membrane and, in conjunction with previously published sequence data, conclude that it is oriented such that its small N‐terminus is within the cytoplasm and its larger C‐terminus is external to the cytoplasm. DivIC is shown to be a highly abundant division protein, present at approximately 50 000 molecules per cell. Using immunofluorescence microscopy, DivIC was seen to localize at the division site of rapidly dividing cells between well‐segregated nucleoids. Various DivIC immunostaining patterns were observed, and these correlated with different cell lengths, suggesting that the DivIC localization takes on various forms during the cell cycle. The DivIC immunolocalization patterns are very similar to those of another membrane‐bound B. subtilis division protein, DivIB.

Kennerson, ML, Nassif, NT, Dawkins, JL, Dekroon, RM, Yang, JG & Nicholson, GA 1997, 'The Charcot–Marie–Tooth Binary Repeat Contains a Gene Transcribed from the Opposite Strand of a Partially Duplicated Region of theCOX10Gene', Genomics, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 61-69.
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Knepper, M, Moricca, S & Milthorpe, BK 1997, 'Stability of hydroxyapatite while processing short-fibre reinforced hydroxyapatite ceramics', BIOMATERIALS, vol. 18, no. 23, pp. 1523-1529.
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Kyozuka, J, Harcourt, R, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 1997, 'Eucalyptus has functional equivalents of the Arabidopsis AP1 gene', PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 573-584.
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La Roche, J, Van Der Staay, GWM, Partensky, F, Ducret, A, Aebersold, R, Li, R, Golden, SS, Hiller, RG, Wrench, PM, Larkum, AWD & Green, BR 1997, 'Evolution of chlorophyll-binding proteins', Trends in Plant Science, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 123-123.
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Lampson, BC & Rice, SA 1997, 'Repetitive sequences found in the chromosome of the myxobacterium Nannocystisexedens are similar to msDNA: a possible retrotransposition event in bacteria', Molecular Microbiology, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 813-823.
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The first reverse transcriptase (RT) to be found in a prokaryotic cell is encoded by an element called a retron which resides in the chromosome of many different bacteria. In addition, all retrons code for a functionally obscure RNA–DNA satellite molecule called msDNA. msDNA is synthesized from an RNA template by the retron‐encoded RT. An unusual retron element is described here from the myxobacterium Nannocystis exedens. This retron does not appear to have a typical RT gene in close proximity (1 kb) to the gene msd (which encodes the DNA strand of msDNA). The gene msr (which encodes the RNA strand of msDNA) appears to be duplicated and flanks both sides of the msd gene. Also discovered throughout the chromosome of this bacterium is a set of repeated sequences related to msDNA. These repeat sequences match only part of the sequence of msDNA and may have become incorporated into the chromosome of this bacterium by reverse transcription.

Le Marshall, J, Leslie, LM, Pescod, N, Spinoso, C & Morison, R 1997, 'The importance of direct readout satellite data in sub-synoptic scale data assimilation and numerical weather prediction', Advances in Space Research, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 413-422.
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Learoyd, DL 1997, 'Genetic Testing for Familial Cancer', Archives of Surgery, vol. 132, no. 9, pp. 1022-1022.
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Legler, JM & Ryan, LM 1997, 'Latent variable models for teratogenesis using multiple binary outcomes', JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION, vol. 92, no. 437, pp. 13-20.
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Multiple outcomes are commonly measured in:the study of birth defects. The reason is that most teratogens do not cause a single, uniquely defined defect, but rather result in a range of effects, including major malformations, minor anomalies, and deficiencies in birth weight, length and head circumference. The spectrum of effects associated with a particular teratogen is sometimes described as a ''syndrome.'' In this article we develop a latent variable model to characterize exposure effects on multiple binary outcomes. Not only does the method allow comparisons of control and exposed infants with respect to multiple outcomes, but it also provides a measure of the ''severity'' of each child's condition. Data from a study of the teratogenic effects of anticonvulsants illustrate our results.

Legler, JM & Ryan, LM 1997, 'Latent Variable Models for Teratogenesis Using Multiple Binary Outcomes', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 92, no. 437, pp. 13-13.
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Leslie, LM & Dietachmayer, GS 1997, 'Comparing Schemes for Integrating the Euler Equations', Monthly Weather Review, vol. 125, no. 7, pp. 1687-1691.
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Leslie, LM & Purser, RJ 1997, 'A Semi-Lagrangian NWP Model for Real-time and Research Applications: Evaluation in Single- and Multi-Processor Environments', Atmosphere-Ocean, vol. 35, no. sup1, pp. 75-101.
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A semi-Lagrangian numerical weather prediction (NWP) model developed for both real-time prediction and for research simulations has been evaluated. The model is second-order in time, high-order (≥ 3) in space, and employs a non-staggered grid in both the horizontal and vertical. A version of the model which is third-order in space was compared with two Eulerian models: the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's current operational regional model which is quasi-second-order in rime and space, and also a new version of this model with a third-order upwind scheme that was developed for use as the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's next operational limited-area NWP model. In a three month trial of twice-daily 48-hour forecasts it was found that both the third-order models were significantly more skillful than the current operational model, as measured by the standard performance statistics such as the S1 skill score (Teweles and Wobus, 1954), and root-mean-square (RMS) errors. The specific implications of this greater accuracy were examined in case studies of severe weather events. The semi-Lagrangian model also bas been adapted to global form and run on a daily basis out to 5 days using archived operational data over a period of almost 6 months. Finally, the semi-Lagrangian model code was parallelized on a workstation cluster and also on a scalable parallel computer, and it was found that the model was well-suited to parallelization on both computer platforms. © 1997 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Lewis, DD, Milthorpe, BK & Bellenger, CR 1997, 'Mechanical comparison of materials used for extracapsular stabilisation of the stifle joint in dogs', AUSTRALIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL, vol. 75, no. 12, pp. 890-896.
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Liaw, D, Marsh, DJ, Li, J, Dahia, PLM, Wang, SI, Zheng, Z, Bose, S, Call, KM, Tsou, HC, Peacoke, M, Eng, C & Parsons, R 1997, 'Germline mutations of the PTEN gene in Cowden disease, an inherited breast and thyroid cancer syndrome', Nature Genetics, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 64-67.
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Luton, K & Johnson, AM 1997, 'Cloning and Sequence Analysis of the DNA Polymerase α Gene ofLeishmania donovani:Comparison with the Human Homologue', Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 234, no. 1, pp. 95-100.
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The gene encoding the DNA polymerase α catalytic subunit of the kinetoplastid parasite L. donovani has been isolated, sequenced and compared with other eukaryotic homologues. The coding region is 4020 bp in length and specifies an inferred protein sequence of 1339 amino acids (aa). There is a high level of variability between the human and L. donovani gene sequences, but functional substrate-binding residues identified in humans and yeast appear to also be conserved in this parasite. The discovery of a cysteine-rich region located in the midst of the active sites of the enzyme, which appears to be unique to the Kinetoplastids, and aa differences found between some of the conserved regions implicated in catalytic function, may aid in drug design. The putative DNA binding Zn finger at the C-terminus of the protein appears highly species specific and may have potential as a drug target for blocking enzyme catalysis in the parasite.

Madden, KN, Johnson, KA, Howlett, CR, Milthorpe, BK, Robins, G, Ikada, Y & Schindhelm, K 1997, 'Resorbable and non-resorbable augmentation devices for tenorrhaphy of xenografts in extensor tendon deficits: 12 week study', BIOMATERIALS, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 225-234.
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Marsh, DJ, Dahia, PLM, Zheng, Z, Liaw, D, Parsons, R, Gorlin, RJ & Eng, C 1997, 'Germline mutations in PTEN are present in Bannayan-Zonana syndrome', Nature Genetics, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 333-334.
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Marsh, DJ, Mulligan, LM & Eng, C 1997, '<i>RET</i>Proto-Oncogene Mutations in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2 and Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma', Hormone Research, vol. 47, no. 4-6, pp. 168-178.
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Marsh, DJ, Roth, S, Lunetta, KL, Hemminki, A, Dahia, PL, Sistonen, P, Zheng, Z, Caron, S, van Orsouw, NJ, Bodmer, WF, Cottrell, SE, Dunlop, MG, Eccles, D, Hodgson, SV, Järvinen, H, Kellokumpu, I, Markie, D, Neale, K, Phillips, R, Rozen, P, Syngal, S, Vijg, J, Tomlinson, IP, Aaltonen, LA & Eng, C 1997, 'Exclusion of PTEN and 10q22-24 as the susceptibility locus for juvenile polyposis syndrome.', Cancer Res, vol. 57, no. 22, pp. 5017-5021.
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Juvenile polyposis syndrome (JPS; MIM 174900) is an autosomal dominant condition with incomplete penetrance characterized by hamartomatous polyps of the gastrointestinal tract and a risk of gastrointestinal cancer. Gastrointestinal hamartomatous polyps are also present in Cowden syndrome (CS; MIM 158350) and Bannayan-Zonana syndrome (BZS; also called Ruvalcaba-Myhre-Smith syndrome; MIM 153480). The susceptibility locus for both CS and BZS has recently been identified as the novel tumor suppressor gene PTEN, encoding a dual specificity phosphatase, located at 10q23.3. A putative JPS locus, JP1, which most likely functions as a tumor suppressor, had previously been mapped to 10q22-24 in both familial and sporadic juvenile polyps. Given the shared clinical features of gastrointestinal hamartomatous polyps among the three syndromes and the coincident mapping of JP1 to the region of PTEN, we sought to determine whether JPS was allelic to CS and BZS by mutation analysis of PTEN and linkage approaches. Microsatellite markers spanning the CS/BZS locus (D10S219, D10S551, D10S579, and D10S541) were used to compute multipoint lod scores in eight informative families with JPS. Lod scores of < -2.0 were generated for the entire region, thus excluding PTEN and any genes within the flanking 20-cM interval as candidate loci for familial JPS under our statistical models. In addition, analysis of PTEN using a combination of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and direct sequencing was unable to identify a germline mutation in 14 families with JPS and 11 sporadic cases. Therefore, at least a proportion of JPS cases are not caused by germline PTEN alteration or by an alternative locus at 10q22-24.

Marsh, DJ, Zheng, Z, Arnold, A, Andrew, SD, Learoyd, D, Frilling, A, Komminoth, P, Neumann, HPH, Ponder, BAJ, Rollins, BJ, Shapiro, GI, Robinson, BG, Mulligan, LM & Eng, C 1997, 'Mutation Analysis of Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, a Ligand for an RET/Coreceptor Complex, in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2 and Sporadic Neuroendocrine Tumors', The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 82, no. 9, pp. 3025-3028.
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AbstractCausative germline missense mutations in the RET proto-oncogene have been associated with over 92% of families with the inherited cancer syndrome multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2). MEN 2A is characterized primarily by medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and pheochromocytoma, both tumors of neural crest origin. Parathyroid hyperplasia or adenoma is also seen in MEN 2A, but rarely in MEN 2B, which has additional stigmata, including a marfanoid habitus, mucosal neuromas, and ganglioneuromatosis of the gastrointestinal tract. In familial MTC, MTC is the only lesion present. Somatic RET mutations have also been identified in a subset of sporadic MTCs, pheochromocytomas, and rarely, small cell lung cancer, but not in sporadic parathyroid hyperplasias/adenomas or other neuroendocrine tumors. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and its receptor molecule GDNFR-α, have recently been identified as members of the RET ligand binding complex. Therefore, the genes encoding both GDNF and GDNFR-α are excellent candidates for a role in the pathogenesis of those MEN 2 families and sporadic neuroendocrine tumors without RET mutations. No mutations were found in the coding region of GDNF in DNA samples from 9 RET mutation negative MEN 2 individuals (comprising 6 distinct families), 12 sporadic MTCs, 17 sporadic cases of parathyroid adenoma, and 10 small cell lung cancer cell lines. Therefore, we find no evidence that mutation within the coding regions of GDNF plays a role in the genesis of MEN 2 and sporadic neuroendocrine tumors.

Marsh, DJ, Zheng, Z, Zedenius, J, Kremer, H, Padberg, GW, Larsson, C, Longy, M & Eng, C 1997, 'Differential loss of heterozygosity in the region of the Cowden locus within 10q22-23 in follicular thyroid adenomas and carcinomas.', Cancer Res, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 500-503.
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The susceptibility gene for Cowden disease (CD), an autosomal dominant inherited cancer syndrome, has recently been mapped to an approximately 6-cM interval on chromosome subband 10q22-23 between the markers D10S541 and D10S564. CD is characterized by hamartomas of many organ systems, including the thyroid, breast, skin, and gastrointestinal tract, as well as carcinoma of the thyroid and breast. Follicular thyroid adenomas and carcinomas are significant component tumors in CD; thus, we sought to examine their sporadic counterpart tumors for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of microsatellite markers in the 20-cM region within and flanking the Cowden critical interval. In all, 38 sporadic thyroid tumors were analyzed. LOH within the CD interval was observed in 5 of 19 (26%) follicular thyroid adenomas and 1 of 9 (11%) Hürthle cell adenomas. Furthermore, of these adenomas with LOH, 3 of 4 (75%) were atypical follicular adenomas, whereas 2 of 15 (13%) were typical follicular adenomas. Surprisingly, no LOH was detected in this region in 10 follicular carcinomas. The shortest region of overlap includes the markers D10S1735 and D10S1739. If the LOH observed in these sporadic tumors is related to the CD gene, then the Cowden critical interval can be revised to lie within the interval defined by D10S579 and D10S564. LOH in this narrow interval implicates the CD gene, or another gene in that interval, in follicular thyroid tumorigenesis. However, this does not explain the lack of LOH in follicular carcinomas. Taken together, it may instead be evidence against a stepwise progression from atypical adenomas to carcinomas. Alternatively, sporadic thyroid adenoma formation may be independent of that locus, but loss of this region could prevent carcinoma formation, thus implying that the CD gene may be an oncogene or growth promoter.

Marshall, JFL, Leslie, LM & Spinoso, C 1997, 'The Generation and Assimilation of Cloud-Drift Winds in Numerical Weather Prediction (gtSpecial IssueltData Assimilation in Meteology and Oceanography: Theory and Practice)', Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II, vol. 75, no. 1B, pp. 383-393.
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This paper describes the methods used to produce cloud-drift winds (CDWs), concentrating, in particular, on their generation from sequential Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS) imagery. It discusses the estimation of these motion vectors from both infrared (IR) and visible imagery at high spatial and temporal resolution and also records their accuracy and utility. The paper then discusses the assimilation of CDW data for numerical weather prediction (NWP). It does this by looking at studies, both in the Australian Region and over a larger domain, showing the impact of CDWs on operational NWP using current conventional data assimilation techniques. Subsequent to this, the use of CDWs is examined in the context of tropical cyclone motion prediction, where intermittent assimilation, nudging and the use of a full variational technique are contrasted, using examples from the Tropical Cyclone Motion-90 (TCM-90) experiment in the tropical North-West Pacific and by examining the impact of hourly CDWs in the Australian region. It was found that the high spatial and temporal resolution winds clearly have the potential to improve the accuracy of NWP, however, full exploitation of their information content appears to require appropriate assimilation techniques such as the variational method employed here. © 1997, Meteorological Society of Japan.

McDonagh, AM, Humphrey, MG & Hockless, DCR 1997, 'Selective preparation of cis-or trans-dichlorobis{(R,R)-1,2-phenylenebis(methylphenylphosphine-P)}osmium(II) from dimethylsulfoxide complex precursors', Tetrahedron: Asymmetry, vol. 8, no. 21, pp. 3579-3583.
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NA

McPhedran, RC, Nicorovici, NA & Botten, LC 1997, 'The TEM mode and homogenization of doubly periodic structures', JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND APPLICATIONS, vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 981-1012.
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We consider the problem of the electromagnetic modes which exist in a doubly periodic structure consisting of a square or hexagonal array of cylinders, and focus on a special type of mode called the TEM mode. We discuss the link between the TEM mode, the

McPhedran, RC, Poulton, CG, Nicorovici, NA & Movchan, AB 1997, 'Dynamic corrections to the Lorentz-Lorenz formula', Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, vol. 241, no. 1-2, pp. 179-182.
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We derive the first dynamic correction to the effective refractive index for a square array of cylinders (of finite or infinite refractive index), subject to a low-frequency incident radiation. This correction also imposes constraints on the wave number region for which the Lorentz-Lorenz formula in two dimensions is accurate.

McPhedran, RC, Poulton, CG, Nicorovici, NA & Movchan, AB 1997, 'Dynamic corrections to the Lorentz-Lorenz formula', Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, vol. 241, no. 1-2, pp. 179-182.
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We derive the first dynamic correction to the effective refractive index for a square array of cylinders (of finite or infinite refractive index), subject to a low-frequency incident radiation. This correction also imposes constraints on the wave number region for which the Lorentz-Lorenz formula in two dimensions is accurate.

Morrison, DA & Ellis, JT 1997, 'Effects of nucleotide sequence alignment on phylogeny estimation: A case study of 18S rDNAs of Apicomplexa', MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 428-441.
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The reconstruction of phylogenetic history is predicated on being able to accurately establish hypotheses of character homology, which involves sequence alignment for studies based on molecular sequence data. In an empirical study investigating nucleotid

Mullins, KV, Llewellyn, DJ, Hartney, VJ, Strauss, S & Dennis, ES 1997, 'Regeneration and transformation of Eucalyptus camaldulensis', PLANT CELL REPORTS, vol. 16, no. 11, pp. 787-791.
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Murray, BR & Dickman, CR 1997, 'Factors affecting selection of native seeds in two species of Australian desert rodents', JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 517-525.
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The preferences for different species of native seeds by two species of Australian desert rodents, the sandy inland mouse, Pseudomys hermannsburgensis, and the spinifex hopping-mouse, Notomys alexis, were investigated. In two sets of cafeteria trials providing low and high numbers of different seed species, both rodent species showed discrimination, preferentially consuming certain seed species, while avoiding others. In one of the two trials, P. hermannsburgensis selected seeds with the highest free water content, while N. alexis showed no clear mechanism of seed choice in either trial. It is suggested that although both species of rodents are omnivorous, P. hermannsburgensis relies more on seeds than does N. alexis, and is thus the more efficient seed harvester.

Murray, FR, Llewellyn, DJ, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 1997, 'Isolation of the glucose oxidase gene from Talaromyces flavus and characterisation of its role in the biocontrol of Verticillium dahliae', CURRENT GENETICS, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 367-375.
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Novikov, AA 1997, 'Martingales, Tauberian Theorem, and Strategies of Gambling', Theory of Probability & Its Applications, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 716-729.
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Using the Tauberian theorem, we get an asymptotic relation between the tail of the distribution of the quadratic characteristic of a martingale and the expectation of its terminal value. In case of continuous martingales the following result is proven: if τ is a stopping time for a standard Wiener process Wt with integrable terminal value Wτ, then (1) lim inf t→∞ (P{τ > t}√t) ≧ √2/π|EWτ|. Using a related result for discrete time martingales, we study asymptotic characteristics of some strategies of gambling and, in particular, Oscar's strategy.

O'Brien, BA, Harmon, BV, Cameron, DP & Allan, DJ 1997, 'Apoptosis is the mode of beta-cell death responsible for the development of IDDM in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse.', Diabetes, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 750-757.
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The NOD/Lt mouse, a widely used model of human autoimmune IDDM, was used to establish the mode of beta-cell death responsible for the development of IDDM. Apoptotic cells were present within the islets of Langerhans in hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections of pancreases harvested from 3- to 18-week-old female NOD/Lt mice (a range of 11-50 apoptotic cells per 100 islets). Immunohistochemical localization of insulin to the dying cells confirmed the beta-cell origin of the apoptosis. Although some islets from age-matched control female NOD/scid mice contained apoptotic cells, virtually all of these cells were insulin negative as determined by immunohistochemistry. The small number of apoptotic insulin-positive cells identified in islets from NOD/scid mice (a range of 0-1 apoptotic cells per 100 islets) was not statistically significant, compared with the numbers recorded in NOD/Lt mice. All dying cells showed the morphological changes characteristic of cell death by apoptosis and stained positively with the TUNEL method for end-labeling DNA strand breaks. The maximum mean amount of beta-cell apoptosis occurring in NOD/Lt mice was at week 15 (50 apoptotic cells per 100 islets), which coincided with the earliest onset of diabetes as determined by blood glucose, urine glucose, and pancreatic immunoreactive insulin measurements. While there was no peak incidence of beta-cell apoptosis throughout the time period studied (weeks 3-18), the incidence of apoptosis decreased at week 18, by which time 50% of the animals had overt diabetes. The low levels of beta-cell apoptosis observed is indicative of a gradual deletion of the beta-cell population throughout the extensive preclinical period seen in this model and would be sufficient to account for the beta-cell loss resulting in IDDM. Apoptosis of beta-cells preceded the appearance of T-cells (CD3-positive by immunohistochemistry) in islets. Lymphocytic infiltration of islets (insulitis) was not detected until week...

Olima, C, Pablo, F & Lim, RP 1997, 'Comparative tolerance of three populations of the freshwater shrimp (Paratya australiensis) to the organophosphate pesticide, chlorpyrifos', BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 321-328.
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O'MEARA, TJ, NESA, M & SANDEMAN, RM 1997, 'Antibody responses to Lucilia cuprina in sheep selected for resistance or susceptibility to L. cuprina', Parasite Immunology, vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 535-543.
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Sheep bred for resistance (R) or susceptibility (S) to fleece rot and myiasis (blowfly strike) have been shown to differ in inflammatory response to intradermal administration of blowfly (Lucilia cuprina) antigens and artificial challenge. The current paper describes analysis of antibody responses to L. cuprina antigens in the R and S animals. Serum antibody titres and specificities to larval antigens were examined and the specificity of wound exudate antibodies was also investigated in animals artificially challenged with L. cuprina. Titres of L. cuprina specific serum IgA, IgM, IgG2 and IgG1 were measured by ELISA, while specificities were examined on two‐dimensional immunoblots of larval homogenates. Exposure to L. cuprina stimulated the production of specific antibody in both R and S animals, however antibody titres did not differ between the R and S animals. There was large variation in antibody specificity between individual animals and some L. cuprina proteins appear to be more frequently recognized by sera from either resistant or susceptible animals, however the recognition of a specific protein could not be solely attributed to the resistance status of the animal. It appears that resistance in these animals may be independent of serum antibody and is likely to be an innate response. Despite high levels of IgG in wound exudates, this antibody recognized few antigens in comparison with serum from the same animal, suggesting that exudate contains little functional antibody in comparison to serum.

Pablo, F, Buckney, RT & Lim, RP 1997, 'Toxicity of cyanide, iron-cyanide complexes, and a blast furnace effluent to larvae of the doughboy scallop, Chlamys asperrimus', BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 93-100.
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NA

Pablo, F, Buckney, RT & Lim, RP 1997, 'Toxicity of cyanide, iron-cyanide complexes, and a blast-furnace effluent to the banana prawn, Penaeus monodon', BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY, vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 822-829.
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Phillips, MR, Moon, AR, Stevens Kalceff, MA & Remond, G 1997, 'Design, Construction and Applications of a Low Temperature (5 K) Combined Scanning Cathodoluminescence and WDS X-ray Spectroscopy and Imaging System', Microscopy and Microanalysis, vol. 3, no. S2, pp. 1069-1070.
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Recently there has been a renaissance in scanning cathodoluminescence (CL) microscopy and microanalysis primarily brought about by the analytical demands of the semiconductor industry in addition to significant advances in photonics technology (high efficiency PMTs, CCDs and CL collectors). The strength of the CL analysis technique lies in its ability to provide high spatial (lateral and depth) resolution concentration and distribution information about: (i) the chemical state (identity, oxidation state and co-ordination) of trace level impurities and (ii) point / extended structural defects (vacancies and dislocations) in both semiconductors and insulators.For many materials, interpretation of CL spectra and images measured at low temperature (5 K) is quite straightforward. However CL generation via recombination of electron / hole pairs is a competitive process. Consequently in some specimens the measured CL intensity is not directly proportional to the concentration of the particular luminescent center but relates to the concentration of other radiative or non-radiative centers. In these cases it is difficult to decide whether contrast in the CL image is due to variation in the concentration of the radiative center or the competitive center.

Purser, RJ & Leslie, LM 1997, 'High-Order Generalized LorenzN-Cycle Schemes for Semi-Lagrangian Models Employing Second Derivatives in Time', Monthly Weather Review, vol. 125, no. 6, pp. 1261-1276.
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Qu, X 1997, 'Is Insulin Resistance in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat Related to Changes in Protein Kinase C in Skeletal Muscle?', American Journal of Hypertension, vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 1053-1057.
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The mechanism of insulin resistance in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) has not been clearly identified, but protein kinase C (PKC) has been implicated as a mechanism of insulin resistance in obesity and diabetes mellitus and in a diet-induced (f

Qu, X, Cooney, G & Donnelly, R 1997, 'Short-term metabolic and haemodynamic effects of GR79236 in normal and fructose-fed rats', European Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 338, no. 3, pp. 269-276.
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The adenosine (A1) receptor agonist, GR79236 (N-[(1S,trans)-2-hydroxycyclopentyl]adenosine), inhibits catecholamine-induced lipolysis in vitro, but the short-term metabolic and haemodynamic effects have not been previously reported in the fructose fed mo

Ramsland, PA, Guddat, LW, Edmundson, AB & Raison, RL 1997, 'Diverse binding site structures revealed in homology models of polyreactive immunoglobulins', JOURNAL OF COMPUTER-AIDED MOLECULAR DESIGN, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 453-461.
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We describe here computer-assisted homology models of the combining site structure of three polyreactive immunoglobulins. Template-based models of Fv (V-L-V-H) fragments were derived for the surface IgM expressed by the malignant CD5 positive B cells fro

Reimers, JR, Bacskay, GB & Nordholm, S 1997, 'The basics of covalent bonding', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION, vol. 74, no. 12, pp. 1503-1503.

Rice, S & Pamphlett, R 1997, 'Study linking enteroviral infection with motor neurone disease is not confirmed', BMJ, vol. 315, no. 7119, pp. 1380-1380.
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Ritchie, RJ, Trautman, DA & Larkum, AWD 1997, 'Phosphate Uptake in the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus R-2 PCC 7942', Plant and Cell Physiology, vol. 38, no. 11, pp. 1232-1241.
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Phosphate uptake rates in Synechococcus R-2 in BG-11 media (a nitrate-based medium, not phosphate limited) were measured using cells grown semi-continuously and in continuous culture. Net uptake of phosphate is proportional to external concentration. Growing cells at pHo 10 have a net uptake rate of about 600 pmol m-2s-1 phosphate, but the isotopic flux for 32P phosphate was about 4 nmol m-2 s-1. There appears to be a constitutive over-capacity for phosphate uptake. The Km and Vmax of the saturable component were not significantly different at pHo 7.5 and 10, hence the transport system probably recognizes both H2PO4- and HPO42-. The intracellular inorganic phosphate concentration is about 3 to 10 mol m-3, but there is an intracellular polyphosphate store of about 400 mol m-3. Intracellular inorganic phosphate is 25 to 50 kJ mol-1 from electrochemical equilibrium in both the light and dark and at pHo 7.5 and 10. Phosphate uptake is very slow in the dark (≈100 pmol m-2s-1) and is light-activated (pHo 7.5 ≈1.3 nmol m-2 s-1, PHo 10≈600 pmol m-2S-1). Uptake has an irreversible requirement for Mg2+ in the medium. Uptake in the light is strongly Na+-dependent. Phosphate uptake was negatively electrogenic (net negative charge taken up when transporting phosphate) at pHo 7.5, but positively electrogenic at pHo 10. This seems to exclude a sodium motive force driven mechanism. An ATP-driven phosphate uptake mechanism needs to have a stoichiometry of one phosphate taken up per ATP (1 PO4 in /ATP) to be thermodynamically possible under all the conditions tested in the present study.

Roux, C & Margot, P 1997, 'An attempt to assess the relevance of textile fibres recovered from car seats', SCIENCE & JUSTICE, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 225-230.
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To evaluate the occurrence of background and crime-related fibre groups on car seats under controlled conditions, the usage of 22 selected car seats was recorded over a one-month period before fibre transfer experiments were performed using a known donor

Roux, C & Margot, P 1997, 'The population of textile fibres on car seats', SCIENCE & JUSTICE, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 25-30.
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Frequency figures of the fibre population on car seats were measured during February and March 1994 in the region of Lausanne, Switzerland on 50 seats; 5299 fibres were analyzed and classified according to their generic class, colour, length and delustra

Ruppert, D, Wand, MP, Holst, U & HöSJER, O 1997, 'Local Polynomial Variance-Function Estimation', Technometrics, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 262-273.
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Ruppert, D, Wand, MP, Holst, U, Hössjer, O & Hossjer, O 1997, 'Local Polynomial Variance-Function Estimation', Technometrics, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 262-262.
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Ryan, LM 1997, 'Adjuvant chemotherapy for localised resectable soft-tissue sarcoma of adults: meta-analysis of individual data', The Lancet, vol. 350, no. 9092, pp. 1647-1654.
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BACKGROUND: Individually, randomised trials have not shown conclusively whether adjuvant chemotherapy benefits adult patients with localised resectable soft-tissue sarcoma. METHODS: A quantitative meta-analysis of updated data from individual patients from all available randomised trials was carried out to assess whether adjuvant chemotherapy improves overall survival, recurrence-free survival, and local and distant recurrence-free intervals (RFI) and whether chemotherapy is differentially effective in patients defined by age, sex, disease status at randomisation, disease site, histology, grade, tumour size, extent of resection, and use of radiotherapy. FINDINGS: 1568 patients from 14 trials of doxorubicin-based adjuvant chemotherapy were included (median follow-up 9.4 years). Hazard ratios of 0.73 (95% CI 0.56-0.94, p = 0.016) for local RFI, 0.70 (0.57-0.85, p = 0.0003) for distant RFI, and 0.75 (0.64-0.87, p = 0.0001) for overall recurrence-free survival, correspond to absolute benefits from adjuvant chemotherapy of 6% (95% CI 1-10), 10% (5-15), and 10% (5-15), respectively, at 10 years. For overall survival the hazard ratio of 0.89 (0.76-1.03) was not significant (p = 0.12), but represents an absolute benefit of 4% (1-9) at 10 years. These results were not affected by prespecified changes in the groups of patients analysed. There was no consistent evidence that the relative effect of adjuvant chemotherapy differed for any subgroup of patients for any endpoint. However, the best evidence of an effect of adjuvant chemotherapy for survival was seen in patients with sarcomas of the extremities. INTERPRETATION: The meta-analysis provides evidence that adjuvant doxorubicin-based chemotherapy significantly improves the time to local and distant recurrence and overall recurrence-free survival. There is a trend towards improved overall survival.

Sammel, MD, Ryan, LM & Legler, JM 1997, 'Latent variable models for mixed discrete and continuous outcomes', JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY SERIES B-METHODOLOGICAL, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 667-678.
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We propose a latent variable model for mixed discrete and continuous outcomes. The model accommodates any mixture of outcomes from an exponential family and allows for arbitrary covariate effects, as well as direct modelling of covariates on the latent variable. An EM algorithm is proposed for parameter estimation and estimates of the latent variables are produced as a by-product of the analysis. A generalized likelihood ratio test can be used to test the significance of covariates affecting the latent outcomes. This method is applied to birth defects data, where the outcomes of interest are continuous measures of size and binary indicators of minor physical anomalies. Infants who were exposed in utero to anticonvulsant medications are compared with controls.

Samoc, M, Samoc, A, LutherDavies, B, Dowd, A & McDonnell, M 1997, 'Photocurrent autocorrelation of femtosecond laser pulses in poly(p-phenylenevinylene)', JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 895-899.
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Photoconductive thin-film cells made from a pi-conjugated polymer, poly-(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV) can be used for diagnostics of femtosecond laser pulses utilizing the phenomenon of photocurrent autocorrelation. In general, the autocorrelation photocur

Santibanez, F, Morales, L, de la Fuente, J, Cellier, P & Huete, A 1997, 'Topoclimatic modeling for minimum temperature prediction at a regional scale in the Central Valley of Chile', AGRONOMIE, vol. 17, no. 6-7, pp. 307-314.
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Spring frost may strongly affect fruit production in the Central Valley of Chile. Minimum temperatures are spatially variable owing to topography and soil conditions. A methodology for forecasting minimum temperature at a regional scale in the Central Valley of Chile, integrating spatial variability of temperature under radiative frost conditions, has been developed. It uses simultaneously a model for forecasting minimum temperatures at a reference station using air temperature and humidity measured at 6 pm, and topoclimatic models, based on satellite infra-red imagery (NOAA/AVHRR) and a digital elevation model, to extend the prediction at a regional scale. The methodological developments were integrated in a geographic information system for georeferencing of a meteorological station with satellite imagery and modeled output. This approach proved to be a useful tool for short range (12 h) minimum temperature prediction by generating thermal images over the Central Valley of Chile. It may also be used as a tool for frost risk assessment, in order to adapt production to local climatological conditions.

Scarman, AL, Chin, JC, Earmens, GJ, Delaney, SF & Djordjevic, SP 1997, 'Identification of novel species-specific antigens of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae by preparative SDS-PAGE ELISA profiling', Microbiology, vol. 143, no. 2, pp. 663-673.
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Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, M. hyorhinis and M. flocculare are commonly isolated from the respiratory tract of pigs and are phylogenetically related. The identification and characterization of antigens specific for M. hyopneumoniae is crucial for the development of serological reagents and for understanding the mechanisms of pathogenicity of this pathogen. Protein and antigen profiles of six strains of M. hyopneumoniae, four strains of M. hyorhinis and a type strain of M. flocculare were compared using SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. Five strains of M. hyopneumoniae originally isolated from diverse geographical regions produced similar protein and antigen profiles. One strain, C1735/2, produced a unique protein profile and was poorly immunoreactive, suggesting that some strains of M. hyopneumoniae may possess a structurally modified repertoire of antigens. Major M. hyopneumoniae antigens with molecular masses of approximately 36, 43, 48, 52, 76, 78, 80, 82, 94, 106, 114 and 200 kDa were identified by immunoblotting using hyperimmune pig sera raised against both high and low passage strains of M. hyopneumoniae. Porcine hyperimmune sera raised against the GDL type strain of M. hyorhinis reacted strongly with all M. hyorhinis strains although the profiles displayed considerable variation. Major antigens of molecular mass 42, 49, 52, 78, 80 and 82 kDa were identified in type strains GDL and BTS-7 and field strain 2; however, field strain 1 produced a unique profile. A preparative SDS-PAGE profiling (PPP) technique was developed which enabled quantification of the immiunoreactivity of denatured antigens with porcine se...

Schreiber, U, Gademann, R, Ralph, PJ & Larkum, AWD 1997, 'Assessment of photosynthetic performance of Prochloron in Lissoclinum patella in hospite by chlorophyll fluorescence measurements', PLANT AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 945-951.
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Two new PAM fluorometers (pulse amplitude modulated) were used in an investigation of photosynthetic performance of Prochloron resident as a symbiont in the ascidian Lissoclinum patella, growing in a coral reef of Heron Island on the Great Barrier Reef.

Shao, Y & Leslie, LM 1997, 'Wind erosion prediction over the Australian continent', Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol. 102, no. D25, pp. 30091-30105.
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Wind erosion is a complicated process influenced by weather patterns, soil conditions, and vegetation cover. In this work we present an integrated wind erosion assessment and prediction system which couples a wind erosion scheme with an atmospheric prediction model and a Geographic Information System database. The system is applied to the February 1996 dust storms over the Australian continent, and the predictions are in good agreement with meteorological records and satellite images. It is found that over the 1 week period from February 6 to 12, 1996, the total dust emission from the Australian continent was around 6 million tons. As demonstrated in this study, the system can be used to identify areas and periods under wind erosion threat and to identify the responsible environmental factors. For atmospheric studies the integrated system provides a possibility of quantifying the sources of dust particles which in turn play an important role in atmospheric radiative processes.

Shao, Y, Leslie, LM, Munro, RK, Irannejad, P, Lyons, WF, Morison, R, Short, D & Wood, MS 1997, 'Soil moisture prediction over the Australian continent', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 63, no. 3-4, pp. 195-215.
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Simpson, AM, Andrews, S, Hill, R, Hannan, G & Tuch, BE 1997, 'Inducible Insulin Expression In A Human Hepatoma Cell Line', Diabetologia, vol. 40, no. 0, pp. 1501-1501.
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Simpson, AM, Marshall, GM, Tuch, BE, Maxwell, L, Szymanska, B, Tu, J, Beynon, S, Swan, MA & Camacho, M 1997, 'Gene therapy of diabetes: glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in a human hepatoma cell line (HEP G2inslg)', GENE THERAPY, vol. 4, no. 11, pp. 1202-1215.
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In order to design a feasible somatic cell gene delivery system for the treatment of type I diabetes, a suitable cell type needs to be determined. We have previously shown that the stable transfection of the full-length insulin cDNA into the human liver

Skryabin, IL, Radchik, AV, Moses, P & Smith, GB 1997, 'The consistent application of Maxwell-Garnett effective medium theory to anisotropic composites', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 70, no. 17, pp. 2221-2223.
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The Maxwell-Garnett class of effective medium model applies if a representative cell can be found whose polarization vanishes upon insertion in the effective medium. For an anisotropic composite with randomly distributed ellipsoidal particles aligned alo

Smith, MM, Little, CB, Rodgers, K & Ghosh, P 1997, '[Animal models used for the evaluation of anti-osteoarthritis drugs].', Pathol Biol (Paris), vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 313-320.
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Naturally occurring osteoarthritis occurs in a variety of animal species including mice, guinea pigs, dogs and cynomolgus macaques and some of these animals have been used to evaluate the ability of anti-osteoarthritis drugs to reduce synovial inflammation and preserve cartilage integrity. However, the genetically determined animal models of osteoarthritis require the establishment of colonies which may take several years to develop and may be influenced by the strain of animal used and ill-defined environmental factors. On the other hand, the injection of irritants or enzymes into joints, or destabilization by surgical means, can rapidly and reproducibly lead to joint arthropathy and has therefore been more widely used. Although small animals, particularly rats and rabbits, have been the favoured target species, large animals such as dogs and sheep offer many advantages including the opportunity to undertake topographical analysis of joint cartilage and serial aspiration of synovial fluid. Meniscectomy is a common orthopaedic procedure which, in man and animals, is known to lead to osteoarthritis. In the past we have used this technique to induce osteoarthritis in pure bred dogs but more recently we have employed pure bred Merino sheep, which were matched for age, sex and weight. Using this ovine model we have been able to monitor the early and intermediate stages of cartilage metabolism, as well as identify key proteinases responsible for the loss of proteoglycans from these tissues in osteoarthritis. The effects of anti-osteoarthritis drugs on inflammatory mediators and cartilage metabolism has been successfully studied using the ovine model of osteoarthritis.

SPEER, MS & LESLIE, LM 1997, 'A climatology of coastal ridging over south-eastern Australia', International Journal of Climatology, vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 831-845.
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Speer, MS & Leslie, LM 1997, 'An example of the utility of ensemble rainfall forecasting', AUSTRALIAN METEOROLOGICAL MAGAZINE, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 75-78.

Spencer, CA, Dahmus, ME & Rice, SA 1997, 'Repression of host RNA polymerase II transcription by herpes simplex virus type 1', Journal of Virology, vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 2031-2040.
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Lytic infection of mammalian cells with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) results in rapid repression of host gene expression and selective activation of the viral genome. This transformation in gene expression is thought to involve repression of host transcription and diversion of the host RNA polymerase (RNAP II) transcription machinery to the viral genome. However, the extent of virus-induced host transcription repression and the mechanisms responsible for these major shifts in transcription specificities have not been examined. To determine how HSV-1 accomplishes repression of host RNAP II transcription, we assayed transcription patterns on several cellular genes in cells infected with mutant and wild-type HSV-1. Our results suggest that HSV-1 represses RNAP II transcription on most cellular genes. However, each cellular gene we examined responds differently to the transcription repressive effects of virus infection, both quantitatively and with respect to the involvement of viral gene products. Virus-induced shutoff of host RNAP II transcription requires expression of multiple immediate-early genes. In contrast, expression of delayed-early and late genes and viral DNA replication appear to contribute little to repression of host cell RNAP II transcription. Modification of RNAP II to the intermediately phosphorylated (II(I)) form appears unlinked to virus-induced repression of host cell transcription. However, full repression of host transcription is correlated with depletion of the hyperphosphorylated (IIO) form of RNAP II.

Stark, PC, Ryan, LM, McDonald, JL & Burge, HA 1997, 'Using meteorologic data to predict daily ragweed pollen levels', Aerobiologia, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 177-184.
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Pollen-related allergy is a common disease resulting in symptoms of hay fever and asthma. Control of symptoms depends (generally) on avoidance and pharmacological treatment. Both of these approaches could benefit from accurate predictions of pollen levels for future days. We have constructed a model that uses meteorological data to predict ragweed pollen levels based on air samples collected daily in Kalamazoo, MI from 1991 to 1994. Ragweed pollen counts were converted to pollen grains/m3 of air (24-h average). We used Poisson regression, which appropriately handles the heterogenous variance associated with pollen data. Using standard statistical model selection procedures, combined with biological considerations, we selected rainfall, wind speed, temperature, and the time measured from the start of the season as the most significant variables. Using our model, we propose a method that uses the weather forecast for the following day to predict the ragweed pollen level. This approach differs from most previous attempts because it uses Poisson regression and because this model needs to be fit iteratively each day. By updating the coefficients of the model based on the information to date, this method allows the fundamental shape of the pollen distribution curve to change from year to year. Application to the Kalamazoo data suggests that the method has good sensitivity and specificity for predicting high pollen days.

Stevens Kalceff, MA, Phillips, MR & Moon, AR 1997, 'Cathodoluminescence Investigation of Electron Irradiation Damage in Insulators.', Microscopy and Microanalysis, vol. 3, no. S2, pp. 749-750.
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Cathodoluminescence (CL) is the luminescent emission from a material which has been irradiated with electrons. Cathodoluminescence microanalysis (spectroscopy and microscopy) in an electron microscope complements the average defect structure information available from complementary techniques (e.g. Photoluminescence, Electron Spin Resonance spectroscopy). CL microanalysis enables both pre-existing and irradiation induced local variations in the bulk and surface defect structure to be characterized with high spatial (lateral and depth) resolution and sensitivity. This is possible as electron beam parameters such as the beam energy, may be varied to finely control the penetration depth of the incident electrons and hence the local volume of specimen probed.Irradiation with charged and neutral energetic radiation produces defects in radiation sensitive materials. The energetic electron beam in an electron microscope may also induce defects in the specimen. Cazaux has characterized the electric field produced by electron irradiation of a insulator with a conductive surface coating

Stevens Kalceff, MA, Phillips, MR & Moon, AR 1997, 'Cathodoluminescence Microcharacterization of the Irradiation Sensitive Defect Structure of Amorphous Silicon Dioxide', Microscopy and Microanalysis, vol. 3, no. S2, pp. 751-752.
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Cathodoluminescence (CL) Microscopy (imaging) and Spectroscopy in a Scanning Electron Microscope enables high spatial resolution, high sensitivity detection of defect centers in materials. Cathodoluminescence microanalysis has been used to investigate the irradiation sensitive defect structure of Types I, II, III and IV amorphous silicon dioxide SiO2 (quartz and silica glasses). The CL experiments were performed in a JEOL JSM 35C SEM equipped with Oxford Instruments liquid N and liquid He cryogenic stages, and an Oxford Instruments MonoCL cathodoluminescence imaging and spectral analysis system. The observed CL emissions, were excited with a stationary electron beam at normal incidence and corrected for total instrument response. The corrected CL spectra were fitted with a multiparameter Gaussian function using a non linear least squares curve fitting algorithm and were identified with particular defect structures. The CL emission from high quality pure amorphous silica and quartz glasses is dominated by intrinsic processes (associated with the host lattice). See Table 1.

Tan, A, Milthorpe, BK & Huff, JW 1997, 'A technique for quantitation of protein deposits on rigid gas permeable contact lenses.', CLAO J, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 177-184.
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PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop a method for quantitating protein on rigid gas permeable (RGP) lenses and apply it to worn lenses. METHODS: We built a video microscope and wrote software to measure light absorbance by contact lenses before and after protein staining with Coomassie brilliant blue. We corrected for the temporal stability and spatial uniformity of the system, and set the iris aperture so that both lens surfaces could be simultaneously focused. We examined four RGP lens types worn by 22 patients. Standard curves were prepared with plastic discs spiked with dialyzed Coomassie blue-stained bovine serum albumin. RESULTS: The method was linear (R2 = 0.99) from 14 to over 100 microg protein per image and independent of dioptric power from -6 to +14 diopters. Protein quantities on worn Equalens II, Advent, Quantum II, and Fluoroperm 92 lenses were not significantly different (123 +/- 36, 111 +/- 28, 110 +/- 23, and 83 +/- 15 microg/lens; means +/- SEMs, P > 0.7). Patients differed (P < 0.05) in protein deposition, independently of lens type, and fit a Poisson distribution. DISCUSSION: The method is adequate for quantitating protein on RGP lenses or for examining the efficacy of cleaning regimens or care systems. However, because of the non-Gaussian distribution of patient protein deposits, paired or cross-over experimental design and testing is recommended for studying protein deposition in clinical trials.

Tangye, SG & Raison, RL 1997, 'Human cytokines suppress apoptosis of leukaemic CD5(+) B cells and preserve expression of bcl-2', IMMUNOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY, vol. 75, no. 2, pp. 127-135.
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Leukaemic CD5(+) B cells obtained from B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) patients rapidly undergo apoptosis during in vitro culture. This is associated with down-regulation in expression of bcl-2. Spontaneous apoptosis of these cells contrasts

Tangye, SG, Weston, KM & Raison, RL 1997, 'Cytokines and cross-linking of sIgM augment PMA-induced activation of human leukaemic CD5(+) B cells', IMMUNOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY, vol. 75, no. 6, pp. 561-567.
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Purified leukaemic CD5(+) B cells obtained from patients with B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) undergo activation and differentiation following in vitro stimulation with optimal concentrations of the phorbol ester PMA. This paper examines the

Trent, RJ, Sheffield, LJ, Deng, ZM, Kim, WS, Nassif, NT, Ryce, C, Woods, CG, Michaelis, RC, Tarleton, J & Smith, A 1997, 'The elusive Angelman syndrome critical region.', Journal of Medical Genetics, vol. 34, no. 9, pp. 714-718.
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Trevaskis, B, Watts, RA, Andersson, CR, Llewellyn, DJ, Hargrove, MS, Olson, JS, Dennis, ES & Peacock, WJ 1997, 'Two hemoglobin genes in Arabidopsis thaliana: The evolutionary origins of leghemoglobins', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 94, no. 22, pp. 12230-12234.
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Tuch, BE, Beynon, S, Tabiin, MT, Sassoon, R, Goodman, RJ & Simpson, AM 1997, 'Effect of β-Cell Toxins on Genetically Engineered Insulin-Secreting Cells', Journal of Autoimmunity, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 239-244.
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The betacyte is a genetically engineered insulin-secreting liver cell line that is glucose responsive. Whether this cell. is affected by specific beta-cell toxins is unknown. To explore this possibility we exposed these cells and those from the NIT-1 bet

Valenzuela, SM, Martin, DK, Por, SB, Robbins, JM, Warton, K, Bootcov, MR, Schofield, PR, Campbell, TJ & Breit, SN 1997, 'Molecular Cloning and Expression of a Chloride Ion Channel of Cell Nuclei', Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 272, no. 19, pp. 12575-12582.
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Ion channels are known to be present on the plasma membrane of virtually all cells and have been found on the membranes of various intracellular organelles. However, until recently they were believed not to occur at the nuclear membrane. In this study we describe the molecular cloning and characterization of a nuclear ion channel protein, designated nuclear chloride channel-27 (NCC27), from the human myelomonocytic cell line, U937. NCC27 is a novel chloride ion channel protein that was found to localize principally to the cell nucleus, Its only known homologue is a bovine chloride ion channel protein (p64) believed to localize to internal organelles. NCC27 therefore represents the first human member of a new class of organellar chloride ion channel proteins.

vanLeeuwen, WJD, Huete, AR, Walthall, CL, Prince, SD, Begue, A & Roujean, JL 1997, 'Deconvolution of remotely sensed spectral mixtures for retrieval of LAI, fAPAR and soil brightness', JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY, vol. 189, no. 1-4, pp. 697-724.
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Linear mixture models have been used to invert spectral reflectances of targets at the Earth's surface into proportions of plant and soil components. However, operational use of mixture models has been limited by a lack of biophysical interpretation of the results. The main objectives of this study were (1) to relate the deconvolved components of mixture model with biophysical properties of vegetation and soil at the surface and (2) to apply the mixture model results to remotely sensed imagery. A radiative transfer model (SAIL: Scattering by Arbitrarily Inclined Leaves) was used to generate reflectance 'mixtures' from leaf and bare soil spectral measurements made at HAPEX-Sahel (Hydrological Atmospheric Pilot EXperiment) study sites. The SAIL model was used to create canopy reflectances and fractions of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR) for a range of mixed targets with varying leaf area index (LAI) and soils. A spectral mixture model was used to deconvolve the simulated reflectance data into component fractions, which were then calibrated to the SAIL-generated LAI, fAPAR and soil brightness. The calibrated relationships were validated with observational ground data (LAI, fAPAR and reflectance) measured at the HAPEX Sahel fallow bush/grassland, fallow grassland and millet sites. Both the vegetation and soil component fractions were found to be dependent upon soil background brightness, such that inclusion of the soil fraction information significantly improved the derivation of vegetation biophysical parameters. Soil brightness was also shown to be a useful parameter to infer soil properties. The deconvolution methodology was then applied to a nadir image of a HAPEX-Sahel site measured by the Advanced Solid State Array Spectroradiometer (ASAS). Site LAI and fAPAR were successfully estimated by combining the fractional estimates of vegetation and soils, obtained through deconvolution of the ASAS image, with the calibrated relationships...

Wallman, JF & Adams, M 1997, 'Molecular Systematics of Australian Carrion-breeding Blowflies of the Genus Calliphora (Diptera: Calliphoridae)', Australian Journal of Zoology, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 337-337.
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Allozyme electrophoresis was used to determine the systematic affinities ofnine forms of carrion-breeding blowfly of the genusCalliphora: C. stygia,C. albifrontalis, C. augur,C. dubia, C. hilli hilli,C. hilli fallax, C. varifrons,C. sp. nov., and C. maritima. Theresults (1) confirm the species status of all forms currently described assuch, (2) support a return to the ranking ofC. hilli fallax as a full species,C. fallax, (3) support the recognition ofC. sp. nov. as a distinct species, and (4) indicate thatdistinct Kangaroo Island and adjacent mainland subpopulations appear to existin at least three species. The allozyme data also strongly support the placingof eight of the forms into three separate species-groups on morphologicalgrounds, and the placement of C. maritima in a fourthgroup. However, on the basis of these data, the comparative genetic affinitiesof the parasitic blowfly Onesia tibialis suggest thatCalliphora in its current form may be paraphyletic.

Wand, MP 1997, 'Data-Based Choice of Histogram Bin Width', The American Statistician, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 59-59.
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Wand, MP & Gutierrez, RG 1997, 'Exact risk approaches to smoothing parameter selection', Journal of Nonparametric Statistics, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 337-354.
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Wang, CY, Wang, S & Carroll, RJ 1997, 'Estimation in choice-based sampling with measurement error and bootstrap analysis', Journal of Econometrics, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 65-86.
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Wang, XB, Ding, H, Ryan, L & Xu, XP 1997, 'Association between air pollution and low birth weight: A community-based study', ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES, vol. 105, no. 5, pp. 514-520.
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The relationship between maternal exposure to air pollution during periods of pregnancy (entire and specific periods) and birth weight was investigated in a well-defined cohort. Between 1988 and 1991, all pregnant women living in four residential areas of Beijing were registered and followed from early pregnancy until delivery. Information on individual mothers and infants was collected. Daily air pollution data were obtained independently. The sample for analysis included 74,671 first-parity live births were gestational age 37-44 weeks. Multiple linear regression and logistic regression were used to estimate the effects of air pollution on birth weight and low birth weight (< 2,500 g), adjusting for gestational age, residence, year of birth, maternal age, and infant gender. There was a significant exposure-response relationship between maternal exposures to sulfur dioxide (SO2) and total suspended particles (TSP) during the third trimester of pregnancy and infant birth weight. The adjusted odds ratio for low birth weight was 1.11 (95% CI, 1.06-1.16) for each 100 micrograms/m3 increase in SO2 and 1.10 (95% CI, 1.05-1.14) for each 100 micrograms/m3 increase in TSP. The estimated reduction in birth weight was 7.3 g and 6.9 g for each 100 micrograms/m3 increase in SO2 and in TSP, respectively. The birth weight distribution of the high-exposure group was more skewed toward the left tail (i.e., with higher proportion of births < 2,500 g) than that of the low-exposure group. Although the effects of other unmeasured risk factors cannot be excluded with certainty, our data suggests that TSP and SO2, or a more complex pollution mixture associated with these pollutants, contribute to an excess risk of low birth weight in the Beijing population.

Webb, JK & Shine, R 1997, 'A field study of spatial ecology and movements of a threatened snake species, Hoplocephalus bungaroides', BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION, vol. 82, no. 2, pp. 203-217.
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Information on movement patterns, home range sizes and site fidelity of endangered fauna may provide a basis for conservation planning (size and location of reserves; vulnerability to habitat fragmentation; feasibility of natural recolonisation of 'restored' habitats, etc.). To obtain such information, we surgically implanted miniature radio transmitters in 25 individual broad-headed snakes Hoplocephalus bungaroides, a small (mean snout-vent length = 57 cm, mean mass = 51 g) viviparous elapid snake reliant upon sandstone outcrops in southeastern Australia. We also carried out a mark-recapture study of this threatened species. Our telemetered snakes spent long periods of time sequestered inside retreat-sites (rocks, crevices, tree hollows) and thus were active on only 21% of days. Gravid females had small home ranges (mean size = 0.05 ha, convex polygon method) and remained near cliffs during summer, whereas most males and non-gravid females moved long distances (up to 780m) away from cliff tops during summer and had larger home ranges (mean size = 3.3 ha). Movements by the snakes were more frequent and extensive when they were in the woodland (mean interval between successive moves = 2.9 days; mean displacement per move = 159m) than when they were in the rock outcrops (means = 6.3 days, 37m). Home ranges were larger in summer than in spring, and were larger in 1994-95 than in other years. Home ranges of males showed little spatial or temporal overlap in spring, but females were found within the areas used by males. During summer there was little temporal or spatial overlap of home ranges of adults, which suggests that snakes may actively avoid conspecifics of either sex while foraging in the forest. Many adult snakes showed strong site fidelity, frequently returning to the same rocks where they were initially captured. Dispersal of juvenile snakes from their birth sites was relatively limited (maximum recorded distance = 375 m after 6 months). Our resul...

Webb, JK & Shine, R 1997, 'Out on a limb: Conservation implications of tree-hollow use by a threatened snake species (Hoplocephalus bungaroides: Serpentes, Elapidae)', Biological Conservation, vol. 81, no. 1-2, pp. 21-33.
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Habitat requirements of arboreal reptiles may determine their vulnerability to anthropogenic disturbance, but have attracted little research. We studied habitat use by the broad-headed snake Hoplocephalus bungaroides, a threatened species from southeaste

Webb, JK & Shine, R 1997, 'Out on a limb: Conservation implications of tree-hollow use by a threatened snake species (Hoplocephalus bungaroides: Serpentes, Elapidae)', BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION, vol. 81, no. 1-2, pp. 21-33.
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Habitat requirements of arboreal reptiles may determine their vulnerability to anthropogenic disturbance, but have attracted little research. We studied habitat use by the broad-headed snake Hoplocephalus bungaroides, a threatened species from southeastern Australia. Intensive radio-tracking of 22 broad-headed snakes (from 1992 to 1995 in Morton National Park, 160 km south of Sydney) provided detailed information on the habitat requirements of these animals. During spring, broad-headed snakes were sedentary and used rocks and crevices on exposed cliff edges as diurnal retreat sites. These results are consistent with the widespread view that this species is restricted to rocky, outcrops. However, >80% of our telemetered snakes moved away from the rock outcrops to open woodland during the summer. Radio-tracked snakes used one to nine trees each summer and spent long periods (up to 48 days) sequestered inside tree-hollows. Tree use was highly non-random; the snakes actively selected dead rather than live trees, large rather than small trees and trees with many branches and hollows. The selection of trees with holloa, branches may reflect the thermo-regulatory opportunities provided by this microhabitat, and/or the abundance of potential prey (arboreal mammals) in tree-hollows. Our radio-tracked snakes actively selected grey gums Eucalyptus punctata and Sydney peppermints E. piperita, but avoided the most common tree species on our study sites (turpentine Syncarpia glomulifera). Our study shows that persistence of broad-headed snakes in an area may depend crucially not only on suitable rocky habitat, but on adjacent forests. Hence, forestry practices should be designed to ensure that suitable 'habitat trees' are retained in forested areas near rocky cliffs.

Weichart, D, McDougald, D, Jacobs, D & Kjelleberg, S 1997, 'In situ analysis of nucleic acids in cold-induced nonculturable Vibrio vulnificus', Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 63, no. 7, pp. 2754-2758.
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Low-temperature-induced nonculturable cells of the human pathogenic bacterium Vibrio vulnificus retained significant amounts of nucleic acids for more than 5 months. Upon permeabilization of fixed cells, however, an increasing number of cold-incubated cells released the nucleic acids. This indicates substantial degradation of DNA and RNA in nonculturable cells prior to fixation. Treatment of permeabilized cells with DNase and RNase allowed differential staining of DNA and RNA with the nucleic acid dye 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Epifluorescence microscopy revealed that the could-induced nonculturable populations of V. vulnificus are highly heterogeneous with regard to their nucleic acid content. The fraction of nonculturable cells which maintained DNA and RNA structures decreased gradually during cold incubation. After 5 months at 5 degrees C, less than 0.05% of the cells could be observed to retain DNA and RNA. In parallel with the loss of nucleic acids, an increase in the concentrations of UV-absorbing material in the culture supernatants was observed in nonculturable-cell suspensions. It is hypothesized that there are two phases of the formation of nonculturable cells of V. vulnificus: the first involves a loss of culturability with maintenance of cellular integrity and intact RNA and DNA (and thus possibly viability), and the second is typified by a gradual degradation of nucleic acids, the products of which partly remain inside the cells and partly diffuse into the extracellular space. A small number of nonculturable cells, however, retain DNA and RNA, and thus may be viable despite having reduced culturability.

Weller, EA, Ryan, LP, Spiegelman, D & Smith, T 1997, 'Statistical issues in assessing human population exposures', CHEMOMETRICS AND INTELLIGENT LABORATORY SYSTEMS, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 189-195.
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Relating an exposure level to a particular outcome in occupational and environmental epidemiology studies may be challenging. In these studies, researchers are interested in the health effects form exposure. Two factors that complicate this process are the measurement error that is usually present in exposure assessment and the complex nature of the exposure-dose relationship. Statistical aspect of the measurement error problem has been the focus of many researchers in the past few years. However, less attention has been given to the second issue of incorporating the relationship between exposure and dose and directly modeling the dose-response relationship, when this of primary scientific interest. For complex exposure-dose relationships, a direct application of statistical methods to relate exposure to the health outcome may lead to bias and loss of efficiency in estimates of the dose- response relationship. In this paper, we present some of the statistical issues that arise using a study of the heath effects are welding fumes as an illustration.

Withers, RL, Lobo, C, Thompson, JG, Schmid, S & Stranger, R 1997, 'A Modulation Wave Approach to the Structural Characterization of Three New Cristobalite-Related Sodium Magnesiosilicates', Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 203-220.
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The crystal structures of three new cristobalite-related sodium magnesiosilicates [Na2MgSiO4, M r = 162.37, orthorhombic, Pna21, a = 10.835 (5), b = 5.279 (12), c = 7.067 (8) Å, D x = 2.668 g cm−3, Z = 4, Cu Kα, λ = 1.5418 Å, μ = 75.96 cm−l, F(000) = 319.87; Na1.74Mg0.79Al0.15Si1.06O4, M r = 157.02, orthorhombic, Pbca, a = 10.487 (7), b = 14.351 (4), c = 5.243 (6) Å, D x = 2.643 g cm−3, Z = 8, Cu Kα, λ = 1.5418 Å, μ = 76.70 cm−l, F(000) = 619.04; Na1.8Mg0.9Si1.1O4, M r = 158.15, tetragonal, P41212, a

Wu, YR, Llewellyn, D, Mathews, A & Dennis, ES 1997, 'Adaptation of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to a proteinase inhibitor expressed in transgenic tobacco', MOLECULAR BREEDING, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 371-380.
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Zaslawski, C, Rogers, C, Garvey, M, Ryan, D, Yang, CX & Zhang, SP 1997, 'Strategies to Maintain the Credibility of Sham Acupuncture Used as a Control Treatment in Clinical Trials', The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 257-266.
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Many clinical trials concerning acupuncture are flawed by methodological problems. One of the major difficulties is the appropriate selection and use of a placebo control. This article evaluates the use of sham acupuncture as a placebo control and analyzes its credibility as a control treatment. Sixty-four subjects were assessed for their perception of whether they were receiving sham or real acupuncture while participating in a clinical trial of acupuncture. It was found that if used under specific experimental conditions, sham acupuncture can function as a credible control. Specific strategies are suggested to maintain the credibility of sham acupuncture as a placebo control.

Armour, C, Johnson, P, Anticevich, S, Ammit, A, McKay, K, Hughes, M & Black, J 1970, 'MEDIATORS ON HUMAN AIRWAY SMOOTH MUSCLE', Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, Wiley, pp. 269-272.
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SUMMARY1. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness in asthma may be due to several abnormalities, but must include alterations in the airway smooth muscle responsiveness and/or volume.2. Increased responsiveness of airway smooth muscle in vitro can be induced by certain inflammatory cell products and by induction of sensitization (atopy).3. Increased airway smooth muscle growth can also be induced by inflammatory cell products and atopic serum.4. Mast cell numbers are increased in the airways of asthmatics and, in our studies, in airway smooth muscle that is sensitized and hyperresponsive.5. We propose that there is a relationship between mast cells and airway smooth muscle cells which, once an allergic process has been initiated, results in the development of critical features in the lungs in asthma.

Carroll, RJ, Pee, D, Freedman, LS & Brown, CC 1970, 'Statistical design of calibration studies', The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Elsevier BV, pp. 1187S-1189S.
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We investigated some design aspects of calibration studies. The specific situation addressed was one in which a large group is evaluated with a food- frequency questionnaire and a smaller calibration study is conducted through use of repeated food records or recalls, with the subjects in the calibration study constituting a random sample of those in the large group. In designing a calibration study, one may use large sample sizes and few food records per individual or smaller samples and more records per subject. Neither strategy is always preferable. Instead, the optimal method for a given study depends on the survey instrument used (24-h recalls or multiple-day food records) and the variables of interest.

Chiarella, C, El-Hassan, N & Kucera, A 1970, 'Evaluation of derivative security prices in a path integral framework using Fourier-Hermite series expansions', JIC97, Japanese Association of Financial Econometrics and Engineering, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 350-372.

Dewey, FM & Cole, L 1970, 'Monoclonal Antibody-Based Assays for Detection and Quantification of Botrytis Cinerea', DIAGNOSIS AND IDENTIFICATION OF PLANT PATHOGENS, 4th International Symposium of the European-Foundation-for-Plant-Pathology, Springer Netherlands, BONN, GERMANY, pp. 91-94.
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Dolferus, R, Ellis, M, DeBruxelles, G, Trevaskis, B, Hoeren, F, Dennis, ES & Peacock, WJ 1970, 'Strategies of gene action in Arabidopsis during hypoxia', ANNALS OF BOTANY, International Conference on Plant Response and Adaptation to Anaerobiosis, ACADEMIC PRESS LTD, LAMMI, FINLAND, pp. 21-31.

Elliman, RG, LutherDavies, B, Samoc, M & Dowd, A 1970, 'Non-linear optical response of metallic and semiconducting nanocrystals in fused silica', MATERIALS MODIFICATION AND SYNTHESIS BY ION BEAM PROCESSING, Symposium on Materials Modification and Synthesis by Ion Beam Processing, at the 1996 MRS Fall Meeting, MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY, BOSTON, MA, pp. 423-428.

Huete, AR, HuiQing Liu & van Leeuwen, WJD 1970, 'The use of vegetation indices in forested regions: issues of linearity and saturation', IGARSS'97. 1997 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium Proceedings. Remote Sensing - A Scientific Vision for Sustainable Development, IGARSS'97. 1997 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium Proceedings. Remote Sensing - A Scientific Vision for Sustainable Development, IEEE, SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE, pp. 1966-1968.
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Jessup, W, van Reyk, D & Dean, RT 1970, '3.P.62 Pro- and anti-oxidant activities of macrophages in LDL oxidation: The importance of metal sequestration', Atherosclerosis, Elsevier BV, pp. 211-212.
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Kim, AA, Kovalchuk, BM, Kremnev, VV, Krumpjak, EV, Novikov, AA, Etlicher, B, Frescaline, L, Leon, JF, Roques, B, Lassalle, F, Lample, R, Avrillaud, G & Kovacs, F 1970, 'Multi gap, multi channel spark switches', Digest of Technical Papers. 11th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference (Cat. No.97CH36127), Digest of Technical Papers 11th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference, IEEE, pp. 862-867.
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The results of the multigap, multichannel switch development performed in High Current Electronics Institute in order to reach the requirements of the SYRINX project in France are presented. The requirements include: 90 kV operating voltage; >500 kA switching current; <1 μs current rising time; and <10 nH switch inductance. Different switches developed on consecutive steps of the collaboration are described. In these switches, the multichannel discharge is realized in multigap spark switch configuration, where the voltage during charging is uniformly distributed between the few gaps connected in series. The triggering occurs due to disturbance of voltage distribution between the gaps when trigger pulse is applied.

Kornyshev, AA, Tosi, M & Ulstrup, J 1970, 'ELECTRON AND ION TRANSFER IN CONDENSED MEDIA', Electron and Ion Transfer in Condensed Media, Conference, WORLD SCIENTIFIC.
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KÜCHENHOFF, H & CARROLL, RJ 1970, 'SEGMENTED REGRESSION WITH ERRORS IN PREDICTORS: SEMI-PARAMETRIC AND PARAMETRIC METHODS', Statistics in Medicine, Workshop on Statistical Methods for Incomplete Covariate Data in Clinical and Epidemiological Studies, Wiley, UNIV FREIBURG, INST MED BIOMETRY & MED INFORMAT, FREIBURG, GERMANY, pp. 169-188.
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Moore, JH, Ford, MJ, Coplan, MA, Cooper, JW & Doering, JP 1970, 'Partitioning of momentum in electron-impact double ionization', COINCIDENCE STUDIES OF ELECTRON AND PHOTON IMPACT IONIZATION, European Conference on Coincidence Studies of Electron and Photon Impact Ionization, PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP, BELFAST, NORTH IRELAND, pp. 85-92.

Östling, J, McDougald, D, Marouga, R & Kjelleberg, S 1970, 'Global analysis of physiological responses in marine bacteria', ELECTROPHORESIS, Wiley, pp. 1441-1450.
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AbstractIn this paper, we present results from studies on marine Vibrio species, in which complex adaptive responses have been investigated. The results of two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis serve to illustrate the usefulness of a global approach, and how it can be combined with other methodologies in order to achieve an improved understanding of the means by which bacteria adapt to alterations in environmental conditions. The overall strategies described in this paper are particularly useful for studies of bacteria for which efficient genetic tools, background genotypes and in depth physiological data are not yet available.

Pritchard, TR, Lee, RS & Ajani, PA 1970, 'Oceanic and anthropogenic nutrients and the phytoplankton response: Preliminary Findings', Pacific Coasts and Ports Conference Proceedings, Pacific Coasts and Ports '97, CAE University of Cantebury, Christchurch, New Zealand.

Pritchard, TR, Lee, RS & Ajani, PA 1970, 'Oceanic and Anthropogenic Nutrients and the Phytoplankton Response: Preliminary Findings (Oral Presentation). Pacific Coasts and Ports Conference 1997, New Zealand.', T. R.
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Oral Presentation

Sano, EE, Moran, MS, Huete, AR & Miura, T 1970, 'Ku-band SAR data for bare soil moisture retrieval over agricultural fields', IGARSS'97. 1997 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium Proceedings. Remote Sensing - A Scientific Vision for Sustainable Development, IGARSS'97. 1997 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium Proceedings. Remote Sensing - A Scientific Vision for Sustainable Development, IEEE, SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE, pp. 98-100.
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Tuch, BE, Tabiin, MT, Simpson, AM & Marshall, GM 1970, 'Reversal of diabetes with genetically engineered insulin producing hepatocytes', Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology and Diabetes.

van Leeuwen, WJD, Huete, AR, Didan, K & Laing, T 1970, 'Modeling bi-directional reflectance factors for different land cover types and surface components to standardize vegetation indices', PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS AND SIGNATURES IN REMOTE SENSING, VOLS 1 AND 2, 7th International Symposium on Physical Measurements and Signatures in Remote Sensing, A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS, COURCHEVEL, FRANCE, pp. 373-380.

Van Leeuwen, WJD, Laing, TW & Huete, AR 1970, 'Quality assurance of global vegetation index compositing algorithms using AVHRR data', IGARSS'97. 1997 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium Proceedings. Remote Sensing - A Scientific Vision for Sustainable Development, IGARSS'97. 1997 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium Proceedings. Remote Sensing - A Scientific Vision for Sustainable Development, IEEE, SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE, pp. 341-343.
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White, JW, Brown, AS, Holt, SA & Saville, PM 1970, 'Neutron and X-ray Reflectometry: Solid Multilayers and Crumpling Films', Australian Journal of Physics, ANZIP 20th Condensed Matter Physics Meeting, CSIRO Publishing, WAGGA WAGGA, AUSTRALIA, pp. 391-391.
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The structures of films and interfaces at the molecular level can bedetermined from specular reflectivity measurements using neutrons and X-rays.A general introduction to the principles of neutron and X-ray reflectometry isgiven. Illustrative examples of the application of neutron and X-rayreflectometry to problems of chemical and physical interest are presented.

Lee, R & Ajani, PA 1997, Ocean Nutrient and Phytoplankton Project. Progress and Data Report. First Season 1995-1996.

Chiarella, C & El-Hassan, N 1997, 'A Survey of Models for the Pricing of Interest Rate Derivatives'.