Ammit, AJ & O'Neill, C 1997, 'Optimization of a method for deactivation of platelet-activating factor:acetylhydrolase in serum for use in in-vitro fertilization culture media', Human Reproduction, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 785-791.
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Ammit, AJ & O'Neill, C 1997, 'Studies of the Nature of the Binding by Albumin of Platelet-activating Factor Released from Cells', Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 272, no. 30, pp. 18772-18778.
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Ammit, AJ & O'Neill, C 1997, 'The role of albumin in the release of platelet-activating factor by mouse preimplantation embryos in vitro', Reproduction, vol. 109, no. 2, pp. 309-318.
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Ammit, AJ, Bekir, SS, Johnson, PR, Hughes, JM, Armour, CL & Black, JL 1997, 'Mast cell numbers are increased in the smooth muscle of human sensitized isolated bronchi.', American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol. 155, no. 3, pp. 1123-1129.
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Andersson, CR, Llewellyn, DJ, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 1997, 'Cell-specific expression of the promoters of two nonlegume hemoglobin genes in a transgenic legume, Lotus corniculatus', PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 113, no. 1, pp. 45-57.
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Anelli, P-L, Asakawa, M, Ashton, PR, Bissell, RA, Clavier, G, Górski, R, Kaifer, AE, Langford, SJ, Mattersteig, G, Menzer, S, Philp, D, Slawin, AMZ, Spencer, N, Stoddart, JF, Tolley, MS & Williams, DJ 1997, 'Toward Controllable Molecular Shuttles', Chemistry - A European Journal, vol. 3, no. 7, pp. 1113-1135.
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APPLEGATE, B, LAHEY, BB, HART, EL, BIEDERMAN, J, HYND, GW, BARKLEY, RA, OLLENDICK, T, FRICK, PJ, GREENHILI, L, MCBURNETT, K, NEWCORN, JH, KERDYK, L, GARFINKEL, B, WALDMAN, I & SHAFFER, D 1997, 'Validity of the Age-of-Onset Criterion for ADHD: A Report From the DSM-IV Field Trials', Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 36, no. 9, pp. 1211-1221.
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Augenlicht, LH, Wadler, S, Corner, G, Richards, C, Ryan, L, Multani, AS, Pathak, S, Benson, A, Haller, D & Heerdt, BG 1997, 'Low-level c-myc amplification in human colonic carcinoma cell lines and tumors: a frequent, p53-independent mutation associated with improved outcome in a randomized multi-institutional trial.', Cancer Res, vol. 57, no. 9, pp. 1769-1775.
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Human colonic cancer is associated with multiple genetic deletions, mutations, and alterations in gene expression; in contrast, gene amplification has not been recognized as a prominent characteristic of human colonic tumors. Although the c-myc gene is overexpressed in approximately 70% of human colonic cancers, previous studies have not detected frequent gene amplification or rearrangement of c-myc in these tumors, although such amplification has been reported in chemically induced rodent colon cancer and quantitative analysis of gene copy number has shown the gene to be amplified at a low level in mucinous and poorly differentiated human colon carcinomas. Using rigorously controlled blot methodology, we have established that the c-myc gene, located at 8q21, exhibited amplification of 87% to 35-fold in 7 of 10 human colonic carcinoma cell lines. This was highly significant even at a low level of amplification in HT29 cells (P < 0.0001). Cytogenetic analysis by G-banding did not detect aneuploidy involving chromsome 8q, suggesting that the amplification for the c-myc gene on 8q was relatively specific, and this was consistent with a lack of amplification detected for the c-mos gene on 8q24, which was assayed similarly. The same methodology then revealed amplification of c-myc from 1.5-fold to 5-fold in 32% of tumors from 149 patients entered into a multi-institutional Phase III study of adjuvant therapy for colon cancer. c-myc status was not related to time to recurrence or death, but low levels of c-myc amplification identified a subset of patients who showed a statistically significant increase in disease-free survival, and a corresponding trend to longer overall survival, in response to adjuvant therapy with 5-fluorouracil plus levamisole. Presence of c-myc amplification was not related to incidence of p53 mutations.
Bacskay, GB, Reimers, JR & Nordholm, S 1997, 'The mechanism of covalent bonding', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION, vol. 74, no. 12, pp. 1494-1502.
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Baird, SJS, Catalano, PJ, Ryan, LM & Evans, JS 1997, 'Evaluation of effect profiles: Functional observational battery outcomes', FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 37-51.
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The Functional Observational Battery (FOB) is a neurotoxicity screening assay composed of 25-30 descriptive, scalar, binary, and continuous endpoints. These outcomes have been grouped into six biologically logical domains as a means to interpret the neur
Baird, SJS, Catalano, PJ, Ryan, LM & Evans, JS 1997, 'Evaluation of Effect Profiles: Functional Observational Battery Outcomes', Toxicological Sciences, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 37-51.
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The Functional Observational Battery (FOB) is a neurotoxicity screening assay composed of 25-30 descriptive, scalar, binary, and continuous endpoints. These outcomes have been grouped into six biologically logical domains as a means to interpret the neuroactive properties of tested chemicals (V.C. Moser, 1992, J. Am. Cell. Toxicot. 10(6), 661-669). However, no data-based exploration of these functional domains has been done. We investigated the degree to which experimental data correspond to the domain groupings by examining severity scores from 10 chemicals tested using a standardized protocol for acute exposure (V.C. Moser et al., 1995, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 45, 173-210) and identifying endpoint groupings (factors) that best describe the interrelationships in the data, allowing a statistical assessment of whether the FOB endpoints break into domains. We also used a standard measure of bivariate association to confirm the results of the factor analysis. Our results show that while there are clear relationships among variables that compose some domains, there is often substantial correlation among endpoints in different domains. In addition, we investigated a related issue concerning the relative power of the chosen endpoint groupings for identifying significant domain effects. Results from a randomization analysis of the 10 chemicals suggest that the neurophysiologic domain structuring may provide some degree of statistical efficiency for identifying effects.
Barber, JS, Gasser, RB, Ellis, J, Reichel, MP, McMillan, D & Trees, AJ 1997, 'Prevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum in different canid populations', JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY, vol. 83, no. 6, pp. 1056-1058.
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Barr, BC, Bjerkas, I, Buxton, D, Conrad, PA, Dubey, JP, Ellis, JT, Jenkins, MC, Johnston, SA, Lindsay, DS, Sibley, D, Trees, AJ & Wouda, W 1997, 'Neosporosis - Report of the International Neospora Workshop', COMPENDIUM ON CONTINUING EDUCATION FOR THE PRACTICING VETERINARIAN, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. S120-&.
Bastrikov, AN, Kim, AA, Koval’chuk, BM, Kremnev, VV, Kumpyak, EV, Novikov, AA & Tsoi, NV 1997, 'Low-inductance multigap spark modules', Russian Physics Journal, vol. 40, no. 12, pp. 1125-1134.
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We outline the design concept for low-inductance high-current spark modules at a voltage level of 100 kV and a current of 1 MA. We present the results of an investigation of the switching and operating characteristics of multichannel, multigap spark modules as a function of the design and the shape and amplitude of the beam pulse. We give a description of the designs and parameters of the developed types of spark modules. ©1998 Plenum Publishing Corporation.
Bennett, AF, Chua, BS & Leslie, LM 1997, 'Generalized inversion of a global numerical weather prediction model, II: Analysis and implementation', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 62, no. 3-4, pp. 129-140.
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Bilodeau, P, Helliwell, CA, Dennis, ES & Peacock, WJ 1997, 'Toward the isolation of cytochrome P450 genes involved in the early steps of gibberellin biosynthesis.', PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 114, no. 3, pp. 171-171.
Bootcov, MR, Bauskin, AR, Valenzuela, SM, Moore, AG, Bansal, M, He, XY, Zhang, HP, Donnellan, M, Mahler, S, Pryor, K, Walsh, BJ, Nicholson, RC, Fairlie, WD, Por, SB, Robbins, JM & Breit, SN 1997, 'MIC-1, a novel macrophage inhibitory cytokine, is a divergent member of the TGF-β superfamily', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 94, no. 21, pp. 11514-11519.
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Macrophages play a key role in both normal and pathological processes involving immune and inflammatory responses, to a large extent through their capacity to secrete a wide range of biologically active molecules. To identify some of these as yet not characterized molecules, we have used a subtraction cloning approach designed to identify genes expressed in association with macrophage activation. One of these genes, designated macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 (MIC-1), encodes a protein that bears the structural characteristics of a transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily cytokine. Although it belongs to this superfamily, it has no strong homology to existing families, indicating that it is a divergent member that may represent the first of a new family within this grouping. Expression of MIC-1 mRNA in monocytoid cells is up-regulated by a variety of stimuli associated with activation, including interleukin 1β, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 2, and macrophage colony-stimulating factor but not interferon γ, or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Its expression is also increased by TGF-β. Expression of MIC-1 in CHO cells results in the proteolytic cleavage of the propeptide and secretion of a cysteine-rich dimeric protein of
M
r
25 kDa. Purified recombinant MIC-1 is able to inhibit lipopolysaccharide -induced macrophage TNF-α production, suggesting that MIC-1 acts in macrophages as an autocrine regulatory molecule. Its production in response to secreted proinflammatory cytokines and TGF-β may serve to limit the later phases of macrophage activation.
Borkowf, CB, Gail, MH, Carroll, RJ & Gill, RD 1997, 'Analyzing Bivariate Continuous Data Grouped into Categories Defined by Empirical Quantiles of Marginal Distributions', Biometrics, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 1054-1054.
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Botten, LC, McPhedran, RC, Nicorovici, NA & Derrick, GH 1997, 'Periodic models for thin optimal absorbers of electromagnetic radiation', PHYSICAL REVIEW B, vol. 55, no. 24, pp. 16072-16075.
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We study a system composed of two thin crossed lamellar gratings, with lamellae composed of a Drude metal. We show that such a system can yield striking behavior for wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation much longer than the grating period, with refle
Burnstock, G, Campbell, G, Satchell, D & Smythe, A 1997, 'Evidence that adenosine triphosphate or a related nucleotide is the transmitter substance released by non-adrenergic inhibitory nerves in the gut. 1970.', Br J Pharmacol, vol. 120, no. 4 Suppl, pp. 337-357.
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1. Stimulation of the vagal non-adrenergic inhibitory innervation caused the release of adenosine and inosine into vascular perfusates from the stomachs of guinea-pigs and toads. 2. Stimulation of portions of Auerbach's plexus isolated from turkey gizzard caused the release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP). 3. ATP, added to solutions perfused through the toad stomach vasculature, was broken down to adenosine, inosine and adenine. 4. Of a series of purine and pyrimidine derivatives tested for inhibitory activity on the guinea-pig isolated taenia coli, ATP and ADP were the most potent. 5. ATP caused inhibition of twelve other gut preparations previously shown to contain non-adrenergic inhibitory nerves. The inhibitory action of ATP was not prevented by tetrodotoxin. 6. Quinidine antagonized relaxations of the guinea-pig taenia coli caused by catecholamines or adrenergic nerve stimulation. Higher concentrations of quinidine antagonized relaxations caused by ATP or non-adrenergic inhibitory nerve stimulation. 7. When tachyphylaxis to ATP had been produced in the rabbit ileum, there was a consistent depression of the responses to non-adrenergic inhibitory nerve stimulation but not of responses to adrenergic nerve stimulation. 8. It is suggested that ATP or a related nucleotide is the transmitter substance released by the non-adrenergic inhibitory innervation of the gut.
Buzas, J, Carroll, RJ, Ruppert, D & Stefanski, LA 1997, 'Measurement Error in Nonlinear Models.', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 92, no. 437, pp. 385-385.
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Carroll, R 1997, 'Miscellanea. Surprising effects of measurement error on an aggregate data estimator', Biometrika, vol. 84, no. 1, pp. 231-234.
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Carroll, RJ, Chen, R, George, EI, Li, TH, Newton, HJ, Schmiediche, H & Wang, N 1997, 'Ozone Exposure and Population Density in Harris County, Texas', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 92, no. 438, pp. 392-404.
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We address the following question: What is the pattern of human exposure to ozone in Harris County (Houston) since 1980? While there has been considerable research on characterizing ozone measured at fixed monitoring stations, little is known about ozone away from the monitoring stations, and whether areas of higher ozone correspond to areas of high population density. To address this question, we build a spatial-temporal model for hourly ozone levels that predicts ozone at any location in Harris County at any time between 1980 and 1993. Along with building the model, we develop a fast model-fitting method that can cope with the massive amounts of available data and takes into account the substantial number of missing observations. Having built the model, we combine it with census tract information, focusing on young children. We conclude that the highest ozone levels occur at locations with relatively small populations of young children. Using various measures of exposure, we estimate that exposure of young children to ozone decreased by approximately 20% from 1980 to 1993. An examination of the distribution of population exposure has several policy implications. In particular, we conclude that the current siting of monitors is not ideal if one is concerned with population exposure assessment. Monitors appear to be well sited in the downtown Houston and close-in southeast portions of the county. However, the area of peak population is southwest of the urban center, coincident with a rapidly growing residential area. Currently, only one monitor measures air quality in this area. The far north-central and northwest parts of the county are also experiencing rapid population growth, and our model predicts relatively high levels of population exposure in these areas. Again, only one monitor is sited to assess exposure over this large area. The model we developed for the ozone prediction consists of first using a square root transformation and then decomposing the tra...
Carroll, RJ, Chen, R, George, EI, Li, TH, Newton, HJ, Schmiediche, H & Wang, N 1997, 'Rejoinder', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 92, no. 438, pp. 414-415.
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Carroll, RJ, Fan, J, Gijbels, I & Wand, MP 1997, 'Generalized Partially Linear Single-Index Models', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 92, no. 438, pp. 477-489.
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A semiparametric version of the generalized linear model for regression response was developed by replacing the linear combination with nonparametric components. The generalized partially linear single-index models were formed by combining simpler, conventional models such as single-index and partially linear models. Furthermore, the asymptotic distributions of the linear combination involving unknown parameters and unknown function was obtained by using local linear methods.
Carroll, RJ, Freedman, L & Pee, D 1997, 'Design Aspects of Calibration Studies in Nutrition, with Analysis of Missing Data in Linear Measurement Error Models', Biometrics, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1440-1440.
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Cartier, J, Roux, C & Grieve, M 1997, 'A Study to Investigate the Feasibility of Using X-Ray Fluorescence Microanalysis to Improve Discrimination Between Colorless Synthetic Fibers', Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 14254J-14254J.
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Cassidy, DJ, Woolfrey, JL, Bartlett, JR & Ben-Nissan, B 1997, 'The Effect of Precursor Chemistry on the Crystallisation and Densification of Sol-Gel Derived Mullite Gels and Powders', Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 19-30.
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Stoichiometric and silica-rich mullite gels and powders were prepared using four different sol-gel methods. Thermal analysis, X-ray powder diffraction and dilatometry techniques were used to investigate the thermal decomposition, crystallisation and sintering of these mullite precursor gels. The method of preparation, by controlled hydrolysis of various mixtures of tetraethylorthosilicate, aluminium sec-butoxide and aluminium nitrate, affected the texture of the gels, producing single-phase or diphasic samples. The crystallisation sequence of the gels depended on the composition and method of preparation. Single phase mullite crystallised from homogeneous gels at 980°C, while diphasic gels initially formed of a mixture of γ-Al2O3 spinel and mullite, or simple γ-Al2O3 spinel, which subsequently transformed to mullite at 1260°C. Dilatometry and density measurement were used to investigate the sintering of compacts formed by pressing powders prepared from gels precalcined at 500°C. Varying the heating rates from 2 to 10°C min-1 had little effect on the densification to 1500°C. However, the densification rate was sensitive to the degree of crystallinity and the amount and type of phases present at the sintering temperature. The presence of γ-Al2O3 spinel in the structure initially promoted densification, but the sintering rate was reduced considerably after mullite crystallised. Diphasic materials, especially those with an excess amount of silica in the original gel, sintered to higher densities due to the presence of excess silica promoting densification by viscous phase sintering.
Chaudhury, AM, Ming, L, Miller, C, Craig, S, Dennis, ES & Peacock, WJ 1997, 'Fertilization-independent seed development in Arabidopsis thaliana', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 94, no. 8, pp. 4223-4228.
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Clark, DE & Ryan, LM 1997, 'Modeling injury outcomes using time-to-event methods', JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 1129-1134.
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Background: Mortality is an important measurement of injury outcomes, but measurements reflecting disability or cost also important, Hospital length of stay (LOS) has been used as an outcome variable, but reduced LOS could be achieved either by improved care or by increased mortality, A solution to this statistical problem of ''competing risks'' would enable injury outcomes based on LOS to be modeled using time-to-event methods, Methods: Time-to-event methodology was applied to 2,106 cases with complete data from the 1991-1994 registry of a regional trauma center. LOS was used as the outcome variable, modified by assigning an arbitrarily long LOS to any fatal case, A combination of proportional hazards and logistic regression models was used to explore the effects of potential predictive variables, including Trauma Score (TS), Injury Severity Score (ISS), components of TS or ISS, age, sex, alcohol use, and whether a patient was transferred. Results: The ''TRISS'' combination of TS, ISS, and age previously shown to predict mortality also predicted ''modified LOS'' (Wald p value less than 0.001 for each variable). Models using only age and certain components of ISS or TS fit our data even better, with fewer parameters, Other variables were not predictive, Modified Kapian-Meier plots provided easily interpreted graphical results, combining both mortality and LOS information. Conclusions: With a simple modification to allow for competing risks, time-to-event methods enable more informative modeling of injury outcomes than binary (lived/died) methods alone, Such models may be useful for describing and comparing groups of hospitalized trauma patients.
Cole, L, Hyde, GJ & Ashford, AE 1997, 'Uptake and compartmentalisation of fluorescent probes byPisolithus tinctorius hyphae: evidence for an anion transport mechanism at the tonoplast but not for fluid-phase endocytosis', Protoplasma, vol. 199, no. 1-2, pp. 18-29.
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Combes, V, Dignat-George, F, Mutin, M & Sampol, J 1997, 'A New Flow Cytometry Method of Platelet-derived Microvesicle Quantitation in Plasma', Thrombosis and Haemostasis, vol. 77, no. 01, pp. 220-220.
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Cook, AS, Williams, DBG, White, AJP, Williams, DJ, Lange, SJ, Barrett, AGM & Hoffman, BM 1997, 'Enantiomerically Pure“Winged” Spirane Porphyrazinoctaols', Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English, vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 760-761.
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Cooper, AM, Saunders, BM, D'Souza, CD, Frank, AA & Orme, IM 1997, 'Mycobacterium tuberculosis-driven processes in gene-disrupted mice', Bulletin de l'Institut Pasteur, vol. 95, no. 2, pp. 85-96.
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Mice which have disrupted genes for important components of the immune system have been used to study the role of these components in the immune response to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This has resulted in the identification of interleukin-12 (IL12), interferon-γ (IFNγ), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) as being essential to the protective response. Less crucial but perhaps more intriguing roles for other molecules such as intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) and IL6 have also been suggested by this kind of analysis.
Cortie, MB & Jackson, EMLEM 1997, 'Simulation of the precipitation of sigma phase in duplex stainless steels', METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE, vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 2477-2484.
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The precipitation of sigma phase within the ferrite component of a duplex stainless steel has been simulated using a two-dimensional computer model which takes into account the partitioning of alloy elements between ferrite and austenite. The model is ba
Cotton, P & Dooley, AH 1997, 'Contraction of an adapted functional calculus', Journal of Lie Theory, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 147-164.
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We aim to show, using the example of a Riemannian symmetric pair (G, K) = (SL2(ℝ), SO(2)), how contraction ideas may be applied to functional calculi constructed on coadjoint orbits of Lie groups. We construct such calculi on principal series orbits and generic orbits of the Cartan motion group V ⋊ K , and show how the two are related. Since the calculi are adapted to the representations traditionally attached to the orbits, we recover at the Lie algebra level the contraction results of Dooley and Rice [5]. © 1997 Heldermann Verlag.
Craig, DC, Ghiggino, KP, Jolliffe, KA, Langford, SJ & Paddon-Row, MN 1997, 'Synthesis, Structure, and Photophysical Studies of a Pair of Novel Rigid Bichromophoric Systems Bearing a Methyl Viologen Acceptor Unit', The Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol. 62, no. 8, pp. 2381-2386.
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Credi, A, Balzani, V, Langford, SJ & Stoddart, JF 1997, 'Logic Operations at the Molecular Level. An XOR Gate Based on a Molecular Machine', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 119, no. 11, pp. 2679-2681.
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Croan, D & Ellis, J 1997, 'Monophyletic origin of the genus Sauroleishmania', ARCHIV FUR PROTISTENKUNDE, vol. 148, no. 3, pp. 269-275.
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Croan, DG, Morrison, DA & Ellis, JT 1997, 'Evolution of the genus Leishmania revealed by comparison of DNA and RNA polymerase gene sequences', MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL PARASITOLOGY, vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 149-159.
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Previous hypotheses of Leishmania evolution are undermined by limitations in the phylogenetic reconstruction method employed or due to the omission of key parasites. In this. experiment, sequences of the gene encoding the DNA polpmerase alpha catalytic p
Dahia, PL, Marsh, DJ, Zheng, Z, Zedenius, J, Komminoth, P, Frisk, T, Wallin, G, Parsons, R, Longy, M, Larsson, C & Eng, C 1997, 'Somatic deletions and mutations in the Cowden disease gene, PTEN, in sporadic thyroid tumors.', Cancer Res, vol. 57, no. 21, pp. 4710-4713.
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The majority of familial medullary thyroid neoplasms are associated with germ-line mutations of the RET proto-oncogene, yet very little is known about the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of familial and sporadic nonmedullary thyroid tumors. A subset of thyroid tumors have loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 10q22-23, a region harboring the gene responsible for Cowden disease, an autosomal dominant hamartoma syndrome associated with thyroid and breast tumors. PTEN/MMAC1/TEP1 codes for a dual-specificity phosphatase and is likely a tumor suppressor gene. We sought to determine the PTEN status in a series of epithelial thyroid neoplasms. We studied 95 sporadic thyroid tumors, of which 39 were papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs), 12 were follicular carcinomas, 9 were anaplastic carcinomas, 5 were Hürthle cell carcinomas, 21 were nonfunctioning follicular adenomas, and 9 were Hürthle cell adenomas. Direct sequencing of PCR-amplified products was performed for all nine exons of PTEN. Two polymorphic markers, one located in intron 8 and another, a dinucleotide repeat marker, AFMa086wg9, located within intron 2, were analyzed in paired blood-tumor DNA samples to assess hemizygous deletions of PTEN. We found a somatic frameshift mutation in one PTC, which was expected to generate a premature stop codon 2 amino acids downstream. Twenty-six % of informative benign tumors (four follicular adenomas and three Hürthle cell adenomas) and only 3 of 49 (6.1%) informative malignant tumors (one PTC, one follicular carcinoma, and one anaplastic carcinoma) showed evidence of hemizygous deletion of PTEN (P = 0.046). We conclude that a subset of thyroid tumors have somatic deletions of the PTEN gene, predominantly the benign forms, and that small intragenic mutations of PTEN are infrequent in thyroid tumors. We speculate that other mechanisms of PTEN inactivation, rather than small intragenic mutations, might occur in the hemizygously deleted samples and act as the 'Knudson sec...
Dean, RT, Fu, SL, Stocker, R & Davies, MJ 1997, 'Biochemistry and pathology of radical-mediated protein oxidation', BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL, vol. 324, no. 1, pp. 1-18.
DJORDJEVIC, SP, EAMENS, GJ, ROMALIS, LF, NICHOLLS, PJ, TAYLOR, V & CHIN, J 1997, 'Serum and mucosal antibody responses and protection in pigs vaccinated against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae with vaccines containing a denatured membrane antigen pool and adjuvant', Australian Veterinary Journal, vol. 75, no. 7, pp. 504-511.
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Doble, P, Andersson, P & Haddad, PR 1997, 'Determination and prediction of transfer ratios for anions in capillary zone electrophoresis with indirect UV detection', JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A, vol. 770, no. 1-2, pp. 291-300.
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Transfer ratios (i.e. the number of moles of the UV-absorbing probe anion displaced by one mole of analyte anion) were determined for the separation of inorganic and organic anions by capillary zone electrophoresis using indirect UV absorbance detection.
Doble, P, Macka, M, Andersson, P & Haddad, PR 1997, 'Buffered chromate electrolytes for separation and indirect absorbance detection of inorganic anions in capillary electrophoresis', ANALYTICAL COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 34, no. 11, pp. 351-353.
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Chromate is the most commonly used carrier electrolyte for the determination of low molecular weight and inorganic anions by capillary electrophoresis. However, chromate electrolytes are usually prepared in the sodium form and consequently have poor buff
Dolferus, R, Osterman, JC, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 1997, 'Cloning of the Arabidopsis and rice formaldehyde dehydrogenase genes: Implications for the origin of plant ADH enzymes', GENETICS, vol. 146, no. 3, pp. 1131-1141.
Donnelly, SM, Sheahan, BJ & Atkins, GJ 1997, 'Long-term effects of Semliki Forest virus infection in the mouse central nervous system', NEUROPATHOLOGY AND APPLIED NEUROBIOLOGY, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 235-241.
Donnelly, SM, Sheahan, BJ & Atkins, GJ 1997, 'Long-term effects of Semliki Forest virus infection in the mouse central nervous system', Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 235-241.
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Semliki Forest virus (SFV) infection of mice is used as a model to study pathogenic processes occurring in viral encephalitis and demyelinating disease. In this study, the long-term effects of infection by the avirulent M9 mutant of SFV on the central nervous system (CNS) of BALB/c and SJL mice were determined. The presence of infectious virus, viral RNA and cytokine mRNA in the brains of individual mice and the presence of lesions in the spinal cords of the same mice up to 360 days post-infection (d.p.i.) were analysed in order to detect any correlation between these parameters of pathogenesis. Infectious virus could not be detected beyond 7 d.p.i. for either mouse strain. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the presence of the E2 and nsP1 regions of the virus genome and mRNA for interferon-γ and tumour necrosis factor-α. Viral RNA could be detected up to 90 d.p.i. for both mouse strains. Cytokine mRNA could be detected up to 28 d.p.i. for BALB/c mice but up to 360 d.p.i. for SJL mice. Inflammatory lesions, which were associated with cytokine mRNA expression, were not detected in BALB/c mice beyond 28 d.p.i. but were detected in two SJL mice at 90 d.p.i. It is concluded that M9-SFV infection induces long-term prolonged expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the CNS of the majority of SJL (but not BALB/c) mice which is not associated with persistence of the virus genome. M9-SFV infection of SJL mice may be a relevant model for the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis in man.
Dooley, AH & Zhang, GK 1997, 'Generalized principal series representations of SL(1+n, C)', PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY, vol. 125, no. 9, pp. 2779-2787.
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Eckert, RS, Carroll, RJ & Wang, N 1997, 'Transformations to Additivity in Measurement Error Models', Biometrics, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 262-262.
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Fagan, PK, Djordjevic, SP, Chin, J, Eamens, GJ & Walker, MJ 1997, 'Oral immunization of mice with attenuated Salmonella typhimurium aroA expressing a recombinant Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae antigen (NrdF)', Infection and Immunity, vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 2502-2507.
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Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the etiological agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia, a commercially expensive respiratory disease of swine. Salmonella typhimurium SL3261 was used as a live carrier of plasmid pKF1, which encodes a 15-kDa recombinant M. hyopneumoniae protein. This expressed recombinant protein consists of the carboxy-terminal 11 kDa of a 42-kDa M. hyopneumoniae NrdF ribonucleotide reductase R2 subunit protein. Rabbit anti-15-kDa serum was able to inhibit the growth of viable M. hyopneumoniae J in vitro. When used as a live oral vaccine, S. typhimurium SL3261(pKF1) induced a significant secretory immunoglobulin A immune response in the lungs of mice orally immunized against the M. hyopneumoniae antigen. Utilization of live oral vaccines expressing potentially protective M. hyopneumoniae proteins, such as the NrdF antigen, which can stimulate a lung mucosal response against surface-accessible proteins may provide a cost-effective alternative to the present control strategies used for porcine enzootic pneumonia.
Forbes, GW, Butler, DJ, Gordon, RL & Asatryan, AA 1997, 'Algebraic corrections for paraxial wave fields', JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA A-OPTICS IMAGE SCIENCE AND VISION, vol. 14, no. 12, pp. 3300-3315.
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Asymptotic analysis of the angular spectrum solution for diffraction is used to establish the validity of a standard, formal series for nonparaxial wave propagation. The lowest term corresponds to the field in the Fresnel approximation, and this derivati
Franklin, LA & Larkum, AWD 1997, 'Multiple strategies for a high light existence in a tropical marine macroalga', Photosynthesis Research, vol. 53, no. 2/3, pp. 149-159.
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Acclimation to high light conditions on the top of coral reefs was examined in the coenocytic, filamentous green macroalga Chlorodesmis fastigiata (C. Ag.) Ducker. Despite having a pool of violaxanthin, high light does not induce formation of zeaxanthin in this macroalga. Exposure to 11 and 33% of surface irradiance resulted in parallel, reversible declines in F(v)/F(m) and in the number of functional PSII centers. The quantum requirement for PSII inactivation was calculated to be approx. 2 x 107 photons. Recovery of PSII activity after low photon exposures did not depend on protein synthesis, unlike at higher photon exposures, where recovery was inhibited by 50% in the presence of lincomycin. Accumulation of inactive, quenching PSII centers is proposed as a mechanism of energy dissipation; only some of these centers require protein synthesis for reactivation. In natural-sized populations, midday photoinhibition was greater in filament tips than in bases, but the number of inactive PSII centers within entire filaments did not significantly change over the course of the day. It is proposed that the higher chlorophyll concentration in the tips provides protective shading to chloroplasts in lower regions, and that cytoplasmic streaming of chloroplasts within this siphonous alga limits the cumulative exposure to high light, thereby providing another level of protection from high light stress.
Fu, SL & Dean, RT 1997, 'Structural characterization of the products of hydroxyl-radical damage to leucine and their detection on proteins', BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL, vol. 324, no. 1, pp. 41-48.
Fu, SL, Davies, MJ & Dean, RT 1997, 'Protein-bound hydroxylated amino acid levels are elevated in human atherosclerotic plaque', ATHEROSCLEROSIS, vol. 134, no. 1-2, pp. 221-221.
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It is well established that macromolecule oxidation, especially lipoprotein oxidation is a key and early event responsible for the loading of lipid into atherosclerotic foam cells and possibly many other features of atherogenesis. There have been many studies concerning protein oxidation and its contribution to the pathology. This study examined oxidized amino acid residues which may result from hydroxyl radical damage [Fu et al. 1995a. Free Rad Biol Med 19, 281-292; 1995b. Biochem. J. 311, 821-827; 1997. Biochem. J. in press] on intimal proteins isolated from normal human ateries and human atherosclerotic plaques. Normal iliac arteries (n = 6) were obtained from liver transplant donors and human plaques (n = 9) from patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. Proteins were obtained from the intima samples after homogenization and delipidation and subquently subjected to acid-catalysed hydrolysis. Protein hydrolysates were analysed by several HPLC methods for the presence of oxidation products (characteristic of hydroxyl radical attack) of tyrosine (DOPA, dityrosine), phenylalnine (o- and m-tyrosine), valine (?-hydroxyvaline), and leucine (?-hydoxyleucine). Results are expressed as mmol oxidized amino acid/mol parent amino acid and are summarized in the table below. It shows that all of the oxidized amino acids measured are elevated in the plaque samples compared to those in the normal controls, suggesting that hydroxyl radicals may be an important factor for atherogenesis
Garvey, M, Rogers, C, Ryan, D, Congxing, Y & Zaslawski, C 1997, 'Toward development of appropriate clinical trial methodology for acupuncture: Considerations and design of a research project on stress', American Journal of Acupuncture, vol. 25, no. 2-3, pp. 161-168.
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The College of Traditional Chinese Medicine at the University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), undertook a clinical research project (1) to test the hypothesis that traditional Chinese acupuncture is effective in the treatment of stress, and (2) to develop a clinical trial methodology consistent with the practice of traditional acupuncture and the rigors of scientific research. This paper focuses on acupuncture trial methodology, e.g., subject selection, establishing appropriate controls, ethical issues, etc. Of particular concern is the inappropriate design of Western clinical trials on the effects of acupuncture. These trials commonly use a standard acupoint formula on every participant, rather than specific treatment unique to the individual, which is the manner in which acupuncture is traditionally practiced. Those problems and viable solutions are addressed along with the practical issues and limitations of implementing a study in the context of the university setting.
Gimm, O, Marsh, DJ, Andrew, SD, Frilling, A, Dahia, PLM, Mulligan, LM, Zajac, JD, Robinson, BG & Eng, C 1997, 'Germline Dinucleotide Mutation in Codon 883 of theRETProto-Oncogene in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2B Without Codon 918 Mutation', The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 82, no. 11, pp. 3902-3904.
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The autosomal dominant multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndromes (MEN 2) comprise three clinically distinct entities, MEN 2A, familial medullary thyroid carcinoma and MEN 2B, which share a common clinical feature: medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). MEN 2B is considered to have the most aggressive form of MTC. Therefore, early detection of MEN 2B in order to prevent potentially lethal MTC is important. More than 95% of all MEN 2B cases are caused by germline mutation at codon 918 (M918T) in exon 16 of the RET proto-oncogene. In this study, we demonstrate the presence of germline codon 883 mutation (A883F) in 2 of 3 unrelated MEN 2B eases without codon 918 mutation. Our data demonstrate a novel etiologic event which may have roles in predisposition to MEN 2B when present in the germline and in the pathogenesis of sporadic MTC when somatic.
Goldys, EM, Zuo, HY, Phillips, MR, Contessa, CM, Vaughan, MR & Tansley, TL 1997, 'Type I and type II alignment of the light hole band in In0.15Ga0.85As/GaAs and in In0.15Ga0.85As/Al0.15Ga0.85As strained quantum wells', JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC MATERIALS, vol. 26, no. 8, pp. 922-927.
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We present results of photoluminescence and cathddoluminescence measurements of strained undoped In0.15Ga0.85AsGaAs and In0.15Ga0.85AsAl0.15Ga0.85As quantum well structures, designed to throw light on the current controversy ever light-hole band alignmen
Greene, RW, Abidin, RR & Kmetz, C 1997, 'The index of teaching stress: A measure of student-teacher compatibility', Journal of School Psychology, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 239-259.
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Student-teacher compatibility has been defined as the degree to which the capacities, motivations, and style of behaving of a student are compatible with the expectations, demands, and other characteristics of his or her teacher. Despite its conceptual appeal, student-teacher compatibility has been a difficult construct to operationalize and quantify. As a consequence, measures of student-teacher compatibility are scarce. In this article, we suggest that "teaching stress" be conceptualized as one possible gauge of student-teacher compatibility, in the same manner that parenting stress can be construed as an index of parent-child compatibility. We introduce the Index of Teaching Stress (ITS), an instrument distinguished by its focus on the stress experienced by a teacher in interactions with a specific student rather than on more global aspects of teacher stress assessed by existing measures. The potential practical and research applications of the ITS are also discussed. © 1997 Society for the Study of School Psychology. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Greene, RW, Biederman, J, Faraone, SV, Sienna, M & Garcia-Jetton, J 1997, 'Adolescent outcome of boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and social disability: Results from a 4-year longitudinal follow-up study.', Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, vol. 65, no. 5, pp. 758-767.
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IQ-achievement discrepancy methodology similar to that used in defining learning disabilities has recently been used to identify a subset of boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) evidencing marked impairment in social functioning. In this study, 2 issues were examined: (a) What is the longitudinal outcome of boys with ADHD identified at baseline as 'socially disabled'? (b) Is social disability at baseline a significant predictor of severe long-term outcomes (such as substance use disorders) in boys with ADHD? If so, are its predictive relationships accounted for by conditions that are comorbid with ADHD? Results showed that, at follow-up, boys with ADHD who also had social disability evidenced significantly higher rates of mood, anxiety, disruptive, and substance use disorders, compared with nonsocially disabled boys with ADHD and comparison boys without ADHD. Findings also showed that social disability at baseline in boys with ADHD was a significant predictor of later conduct disorder and most substance use disorders after baseline mood and conduct disorders and behavior checklist ratings of aggressive behavior and attention problems were controlled.
Griessen, R, Huiberts, JN, Kremers, M, van Gogh, ATM, Koeman, NJ, Dekker, JP & Notten, PHL 1997, 'Yttrium and lanthanum hydride films with switchable optical properties', Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 253-254, pp. 44-50.
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We discovered that yttrium-, lanthanum- and rare earth-hydride films exhibit remarkable optical properties near their metal-insulator transition: the dihydrides are metallic and shiny while the trihydrides are semiconducting and transparent. The transition between the shiny and transparent state is reversible and can simply be induced by changing the H2 gas pressure or the voltage in an electrolytic cell. No deterioration of the films is detected if they are protected by a thin palladium caplayer. The optical switching is also observed in hydrides of alloys of Y and La. Several theoretical models leading to an insulating and transparent trihydride state are discussed.
Gulyas, PT, Langford, SJ, Lokan, NR, Ranasinghe, MG & Paddon-Row, MN 1997, 'Convenient Synthetic Route to Rigid Donor−{Bridge}−Acceptor Systems Involving Porphyrin and Phenanthroline Annulation of Norbornylogous Bridges via 2,3-Norbornanediones', The Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol. 62, no. 10, pp. 3038-3039.
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Guo, Z-G, Gross, U & Johnson, AM 1997, 'Toxoplasma gondii virulence markers identified by random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction', Parasitology Research, vol. 83, no. 5, pp. 458-463.
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Genomic DNAs from 35 Toxoplasma gondii strains were amplified by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using 18 arbitrary 10-mer primers. At least four primers were found to generate DNA fragments that discriminate the 35 T. gondii strains into a genotype of virulent strains and a genotype of avirulent strains. Primer B12 was found to generate a virulence-specific fragment and primers B5, C8, and C20 were found to generate avirulence-specific fragments, which in all cases clearly identified either the virulence phenotype or the avirulence phenotype, respectively. In addition, the DNA polymorphic bands detected were analyzed by parsimony and distance analysis. A similar genetic relationship among the T. gondii strains was determined by the two phylogenetic methods, which use completely different assumptions. Consistent with the division of the 35 strains into a genotype of virulent strains and a genotype of avirulent strains, both analyses revealed 2 clonal lineages directly correlated with murine virulence. These results strongly support the hypothesis that the genus Toxoplasma may actually contain two clonal lineages correlated with virulence, which have evolved independently following their initial separation.
Guth, DJ, Carroll, RJ, Simpson, DG & Zhou, H 1997, 'Categorical Regression Analysis of Acute Exposure to Tetrachloroethylene1', Risk Analysis, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 321-332.
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Harry, EJ 1997, 'Illuminating the force: Bacterial mitosis?', Trends in Microbiology, vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 295-297.
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Bacterial chromosome segregation involves the separation and movement of two sister chromosomes away from one another to locations where they can be incorporated into separate daughter cells during cell division. Chromosome (nucleoid) segregation involves two distinct processes: (1) the decatenation and resolution of two newly replicated nucleoids to produce two separable sister nucleoids and (2) the movement of these sister chromosomes (partitioning) to reposition them on either side of the division site. Recent work has clarified the first process in molecular terms; however, the process of chromosome movement remains a mystery.
Harry, EJ & Wake, RG 1997, 'The membrane-bound cell division protein DivIB is localized to the division site inBacillus subtilis', Molecular Microbiology, vol. 25, no. 02, pp. 275-283.
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The cell division gene divIB of Bacillus subtilis is essential for the normal rate of growth and division. The gene product, DivIB, is a membrane-bound protein in which the bulk of the protein (at the C-terminal end) is on the exterior surface of the cell membrane. DivIB is involved in the early stages of septum formation, but its exact role in cell division is unknown. To gain more information about the mode of action of DivIB in septum formation, we determined the location of DivIB within the cell membrane using immunofluorescence. This immunolocalization approach established that DivIB becomes localized to the division site before visible septation and remains localized to this site throughout the division process. Various DivIB immunostaining patterns were observed in immunofluorescence experiments and, together with cell length and nucleoid distance measurements, have allowed us to propose two models to describe DivIB localization during the cell cycle.
Hartweck, LM, Llewellyn, DJ & Dennis, ES 1997, 'The Arabidopsis thaliana genome has multiple divergent forms of phosphoinositol-specific phospholipase C', GENE, vol. 202, no. 1-2, pp. 151-156.
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Hayward, JA & Reimers, JR 1997, 'Unit cells for the simulation of hexagonal ice', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 106, no. 4, pp. 1518-1529.
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Huete, AR, Liu, HQ, Batchily, K & vanLeeuwen, W 1997, 'A comparison of vegetation indices global set of TM images for EOS-MODIS', REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 440-451.
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A set of Landsat Thematic Mapper images representing a wide range of vegetation conditions from the NASA Landsat Pathfinder, global land cover test site (GLCTS) initiative were processed to simulate the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), global vegetation index imagery at 250 m pixel size resolution. The sites included boreal forest, temperate coniferous forest, temperate deciduous forest, tropical rainforest, grassland, savanna, and desert biomes. Differences and similarities in sensitivity to vegetation conditions were compared among various spectral vegetation indices (VIs). All VIs showed a qualitative relationship to variations in vegetation. However, there were significant differences among the VIs over desert, grassland, and forested biomes. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was sensitive to and responded primarily to the highly absorbing red reflectance band, while other indices such as the soil and atmosphere resistant vegetation index (SARVI) were more responsive to variations in the near-infrared (NIR) band. As a result, we found the NDVI to mimic red reflectances and saturate over the forested sites while the SARVI, by contrast, did not saturate and followed variations in NIR reflectances. In the arid and semiarid biomes, the NDVI was much more sensitive to canopy background variations than the SARVI. Maximum differences among vegetation index behavior occurred over the evergreen needleleaf forest sites relative to the deciduous broadleaf forests and drier, grassland, and shrub sites. These differences appear to be useful in complementing the NDVI for improved monitoring of vegetation, with the NDVI sensitive to fraction of absorbed photosynthetic active radiation and the SARVI more sensitive to structural canopy parameters such as leaf area index and leaf morphology.
Hyde, G, Cole, L & Ashford, A 1997, 'Mycorrhiza movies', Mycorrhiza, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 167-169.
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Hyndman, RJ & Wand, MP 1997, 'NONPARAMETRIC AUTOCOVARIANCE FUNCTION ESTIMATION', Australian Journal of Statistics, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 313-324.
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JEFFRIES, AC, SCHNITIZLER, B, HEYDORN, AO, JOHNSON, AM & TENTER, AM 1997, 'Identification of Synapomorphic Characteris in the Genus Sarcocystis Based on 18S rDNA Sequence Comparison', The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 388-392.
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In order to further investigate synapomorphic characters in the genus Sarcocystis, the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences of Sarcocystis capracanis and Sarcocystis moulei were determined and used to infer the phylogenetic position of these two organisms within the cyst-forming coccidia. Phylogenies derived using distance, maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods demonstrated that S. capracanis groups with Sarcocystis tenella and Sarcocystis arieticanis as a clade that shares the characteristic of using canids as their definitive host. S. moulei was shown to group with Sarcocystis gigantea and Sarcocystis fusiformis as a clade that shares the characteristic of using felids as their definitive host.
Jiang, L, Foster, FM, Ward, P, Tasevski, V, Luttrell, BM & Conigrave, AD 1997, 'Extracellular ATP Triggers Cyclic AMP-Dependent Differentiation of HL-60 Cells', Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 232, no. 3, pp. 626-630.
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Jiang, L, Foster, FM, Ward, P, Tasevski, V, Luttrell, BM & Conigrave, AD 1997, 'Extracellular ATP Triggers Cyclic AMP-Dependent Differentiation of HL-60 Cells', Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 236, no. 1, pp. 223-223.
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Jiang, L, Foster, FM, Ward, P, Tasevski, V, Luttrell, BM & Conigrave, AD 1997, 'Extracellular ATP triggers cyclic AMP-dependent differentiation of HL-60 cells.', Biochem Biophys Res Commun, vol. 236, no. 1, pp. 626-630.
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Extracellular ATP and ATPgammaS (1-1000 microM) stimulated cyclic AMP (cAMP) production in undifferentiated HL-60 cells. The potency order for adenine nucleotides and adenosine was ATPgammaS > ATP >> ADP > or = AMP = Adenosine. Indomethacin (50 microM) had no effect on ATP-induced cAMP production. ATP and ATPgammaS also suppressed cell growth and induced differentiation as revealed by fMLP-stimulated beta-glucuronidase release 48 h after exposure. The potency order for the induction of fMLP-stimulated beta-glucuronidase release by adenine nucleotides and adenosine was ATPgammaS > or = ATP > ADP > AMP = Adenosine approximately 0. The protein kinase A inhibitor Rp-8-Br-cAMPS (10-200 microM) suppressed ATP-induced differentiation but had no effect on ATP-dependent growth suppression. UTP which, like ATP, activates P2U receptors on HL-60 cells, had no effect on cAMP production, cell growth, or differentiation. The data suggest the existence of a novel receptor for ATP on undifferentiated HL-60 cells that is coupled to the activation of adenylate cyclase and cAMP-dependent differentiation.
Johnson, AM 1997, 'Speculation on possible life cycles for the clonal lineages in the genus toxoplasma', Parasitology Today, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 393-397.
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Recent evidence suggests that the strains currently classified in the genus Toxoplasma, ie. within the species Toxoplasma gondii, may actually comprise at least two clonal lineages correlated with their virulence in mice. Here, Alan Johnson reviews these data in the context of evolution and speciation within the genus, and raises hypotheses on how the virulent lineage may undergo an asexual life cycle in nature, similar to that found for the very closely related coccidian, Neospora camnum. The putative vertical transmission life cycle of this mouse virulent lineage of T. gondii could involve passage to the foetus late in pregnancy, or transmission in milk to the neonate after birth.
Johnson, PR, Ammit, AJ, Carlin, SM, Armour, CL, Caughey, GH & Black, JL 1997, 'Mast cell tryptase potentiates histamine-induced contraction in human sensitized bronchus', European Respiratory Journal, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 38-43.
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The mast cell plays a pivotal role in the early asthmatic response via release of mediators, which directly influence airway smooth muscle tone. Canine mast cell tryptase has been reported to potentiate the contractile response of canine isolated airways to histamine. The aim of this study was to investigate whether human mast cell tryptase potentiated contractile responses in human isolated bronchi. The effect of tryptase differed according to the sensitization status of the bronchi. In lung tissue from sensitized patients (those whose bronchial tissue contracted in response to the application of any of four common antigens) 90 ng.mL-1 of human purified lung tryptase markedly potentiated the contractile response to histamine. The maximal response as a percentage of maximal contraction to acetylcholine was 80 +/- 8% in control tissues and 119 +/- 6% in tryptase treated tissues (n = 4; p < 0.05). Tryptase, at a dose of 200 ng.mL-1, also potentiated responses but to a lesser degree, 100 +/- 5% (n = 4; p < 0.05). In nonsensitized bronchi, neither 90 nor 200 ng.mL-1 tryptase had any significant effect on histamine responses. The increased response in the presence of tryptase in sensitized tissue was inhibited by the calcium voltage-dependent channel antagonist, verapamil (10(-6) M). We have shown, for the first time, that human mast cell tryptase potentiates contraction in sensitized bronchi via a calcium-related mechanism. These findings provide a link between a mast cell derived product and in vitro human airway hyperresponsiveness.
Kalceff, MAS, Phillips, MR, Moon, AR & Smallwood, A 1997, 'Cathodoluminescence microanalysis of natural hydrated amorphous SiO2; Opal', PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF MINERALS, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 131-138.
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Natural amorphous hydrated silicon dioxide (opal) has been investigated for the first time using Cathodoluminescence microanalysis in a Scanning Electron Microscope. Defect centers have been identified and imaged with high sensitivity and high spatial re
Katis, VL, Harry, EJ & Wake, RG 1997, 'The Bacillus subtilis division protein DivIC is a highly abundant membrane‐bound protein that localizes to the division site', Molecular Microbiology, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 1047-1055.
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The Bacillus subtilis divIC gene is involved in the initiation of cell division. It encodes a 14.7 kDa protein, with a potential transmembrane region near the N-terminus. In this paper, we show that DivIC is associated with the cell membrane and, in conj
Kennerson, ML, Nassif, NT, Dawkins, JL, Dekroon, RM, Yang, JG & Nicholson, GA 1997, 'The Charcot–Marie–Tooth Binary Repeat Contains a Gene Transcribed from the Opposite Strand of a Partially Duplicated Region of theCOX10Gene', Genomics, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 61-69.
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King, N 1997, 'Assessment of childhood phobias', Clinical Psychology Review, vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 667-687.
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Childhood phobias can be successfully treated using a variety of behavioral strategies, provided there has been a psychometrically sound assessment. Measures are also important for the evaluation of treatment efficacy and the testing of hypotheses generated by new ideas and theories of children's phobias. This paper outlines broad-based assessment procedures used in the evaluation of children's phobias, including the behavioral or problem-focused interview, the diagnostic interview, self-report inventories, caregiver completed instruments, behavioral observations, self-monitoring and physiological assessment. Reflecting recent theoretical and clinical advances in the study of childhood internalizing disorders, we also explore laboratory-based measures and family assessment measures. Particular attention is given to psychometric issues and developmental sensitivity in our discussion of these assessment procedures.
King, N 1997, 'Children's nighttime fears', Clinical Psychology Review, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 431-443.
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Some children experience persistent night time fears that interfere with their daily functioning. Initially, we present development considerations necessary to an understanding of severe night-time fears. We postulate that severe night-time fears are probably due to a complex interaction of biological, environmental, and cognitive mediational processes. Several assessment procedures are outlined: behavioral interviews, diagnostic interviews, fear survey schedules for children, home monitoring on the part of parents, and darkness toleration test. Traditional behavioral interventions, and more recent cognitive-behavioral interventions, are evaluated in terms of their research foundations. Cognitive-behavioral strategies appear to have the more empirical support, although we draw attention to several methodological limitations.
King, NJ & Ollendick, TH 1997, 'Annotation: Treatment of Childhood Phobias', Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 389-400.
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King, NJ, Clowes-Hollins, V & Ollendick, TH 1997, 'The etiology of childhood dog phobia', Behaviour Research and Therapy, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 77-77.
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This study evaluated Rachman's theory of fear acquisition in a sample of 30 children with dog phobia. The children were on the waiting list of a university-based clinic. Parents were asked to indicate the most influential factor in the onset of their child's dog phobia. Nearly all parents were able to attribute their child's phobia to one of the fear pathways: direct conditioning, modeling or transmission of information.
King, NJ, Murphy, GC, Ollendick, TH & Tonge, BJ 1997, 'Childhood headaches: Behavioral assessment and treatment', International Journal of Rehabilitation and Health, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 71-87.
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Many children experience chronic headaches, particularly migraine and tension headaches. These can be quite debilitating for the child and produce much concern from caregivers and health professionals. Following a discussion of pathophysiology and epidemiological findings, we emphasize the need for nonpharmacological interventions for chronic headaches. This review explores advances in the behavioral assessment and treatment of childhood headaches. We outline behavioral assessment procedures, including the behavioral interview, headache questionnaires, self-monitoring, caregiver observations, and psychophysiological recording. Treatment typically encompasses relaxation training, biofeedback, assertion training; and cognitive therapy. Parental involvement is also one emphasized component in behavioral approaches to treatment. Our review suggests that behavioral treatment strategies are effective in the management of childhood headaches, although most of the research support appears limited to relaxation training and biofeedback. Nonetheless, behavioral assessment and treatment of childhood headaches appears to be a promising clinical and research direction.
Knepper, M, Moricca, S & Milthorpe, BK 1997, 'Stability of hydroxyapatite while processing short-fibre reinforced hydroxyapatite ceramics', BIOMATERIALS, vol. 18, no. 23, pp. 1523-1529.
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Kyozuka, J, Harcourt, R, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 1997, 'Eucalyptus has functional equivalents of the Arabidopsis AP1 gene', PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 573-584.
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La Roche, J, Van Der Staay, GWM, Partensky, F, Ducret, A, Aebersold, R, Li, R, Golden, SS, Hiller, RG, Wrench, PM, Larkum, AWD & Green, BR 1997, 'Evolution of chlorophyll-binding proteins', Trends in Plant Science, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 123-123.
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Lampson, BC & Rice, SA 1997, 'Repetitive sequences found in the chromosome of the myxobacterium Nannocystis exedens are similar to msDNA: a possible retrotransposition event in bacteria', Molecular Microbiology, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 813-823.
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Latroche, M, Notten, PHL & Percheron-Guégan, A 1997, 'In situ neutron diffraction study of solid gas desorption of non-stoichiometric AB5 type hydrides', Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 253-254, pp. 295-297.
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In situ neutron diffraction studies during in beam solid gas desorption have been carried out on both stoichiometric LaNi4CuDy and non-stoichiometric LaNi5CuDy deutendes. The first compound exhibits a two phase behaviour typical of the β to α transformation in agreement with the plateau pressure observed in the pressure composition isotherm curve. The second one shows only one phase typical of a solid solution. The continuous cell volume variation observed for the non-stoichiometric LaNi5Cu deuteride is assumed to be the origin of its better cycle life when used as negative electrode material in NiMH batteries.
Le Marshall, J, Leslie, LM, Pescod, N, Spinoso, C & Morison, R 1997, 'The importance of direct readout satellite data in sub-synoptic scale data assimilation and numerical weather prediction', Advances in Space Research, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 413-422.
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Learoyd, DL 1997, 'Genetic Testing for Familial Cancer', Archives of Surgery, vol. 132, no. 9, pp. 1022-1022.
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Leslie, LM & Dietachmayer, GS 1997, 'Comparing Schemes for Integrating the Euler Equations', Monthly Weather Review, vol. 125, no. 7, pp. 1687-1691.
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Leslie, LM & Purser, RJ 1997, 'A Semi-Lagrangian NWP Model for Real-time and Research Applications: Evaluation in Single- and Multi-Processor Environments', Atmosphere-Ocean, vol. 35, no. sup1, pp. 75-101.
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A semi-Lagrangian numerical weather prediction (NWP) model developed for both real-time prediction and for research simulations has been evaluated. The model is second-order in time, high-order (≥ 3) in space, and employs a non-staggered grid in both the horizontal and vertical. A version of the model which is third-order in space was compared with two Eulerian models: the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's current operational regional model which is quasi-second-order in rime and space, and also a new version of this model with a third-order upwind scheme that was developed for use as the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's next operational limited-area NWP model. In a three month trial of twice-daily 48-hour forecasts it was found that both the third-order models were significantly more skillful than the current operational model, as measured by the standard performance statistics such as the S1 skill score (Teweles and Wobus, 1954), and root-mean-square (RMS) errors. The specific implications of this greater accuracy were examined in case studies of severe weather events. The semi-Lagrangian model also bas been adapted to global form and run on a daily basis out to 5 days using archived operational data over a period of almost 6 months. Finally, the semi-Lagrangian model code was parallelized on a workstation cluster and also on a scalable parallel computer, and it was found that the model was well-suited to parallelization on both computer platforms. © 1997 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Lewis, DD, Milthorpe, BK & Bellenger, CR 1997, 'Mechanical comparison of materials used for extracapsular stabilisation of the stifle joint in dogs', AUSTRALIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL, vol. 75, no. 12, pp. 890-896.
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Liaw, D, Marsh, DJ, Li, J, Dahia, PLM, Wang, SI, Zheng, Z, Bose, S, Call, KM, Tsou, HC, Peacoke, M, Eng, C & Parsons, R 1997, 'Germline mutations of the PTEN gene in Cowden disease, an inherited breast and thyroid cancer syndrome', Nature Genetics, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 64-67.
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Luton, K & Johnson, AM 1997, 'Cloning and Sequence Analysis of the DNA Polymerase α Gene ofLeishmania donovani:Comparison with the Human Homologue', Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 234, no. 1, pp. 95-100.
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The gene encoding the DNA polymerase α catalytic subunit of the kinetoplastid parasite L. donovani has been isolated, sequenced and compared with other eukaryotic homologues. The coding region is 4020 bp in length and specifies an inferred protein sequence of 1339 amino acids (aa). There is a high level of variability between the human and L. donovani gene sequences, but functional substrate-binding residues identified in humans and yeast appear to also be conserved in this parasite. The discovery of a cysteine-rich region located in the midst of the active sites of the enzyme, which appears to be unique to the Kinetoplastids, and aa differences found between some of the conserved regions implicated in catalytic function, may aid in drug design. The putative DNA binding Zn finger at the C-terminus of the protein appears highly species specific and may have potential as a drug target for blocking enzyme catalysis in the parasite.
Lutton, P & Ben-Nissan, B 1997, 'The Status of Biomaterials for Orthopedic and Dental Applications: Part I – Materials', Materials Technology, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 59-64.
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Materials used for orthopedic and dental implantation are reviewed, and the mechanical properties of biocompatible metal, polymer, and ceramic materials are compared with those of human tissue.
Lutton, P & Ben-Nissan, B 1997, 'The Status of Biomaterials for Orthopedic and Dental Applications: Part II -Bioceramics in Orthopedic and Dental Applications', Materials Technology, vol. 12, no. 3-4, pp. 107-111.
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The applicability of ceramics for orthopedic and dental applications is assessed and future trends are identified.
Madden, KN, Johnson, KA, Howlett, CR, Milthorpe, BK, Robins, G, Ikada, Y & Schindhelm, K 1997, 'Resorbable and non-resorbable augmentation devices for tenorrhaphy of xenografts in extensor tendon deficits: 12 week study', BIOMATERIALS, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 225-234.
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Marsh, DJ, Dahia, PLM, Zheng, Z, Liaw, D, Parsons, R, Gorlin, RJ & Eng, C 1997, 'Germline mutations in PTEN are present in Bannayan-Zonana syndrome', Nature Genetics, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 333-334.
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Marshall, JFL, Leslie, LM & Spinoso, C 1997, 'The Generation and Assimilation of Cloud-Drift Winds in Numerical Weather Prediction (gtSpecial IssueltData Assimilation in Meteology and Oceanography: Theory and Practice)', Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II, vol. 75, no. 1B, pp. 383-393.
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This paper describes the methods used to produce cloud-drift winds (CDWs), concentrating, in particular, on their generation from sequential Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS) imagery. It discusses the estimation of these motion vectors from both infrared (IR) and visible imagery at high spatial and temporal resolution and also records their accuracy and utility. The paper then discusses the assimilation of CDW data for numerical weather prediction (NWP). It does this by looking at studies, both in the Australian Region and over a larger domain, showing the impact of CDWs on operational NWP using current conventional data assimilation techniques. Subsequent to this, the use of CDWs is examined in the context of tropical cyclone motion prediction, where intermittent assimilation, nudging and the use of a full variational technique are contrasted, using examples from the Tropical Cyclone Motion-90 (TCM-90) experiment in the tropical North-West Pacific and by examining the impact of hourly CDWs in the Australian region. It was found that the high spatial and temporal resolution winds clearly have the potential to improve the accuracy of NWP, however, full exploitation of their information content appears to require appropriate assimilation techniques such as the variational method employed here. © 1997, Meteorological Society of Japan.
Mattis, SG & Ollendick, TH 1997, 'Children's cognitive responses to the somatic symptoms of panic', Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 47-57.
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The purpose of this study was to test Nelles and Barlow's (1988) hypothesis that spontaneous panic attacks are rare or nonexistent prior to adolescence as children lack the ability to make the internal, catastrophic attributions (i.e., thoughts of losing control, going crazy, or dying) characteristic of panic according to the cognitive model (Clark, 1986). Conceptions of panic attacks, including the understanding of symptoms and causes, and cognitive interpretations of the somatic symptoms of panic were examined in children from Grades 3, 6, and 9. A significant main effect for grade was found for conceptions of panic attacks, with third graders receiving significantly lower scores than sixth and ninth graders. However, the majority of all children, regardless of age, tended to employ internal (e.g., 'I'd think I was scared or nervous') rather than external (e.g., 'I'd think I was feeling that way because of the temperature or the weather') explanations of panic attacks. No significant grade differences were found for the tendency to make internal versus external and catastrophic versus noncatastrophic attributions in response to the somatic symptoms of panic. When presented with panic imagery in a panic induction phase, children, regardless of age, made more internal and noncatastrophic attributions. Finally, internal attributional style in response to negative outcomes and anxiety sensitivity were found to be significant predictors of internal, catastrophic attributions. The challenge that these findings pose to Nelles and Barlow's hypothesis, and their relevance for understanding children's cognitive interpretations of panic symptomatology are discussed.
McDonagh, AM, Humphrey, MG & Hockless, DCR 1997, 'Selective preparation of cis-or trans-dichlorobis{(R,R)-1,2-phenylenebis(methylphenylphosphine-P)}osmium(II) from dimethylsulfoxide complex precursors', Tetrahedron: Asymmetry, vol. 8, no. 21, pp. 3579-3583.
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McPhedran, RC, Poulton, CG, Nicorovici, NA & Movchan, AB 1997, 'Dynamic corrections to the Lorentz-Lorenz formula', Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, vol. 241, no. 1-2, pp. 179-182.
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We derive the first dynamic correction to the effective refractive index for a square array of cylinders (of finite or infinite refractive index), subject to a low-frequency incident radiation. This correction also imposes constraints on the wave number region for which the Lorentz-Lorenz formula in two dimensions is accurate.
Morrison, DA & Ellis, JT 1997, 'Effects of nucleotide sequence alignment on phylogeny estimation: A case study of 18S rDNAs of Apicomplexa', MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 428-441.
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The reconstruction of phylogenetic history is predicated on being able to accurately establish hypotheses of character homology, which involves sequence alignment for studies based on molecular sequence data. In an empirical study investigating nucleotid
Mullins, KV, Llewellyn, DJ, Hartney, VJ, Strauss, S & Dennis, ES 1997, 'Regeneration and transformation of Eucalyptus camaldulensis', PLANT CELL REPORTS, vol. 16, no. 11, pp. 787-791.
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Murray, FR, Llewellyn, DJ, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 1997, 'Isolation of the glucose oxidase gene from Talaromyces flavus and characterisation of its role in the biocontrol of Verticillium dahliae', CURRENT GENETICS, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 367-375.
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Novikov, AA 1997, 'Martingales, Tauberian Theorem, and Strategies of Gambling', Theory of Probability & Its Applications, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 716-729.
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Using the Tauberian theorem, we get an asymptotic relation between the tail of the distribution of the quadratic characteristic of a martingale and the expectation of its terminal value. In case of continuous martingales the following result is proven: if τ is a stopping time for a standard Wiener process Wt with integrable terminal value Wτ, then (1) lim inf t→∞ (P{τ > t}√t) ≧ √2/π|EWτ|. Using a related result for discrete time martingales, we study asymptotic characteristics of some strategies of gambling and, in particular, Oscar's strategy.
O'Brien, BA, Harmon, BV, Cameron, DP & Allan, DJ 1997, 'Apoptosis is the mode of beta-cell death responsible for the development of IDDM in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse.', Diabetes, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 750-757.
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The NOD/Lt mouse, a widely used model of human autoimmune IDDM, was used to establish the mode of beta-cell death responsible for the development of IDDM. Apoptotic cells were present within the islets of Langerhans in hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections of pancreases harvested from 3- to 18-week-old female NOD/Lt mice (a range of 11-50 apoptotic cells per 100 islets). Immunohistochemical localization of insulin to the dying cells confirmed the beta-cell origin of the apoptosis. Although some islets from age-matched control female NOD/scid mice contained apoptotic cells, virtually all of these cells were insulin negative as determined by immunohistochemistry. The small number of apoptotic insulin-positive cells identified in islets from NOD/scid mice (a range of 0-1 apoptotic cells per 100 islets) was not statistically significant, compared with the numbers recorded in NOD/Lt mice. All dying cells showed the morphological changes characteristic of cell death by apoptosis and stained positively with the TUNEL method for end-labeling DNA strand breaks. The maximum mean amount of beta-cell apoptosis occurring in NOD/Lt mice was at week 15 (50 apoptotic cells per 100 islets), which coincided with the earliest onset of diabetes as determined by blood glucose, urine glucose, and pancreatic immunoreactive insulin measurements. While there was no peak incidence of beta-cell apoptosis throughout the time period studied (weeks 3-18), the incidence of apoptosis decreased at week 18, by which time 50% of the animals had overt diabetes. The low levels of beta-cell apoptosis observed is indicative of a gradual deletion of the beta-cell population throughout the extensive preclinical period seen in this model and would be sufficient to account for the beta-cell loss resulting in IDDM. Apoptosis of beta-cells preceded the appearance of T-cells (CD3-positive by immunohistochemistry) in islets. Lymphocytic infiltration of islets (insulitis) was not detected until week 6. The re...
Ollendick, TH & Ollendick, DG 1997, 'General worry and anxiety in children', In Session: Psychotherapy in Practice, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 89-102.
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Working with anxious children and their families presents a number of challenges to the clinician and researcher. Issues related to diagnosis, assessment, and treatment abound. Many of these children present with co- occurring problems of depression, attention, and oppositionality. Furthermore, for many of these children, anxiety is embedded in familial and social contexts and varies across development. As a result, anxiety does not exist solely in the child. Rather, important developmental and contextual factors must be considered both in the assessment and treatment of these children and their families. Toward this end, a wide array of assessment strategies may prove useful, including diagnostic interviews, self-report questionnaires, parent and teacher behavior checklists, and behavioral observation of the child and his or her family in various contexts. Empirically supported treatments have been developed to address these problems, including behavioral and cognitive-behavioral procedures. Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment are illustrated in a case study that illustrates several issues in working with these children and their families.
O'MEARA, TJ, NESA, M & SANDEMAN, RM 1997, 'Antibody responses to Lucilia cuprina in sheep selected for resistance or susceptibility to L. cuprina', Parasite Immunology, vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 535-543.
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Sheep bred for resistance (R) or susceptibility (S) to fleece rot and myiasis (blowfly strike) have been shown to differ in inflammatory response to intradermal administration of blowfly (Lucilia cuprina) antigens and artificial challenge. The current paper describes analysis of antibody responses to L. cuprina antigens in the R and S animals. Serum antibody titres and specificities to larval antigens were examined and the specificity of wound exudate antibodies was also investigated in animals artificially challenged with L. cuprina. Titres of L. cuprina specific serum IgA, IgM, IgG2 and IgG1 were measured by ELISA, while specificities were examined on two-dimensional immunoblots of larval homogenates. Exposure to L. cuprina stimulated the production of specific antibody in both R and S animals, however antibody titres did not differ between the R and S animals. There was large variation in antibody specificity between individual animals and some L. cuprina proteins appear to be more frequently recognized by sera from either resistant or susceptible animals, however the recognition of a specific protein could not be solely attributed to the resistance status of the animal. It appears that resistance in these animals may be independent of serum antibody and is likely to be an innate response. Despite high levels of IgG in wound exudates, this antibody recognized few antigens in comparison with serum from the same animal, suggesting that exudate contains little functional antibody in comparison to serum.
Paterson, MJ, McCulloch, DG, Paterson, PJK & Ben-Nissan, B 1997, 'The morphology and structure of sol–gel derived zirconia films on stainless steel', Thin Solid Films, vol. 311, no. 1-2, pp. 196-206.
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Sol-gel zirconia films of various thicknesses were deposited on 316 stainless steel and treated using one of two firing regimes. The resulting effect on the structure of these films was investigated. One set of films were fired using a regime typically e
Peltomaki, P & Vasen, HF 1997, 'Mutations predisposing to hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer: Database and results of a collaborative study. The International Collaborative Group on Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer', Gastroenterology, vol. 113, no. 4, pp. 1146-1158.
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Phillips, MR, Moon, AR, Stevens Kalceff, MA & Remond, G 1997, 'Design, Construction and Applications of a Low Temperature (5 K) Combined Scanning Cathodoluminescence and WDS X-ray Spectroscopy and Imaging System', Microscopy and Microanalysis, vol. 3, no. S2, pp. 1069-1070.
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Recently there has been a renaissance in scanning cathodoluminescence (CL) microscopy and microanalysis primarily brought about by the analytical demands of the semiconductor industry in addition to significant advances in photonics technology (high efficiency PMTs, CCDs and CL collectors). The strength of the CL analysis technique lies in its ability to provide high spatial (lateral and depth) resolution concentration and distribution information about: (i) the chemical state (identity, oxidation state and co-ordination) of trace level impurities and (ii) point / extended structural defects (vacancies and dislocations) in both semiconductors and insulators.For many materials, interpretation of CL spectra and images measured at low temperature (5 K) is quite straightforward. However CL generation via recombination of electron / hole pairs is a competitive process. Consequently in some specimens the measured CL intensity is not directly proportional to the concentration of the particular luminescent center but relates to the concentration of other radiative or non-radiative centers. In these cases it is difficult to decide whether contrast in the CL image is due to variation in the concentration of the radiative center or the competitive center.
Purser, RJ & Leslie, LM 1997, 'High-Order Generalized LorenzN-Cycle Schemes for Semi-Lagrangian Models Employing Second Derivatives in Time', Monthly Weather Review, vol. 125, no. 6, pp. 1261-1276.
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Qu, X 1997, 'Is Insulin Resistance in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat Related to Changes in Protein Kinase C in Skeletal Muscle?', American Journal of Hypertension, vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 1053-1057.
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The mechanism of insulin resistance in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) has not been clearly identified, but protein kinase C (PKC) has been implicated as a mechanism of insulin resistance in obesity and diabetes mellitus and in a diet-induced (f
Qu, X, Cooney, G & Donnelly, R 1997, 'Short-term metabolic and haemodynamic effects of GR79236 in normal and fructose-fed rats', European Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 338, no. 3, pp. 269-276.
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The adenosine (A1) receptor agonist, GR79236 (N-[(1S,trans)-2-hydroxycyclopentyl]adenosine), inhibits catecholamine-induced lipolysis in vitro, but the short-term metabolic and haemodynamic effects have not been previously reported in the fructose fed mo
Ramsland, PA, Guddat, LW, Edmundson, AB & Raison, RL 1997, 'Diverse binding site structures revealed in homology models of polyreactive immunoglobulins', JOURNAL OF COMPUTER-AIDED MOLECULAR DESIGN, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 453-461.
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We describe here computer-assisted homology models of the combining site structure of three polyreactive immunoglobulins. Template-based models of Fv (V-L-V-H) fragments were derived for the surface IgM expressed by the malignant CD5 positive B cells fro
Reimers, JR, Bacskay, GB & Nordholm, S 1997, 'The basics of covalent bonding', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION, vol. 74, no. 12, pp. 1503-1503.
Rice, S & Pamphlett, R 1997, 'Study linking enteroviral infection with motor neurone disease is not confirmed', BMJ, vol. 315, no. 7119, pp. 1380-1380.
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Ritchie, RJ, Trautman, DA & Larkum, AWD 1997, 'Phosphate Uptake in the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus R-2 PCC 7942', Plant and Cell Physiology, vol. 38, no. 11, pp. 1232-1241.
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Phosphate uptake rates in Synechococcus R-2 in BG-11 media (a nitrate-based medium, not phosphate limited) were measured using cells grown semi-continuously and in continuous culture. Net uptake of phosphate is proportional to external concentration. Growing cells at pHo 10 have a net uptake rate of about 600 pmol m-2s-1 phosphate, but the isotopic flux for 32P phosphate was about 4 nmol m-2 s-1. There appears to be a constitutive over-capacity for phosphate uptake. The Km and Vmax of the saturable component were not significantly different at pHo 7.5 and 10, hence the transport system probably recognizes both H2PO4- and HPO42-. The intracellular inorganic phosphate concentration is about 3 to 10 mol m-3, but there is an intracellular polyphosphate store of about 400 mol m-3. Intracellular inorganic phosphate is 25 to 50 kJ mol-1 from electrochemical equilibrium in both the light and dark and at pHo 7.5 and 10. Phosphate uptake is very slow in the dark (≈100 pmol m-2s-1) and is light-activated (pHo 7.5 ≈1.3 nmol m-2 s-1, PHo 10≈600 pmol m-2S-1). Uptake has an irreversible requirement for Mg2+ in the medium. Uptake in the light is strongly Na+-dependent. Phosphate uptake was negatively electrogenic (net negative charge taken up when transporting phosphate) at pHo 7.5, but positively electrogenic at pHo 10. This seems to exclude a sodium motive force driven mechanism. An ATP-driven phosphate uptake mechanism needs to have a stoichiometry of one phosphate taken up per ATP (1 PO4 in /ATP) to be thermodynamically possible under all the conditions tested in the present study.
Ruppert, D, Wand, MP, Holst, U & HöSJER, O 1997, 'Local Polynomial Variance-Function Estimation', Technometrics, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 262-273.
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Samoc, M, Samoc, A, LutherDavies, B, Dowd, A & McDonnell, M 1997, 'Photocurrent autocorrelation of femtosecond laser pulses in poly(p-phenylenevinylene)', JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 895-899.
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Photoconductive thin-film cells made from a pi-conjugated polymer, poly-(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV) can be used for diagnostics of femtosecond laser pulses utilizing the phenomenon of photocurrent autocorrelation. In general, the autocorrelation photocur
Scarman, AL, Chin, JC, Earmens, GJ, Delaney, SF & Djordjevic, SP 1997, 'Identification of novel species-specific antigens of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae by preparative SDS-PAGE ELISA profiling', Microbiology, vol. 143, no. 2, pp. 663-673.
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Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, M. hyorhinis and M. flocculare are commonly isolated from the respiratory tract of pigs and are phylogenetically related. The identification and characterization of antigens specific for M. hyopneumoniae is crucial for the development of serological reagents and for understanding the mechanisms of pathogenicity of this pathogen. Protein and antigen profiles of six strains of M. hyopneumoniae, four strains of M. hyorhinis and a type strain of M. flocculare were compared using SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. Five strains of M. hyopneumoniae originally isolated from diverse geographical regions produced similar protein and antigen profiles. One strain, C1735/2, produced a unique protein profile and was poorly immunoreactive, suggesting that some strains of M. hyopneumoniae may possess a structurally modified repertoire of antigens. Major M. hyopneumoniae antigens with molecular masses of approximately 36, 43, 48, 52, 76, 78, 80, 82, 94, 106, 114 and 200 kDa were identified by immunoblotting using hyperimmune pig sera raised against both high and low passage strains of M. hyopneumoniae. Porcine hyperimmune sera raised against the GDL type strain of M. hyorhinis reacted strongly with all M. hyorhinis strains although the profiles displayed considerable variation. Major antigens of molecular mass 42, 49, 52, 78, 80 and 82 kDa were identified in type strains GDL and BTS-7 and field strain 2; however, field strain 1 produced a unique profile. A preparative SDS-PAGE profiling (PPP) technique was developed which enabled quantification of the immiunoreactivity of denatured antigens with porcine serum by ELI...
Schreiber, U, Gademann, R, Ralph, PJ & Larkum, AWD 1997, 'Assessment of photosynthetic performance of Prochloron in Lissoclinum patella in hospite by chlorophyll fluorescence measurements', PLANT AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 945-951.
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Two new PAM fluorometers (pulse amplitude modulated) were used in an investigation of photosynthetic performance of Prochloron resident as a symbiont in the ascidian Lissoclinum patella, growing in a coral reef of Heron Island on the Great Barrier Reef.
Shao, Y & Leslie, LM 1997, 'Wind erosion prediction over the Australian continent', Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol. 102, no. D25, pp. 30091-30105.
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Shao, Y, Leslie, LM, Munro, RK, Irannejad, P, Lyons, WF, Morison, R, Short, D & Wood, MS 1997, 'Soil moisture prediction over the Australian continent', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 63, no. 3-4, pp. 195-215.
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Simpson, AM, Andrews, S, Hill, R, Hannan, G & Tuch, BE 1997, 'Inducible Insulin Expression In A Human Hepatoma Cell Line', Diabetologia, vol. 40, no. 0, pp. 1501-1501.
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Simpson, AM, Marshall, GM, Tuch, BE, Maxwell, L, Szymanska, B, Tu, J, Beynon, S, Swan, MA & Camacho, M 1997, 'Gene therapy of diabetes: glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in a human hepatoma cell line (HEP G2inslg)', GENE THERAPY, vol. 4, no. 11, pp. 1202-1215.
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In order to design a feasible somatic cell gene delivery system for the treatment of type I diabetes, a suitable cell type needs to be determined. We have previously shown that the stable transfection of the full-length insulin cDNA into the human liver
Skryabin, IL, Radchik, AV, Moses, P & Smith, GB 1997, 'The consistent application of Maxwell-Garnett effective medium theory to anisotropic composites', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 70, no. 17, pp. 2221-2223.
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The Maxwell-Garnett class of effective medium model applies if a representative cell can be found whose polarization vanishes upon insertion in the effective medium. For an anisotropic composite with randomly distributed ellipsoidal particles aligned alo
Smith, MM, Little, CB, Rodgers, K & Ghosh, P 1997, '[Animal models used for the evaluation of anti-osteoarthritis drugs].', Pathol Biol (Paris), vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 313-320.
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Naturally occurring osteoarthritis occurs in a variety of animal species including mice, guinea pigs, dogs and cynomolgus macaques and some of these animals have been used to evaluate the ability of anti-osteoarthritis drugs to reduce synovial inflammation and preserve cartilage integrity. However, the genetically determined animal models of osteoarthritis require the establishment of colonies which may take several years to develop and may be influenced by the strain of animal used and ill-defined environmental factors. On the other hand, the injection of irritants or enzymes into joints, or destabilization by surgical means, can rapidly and reproducibly lead to joint arthropathy and has therefore been more widely used. Although small animals, particularly rats and rabbits, have been the favoured target species, large animals such as dogs and sheep offer many advantages including the opportunity to undertake topographical analysis of joint cartilage and serial aspiration of synovial fluid. Meniscectomy is a common orthopaedic procedure which, in man and animals, is known to lead to osteoarthritis. In the past we have used this technique to induce osteoarthritis in pure bred dogs but more recently we have employed pure bred Merino sheep, which were matched for age, sex and weight. Using this ovine model we have been able to monitor the early and intermediate stages of cartilage metabolism, as well as identify key proteinases responsible for the loss of proteoglycans from these tissues in osteoarthritis. The effects of anti-osteoarthritis drugs on inflammatory mediators and cartilage metabolism has been successfully studied using the ovine model of osteoarthritis.
SPEER, MS & LESLIE, LM 1997, 'A climatology of coastal ridging over south-eastern Australia', International Journal of Climatology, vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 831-845.
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Speer, MS & Leslie, LM 1997, 'An example of the utility of ensemble rainfall forecasting', AUSTRALIAN METEOROLOGICAL MAGAZINE, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 75-78.
Stevens Kalceff, MA, Phillips, MR & Moon, AR 1997, 'Cathodoluminescence Investigation of Electron Irradiation Damage in Insulators.', Microscopy and Microanalysis, vol. 3, no. S2, pp. 749-750.
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Cathodoluminescence (CL) is the luminescent emission from a material which has been irradiated with electrons. Cathodoluminescence microanalysis (spectroscopy and microscopy) in an electron microscope complements the average defect structure information available from complementary techniques (e.g. Photoluminescence, Electron Spin Resonance spectroscopy). CL microanalysis enables both pre-existing and irradiation induced local variations in the bulk and surface defect structure to be characterized with high spatial (lateral and depth) resolution and sensitivity. This is possible as electron beam parameters such as the beam energy, may be varied to finely control the penetration depth of the incident electrons and hence the local volume of specimen probed.Irradiation with charged and neutral energetic radiation produces defects in radiation sensitive materials. The energetic electron beam in an electron microscope may also induce defects in the specimen. Cazaux has characterized the electric field produced by electron irradiation of a insulator with a conductive surface coating
Stevens Kalceff, MA, Phillips, MR & Moon, AR 1997, 'Cathodoluminescence Microcharacterization of the Irradiation Sensitive Defect Structure of Amorphous Silicon Dioxide', Microscopy and Microanalysis, vol. 3, no. S2, pp. 751-752.
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Cathodoluminescence (CL) Microscopy (imaging) and Spectroscopy in a Scanning Electron Microscope enables high spatial resolution, high sensitivity detection of defect centers in materials. Cathodoluminescence microanalysis has been used to investigate the irradiation sensitive defect structure of Types I, II, III and IV amorphous silicon dioxide SiO2 (quartz and silica glasses). The CL experiments were performed in a JEOL JSM 35C SEM equipped with Oxford Instruments liquid N and liquid He cryogenic stages, and an Oxford Instruments MonoCL cathodoluminescence imaging and spectral analysis system. The observed CL emissions, were excited with a stationary electron beam at normal incidence and corrected for total instrument response. The corrected CL spectra were fitted with a multiparameter Gaussian function using a non linear least squares curve fitting algorithm and were identified with particular defect structures. The CL emission from high quality pure amorphous silica and quartz glasses is dominated by intrinsic processes (associated with the host lattice). See Table 1.
Strathdee, G, Sutherland, R, Jonsson, JJ, Sataloff, R, Kohonen-Corish, M, Grady, D & Overhauser, J 1997, 'Molecular characterization of patients with 18q23 deletions.', Am J Hum Genet, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 860-868.
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The 18q- syndrome is a deletion syndrome that is characterized by mental retardation, hearing loss, midfacial hypoplasia, growth deficiency, and limb anomalies. Most patients with this syndrome have deletions from 18q21-qter. We report on three patients with deletions of 18q23. A mother and daughter with identical deletions of 18q23 have many of the typical features of the 18q- syndrome, including midfacial hypoplasia and hearing loss. In contrast, the third patient has few of the symptoms of the 18q- syndrome. A contig of the 18q23 region was generated to aid in the mapping of the breakpoints. FISH was used to map both breakpoints to the same YAC clone. Furthermore, somatic-cell hybrids from the daughter and the third patient were isolated. The mapping results of sequence-tagged sites relative to the two breakpoints were identical, suggesting that the two deletion breakpoints map very close to one another. The analyses of these patients demonstrate that the critical region for the 18q- syndrome maps to 18q23 but that a deletion of 18q23 does not always lead to the clinical features associated with the syndrome. These patients demonstrate the wide phenotypic variability associated with deletions of 18q.
Stuart, BH 1997, 'A Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy study of the crystallisation behaviour of a poly-(ether ether ketone)/poly(ether sulphone) blend', SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART A-MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 107-110.
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This paper describes a study of the crystallisation behaviour of a blend consisting of the polymers poly(ether ether ketone)(PEEK) and poly(ether sulphone) (PES) using Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy. The annealing process of PEEK is followed for th
Stuart, BH 1997, 'Scratch friction studies of polycarbonate', POLYMER TESTING, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 517-522.
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This paper describes a study of the surface properties of polycarbonate (PC) rising a scratch friction technique. The scratch friction technique is shown to be a simple, effective method for investigating solvent induced changes to the surface mechanical
Stuart, BH 1997, 'Surface plasticisation, of poly(ether ether ketone) by chloroform', POLYMER TESTING, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 49-57.
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In this study the phenomenon of surface plasticisation of the polymer poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) was investigated. Plasticisation of PEEK by chloroform, an established plasticiser of the polymer, was studied using a sliding friction technique. This
Stuart, BH 1997, 'The application of Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy to polymer tribology', SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART A-MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 111-118.
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This paper reviews the use of Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy for investigations in polymer tribology. In particular, a number of studies dealing with the problem of surface plasticisation in engineering polymers have been reported and are reviewed
Tan, A, Milthorpe, BK & Huff, JW 1997, 'A technique for quantitation of protein deposits on rigid gas permeable contact lenses.', CLAO J, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 177-184.
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PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop a method for quantitating protein on rigid gas permeable (RGP) lenses and apply it to worn lenses. METHODS: We built a video microscope and wrote software to measure light absorbance by contact lenses before and after protein staining with Coomassie brilliant blue. We corrected for the temporal stability and spatial uniformity of the system, and set the iris aperture so that both lens surfaces could be simultaneously focused. We examined four RGP lens types worn by 22 patients. Standard curves were prepared with plastic discs spiked with dialyzed Coomassie blue-stained bovine serum albumin. RESULTS: The method was linear (R2 = 0.99) from 14 to over 100 microg protein per image and independent of dioptric power from -6 to +14 diopters. Protein quantities on worn Equalens II, Advent, Quantum II, and Fluoroperm 92 lenses were not significantly different (123 +/- 36, 111 +/- 28, 110 +/- 23, and 83 +/- 15 microg/lens; means +/- SEMs, P > 0.7). Patients differed (P < 0.05) in protein deposition, independently of lens type, and fit a Poisson distribution. DISCUSSION: The method is adequate for quantitating protein on RGP lenses or for examining the efficacy of cleaning regimens or care systems. However, because of the non-Gaussian distribution of patient protein deposits, paired or cross-over experimental design and testing is recommended for studying protein deposition in clinical trials.
Tangye, SG & Raison, RL 1997, 'Human cytokines suppress apoptosis of leukaemic CD5(+) B cells and preserve expression of bcl-2', IMMUNOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY, vol. 75, no. 2, pp. 127-135.
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Leukaemic CD5(+) B cells obtained from B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) patients rapidly undergo apoptosis during in vitro culture. This is associated with down-regulation in expression of bcl-2. Spontaneous apoptosis of these cells contrasts
Tangye, SG, Weston, KM & Raison, RL 1997, 'Cytokines and cross-linking of sIgM augment PMA-induced activation of human leukaemic CD5(+) B cells', IMMUNOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY, vol. 75, no. 6, pp. 561-567.
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Purified leukaemic CD5(+) B cells obtained from patients with B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) undergo activation and differentiation following in vitro stimulation with optimal concentrations of the phorbol ester PMA. This paper examines the
Thomas, PS & Stuart, BH 1997, 'A Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy study of water sorption by poly(vinyl alcohol)', SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART A-MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY, vol. 53, no. 13, pp. 2275-2278.
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The Fourier transform (FT) Raman spectrum of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA1) is reported. The spectra of PVA1 exposed to different aqueous environments are also reported. The changes to the FT Raman spectrum of PVA1 in the presence of water provide evidence o
Trent, RJ, Sheffield, LJ, Deng, ZM, Kim, WS, Nassif, NT, Ryce, C, Woods, CG, Michaelis, RC, Tarleton, J & Smith, A 1997, 'The elusive Angelman syndrome critical region.', Journal of Medical Genetics, vol. 34, no. 9, pp. 714-718.
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Trevaskis, B, Watts, RA, Andersson, CR, Llewellyn, DJ, Hargrove, MS, Olson, JS, Dennis, ES & Peacock, WJ 1997, 'Two hemoglobin genes in Arabidopsis thaliana: The evolutionary origins of leghemoglobins', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 94, no. 22, pp. 12230-12234.
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Tuch, BE, Beynon, S, Tabiin, MT, Sassoon, R, Goodman, RJ & Simpson, AM 1997, 'Effect of β-Cell Toxins on Genetically Engineered Insulin-Secreting Cells', Journal of Autoimmunity, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 239-244.
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The betacyte is a genetically engineered insulin-secreting liver cell line that is glucose responsive. Whether this cell. is affected by specific beta-cell toxins is unknown. To explore this possibility we exposed these cells and those from the NIT-1 bet
Valenzuela, SM, Martin, DK, Por, SB, Robbins, JM, Warton, K, Bootcov, MR, Schofield, PR, Campbell, TJ & Breit, SN 1997, 'Molecular Cloning and Expression of a Chloride Ion Channel of Cell Nuclei', Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 272, no. 19, pp. 12575-12582.
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Ion channels are known to be present on the plasma membrane of virtually all cells and have been found on the membranes of various intracellular organelles. However, until recently they were believed not to occur at the nuclear membrane. In this study we describe the molecular cloning and characterization of a nuclear ion channel protein, designated nuclear chloride channel-27 (NCC27), from the human myelomonocytic cell line, U937. NCC27 is a novel chloride ion channel protein that was found to localize principally to the cell nucleus, Its only known homologue is a bovine chloride ion channel protein (p64) believed to localize to internal organelles. NCC27 therefore represents the first human member of a new class of organellar chloride ion channel proteins.
Wallman, JF & Adams, M 1997, 'Molecular Systematics of Australian Carrion-breeding Blowflies of the Genus Calliphora (Diptera: Calliphoridae)', Australian Journal of Zoology, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 337-337.
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Allozyme electrophoresis was used to determine the systematic affinities of
nine forms of carrion-breeding blowfly of the genus
Calliphora: C. stygia,
C. albifrontalis, C. augur,
C. dubia, C. hilli hilli,
C. hilli fallax, C. varifrons,
C. sp. nov., and C. maritima. The
results (1) confirm the species status of all forms currently described as
such, (2) support a return to the ranking of
C. hilli fallax as a full species,
C. fallax, (3) support the recognition of
C. sp. nov. as a distinct species, and (4) indicate that
distinct Kangaroo Island and adjacent mainland subpopulations appear to exist
in at least three species. The allozyme data also strongly support the placing
of eight of the forms into three separate species-groups on morphological
grounds, and the placement of C. maritima in a fourth
group. However, on the basis of these data, the comparative genetic affinities
of the parasitic blowfly Onesia tibialis suggest that
Calliphora in its current form may be paraphyletic.
Wand, MP 1997, 'Data-Based Choice of Histogram Bin Width', The American Statistician, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 59-59.
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Wand, MP 1997, 'Data-Based Choice of Histogram Bin Width', The American Statistician, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 59-64.
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Wand, MP & Gutierrez, RG 1997, 'Exact risk approaches to smoothing parameter selection', Journal of Nonparametric Statistics, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 337-354.
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Wang, CY, Wang, S & Carroll, RJ 1997, 'Estimation in choice-based sampling with measurement error and bootstrap analysis', Journal of Econometrics, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 65-86.
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Wang, XB, Ding, H, Ryan, L & Xu, XP 1997, 'Association between air pollution and low birth weight: A community-based study', ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES, vol. 105, no. 5, pp. 514-520.
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The relationship between maternal exposure to air pollution during periods of pregnancy (entire and specific periods) and birth weight was investigated in a well-defined cohort. Between 1988 and 1991, all pregnant women living in four residential areas of Beijing were registered and followed from early pregnancy until delivery. Information on individual mothers and infants was collected. Daily air pollution data were obtained independently. The sample for analysis included 74,671 first-parity live births were gestational age 37-44 weeks. Multiple linear regression and logistic regression were used to estimate the effects of air pollution on birth weight and low birth weight (< 2,500 g), adjusting for gestational age, residence, year of birth, maternal age, and infant gender. There was a significant exposure-response relationship between maternal exposures to sulfur dioxide (SO2) and total suspended particles (TSP) during the third trimester of pregnancy and infant birth weight. The adjusted odds ratio for low birth weight was 1.11 (95% CI, 1.06-1.16) for each 100 micrograms/m3 increase in SO2 and 1.10 (95% CI, 1.05-1.14) for each 100 micrograms/m3 increase in TSP. The estimated reduction in birth weight was 7.3 g and 6.9 g for each 100 micrograms/m3 increase in SO2 and in TSP, respectively. The birth weight distribution of the high-exposure group was more skewed toward the left tail (i.e., with higher proportion of births < 2,500 g) than that of the low-exposure group. Although the effects of other unmeasured risk factors cannot be excluded with certainty, our data suggests that TSP and SO2, or a more complex pollution mixture associated with these pollutants, contribute to an excess risk of low birth weight in the Beijing population.
Webb, JK & Shine, R 1997, 'A field study of spatial ecology and movements of a threatened snake species, Hoplocephalus bungaroides', BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION, vol. 82, no. 2, pp. 203-217.
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Information on movement patterns, home range sizes and site fidelity of endangered fauna may provide a basis for conservation planning (size and location of reserves; vulnerability to habitat fragmentation; feasibility of natural recolonisation of 'restored' habitats, etc.). To obtain such information, we surgically implanted miniature radio transmitters in 25 individual broad-headed snakes Hoplocephalus bungaroides, a small (mean snout-vent length = 57 cm, mean mass = 51 g) viviparous elapid snake reliant upon sandstone outcrops in southeastern Australia. We also carried out a mark-recapture study of this threatened species. Our telemetered snakes spent long periods of time sequestered inside retreat-sites (rocks, crevices, tree hollows) and thus were active on only 21% of days. Gravid females had small home ranges (mean size = 0.05 ha, convex polygon method) and remained near Cliffs during summer, whereas most males and non-gravid females moved long distances (up to 780m) away from cliff tops during summer and had larger home ranges (mean size=3.3 ha). Movements by the snakes were more frequent and extensive when they were in the woodland (mean interval between successive moves = 2.9 days; mean displacement per move = 159m) than when they were in the rock outcrops (means = 63 days, 37m). Home ranges were larger in summer than in spring, and were larger in 1994-95 than in other years. Home ranges of males showed little spatial or temporal overlap in spring, but females were found within the areas used by males. During summer there was little temporal or spatial overlap of home ranges of adults, which suggests that snakes may actively avoid conspecifics of either sex while foraging in the forest. Many adult snakes showed strong site fidelity, frequently returning to the same rocks where they were initially captured. Dispersal of juvenile snakes front their birth sites was relatively limited (maximum recorded distance = 375 m after 6 months).
Webb, JK & Shine, R 1997, 'Out on a limb: Conservation implications of tree-hollow use by a threatened snake species (Hoplocephalus bungaroides: Serpentes, Elapidae)', Biological Conservation, vol. 81, no. 1-2, pp. 21-33.
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Habitat requirements of arboreal reptiles may determine their vulnerability to anthropogenic disturbance, but have attracted little research. We studied habitat use by the broad-headed snake Hoplocephalus bungaroides, a threatened species from southeaste
Webb, JK & Shine, R 1997, 'Out on a limb: Conservation implications of tree-hollow use by a threatened snake species (Hoplocephalus bungaroides: Serpentes, Elapidae)', BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION, vol. 81, no. 1-2, pp. 21-33.
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Habitat requirements of arboreal reptiles may determine their vulnerability to anthropogenic disturbance, but have attracted little research. We studied habitat use by the broad-headed snake Hoplocephalus bungaroides, a threatened species from southeastern Australia. Intensive radio-tracking of 22 broad-headed snakes (from 1992 to 1995 in Morton National Park, 160 km south of Sydney) provided detailed information on the habitat requirements of these animals. During spring, broad-headed snakes were sedentary and used rocks and crevices on exposed cliff edges as diurnal retreat sites. These results are consistent with the widespread view that this species is restricted to rocky, outcrops. However, >80% of our telemetered snakes moved away from the rock outcrops to open woodland during the summer. Radio-tracked snakes used one to nine trees each summer and spent long periods (up to 48 days) sequestered inside tree-hollows. Tree use was highly non-random; the snakes actively selected dead rather than live trees, large rather than small trees and trees with many branches and hollows. The selection of trees with holloa, branches may reflect the thermo-regulatory opportunities provided by this microhabitat, and/or the abundance of potential prey (arboreal mammals) in tree-hollows. Our radio-tracked snakes actively selected grey gums Eucalyptus punctata and Sydney peppermints E. piperita, but avoided the most common tree species on our study sites (turpentine Syncarpia glomulifera). Our study shows that persistence of broad-headed snakes in an area may depend crucially not only on suitable rocky habitat, but on adjacent forests. Hence, forestry practices should be designed to ensure that suitable 'habitat trees' are retained in forested areas near rocky cliffs.
Weichart, D, McDougald, D, Jacobs, D & Kjelleberg, S 1997, 'In situ analysis of nucleic acids in cold-induced nonculturable Vibrio vulnificus', Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 63, no. 7, pp. 2754-2758.
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Low-temperature-induced nonculturable cells of the human pathogenic bacterium Vibrio vulnificus retained significant amounts of nucleic acids for more than 5 months. Upon permeabilization of fixed cells, however, an increasing number of cold-incubated cells released the nucleic acids. This indicates substantial degradation of DNA and RNA in nonculturable cells prior to fixation. Treatment of permeabilized cells with DNase and RNase allowed differential staining of DNA and RNA with the nucleic acid dye 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Epifluorescence microscopy revealed that the could-induced nonculturable populations of V. vulnificus are highly heterogeneous with regard to their nucleic acid content. The fraction of nonculturable cells which maintained DNA and RNA structures decreased gradually during cold incubation. After 5 months at 5 degrees C, less than 0.05% of the cells could be observed to retain DNA and RNA. In parallel with the loss of nucleic acids, an increase in the concentrations of UV-absorbing material in the culture supernatants was observed in nonculturable-cell suspensions. It is hypothesized that there are two phases of the formation of nonculturable cells of V. vulnificus: the first involves a loss of culturability with maintenance of cellular integrity and intact RNA and DNA (and thus possibly viability), and the second is typified by a gradual degradation of nucleic acids, the products of which partly remain inside the cells and partly diffuse into the extracellular space. A small number of nonculturable cells, however, retain DNA and RNA, and thus may be viable despite having reduced culturability.
Withers, RL, Lobo, C, Thompson, JG, Schmid, S & Stranger, R 1997, 'A Modulation Wave Approach to the Structural Characterization of Three New Cristobalite-Related Sodium Magnesiosilicates', Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 203-220.
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The crystal structures of three new cristobalite-related sodium magnesiosilicates [Na2MgSiO4, M
r
= 162.37, orthorhombic, Pna21, a = 10.835 (5), b = 5.279 (12), c = 7.067 (8) Å, D
x
= 2.668 g cm−3, Z = 4, Cu Kα, λ = 1.5418 Å, μ = 75.96 cm−l, F(000) = 319.87; Na1.74Mg0.79Al0.15Si1.06O4, M
r
= 157.02, orthorhombic, Pbca, a = 10.487 (7), b = 14.351 (4), c = 5.243 (6) Å, D
x
= 2.643 g cm−3, Z = 8, Cu Kα, λ = 1.5418 Å, μ = 76.70 cm−l, F(000) = 619.04; Na1.8Mg0.9Si1.1O4, M
r
= 158.15, tetragonal, P41212, a = 5...
Wu, YR, Llewellyn, D, Mathews, A & Dennis, ES 1997, 'Adaptation of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to a proteinase inhibitor expressed in transgenic tobacco', MOLECULAR BREEDING, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 371-380.
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Zaslawski, C, Rogers, C, Garvey, M, Ryan, D, Yang, CX & Zhang, SP 1997, 'Strategies to Maintain the Credibility of Sham Acupuncture Used as a Control Treatment in Clinical Trials', The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 257-266.
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Many clinical trials concerning acupuncture are flawed by methodological problems. One of the major difficulties is the appropriate selection and use of a placebo control. This article evaluates the use of sham acupuncture as a placebo control and analyzes its credibility as a control treatment. Sixty-four subjects were assessed for their perception of whether they were receiving sham or real acupuncture while participating in a clinical trial of acupuncture. It was found that if used under specific experimental conditions, sham acupuncture can function as a credible control. Specific strategies are suggested to maintain the credibility of sham acupuncture as a placebo control.
