Publications

Heffernan, DA, Miller, R, Ross, S & Smith, V 2006, Spotlight Senior Science HSC.

Heffernan, DA, Miller, R, Ross, S & Smith, V 2006, Spotlight Senior Science Preliminary.
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Spotlight Senior Science is now completely revised and updated in a new easy to read style.

Larkum, AWD, Orth, RJ & Duarte, CM 2006, Seagrasses: Biology, ecology and conservation.
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Seagrasses are unique plants; the only group of flowering plants to recolonise the sea. They occur on every continental margin, except Antarctica, and form ecosystems which have important roles in fisheries, fish nursery grounds, prawn fisheries, habitat diversity and sediment stabilisation. Over the last two decades there has been an explosion of research and information on all aspects of seagrass biology. However the compilation of all this work into one book has not been attempted previously. In this book experts in 26 areas of seagrass biology present their work in chapters which are state-of-the-art and designed to be useful to students and researchers alike. The book not only focuses on what has been discovered but what exciting areas are left to discover. The book is divided into sections on taxonomy, anatomy, reproduction, ecology, physiology, fisheries, management, conservation and landscape ecology. It is destined to become the chosen text on seagrasses for any marine biology course. © 2006/2007 Springer. All Rights Reserved.

Macnamara, J 2006, Media and Male Identity, 1, Palgrave Macmillan, UK.
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A half-century of research has identified that mass media portrayals of women are influential in shaping their self-image and self-esteem, as well as men's and societies' views of women. Comparatively few studies have examined mass media portrayals of men and male identity, and gender studies have often assumed these to be unproblematic. But, in a post-industrial era of massive economic, technological and social change, research shows mass media are projecting and propagating new images of male identity from Atlas Syndrome workaholics and 'deadbeat dads' to 'metrosexuals' and men with "a feminine side" with potentially significant social implications.

Platen, E & Heath, DP 2006, A Benchmark Approach to Quantitative Finance, 1st, Springer, Berlin, Germany.
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The benchmark approach provides a general framework for financial market modeling, which extends beyond the standard risk-neutral pricing theory. It permits a unified treatment of portfolio optimisation, derivative pricing, integrated risk managemetn and insurance risk modeling. Th existence of an equivalent risk-neutral pricing measure is not required.Instead, it leads to pricing formulae with respect to the real-world probability measure. This yields important modeling freedom which turns out to be necessary for the derivation of realistic, parsimonious market models. The first part of the book describes the necessary tools fromprobability theory, statistics, stochastic calculus and the theory of stochastic differential equations with jumps. The second part of devoted to financial modeling by the benchmark approach. Various quajtitative methods for the real-world pricing and hedging of derivatives are explained. The general framework is used to provide an understanding of the nature of stochastic volatility. The book is intended for a wide audience that includes quantitative analysts, postgraduate students and practitioners in finance, economics and insurance. It aims to be a self- contained, accessible but methematically rigorous introduction to quantitative finance for readers that have a reasonable mathematical or quantitative background. Finally, the book hsould stimulate inetrest in the benchmark approach by describing some of its power and wide applicability.

Ben-Nissan, B & Ylänen, H 2006, 'Bioactive glasses and glass ceramics' in Metin Akay (ed), Wiley Encyclopedia of Biomedical Engineering, Wiley-Interscience, United States, pp. 0-0.
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Bilić, A, Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2006, 'Functionalization of semiconductor surfaces by organic layers: Concerted cycloaddition versus stepwise free-radical reaction mechanisms' in Properties of Single Organic Molecules on Crystal Surfaces, pp. 333-360.
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In the age when the miniaturization trend that has driven the semiconductor industry is reaching its limits, organic modification of semiconductors is emerging as a field that could give much-needed impetus. We review the current state of understanding of the functionalization of C(100), Si(100), and Ge(100) surfaces through chemisorption of alkenes and alkynes, focusing on adsorbate structural control. While reactions on C(100) show most of the properties expected for concerted cycloaddition reactions such as [2+2] and [4+2] (Diels–Alder) processes, reactions on Si(100) present a wide range of variant behavior, including in some cases the prominence of non-cycloaddition products. More general stepwise free-radical addition processes are seen to provide a better description of reactions on Si(100), their prominence being attributed to either the non-existence or ineffectiveness of π bonding within surface silicon dimers. The investigations of these systems provide not only insight into driving mechanisms for chemisorption but also motivation for the development of new techniques of organic functionalization on semiconductors.

Botten, LC, McPhedran, RC, de Sterke, CM, Nicorovici, NA, Asatryan, AA, Smith, GH, Langtry, T, White, T, Fussell, DP & Kuhlmey, B 2006, 'From Multipole Methods to Photonic Crystal Device modeling' in Yasumoto, K (ed), Electromagnetic Theory and Applications for Photonic Crystals, Taylor & Francis, Florida, USA, pp. 47-122.
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Dalton, JP, Caffrey, CR, Sajid, M, Stack, C, Donnelly, S, Loukas, A, Don, T, McKerrow, J, Halton, DW & Brindley, PJ 2006, 'Proteases in trematode biology' in Parasitic Flatworms: Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, Immunology and Physiology, pp. 348-368.

Dickman, CR & Murray, B 2006, 'Species interactions: complex effects' in Attiwell, P & Wilson, B (eds), Ecology: An Australian Perspective, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne, Australia, pp. 317-334.
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Interactions within ecological communities usually involve many species and pose intriguing challenges for ecologists who wish to map and disentangle them. To simplify this task we often assume that the interactions do not change in strength or direction and that the identities of the key species remain the same. Species can be 'pigeon-holed' into convenient categories such as 'pollinator', 'competitor', 'pest' or even 'redundant' using these assumptions. This makes programs of conservation or pest management easier to implement, but is also ignores an emerging body of evidence that interactions between species vary between situations, places and times. In this chapter we will explore the complexity of effects that arise from changes in tereactions between species. We also consider how such effects may be modelled and predicted,a nd illustrate how ecological insight can be used to guide management decisions.

Harry, L, Monahan, LG & Thompson, L 2006, 'Bacterial cell division: the mechanism and its precision' in Jeon, KW (ed), International Review of Cytology: A Survey of Cell biology Volume 253, Elsevier, The netherlands, pp. 27-94.
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The recent devlopment of cell biolofy technques for bacteria to allow visualisation of fundamental processes in time and space, and their use in synchronous populations of cells, has resulted in a dramatic increase in our understanding of cell division and it regulation in these tiny cells. The first stage of cell division is the formation of a Z ring, composed of apolymerised tubulin-like protein, FtZ,at the division site precisely at midcell. Several membrane-associated division proteins are then recruited to this ring to forma complex, the divisome, which causes invagination of the cell envelope layers to form a division septum. The z Ring marks the future division site, and the timing of assembly and positioning of this structure are important in determining where and when division will take place in the cell. Z ring assembly is controlled bnu many factors including negative regulatory mechanisms such as Min and nucleoid occlusion that influence Z ring positioning and FtZ accessory proteins that bind to FtZ directly and modulate its polymerisation behaviour. The replication status of the cell also influences the positionin of the Z ring,w hich may allow the tight coordination between DNA replication and cell division required toproduce two identical newborn cells.

Larkum, A, Drew, E & Ralph, PJ 2006, 'Photosynthesis and Metabolism in Seagrasses at the Cellular Level' in Larkum, AWD, Orth, RJ & Dyarte, CM (eds), Seagrasses:Biology, Ecology and Conservation, Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 323-345.

Lipster, R & Novikov, A 2006, 'Tail distributions of supremum and quadratic variation of local Martingales' in Kubanov, Y, Lipster, R & Stoyanov, J (eds), From Stochastic Calculus to Mathematical Finance, Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 421-432.
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We extend some known results concerning the distribution tails of supremum and quadratic variation of a continuous local martingale tothe case of locally square integrable martingales with bounded jumps. The predictable and optional quadratic vairations are involved inthe main result.

McDougald, D 2006, 'Adaptive Responses of Vibrios' in Thompson, FL, Austin, B & Swings, J (eds), The Biology of Vibrios, pp. 135-157.

Nicholson, GM 2006, 'Spider Venom Peptides' in Kastin, A (ed), The Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides, Elsevier, San Diego, USA, pp. 369-379.
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Spider peptide and protein toxins are recognised as highly potent and spefici molecular tools that modulate neurotransmission via interaction with a variety of ion channels, receptors and transporters in vertebrates and invertebrates. The recent discovery of the diversity of thesepeptides means that spider venoms are only now being considered as combinatorial peptide libraries useful for probing synaptic neurotransmission, for validating novel insecticide targets and for aiding in the design of therapeutics and biopesticides. These studies are being greatly assistaed bu the determination of the pharmacophore of these toxins. This review details the discovery, structure and function of these spider venom peptide toxins.

Ralph, PJ, Tomasko, D, Moore, KA, Seddon, S & Macinnis-Ng, CM 2006, 'Human impacts on seagrasses: Eutrophication, sedimentation and contamination' in Larkum, AWD, Orth, RJ & Duarte, CM (eds), Seagrasses: Biology, Ecology and Conservation, Springer, The Netherlands, pp. 567-593.

Rashid, I, Brown, B, Van Reyk, DM & Davies, MJ 2006, 'The roles of protein glycation, glycoxidation and advanced glycation end-product formation in diabetes-induced atherosclerosis' in Kaur Sukhinder, C (ed), Biochemistry of Atherosclerosis, Springer, New York, USA, pp. 247-283.
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Diabetes is known to induce a range of micro-and macrovascular compliacations with the latter resutling in premature and accelerated atherosclerosis. Thus people with diabetes have a 2-4 fold increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases which is responsible for ca. 50% of deaths amongst people with diabetes. The mechanisms behind this elevated risk are still not fully understood, though there is now increasing evidence for a role of glycation and clycoxidation reactions induced by hyperglycemia. This article reviews current knowledge of the role that these reactions play in diabetes-induced atherosclerosis with particular emphasis on the molecular reactions that result in the modification of lipoproteins, and the consequences of these reactions on cellular metabolism.

Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2006, 'The Nature of the Special-pair Radical Cation Produced by Primary Charge Separation During Photosynthesis' in Artificial Photosynthesis: From Basic Biology to Industrial Application, pp. 109-126.
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Rice, SA & Kjelleberg, S 2006, 'Bacterial biofilm formation, adaptation and fitness' in Microbial Ecology of Aerial Plant Surfaces, pp. 67-82.

Speer, MS & Leslie, LM 2006, 'Local to long-range dust transport over Central Eastern Australia' in Advances in Geosciences: Volume 5: Oceans and Atmospheres (OA), pp. 29-40.
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© 2006 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. A climatology of dust reporting days from 1995 to February 2004 has been prepared for the central eastern Australia region. The climatology reveals a total of 55 "dust days," consisting of 43 dust days associated with fronts. Of these 24 were classified as being embedded in the zonal westerlies in the Great Australian Bight (GAB) or in westerlies produced by from low-pressure systems in the GAB. The remaining 19 were associated with fronts over eastern Australia where high pressure systems in the GAB generated postfrontal south to southeast winds. Two case studies of dust storm generation and transport were modeled using an integrated wind erosion prediction system. The model predictions were broadly consistent with both satellite images highlighting dust and with the synoptic observations that reported dust.

Whitchurch, CB 2006, 'Biogenesis and Funciton of Type IV Pili in Pseudomonas Species' in Ramos, JL & Levesque, RC (eds), Pseudomonas Volume 4: Molecular Biology of Emerging Issues, Springer, Netherlands, pp. 139-188.
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Type IV pili or fimbriae are non-flagellar, filamentous surface appendages that are associated with a number of biological activities in bacteria. These processes include a form of surface translocation termed twitching motility; bacteriophage sensitivity; attachment to biotic (bacteria, plant, animal) and abiotic surfaces; biofilm development; and the uptake of naked DNA by natural transformation. Many of these biological functions are reliant on the ability of these structures to extend and retract.

Zibold, T, Vogl, P & Bertoni, A 2006, 'Prediction of Entanglement Detection by I-V Characteristics' in Nonequilibrium Carrier Dynamics in Semiconductors, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 15-18.
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Abel, J, Schares, G, Orzeszko, K, Gasser, RB & Ellis, JT 2006, 'Hammondia isolated from dogs and foxes are genetically distinct', Parasitology, vol. 132, no. 1, pp. 187-192.
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Hammondia heydorni is regarded as a protozoan parasite that uses canids, e.g. dogs and foxes, as definitive hosts, but clinical signs of infection are rare. This study therefore took advantage of the opportunity to study an oocyst population from the fae

Ahn, J, Kim, YJ & Wang, G 2006, 'Electrochemical properties of carbon nanotube-dispersed PEO-LiX electrolytes', Metals and Materials International, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 69-73.
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Multi-wall nanotubes (MWCNTs) were added to PEO-LiClO4 solid electrolytes in order to assess their enhancement of ionic conductivity. PEO-LiClO4-SiO2 composite electrolytes were also manufactured for comparison. In spite of the electrical conductivity of MWCNTs, PEO-LiClO4-MWCNT composites can be sucessfully used as solid electrolytes, provided that additive carbon nanotubes have discontinous forms and are homogeneously distributed within the PEO-LiClO4 matrix. Shortening and uniform dispersion of MWCNT were identified as crucial factors for the performance of PEO-LiClO4-MWCNT composite electrolytes. Compared with the PEO-LiClO4-SiO2 composite, the addition of MWCNT to PEO-LiClO4 resulted in greater enhancement in ionic conductivity. This might be attributable to enhanced amorphization by local modification of PEO chains from crystalline to disordered arrangements.

Aktan, F, Henness, S, Tran, VH, Duke, CC, Roufogalis, BD & Ammit, AJ 2006, 'Gingerol metabolite and a synthetic analogue Capsarol (TM) inhibit macrophage NF-kappa B-mediated iNOS gene expression and enzyme activity', PLANTA MEDICA, vol. 72, no. 8, pp. 727-734.
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Albert, MH, Elder, M, Rechnitzer, A, Westcott, P & Zabrocki, M 2006, 'On the Stanley-Wilf limit of 4231-avoiding permutations and a conjecture of Arratia', Advances in Applied Mathematics, vol. 36, pp. 96-105.
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Alquezar, R, Markich, SJ & Booth, DJ 2006, 'Effects of metals on condition and reproductive output of the smooth toadfish in Sydney estuaries, south-eastern Australia', Environmental Pollution, vol. 142, no. 1, pp. 116-122.
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This study determined the condition and reproductive output of a common estuarine toadfish, Tetractenos glaber, in two metal contaminated and two reference estuaries near Sydney, Australia. Female toadfish from metal contaminated estuaries were smaller a

Alquezar, R, Markich, SJ & Booth, DJ 2006, 'Metal accumulation in the smooth toadfish, Tetractenos glaber, in estuaries around Sydney, Australia', Environmental Pollution, vol. 142, no. 1, pp. 123-131.
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This study determined the metal levels in sediments and tissues of a common estuarine fish, Tetractenos glaber (smooth toadfish), from two metal contaminated and two reference estuaries near Sydney, Australia. Metal levels were highest in sediments and f

Arnold, MD 2006, 'An Efficient Solution for Scattering by a Perfectly Conducting Grating', Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 891-900.
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An efficient implementation of a Wiener-Hopf solution for complementary strip gratings is presented. Acceleration of the required infinite product is achieved via a hybrid approach involving a gamma function expression for the infinite product of Taylor approximated terms. The efficiency of the accelerated method is compared to the brute-force method as a function of system parameters.

Asatryan, AA, Botten, LC, Nicorovici, NA, McPhedran, RC & de Sterke, CM 2006, 'Frequency shift of sources embedded in finite two-dimensional photonic clusters', Waves In Random And Complex Media, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 151-165.
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The frequency (Lamb) shift and local density of states (LDOS) in two-dimensional photonic crystals composed of a cluster of infinitely long circular cylinders is calculated classically using the radiation reaction mechanism. We investigate the frequency

Ashmore, J, Bishop, R, Craig, DC & Scudder, ML 2006, 'Inclusion of polyhalomethanes by a tetrahalogenated diquinoline host', CRYSTENGCOMM, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 923-930.
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Baker, AC, Hose, GC & Murray, B 2006, 'Vegetation responses to Pinus radiata (D. Don) invasion: A multivariate analysis using principal response curves', Proceedings Of The Linnean Society Of New South Wales, vol. 127, pp. 191-197.
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Radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) has been introduced to many new regions outside its native range as a plantation species. Plantations are frequently located adjacent to native vegetation. This proximity allows not only pine wildings, but also large a

Barash, M 2006, 'A modified method for purification of biological samples collected on FTA cards for STR analysis', Journal of Forensic Identification, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 222-231.
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FTA cards are regarded as a method of choice for the preservation and storage of blood and saliva prior to genetic testing. In this study, we compared the recommended protocol of DNA purification and amplification from FTA cards to a method we developed in the laboratory. Our simplified method was tailored for amplification using the AmpFLSTR SGM Plus kit. The modified method proved to decrease artifacts in DNA profiles and was more time- and cost-effective than the manufacturer's protocol.

Barbosa, HA, Huete, A & Baethgen, WE 2006, 'A 20-year study of NDVI variability over the Northeast Region of Brazil', Journal Of Arid Environments, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 288-307.
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The natural ecosystems of the Northeast Region of Brazil (NEB) have experienced persistent drought episodes and environmental degradation during the past two decades. In this study, we examined the spatial heterogeneity and temporal dynamics of the NEB using a 20-year time series of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) observations, derived from the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) instrument. A set of 12 000 spatially distributed NDVI values was analysed to investigate significant deviations from the mean-monthly values of the base period (19822001) in the study area. Various statistical analyses involving minimum, mean and maximum values, coefficient of variation (CV), standardized anomalies (Z-scores), and 36-month running mean were applied to monthly NDVI values to identify spatial and temporal variations in vegetation dynamics. We found strong seasonal oscillations in the vegetation-growing season (FebruaryMay) over the NEB study area, with maximum NDVI observed in AprilMay and seasonal variations, expressed by the CV, ranging from 14% to 32%. In addition, a consistent upward trend in vegetation greenness occurred over the period 19841990, and was strongly reversed in the subsequent period 19911998. These upward and downward trends in vegetation greenness followed an inter-annual oscillation of not, vert, similar78 years. We also found that dry season peak (September) latitudinal variations in NDVI were 2025% greater in 19911999 than 19821990 across the study region. The results of this study suggest that patterns in NEB vegetation variability were a result of the impact of enhanced aridity occurring over the last decade of the 20th century.

Barraud, N, Hassett, DJ, Hwang, S-H, Rice, SA, Kjelleberg, S & Webb, JS 2006, 'Involvement of nitric oxide in biofilm dispersal of Pseudomonas aeruginosa', JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, vol. 188, no. 21, pp. 7344-7353.
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Barrett, BS, Leslie, LM & Fiedler, BH 2006, 'An example of the value of strong climatological signals in tropical cyclone track forecasting: Hurricane Ivan (2004)', MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW, vol. 134, no. 5, pp. 1568-1577.
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Barrett, PM, Farrell, LJ, Ollendick, TH & Dadds, M 2006, 'Long-term outcomes of an Australian universal prevention trial of anxiety and depression symptoms in children and youth: An evaluation of the friends program', Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 403-411.
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This study evaluated the long-term effectiveness of the FRIENDS Program in reducing anxiety and depression in a sample of children from Grade 6 and Grade 9 in comparison to a control condition. Longitudinal data for Lock and Barrett's (2003) universal prevention trial is presented, along with data from 12-month follow-up to 24-and 36-month follow-up. Results of this study indicate that intervention reductions in anxiety reported in Lock and Barrett were maintained for students in Grade 6, with the intervention group reporting significantly lower ratings of anxiety at long-term follow-up. A significant Time × Intervention Group x Gender Effect on Anxiety was found, with girls in the intervention group reporting significantly lower anxiety at 12-month and 24-month follow-up but not at 36-month follow-up in comparison to the control condition. Results demonstrated a prevention effect with significantly fewer high-risk students at 36-month follow-up in the intervention condition than in the control condition. Results are discussed within the context of prevention research. Copyright © 2006 by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Belli, SI, Smith, NC & Ferguson, DJ 2006, 'The coccidian oocyst a tough nut to crack!', Trends In Parasitology, vol. 22, no. 9, pp. 416-423.
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Coccidian parasites are transmitted between hosts by the ingestion of food or water contaminated with oocysts, followed by the release of infectious sporozoites and invasion of the gastro-intestinal tract. In the external environment, sporozoites are pro

Ben-Ami, D, Ramp, D & Croft, DB 2006, 'Population viability assessment and sensitivity analysis as a management tool for the peri-urban environment', Urban Ecosystems, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 227-241.
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Anthropogenic disturbance occurring within urban ecosystems is often extreme and highly variable. A quantifiable measure of their effect on the persistence of urban wildlife populations would contribute to conservation efforts. This study suggests that population viability assessment, a commonly utilized modeling tool for creating management strategies for rare and threatened wildlife populations, is also appropriate in an urban context. It can be used to create proactive management strategies that quantify the impacts of anthropogenic disturbances and rank a range of management options within an active adaptive framework. To show this, population viability assessment and sensitivity analyses were run to forecast the population trends of a seemingly robust but isolated swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor) population living in peri-urban Sydney, Australia; a population exposed to anthropogenic disturbances from towns, hobby farms and roads. Modeling suggested this population was in a slow decline and that predictions were highly dependent upon stochastic events and the precision of reproduction rates. However, a number of management options are identified that will dramatically reduce the risk of total population decline, with complementary options utilized in tandem the most effective.

Ben-Dov, E, Shapiro, OH, Siboni, N & Kushmaro, A 2006, 'Advantage of using inosine at the 3 ' termini of 16S rRNA gene universal primers for the study of microbial diversity', APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, vol. 72, no. 11, pp. 6902-6906.
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Benn, DE, Gimenez-Roqueplo, AP, Reilly, JR, Bertherat, J, Burgess, J, Byth, K, Croxson, M, Dahia, PLM, Elston, M, Gimm, O, Henley, D, Herman, P, Murday, V, Niccoli-Sire, P, Pasieka, JL, Rohmer, V, Tucker, K, Jeunemaitre, X, Marsh, DJ, Plouin, PF & Robinson, BG 2006, 'Clinical presentation and penetrance of pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma syndromes', JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM, vol. 91, no. 3, pp. 827-836.
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Ben-Nissan, B & Choi, AH 2006, 'Sol-gel production of bioactive nanocoatings for medical applications. Part 1 An Introdction', Nanomedicine, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 311-319.
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Coatings offer the possibility of modifying the surface properties of surgical-grade materials to achieve improvements in performance, reliability and biocompatibility. Sol-gel derived coatings demonstrate promise owing to their relative ease of production, ability to form a physically and chemically pure and uniform coating over complex geometric shapes and potential to deliver exceptional mechanical properties owing to their nanocrystalline structure. Other advantages unique to sol-gel include the production of a homogenous material, since mixing takes place on the atomic scale, and its relatively low processing temperature avoids decomposition of the coating materials and limits the damage ti metallic substrate materials as a result of exposure to elevated temperatures. A range of materials can eb adapted easily for a number of biomedical and engineering applciations.

Benson, SJ, Lennard, CJ, Maynard, PJ & Roux, CP 2006, 'Forensic applications of isotope ratio mass spectrometry - A review', Forensic Science International, vol. 157, no. 1, pp. 1-22.
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The key role of a forensic scientist is to assist in determining whether a crime has been committed, and if so, assist in the identification of the offender. Many people hold the belief that a particular item can be conclusively linked to a specific pers

Bezuglyi, S, Dooley, AH & Kwiatiowski, J 2006, 'Topologies on the group of homeomorphisms of a Cantor set', TOPOLOGICAL METHODS IN NONLINEAR ANALYSIS, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 299-331.

Bezuglyi, S, Dooley, AH & Kwiatkowski, J 2006, 'Topologies on the group of Borel automorphisms of a standard Borel space', TOPOLOGICAL METHODS IN NONLINEAR ANALYSIS, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 333-385.

Bilic, A, Reimers, JR, Hush, N, Hoft, RC & Ford, M 2006, 'Adsorption Of Benzene On Copper, Silver, And Gold Surfaces', Journal Of Chemical Theory And Computation, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 1093-1105.
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Bishop, M, Kelaher, BP, Smith, M, York, PH & Booth, DJ 2006, 'Ratio-dependent response of a temperate Australian estuarine system to sustained nitrogen loading', Oecologia, vol. 149, no. 4, pp. 701-708.
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Classical resource- and the less studied ratio-dependent models of predator-prey relationships provide divergent predictions as to the sustained ecological effects of bottom-up forcing. While resource-dependent models, which consider only instantaneous p

Bojko, KL, O'Leary, R, Roux, CP & Reedy, BJ 2006, 'Forensic analysis of bicomponent fibers using infrared chemical imaging', Journal Of Forensic Sciences, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 586-596.
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The application of infrared chemical imaging to the analysis of bicomponent fibers was evaluated. Eleven nominally bicomponent fibers were examined either side-on or in cross-section. In six of the 11 samples, infrared chemical imaging was able to spatia

Booth, DJ & Skene, C 2006, 'Rapid assessment of endocrine disruption: vitellogenin (Vtg) expression in male estuarine toadfish (Tetratenos glaber Tetraodontiformes)', Australasian Journal of Ecotoxicology, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 3-8.
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Increased contamination of waterways has lead to many impacts on organisms, including effects on reproduction. A suite of endocrine-disruptive chemicals (DECs) has been shown to mimic sex hormones in vertebrates and their presence is an important bioindicator of environmental degradation. We examined expression of vitellogenin (Vtg, a female yolk protein) in male toadfish (Tetratenos glaber), as an indicator of EDC presence in estuaries around Sydney, Australia. First we demonstrated induction of Vtg in males from unpolluted estuarine sites through injection of 17beta-oestradiol. Second, serum of fish from polluted and unpolluted estuaries was collected and examined by reducing-polyacryamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). While females from polluted (downstream from sewage treatment plants, and subject to urban runoff) and less polluted sites all expressed Vtg in blood serum, males from less polluted sites showed little or no evidence of Vtg expression. however, most males from heavilty polluted sites showed moderate to high levels of vtg expression indicating that EDCs were present and affecting normal endocrine function in males. We suggest that simple biochemical examinations of EDS effects, such as vtg induction in males, are useful rapid assessment methods wich can provide evidence upon which further, more detailed studies may be undertaken.

Bordas, F, Louvion, N, Callard, S, Chaumet, PC & Rahmani, A 2006, 'Coupled dipole method for radiation dynamics in finite photonic crystal structures', Physical Review E, vol. 73, no. 5, pp. 056601-56607.
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We present a coupled-dipole treatment of radiation dynamics in the weak-coupling regime in a finite three-dimensional photonic crystal structure. The structure is discretized in real space and the self-consistent local field is computed. We illustrate the computation of radiation dynamics by calculating the spontaneous emission rate for a source located in a defect cavity inside a slab photonic crystal structure. We compute the cavity spectral response, the near-field modal structure, and the far-field radiation pattern of the microcavity. We also discuss our results in light of the recent experimental near-field observations of the optical modes of a photonic crystal microcavity.

Botten, LC, Dossou, KB, Wilcox, S, McPhedran, RC, de Sterke, CM, Nicorovici, NA & Asatryan, AA 2006, 'Highly accurate modelling of generalised defect modes in photonic crystals using the fictitious source superposition method', International Journal of microwave and optical Technology, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 133-145.
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We present an exact theory for modelling the modes of two-dimensional photonic crystals with a truly infinite cladding. It builds on our previous implementation of the fictitious source superposition method for simple point defects that is based on three key ideas: the use of fictitious sources to modify response fields so defects can be introduced; the representation of the defect mode as a superposition of solutions of quasiperiodic field problems; and the reduction of the two-dimentioanl superposition to a highly efficient, one-dimentional average. here we describe an elegant extension to model a compound, multiple scatterer, defect in a given layer, and then build on this to construct an arbitrary defect from multiple layers of compound defects. We demonstrate the method's accuracy and efficiency, and present two and three-dimentional results. We also demonstrate the strengths of the method for difficult problems, such as where a mode is hgihly extended near cutoff.

Botten, LC, Hansen, RA & de Sterke, CM 2006, 'Supermodes in multiple coupled photonic crystal waveguides', Optics Express, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 387-396.
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We analyze the supermodes in multiple coupled photonic crystal waveguides for long-wavelengths. In the tight-binding limit we obtain analytic results that agree with fully numerical calculations. We find that when the field flips sign after a single phot

Botten, LC, White, TP, de Sterke, CM & McPhedran, RC 2006, 'Wide-angle coupling into rod-type photonic crystals with ultralow reflectance', Physical Review E, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 1-10.
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We describe the surprising phenomenon of near-perfect coupling from free space into uniform two-dimensional rod-type photonic crystals over a wide range of incident angles. This behavior is shown to be a generic feature of many rod-type photonic crystal

Breymann, W, Kelly, L & Platen, E 2006, 'Intraday empirical analysis and modeling of diversified world stock indices', Asia - Pacific Financial Markets, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1-28.
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This paper proposes an approach to the intraday analysis of diversified world stock accumulation indices. The growth optimal portfolio (GOP) is used as reference unit or benchmark in a continuous financial market model. Diversified portfolios, covering the world stock market, are constructed and shown to approximate the GOP, providing the basis for a range of financial applications. The normalized GOP is modeled as a time transformed square root process of dimension four. Its dynamics are empirically verified for several world stock indices. Furthermore, the evolution of the transformed time is modeled as the integral over a rapidly evolving mean-reverting market activity process with deterministic volatility. The empirical findings suggest a rather simple and robust model for a world stock index that reflects the historical evolution, by using only a few readily observable parameters.

Brown, B, Mahroof, F, Cook, N, Van Reyk, DM & Davies, MJ 2006, 'Hydrazine compounds inhibit glycation of low-density lipoproteins and prevent the in vitro formation of model foam cells from glycolaldehyde-modified low-density lipoproteins', Diabetologia, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 775-783.
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Aims/hypothesis: Previous studies have shown that glycation of LDL by methylglyoxal and glycolaldehyde, in the absence of significant oxidation, results in lipid accumulation in macrophage cells. Such foam cells are a hallmark of atherosclerosis. In this

Brown, D, Craddock, M, Culshaw, R, Fendel, D & Wu, HH 2006, 'Serge lang and the HIV consensus [3]', Notices of the American Mathematical Society, vol. 53, no. 9, p. 1006.

Brown, GP, Phillips, BL, Webb, JK & Shine, R 2006, 'Toad on the road: Use of roads as dispersal corridors by cane toads (Bufo marinus) at an invasion front in tropical Australia', Biological Conservation, vol. 133, no. 1, pp. 88-94.
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Determining the factors that influence the rate of spread of invasive species is an important goal for conservation biology. if invasive species utilize specific landscape features as dispersal corridors, control programs can target such corridors. Radio

Brown, JJ, Abbott, O & Diamond, I 2006, 'Dependence in the 2001 one-number census project', Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A: Statistics in Society, vol. 169, no. 4, pp. 883-902.
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The one-number census approach was developed by the Office for National Statistics to adjust the counts from the 2001 census of England and Wales for undernumeration. The method is underpinned by an assumption of independence between the count of the population that was given by the 2001 census and the count that was given by the Census Coverage Survey. Some dependence was, however, detected, and the paper describes the strategy that was used to measure dependence and to adjust the 2001 census population estimates.

Bruti Liberati, N, Nikitopoulos Sklibosios, C & Platen, E 2006, 'First order strong approximations of jump diffusions', Monte Carlo Methods and Applications, vol. 12, no. 3-4, pp. 191-209.
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DP0559879

Burgess, J, Oliver, BG, Poniris, M, Ge, Q, Boustany, S, Cox, N, Moir, L, Johnson, P & Black, J 2006, 'A phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor inhibits matrix protein deposition in airways in vitro', Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 118, no. 3, pp. 649-657.
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Background: Airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells may contribute to airway remodeling through the release of growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. The effect of current asthma therapies on this release is not known. Objective: We

Burnett, T, Dinkla, K, Rohde, M, Chhatwal, G, Uphoff, C, Srivastava, M, Cordwell, SJ, Geary, S, Liao, X, Minion, F, Walker, M & Djordjevic, SP 2006, 'P159 is a proteolytically processed, surface adhesin of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae:defined domains of P159 bind heparin and promote adherence to eukaryote cells', Molecular Microbiology, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 669-686.
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Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, the causative agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia, colonizes the respiratory cilia of affected swine causing significant economic losses to swine production worldwide. Heparin is known to inhibit adherence of M. hyopneumoniae to porcine respiratory epithelial cilia. M. hyopneumoniae cells bind heparin but the identity of the heparin-binding proteins is limited. Proteomic analysis of M. hyopneumoniae lysates identified 27 kDa (P27), 110 kDa (P110) and 52 kDa (P52) proteins representing different regions of a 159 kDa (P159) protein derived from mhp494. These cleavage fragments were surface located and present at all growth stages. Following purification of four recombinant proteins spanning P159 (F1P159, F2P159, F3P159 and F4P159), only F3P159 and F4P159 bound heparin in a dose-dependent manner (Kd values 142.37 ± 22.01 nM; 75.37 ± 7.34 nM respectively). Scanning electron microscopic studies showed M. hyopneumoniae bound intimately to porcine kidney epithelial-like cells (PK15 cells) but these processes were inhibited by excess heparin and F4P159. Similarly, latex beads coated with F2P159 and F4P159 adhered to and entered PK15 cells, but heparin, F2P159 and F4P159 was inhibitory. These findings indicate that P159 is a post-translationally cleaved, glycosaminoglycan-binding adhesin of M. hyopneumoniae.

Burrage, K, Burrage, P, Higham, DJ, Kloeden, PE & Platen, E 2006, 'Comment on "Numerical methods for stochastic differential equations"', PHYSICAL REVIEW E, vol. 74, no. 6.
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Cadotte, MW, Murray, B & Lovett-doust, J 2006, 'Ecological patterns and biological invasions: Using regional species inventories in macroecology', Biological Invasions, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 809-821.
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Macroecology depends heavily on a comparative methodology in order to identify large-scale patterns and to test alternative hypotheses that might generate such patterns. With the advent and accessibility of large electronic databases of species and their

Cadotte, MW, Murray, B & Lovett-doust, J 2006, 'Evolutionary and ecological influences of plant invader success in the flora of Ontario', Ecoscience, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 388-395.
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It is not clear why some species are able to naturalize and spread in a new region while so many other species are not. Several general properties have been reported for successful non-indigenous plant species (NIPS). These include presence of a lag time

Cai, Z, Crossley, M, Reimers, JR, Kobayashi, R & Amos, R 2006, 'Density Functional Theory For Charge Transfer: The Nature Of The N-Bands Of Porphyrins And Chlorophylls Revealed Through Cam-B3Lyp, Caspt2, And Sac-Ci Calculations', Journal Of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 110, no. 31, pp. 15624-15632.
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Canfield, P, Dahlbom, M, Hush, N & Reimers, JR 2006, 'Density-Functional Geometry Optimization Of The 150 000-Atom Photosystem-I Trimer', Journal Of Chemical Physics, vol. 124, no. 2.
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Cantwell, MM, Millen, AE, Carroll, R, Mittl, BL, Hermansen, S, Brinton, LA & Potischman, N 2006, 'A debriefing session with a nutritionist can improve dietary assessment using food diaries.', JOURNAL OF NUTRITION, vol. 136, no. 2, pp. 440-445.

Carraro, R & Gladstone, W 2006, 'Habitat preferences and site fidelity of the ornate wobbegong shark (Orectolobus ornatus) on rocky reefs of New South Wales', Pacific Science, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 207-223.
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Habitat and microhabitat preferences and site fidelity of Orectolobus ornatus were assessed between September 2002 and August 2003 to assess potential suitability of marine reserves for its conservation. Of six rocky reef habitats available in the study area (sponge gardens, artificial structures, barren boulders, sand, sea grass, macroalgae), O. ornatus exhibited a significant preference for sponge gardens, artificial structures, and barren boulders habitats. Habitat preferences of males and females, and individuals <1 m and >1 m, did not differ. Orectolobus ornatus selected daytime resting positions with a high topographic complexity and crevice volume and did not select on the basis of prey availability. Habitat and microhabitat preferences may be related to the need for predator avoidance. Regular monitoring of 40 individually identified O. ornatus revealed that none was a permanent resident of the study area. Seven individuals exhibited short-term temporary fidelity to the study area; they were resighted frequently for part of an intensive 100-day survey. Remaining individuals were temporary visitors; they were resighted at most once after initial identification or returning after extended absences. Monthly population surveys confirmed the turnover of O. ornatus in the study area. The lack of long-term site fidelity suggests that small marine reserves will be ineffective as a conservation strategy for O. ornatus.

Carroll, RJ & Ruppert, D 2006, 'Discussion: Conditional growth charts', ANNALS OF STATISTICS, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 2098-2104.
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Carroll, RJ, Midthune, D, Freedman, LS & Kipnis, V 2006, 'Seemingly unrelated measurement error models, with application to nutritional epidemiology', BIOMETRICS, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 75-84.
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Charles, AL, Markich, SJ & Ralph, PJ 2006, 'Toxicity of uranium and copper individually, and in combination, to a tropical freshwater macrophyte (Lemna aequinoctialis)', Chemosphere, vol. 62, no. 8, pp. 1224-1233.
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Copper (Cu) and uranium (U) are of potential ecotoxicological concern to tropical freshwater biota in northern Australia, as a result of mining activities. Few data are available on the toxicity of U, and no data are available on the toxic interaction of

Chatterjee, N, Spinka, C, Chen, JB & Carroll, RJ 2006, 'Likelihood-based inference on haplotype effects in genetic association studies - Comment', JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION, vol. 101, no. 473, pp. 108-111.
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Chaumet, PC, Rahmani, A & Nieto-Vesperinas, M 2006, 'Local-field enhancement in an optical force metallic nanotrap: Application to single-molecule spectroscopy', Applied Optics, vol. 45, no. 21, pp. 5185-5190.
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We study the local-field enhancement in a nanocavity created by optical nanomanipulation. Recently we showed that a metallic probe can modify the optical force experienced by a metallic particle and generate a material selective trapping potential. We show that the same configuration used for optical forces can be used to control both in magnitude and tune the local-field enhancement around the particle at resonance. The spatial resolution and material selectivity of this technique, allied to its capability to manipulate particles at the nanometric level, may offer a new and versatile way to achieve surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy at the single-molecule level.

Chen, H, Hansen, M, Jones, JE, Vlahos, R, Bozinovski, S, Anderson, G & Morris, M 2006, 'Cigarette smoke exposure reprograms the hypothalamic neuropeptide Y axis to promote weight loss', American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol. 173, no. 11, pp. 1248-1254.
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RATIONALE: Despite irrefutable epidemiologic evidence, cigarette smoking remains the major preventable cause of lung disease morbidity worldwide. The appetite-suppressing effect of tobacco is a major behavioral determinant of smoking, but the underlying molecular and neuronal mechanisms are not understood. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an orexigenic neuropeptide, whose activity in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus governs appetite. OBJECTIVES: To compare the effects of smoke exposure and equivalent food restriction on body weight, organ mass, cytokines, and brain NPY in Balb/c mice. METHODS: A pair-feeding study design compared smoke exposure (4 wk; 1 cigarette, 3 x /d, 5 d/wk) to equivalent food restriction (pair-fed) and sham-exposed control mice. RESULTS: Smoke exposure rapidly induced mild anorexia. After 4 wk, smoke-exposed and pair-fed groups were lighter than control mice (22.0 +/- 0.2, 23.2 +/- 0.5, 24.9 +/- 0.4 g, respectively; p < 0.05). Brown and white fat masses were only reduced by smoke exposure, relative to control mice. NPY concentration in the paraventricular nucleus was significantly and paradoxically reduced by smoke exposure, despite lower plasma leptin concentrations; this was not observed in the pair-fed group experiencing 19% food restriction. Adipose mRNA expression of uncoupling proteins, inflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha, and adipose triglyceride lipase was decreased by smoke exposure, and even lower in pair-fed mice. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to food restriction, smoke exposure caused a reduction in hypothalamic NPY and fat mass, and regulated adipose cytokines. These findings may contribute to understanding weight loss in smoking-related lung disease and in the design of more effective smoking cessation strategies.

Chen, H, Kent, S & Morris, M 2006, 'Is the CCK2 receptor essential for normal regulation of body weight and adiposity?', European Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 1427-1433.
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Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a gastrointestinal satiety signal released from the duodenum to terminate feeding, via CCK1 receptors. CCK2 receptors are considered to be involved in anxiety. CCK2 receptor knockout mice have increased body weight and food intake. Little is known regarding the effects of CCK2 receptor deficiency on adipose distribution and hypothalamic feeding regulators such as neuropeptide Y (NPY), a powerful stimulator of feeding. Adult (10?week) CCK2 receptor knockout and wild-type mice were anaesthetized and killed by decapitation. Brain sections, organs and fat tissue were dissected. Plasma leptin, insulin and brain NPY content were measured by radioimmunoassay. Female CCK2 receptor knockout mice weighed more than control mice (22.0?±?0.2 vs. 19.9?±?0.4?g, P?

Chen, P, Butcher, KS, Wintrebert-Fouquet, M, Wuhrer, R, Phillips, M, Prince, K, Timmers, H, Shrestha, S & Usher, BF 2006, 'Apparent band-gap shift in InN films grown by remote-plasma-enhanced CVD', Journal Of Crystal Growth, vol. 288, no. 2, pp. 241-246.
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The properties of indium nitride grown at various temperatures on c-plane sapphire and glass substrates, using remote plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition, have been investigated. The optical absorption spectra show a broad range of apparent band-g

Cheng, Y, Gamon, JA, Fuentes, DA, Mao, Z, Sims, DA, Qiu, H, Claudio, H, Huete, A & Rahman, AF 2006, 'A multi-scale analysis of dynamic optical signals in a Southern California chaparral ecosystem: A comparison of field, AVIRIS and MODIS data', Remote Sensing Of Environment, vol. 103, no. 3, pp. 369-378.
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Using field data, Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) imagery, and Moderate-Resolution Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MODIS) data, a multi-scale analysis of ecosystem optical properties was performed for Sky Oaks, a Southern California chaparral ecosystem in the SpecNet and FLUXNET networks. The study covered a four-year period (2000-2004), which included a severe drought in 2002 and a subsequent wildfire in July 2003, leading to extreme perturbation in ecosystem optical properties. Two vegetation greenness indices (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI)) and a measure of the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by vegetation (fPAR) were compared across sampling platforms, which ranged in pixel size from 1 meter (tram system in the field) to 1000 m (MODIS satellite sensor). For the EVI, there was excellent agreement between MODIS, AVIRIS and the ground measurements (tram system). AVIRIS and tram-based NDVI and fPAR values were in close agreement. However, MODIS NDVI and fPAR values were consistently higher than those determined from the field and the aircraft sensor, and these differences could not be entirely attributed to differences in sampling scale. Interestingly, MODIS fPAR derived from backup algorithms (NDVI driven) was closer to the AVIRIS and tram fPAR under the cloudy conditions.

Choi, AL, Levy, JI, Dockery, DW, Ryan, LM, Tolbert, PE, Altshul, LM & Korrick, SA 2006, 'Does living near a Superfund site contribute to higher polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure?', Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 114, no. 7, pp. 1092-1098.
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We assessed determinants of cord serum polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) levels among 720 infants born between 1993 and 1998 to mothers living near a PCB-contaminated Superfund site in Massachusetts, measuring the sum of 51 PCB congeners (SPCB) and ascertaining maternal address, diet, sociodemographics, and exposure risk factors. Addresses were geocoded to obtain distance to the Superfund site and neighborhood characteristics. We modeled log10(SPCB) as a function of potential individual and neighborhood risk factors, mapping model residuals to assess spatial correlates of PCB exposure. Similar analyses were performed for light (mono-tetra) and heavy (penta-deca) PCBs to assess potential differences in exposure pathways as a function of relative volatility. PCB-118 (relatively prevalent in site sediments and cord serum) was assessed separately. The geometric mean of SPCB levels was 0.40 (range, 0.06818.14) ng/g serum. Maternal age and birthplace were the strongest predictors of SPCB levels. Maternal consumption of organ meat and local dairy products was associated with higher and smoking and previous lactation with lower SPCB levels. Infants born later in the study had lower SPCB levels, likely due to temporal declines in exposure and site remediation in 19941995. No association was found between SPCB levels and residential distance from the Superfund site. Similar results were found with light and heavy PCBs and PCB-118. Previously reported demographic (age) and other (lactation, smoking, diet) correlates of PCB exposure, as well as local factors (consumption of local dairy products and Superfund site dredging) but not residential proximity to the site, were important determinants of cord serum PCB levels in the study community.

Choi, H & Speer, MS 2006, 'Effects of atmospheric circulation and boundary layer structure on the dispersion of suspended particulates in the Seoul metropolitan area', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 92, no. 3-4, pp. 239-254.
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A three-dimensional non-hydrostatic numerical model and lagrangian particle model (random walk model) were used to investigate the effects of the atmospheric circulation and boundary layer structure on the dispersion of suspended particulates in the Seoul metropolitan area. Initially, emitted particulate matter rises from the surface of the city towards the top of the convective boundary layer (CBL), owing to daytime thermal heating of the surface and the combined effect of an onshore wind with a westerly synoptic-scale wind. A reinforcing sea-valley breeze directed from the coast toward the city of Seoul, which is enclosed in a basin and bordered by mountains to its east, disperses the suspended particulate matter toward the eastern mountains. Total suspended particulate concentration (TSP) at ground level in the city is very low and relatively high in the mountains. Radiative cooling of the surface produces a shallow nocturnal surface inversion layer (NSIL) and the suspended particulate matter still present near the top of the CBL from the previous day, sinks to the surface. An easterly downslope mountain wind is directed into the metropolitan area, transporting particulate matter towards the city, thereby recycling the pollutants. The particulates descending from the top of the NSIL and mountains, combine with particulates emitted near the surface over the city at night, and under the shallow NSIL spread out, resulting in a maximum ground level concentration of TSP in the metropolitan area at 2300 LST. As those particles move toward the Yellow Sea through the topographically shaped outlet west of Seoul city under the influence of the easterly land breeze, the maximum TSP concentration occurs at the coastal site. During the following morning, onshore winds resulting from a combined synoptic-scale westerly wind and westerly sea breeze, force particulates dispersed the previous night to move over the adjacent sea and back over the inland metropolitan area. The re...

Choi, H & Speer, MS 2006, 'The influence of synoptic-mesoscale winds and sea surface temperature distribution on fog formation near the Korean western peninsula', Meteorological Applications, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 347-360.
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When high pressure is located near the Korean peninsula, a diffluent wind regime generally occurs over the Yellow Sea. At night or early morning, diffluent westerly winds occur on the western side of the Korean peninsula near Inchon city and encounter a combined land breeze and katabatic easterly offshore wind, resulting in conditions ranging from calm to a moderate westerly wind near the coast. Nocturnal radiational cooling of the land surface and the moisture laden westerly winds can cause air near the coast to become saturated, resulting in coastal advection fog. During the day, on the other hand, the synoptic-scale westerly wind is reinforced by a westerly sea breeze and is further reinforced by a westerly valley wind directed upslope towards the mountain top. Even if the resulting intensified onshore wind could transport a large amount of moisture from the sea over the land, it would be very difficult for fog to form because the daytime heat flux from the ground would develop the convective boundary layer inland from Inchon city sufficiently to reduce significantly the moisture content of the air. Therefore, fog does not generally form in situ over the inland coastal basin. When an area of cold sea water (10 °C average) exists approximately 25-50 km offshore and the sea surface temperature increases towards the coast, air parcels over the cool sea surface are cooled sufficiently to saturation, resulting in the formation of advection sea fog. However, at the coast, nocturnal cooling of the ground further cools the advected moist air driven by the westerly wind and causes coastal advection fog to form. © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.

Choi, M, McBean, KE, Wuhrer, R, McDonagh, AM, Maynard, PJ, Lennard, CJ & Roux, CP 2006, 'Investigation into the binding of gold nanoparticles to fingermarks using scanning electron microscopy', Journal of Forensic identification, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 24-32.
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For the first time, scanning electron microscopy has been used to investigate the binding of gold nanoparticles to fingermarks placed on nanoporous surfaces. The results show that gold nanoparticles, under standard MMDII conditions, bind preferentially to latent fingermark ridges on nonporous surfaces. Variation in surfactant concentration influences background development but does not affect the binding of gold nanoparticles to the ridges, while pH variation influences the binding to ridges but leaves valley regions unaffected.

Choi, M, McDonagh, AM, Maynard, PJ, Wuhrer, R, Lennard, CJ & Roux, CP 2006, 'Preparation and evaluation of metal nanopowders for the detection of fingermarks on nonporous surfaces', Journal of Forensic identification, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 756-768.
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gold and silver nanoparticles using oleylamine as a stabilizer have been formulated for developing latent fingermarks on nonporous surfaces. These nanopowders are compared with conventional powders such as black powder, black magnetic powder, aluminium powder and white powder. Gold nanopowder produced sharp and clear development of latent fingermarks without background staining. Scanning electron microscope images revealed that particles were concentrated inthe fingermark ridge areas, with only minor amounts located in the valley regions.

Cifuentes, MP, Powell, CE, Morrall, JP, McDonagh, AM, Lucas, NT, Humphrey, MG, Samoc, M, Houbrechts, S, Asselberghs, I, Clays, K, Persoons, A & Isoshima, T 2006, 'Electrochemical, Spectroelectrochemical, Molecular Quadratic and Cubic Nonlinear Optical Properties of Alkynylruthenium Dendrimers', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 128, no. 33, pp. 10819-10832.
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A combination of cyclic voltammetry (CV), UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy and spectroelectrochemistry, hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) [including depolarization studies], Z-scan and degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) [including studies employing an optically transparent thin-layer electrochemical (OTTLE) cell to effect electrochemical switching of nonlinearity], pump-probe, and electroabsorption (EA) measurements have been used to comprehensively investigate the electronic, linear optical, and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of nanoscopic pi-delocalizable electron-rich alkynylruthenium dendrimers, their precursor dendrons, and their linear analogues. CV, UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy, and UV-vis-NIR spectroelectrochemistry reveal that the reversible metal-centered oxidation processes in these complexes are accompanied by strong linear optical changes, switching on low-energy absorption bands, the frequency of which is tunable by ligand replacement. HRS studies at 1064 nm employing nanosecond pulses reveal large nonlinearities for these formally octupolar dendrimers; depolarization measurements are consistent with lack of coplanarity upon pi-framework extension through the metal.

Cleary, S, Elder, M & Taback, J 2006, 'Cone types and geodesic languages for lamplighter groups and Thompson’s group F', Journal of Algebra, vol. 303, pp. 476-500.
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Colbran, SB, Lee, S, Lonnon, D, Maharaj, F, McDonagh, AM, Walker, K & Young, RC 2006, 'Covalently Linked Ferrocenyl Quinones Proton-dependent Redox Behavior And Charge Redistribution', Organometallics, vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 2216-2224.
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The proton-dependent redox chemistry of dyads comprised of a ferrocenyl electron donor directly linked to a hydroquinonyl electron donor or to a quinone electron acceptor by a single covalent bond has been characterized. Ferrocenyl-1,4-hydroquinone (2), ferrocenyl-1,4-benzoquinone (3), 3-ferrocenyl-1,2-catechol (5), and the precursors ferrocenyl-1,4-dimethoxybenzene (1) and 3-ferrocenyl-1,2-dimethoxybenzene (4) were studied; also the unstable compound 3-ferrocenyl-1,2-benzoquinone (6) was observed in the spectroelectrochemistry of 5. Detailed cyclic voltammetry, coulommetry, and UV-vis-NIR spectroelectrochemistry experiments allied with EPR, NMR, and Mössbauer spectroscopy were used to probe the pH-dependent redox chemistry and electron distribution within the compounds.

Coleman, V, Bradby, J, Jagadish, C & Phillips, M 2006, 'Observation of enhanced defect emission and excitonic quenching from spherically indented ZnO', Applied Physics Letters, vol. 89, no. 8, pp. 1-3.
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The influence of spherical nanoindentation on the band edge and deep level emission of single crystal c-axis ZnO has been studied by cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy and monochromatic imaging. Excitonic emission is quenched at the indent site and de

Coleman, V, Buda, M, Tan, HH, Jagadish, C, Phillips, M, Koike, K, Sasa, S, Inoue, M & Yano, M 2006, 'Observation of blue shifts in ZnOZnMgO multiple quantum well structures by ion-implantation induced intermixing', Semiconductor Science And Technology, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 25-28.
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Implantation with low-energy (80 keV) oxygen ions and subsequent rapid thermal annealing at 800 degrees C are used to induce intermixing in a stack of 19 ZnO/Zn0.7Mg0.3O multiple quantum wells grown oil sapphire by molecular beam epitaxy. Large blue shif

Coleman, VA, Bradby, JE, Jagadish, C & Phillips, MR 2006, 'A Comparison of the Mechanical Properties and the Impact of Contact Induced Damage in a- and c- Axis ZnO Single Crystals', MRS Proceedings, vol. 957.
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ABSTRACTNanoindentation studies were conducted on a-axis oriented ZnO single crystals. The mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms were monitored and compared to previously determined data from c-axis material. Hardness and modulus values reveal that a-axis ZnO is significantly softer than c-axis material (measured hardness of 2 ± 0.2 GPa) and behaves much more plastically. Additionally, the influence of contact induced damage upon the defect structure of a-axis material was also examined using cathodoluminescence spectroscopy and monochromatic imaging to monitor the luminescence from indent sites. Deformation directly under the indent site enhanced the occurrence of red defect luminescence, and was attributed to a native defect in ZnO that has a higher formation energy than the defects responsible for the green and yellow visible defect bands, which were present in the ZnO during growth and were found to cluster to the indent site during annealing.

Coltel, N, Combes, V, Wassmer, SC, Chimini, G & Grau, GE 2006, 'Cell vesiculation and immunopathology: implications in cerebral malaria', MICROBES AND INFECTION, vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 2305-2316.
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Combes, V, Coltel, N, Faille, D, Wassmer, SC & Grau, GE 2006, 'Cerebral malaria: role of microparticles and platelets in alterations of the blood-brain barrier', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 541-546.
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Connally, R, Jin, D & Piper, J 2006, 'High intensity solid-state UV source for time-gated luminescence microscopy', CYTOMETRY PART A, vol. 69A, no. 9, pp. 1020-1027.
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Connan, H, Klimesch, DS, Ray, AS & Thomas, P 2006, 'Thermal characterisation of autoclaved cement made with alumina-silica rich industrial waste', Journal Of Thermal Analysis And Calorimetry, vol. 84, no. 2, pp. 521-525.
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The hydration products of hydrothermally cured OPC-quartz blends incorporating clay-brick waste were characterised using simultaneous DTA-TG, XRD and SEM. The exotherm above 800 degrees C on the DTA curve, due to the formation of beta-wollastonite (beta-

Connell, K, Munro, UH & Torpy, FR 2006, 'Daytime behaviour of the grey-headed flying fox Pteropus poliocephalus Temminck (Pteropodidae: Megashirptera) at an Autumn/Winter roost', Australian Mammalogy, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 7-14.
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The grey-headed flying fox (Pteropus policephalus Temminck) is a threatened large fruit bat endemic to Australia. It roosts in large colonies in rainforest patches, mangroves, open forest, riparian woodland and, as native habitat is reduced, increasingly in vegetation within urban environments. The general biology, ecology and behaviour of this bat remains largely unknown, which makes it difficult to effectively monitor, protect and manage this species. The current study provides baseline informationn o the daytime behaviour of P. poliocephalus in an autumn.winter roost in urban Sydney, Australia, between April and August 2003.

Cortie, MB 2006, 'Antipodean Gold', Gold Bulletin, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 92-92.
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NA

Cortie, MB, Maaroof, AI, Smith, G & Ngoepe, P 2006, 'Nanoscale coatings of AuAlx and PtAlx and their mesoporous elemental derivatives', Current Applied Physics, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 440-443.
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A method to produce nanoscale films of AuAlx and PtAlx, and their mesoporous elemental derivatives is described, and the morphology and optical properties of these coatings explored. The color of the AuAlx film is bright purple, in agreement with ab init

Cortie, MB, McBean, KE & Elcombe, M 2006, 'Fracture Mechanics Of Mollusc Shells', Physica B: Condensed Matter, vol. 385, no. 1, pp. 545-547.
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The shape and structure of the shells of molluscs has attracted considerable attention. One aspect of interest is the comparatively high resistance to fracture of these shells. It is known that they are composite structures of aragonite, other calcereous

Cortie, MB, Xu, X & Ford, M 2006, 'Effect of composition and packing configuration on the dichroic optical properties of coinage metal nanorods', Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol. 8, no. 30, pp. 3520-3527.
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When nanorods of Au, Ag and some other elements are aligned with a preferred orientation with respect to light, their optical extinction characteristics become dependent on the polarization and angle of incidence of the light. This effect is explored her

Cranfield, C, Bomzon, Z, Day, D, Gu, M & Cartmell, S 2006, 'Mechanical strains induced in osteoblasts by use of point femtosecond laser targeting', International Journal of Biomedical Imaging, vol. 2006.
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A study demonstrating how ultrafast laser radiation stimulates osteoblasts is presented. The study employed a custom made optical system that allowed for simultaneous confocal cell imaging and targeted femtosecond pulse laser irradiation. When femtosecond laser light was focused onto a single cell, a rise in intracellular Ca 2+ levels was observed followed by contraction of the targeted cell. This contraction caused deformation of neighbouring cells leading to a heterogeneous strain field throughout the monolayer. Quantification of the strain fields in the monolayer using digital image correlation revealed local strains much higher than threshold values typically reported to stimulate extracellular bone matrix production in vitro. This use of point targeting with femtosecond pulse lasers could provide a new method for stimulating cell activity in orthopaedic tissue engineering.

Curtis, TP, Head, I, Lunn, M, Woodcock, S, Schloss, PD & Sloan, WT 2006, 'What is the extent of prokaryotic diversity?', Proceedings Of The Royal Society Of London Series..., vol. 361, no. 1475, pp. 2023-2037.
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The extent of microbial diversity is an intrinsically fascinating subject of profound practical importance. The term `diversity may allude to the number of taxa or species richness as well as their relative abundance. There is uncertainty about both, primarily because sample sizes are too small. Non-parametric diversity estimators make gross underestimates if used with small sample sizes on unevenly distributed communities. One can make richness estimates over many scales using small samples by assuming a species/taxa-abundance distribution. However, no one knows what the underlying taxa-abundance distributions are for bacterial communities. Latterly, diversity has been estimated by fitting data from gene clone libraries and extrapolating from this to taxa-abundance curves to estimate richness. However, since sample sizes are small, we cannot be sure that such samples are representative of the community from which they were drawn. It is however possible to formulate, and calibrate, models that predict the diversity of local communities and of samples drawn from that local community. The calibration of such models suggests that migration rates are small and decrease as the community gets larger. The preliminary predictions of the model are qualitatively consistent with the patterns seen in clone libraries in `real life. The validation of this model is also confounded by small sample sizes. However, if such models were properly validated, they could form invaluable tools for the prediction of microbial diversity and a basis for the systematic exploration of microbial diversity on the planet.

Davis, E, Smith, TJ, Laden, F, Hart, JE, Ryan, LM & Garshick, E 2006, 'Modeling particle exposure in U.S. trucking terminals', Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 40, no. 13, pp. 4226-4232.
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Multi-tiered sampling approaches are common in environmental and occupational exposure assessment, where exposures for a given individual are often modeled based on simultaneous measurements taken at multiple indoor and outdoor sites. The monitoring data from such studies is hierarchical by design, imposing a complex covariance structure that must be accounted for in order to obtain unbiased estimates of exposure. Statistical methods such as structural equation modeling (SEM) represent a useful alternative to simple linear regression in these cases, providing simultaneous and unbiased predictions of each level of exposure based on a set of covariates specific to the exposure setting. We test the SEM approach using data from a large exposure assessment of diesel and combustion particles in the U. S. trucking industry. The exposure assessment includes data from 36 different trucking terminals across the United States sampled between 2001 and 2005, measuring PM2.5 and its elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC) components, by personal monitoring, and sampling at two indoor work locations and an outdoor "background" location. Using the SEM method, we predict the following: (1) personal exposures as a function of work-related exposure and smoking status; (2) work-related exposure as a function of terminal characteristics, indoor ventilation, job location, and background exposure conditions; and ( 3) background exposure conditions as a function of weather, nearby source pollution, and other regional differences across terminal sites. The primary advantage of SEMs in this setting is the ability to simultaneously predict exposures at each of the sampling locations, while accounting for the complex covariance structure among the measurements and descriptive variables. The statistically significant results and high R-2 values observed from the trucking industry application supports the broader use of this approach in exposure assessment modeling.

Day, D, Cranfield, CG & Gu, M 2006, 'High-speed fluorescence imaging and intensity profiling of femtosecond-induced calcium transients', International Journal of Biomedical Imaging, vol. 2006.
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We have demonstrated a combined imaging system, where the physiology of biological specimens can be imaged and profiled at 10-20 frames per second whilst undergoing femtosecond laser irradiation. Individual GH3 cells labeled with the calcium fluorophore Fluo-3 were stimulated using a counter-propagating focused femtosecond beam with respect to the imaging system. As a result of the stimulation, calcium waves can be generated in COS cells, and laser-induced calcium oscillations are initiated in the GH3 cells. Single-photon fluorescence images and intensity profiles of the targeted specimens are sampled in real-time using a modified PerkinElmer UltraView LCI microscope. Copyright © 2006 Daniel Day et al.

Day, DM & Wallman, JF 2006, 'A comparison of frozen/thawed and fresh food substrates in development of Calliphora augur (Diptera : Calliphoridae) larvae', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LEGAL MEDICINE, vol. 120, no. 6, pp. 391-394.
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Day, DM & Wallman, JF 2006, 'Erratum: Influence of susbtrate tissue type on larval growth in Calliphora augur and Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (Journal of Forensic Sciences (2006) 51, 3 (657-663))', Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 51, no. 5, p. 1221.
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Day, DM & Wallman, JF 2006, 'Influence of substrate tissue type on larval growth in Calliphora augur and Lucilia cuprina (Diptera : Calliphoridae)', JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 657-663.
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Day, DM & Wallman, JF 2006, 'Influence of susbtrate tissue type on larval growth in Calliphora augur and Lucilia cuprina (Diptera : Calliphoridae) (vol 51, pg657, 2006)', JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 1221-1221.
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Day, DM & Wallman, JF 2006, 'Width as an alternative measurement to length for post-mortem interval estimations using Calliphora augur (Diptera : Calliphoridae) larvae', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, vol. 159, no. 2-3, pp. 158-167.
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Dela-Cruz, J, Pritchard, T, Gordon, G & Ajani, PA 2006, 'The use of periphyton as a means of assessing impacts of point source inorganic nutrient pollution in south-eastern Australia.', Freshwater Biology, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 951-972.
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Summary 1. Periphytic diatoms are used as indicators of water quality because their ecological tolerances or preferences to environmental variables are thought to be predictable. However, much of the present autecological information for periphytic diatoms has been derived from studies conducted in the northern hemisphere. In this present study we used periphytic diatoms to determine the impacts of inorganic nutrient pollution in a tidal river system in the temperate latitudes of south-east Australia. In so doing, we assess the suitability of the use of the ‘northern hemisphere’ ecological tolerance/preference data for periphytic diatoms. 2. Artificial substrates were used to collect periphytic diatoms at 35 sites, which were positioned along the riverbanks and the middle of the river at various distances upstream and downstream of the sewage outfall. The sampling design took into account tidal excursions and the observed sewage plume dynamics. Periphytic diatoms were collected during the austral winter month of August and the austral spring months of September and October. We deployed the artificial substrates for 4 weeks to allow the periphytic diatoms to recruit and colonise, before identifying and enumerating the assemblages. 3. Data analysis included two approaches: multivariate visualisations of combinations of environmental and biological data to investigate shifts in species structure of the periphytic diatom assemblage and multimetric indices based on ecological tolerance/preference data. 4. We found that the spatial patterns inferred from multivariate and multimetric analyses were consistent. Temporal variation in the composition of the periphytic diatom assemblage was greater than the spatial variation along horizontal sections of the river (in any one deployment) due mainly to shifts between winter and spring species. 5. Outfall effects were most apparent in winter, possibly because subsequent deployments were swamped by growth of spring periphyt...

Deller, CA, Franklin, J & Smith, G 2006, 'Monte Carlo ray-tracing in particle-doped light guides', Lighting Research and Technology, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 95-108.
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A general Monte Carlo ray-tracing method for light guides with particles randomly dispersed in a matrix is presentedd. Previous ray-tracing approaches have been designed for undoped cylindrical light guides, where a propagating ray is deviated bu total internal reflection only. These geometrical principles are extended and further developed into a method of ra-tracing suitable for particle-doped systems. Redefining ray direction after deviation by a particle, obtaining ray/wall intercept points and angles, and calculation of ray reflection angles from a cylindrical surface are described. Simulations of light from a source LED traced through TRIMM-doped (Transparent Refractive Index Matched Micro-Particle) polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) light guides have been performed. Distributions of the light exiting the walls of two concentrations of TRIMM-doped lgith guides are given, as an exampled of an application of the described ray-tracing method.

Deng, C, Gorrie, C, Hayward, I, Elston, B, Venn, M, Mackay-sim, A & Waite, P 2006, 'Survival and migration of human and rat olfactory ensheathing cells in intact and injured spinal cord', Journal Of Neuroscience Research, vol. 83, no. 7, pp. 1201-1212.
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Increasing evidence indicates the potential of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) for treating spinal cord injuries. The present study compared proliferation and migration of adult rat and human OECs transplanted into the spinal cord of athymic (immunode

Dennis, ES, Helliwell, CA & Peacock, WJ 2006, 'Vernalization: Spring into flowering', DEVELOPMENTAL CELL, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1-2.
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Ding, XZ, Paulsen, IT, Bhattacharjee, AK, Nikolich, MP, Myers, G & Hoover, DL 2006, 'A high efficiency cloning and expression system for proteomic analysis', PROTEOMICS, vol. 6, no. 14, pp. 4038-4046.
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Doblin, MA & Dobbs, FC 2006, 'Setting a size-exclusion limit to remove toxic dinoflagellate cysts from ships ballast water', Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 259-263.
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Dinoflagellate cysts are well-recognized biological constituents of ships ballast tanks. They are present in ballast water, sediments and residual water in drained tanks, and in biofilms formed on interior tank Surfaces. Therefore, cysts have the potenti

Doblin, MA, Baines, SB, Cutter, LS & Cutter, GA 2006, 'Sources and biogeochemical cycling of particulate selenium in the San Francisco Bay estuary', Estuarine Coastal And Shelf Science, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 681-694.
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As part of a study of estuarine selenium cycling, we measured the concentration, chemical form (speciation), and distribution of particulate selenium under various river flow conditions in the North San Francisco Bay (from the Golden Gate to the Sacramen

Doblin, MA, Thompson, P, Revill, A, Butler, E, Blackburn, S & Hallegraeff, GM 2006, 'Vertical migration of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum under different concentrations of nutrients and humic substances in culture', Harmful algae, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 665-677.
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Vertical migration behaviour by the chainforming dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum Graham was investigated using vertically-stratified laboratory columns. Under surface nutrient-deplete conditions, with nutrients added only at depth, 100% of cells underwent vertical migration (VM), starting downwards migration 3 h before the end of the light period and beginning upwards migration 3 h before the start of the light period. Cells in nutrient-replete columns showed no VM, but they were more dispersed in the upper layer during the dark compared to the light period. When surface layers (S) were nitrate-deplete (-N) and enriched with humic substances (H) contained in Huon River water and bottom waters (B) were nutrient replete (R) (SH-NBR), the pattern of VM was altered-50% of cells underwent migration and 50% remained at the pycnocline. In columns with nitrate-replete and humic-enriched surface layers (SHRBR), Most cells underwent VM, while 30% remained at the surface. Cells in SH-NBR columns showed increased N quotas and intra-cellular nitrate concentrations after 4 days, indicating nitrate uptake by G. catenatum in bottom layers. The concomitant increase in particulate organic nitrogen (PON) with the decrease in external nitrate concentrations in bottom layers provide convincing evidence that VM by G. catenatum facilitates nutrient retrieval at depth. However, addition of humic substances (a potential source of organic nitrogen) to surface layers did not ameliorate G. catenatum N depletion sufficiently to preclude the need for NO3- uptake at depth. Furthermore, there was no detectable pattern of increasing carbon (C) quota during the day (photosynthate accumulation) or increasing N quota during the night (nitrate assimilation).

Donnelly, R, Wang, B & Qu, X 2006, 'Type 2 diabetes in China partnerships in education and research to evaluate new antidiabetic treatments', British Journal Of Clinical Pharmacology, vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 702-705.
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There are 40 million people with diabetes in China, and the projected increase in the rates of obesity and premature cardiovascular disease is alarming. Most patients prefer to combine traditional Chinese medicine with Western medicine, but there is litt

Donnelly, SM, Dalton, JP & Loukas, A 2006, 'Proteases in Helminth- and Allergen- Induced Inflammatory Responses', Chemical Immunology and Allergy, vol. 90, pp. 45-64.
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Proteolytic activity is a central biochemical property that endows molecules with intrinsic allergenicity. Thus, the cysteine protease of dust mite, Der p1, the aspartic protease of cockroach, Bla g 2, the serine protease of Aspergillus fumigatus and the bacterial subtilisins are all major allergenic molecules responsible for the increase in asthma and atopic conditions worldwide. These proteases induce Th2-driven inflammatory responses in the airways by disrupting the epithelial cell junctions so that these, and other molecules, gain access to, and alter the function of, underlying cells of the innate immune system (dendritic cells, mast cells, basophils and macrophages) and B and T cells. Helminth parasites secrete proteases to gain entry into their hosts, and to feed on and migrate through tissues. Their action leads to tissue damage and the activation of inflammatory responses dominated by elevated IgE, eosinophilia and Th2 cells, much like allergenic responses. In certain situations, such as in acute infections (especially with zoonotic helminths), proteases secreted by helminths may sensitise individuals to allergens. However, the anti-inflammatory responses observed in chronic helminthiases, involving IL-10 and TGF?, that are primarily responsible for controlling immune-mediated damage to the host that is initiated by secreted proteases, coincidentally protects against similar inflammatory damage by allergens.

Dooley, AH & Mortiss, G 2006, 'On the critical dimension and AC entropy for Markov odometers', MONATSHEFTE FUR MATHEMATIK, vol. 149, no. 3, pp. 193-213.
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Dooley, AH & Stenflo, O 2006, 'A criterion for uniqueness in G-measures and perfect sampling', Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, vol. 140, no. 3, pp. 545-551.
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Using coupling techniques, we prove uniqueness in G-measures under a weak regularity condition and give estimates of the associated rates of convergence. We also show how to generate a random variable distributed according to the unique G-measure on cylinder sets for any fixed level of precision. © 2006 Cambridge Philosophical Society.

Dooley, AH & Stenflo, O 2006, 'A criterion for uniqueness in G-measures and perfect sampling', MATHEMATICAL PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMBRIDGE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, vol. 140, pp. 545-551.
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Dooley, AH & Wildberger, NJ 2006, 'Orbital convolution theory for semi-direct products', JOURNAL OF LIE THEORY, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 743-776.

Dossou, KB, Botten, LC, de Sterke, CM, McPhedran, RC, Asatryan, AA, Chen, SE & Brnovic, J 2006, 'Efficient couplers for photonic crystal waveguides', Optics Communications, vol. 265, no. 1, pp. 207-219.
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We use two-dimensional simulations to study the design of tapers to provide efficient, low reflection coupling between a waveguide in a two-dimensional photonic crystal (PC) and free space. We find that, largely independent of the PC parameters, or of th

Dossou, KB, Byrne, MA & Botten, LC 2006, 'Finite element computation of grating scattering matrices and application to photonic crystal band calculations', Journal of Computational Physics, vol. 219, no. 1, pp. 120-143.
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We consider the calculation of the band structure and Bloch mode basis of two-dimensional photonic crystals, modelled as stacks of one-dimensional diffraction gratings. The scattering properties of each grating are calculated using an efficient finite element method (FEM) and allow the complete mode sturcture tobe derived from a transfer matric method. A range of numerical examples showing the accuracy, flexibility and utility of the method is presented.

Doubell, MJ, Seuront, L, Seymour, JR, Patten, NL & Mitchell, JG 2006, 'High-Resolution Fluorometer for Mapping Microscale Phytoplankton Distributions', Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 72, no. 6, pp. 4475-4478.
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A new high-resolution, in situ profiling fluorometer maps fluorescence distributions with a spatial resolution of 0.5 to 1.5 mm to a depth of 70 m in the open ocean. We report centimeter-scale patterns for phytoplankton distributions associated with gradients exhibiting 10- to 30-fold changes in fluorescence in contrasting marine ecosystems.

Duggin, IG 2006, 'DNA Replication Fork Arrest by the Bacillus subtilis RTP-DNA Complex Involves a Mechanism that Is Independent of the Affinity of RTP-DNA Binding', Journal of Molecular Biology, vol. 361, no. 1, pp. 1-6.
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In order to elucidate the mechanism of DNA replication fork arrest by the replication terminator protein (RTP)DNA complex, a set of RTP fusion proteins were constructed in which peptides of various sizes were fused to the C terminus; this placed the peptides at a surface location that was predicted to come into contact with the DNA replication machinery during fork arrest. The fusion proteins were capable of replication fork arrest in vivo, but they had a significantly reduced efficiency compared to wild-type RTP, which was not directly proportional to peptide size or sequence. Importantly, the fusion proteins retained completely normal RTPDNA binding affinity. These findings rule out the molecular clamp model as the sole explanation for fork arrest by RTP, and suggest that RTP interacts with the replication machinery in a manner that directly contributes to the fork arrest mechanism.

Duggin, IG & Bell, SD 2006, 'The Chromosome Replication Machinery of the Archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus', Journal Of Biological Chemistry, vol. 281, no. 22, pp. 15029-15032.
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In the three domains of life, the archaea, bacteria, and eukarya, there are two general lineages of DNA replication proteins: the bacterial and the eukaryal/archaeal lineages. The hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus provides an attractive model for biochemical study of DNA replication. Its relative simplicity in both genomic and biochemical contexts, together with high protein thermostability, has already provided insight into the function of the more complex yet homologous molecules of the eukaryotic domain. Here, we provide an overview of recent insights into the functioning of the chromosome replication machinery of S. solfataricus, focusing on some of the relatively well characterized core components that act at the DNA replication fork.

Eamens, GJ, Forbes, WA & Djordjevic, SP 2006, 'Characterisation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae isolates from pigs associated with vaccine breakdowns', Veterinary Microbiology, vol. 115, no. 4, pp. 329-338.
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Swine erysipelas vaccines are routinely used to protect pigs against peracute and acute/urticarial forms of Erysipelothrix. Between 1995 and 1998, 34 swine herds across four Australian states experienced vaccine failure. Forty-four isolates of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae of serovars 2, 1a, 1b and 1b × 21 were recovered from 15 of these 34 vaccine breakdown herds. These isolates were characterised by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses using RsaI and AluI on whole cell DNA and for the presence of plasmid DNA. Results were compared with those of 20 isolates from 16 herds unaffected by vaccine breakdown and 13 isolates representing 10 reference strains. The majority of breakdown herds possessed isolates of serovar 2 (9/15 herds), followed by serovar 1a (5 herds). No geographic predominance of a single serovar was evident. The identification of 10 RsaI profiles from whole cell DNA among the 44 isolates from 15 breakdown herds indicated that a single, new clonal lineage of E. rhusiopathiae was not responsible for vaccine failure. RsaI RFLP analyses detected a further 14 distinct profiles among 20 field strains unassociated with vaccine breakdowns, and none matched profiles of the 10 serovar reference strains for serovars 1a, 1b, 2 or 21. This technique is recommended for epidemiological studies of E. rhusiopathiae strains.

Eamus, D, Froend, R, Loomes, R, Hose, GC & Murray, B 2006, 'A functional methodology for determining the groundwater regime needed to maintain the health of groundwater-dependent vegetation', Australian Journal Of Botany, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 97-114.
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In the past, the phrase environmental allocations of water has most often been taken to mean allocation of water to rivers. However, it is now accepted that groundwater-dependent ecosystems are an important feature of Australian landscapes and require an

Elder, M 2006, 'Permutations generated by a stack of depth 2 and an infinite stack in series', Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, vol. 13, pp. Research Paper 68-12.

Elizabeth, J, King, N, Ollendick, TH, Gullone, E, Tonge, B, Watson, S & Macdermott, S 2006, 'Social anxiety disorder in children and youth: A research update on aetiological factors', Counselling Psychology Quarterly, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 151-163.
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Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is a heterogeneous and distressing problem for many children and youth. This review focuses on the etiology and maintenance of SAD, and examines research findings in several key areas of investigation: genetic or hereditary factors (twin and family studies), temperament characteristics (behavioural inhibition), and parent-child interactions (attachment, parenting styles). It is concluded that genetic influences, behavioural inhibition, and parent-child interactions play significant and interactive roles in the development and maintenance of SAD. Other influences such as peer relationships, social skills deficits, and traumatic experiences are also acknowledged. Ultimately, an understanding of such pathways should facilitate effective early screening and intervention of children at risk for severe social anxiety. © 2006 Taylor & Francis.

Fang, Q, Yu, Q, Wang, E, Chen, Y, Zhang, G, Wang, J & Li, L 2006, 'Soil nitrate accumulation, leaching and crop nitrogen use as influenced by fertilization and irrigation in an intensive wheat-maize double cropping system in the North China Plain', Plant and Soil, vol. 284, no. 1-2, pp. 335-350.
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There is a growing concern about excessive nitrogen (N) and water use in agricultural systems in North China due to the reduced resource use efficiency and increased groundwater pollution. A two-year experiment with two soil moisture by four N treatments was conducted to investigate the effects of N application rates and soil moisture on soil N dynamics, crop yield, N uptake and use efficiency in an intensive wheatmaize double cropping system (wheatmaize rotation) in the North China Plain. Under the experimental conditions, crop yield of both wheat and maize did?not?increase significantly at N rates above 200 kg N ha-1. Nitrogen application rates affected little on ammonium-N (NH4-N) content in the 0100 cm soil profiles. Excess nitrate-N (NO3-N), ranging from 221 kg N ha-1 to 620 kg N ha-1, accumulated in the 0100 cm soil profile at the end of second rotation in the treatments with N rates of 200 kg N ha-1 and 300 kg N ha-1. In general, maize crop has higher N use efficiency than wheat crop. Higher NO3-N leaching occurred in maize season than in wheat season due to more water leakage caused by the concentrated summer rainfall. The results of this study indicate that the optimum N rate may be much lower than that used in many areas in the North China Plain given the high level of N already in the soil, and there is great potential for reducing N inputs to increase N use efficiency and to mitigate N leaching into the groundwater. Avoiding excess water leakage through controlled irrigation and matching N application to crop N demand is the key to reduce NO3-N leaching and maintain crop yield. Such management requires knowledge of crop water and N demand and soil N dynamics as they change with variable climate temporally and spatially. Simulation modeling can capture those interactions and is considered as a powerful tool to assist in?the?future optimization of N and irrigation managements.

Fergusson, KJ & Platen, E 2006, 'On the distributional characterization of daily log-returns of a world stock index', Applied Mathematical Finance, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 19-38.
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In this paper distributions are identified which suitably fit log-returns of the world stock index when these are expressed in units of different currencies. By searching for a best fit in the class of symmetric generalized hyperbolic distributions the maximum likelihood estimates appear to cluster in the neighbourhood of those of the Student t distribution. This is confirmed at a high significance level under the likelihood ratio test. Finally, the paper derives the minimal market model, which explains the empirical findings as a consequence of the optimal market dynamics

Ferreira, ME, Ferreira, LG, Huete, A & Peccinini, AA 2006, 'Analise Comparativa Dos Produtos Modis Ecologia Para O Monitoramento Biofisico Ambiental Do Bioma Cerrado', Brazillian Journal of Geophysics, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 251-260.
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The Brazilian Cerrado is an extensive and complex biome, characterized by rapid and abrupt land cover changes. Due to its dimensions and physiognomic variations, the Cerrado plays an important role regarding the water, energy, and carbon fluxes at both the regional and global scales. Therefore, the correct understanding of the structure and ecological functioning of this biome, particularly in the temporal domain, is of great importance. With this respect, in this study we compared the seasonal response and land cover discrimination of the major MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) biophysical indices: the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the enhanced vegetation index (EVI), the leaf area index (LAI), and the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR). In spite of the fact the four indices showed similar temporal trends, the LAI showed the highest sensitivity to the seasonal variations of the natural and converted landscapes. On the other hand, the NDVI showed the best performance regarding land cover discrimination. Our results suggest a synergistic approach concerning the MODIS biophysical / ecological variables for land cover assessments and environmental monitoring of the Cerrado biome.

Ferreira, ME, Ferreira, LG, Huete, AR & Peccinini, AA 2006, 'Comparative analysis of the MODIS Ecology products for the biophysical environmental monitoring of the Cerrado biome', Revista Brasileira de Geofisica, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 251-260.
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The Brazilian Cerrado is an extensive and complex biome, characterized by rapid and abrupt land cover changes. Due to its dimensions and physiognomic variations, the Cerrado plays an important role regarding the water, energy, and carbon fluxes at both the regional and global scales, Therefore, the correct understanding of the structure and ecological functioning of this biome, particularly in the temporal domain, is of great importance, With this respect, in this study we compared the seasonal response and land cover discrimination of the major MODIS (MODerate resolution imaging Spectroradiometer) "biophysical" indices: the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the enhanced vegetation index (EVI), the leaf area index (LAI), and the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR). In spite of the fact the four indices showed similar temporal trends, the LAI showed the highest sensitivity to the seasonal variations of the natural and converted landscapes, On the other hand, the NDVI showed the best performance regarding land cover discrimination, Our results suggest a synergistic approach concerning the MCDIS biophysical / ecological variables for land cover assessments and environmental monitoring of the Cerrado biome. © 2006 Sociedade Brasileira de Geofísica.

Flexas, J, Ribas-Carbo, M, Hanson, DT, Bota, J, Otto, B, Cifre, J, McDowell, N, Medrano, H & Kaldenhoff, R 2006, 'Tobacco aquaporin NtAQP1 is involved in mesophyll conductance to CO2 in vivo', PLANT JOURNAL, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 427-439.
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Ford, M, Cortie, MB, Maclurcan, D & Martin, DK 2006, 'Real world nanotechnology', Materials Australia, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 10-12.
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There is a degree of uncertainty in the public mind concerning the exact subject matter of nanotechnology. Novels such as Michael Crichtons Prey and the movie Agent Codie Banks have primed many to believe that nanotechnology is about tiny (and rather dangerous) nano-robots. Of course, most technically savvy individuals know better, but because this misconception exists there is an obligation on researchers in this field to communicate a more accurate understanding of the topic to the wider community. The Institute for Nanoscale Technology at the University of Technology, Sydney (UTS) has sought to bridge this gap in understanding.

Ford, M, Hoft, RC & Gale, JD 2006, 'Adsorption and dimerisation of thiol molecules on Au(111) using a Z-matrix approach in density functional theory', Molecular Simulation, vol. 32, no. 15, pp. 1219-1225.
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Th adsorption energies of methanethiolate on Au(111) have been calculated using periodic density functional theory (DFT), based on the SIESTA methodology, with an internal coordination implementation for geometry input and sturcture optimisation. Both molecules are covalently boudn with interaction energies of 1.85 and 1.43 eV for methanethiolate and benzenethiolate, respectively. The preferred binding site is slightly offset from the bridge sire i both cases towards the fcc-hollow. The potential energy durfacces (PES) have depths of 0.36 and 0.22 eV, the hollow sites are local maxima in both cases, and there is not barrier to diffusion ofthe molecule at the bridge site. The corresponding dimers are weakly bound for methanethiolate and benzenthiolate, with binding energies of 0.38 and 0.16eV, respectively, and the preferred binding geometry is with the two sulphur atoms close to adjacent atop sites. The barrier to dissociation of the dimer dimethyl disulphide is estimated to like between 0.3 and 0.35eV.

Ford, M, Masens, CD & Cortie, MB 2006, 'The application of gold surfaces and particles in nanotechnology', Surface Review Letters, vol. 12, no. 2-3, pp. 297-307.
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Gold is widely used in nanotechnology, for example as a substrate in forming self-assembled monolayers or as nanoparticles for their unique optical and chemical properties. In this paper we give an overview of the properties of gold relevant to its potential application in molecular-scale devices and present some of our recent computational predictions. Density functional calculations of molecular adsorption onto gold surfaces were used to investigate the effect of surface symmetry and identify new linking schemes for self-assembled monolayers. Adsorption energies of methythiolate (SCH3) onto the (111), 9100) and (110) surfaces of gold are predicted to be 39.3, 48.4 and 51.1 kcal/mol respectively and demonstrate that selective functionalisation of the surfaces is possible. Phosphine molecules with at least two hydrogen atoms substituted for methyl groups are predicted to form Au-P surface bonds with energies of about 13-20 kcal/mol.

Ford, MJ, Masens, C & Cortie, MB 2006, 'The application of gold surfaces and particles in nanotechnology', SURFACE REVIEW AND LETTERS, vol. 13, no. 2-3, pp. 297-307.
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Fourment, M & Gibbs, MJ 2006, 'PATRISTIC: a program for calculating patristic distances and graphically comparing the components of genetic change', BMC EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, vol. 6.
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Franklin, KA, Lyons, K, Nagler, PL, Lampkin, D, Glenn, E, Molina-Freaner, F, Markow, T & Huete, A 2006, 'Buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare) land conversion and productivity in the plains of Sonora, Mexico', Biological Conservation, vol. 127, pp. 62-71.
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Bufflelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare syn. Cenchrus ciliaris) is an African grass that has been widely introduced in subtropical arid regions of the world to improve rangelands for cattle production. However, it can have a negative effect on the diversity of native plant communities. Buffelgrass was introduced to Sonora, Mexico in the 1970s as a means to bolster the cattle industry. Desmonte, the process by which native desert vegetation is removed in preparation for buffelgrass seeding, alters the land surface such that buffelgrass plots are easily detectable from aerial and Landsat satellite images. We estimated the extent of conversion to buffelgrass in a 1,850,000 ha area centered on Hermosillo, from MSS and TM images from 1973, 1983, 1990 and 2000. We then compared the relative above-ground productivity of buffelgrass to native vegetation using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index values (NDVI) from Landsat and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) satellite sensor systems. Buffelgrass pastures have increased from just 7700 ha in 1973 to over 140,000 ha in 2000. Buffelgrass pastures now cover 8% of the land surface in the study area. Buffelgrass pastures have lower net primary productivity, estimated by MODIS NDVI values, than unconverted desert land. The desmonte process removes trees and shrubs, while the buffelgrass plantings are often sparse, leading to an apparent net loss in net primary production from land conversion. We recommend that the desmonte process be discontinued until its efficacy and safety for native ecosystems can be established, and that a comprehensive plan for preserving biodiversity while accomodating economic development be established for this region of the Sonoran Desert in Mexico.

Freedman, LS, Potischman, N, Kipnis, V, Midthune, D, Schatzkin, A, Thompson, FE, Troiano, RP, Prentice, R, Patterson, R, Carroll, R & Subar, AF 2006, 'A comparison of two dietary instruments for evaluating the fat-breast cancer relationship', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 1011-1021.
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Fu, L, Jain, A, Xie, HK, Cranfield, C & Gu, M 2006, 'Nonlinear optical endoscopy based on a double-clad photonic crystal fiber and a MEMS mirror', OPTICS EXPRESS, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 1027-1032.
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Fu, LJ, Liu, H, Li, C, Wu, YP, Rahm, E, Holze, R & Wu, HQ 2006, 'Surface modifications of electrode materials for lithium ion batteries', Solid State Sciences, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 113-128.
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Since the birth of the lithium ion battery in the early 1990s, its development has been very rapid and it has been widely applied as power source for a lot of light and high value electronics due to its significant advantages over traditional rechargeable battery systems. Recent research demonstrates the importance of surface structural features of electrode materials for their electrochemical performance, and in this paper the latest progress on this aspect is reviewed. Electrode materials are either anodic or cathodic ones. The former mainly include graphitic carbons, whose surfaces can be modified by mild oxidation, deposition of metals and metal oxides, coating with polymers and other kinds of carbons. P, Through these modifications, the surface structures of the graphitic carbon anodes are improved, and these improvements include: (1) smoothing the active edge surfaces by removing some reactive sites and/or defects on the graphite surface, (2) forming a dense oxide layer on the graphite surface, and (3) covering active edge structures on the graphite surface. Meanwhile, other accompanying changes occur: (1) production of nanochannels/micropores, (2) an increase in the electronic conductivity, (3) an inhibition of structural changes during cycling, (4) a reduction of the thickness of the SEI (solid-electrolyte-interface) layer, and (5) an increase in the number of host sites for lithium storage.

Fu, LJ, Liu, H, Zhang, HP, Li, C, Zhang, T, Wu, YP & Wu, HQ 2006, 'Novel TiO2/C nanocomposites for anode materials of lithium ion batteries', Journal of Power Sources, vol. 159, no. 1, pp. 219-222.
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Here we reported an effective method to prepare TiO2/C core-shell nanocomposites as active anode materials for lithium ion batteries with markedly ameliorated electrochemical performance. At first, a precursor, polyacrylonitrile coated nano-TiO2 particles, was formed by emulsion polymerization. Then the precursor was heat-treated under argon atmosphere to achieve the nanocomposites. The conductive carbon shell enveloped TiO2 nanoparticles and suppressed the aggregation of nanoparticles during cycling. Meanwhile, it combined closely with the nanocores, significantly enhanced kinetics of lithium intercalation and de-intercalation and diffusion coefficient of lithium ion. This provides a good way to improve the cycling and kinetics of nanoanode materials.

Fu, LJ, Liu, H, Zhang, HP, Li, C, Zhang, T, Wu, YP, Holze, R & Wu, HQ 2006, 'Synthesis and electrochemical performance of novel core/shell structured nanocomposites', Electrochemistry Communications, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1-4.
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A new and effective method to prepare TiO2/C core-shell nanocomposites as active anode materials for lithium ion batteries with markedly ameliorated electrochemical performance is described. Initially a precursor, polyacrylonitrile coated nano-TiO2 particles, is formed by emulsion polymerization. This precursor is heat-treated under argon atmosphere to achieve the nanocomposite. The conductive carbon shell enveloped TiO2 nanoparticles and suppressed the aggregation of the core nanoparticles during cycling. In addition it is attached closely to the nano-cores, and the kinetics of lithium intercalation and de-intercalation, the apparent diffusion coefficient of lithium ions and the consequent cycling behavior are significantly enhanced. This provides a good way to improve cycling and kinetics of nano-anode materials

Fu, WJJ, Hu, JB, Spencer, T, Carroll, R & Wu, GY 2006, 'Statistical models in assessing fold change of gene expression in real-time RT-PCR experiments', COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 21-26.
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Fujii, M, Koos, C, Poulton, CG, Leuthold, J & Freude, W 2006, 'Nonlinear FDTD analysis and experimental verification in InGaAsP-InP racetrack microresonators', Photonics Technology Letters, IEEE, vol. 18, no. 1-4, pp. 361-363.
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We demonstrate for the first time a nonlinear finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) analysis of optical parametric four-wave mixing (FWM) in an actual InGaAsP-InP-based racetrack microresonator, and the results are compared with measurements on an experimental prototype. It has been found from the two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional FDTD analyses that the resonance frequencies can be reasonably predicted by an FDTD model by considering the strong material dispersion of the waveguide medium and that the wavelength conversion by FWM is not sensitive to the dimensionality of the model; thus, it is efficiently predicted by the 2-D FDTD model.

Fujii, M, Koos, C, Poulton, CG, Sakagami, I, Leuthold, J & Freude, W 2006, 'A simple and rigorous technique for the nonlinear FDTD algorithm by optical parametric four-wave mixing', Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 88-91.
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A rigorous quantitative verification technique is presented for nonlinear finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithms by analyzing parametric four-wave mixing (FWM) in an optical Kerr medium without involving other numerical techniques. This technique allows quick and reliable verification of complicated nonlinear FDTD algorithms, hence enhancing the application of nonlinear FDTD analysis to more realistic optical problems.

Fujii, M, Maitra, A, Poulton, CG, Leuthold, J & Freude, W 2006, 'Non-reciprocal transmission and Schmitt trigger operation in strongly modulated asymmetric WBGs', Optics Express, vol. 14, no. 26, pp. 12782-12793.
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We investigate numerically a non-reciprocal switching behavior in strongly modulated waveguide Bragg gratings (WBGs) having a longitudinally asymmetric stopband configuration. The minimum power predicted for a stable switching operation is found to be approximately 77 mW for a realistic waveguide structure made of prospective materials; we assume in this paper a nano-strip InGaAsP/InP waveguide having longitudinally asymmetric modulation of the waveguide width. The analysis has been performed with our in-house nonlinear finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) code adapted to parallel computing. The numerical results clearly show low-threshold Schmitt trigger operation, as well as non-reciprocal transmission property where the switching threshold for one propagation direction is lower than that for the other direction. In addition, we discuss the modulation-like instability phenomena in such nonlinear periodic devices by employing both an instantaneous Kerr nonlinearity and a more involved saturable nonlinearity model.

Ganguli, B & Wand, M 2006, 'Additive models for geo-referenced failure time data', Statistics in Medicine, vol. 25, no. 14, pp. 2469-2482.
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Asthma researchers have found some evidence that geographical variations in susceptibility to asthma could reflect the effect of community level factors such as exposure to violence. Our methodology was motivated by a study of age at onset of asthma among children of inner-city neighbourhoods in East Boston. Cox's proportional hazards model was not appropriate since there was not enough information about the nature of geographical variations so as to impose a parametric relationship. In addition, some of the known risk factors were believed to have non-linear log-hazard ratios. We extend the geoadditive models of Kamman and Wand to the case where the outcome measure is a possibly censored time to event. We reduce the problem to one of fitting a Poisson mixed model by using Poisson approximations in conjunction with a mixed model formulation of generalized additive modelling. Our method allows for low-rank additive modelling, provides likelihood-based estimation of all parameters including the amount of smoothing and can be implemented using standard software. We illustrate our method on the East Boston data.

Gasanov, U, Koina, C, Beagley, KW, Aitken, RJ & Hansbro, PM 2006, 'Identification of the insulin-like growth factor II receptor as a novel receptor for binding and invasion by Listeria monocytogenes', INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 566-577.
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George, AM & Jones, PM 2006, 'Molecular dynamics simulations and analysis of ABC transporters', Current Computer-Aided Drug Design, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 203-214.
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The increasingavailability of atomic-level protein derived from X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy, together with advances in computational power, have ushered in a new era of powerful theoretical apporaches to study protein mechanism,s and, by extension, use a computer-aided structural approach to drug design. Calssical molecular dynamics calculations, in which Newton's equations of motion are solved for all atoms in the system, has emerged as an important tool for analysing protein dynamics at physiologically relevant timescales, in ways that are either very difficult or impossible to do experimentally. Indeed, the computer is becoming a kind of virtual microscope that can observe things not observable by any other means. The availability of more sophisticated parallel computer clusters and program suites will lead to simulations thatw ill be capable of examining entire processes such as polypeptide folding pathways and reaction mechanisms. In this review, the incipient applicationof molecular dynamics analysis of ABC (ATP-Binding Cassette) trasporters is surveyed and discussed, with particular relevance to unresolved and controversial issues.

Ghosh, P, Shimmon, S & Whitehouse, MW 2006, 'Arthritic disease suppression and cartilage protection with glycosaminoglycan polypeptide complexes (Peptacans) derived from the cartilage extracellular matrix: A novel approach to therapy', Inflammopharmacology, vol. 14, no. 3-4, pp. 155-162.
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Molecular fragments of cartilage are antigenic and can stimulate an autoimmune response. Oral administration of type II collagen prevents disease onset in animal models of arthritis but the effects of other matrix components have not been reported. We evaluated glycosaminoglycan polypeptides (GAG-P) and matrix proteins (CaP) from cartilage for a) mitigating disease activity in rats with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) and b) stimulating proteoglycan (PG) synthesis by chondrocytes in-vitro. CIA and AIA were established in Wistar rats using standard methods. Agents were administered orally (10-200 mg/kg), either for seven days prior to disease induction (toleragenic protocol), or continuously for 15 days after injecting the arthritigen (prophylactic protocol). Joint swelling and arthritis scores were determined on day 15. Histological sections of joint tissues were assessed post-necropsy. In chondrocyte cultures, CaP +/- interleukin-1 stimulated PG biosynthesis. CaP was also active in preventing arthritis onset at 3.3, 10 or 20mg/kg in the rat CIA model using the toleragenic protocol. It was only active at 20 and 200 mg/kg in the CIA prophylactic protocol. GAG-P was active in the CIA toleragenic protocol at 20mg/kg but chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine hydrochloride or glucosamine sulfate were all inactive. The efficacy of CaP in the rat AIA model was less than in the CIA model. These findings lead us to suggest that oral CaP could be used as a disease-modifying anti-arthritic drug. © Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel 2006.

Gill, AJ, Clarkson, A, Gimm, O, Keil, J, Dralle, H, Howell, VM & Marsh, DJ 2006, 'Loss of nuclear expression of parafibromin distinguishes parathyroid carcinomas and hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor (HPT-JT) syndrome-related adenomas from sporadic parathyroid adenomas and hyperplasias', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL PATHOLOGY, vol. 30, no. 9, pp. 1140-1149.

Gimm, O, Lorenz, K, Thanh, PN, Schneyer, U, Bloching, M, Howell, VM, Marsh, DJ, Teh, BT, Krause, U & Dralle, H 2006, 'Prophylactic parathyroidectomy for familial parathyroid carcinoma', CHIRURG, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 15-24.
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Gladstone, W, Hacking, NJ & Owen, V 2006, 'Effects of artificial openings of intermittently opening estuaries on macroinvertebrate assemblages of the entrance barrier', Estuarine Coastal And Shelf Science, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 708-720.
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Gladstone, W, Stanger, R & Phelps, L 2006, 'A participatory approach to university teaching about partnerships for biodiversity conservation', Australian Journal of Environmental Education, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 21-32.
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Loss of biodiversity and habitats is one of the greatest threats to the environment and education has a critical role to play in addressing this issue. This paper describes a teaching activity for first-year university students studying sustainable resource management at the University of Newcastle which established a partnership between education, government and the community to rehabilitate a nature reserve where biodiversity values were threatened by weed invasion. Students research the problem (weed invasion), quantitatively assess the impacts of weed invasion and management interventions, and work alongside a community-based bushcare group and government agency during on-ground rehabilitation of the reserve. Key outcomes for students have been knowledge and skills relevant to a critical issue for the Australian environment; a more optimistic attitude towards environmental issues and their potential to develop solutions; a positive perspective about the role of community involvement; continued participation in community bushcare groups outside the classroom; and personal involvement in solving a critical environmental issue

Gladstone, W, Stanger, R & Phelps, L 2006, 'A participatory approach to university teaching about partnerships for biodiversity conservation', Australian Journal of Environmental Education, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 21-31.

Glasner, JD, Rusch, M, Liss, P, Plunkett, G, Cabot, EL, Darling, A, Anderson, BD, Infield-Harm, P, Gilson, MC & Perna, NT 2006, 'ASAP: a resource for annotating, curating, comparing, and disseminating genomic data', NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH, vol. 34, pp. D41-D45.
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Glasner, JD, Rusch, M, Liss, P, Plunkett, G, Cabot, EL, Darling, A, Anderson, BD, Infield-Harm, P, Gilson, MC & Perna, NT 2006, 'ASAP: a resource for annotating, curating, comparing, and disseminating genomic data.', Nucleic acids research, vol. 34, no. Database issue.
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ASAP is a comprehensive web-based system for community genome annotation and analysis. ASAP is being used for a large-scale effort to augment and curate annotations for genomes of enterobacterial pathogens and for additional genome sequences. New tools, such as the genome alignment program Mauve, have been incorporated into ASAP in order to improve display and analysis of related genomes. Recent improvements to the database and challenges for future development of the system are discussed. ASAP is available on the web at https://asap.ahabs.wisc.edu/asap/logon.php.

Godlewski, M, Phillips, M, Kazlauskas, K, Czernecki, R, Targowski, G, Perlin, P, Leszczynski, M, Figge, S & Hommel, D 2006, 'Profiling of light emission of GaN-based laser diodes with cathodoluminescence', Physica Status Solidi A-Applications And Materials Science, vol. 203, no. 7, pp. 1811-1814.
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Cathodoluminescence is applied for eveluation of in-plane variations of light emission from gaN-based laser diode structures. We demonstrate that potential fluctuations affect significantly emission of laser diodes for e-beam currents above thresholds for a stimulated emission.

Gold, DR, Willwerth, BM, Tantisira, KG, Finn, PW, Schaub, B, Perkins, DL, Tzianabos, A, Ly, NP, Schroeter, C, Gibbons, F, Campos, H, Oken, E, Gillman, MW, Palmer, LJ, Ryan, LM & Weiss, ST 2006, 'Associations of cord blood fatty acids with lymphocyte proliferation, IL-13, and IFN-gamma', Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 117, no. 4, pp. 931-938.
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Background N-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been hypothesized to have opposing influences on neonatal immune responses that might influence the risk of allergy or asthma. However, both n-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and n-6 arachidonic acid (AA) are required for normal fetal development. Objective We evaluated whether cord blood fatty acid levels were related to neonatal immune responses and whether n-3 and n-6 PUFA responses differed. Methods We examined the relation of cord blood plasma n-3 and n-6 PUFAs (n = 192) to antigen- and mitogen-stimulated cord blood lymphocyte proliferation (n = 191) and cytokine (IL-13 and IFN-?; n = 167) secretion in a US birth cohort. Results Higher levels of n-6 linoleic acid were correlated with higher IL-13 levels in response to Bla g 2 (cockroach, P = .009) and Der f 1 (dust mite, P = .02). Higher n-3 EPA and n-6 AA levels were each correlated with reduced lymphocyte proliferation and IFN-? levels in response to Bla g 2 and Der f 1 stimulation. Controlling for potential confounders, EPA and AA had similar independent effects on reduced allergen-stimulated IFN-? levels. If neonates had either EPA or AA levels in the highest quartile, their Der f 1 IFN-? levels were 90% lower (P = .0001) than those with both EPA and AA levels in the lowest 3 quartiles. Reduced AA/EPA ratio was associated with reduced allergen-stimulated IFN-? level. Conclusion Increased levels of fetal n-3 EPA and n-6 AA might have similar effects on attenuation of cord blood lymphocyte proliferation and IFN-? secretion. Clinical implications The implications of these findings for allergy or asthma development are not yet known.

Gorkunov, MV, Lapine, MV & Tretyakov, SA 2006, 'Methods of crystal optics for studying electromagnetic phenomena in metamaterials: Review', CRYSTALLOGRAPHY REPORTS, vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 1048-1062.
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Gorrie, C, Rodriguez, M, Sachdev, P, Duflou, J & Waite, P 2006, 'Increased neurofibrillary tangles in the brains of older pedestrians killed in traffic accidents', Dementia And Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 20-26.
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Background/Aims: Older people are over-represented in pedestrian fatalities, and it has been suggested that the presence of cognitive impairment or dementia in these individuals may contribute to their accidents. Using neuropathological methods, we aimed

Green, PJ & Mardia, KV 2006, 'Bayesian alignment using Hierarchical models, with applications in protein bioinformatics', Biometrika, vol. 93, no. 2, pp. 235-254.
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An important problem in shape analysis is to match configurations of points in space after filtering out some geometrical transformation. In this paper we introduce hierarchical models for such tasks, in which the points in the configurations are either

Greene, RW, Ablon, JS & Martin, A 2006, 'Use of collaborative problem solving to reduce seclusion and restraint in child and adolescent inpatient units', Psychiatric Services, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 610-612.
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The authors describe "collaborative problem solving," a cognitive-behavioral approach for working with aggressive children and adolescents. The model conceptualizes aggressive behavior as the byproduct of lagging cognitive skills in the domains of flexibility, frustration tolerance, and problem solving. The goal is to train staff to assess specific cognitive skills that may be contributing to challenging behavior and to teach children new skills through collaborative problem solving. The authors present results from an impatient unit that dramatically reduced rates of seclusion and restraint.

Greenlees, MJ, Brown, GP, Webb, JK, Phillips, BL & Shine, R 2006, 'Effects of an invasive anuran [the cane toad (Bufo marinus)] on the invertebrate fauna of a tropical Australian floodplain', Animal Conservation, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 431-438.
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The ways in which invasive organisms influence native ecosystems remain poorly understood. For example, feral cane toads Bufo marinus have spread extensively through tropical Australia over the last 70 years, but assessments of their ecological impact remain largely anecdotal. We conducted experimental trials to examine the effect of cane toad presence on invertebrate fauna in relatively small (2.4 x 1.2 m) outdoor enclosures on a floodplain near Darwin in the wet-dry tropics. Toads significantly reduced invertebrate abundance and species richness, but only to about the same degree as did an equivalent biomass of native anurans. Thus, if toads simply replaced native anurans, the offtake of invertebrates might not be substantially different from that due to native anurans before toad invasion. However, our field surveys suggest that toads cause a massive (fourfold) increase in total amphibian biomass. The end result is that cane toads act as a massive nutrient sink in the floodplain ecosystem because they consume vast numbers of invertebrates but (unlike native frogs) are largely invulnerable to predation by frog-eating predators.

Gullone, E, Ollendick, TH & King, NJ 2006, 'The role of attachment representation in the relationship between depressive symptomatology and social withdrawal in middle childhood', Journal of Child and Family Studies, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 271-285.
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We investigated the relationships among attachment representation, social withdrawal, and depressive symptomatology in childhood. A total of 326 children aged 8 to 10 years participated in the study. Children completed a family drawing procedure to assess attachment representation, the Children's Depression Inventory and the Social Withdrawal subscale of the Personality Inventory for Youth. Social withdrawal and attachment representations indicative of attachment dysfunction were each found to be positively correlated with depressive symptomatology. Further, attachment representation was found to significantly moderate the relationship between withdrawal and depression such that the positive relationship between withdrawal and depression was attenuated in the absence of attachment representations indicative of attachment dysfunction. © 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

Gurisik, E, Warton, K, Martin, DK & Valenzuela, S 2006, 'An in vitro study of the effects of exposure to a GSM signal in two human cell lines Monocytic U937 and neuroblastoma SK-N-SH', Cell Biology International, vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 793-799.
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The use of mobile phones is increasing, which also increases the population's exposure to global system of mobile communications (GSM) signals. Questions of safety and possible biological effects are of concern and to date, remain largely unanswered. In

Hall, C, Reichel, MP & Ellis, JT 2006, 'Performance characteristics and optimisation of cut-off values of two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the detection of antibodies to Neospora caninum in the serum of cattle', Veterinary Parasitology, vol. 140, no. 1-2, pp. 61-68.
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Aim: To determine the performance characteristics of two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) manufactured by Institut Pourquier (IP) for the detection of antibodies against Neospora caninum in bovine sera. Methods: Sera from 526 cattle were assay

Hall, C, Reichel, MP & Ellis, JT 2006, 'Prevalence of neospora caninum infection in Australian (NSW) dairy cattle estimated by a newly validated ELISA for milk', Veterinary Parasitology, vol. 142, no. 1-2, pp. 173-178.
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Aim: To determine the performance characteristics of an Institut Pourquier (IP) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antobodies against Neospora caninum in bovine milk and subsequent determination of the prevalence of N. caninum infection in NSW dairy cattle. Conclusions: The prevalence of N.caninum in NSW dairy cattle was higher than previously believed. When used on individual milk samples this ELISA demonstrated high sensitivity and specificty and so could be used to accuratley identify N. caninum infection. TG-ROC analysis of the IP ELISA optimised the protocol and prescribed cut-off values enabling the ELISA to be used for the screening of N. caninum antibodies in the milk of dairy cattle.

Handy, SM, Coyne, KJ, Portune, KJ, Demir, E, Doblin, MA, Hare, CE, Cary, SC & Hutchins, DA 2006, 'Erratum: Evaluating vertical migration behavior of harmful raphidophytes in the Delaware Inland Bays utilizing quantitative real-time PCR (Aquatic Microbial Ecology (2005) 40, (121-132))', Aquatic Microbial Ecology, vol. 42, no. 3, p. 311.

Hannoyer, B, Prince, AA, Jean, M, Liu, RS & Wang, G 2006, 'Mossbauer study on LiFePO4 cathode material for lithium ion batteries', Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 167, no. 1-3, pp. 767-772.
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Crystalline LiFePO4 has been synthesized using solid-state, spray pyrolysis, and wet chemical methods. The crystal parameters were obtained from Rietvelds refinement methods of the X-ray diffraction patterns. A detailed investigation of the Fe valency carried out using Mössbauer spectroscopy at room temperature indicates that Fe is predominantly present in its bivalent state.

Harris, N, Ford, M & Cortie, MB 2006, 'Optimization of plasmonic heating by gold nanospheres and nanoshells', Journal Of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 110, no. 22, pp. 10701-10707.
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Gold nanoparticles have strong and tunable absorption peaks in their optical extinction spectra, a phenomenon that has recently been exploited to generate localized heating in the vicinity of these particles. However the optimum particle geometry and ill

Headlam, H, Gracanin, M, Rodgers, K & Davies, MJ 2006, 'Inhibition of cathepsins and related proteases by amino acid, peptide, and protein hydroperoxides', Free Radical Biology & Medicine, vol. 40, no. 9, pp. 1539-1548.
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Reaction of radicals ill the presence Of O-2, and singlet oxygen, with some amino acids, peptides, and proteins yields hydroperoxides. These species are key intermediates in chain reactions and protein damage. Previously we have shown that peptide and pr

Heath, DP & Platen, E 2006, 'Local volatility function models under a benchmark approach', Quantitative Finance, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 197-206.
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Without requiring the existence of an equivalent risk-neutral probability measure this paper studies a class of one-factor local volatility function models for stock indices under a benchmark approach. It is assumed that the dynamics for a large diversif

Hebelstrup, KH, Hunt, P, Dennis, E, Jensen, SB & Jensen, EO 2006, 'Hemoglobin is essential for normal growth of Arabidopsis organs', PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM, vol. 127, no. 1, pp. 157-166.
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Helliwell, CA, Wood, CC, Robertson, M, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2006, 'The Arabidopsis FLC protein interacts directly in vivo with SOC1 and FT chromatin and is part of a high-molecular-weight protein complex', PLANT JOURNAL, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 183-192.
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Henness, S, van Thoor, E, Ge, Q, Armour, CL, Hughes, JM & Ammit, AJ 2006, 'IL-17A acts via p38 MAPK to increase stability of TNF-beta-induced IL-8 mRNA in human ASM', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 290, no. 6, pp. L1283-L1290.
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Herbert, BR, Grinyer, J, Mccarthy, J, Isaacs, M, Harry, L, Nevalainen, HK, Traini, M, Hunt, S, Schulz, B, Laver, M, Goodall, AR, Packer, JM, Harry, JL & Williams, K 2006, 'Improved 2-DE of microorganisms after acidic extraction', Electrophoresis, vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 1630-1640.
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2-DE separations of protein extracts sometimes have problems with poor resolution and streaking. This problem is particularly apparent with microorganisms, most notably those with a large cell wall. Here we describe a novel, rapid protocol for the extrac

Hill, R & Ralph, PJ 2006, 'Photosystem II Heterogeneity of in hospite Zooxanthellae in Scleractinian Corals Exposed to Bleaching Conditions', Photochemistry and Photobiology, vol. 82, no. 6, pp. 1577-1585.
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Increased ocean temperatures are thought to be triggering mass coral bleaching events around the world. The intracellular symbiotic zooxanthellae (genus Symbiodinium) are expelled from the coral host, which is believed to be a response to photosynthetic damage within these symbionts. Several sites of impact have been proposed, and here we probe the functional heterogeneity of Photosystem II (PSII) in three coral species exposed to bleaching conditions. As length of exposure to bleaching conditions (32 degrees C and 350 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1)) increased, the Q(A)(-) reoxidation kinetics showed a rise in the proportion of inactive PSII centers (PSIIX), where Q(B) was unable to accept electrons. PSIIX contributed up to 20% of the total PSII centers in Pocillopora damicornis, 35% in Acropora nobilis and 14% in Cyphastrea serailia. Changes in F-V/F-M and amplitude of the J step along fast induction curves were found to be highly dependent upon the proportion of PSIIx centers within the total pool of PSII reaction centers. Determination of PSII antenna size revealed that under control conditions in the three coral species up to 60% of PSII centers were lacking peripheral light-harvesting complexes (PSII beta). In P. damicornis, the proportion of PSII beta increased under bleaching conditions and this could be a photoprotective mechanism in response to excess light. The rapid increases in PSIIX and PSII beta observed in these corals under bleaching conditions indicates these physiological processes are involved in the initial photochemical damage to zooxanthellae.

Hinz, J 2006, 'Equilibrium strategies in random-demand procurement auctions with sunk costs', IMA Journal of Management Mathematics, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 61-81.

Hinz, J 2006, 'Valuing virtual production capacities on flow commodities', Mathematical Methods Of Operations Research, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 187-209.
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As a result of storability restrictions, the price risk management of flow commodities (such as natural gas, oil, and electrical power) is by no means a trivial matter.To protect price spikes, consumers purchase diverse swing-type contracts, whereas cont

Hinz, J & Wilhelm, M 2006, 'Pricing flow commodity derivatives using fixed income market techniques', International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 1299-1321.

Hitchcock, R, Sears, W, Gillies, RM, Milthorpe, BK & Walsh, WR 2006, 'In vitro study of shear force on interbody implants', Journal of Spinal Disorders & Techniques, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 32-36.
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The lordosis of the lumbar spine and body weight result in significant shear forces through the lumbosacral elise spaces. These forces result in translational motion across the disc space, which is resisted but not completely abolished by pedicle screw stabilization. It is postulated that this motion may be a factor in the development of nonunion of lumbar interbody fusions. An in vitro study of the micromotion of porcine specimens with serrated or smooth interbody spacers and subjected to shear forces under compressive preload was conducted to determinewhether the surface serrations on vertebral interbody implants significantly resist shear forces and resulting sagittal translation.

Hodgkinson, IJ, Wu, QH, Arnold, MD, De Silva, L, Beydaghyan, G, Kaminska, K & Robbie, K 2006, 'Biaxial thin-film coated-plate polarizing beam splitters', Applied Optics, vol. 45, no. 7, pp. 1563-1568.
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We present a design for a biaxial thin-film coated-plate polarizing beam splitter that transmits the p-polarized component of a beam of light without change of direction and reflects the s-polarized component. The beam splitter has a periodic structure and is planned for fabrication by serial bideposition in mutually orthogonal planes. Recent experimental data for form-birefringent silicon is used to establish the feasibility of the design for a beam splitter to be used at 1310 nm and at an angle of 45° in air.

Hoffman, FO, Ruttenber, AJ, Greenland, S & Carroll, RJ 2006, 'Radiation exposure and thyroid cancer', JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, vol. 296, no. 5, pp. 513-513.
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Hoft, RC, Ford, M & Cortie, MB 2006, 'Prediction of increased tunneling current by bond length stretch in molecular break junctions', Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 429, no. 4-6, pp. 503-506.
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We use ab initio calculations of the tunneling current through a 1,4-phenylenedimethanethiol (XYL) molecule adsorbed between Au(111) electrodes to show that there are circumstances under which tunneling currents can be increased by bond stretching. The e

Hoft, RC, Gale, JD & Ford, M 2006, 'Implementation of a Z-matrix approach within the SIESTA periodic boundary conditions code and its application to surface adsorption', Molecular Simulation, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 595-600.
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We implement a flexible Z-matrix approach in the density functional theory (DFT) periodic boundary conditions code, SIESTA. This allows a mixture of Z-matrix and Cartesian coordinates to be used for geometry specification and optimisation. In addition, g

Hose, GC, Murray, B, Park, ML, Kelaher, BP & Figueira, WF 2006, 'A meta-analysis comparing the toxicity of sediments in the laboratory and in situ', Environmental Toxicology And Chemistry, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 1148-1152.
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Sediment toxicity tests in the laboratory are an important part of ecological risk assessments, yet how they relate to sediment toxicity in situ has rarely been explored. Using meta-analysis, we examined differences in the toxicity of sediment tested in

Houseman, EA, Coull, BA & Ryan, LM 2006, 'A functional-based distribution diagnostic for a linear model with correlated outcomes', Biometrika, vol. 93, no. 4, pp. 911-926.
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In this paper we present an easy-to-implement graphical distribution diagnostic for linear models with correlated errors. Houseman et al. (2004) constructed quantile-quantile plots for the marginal residuals of such models, suitably transformed. We extend the pointwise asymptotic theory to address the global stochastic behaviour of the corresponding empirical cumulative distribution function, and describe a simulation technique that serves as a computationally efficient parametric bootstrap for generating representatives of its stochastic limit. Thus, continuous functionals of the empirical cumulative distribution function may be used to form global tests of normality. Through the use of projection matrices, we generalised our methods to include tests that are directed at assessing the normality of particular components of the error. Thus, tests proposed by Lange & Ryan (1989) follow as a special case. Our method works well both for models having independent units of sampling and for those in which all observations are correlated.

Howell, VM, Cardinal, JW, Richardson, A-L, Gimm, O, Robinson, BG & Marsh, DJ 2006, 'Rapid mutation screening for HRPT2 and MEN1 mutations associated with familial and sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism', JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 559-566.
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Huang, S, Spielmeyer, W, Lagudah, E, James, R, Platten, J, Dennis, ES & Munns, R 2006, 'A sodium transporter (HKT7) is a candidate for Nax1, a gene for salt tolerance in durum wheat', PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 142, no. 4, pp. 1718-1727.
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Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) is more salt sensitive than bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). A novel source of Na+ exclusion conferring salt tolerance to durum wheat is present in the durum wheat Line 149 derived from Triticum monococcum C68

Huete, AR, Didan, K, Shimabukuro, YE, Ratana, P, Saleska, SR, Hutyra, LR, Yang, WZ, Nemani, RR & Myneni, R 2006, 'Amazon rainforests green-up with sunlight in dry season', GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, vol. 33, no. 6.
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Hung, C, Johnson, KA & Torpy, FR 2006, 'Liquid culture for efficient micropropagation of Wasabia Japonica (MIQ.) matsumura', In Vitro Cellular and Development Biology - Plant, vol. 42, pp. 548-552.
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Hurt, AC, Hansbro, PM, Selleck, P, Olsen, B, Minton, C, Hampson, AW & Barr, IG 2006, 'Isolation of avian influenza viruses from two different transhemispheric migratory shorebird species in Australia', ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY, vol. 151, no. 11, pp. 2301-2309.
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Huston, WM, Andrew, CR, Servid, AE, McKay, AL, Leech, AP, Butler, CS & Moir, JWB 2006, 'Heterologous overexpression and purification of cytochrome c ' from Rhodobacter capsulatus and a mutant (K42E) in the dimerization region. Mutation does not alter oligomerization but impacts the heme iron spin state and nitric oxide binding properties', BIOCHEMISTRY, vol. 45, no. 14, pp. 4388-4395.
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Ikonen, P, Lapine, M, Nefedov, I & Tretyakov, S 2006, 'Vector circuit theory for spatially dispersive uniaxial magneto-dielectric slabs', PROGRESS IN ELECTROMAGNETICS RESEARCH-PIER, vol. 63, pp. 279-294.
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Jenkins, C, Wilton, J, Minion, F, Falconer, L, Walker, MJ & Djordjevic, SP 2006, 'Two domains within the Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Cilium adnesis bind heparin', Infection And Immunity, vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 481-487.
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Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the causative agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia, a chronic and economically significant respiratory disease that affects swine production worldwide. M. hyopneumoniae adheres to and adversely affects the function of ciliated epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, and the cilium adhesin (Mhp183, P97) is intricately but not exclusively involved in this process. Although binding of pathogenic bacteria to glycosaminoglycans is a recognized step in pathogenesis, knowledge of glycosaminoglycan-binding proteins in M. hyopneumoniae is lacking. However, heparin and other sulfated polysaccharides are known to block the binding of M. hyopneumoniae to purified swine respiratory cilia. In this study, four regions within the cilium adhesin were examined for the ability to bind heparin. Cilium adhesin fragments comprising 653 amino acids of the N terminus and 301 amino acids of the C terminus (containing two repeat regions, R1 and R2) were cloned and expressed. These fragments bound heparin in a dose-dependent and saturable manner with physiologically significant binding affinities of 0.27 ± 0.02 µM and 1.89 ± 0.33 µM, respectively. Heparin binding of both fragments was strongly inhibited by the sulfated polysaccharides fucoidan and mucin but not by chondroitin sulfate B.

Jiang, Z, Huete, A, Chen, J, Chen, Y, Liu, J, Yan, G & Zhang, X 2006, 'Analysis of NDVI and scaled difference vegetation index retrievals of vegetation fraction', Remote Sensing Of Environment, vol. 101, no. 3, pp. 366-369.
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The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is the most widely used vegetation index for retrieval of vegetation canopy biophysical properties. Several studies have investigated the spatial scale dependencies of NDVI and the relationship between NDVI and fractional vegetation cover, but without any consensus on the two issues. The objectives of this paper are to analyze the spatial scale dependencies of NDVI and to analyze the relationship between NDVI and fractional vegetation cover at different resolutions based on linear spectral mixing models. Our results show strong spatial scale dependencies of NDVI over heterogeneous surfaces, indicating that NDVI values at different resolutions may not be comparable. The nonlinearity of NDVI over partially vegetated surfaces becomes prominent with darker soil backgrounds and with presence of shadow. Thus, the NDVI may not be suitable to infer vegetation fraction because of its nonlinearity and scale effects. We found that the scaled difference vegetation index (SDVI), a scale-invariant index based on linear spectral mixing of red and near-infrared reflectances, is a more suitable and robust approach for retrieval of vegetation fraction with remote sensing data, particularly over heterogeneous surfaces. The proposed method was validated with experimental field data, but further validation at the satellite level would be needed.

Jiang, Z, Huete, A, Liu, J & Chen, Y 2006, 'An Analysis of Angle-Based With Ratio-Based Vegetation Indices', IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 44, no. 9, pp. 2506-2513.
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Remotely sensed, angle-based vegetation indices that measure vegetation amounts by the angle between an approximated soil line and a simulated vegetation isoline in the red-near-infrared reflectance space were developed and evaluated in this paper. Unsalan and Boyer previously proposed an angle-based vegetation index, thetas (denoted as thetas NDVI in this paper), based on the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) with the objective of overcoming the saturation problem in the NDVI. However, thetasNDVI did not consider strong soil background influences present in the NDVI. To reduce soil background noise, an angle-based vegetation index, thetasSAVI , based on the soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), was derived using trigonometric analysis. The performance of thetasNDVI and thetasSAVI was evaluated and compared with their corresponding vegetation indices, NDVI and SAVI. The soil background influence on thetasNDVI was found to be as significant as that on the NDVI. thetasNDVI was found to be more sensitive to vegetation amount than the NDVI at low vegetation density levels, but less sensitive to vegetation fraction at high vegetation density levels. Thus, the saturation effect at high vegetation density levels encountered in the NDVI was not mitigated by thetasNDVI. By contrast, thetasSAVI exhibited insignificant soil background effects and weaker saturation, as in SAVI, but also improved upon the dynamic range of SAVI. Analyses and evaluation suggest that thetasSAVI is an optimal vegetation index to assess and monitor vegetation cover across the entire range of vegetation fraction density levels and over a wide variety of soil backgrounds

Jiang, Z, Yu, Q, Lei, S, Wang, T, Sun, X & Zhang, R 2006, 'Comparative analysis of temperature and CO2 fluxes for winter wheat in Tibetan Plain and North China Plain using the EMD method', Progress in Natural Science, vol. 16, no. 10, pp. 1066-1071.
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Comparative study of spectral properties of temperature and CO2 fluxes measured by eddy covariance method at Yucheng (36 degrees 57'N, 116 degrees 36'E, 28 m a. s. l., in the North China Plain) and at Lhasa (29 degrees 41'N, 91 degrees 20'E, 3688 m a. s. l., on the Tibetan Plateau) is described using the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method. The main results are: (1) The intrinsic oscillation modes or intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) were extracted from data of temperature (T) and CO2 fluxes (F) measured at Yucheng (T-1 and F-1) and Lhasa (T-2 and F-2). (2) Hilbert transform was applied to these IMF components, then the Hilbert-Huang spectra and the marginal spectra of these data were obtained. (3) Comparison of temperature and CO2 fluxes in North China Plain and on Tibetan Plain illustrated that the characteristic frequencies corresponding to T-1, F-1, T-2 and F-2 are 0.05 Hz, 0.03 Hz, 0.014 Hz and 0.005 Hz, respectively.

Jiang, Z, Yu, Q, Wang, T, Sun, X & Zhang, R 2006, 'Continuous wavelet transform and discrete multi-resolution analysis of surface fluxes and atmospheric stability', Progress in Natural Science, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 403-409.
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Jin, D, Connally, R & Piper, J 2006, 'Long-lived visible luminescence of UV LEDs and impact on LED excited time-resolved fluorescence applications', JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 461-465.
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Jones, H, Ostrowski, M & Scanlan, DJ 2006, 'A suppression subtractive hybridization approach reveals niche-specific genes that may be involved in predator avoidance in marine Synechococcus isolates', APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 2730-2737.
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Jun, L, Yu, Q, Sun, X, Xiaojuan, T, Ren, C, Wang, J, Liu, E, Zhu, Z & Yu, G 2006, 'Carbon dioxide exhange and the mechanism of environmental control in a farmland ecosystem in North China Plain', Science in China Series D Earth Science, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 226-240.
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CO2 flux was measured continuously in a wheat and maize rotation system of North China Plain using the eddy covariance technique to study the characteristic of CO2 exchange and its response to key environmental factors. The results show that nighttime net ecosystem exchange (NEE) varied exponentially with soil temperature. The temperature sensitivities of the ecosystem (Q(10)) were 2.94 and 2.49 in years 2002-2003 and 2003-2004, respectively. The response of gross primary productivity (GPP) to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in the crop field can be expressed by a rectangular hyperbolic function. Average A(max) and a for maize were more than those for wheat. The values of a increased positively with leaf area index (LAI) of wheat. Diurnal variations of NEE were significant from March to May and from July to September, but not remarkable in other months. NEE, GPP and ecosystem respiration (Rep) showed significantly seasonal variations in the crop field. The highest mean daily CO2 uptake rate was -10.20 and -12.50 gC (.) m(-2 .) d(-1) in 2003 and 2004, for the maize field, respectively, and -8.19 and -9.50 gC (.) m(-2) (.) d(-1) in 2003 and 2004 for the wheat field, respectively. The maximal CO2 uptake appeared in April or May for wheat and mid-August for maize. During the main growing seasons of winter wheat and summer maize, NEE was controlled by GPP which was chiefly influenced by PAR and LAI. Rep reached its annual maximum in July when Rep and GPP contributed to NEE equally. NEE was dominated by Rep in other months and temperature became a key factor controlling NEE. Total NEE for the wheat field was -77.6 and -152.2 gC (.) m(-2 .) a(-1) in years 2002-2003 and 2003-2004, respectively, and -120.1 and -165.6 gC (.) m(-2) (.) a(-1) in 2003 and 2004 for the maize field, respectively.

Kanchanawong, P, Dahlbom, M, Treynor, T, Reimers, JR, Hush, N & Boxer, S 2006, 'Charge Delocalization In The Special-Pair Radical Cation Of Mutant Reaction Centers Of Rhodobacter Sphaeroides From Stark Spectra And Nonadiabatic Spectral Simulations', Journal Of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 110, no. 37, pp. 18688-18702.
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Kealley, CS, Ben-Nissan, B, Van Riessen, A & Elcombe, M 2006, 'Development of carbon nanotube reinforced hydroxyapatite bioceramics', Key Engineering Materials, vol. 309-311, no. 1, pp. 597-600.
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This paper reports development of a production method to produce a composite material that is biocompatible, with high mechanical strength and resilience. The chemical precipitation conditions necessary for the production of synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAp

Kealley, CS, Ben-Nissan, B, van Riessen, A & Elcombe, M 2006, 'Development of carbon nanotube-reinforced hydroxyapatite bioceramics', Physica B: Condensed Matter, vol. 385, no. SI, pp. 496-498.
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This paper reports development of a production method to create a composite material that is biocompatible, which will have high mechanical strength and resilience, and be able to withstand exposure to the physiological environment. The chemical precipitation conditions necessary for the production of single-phase synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAp) and a HAp and carbon nanotube (CNT) composite material have been optimised. Neutron diffraction patterns collected before and after sintering show that the nanotubes have remained intact within the structure, while most of the remaining soot has burnt off. Small-angle neutron scattering, in conjunction with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), also shows preservation of the CNTs. Hot isostatically pressed samples showed excellent densification. Neutron diffraction data has enabled the positions of the hydroxide bonds to be determined, and shown that the addition of the CNTs has had no effect on the structural parameters of the HAp phase, with the exception of a slight reduction in the unit cell parameter a.

Kealley, CS, Elcombe, M, Van Riessen, A & Ben-Nissan, B 2006, 'Neutron characterisation of hydroxyapatite bioceramics', Key Engineering Materials, vol. 309-311, no. 1, pp. 61-64.
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This paper reports neutron diffraction data and its analysis that characterise a biocompatible hydroxyapatite composite material. The neutron data has elucidated the crystal structure, and enabled the positions of the hydrogen atoms to be determined. The data also shows the improvement of crystallinity during the heat treatment process. An extension of the work involved looking at a hydroxyapatite - carbon nanotube composite material, and neutron diffraction has shown that the retention of the carbon nanotubes in the composite material has been successful. The nanotubes have had no affect on the hydroxyapatite structure.

Kelehear, C & Webb, JK 2006, 'Effects of tail autotomy on anti-predator behavior and locomotor performance in a nocturnal gecko', Copeia, vol. 2006, no. 4, pp. 803-809.
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Caudal autotomy is widely employed by lizards to facilitate escape from predators. Despite conferring immediate short-term benefits, tail loss may involve substantial costs, including impaired locomotor performance, loss of energy reserves, and reduced survival during subsequent encounters with predators. We investigated whether tail autotomy influenced the running speeds and anti-predator behaviors of adult male Velvet Geckos, Oedura lesueurii. This nocturnal terrestrial gecko displays a range of anti-predator behaviors (tail waving and vibration, slow movement, and crypsis) in the presence of scent from the predatory Broad-headed Snake, Hoplocephalus bungaroides. Since tailless geckos cannot use tail displays to attract predatory strikes away from the torso, we hypothesized that tailless geckos would spend more time motionless in the presence of Broad-headed Snake scent. Sprint speeds of tailless and tailed Velvet Geckos were very similar over short (0.25 m) and longer distances (I m). During locomotor trials, geckos frequently stopped along the racetrack, but tail autotomy did not affect the frequency of this behavior. Contrary to our predictions, tailless Velvet Geckos did not decrease their activity levels in the presence of Broad-headed Snake scent. Overall, our data support the hypothesis that the locomotor costs associated with tail autotomy are relatively minor in lizard species where the tail plays no functional role in locomotion.

Kher, A, Mulholland, M, Green, EV & Reedy, BJ 2006, 'Forensic classification of ballpoint pen inks using high performance liquid chromatography and infrared spectroscopy with principal components', Vibrational Spectroscopy, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 270-277.
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Several varieties of blue ballpoint pen inks were analysed by higher performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and infrared spectroscopy (IR). The chromatographic data extracted at four wavelengths (254, 279, 370 and 400 nm)was analysed individually and at a combination of these wavelengths by the soft independent modeling of class analogies (SIMCA) technique using principal components analysis (PCA) to estimate the separation between pen samples. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) measured the probability with which an observation could be assigned to a pen class. The best resolution was obtained by HPLC using data from all four wavelengths together, differentiating 96.4% pen pairs successfully using PCA and 97.9% pen samples by LDA> PCA separated 60.7% of the pen pairs and LDA provided a correct classification of 62.5% of the pends compared to IR. The need to develop a suitable IR method for analysing nlue ball-point pen inks has been emphasised and it is hoped that the development of such a method would indeed providea valuable tool for the non-destrictive analysis of blue ball-point pen ink samples for forensic purposes.

King, EJ, Walsh, SP & Cobbin, DM 2006, 'The testing of classical pulse concepts in Chinese medicine Left- and right-hand pulse strength discrepancy between males and females and its clinical implications', Journal Of Alternative And Complementary Medicine, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 445-450.
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Objectives and design: The use of the radial pulse as a diagnostic tool is an important part of the Chinese medicine (CM) clinical evaluation. This study reports the findings of an investigation into inter-arm pulse strength differences in subjects and t

King, NJ & Ollendick, TH 2006, 'A commentary on psychosocial interventions and evidence-based practice: Time for reflection about what an 'ideal' psychosocial intervention would look like in clinical psychology?', Behaviour Change, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 157-164.
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Controlled efficacy/effectiveness trials throughout the world have reached a high standard from a methodological stance, but what do we regard as the ideal or elegant intervention in clinical psychology? This article presents six key points as the gold standards of psychosocial interventions by which treatment efficacy/effectiveness research with children, adolescents and adults might be evaluated: (1) theoretical rationale and conceptualisation of clinical dysfunction, (2) clear problem identification and target client group, (3) program features such as realistic goal setting, flexibility, and time-limited interventions, (4) manual-based treatments, (5) research support including clinically significant outcomes, and (6) acceptability/social validation of clients and society. Finally, we discuss the usefulness of such a framework for mental health professionals and clinical researchers.

Kjellerup, BV, Gudmonsson, G, Sowers, K & Nielsen, PH 2006, 'Evaluation of analytical methods for determining the distribution of biofilm and active bacteria in a commercial heating system', Biofouling, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 133-139.
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Kjellerup, BV, Gudmonsson, G, Sowers, K & Nielsen, PH 2006, 'Evaluation of analytical methods for determining the distribution of biofilm and active bacteria in a commercial heating system.', Biofouling, vol. 22, no. 3-4, pp. 145-151.
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Danish district heating systems have good water quality, but continue to suffer from biofouling and biocorrosion. Localisation analyses of bacteria using microautoradiography were performed for one system in order to obtain detailed information for solving these problems. A mass balance showed that 77% of the bacteria were located at surfaces, with 23% in the bulk water, and 9% of the total carbon originated from biomass, while 91% was dissolved in the bulk water. The presence of active bacteria was determined with microautoradiography which showed that biofilms contained 99% and 1% were in the bulk water. A high bacterial functional diversity was observed, with active mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria under aerobic and anaerobic conditions and with potentially corrosive biofilm bacteria present. The study reveals that by applying the activity based approach, the ratio of living and dead bacteria in the biofilm and bulk water in this type of system could be accurately determined. Also, the results emphasise that to minimise biofilm growth and biocorrosion, monitoring should be established focusing on the surfaces, since bulk water parameters do not reflect bacterial activity.

Klocker, U, Croft, DB & Ramp, D 2006, 'Frequency and causes of kangaroo-vehicle collisions on an Australian outback highway', Wildlife Research, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 5-15.
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Kangaroo-vehicle collisions are frequent on Australian highways. Despite high economic costs, detrimental effects on animal welfare, and potential impacts on population viability, little research has been done to investigate the impact of road mortality

Kohonen-Corish, MRJ, Cooper, WA, Saab, J, Thompson, JF, Trent, RJA & Millward, MJ 2006, 'Promoter hypermethylation of the O-6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase gene and microsatellite instability in metastatic melanoma', JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY, vol. 126, no. 1, pp. 167-171.
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Konstantinov, K, Ng, SH, Wang, JZ, Wang, G, Wexler, D & Liu, HK 2006, 'Nanostructured PbO materials obtained in situ by spray solution technique for Li-ion batteries', Journal of Power Sources, vol. 159, no. 1, pp. 241-244.
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This paper describes a systematic study of the effect of various spray pyrolysis parameters, such as temperature, solution concentration and solution flow rate on the morphology, crystallization process, crystal size, specific surface area and electrochemical performance of in situ prepared ?-PbO spherically agglomerated nano-structured powders. Different analytical methods such as XRD, SEM, TEM, BET gas sorption specific surface area measurements and electrochemical tests were performed. Crystallites in the range of 20120 nm and easily dispersed powders were reproducibly prepared by optimization of the spray conditions. An increase of the temperature from 600 to 800 °C was found to lead to a three times increase in the average crystal size, from 31 to 102 nm. An increase of concentration from 0.15 to 0.5 M dramatically suppresses the crystal size from 127 to 25 nm. The BET surface area of sprayed PbO powders is increased up to 6.6 m2 g-1. For such PbO powders applied as anode materials in Li-ion batteries, we have managed to retain a reversible capacity above 60 mAh g-1 beyond 50 cycles.

Koos, C, Fujii, M, Poulton, CG, Steingrueber, R, Leuthold, J & Freude, W 2006, 'FDTD-Modelling of Dispersive Nonlinear Ring Resonators: Accuracy Studies and Experiments', IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol. 42, no. 12, pp. 1215-1223.
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The accuracy of nonlinear finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) methods is investigated by modeling nonlinear optical interaction in a ring resonator. We have developed a parallelized 3-D FDTD algorithm which incorporates material dispersion, (3)-nonlinearities and stair-casing error correction. The results of this implementation are compared with experiments, and intrinsic errors of the FDTD algorithm are separated from geometrical uncertainties arising from the fabrication tolerances of the device. A series of progressively less complex FDTD models is investigated, omitting material dispersion, abandoning the stair-casing error correction, and approximating the structure by a 2-D effective index model. We compare the results of the different algorithms and give guidelines as to which degree of complexity is needed in order to obtain reliable simulation results in the linear and the nonlinear regime. In both cases, incorporating stair-casing error correction and material dispersion into a 2-D effective index model turns out to be computationally much cheaper and more effective than performing a fully three-dimensional simulation without these features.

Kramarsky-Winter, E, Harel, M, Siboni, N, Ben Dov, E, Brickner, I, Loya, Y & Kushmaro, A 2006, 'Identification of a protist-coral association and its possible ecological role', MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES, vol. 317, pp. 67-73.
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Kriplani, N, Nackashi, D, Amsinck, C, Di Spigna, N, Steer, M, Franzon, P, Rick, R, Solomon, G & Reimers, JR 2006, 'Physically Based Molecular Device Model In A Transient Circuit Simulator', Chemical Physics, vol. 326, no. 1, pp. 188-196.
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Lao, ZJ, Konstantinov, K, Tournaire, Y, Ng, SH, Wang, G & Liu, HK 2006, 'Synthesis of vanadium pentoxide powders with enhanced surface-area for electrochemical capacitors', Journal of Power Sources, vol. 162, no. 2, pp. 1451-1454.
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Single-phase, chemically pure vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) powders are prepared by co-precipitation and further calcination at 300 °C. The materials obtained are agglomerated in sub-micron particles, and BET analysis shows that the as-prepared V2O5 powders have a high specific surface-area of 41 m2 g-1. V2O5 shows the highest capacitance in 2 M KCl electrolyte when compared with other electrolytes such as 2 M NaCl and 2 M LiCl. It yields a maximum specific capacitance of 262 F g-1. The higher specific surface-area may be the reason for the high capacitance compared with previously published results.

Lau, J & Green, PJ 2006, 'Bayesian model-based clustering procedures', Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 526-558.
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This paper establishes a general framework for Bayesian model-based clustering, in which subset labels are exchangeable, and items are also exchangeable, possibly up to covariate e®ects. It is rich enough to encompass a variety of existing procedures, including some recently discussed methodologies involving stochastic search or hierarchical clustering, but more importantly allows the formulation of clustering procedures that are optimal with respect to a speci¯ed loss function. Our focus is on loss functions based on pairwise coincidences, that is, whether pairs of items are clustered into the same subset or not.

Le, T & Platen, E 2006, 'Approximating the growth optimal portfolio with a diversified world stock index', The Journal of Risk Finance, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 559-574.
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Purpose This paper aims to construct and compare various total-return world stock indices based on daily data. Design/methodology/approach Because of diversification, these indices are noticeably similar. A diversification theorem identifies any diversified portfolio as a proxy for the growth optimal portfolio. Findings The paper constructs a diversified world stock index that outperforms a number of other indices and argues that it is a good proxy for the growth optimal portfolio. Originality/value The diversified world stock index has applications to derivative pricing and investment management.

Leigh, A, Close, JD, Ball, MC, Siebke, K & Nicotra, A 2006, 'Leaf cooling curves: measuring leaf temperatures in sunlight', Functional Plant Biology, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 515-519.
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Despite the obvious benefits of using thermography under field conditions, most infrared studies at the leaf level are generally conducted in the laboratory. One reason for this bias is that accuracy can potentially be compromised in sunlight because reflected radiation from the leaf might affect the calculation of the temperature measurement. We have developed a method for measuring leaf temperature in sunlight by using thermal imagery to generate cooling curves from which the time constant for cooling, ?, can be calculated. The original temperature of the sunlit leaf may be determined by extrapolating backwards in time. In the absence of specular reflection, there is close agreement between the extrapolated sunlit temperature and the sunlit temperature recorded by the camera. However, when reflected radiation is high, the difference between the initial (incorrect) temperature determined from the sunlit image and the temperature extrapolated from the cooling curve can be > 2°C. Notably, our results demonstrate a close agreement between the extrapolated sunlit temperature and the temperature of the leaf approximately 1 s after being shaded, suggesting that this shaded image provides a good estimate of the original sunlit temperature. Thus, our technique provides two means for measuring leaf surface temperature in sunlight

Leigh, A, Cosgrove, MJ & Nicotra, A 2006, 'Reproductive allocation in a gender dimorphic shrub: anomalous female investment in Gynatrix pulchella?', Journal of Ecology, vol. 94, no. 6, pp. 1261-1271.
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1 In gender dimorphic species, reproductive allocation (RA, the ratio of reproductive to vegetative biomass) is predicted to be greater in female plants than in male plants. Empirical research on dimorphic plant species supports this hypothesis. To date, of 44 dimorphic angiosperms for which RA has been reported in the literature, RA is greater in females than males in 40 species, is equal in four, and in no species is it greater in males. 2 In many instances where differential RA occurs, sexual dimorphism in morphological or physiological traits has been reported. This dimorphism is often attributed to the differing costs of reproduction or to selection to counteract such costs. 3 We investigated RA and other morphological and physiological characters in Gynatrix pulchella, a dimorphic species that we found ranges from dioecious to subdioecious or gynodioecious, depending on season and locality. Our results showed that contrary to our predictions functionally male plants allocated significantly more biomass to reproduction than female plants across three populations. Greater male RA was due to a combination of larger, more numerous flowers and lower leaf biomass per branch than females. 4 There were no detectable costs of greater RA in males in terms of decreased overall growth or increased mortality. Additionally, leaf nitrogen content was greater in males than in females and there were no between-sex differences in gas exchange. 5 The finding that male plants allocate significantly more resources to reproduction than females in G. pulchella is apparently a unique case.

Leslie, LM & Buckley, BW 2006, 'Comments on "scatterometer-based assessment of 10-m wind analyses from the operational ECMWF and NCEP numerical weather prediction models"', MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW, vol. 134, no. 2, pp. 737-742.
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Leslie, LM & Speer, MS 2006, 'Modelling dust transport over central eastern Australia', METEOROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 141-167.
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Levings, RS, Hall, RM, Lightfoot, D & Djordjevic, SP 2006, 'linG, a new integron-associated gene cassette encoding aLincosamide Nucleotidyltransferase', Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, vol. 50, no. 10, pp. 3514-3515.
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We have identified a second lin gene in a gene cassette. This cassette was recovered from a multiply antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Stanley strain (SRC54) isolated in 2001 from a traveler who had recently returned from Thailand. This strain was resistant to chloramphenicol, gentamicin, kanamycin, spectinomycin, streptomycin, sulfathiazole, and tetracycline but susceptible to ampicillin and nalidixic acid at levels described previously (6). It displayed intermediate resistance to ciprofloxacin. The gene cassette array was amplified by using standard primers (L2 and R1) in the 5' conserved sequence and 3' conserved sequence of class 1 integrons, and the 2.25-kb amplicon was cloned into pPCRscript and sequenced as previously described (see reference 6 for primer details). E. coli strain DH5{alpha} containing pPCR-Script with the cassette array was at least 10-fold more resistant to lincomycin (MIC, ?2,000 µg/ml) than DH5{alpha} containing only pPCR-Script (MIC, 180 µg/ml).

Levings, RS, Lightfoot, D, Elbourne, LD, Djordjevic, SP & Hall, RM 2006, 'New Integron-Associated gene cassette encoding a Trimethoprim-resistant DfrB-Type Dihydrofolate Reductase', Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, vol. 50, no. 8, pp. 2863-2865.
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A sixth gene cassette containing a dfrB-type gene, dfrB6, was found in a dfrB6-aadA1 cassette array in class 1 integrons. This array was isolated from several multiply antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis strains that appear to be clonally related. The DfrB6 dihydrofolate reductase conferred resistance to trimethoprim.

Levings, RS, Lightfoot, D, Hall, RM & Djordjevic, SP 2006, 'Aquariums as reservoirs for multidrug-resistant Salmonella Paratyphi B', Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 507-510.

Lewis, KC, Boonyang, U, Evans, LA, Siripaisarnpipat, S & Ben-Nissan, B 2006, 'A comparative study of Thai and Australian crocodile bone for use as a potential biomaterial', Bioceramics 18, Pts 1 And 2, Key Engineering Materials, vol. 309-311, no. 1, pp. 15-18.
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This study aims to characterize the structure and properties of crocodile bone to assess the potential for use in biomedical applications. Crocodile bone samples obtained from Thailand (Crocodylus siamensis) and Australia (Crocodylus porosus), being the

Li, C, Zhang, HP, Fu, LJ, Liu, H, Wu, YP, Rahm, E, Holze, R & Wu, HQ 2006, 'Cathode materials modified by surface coating for lithium ion batteries', Electrochimica Acta, vol. 51, no. 19, pp. 3872-3883.
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Recent research results confirm the importance of structural surface features of cathode materials for their electrochemical performance. Modification by coating is an important method to achieve improved electrochemical performance, and the latest progress was reviewed here. When the surface of cathode materials including LiCoO2, LiNiO2, LiMn2O4 and LiMnO2 is coated with oxides such as MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, TiO2, ZnO, SnO2, ZrO2, Li2O center dot 2B(2)O(3)-glass and other materials, the coatings prevent the direct contact with the electrolyte solution, suppress phase transition, improve the structural stability, and decrease the disorder of cations in crystal sites. As a result, side reactions and heat generation during cycling are decreased. Accompanying actions such as suppression of Mn2+ dissolution, increase in conductivity and removal of HF in electrolyte solutions have been observed. Consequently, marked improvement of electrochemical performance of electrode materials including reversible capacity, coulomb efficiency in the first cycle, cycling behavior, rate capability and overcharge tolerance has been achieved. In conclusion, further directions are suggested for the surface modification of electrode materials. With further understanding of the effects of the surface structure of cathode materials on lithium intercalation and de-intercalation, better and/or cheaper cathode materials from surface modification will come up in the near future.

Li, L, Yu, Q, Zheng, Y, Wang, J & Fang, Q 2006, 'Simulating the response of photosynthate partitioning during vegetative growth in winter wheat to environmental factors', Field Crops Research, vol. 96, no. 1, pp. 133-141.
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Currently available models of photosynthate partitioning in crops are poorly developed compared to carbon and water balance models. This paper presents a dynamic photosynthate partitioning model (PPModel) that simulates the partitioning of crop biomass to leaf, stem and root through the interaction between carbon gain (assimilation less respiration) and transpiration, in relation to environmental factors. The central concept is the theory of plant functional equilibrium, in which transpirational loss and water uptake are balanced, within acceptable limits, by a dynamic partitioning of assimilates between shoot and root growth. The model was shown to perform effectively against experimental data for growth and partitioning of biomass in winter wheat (collected over a 2-year period), when environmental factors varied daily and water supply was controlled over a wide range

Li, Y & Ryan, LM 2006, 'Inference on survival data with covariate measurement error - an imputation approach', Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 169-190.
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We propose a new method for fitting proportional hazards models with error-prone covariates. Regression coefficients are estimated by solving an estimating equation that is the average of the partial likelihood scores based on imputed true covariates. For the purpose of imputation, a linear spline model is assumed on the baseline hazard. We discuss consistency and asymptotic normality of the resulting estimators, and propose a stochastic approximation scheme to obtain the estimates. The algorithm is easy to implement, and reduces to the ordinary Cox partial likelihood approach when the measurement error has a degenerate distribution. Simulations indicate high efficiency and robustness. We consider the special case where error-prone replicates are available on the unobserved true covariates. As expected, increasing the number of replicates for the unobserved covariates increases efficiency and reduces bias. We illustrate the practical utility of the proposed method with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group clinical trial where a genetic marker, c-myc expression level, is subject to measurement error.

Lin, XH & Carroll, RJ 2006, 'Semiparametric estimation in general repeated measures problems', JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY SERIES B-STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY, vol. 68, pp. 69-88.
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Lin, Y, He, S, Power, I & Mather, LE 2006, 'Novel mechanism of action of diclofenac on cyclooxygenase', British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol. 78, pp. 216-219.
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It is generally accepted that NSAIDs exert pharmacological actions by inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins. However, it has been reported that NSAIDs (diclofenac) induces cyclooxygenase (COX) activity in transformed monocyte/macrophage cell line (Simmons et al 1999). We report the effects of diclofenac on the expression of brain and spinal cord COX-2 mRNA and protein in the rat tail ischaemia-reperfusion-hyperalgesia model, and in the A549 cell line. COX-2 mRNA was quantitated by RNAse protection assay while COX-2 protein was analysed by Western blot. We found that diclofenac (sc 40 mg/kg) effectively abolished the hyperalgesia from the injury and that COX-2 mRNA and protein levels in the brain and the spinal cord were elevated following hyperalgesia. Surprisingly diclofenac significantly further increased (300% -800%) the expression of COX-2 mRNA in the brain and spinal cord. When incubated with A549 cell line, diclofenac exhibited both inhibitory (5 to 10 M) and inducing (50 M) effects on PGE2 production. We conclude that an antihyperalgesic dose of diclofenac upregulates, not inhibits as predicted, COX-2 expression in vivo and diclofenac exhibits a biphasic effect in vitro. These findings challenge the current understanding of NSAID mechanisms of action.

Liu, H, Cao, Q, Fu, LJ, Li, C, Wu, YP & Wu, HQ 2006, 'Doping effects of zinc on LiFePO4 cathode material for lithium ion batteries', Electrochemistry Communications, vol. 8, no. 10, pp. 1553-1557.
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Alien atom doping has been adopted to modify the electrochemical performance of olivine type LiFePO4 for cathode material of the lithium ion batteries. Here, we first report that zinc-doping can improve the performance of LiFePO4. The effects of zinc-doping have been studied by the measurements of X-ray diffraction pattern, scanning electronic microscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The results indicate that the zinc atoms do not destroy the lattice structure of LiFePO4, and enlarge the lattice volume. During de-intercalation and intercalation process of lithium ions, the doped zinc atoms protect the LiFePO4 crystal from shrinking. This kind of "pillar" effect provides larger space for the movement of lithium ions. Consequently, the conductivity is enhanced and the lithium ion diffusion coefficient is boosted after doping. These favourable changes are beneficial to the improvement of the electrochemical performance of LiFePO4 including discharge capacity and rate capability.

Liu, H, Fu, LJ, Zhang, HP, Gao, J, Li, C, Wu, YP & Wu, HQ 2006, 'Effects of carbon coatings on nanocomposite electrodes for lithium-ion batteries', ELECTROCHEMICAL AND SOLID STATE LETTERS, vol. 9, no. 12, pp. A529-A533.
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Liu, H, Li, C, Zhang, HP, Fu, LJ, Wu, YP & Wu, HQ 2006, 'Kinetic study on LiFePO4/C nanocomposites synthesized by solid state technique', Journal of Power Sources, vol. 159, no. 1, pp. 717-720.
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Well-crystallized, homogeneous nanocomposites of lithium iron(H) phosphate and carbon was synthesized by solid state reaction, and the obtained particles are spherical. Measurement of both CV and EIS shows that the lithium ion diffusion coefficient in the nanocomposites is affected by the incorporated carbon, and markedly increases with the carbon content. Meanwhile, the kinetics of lithium intercalation and de-intercalation is greatly ameliorated. These data provide strong evidence of the potential use of this kind of nanocomposite cathode in lithium ion battery.

Liu, H, Wang, G, Guo, ZP, Wang, JZ & Konstantinov, K 2006, 'Nanomaterials for lithium-ion rechargeable batteries', Journal of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, vol. 6, pp. 1-15.
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In lithium-ion batteries, nanocrystalline intermetallic alloys, nanosized composite materials, carbon nanotubes, and nanosized transition-metal oxides are all promising new anode materials, while nanosized LiCoO2, LiFePO4, LiMn2 O4, and LiMn2O4 show higher capacity and better cycle life as cathode materials than their usual larger-particle equivalents. The addition of nanosized metal-oxide powders to polymer electrolyte improves the performance of the polymer electrolyte for all solid-state lithium rechargeable batteries. To meet the challenge of global warming, a new generation of lithium rechargeable batteries with excellent safety, reliability, and cycling life is needed, i.e., not only for applications in consumer electronics, but especially for clean energy storage and for use in hybrid electric vehicles and aerospace. Nanomaterials and nanotechnologies can lead to a new generation of lithium secondary batteries. The aim of this paper is to review the recent developments on nanomaterials and nanotechniques used for anode, cathode, and electrolyte materials, the impact of nanomaterials on the performance of lithium batteries, and the modes of action of the nanomaterials in lithium rechargeable batteries.

Liu, J, Cankurtaran, BO, Wieczorek, L, Ford, M & Cortie, MB 2006, 'Anisotropic optical properties of semitransparent coatings of gold nanocaps', Advanced Functional Materials, vol. 16, no. 11, pp. 1457-1461.
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An ordered array of cap-shaped gold nanoparticles has been prepared by vapor deposition onto polystyrene nanospheres supported on a glass substrate, The method of fabrication used imparts a significant anisotropy to the geometric and optical properties o

Liu, L, Gu, HY & Xi, YG 2006, 'Heuristic method for job shop scheduling based on decomposed due date', Kongzhi yu Juece/Control and Decision, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 253-257.
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A heuristic method for job shop scheduling based on decomposed due date to minimize total weighted tardiness is proposed. The initial due date of each operation is determined according to the flow allowance rate of each job, then the job sequences on all machines are obtained by the improved modified operation due date rule based on Giffler-Thompson scheme. And the due date of the critical operation is adjusted to improve the solution quality with considering interactions among jobs at each iteration. The simulation results show that the proposed method can obtain good solutions with acceptable computational efficiency, and can be used to the real job shop scheduling system.

Llewelyn, J, Shine, R & Webb, JK 2006, 'Time of testing affects locomotor performance in nocturnal versus diurnal snakes', Journal Of Thermal Biology, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 268-273.
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Studies of the thermal dependence of locomotor performance in ectotherms have provided extensive data on species differences, but often have neglected the time of day at which the test organism is usually active. To compare performance abilities among sp

Lord, MS, Cousins, BG, Doherty, PJ, Whitelock, JM, Simmons, A, Williams, RL & Milthorpe, BK 2006, 'The effect of silica nanoparticulate coatings on serum protein adsorption and cellular response', Biomaterials, vol. 27, no. 28, pp. 4856-4862.
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Serum protein adsorption on colloidal silica surfaces was investigated using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) monitoring. The amount of serum proteins adsorbed on colloidal silica-coated surfaces was not significantly different from the control silica surfaces, with the exception of 21 nm colloidal silica which experienced significantly less (P<0.05) fibrinogen adsorption compared with control silica. The adhesion and proliferation of human endothelial cells (C11STH) on nano-scale colloidal silica surfaces were significantly reduced compared with control silica surfaces, suggesting that the conformation of adsorbed proteins on the colloidal silica surfaces plays a role in modulating the amount of cell binding. Fibronectin is one of the main extracellular matrix proteins involved in endothelial cell attachment to biomaterial surfaces. There was reduced binding of a monoclonal anti-fibronectin antibody, that reacted specifically with the cell-binding fragment, to fibronectin-coated colloidal silica surfaces compared with control silica surfaces. This suggests that the fibronectin adsorbed on the colloidal silica-coated surfaces was conformationally changed compared with control silica reducing the availability of the cell-binding domain of fibronectin.

Lord, MS, Modin, C, Foss, M, Duch, M, Simmons, A, Pedersen, FS, Milthorpe, BK & Besenbacher, F 2006, 'Monitoring cell adhesion on tantalum and oxidised polystyrene using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation', Biomaterials, vol. 27, no. 26, pp. 4529-4537.
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The quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) (Q-Sense AB, Sweden) has been established as a useful tool for evaluating interactions between various biological and non-biological systems, and there has been increasing interest in using the QCM-D technique for cell monitoring applications. This study investigated the potential of the QCM-D to characterise the initial adhesion and spreading of cells in contact with protein precoated biocompatible surfaces. The QCM-D technique is attractive for monitoring cell adhesion and spreading as it allows in situ real-time measurements. The adhesion of NIH3T3 (EGFP) fibroblasts to tantalum (Ta) and oxidised polystyrene (PSox) surfaces precoated with serum proteins was examined using the QCM-D for a period of either 2 or 4 h. Time-lapse photography was performed at 30 min intervals to visually examine cell adhesion and spreading in order to relate cell morphology to the QCM-D response.

Lord, MS, Stenzel, M, Simmons, A & Milthorpe, BK 2006, 'Lysozyme Interactions with poly(HEMA)-based Hydrogel', Biomaterials, vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 1341-1345.
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Lysozyme interaction with an acrylic-based hydrogel, poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) co-methacrylic acid (P(HEMA-MAA)), was investigated using a combination of quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D), surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and dual polarisation interferometry (DPI). This combination of techniques demonstrated that lysozyme initially absorbed into the hydrogel matrix and displaced water from the hydrogel while subsequent lysozyme additions were adsorbed onto the surface of the hydrogel material. QCM-D, being sensitive to bound water, showed an overall decrease in mass and stiffening of the layer after lysozyme addition. SPR, a water insensitive technique, showed a net mass increase after addition of lysozyme and buffer rinses. DPI showed that the first exposure of lysozyme to P(HEMA-MAA) was consistent with lysozyme absorption while subsequent lysozyme exposures were consistent with lysozyme adsorption.

Lord, MS, Stenzel, M, Simmons, A & Milthorpe, BK 2006, 'The effect of charged groups on protein interactions with poly(HEMA) hydrogels', Biomaterials, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 567-575.
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Proteins, lipids and other biomolecules interact strongly with the acrylic-based biomaterials used for contact lenses. Although hydrogels are nominally resistant to protein fouling, many studies have reported considerable amounts of protein bound to poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) (PHEMA) lenses. This study examined the binding of a series of biomolecules (tear protein analogues, mucin and cholesterol) to poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) and three HEMA-based hydrogels (PHEMA, HEMA plus methacrylic acid (P(HEMAMAA)), HEMA plus methacrylic acid plus N-vinylpyrrolidone (P(HEMAMAANVP))) by use of a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) monitoring. The QCM-D estimates changes in the mass and viscous constant for the adsorbed layer through measurements of frequency and dissipation.

Lord, MS, Stenzel, MH, Simmons, A & Milthorpe, BK 2006, 'The effect of charged groups on protein interactions with poly(HEMA) hydrogels', BIOMATERIALS, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 567-575.
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Louis, GB, Dukic, V, Heagerty, PJ, Louis, TA, Lynch, CD, Ryan, LM, Schisterman, EF & Trumble, A 2006, 'Analysis of repeated pregnancy outcomes', Statistical Methods in Medical Research, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 103-126.
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Women tend to repeat reproductive outcomes, with past history of an adverse outcome being associated with an approximate two-fold increase in subsequent risk. These observations support the need for statistical designs and analyses that address this clus

Louvion, N, Rahmani, A, Seassal, C, Callard, S, Gerard, D & de Fornel, F 2006, 'Near-field observation of subwavelength confinement of photoluminescence by a photonic crystal microcavity', Optics Letters, vol. 31, no. 14, pp. 2160-2162.
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We present a direct, room-temperature near-field optical study of light confinement by a subwavelength defect microcavity in a photonic crystal slab containing quantum-well sources. The observations are compared with three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain calculations, and excellent agreement is found. Moreover, we use a subwavelength cavity to study the influence of a near-field probe on the imaging of localized optical modes.

Lu, P, Yu, Q, Liu, J & He, Q 2006, 'Effects of changes in spring temperature on flowering dates of woody plants across China', Botanical Studies, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 153-161.
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In China, changes in the timing of plant phenological phases are influenced greatly by monsoonal climate fluctuations, and also vary with species and region. Observations of phenological phases of trees were conducted in the Phenological Observation Network of China from 1963 to 1988. Records of flowering dates of four species (Syringa oblata Lindl., Cercis chinensis Bunge, Robinia pseudoacacia L., Albizzia julibrissin Durazz) at ten sites, together with corresponding climate data, were used to investigate phenophase responses to variation in temperature. The ten sites extend over a wide area, with latitudes ranging from 25ºN to 46°N, and altitudes ranging from 17 to 1,922 m a.s.l. Spring temperature was significantly related to flowering date of the trees under the monsoonal climate in the eastern Eurasian Continent. The period during which temperature influences flowering time varies from 60 to 90 days for Robinia pseudoacacia in the south to 30 to 40 days in the north, due to the shorter warm period before flowering in the north. The three other species showed similar trends of changes with latitude in the length of the period of temperature influence. The flowering season for Cercis chinensis in response to a temperature increase 30-60 days prior to flowering advanced from 2.7 to 5.9 days/°C in the low plain, and in response to a temperature increase 60-90 days prior to flowering, advanced from 7.1 to 14.8 days/°C in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. The flowering for Syringa oblata, Robinia pseudoacacia and Albizzia julibrissin, in response to a temperature increase advanced in the range 2.7-4.9, 2.5-6.5, and 2.4-6.0 days/°C in the low plain, respectively. Flowering advanced by 4.7-12.4 days/°C for Robinia pseudoacacia and 13.1 days/°C for Albizzia julibrissin in the plateau.

Lu, P, Yu, Q, Liu, J & Lee, X 2006, 'Advance of tree-flowering dates in response to urban climate change', Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 120-131.
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An increase in temperature due to greenhouse effects is manifest in the changes in diurnal, annual and inter-annual patterns, which may alter phenological events in plants. Flowering dates of four tree species, Prunus davidina, Prunus armeniaca, Robinia pseudoacacia and Syringa oblata, were significantly advanced in response to temperature increase over the years 19502004 in Beijing, China, due to the impact of urban climate warming. Because both climate warming and the urban heat island effect in winter and early-spring were more rapid than in late-spring and early summer, the dates in early flowering species advanced more quickly than in late flowering species. The early flowering species, P. davidina, advanced by 2.9 days/decade, while the other species advanced by 1.52.0 days/decade during 19502004. Therefore, the intervals between flowering dates of different species were expanded. P. davidina, flowering in early-spring, was much more sensitive to minimum and average temperatures (2.882.96 days/°C), but less sensitive to maximum temperature (2.46 days/°C). R. pseudoacacia, flowering late in the warmer season, was more sensitive to average and maximum temperatures (2.452.89 days/°C), but less sensitive to minimum temperature (1.91 days/°C). Statistical analysis showed that, in Beijing, plant flowering is most sensitive to average temperature over 30 days before average blossom date. On the basis of the temperature response curve, the goodness of fitting demonstrates that spring flowering dates can be predicted from the period when temperature is over 0 °C.

Lu, PL, Yu, Q & He, QT 2006, 'Responses of plant phenology to climatic change', Acta Ecologica Sinica, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 923-929.
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Changes in plant phenology directly manifests the change of climate, especially climate warming. The changes in rhythm of plant growth may alter plant-environment relationships, hence the mass cycles, such as water and carbon, in the ecosystem. Individual plant species respond to climatic changes differently, which may cause great changes in competition and dependence among different species and plant-animal interactions. In the past few years, many reports showed that the plant phonology toward early in spring and late in autumn in Europe, America, and Asia. The changes in plant phenology result in a lengthening growing season, and indicate a warming climate. Phenological model is an important component of ecosystem productivity models, which may play a key role in analysis of vegetation-atmosphere interactions.

Lucas, NT, McDonagh, AM, Dance, I, Colbran, SB & Craig, DC 2006, 'cis-[PtBr2{PPh2(4-catechol))}(2)]: synthesis, crystal structure, and computational modelling of its binding to nanocrystalline TiO2', Dalton Transactions, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 680-685.
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The complex cis-[PtBr2{PPh2(4-catechol)}2] 1 has been synthesized by cleavage of the four methyl groups from cis-[PtCl2{PPh2(4-veratrole)}2] using BBr3, followed by work-up in the presence of excess bromide. An X-ray crystal structure of 1·(ethanol)2 confirms that the two catechol rings are adjacent to each other and approximately parallel, and therefore well structured to act as double bidentate ligands for adjacent metal atoms on the surface of a nanocrystal. The crystal packing of 1·(ethanol)2 involves intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions and a parallel fourfold phenyl embrace between PPh2 moieties. Density functional calculations have demonstrated that conformational variability of the aryl rings in cis-[PtBr2{PPh2(4-catechol)}2] is energetically feasible, and two conformations of cis-[PtBr2{PPh2(4-catechol)}2] as a complex ligand for Ti atoms on the various surfaces of the anatase and rutile structures of TiO2 have been assessed for geometrical commensurability. Three structural models for adsorbates of cis-[PtBr2{PPh2(4-catechol)}2] on TiO2 are developed for anatase (110), anatase (101), and rutile (001).

Ly, NP, Ruiz-Pérez, B, Onderdonk, AB, Tzianabos, AO, Litonjua, AA, Liang, C, Laskey, D, Delaney, ML, DuBois, AM, Levy, H, Gold, DR, Ryan, LM, Weiss, ST & Celedón, JC 2006, 'Mode of delivery and cord blood cytokines: A birth cohort study', Clinical and Molecular Allergy, vol. 4.
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Background: The mechanisms for the association between birth by cesarean section and atopy and asthma are largely unknown. Objective: To examine whether cesarean section results in neonatal secretion of cytokines that are associated with increased risk of atopy and/or asthma in childhood. To examine whether the association between mode of delivery and neonatal immune responses is explained by exposure to the maternal gut flora (a marker of the vaginal flora). Methods: CBMCs were isolated from 37 neonates at delivery, and secretion of IL- 13, IFN-γ, and IL- 10 (at baseline and after stimulation with antigens [dust mite and cat dander allergens, phytohemagglutinin, and lipopolysaccharide]) was quantified by ELISA. Total and specific microbes were quantified in maternal stool. The relation between mode of delivery and cord blood cytokines was examined by linear regression. The relation between maternal stool microbes and cord blood cytokines was examined by Spearman's correlation coefficients. Results: Cesarean section was associated with increased levels of IL-13 and IFN-γ. In multivariate analyses, cesarean section was associated with an increment of 79.4 pg/ml in secretion of IL-13 by CBMCs after stimulation with dust mite allergen (P < 0.001). Among children born by vaginal delivery, gram-positive anaerobes and total anaerobes in maternal stool were positively correlated with levels of IL-10, and gram-negative aerobic bacteria in maternal stool were negatively correlated with levels of IL-13 and IFN-γ. Conclusion: Cesarean section is associated with increased levels of IL-13 and IFN-γ, perhaps because of lack of labor and/or reduced exposure to specific microbes (e.g., gram-positive anaerobes) at birth. © 2006 Ly et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

Lynch, GW, Turville, S, Carter, B, Sloane, AJ, Chan, A, Muljadi, N, Li, S, Low, L, Armati, P, Raison, RL, Zoellner, H, Williamson, P, Cunningham, AL & Church, WB 2006, 'Marked differences in the structures and protein associations of lymphocyte and monocyte CD4 Resolution of a novel CD4 isoform', Immunology And Cell Biology, vol. 84, no. 2, pp. 154-165.
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The structures, molecular interactions and functions of CD4 in a subset of T lymphocytes have been well characterized. The CD4 receptors of other cell types have, however, been poorly documented. We have previously shown that lymphocytes and monocytes/ma

Lyon, JL, Alder, SC, Stone, MB, Scholl, A, Reading, JC, Holubkov, R, Sheng, X, White, GL, Hegmann, KT, Anspaugh, L, Hoffman, FO, Simon, SL, Thomas, B, Carroll, R & Meikle, AW 2006, 'Thyroid disease associated with exposure to the Nevada Nuclear Weapons Test Site radiation - A reevaluation based on corrected dosimetry and examination data', EPIDEMIOLOGY, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 604-614.
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Ma, Y & Carroll, RJ 2006, 'Locally efficient estimators for semiparametric models with measurement error', JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION, vol. 101, no. 476, pp. 1465-1474.
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Maguire, G, Ramp, D & Coulson, G 2006, 'Foraging behaviour and dispersion of eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) in an ideal free framework', Journal Of Zoology, vol. 268, no. 3, pp. 261-269.
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Ideal free distribution (IFD) theory predicts that animals in competitive situations should distribute themselves among available habitat patches according to the density of conspecifics and its regulatory effect on resources. To investigate the applicab

Malguth, E, Hoffmann, AV, Gehlhoff, W, Gelhausen, O, Phillips, M & Xu, X 2006, 'Structural and electronic properties of Fe3+ and Fe2+ centers in GaN from optical and EPR experiments', Physical Review B, vol. 74, no. 16, pp. 1-12.
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This work provides a consistent picture of the structural, optical, and electronic properties of Fe-doped GaN. A set of high-quality GaN crystals doped with Fe at concentrations ranging from 5x10(17) cm(-3) to 2x10(20) cm(-3) is systematically investigat

Mallinckrodt, CH, Detke, MJ, Kaiser, CJ, Watkin, JG, Molenberghs, G & Carroll, RJ 2006, 'Comparing onset of antidepressant action using a repeated measures approach and a traditional assessment schedule', STATISTICS IN MEDICINE, vol. 25, no. 14, pp. 2384-2397.
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Manefield, M, McDougald, D, A Rice, S & Kjelleberg, S 2006, 'Bacterial communication: when does a metabolite become a signal?', Microbiology Australia, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 115-115.
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Bacterial communication has risen to prominence in microbiology as a dynamic research topic, both because of its role in microbial ecology and evolution and for the opportunity it offers to control pathogenic microbial activity. Bacterial communication has evolved from the metabolic processes of prokaryotic cellular life, in which the biosynthesis and breakdown of chemical compounds in central metabolism generates secondary metabolites with ambiguous utility in natural selection.

Marcal, H, Raftery, M, Sarris, M, Mcfarland, C, Milthorpe, BK, Bhasin, V, Mackay-Sim, A & Mahler, S 2006, 'Secretome analysis of olfactory ensheathing cells for use in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications', MOLECULAR & CELLULAR PROTEOMICS, vol. 5, no. 10, pp. S92-S92.

Mau, B, Glasner, J, Darling, AE & Perna, N 2006, 'Genome-wide Detection And Analysis Of Homologous Recombination Among Sequenced Strains Of Escherichia Coli', Genome Biology, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 1-12.
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Background: Comparisons of complete bacterial genomes reveal evidence of lateral transfer of DNA across otherwise clonally diverging lineages. Some lateral transfer events result in acquisition of novel genomic segments and are easily detected through ge

Mau, B, Glasner, JD, Darling, AE & Perna, NT 2006, 'Genome-wide detection and analysis of homologous recombination among sequenced strains of Escherichia coli.', Genome biology, vol. 7, no. 5, p. R44.
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Comparisons of complete bacterial genomes reveal evidence of lateral transfer of DNA across otherwise clonally diverging lineages. Some lateral transfer events result in acquisition of novel genomic segments and are easily detected through genome comparison. Other more subtle lateral transfers involve homologous recombination events that result in substitution of alleles within conserved genomic regions. This type of event is observed infrequently among distantly related organisms. It is reported to be more common within species, but the frequency has been difficult to quantify since the sequences under comparison tend to have relatively few polymorphic sites.Here we report a genome-wide assessment of homologous recombination among a collection of six complete Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri genome sequences. We construct a whole-genome multiple alignment and identify clusters of polymorphic sites that exhibit atypical patterns of nucleotide substitution using a random walk-based method. The analysis reveals one large segment (approximately 100 kb) and 186 smaller clusters of single base pair differences that suggest lateral exchange between lineages. These clusters include portions of 10% of the 3,100 genes conserved in six genomes. Statistical analysis of the functional roles of these genes reveals that several classes of genes are over-represented, including those involved in recombination, transport and motility.We demonstrate that intraspecific recombination in E. coli is much more common than previously appreciated and may show a bias for certain types of genes. The described method provides high-specificity, conservative inference of past recombination events.

McBean, KE, Phillips, M & Goldys, EM 2006, 'Synthesis and characterization of doped and undoped ZnO nanostructures', Microscopy And Microanalysis, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 327-330.
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Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles have been produced using precipitation methods from ethanolic solution. Rare-earth metal doping was performed, and the effect of lithium codoping on the luminescence properties of the rare-earth doped products was assessed.

McCarty, KM, Houseman, EA, Quamruzzaman, Q, Rahman, M, Mahiuddin, G, Smith, T, Ryan, LM & Christiani, DC 2006, 'The impact of diet and betel nut use on skin lesions associated with drinking-water arsenic in Pabna, Bangladesh', Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 114, no. 3, pp. 334-340.
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An established exposure-response relationship exists between water arsenic levels and skin lesions. Results of previous studies with limited historical exposure data, and laboratory animal studies suggest that diet may modify arsenic metabolism and toxicity. In this study, we evaluated the effect of diet on the risk of arsenic-related skin lesions in Pabna, Bangladesh. Six hundred cases and 600 controls loosely matched on age and sex were enrolled at Dhaka Community Hospital, Bangladesh, in 2001-2002. Diet, demographic data, and water samples were collected. Water samples were analyzed for arsenic using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. Betel nut use was associated with a greater risk of skin lesions in a multivariate model [odds ratio (OR)=1.67; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.18-2.36]. Modest decreases in risk of skin lesions were associated with fruit intake 1-3 times/month (OR=0.68; 95% CI, 0.51-0.89) and canned goods at least 1 time/month (OR=0.41; 95% CI, 0.20-0.86). Bean intake at least 1 time/day (OR=1.89; 95% CI, 1.11-3.22) was associated with increased odds of skin lesions. Betel nut use appears to be associated with increased risk of developing skin lesions in Bangladesh. Increased intake of fruit and canned goods may be associated with reduced risk of lesions. Increased intake of beans may be associated with an increased risk of skin lesions. The results of this study do not provide clear support for a protective effect of vegetable and overall protein consumption against the development of skin lesions, but a modest benefit cannot be excluded.

McDougald, D, Lin, WH, Rice, SA & Kjelleberg, S 2006, 'The role of quorum sensing and the effect of environmental conditions on biofilm formation by strains of Vibrio vulnificus', BIOFOULING, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 133-144.
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McNevin, D, Von Caemmerer, S & Farquhar, G 2006, 'Determining RuBisCO activation kinetics and other rate and equilibrium constants by simultaneous multiple non-linear regression of a kinetic model', JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY, vol. 57, no. 14, pp. 3883-3900.
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McNevin, DB, Badger, MR, Kane, HJ & Farquhar, GD 2006, 'Measurement of (carbon) kinetic isotope effect by Rayleigh fractionation using membrane inlet mass spectrometry for CO₂-consuming reactions.', Functional plant biology : FPB, vol. 33, no. 12, pp. 1115-1128.
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Methods for determining carbon isotope discrimination, Δ, or kinetic isotope effects, α, for CO₂-consuming enzymes have traditionally been cumbersome and time-consuming, requiring careful isolation of substrates and products and conversion of these to CO₂ for measurement of isotope ratio by mass spectrometry (MS). An equation originally derived by Rayleigh in 1896 has been used more recently to good effect as it only requires measurement of substrate concentrations and isotope ratios. For carboxylation reactions such as those catalysed by d-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase / oxygenase (RuBisCO, EC 4.1.1.39) and PEP carboxylase (PEPC, EC 4.1.1.31), this has still required sampling of reactions at various states of completion and conversion of all inorganic carbon to CO₂, as well as determining the amount of substrate consumed. We introduce a new method of membrane inlet MS which can be used to continuously monitor individual CO₂ isotope concentrations, rather than isotope ratio. This enables the use of a simplified, new formula for calculating kinetic isotope effects, based on the assumptions underlying the original Rayleigh fractionation equation and given by.

McNevin, DB, Badger, MR, Kane, HJ & Farquhar, GD 2006, 'Measurement of (carbon) kinetic isotope effect by Rayleigh fractionation using membrane inlet mass spectrometry for CO2-consuming reactions', FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY, vol. 33, no. 12, pp. 1115-1128.
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Meakin, GE, Jepson, BJN, Richardson, DJ, Bedmar, EJ & Delgado, MJ 2006, 'The role of Bradyrhizobium japonicum nitric oxide reductase in nitric oxide detoxification in soya bean root nodules', BIOCHEMICAL SOCIETY TRANSACTIONS, vol. 34, pp. 195-196.
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Meeker, JD, Ryan, L, Barr, DB & Hauser, R 2006, 'Exposure to nonpersistent insecticides and male reproductive hormones', EPIDEMIOLOGY, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 61-68.
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Meier, PC & Rogers, C 2006, 'Reporting Traditional Chinese Medicine morbidity - A University of Technology, Sydney, project with an emphasis on developing standards for testing and reporting data', Journal Of Alternative And Complementary Medicine, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 529-534.
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Objectives: Morbidity in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) research is an emerging field. Few studies have been published, and there is a lack of international standards for data collection and reporting. Based on the experience of developing a computer

Meier, PC, Ballinger, S, Hoi, B & Vickland, V 2006, 'Neurophysiological Effects of Harmonisation : The effect of Harmanization on Hearth Rate Variability, Respiratory Rate and Electroencephalograph', Subtle Energies & Energy Medicine, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 73-89.
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Harmonization is a prctice whereby the harmoniser who is centered in silent prayer, opens and nourishes the subjects' chakrasm using touch. This technique has been widely used since 1983, with substantial anecdotal evidence wbout its benefits, but no published peer-reviewed data. This preliminary study aimed to discover if standard physiological measuring techniques can detect any significant changes in the central and autonomic nervous system and the cardiopulmonary system during harmonisation. A simple, comparative design was used, with one experimental group of 20 self-selecting, healthy women, naive to harmonisation. The results were compared with reference data, matched for age and gender, from non-intervention control studies conducted by the same experimeners in the same neurophysiological laboratory. An 80-minute recording session determined baseline, intervention and stabilisation measurements on electroencephalographic, electrocardiographic and respiratory data. A significant lowering of brain activity was found during theopening phase of harmonisation, implying a state of increased mental focus coupled with a sense of calmness and relaxation, while significant changes to heartbeat/respiration ratios were observed during the nourishing phase. This suggests that different physiological processes affecting the central and autonomic nervous system and the cardiopulmonary system may occur during different phases of harmonisation.

Mello, F, Alvarez, R, Smith, NC & Michael, A 2006, 'A novel approach to coccidiosis control', International Hatchery Practice, vol. 20, no. NA, pp. 7-13.

Melville, F & Pulkownik, A 2006, 'Mangrove macroalgae as potential estuarine test species in phytotoxicity tests using physiological endpoints', Australasian Journal of Ecotoxicology, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 21-28.

Melville, FR & Pulkownik, A 2006, 'Investigation of mangrove macroalgae as bioindicators of estuarine contamination', Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 52, no. 10, pp. 1260-1269.
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This study examined the potential use of macroalgae epiphytic on mangrove aerial roots as indicators of estuarine contamination. The distribution and abundance of macroalgae was investigated in four estuaries in the vicinity of Sydney, Australia, and com

Michie, KA, Monahan, LG, Beech, PL & Harry, L 2006, 'Trapping of a spiral-like intermediate of the bacterial cytokinetic protein FtsZ', Journal Of Bacteriology, vol. 188, no. 5, pp. 1680-1690.
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The earliest stage in bacterial cell division is the formation of a ring, composed of the tubulin-like protein FtsZ, at the division site. Tight spatial and temporal regulation of Z-ring formation is required to ensure that division occurs precisely at m

Mitrovic, S, Chessman, B, Bowling, LC & Cooke, RH 2006, 'Modelling suppression of cyanobacterial blooms by flow management in a lowland river', River Research and Applications, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 109-114.
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Growth and dominance of the cyanobacterium Anabaena circinalis in weir pools of the BarwonDarling River, Australia, are related to persistent vertical thermal stratification between October and March, when discharge is low. We determined critical velocities and discharges required to suppress bloom formation at three sites, and modelled the occurrence of sub-critical discharges in order to predict the frequency of blooms under different management scenarios. Our model suggests that the frequency of blooms was about double that expected under near-natural flows (without major impoundment or water extraction) for 19902000. Flow management, through Environmental Water Provisions that limit water extraction when river levels are low, has been in place since July 2000. Our model suggests that these provisions are unlikely to have had an effect on bloom frequency for 20002003. In the longer term, however, they could reduce bloom frequency at some sites by up to one-third

Miura, T, Huete, A & Yoshioka, H 2006, 'An empirical investigation of cross-sensor relationships of NDVI and red/near-infrared reflectance using EO-1 Hyperion data', Remote Sensing Of Environment, vol. 100, no. 2, pp. 223-236.
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Long term observations of global vegetation from multiple satellites require much effort to ensure continuity and compatibility due to differences in sensor characteristics and product generation algorithms. In this study, we focused on the bandpass filter differences and empirically investigated cross-sensor relationships of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and reflectance. The specific objectives were: 1) to understand the systematic trends in cross-sensor relationships of the NDVI and reflectance as a function of spectral bandpasses, 2) to examine/identify the relative importance of the spectral features (i.e., the green peak, red edge, and leaf liquid water absorption regions) in and the mechanism(s) of causing the observed systematic trends, and 3) to evaluate the performance of several empirical cross-calibration methods in modeling the observed systematic trends. A Level 1A Hyperion hyperspectral image acquired over a tropical forestsavanna transitional region in Brazil was processed to simulate atmospherically corrected reflectances and NDVI for various bandpasses, including Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), NOAA-14 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), and Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+). Data were extracted from various land cover types typically found in tropical forest and savanna biomes and used for analyses. Both NDVI and reflectance relationships among the sensors were neither linear nor unique and were found to exhibit complex patterns and bandpass dependencies.

Moopanar, TR, Xiao, XH, Jiang, L, Chen, ZP, Kemp, BE & Allen, DG 2006, 'AICAR inhibits the Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger in rat hearts - Possible contribution to cardioprotection', Pflugers Archiv European Journal of Physiology, vol. 453, no. 2, pp. 147-156.
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AICAR (5-amino-1-β-d-ribofuranosyl-imidazole-4-carboxamide) is an adenosine analog which improves the recovery of the heart after ischemia. In some tissues AICAR enters cells and stimulates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). We explored the mechanism of cardioprotection in isolated rat hearts. We confirmed that AICAR (0.5 mM) applied 10 min prior to a 30-min period of ischemia and present throughout ischemia and reperfusion caused a substantial improvement in the recovery of developed pressure on reperfusion. However, adenosine (100 μM) produced no improvement, suggesting that the mechanism of action of AICAR was not increased endogenous adenosine production. Measurements of intracellular sodium concentration ([Na+]i) showed that AICAR prevented the rapid rise of [Na+]i, which normally occurs on reperfusion. Inhibitors of the cardiac sodium-hydrogen exchanger (NHE1) also protect the heart from ischemic damage and also prevent the rapid rise of [Na+]i on reperfusion, suggesting that AICAR might cause the inhibition of NHE1. We tested this possibility on isolated rat ventricular myocytes in which the recovery of pHi after NH 4Cl exposure provides a measure of NHE1 activity. AICAR (0.5 μmM) inhibited NHE1 activity in response to an acid load by about 80%. To test whether the AICAR-induced inhibition of NHE1 arose through adenosine, we used the adenosine receptor blocker 8-sulfophenyltheophylline (8-SPT) and found that it had no measureable effect. To test whether the AICAR-induced inhibition of NHE1 might occur through the activation of AMPK, we measured the activity of two isoforms of AMPK. Surprisingly, activity was reduced, whereas in many other tissues AICAR increases AMPK activity. Furthermore, this effect of AMPK was blocked by 8-SPT, suggesting that the inhibition of AMPK arose through an adenosine-receptor-related pathway. We conclude that AICAR inhibits NHE1 through an unidentified pathway. This inhibition may make a contribution to the cardioprotective e...

Moore, CM, Suggett, DJ, Hickman, AE, Kim, Y, Tweddle, JF, Sharples, J, Geider, RJ & Holligan, PM 2006, 'Phytoplankton photoacclimation and photoadaptation in response to environmental gradients in a shelf sea', Limnology And Oceanography, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 936-949.
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Variability in the photosynthetic performance of natural phytoplankton communities, due to both taxonomic composition and the physiological acclimation of these taxa to environmental conditions, was assessed at contrasting sites within a temperate shelf

Morales, KH, Ibrahim, JG, Chen, C & Ryan, LM 2006, 'Bayesian model averaging with applications to benchmark dose estimation for arsenic in drinking water', Journal Of The American Statistical Association, vol. 101, no. 473, pp. 9-17.
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An important component of quantitative risk assessment involves characterizing the dose-response relationship between an environmental exposure and adverse health outcome and then computing a benchmark dose, or the exposure level that yields a suitably low risk. This task is often complicated by model choice considerations, because risk estimates depend on the model parameters. We pro pose using Bayesian methods to address the problem of model selection and derive a model-averaged version of the benchmark dose. We illustrate the methods through application to data on arsenic-induced lung cancer from Taiwan.

Morgan, SW & Phillips, M 2006, 'Gaseous scintillation detection and amplification in variable pressure scanning electron microscopy', Journal Of Applied Physics, vol. 100, no. 7, pp. 1-16.
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This work investigates the generation and detection of gaseous scintillation signals produced in variable pressure scanning electron microscopy through electron-gas molecule excitation reactions. Here a gaseous scintillation detection (GSD) system is dev

Morgan, SW & Phillips, M 2006, 'Transient analysis of gaseous electron-ion recombination in the environmental scanning electron microscope', Journal Of Microscopy-Oxford, vol. 221, pp. 183-202.
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Most of the work carried out in relation to contrast mechanisms and signal formation in an environmental scanning electron microscope has yet to consider the time dependent aspects of image generation at a quantitative level. This paper quantitatively de

Morris, JS & Carroll, RJ 2006, 'Wavelet-based functional mixed models', JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY SERIES B-STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY, vol. 68, pp. 179-199.
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Morris, JS, Arroyo, C, Coull, BA, Ryan, LM, Herrick, R & Gortmaker, SL 2006, 'Using wavelet-based functional mixed models to characterize population heterogeneity in accelerometer profiles: A case study', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 101, no. 476, pp. 1352-1364.
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We present a case study illustrating the challenges of analyzing accelerometer data taken from a sample of children participating in an intervention study designed to increase physical activity. An accelerometer is a small device worn on the hip that records the minute-by-minute activity levels throughout the day for each day it is worn. The resulting data are irregular functions characterized by many peaks representing short bursts of intense activity. We model these data using the wavelet-based functional mixed model. This approach incorporates multiple fixed-effects and random-effects functions of arbitrary form, the estimates of which are adaptively regularized using wavelet shrinkage. The method yields posterior samples for all functional quantities of the model, which can be used to perform various types of Bayesian inference and prediction. In our case study, a high proportion of the daily activity profiles are incomplete (i.e., have some portion of the profile missing), and thus cannot be modeled directly using the previously described method. We present a new method for stochastically imputing the missing data that allows us to incorporate these incomplete profiles in our analysis. Our approach borrows strength from both the observed measurements within the incomplete profiles and from other profiles, from the same child as well as from other children with similar covariate levels, while appropriately propagating the uncertainty of the imputation throughout all subsequent inference. We apply this method to our case study, revealing some interesting insights into children's activity patterns. We point out some strengths and limitations of using this approach to analyze accelerometer data.

Moscova, M, Marsh, DJ & Baxter, RC 2006, 'Protein chip discovery of secreted proteins regulated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway in ovarian cancer cell lines', CANCER RESEARCH, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 1376-1383.
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Munro, UH & Torpy, FR 2006, 'Daytime behaviour of the Australian grey-headed flying fox, Pteropus poliocephalus (Pteropodidae: Megachiroptera), at an autumn/winter roost', Australian Mammalogy, vol. 28, pp. 7-14.

Muris, P, Loxton, H, Neumann, A, du Plessis, M, King, N & Ollendick, T 2006, 'DSM-defined anxiety disorders symptoms in South African youths: Their assessment and relationship with perceived parental rearing behaviors', BEHAVIOUR RESEARCH AND THERAPY, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 883-896.
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Muris, P, Loxton, H, Neumann, A, du Plessis, M, King, N & Ollendick, T 2006, 'DSM-defined anxiety disorders symptoms in South African youths: Their assessment and relationship with perceived parental rearing behaviors', Behaviour Research and Therapy, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 897-910.
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This study investigated DSM-defined anxiety symptoms in South African youths. Children and adolescents ( N = 701) from various cultural groups completed the SCARED and a questionnaire measuring perceived parental rearing behaviors. Results indicated that the psychometric properties of the SCARED were satisfactory in the total sample of South African youths, and acceptable in colored and black children and adolescents. Further, colored and black youths displayed higher SCARED scores than white youths, and there were also differences in the perceived parental rearing behaviors of the cultural groups. White youths generally rated their parents' rearing behaviors as less anxious, overprotective, and rejective, but more emotionally warm than colored and black youths. Finally, positive correlations were found between anxious rearing, overprotection, and rejection and anxiety symptoms. The clinical and research implications of these findings are briefly discussed. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Murray, B, Hose, GC, Eamus, D & Licari, DD 2006, 'Valuation of groundwater-dependent ecosystems: a functional methodology incorporating ecosystem services', Australian Journal Of Botany, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 221-229.
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Groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs) are ecosystems that must have access to groundwater to maintain their ecological structure and function. Rapidly expanding numbers of humans are placing increased demands on groundwater for consumption, industry an

Murray, SA, Hoppenrath, M, Larsen, J & Patterson, DJ 2006, 'Bysmatrum teres sp. nov., a new sand-dwelling dinoflagellate from north-western Australia', Phycologia, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 161-167.
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Murray, SA, Hoppenrath, M, Preisfeld, A, Larsen, J, Yoshimatsu, S, Toriumi, S & Patterson, DJ 2006, 'Phylogenetics of Rhinodinium broomeense gen. et sp. nov., a peridinoid, sand-dwelling dinoflagellate (Dinophyceae)', Journal of Phycology, vol. 42, pp. 934-942.
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Musicki, K, Briscoe, H, Tran, S, Britton, WJ & Saunders, BM 2006, 'Differential requirements for soluble and transmembrane tumor necrosis factor in the immunological control of primary and secondary Listeria monocytogenes infection', INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, vol. 74, no. 6, pp. 3180-3189.
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Myers, GSA, Rasko, DA, Cheung, JK, Ravel, J, Seshadri, R, DeBoy, RT, Ren, Q, Varga, J, Awad, MM, Brinkac, LM, Daugherty, SC, Haft, DH, Dodson, RJ, Madupu, R, Nelson, WC, Rosovitz, MJ, Sullivan, SA, Khouri, H, Dimitrov, GI, Watkins, KL, Mulligan, S, Benton, J, Radune, D, Fisher, DJ, Atkins, HS, Hiscox, T, Jost, BH, Billington, SJ, Songer, JG, McClane, BA, Titball, RW, Rood, JI, Melville, SB & Paulsen, IT 2006, 'Skewed genomic variability in strains of the toxigenic bacterial pathogen, Clostridium perfringens', GENOME RESEARCH, vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 1031-1040.
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Needham, SA, Calka, A, Wang, G, Mosbah, A & Liu, HK 2006, 'A new rapid synthesis technique for electrochemically active materials used in energy storage applications', Electrochemistry Communications, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 434-438.
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LiFePO4 is a promising environmentally friendly and low cost alternative cathode material for use in lithium-ion batteries. The most common materials production process used to manufacture LiFePO4 is solid-state synthesis which entails several grinding and recalcination steps, occurring over many hours. We report on the synthesis of crystalline LiFePO4 in only 10 min via a versatile process of Electric discharge assisted mechanical milling (EDAMM). Preliminary electrochemical testing of the synthesized powder demonstrates good capacity and excellent cyclability. The EDAMM technique offers an exciting opportunity to synthesize a range of new and existing materials to be used in a variety of energy storage applications that include rechargeable lithium batteries, hydrogen fuel cells, and supercapacitors.

Needham, SA, Calka, A, Wang, G, Peleckis, G & Liu, HK 2006, 'Synthesis of functional oxides by a novel mechanical milling-electric discharge method', Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 16, pp. 4488-4493.
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Functional metal oxide powders (LiCoO2, LiFePO4, SrTi1-xCoxO3) have been synthesized by a novel Electric Discharge Assisted Mechanical Milling (EDAMM) processing technique. Characterisation of the as-synthesized powders by XRD, SEM, and TEM confirm near pure phases with a highly controllable morphology can be produced in only minutes. The electrochemical (LiCoO2, LiFePO4) and magnetic (SrTi1-xCoxO3) behaviour of the powders indicates functionality that at least matches that of powders synthesized by traditional solid-state approaches. The EDAMM technique provides significant commercial opportunities as the method has proven to be scalable and powder morphologies can be made to order.

Needham, SA, Wang, G & Liu, HK 2006, 'Synthesis of NiO nanotubes for use as negative electrodes in lithium ion batteries', Journal of Power Sources, vol. 159, no. 1, pp. 254-257.
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Nickel oxide (NiO) nanotubes have been produced for the first time via a template processing method. The synthesis involved a two step chemical reaction in which nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)2) nanotubes were firstly formed within the walls of an anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) template. The template was then dissolved away using concentrated NaOH, and the freed nanotubes were converted to NiO by heat treatment in air at 350 °C. Individual nanotubes measured 60 ?m in length with a 200 nm outer diameter and a wall thickness of 2030 nm. The NiO nanotube powder was used in Li-ion cells for assessment of the lithium storage ability. Preliminary testing indicates that the cells demonstrate controlled and sustainable lithium diffusion after the formation of an SEI. Reversible capacities in the 300 mAh g-1 range were typical.

Needham, SA, Wang, GX, Konstantinov, K, Tournayre, Y, Lao, Z & Liu, HK 2006, 'Electrochemical performance of Co3O4-C composite anode materials', ELECTROCHEMICAL AND SOLID STATE LETTERS, vol. 9, no. 7, pp. A315-A319.
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Needham, SA, Wang, GX, Liu, HK & Yang, L 2006, 'Nickel oxide nanotubes: Synthesis and electrochemical performance for use in lithium ion batteries', JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 77-81.
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Nicholson, GM & Lewis, RJ 2006, 'Ciguatoxins: Cyclic polyether modulators of voltage-gated Iion channel function', Marine Drugs, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 82-118.
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Ciguatoxins are cyclic polyether toxins, derived from marine dinoflagellates, which are responsible for the symptoms of ciguatera poisoning. Ingestion of tropical and subtropical fin fish contaminated by ciguatoxins results in an illness characterised by

Nicholson, GM, Graudins, A, Wilson, HI, Little, MJ & Broady, KW 2006, 'Arachnid toxinology in Australia: clinical toxicology to potential applications', Toxicon, vol. 48, no. 7, pp. 872-898.
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The unique geographical isolation of Australia has resulted i the evolution of a distinctive range of Australian arachnid fauna. Through the pioneering work of a number of Asurtalian arachnologists and clinicians, the taxonomy and distribution of new species, the effective clinical treatment of envenomation, and the isolation and characterisation of the many distinctive neurotoxins, has been achieved. In particular, work has focussed on several Australian arachnids, including red-back and funnel-web spiders, paraysis ticks and buthid scorpions that contain nerotoxins capable of causing deht or serious systemic envenomation. In the case of spiders, species-specific antivenoms have been developed to treat envenomed patients that show considerable cross-reactivity. Both in-vitro and clinical case studies have shown they are particularly efficious in the treatment of envenomation by spiders even from unrelated families. Despite their notorious reputation, the high selectivity and potency of a unique range of toxins fromt he venom of Asutralian arachnids will make them invaluable molecular toold for studies of neurotransmitter release and vesicle exocytosis as well a sion channel structure and function. The venoms of funnel-web spiders and more recently Australian scorpions, have also provided a previously untapped rich source of insect-selective neurotoxins for the future development of biopeptides and the characterisation of previously unvalidated insecticide targets

Nixon, KL, Vos, M, Bowles, C & Ford, M 2006, 'Measuring the electronic structure of disordered overlayers by electron momentum spectroscopy the CuSi interface', Surface And Interface Analysis, vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 1236-1241.
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The Cu-Si interface was studied by electron momentum spectroscopy. A thick disordered interface is formed if one material is deposited on the other. Electron momentum spectroscopy measures intensity as a function of binding energy and target electron mom

Nordon, RE, Godora, P, Ko, K, Milthorpe, BK & McFarland, CD 2006, 'Identification of adult stem cells for tissue engineering applications', Cytometry, vol. 69A, no. 5, pp. 417-417.

O'Brien, B, Geng, X, Orteu, CH, Huang, Y, Ghoreishi, M, Zhang, Y, Bush, JA, Li, G, Finegood, DT & Dutz, JP 2006, 'A deficiency in the in vivo clearance of apopototic cells is a feature of the NOD mouse', Journal of Autoimmunity, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 104-115.
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Deficiencies in apoptotic cell clearance have been linked to autoimmunity. Here we examined the time-course of peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis of dying cells following the direct injection of apoptotic thymocytes into the peritoneum of NOD mice and BALB/c controls. Macrophages from NOD mice demonstrated a profound defect in the phagocytosis of apoptotic thymocytes as compared to control macrophages. Nonobese diabetic mice also demonstrated a decrease in the clearance of apoptotic cell loads following an apoptotic stimulus to thymocytes (dexamethasone) when compared to BALB/c or NOR controls. Further, NOD mice demonstrated an increase in apoptotic cell load following an apoptotic stimulus to keratinocytes (ultraviolet light, UVB) when compared to control strains. Animals deficient in macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic debris often manifest an autoimmune phenotype characterized by the production of antinuclear autoantibodies (ANA). We determined whether increased apoptotic cell loads (through repeated exposure to UVB irradiation) could accelerate such autoimmune phenomena in young NOD mice. Following repeated UVB irradiation, NOD mice, but not BALB/c or NOR controls, developed ANA. We propose that abnormalities in apoptotic cell clearance by macrophages predispose NOD mice to autoimmunity.

Okano, H, Hasegawa, K, Ben-Nissan, B & Standard, OC 2006, 'Preparation of piezoelectric thin films and their applications to GHz band surface acoustic wave devices', Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 14-20.

Oliver, BG & Black, JL 2006, 'Airway smooth muscle and asthma', Allergology International, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 215-223.
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The airway smooth muscle is the key determinant of airway narrowing in asthma but its function in the absence of disease is unknown. Evidence for an intrinsic abnormality in the muscle in asthma is only just emerging. The airway smooth muscle is not merely a contractile cell, but also one which determines the composition of, and interacts with the extracellular matrix, and which may participate in inflammatory and allergic reactions and viral infections. The reason for the differences which have been observed in the in vitro properties of airway smooth muscle derived from asthmatic individuals may result from an inherent "supercontractility", an increased tendency to proliferate due to the absence of an inhibitory transcription factor C/EBP-α, the influence of an altered extracellular matrix and/or a decrease in release of factors such as PGE2 which would under normal circumstances inhibit both proliferation and contraction. Although long acting beta agonists and corticosteroids are successful treatments for inflammation and bronchoconstriction, the structural changes which constitute airway remodelling may require additional therapeutic intervention, the nature of which will be determined by thorough investigation of the mechanisms underlying the asthmatic phenotype. ©2006 Japanese Society of Allergology.

Oliver, BG, Johnston, S, Baraket, M, Burgess, J, King, N, Roth, M, Lim, S & Black, J 2006, 'Increased proinflammatory responses from asthmatic human airway smooth muscle cells in response to rhinovirus infection', Respiratory Research, vol. 7, pp. 1-11.
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Background: Exacerbations of asthma are associated with viral respiratory tract infections, of which rhinoviruses (RV) are the predominant virus type. Airway smooth muscle is important in asthma pathogenesis, however little is known about the potential i

Ollila, S, Sarantaus, L, Kariola, R, Chan, P, Hampel, H, Holinski-Feder, E, Macrae, F, Kohonen-Corish, M, Gerdes, A-M, Peltomaki, P, Mangold, E, De la Chapelle, A, Greenblatt, M & Nystrom, M 2006, 'Pathogenicity of MSH2 missense mutations is typically associated with impaired repair capability of the mutated protein', GASTROENTEROLOGY, vol. 131, no. 5, pp. 1408-1417.
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O'Meara, T, Green, BJ, Sercombe, J & Tovey, E 2006, 'Measurement of personal exposure to outdoor aeromycota in northern New South Wales, Australia', vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 225-234.

O'Reilly, LC, Inglis, TJJ & Unicomb, L 2006, 'Australian multicentre comparison of subtyping methods for the investigation of Campylobacter infection', EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION, vol. 134, no. 4, pp. 768-779.
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Oren A, Pri-El N, Shapiro O & Siboni, N 2006, 'Buoyancy studies in natural communities of square gas-vacuolate archaea in saltern crystallizer ponds', Saline Systems, vol. 2.
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Orwell, RL, Wood, R, Burchett, M, Tarran, J & Torpy, FR 2006, 'The potted plant microcosm substantially reduces indoor air VOC pollution II', Water Air and Soil Pollution, vol. 177, pp. 59-80.
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Indoor air-borne loads of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are usually significantly higher than those outdoors, and chronic exposures can cause health problems. Our previous laboratory studies have shown that the potted-plant microcosm, induced by an initial dose, can eliminate high air-borne VOC concentrations, the primary removal agents being potting-mix microorganisms, selected and maintained in the plant/root-zone microcosm. Our office field-study, reported in the preceding paper, showed that, when total VOC (TVOC) loads in reference offices (0 plants) rose above about 100 ppb, levels were generally reduced by up to 75% (to < 100 ppb) in offices with any one of three planting regimes. The results indicate the induction of the VOC removal mechanism at TVOC levels above a threshold of about 100 ppb. The aims of this laboratory dose-response study were to explore and analyse this response. Over from 5 to 9 days, doses of 0.2, 1.0, 10 and 100 ppm toluene and m-xylene were applied and replenished, singly and as mixtures, to potted-plants of the same two species used in the office study. The results confirmed the induction of the VOC removal response at the lowest test dosage, i.e in the middle of the TVOC range found in the offices, and showed that, with subsequent dosage increments, further stepwise induction occurred, with rate increases of several orders of magnitude. At each dosage, with induction, VOC concentrations could be reduced to below GC detection limits (< 20 ppb) within 24 h. A synergistic interaction was found with the binary mixtures, toluene accelerating m-xylene removal, at least at lower dosages. The results of these two studies together demonstrate that the potted-plant microcosm can provide an effective, self-regulating, sustainable bioremediation or phytoremediation system for VOC pollution in indoor air.

Osei-Kumah, A, Ammit, AJ, Smith, R, Ge, Q & Clifton, VL 2006, 'Inflammatory mediator release in normal bronchial smooth muscle cells is altered by pregnant maternal and fetal plasma independent of asthma', PLACENTA, vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 847-852.
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Palenik, B, Ren, Q, Dupont, CL, Myers, GS, Heidelberg, JF, Badger, JH, Madupu, R, Nelson, WC, Brinkac, LM, Dodson, RJ, Durkin, AS, Daugherty, SC, Sullivan, SA, Khouri, H, Mohamoud, Y, Halpin, R & Paulsen, IT 2006, 'Genome sequence of Synechococcus CC9311: Insights into adaptation to a coastal environment', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 103, no. 36, pp. 13555-13559.
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Park, MS, Wang, G, Liu, H & Dou, SX 2006, 'Electrochemical properties of Si thin film prepared by pulsed laser deposition for lithium ion micro-batteries', Electrochimica Acta, vol. 51, no. 25, pp. 5246-5249.
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Si thin films were deposited directly on stainless steel substrates that act as current collectors using the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. Amorphous Si films of different thicknesses were obtained at the Ar gas pressure of 5 × 10-5 Torr and a temperature of 500 °C but different deposition times. The microstructure and morphology of the films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The anodic electrochemical performance of the films was examined in the range of 0.0051.5 V, which revealed excellent cyclic stability without any large capacity fade up to the 70th cycle. The PLD process was suitable for improving the density and adhesion behavior of the films.

Parker, D, Kennan, RM, Myers, GS, Paulsen, IT, Songer, JG & Rood, JI 2006, 'Regulation of type IV fimbrial biogenesis in Dichelobacter nodosus', JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, vol. 188, no. 13, pp. 4801-4811.
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Patten, NL, Seymour, JR & Mitchell, JG 2006, 'Flow cytometric analysis of virus-like particles and heterotrophic bacteria within coral-associated reef water', Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, vol. 86, no. 3, pp. 563-566.
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Using flow cytometry, two distinct populations of virus-like particles (VLP) and heterotrophic bacteria were defined within the 12 cm water layer immediately overlying healthy, diseased and dead acroporid corals. Bacterial abundances were similar in overlying water for all coral types, however, VLP were 30% higher above diseased corals than healthy or dead corals. Mean virus to bacteria ratios (VBR) were up to 30% higher above diseased corals than above healthy or dead coral or in distant water. Concomitant with increasing VLP concentrations within 5 cm of coral surfaces, VBR distributions were generally highest above healthy and diseased coral and depressed above dead coral. These results suggest fundamental shifts in the VLP and bacterial community in water associated with diseased corals.

Pauc, N, Phillips, M, Aimez, V & Drouin, D 2006, 'Carrier diffusion processes near threading dislocations in GaN and GaN:Si characterized by low voltage cathodoluminescence', Superlattices and Microstructures, vol. 40, no. 4-6, pp. 557-561.
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We present a low temperature study of GaN eiplayers by means of low voltage cathodoluminescence (CL). We show that lowering the primary electrons accelerating voltage down to 1 kV allows imaging of single threading dislocations. By using monochromatic or panchromatic low voltage CL microscopy, it is possible to extract different diffusion lengths related to free excitons, bound excitons or donot-to-acceptor pair transitions.

Pauc, N, Phillips, MR, Aimez, V & Drouin, D 2006, 'Carrier recombination near threading dislocations in GaN epilayers by low voltage cathodoluminescence', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 89, no. 16.
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Paul, NA, Cole, L, de Nys, R & Steinberg, PD 2006, 'Ultrastructure of the gland cells of the red alga Asparagopsis armata (Bonnemaisoniaceae)', JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 637-645.
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Paulsen, IT, Press, CM, Ravel, J, Kobayashi, DY, Myers, GSA, Mavrodi, DV, DeBoy, RT, Seshadri, R, Ren, Q, Madupu, R, Dodson, RJ, Durkin, AS, Brinkac, LM, Daugherty, SC, Sullivan, SA, Rosovitz, MJ, Gwinn, ML, Zhou, L, Schneider, DJ, Cartinhour, SW, Nelson, WC, Weidman, J, Watkins, K, Tran, K, Khouri, H, Pierson, EA, Pierson, LS, Thomashow, LS & Loper, JE 2006, 'Erratum: Complete genome sequence of the plant commensal Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5 (Nature Biotechnology (2005) 23 (873-878))', Nature Biotechnology, vol. 24, no. 4, p. 466.
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Pearce, ND & Wand, M 2006, 'Penalized splines and reproducing kernel methods', The American Statistician, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 233-240.
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Two data analytic research areaspenalized splines and reproducing kernel methodshave become very vibrant since the mid-1990s. This article shows how the former can be embedded in the latter via theory for reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces. This connection facilitates cross-fertilization between the two bodies of research. In particular, connections between support vector machines and penalized splines are established. These allow for significant reductions in computational complexity, and easier incorporation of special structure such as additivity.

Pernice, M, Deutsch, JS, Andouche, A, Boucher-Rodoni, R & Bonnaud, L 2006, 'Unexpected variation of Hox genes' homeodomains in cephalopods', MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 872-879.
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Peters, PC, Thoni, C & Harry, L 2006, 'Unexpected photobleaching of Alexa 488 in a fixed bacterial sample during 2-photon excitation', Biotechnic and Histochemistry, vol. 81, no. 2-3, pp. 105-106.
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A sample of fixed bacterial cells was examined by immunofluorescence microscopy using an Alexa 488 conjugated secondary antibody for visualization. Excitation using visible light confirmed the expected photostability of this fluorophore; however, when us

Phillips, BL, Brown, GP, Webb, JK & Shine, R 2006, 'Invasion and the evolution of speed in toads', Nature, vol. 439, pp. 803-803.
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Phillips, M 2006, 'Cathodoluminescence microscopy and spectroscopy of opto-electronic materials', Microchimica Acta, vol. 155, no. 1-2, pp. 51-58.
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Cathodoluminescence (CL) microscopy and spectroscopy are enabling techniques for the microcharacterisation of technologically important materials. Recent advances in SEM instrumentation have considerably expanded the microanalytical capabilities of the C

Phillips, M & Drouin, D 2006, 'Comparison of Low Voltage Cathodoluminescent Phosphors', Microscopy & Microanalysis, vol. 12, no. S2, pp. 1526-1527.
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NA

Phillips, M, Drouin, D & Goldys, EM 2006, 'Probing Carrier Behavior at the Nanoscale in Gallium Nitride using Low Voltage Cathodoluminescence', Microscopy & Microanalysis, vol. 12, no. S2, pp. 156-157.
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NA

Pissuwan, D, Valenzuela, S & Cortie, MB 2006, 'Therapeutic possibilities of plasmonically heated gold nanoparticles', Trends In Biotechnology, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 62-67.
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Nanoparticles of gold, which are in the size range 10-100 nm, undergo a plasmon resonance with light. This is a process whereby the electrons of the gold resonate in response to incoming radiation causing them to both absorb and scatter light. This effec

Platen, E 2006, 'A benchmark approach to asset management', Journal of Asset Management, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 390-405.
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DP0343913 This paper aims to discuss the optimal selection of investments for the short and long runin a continuous time financial market setting. First, it documents the almost sure pathwise long-run outperformance of all positive portfolios by the growth optimal portfolio. Secondly, it assumes that every investor prefers more rather than less wealth and keeps the freedom to adjust his or her risk aversion at any time. In a general continuous market, a two fund separation result is derived which yields optimal portfolios located on the Markowitz efficient frontier. A optimal portfolio is shown to have a fraction of its wealth invested inthe growth optimal portfolio and the remaining fraction inthe savings account. The risk aversion of the investor at a given time determines the volatility of her/his optimal portfolio. It is pointed out that it is usually not rational to reduce risk aversion further than is necessary to achieve the maximum growth rate. Assuming an optimal dynamics for a global market, the market portfolio turns out to be growth optimal. The discounted market portfolio is shown to follow a particular time transformed diffusion process with explicitly known transition density. Assuming that the drift og yhr discounted market portfolio grows exponentially, a parsimonioous and realistic model for its dynamics results. It allows for efficient portfolio optimisation and derivative pricing.

Platen, E 2006, 'A benchmark approach to finance', Mathematical Finance, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 131-151.
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This paper derives a unified framework for portfolio optimization, derivative pricing, financial modeling, and risk measurement. It is based on the natural assumption that investors prefer more rather than less, in the sense that given two portfolios wit

Platen, E 2006, 'Portfolio selection and asset pricing under a benchmark approach', Physica A: Statistical Mechanics And Its Applications, vol. 370, no. 1, pp. 23-29.
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The paper presents classical and new results on portfolio optimization, as well as the fair pricing concept for derivative pricing under the benchmark approach. The growth optimal portfolio is shown to be a central object in a market model. It links asse

Platen, E & Heath, D 2006, 'Currency derivatives under a minimal market model', ICFAI Journal of Derivatives Markets, vol. 3, pp. 68-86.

Platten, JD, Cotsaftis, O, Berthomieu, P, Bohnert, H, Davenport, RJ, Fairbairn, DJ, Horie, T, Leigh, RA, Lin, H-X, Luan, S, Maeser, P, Pantoja, O, Rodriguez-Navarro, A, Schachtman, DP, Schroeder, JI, Sentenac, H, Uozumi, N, Very, A-A, Zhu, J-K, Dennis, ES & Tester, M 2006, 'Nomenclature for HKT transporters, key determinants of plant salinity tolerance', TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE, vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 372-374.
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Potas, J, Zheng, Y, Moussa, C, Venn, M, Gorrie, C, Deng, C & Waite, P 2006, 'Augmented locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury in the athymic nude rat', Journal Of Neurotrauma, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 660-673.
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The immune response contributes to ongoing secondary tissue destruction following spinal cord injury (SCI). Although infiltrating neutrophils and monocytes have been well studied in this process, T-cells have received less attention. The objective of thi

Poulton, CG, Koos, C, Fujii, M, Freude, W, Leuthold, J, Pfrang, A & Schimmel, T 2006, 'Radiation modes and roughness loss in high index-contrast waveguides', IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 1306-1321.
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We predict the scattering loss in rectangular high index-contrast waveguides, using a new variation of the classical approach of coupled-mode theory. The loss predicted by this three-dimensional (3-D) model is considerably larger than that calculated using previous treatments that approximate the true 3-D radiation modes with their two-dimensional counterparts. The 3-D radiation modes of the ideal waveguide are expanded in a series of cylindrical harmonics, and the coupling between the guided and radiation modes due to the sidewall perturbation is computed. The waveguide attenuation can then be calculated semianalytically. It is found that the dominant loss mechanism is radiation rather than reflection, and that the transverse electric polarization exhibits much larger attenuation than transverse magnetic polarization. The method also gives simple rules that can be used in the design of low-loss optical waveguides. The structural properties of sidewall roughness of an InGaAs/InP pedestal waveguide are measured using atomic force microscopy, and the measured attenuation is found to compare well with that predicted by the model.

Qi, L, Leslie, LM & Speer, MS 2006, 'Climatology of cyclones over the southwest Pacific: 1992-2001', METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS, vol. 91, no. 1-4, pp. 201-209.
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Queck, S-Y, Weitere, M, Moreno, AM, Rice, SA & Kjelleberg, S 2006, 'The role of quorum sensing mediated developmental traits in the resistance of Serratia marcescens biofilms against protozoan grazing', ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 1017-1025.
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Rahmani, A & Chaumet, PC 2006, 'Optical trapping near a photonic crystal', Optics Express, vol. 14, no. 13, pp. 545-550.
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We show that the photonic confinement induced by a photonic crystal can be exploited to trap nanoparticles. As demonstrated by the recent advances in the design and fabrication of photonic crystals slab structures, total internal reflection and multiple scattering can be combined to confine photons very efficiently. A consequence of this confinement is the existence of strong gradients of electromagnetic intensity in the near-field of the photonic structure. Hence, a nanoparticle placed in the vicinity of the crystal would experience an optical force which, with a proper design of the near-field optical landscape, can lead to trapping. © 2006 Optical Society of America.

Rahmani, A & Chaumet, PC 2006, 'Optical Trapping near a Photonic Crystal', Optics Express, vol. 14, no. 13, pp. 6353-6358.
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We show that the photonic confinement induced by a photonic crystal can be exploited to trap nanoparticles. As demonstrated by the recent advances in the design and fabrication of photonic crystals slab structures, total internal reflection and multiple scattering can be combined to confine photons very efficiently. A consequence of this confinement is the existence of strong gradients of electromagnetic intensity in the near-field of the photonic structure. Hence, a nanoparticle placed in the vicinity of the crystal would experience an optical force which, with a proper design of the near-field optical landscape, can lead to trapping.

Ramaswamy, Y, Ben-Nissan, B, Roest, RS, Haynes, D & Zreiqat, H 2006, 'Human osteoclasts behaviour on sol-gel derived carbonate hydroxyapatite coatings on anodized titanium alloy substrates', Key Engineering Materials, vol. 309-311, no. 1, pp. 709-712.
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Titanium alloy has been used as a material for orthopaedic implants, however drawbacks still exist. Considerable efforts have been taken to modify the surface structure of the implant material and improve the biological performance. Previously we have de

Ramp, D & Ben-Ami, D 2006, 'The effect of road-based fatalities on the viability of a peri-urban swamp wallaby population', Journal of Wildlife Management, vol. 70, no. 6, pp. 1615-1624.
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Roads and traffic have a multitude of impacts on wildlife populations. Wildlife existing within the confines of fragmented reserves are particularly susceptible to fatalities on roads, especially those situated within urban and semirural matrices. The su

Ramp, D & Croft, DB 2006, 'Do wildlife warning reflectors elicit aversion in captive macropods?', Wildlife Research, vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 583-590.
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A goal to reduce the frequency of animal - vehicle collisions is motivating extensive research on this topic world-wide. Over the last 30 years, one popular mechanism to warn wildlife of approaching vehicles has been the wildlife warning reflector, manuf

Ramp, D, Wilson, V & Croft, DB 2006, 'Assessing the impacts of roads in peri-urban reserves: Road-based fatalities and road usage by wildlife in the Royal National Park, New South Wales, Australia', Biological Conservation, vol. 129, no. 3, pp. 348-359.
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For protected reserves set aside for conservation, the impact of roads and traffic on wildlife can be severe, particularly for those in the peri-urban environment. Often reserves possess many sealed roads that have regular traffic from tourists and local

Ranamalie Amarasinghe, BHR, Faivre-Nitschke, E, Wu, Y, Udall, JA, Dennis, ES, Constable, G & Llewellyn, DJ 2006, 'Genomic approaches to the discovery of promoters for sustained expression in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under field conditions: Expression analysis in transgenic cotton and Arabidopsis of a Rubisco small subunit promoter identified using EST sequence analysis and cDNA microarrays', Plant Biotechnology, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 437-450.
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Biotechnology requires robust and predictable expression of transgenes. Most commercial Genetically Modified (GM) crops contain the viral 35S promoter to drive insecticide and herbicide resistance genes. In cotton there have been reductions in efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin (Bt) expressing plants late in the season that have been attributed to reductions in promoter activity. We have used genomic approaches to identify cotton genes whose expression remains high during the season to find promoters that might better maintain expression of transgenes in the field. A cDNA library from young late season leaves was used to generate about 2000 ESTs. Clustering of ESTs was used to determine relative transcript abundance and identify the most highly-expressed genes. These were primarily photosynthetic and housekeeping genes and some metabolic genes. The ESTs were printed to a small cDNA microarray and probed with both early- and late-season leaf mRNAs. Absolute fluorescence levels were used to rank genes and confirm the EST abundance data. Candidate genes, including the small subunit of Rubisco (RbcS) were selected. An RbcS promoter (Genbank Accession DQ648074) was isolated and analysed in both Arabidopsis and cotton linked to a GUS reporter gene. Expression of the reporter gene was consistently high in green tissues throughout the life cycle of cotton in the glasshouse, and in the field. A number of other candidate promoters have been identified that may be useful in a variety of biotechnology applications. Copyright © 2006 The Japanese Society for Plant Cell and Molecular Biology.

Reichel, MP & Ellis, JT 2006, 'If control of Neospora caninum infection is technically feasible does it make economic sense?', Veterinary Parasitology, vol. 142, pp. 23-34.
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Recent work on Neospora caninum, a protozoan parasite that causes abortion in dairy cattle has focused on a number of different control options. Modelling has suggested the most effective options for control but the present paper argues that the most effective option might not necessarily be optimal from an economic point of view. Decision trees, using published quantitative data, were contruscted to choose between four different control strategies. The costs of these interventions, such as 'test and cull', therapeutic treatment with a pharmaceutical, vaccination or "doing nothing" were compared, and modelled, in the first instacne on the New Zealand and Australian dairy situation. It is argued however, that the relative costs in toehr countries might be similar and that only teh availability of a registered vaccine will change the decision tree outcomes, as does the within-herd prevalence of N. caninum infection. To "do nothing" emerged as the optimal economic choice for n. caninum infections/abortions up to a within-herd prevalence of 18%, when viewed over a 1-year horizon, or 21% when costs were calculated over a 5 year horizon.

Reimers, JR, Solomon, GC, Cai, Z-L, Hush, NS, Gagliardi, A, Frauenheim, T, Pecchia, A & Di Carlo, A 2006, 'Application of DFTB in molecular electronics', ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, vol. 232, pp. 263-263.

Reimers, JR, Ulstrup, J, Meyer, TJ & Solomon, GC 2006, '"The molecules and methods of chemical, biochemical, and nanoscale electron transfer" - Preface', CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 324, no. 1, pp. 1-2.
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Reimers, JR, Ulstrup, J, Meyer, TJ & Solomon, GC 2006, 'Preface - "The molecules and methods of chemical, biochemical, and nanoscale electron transfer"', CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 326, no. 1, pp. 1-2.
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Robbins, WD 2006, 'Evaluation of two underwater biopsy probes for in situ collection of shark tissue samples', MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES, vol. 310, pp. 213-217.
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Robbins, WD, Hisano, M, Connolly, SR & Choat, JH 2006, 'Ongoing collapse of coral-reef shark populations', CURRENT BIOLOGY, vol. 16, no. 23, pp. 2314-2319.
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Rodgers, K, Hume, P, Morris, J & Dean, R 2006, 'Evidence for L-dopa incorporation into cell proteins in patients treated with levodopa', Journal of Neurochemistry, vol. 98, no. 4, pp. 1061-1067.
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Levodopa (L-dopa) is the most widely used agent for the symptomatic relief of Parkinson's disease. There is concern that chronic L-dopa treatment may be detrimental, with some studies suggesting that L-dopa may be neurotoxic. A potentially important mech

Rodgers, K, Watkins, D, Miller, A, Chan, P, Karanam, S, Brissette, W, Long, C & Jackson, C 2006, 'Destabilizing role of cathepsin S in murine atherosclerotic plaques', Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis And Vascular Biology, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 851-856.
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Objective - Lysosomal proteinases have been implicated in a number of pathologies associated with extracellular matrix breakdown. Therefore, we investigated the possibility that the lysosomal proteinase cathepsin S may be involved in atherosclerotic plaq

Roest, RS, Heness, GL, Latella, BA & Ben-Nissan, B 2006, 'Fracture toughness of nanoscale hydroxapatite coatings on titanium substrates', Key Engineering Materials, vol. 306-308, no. 1, pp. 1307-1312.
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In the biomedical field, the surface modification of titanium aims to inhibit wear, reduce corrosion and ion release, and promote biocompatibility. Sol-gel-derived ceramic nanoscale coatings show promise due to their relative ease of production, ability

Rose, T, Munn, A, Ramp, D & Banks, P 2006, 'Foot-thumping as an alarm signal in macropodoid marsupials: prevalence and hypotheses of function', Mammal Review, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 281-298.
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1. Alarm signalling as a means to reduce predation risk is an important component of the behavioural repertoire of many species. It has previously been noted that many of the macropodoid marsupials (kangaroos, wallabies and rat-kangaroos) produce a foot-

Roy Chowdhury, P & Heinemann, JA 2006, 'The General Secretory Pathway of Burkholderia gladioli pv. agaricicola BG164R Is Necessary for Cavity Disease in White Button Mushrooms', Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 72, no. 5, pp. 3558-3565.
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Cavity disease in white button mushrooms is caused by Burkholderia gladioli pv. agaricicola. We describe the isolation and characterization of six mutants of the strain BG164R that no longer cause this disease on mushrooms. The mutations were mapped to genes of the general secretory pathway (GSP). This is the first report of the association of the type II secretion pathway with a disease in mushrooms. Phenotypes of the six avirulent mutants were the following: an inability to degrade mushroom tissue, a highly reduced capacity to secrete chitinase and protease, and a reduced number of flagella. Using these mutants, we also made the novel observation that the factors causing mushroom tissue degradation, thereby leading to the expression of cavity disease, can be separated from mycelium inhibition because avirulent mutants continued to inhibit the growth of actively growing mushroom mycelia. The GSP locus of B. gladioli was subsequently cloned and mapped and compared to the same locus in closely related species, establishing that the genetic organization of the gsp operon of B. gladioli pv. agaricicola is consistent with that of other species of the genus. We also identify the most common indigenous bacterial population present in the mushroom fruit bodies from a New Zealand farm, one of which, Ewingella americana, was found to be an apparent antagonist of B. gladioli pv. agaricicola. While other investigators have reported enhanced disease symptoms due to interactions between endogenous and disease-causing bacteria in other mushroom diseases, to the best of our knowledge this is the first report of an antagonistic effect.

Ryan, KG, Hegseth, E, Martin, A, Davy, S, O'Toole, R, Ralph, PJ, McMinn, A & Thorn, C 2006, 'Comparison of the microalgal community within fast ice two sites along the Ross Sea coast, Antarctia', Antarctic Science, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 583-594.
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Sabatti, C, Satten, GA, Allen, AS, Epstein, MP, Chatterjee, N, Spinka, C, Chen, J, Carroll, RJ, Tzeng, JY, Roeder, K, Li, H, Lin, DY & Zeng, D 2006, 'Journal of the American Statistical Association: Comment', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 101, no. 473, pp. 104-118.
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Sanchez-Camara, J, Booth, DJ, Murdoch, J, Watts, D & Turon, X 2006, 'Density, habitat use and behaviour of the weedy seadragon Phyllopteryx taeniolatus (Teleostei Syngnathidae) around Sydney, New SouthWales, Australia', Marine And Freshwater Research, vol. 57, no. 7, pp. 737-745.
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The vulnerability of marine fish species, particularly those inhabiting coastal waters, is an increasingly important issue in marine conservation. Although the weedy seadragon Phyllopteryx taeniolatus (Lacepede, 1804), a syngnathid fish endemic to southe

Sastraruji, T, Jatisatienr, A, Issakul, K, Pyne, SG, Ung, AT, Lie, W & Williams, MC 2006, 'Phytochemical Studies on Stemona Plants: Isolation of New Tuberostemonine and Stemofoline Alkaloids', Natural product communications, vol. 1, no. 10, pp. 813-818.
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Six new stemofoline alkaloids, (2`R)-hydroxystemofoline (5), (3`R)-stemofolenol (6), (3`S)-stemofolenol (7), 1`,2`-didehydrostemofoline-N-oxide (8), the first C19 stemofoline alkaloid, methylstemofoline (9), and the first glycosidated Stemona alkaloid, stemofolinoside (10), and three known alkaloids, (2`S)-hydroxystemofoline (2), (11Z)-1`,2`-didehydrostemofoline (3), and (11E)-1`,2`-didehydrostemofoline (4), have been isolated from a root extract of an unidentified Stemona species. The structure and relative configuration of these new alkaloids have been determined by spectral data interpretation and from semisynthetic studies.

Sedger, LM, Osvath, SO, Xu, M, Li, G, Chan, FK, Barrett, JW & McFadden, GD 2006, 'Poxvirus Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor (TNFR)-Like T2 Proteins Contain a Conserved Preligand Assembly Domain That Inhibits Cellular TNFR1-Induced Cell Death', Journal of Virology, vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 9300-9309.
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The poxvirus tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) homologue T2 has immunomodulatory properties; secreted myxoma virus T2 (M-T2) protein binds and inhibits rabbit TNF-alpha, while intracellular M-T2 blocks virus-induced lymphocyte apoptosis. Here, we define the antiapoptotic function as inhibition of TNFR-mediated death via a highly conserved viral preligand assembly domain (vPLAD). Jurkat cell lines constitutively expressing M-T2 were generated and shown to be resistant to UV irradiation-, etoposide-, and cycloheximide-induced death. These cells were also resistant to human TNF-alpha, but M-T2 expression did not alter surface expression levels of TNFRs. Previous studies indicated that T2's antiapoptotic function was conferred by the N-terminal region of the protein, and further examination of this region revealed a highly conserved N-terminal vPLAD, which is present in all poxvirus T2-like molecules. In cellular TNFRs and TNF-alpha-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptors (TRAILRs), PLAD controls receptor signaling competency prior to ligand binding. Here, we show that M-T2 potently inhibits TNFR1-induced death in a manner requiring the M-T2 vPLAD. Furthermore, we demonstrate that M-T2 physically associates with and colocalizes with human TNFRs but does not prevent human TNF-alpha binding to cellular receptors. Thus, M-T2 vPLAD is a species-nonspecific dominant-negative inhibitor of cellular TNFR1 function. Given that the PLAD is conserved in all known poxvirus T2-like molecules, we predict that it plays an important function in each of these proteins. Moreover, that the vPLAD confers an important antiapoptotic function confirms this domain as a potential target in the development of the next generation of TNF-alpha/TNFR therapeutics

Sedger, LM, Osvath, SR, Xu, X-M, Li, G, Chan, FK-M, Barrett, JW & McFadden, G 2006, 'Poxvirus tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-like T2 proteins contain a conserved preligand assembly domain that inhibits cellular TNFR1-induced cell death', JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, vol. 80, no. 18, pp. 9300-9309.
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Seery, CR, Gunthorpe, L & Ralph, PJ 2006, 'Herbicide impact on Hormosira banksii gametes measured by fluorescence and germination bioassays', Environmental Pollution, vol. 140, no. 1, pp. 43-51.
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The innovative bioassay described here involves chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements of gametes from the macroalgae, Hormosira banksii, where gametes (eggs) were exposed to Diuron, Irgarol and Bromacil. Response was assessed as percent inhibition from

Sekiya, M, Mulcahy, G, Irwin, JA, Stack, CM, Donnelly, SM, Xu, W, Collins, P & Dalton, JP 2006, 'Biochemical characterisation of the recombinant peroxiredoxin (FhePrx) of the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica', Febs Letters, vol. 580, no. 21, pp. 5016-5022.
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The parasitic helminth Fasciola hepatica secretes a 2-Cys peroxiredoxin (Prx) that may play important functions in host-parasite interaction. Recombinant peroxiredoxin (FhePrx) prevented metal-catalyzed oxidative nicking of plasmid DNA and detoxilied hyd

Seymour, JR, Seuront, L, Doubell, MJ, Waters, RL & Mitchell, JG 2006, 'Microscale patchiness of virioplankton', Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, vol. 86, no. 3, pp. 551-561.
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The microscale spatial distributions of viruses were investigated in three contrasting environments including oligotrophic open ocean, eutrophic coastal and estuarine habitats. The abundances of two discrete populations of both viruses and heterotrophic bacteria were measured at spatial resolutions of between 1 and 5 cm using purpose-designed microscale sampling equipment and flow cytometric sample analysis. Within open water samples, virus distributions were characterized by non-normal distributions and by `hotspots' in abundance where concentrations varied by up to 17-fold. In contrast to patterns generally observed at larger spatiotemporal scales, there was no correlation between bacterial and viral abundance or correspondence between bacteria and virus hotspots within these samples. Consequently, strong hotspots and gradients in the virus:bacteria ratio (VBR) were also apparent within samples. Within vertical pro¢les taken from above the sediment water interface within a temperate mangrove estuary, distributions of planktonic viruses were characterized by gradients in abundance, with highest concentrations observed within the 1-2 cm immediately above the sediment surface, and virus distributions were correlated to bacterial abundance (P50.01). The patterns observed in these contrasting habitats indicate that microscale patchiness of virus abundance may be a common feature of the marine environment. This form of heterogeneity may have important implications for virus^host dynamics and subsequently in£uence microbial trophodynamics and nutrient cycling in the ocean.

Sharkhuu, T, Matthaei, KI, Forbes, E, Mahalingam, S, Hogan, SP, Hansbro, PM & Foster, PS 2006, 'Mechanism of interleukin-25 (IL-17E)-induced pulmonary inflammation and airways hyper-reactivity', CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGY, vol. 36, no. 12, pp. 1575-1583.
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Sheldon, CC, Finnegan, EJ, Dennis, ES & Peacock, WJ 2006, 'Quantitative effects of vernalization on FLC and SOC1 expression', PLANT JOURNAL, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 871-883.
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Shemon, AN, Sluyter, R, Fernando, SL, Clarke, AL, Dao-Ung, LP, Skarratt, KK, Saunders, BM, Khai, ST, Gu, BJ, Fuller, SJ, Britton, WJ, Petrou, S & Wiley, JS 2006, 'A Thr³⁵⁷ to Ser polymorphism in homozygous and compound heterozygous subjects causes absent or reduced P2X7 function and impairs ATP-induced mycobacterial killing by macrophages', Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 281, no. 4, pp. 2079-2086.
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The P2X7 receptor is a ligand-gated cation channel that is highly expressed on mononuclear leukocytes and that mediates ATP-induced apoptosis and killing of intracellular pathogens. There is a wide variation in P2X7 receptor function between subjects, explained in part by four loss-of-function polymorphisms (R307Q, E496A, I568N, and a 5′-intronic splice site polymorphism), as well as rare mutations. In this study, we report the allele frequencies of 11 non-synonymous P2X7 polymorphisms and describe a fifth loss-of-function polymorphism in the gene (1096C → G), which changes Thr357 to Ser (T357S) with an allele frequency of 0.08 in the Caucasian population. P2X7 function was measured by ATP-induced ethidium+ influx into peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes and, when compared with wild-type subjects, was reduced to 10-65% in heterozygotes, 1-18% in homozygotes, and 0-10% in compound heterozygotes carrying T357S and a second loss-of-function polymorphism. Overexpression of the T357S mutant P2X7 in either HEK-293 cells or Xenopus oocytes gave P2X7 function of ∼50% that of wild-type constructs. Differentiation of monocytes to macrophages, which also up-regulates P2X 7, restored P2X7 function to near normal in cells heterozygous for T357S and to a value 50-65% of wild-type in cells homozygous for T357S or compound heterozygous for T357S/E496A. However, macrophages from subjects that are compound heterozygous for either T357S/R307Q or T357S/stop codon had near-to-absent P2X7 function. These functional deficits induced by T357S were paralleled by impaired ATP-induced apoptosis and mycobacteria killing in macrophages from these subjects. Lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages from subjects homozygous for T357S or compound heterozygous for T357S and a second loss-of-function allele have reduced or absent P2X 7 receptor function. © 2006 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

Shemon, AN, Sluyter, R, Fernando, SL, Clarke, AL, Dao-Ung, LP, Skarratt, KK, Saunders, BM, Tan, KS, Gu, BJ, Fuller, SJ, Britton, WJ, Petrou, S & Wiley, JS 2006, 'A Thr(357) to Ser polymorphism in homozygous and compound heterozygous subjects causes absent or reduced P2X(7) function and impairs ATP-induced mycobacterial killing by macrophages', JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 281, no. 4, pp. 2079-2086.
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Sherman, M, Apanasovich, TV & Carroll, RJ 2006, 'On estimation in binary autologistic spatial models', JOURNAL OF STATISTICAL COMPUTATION AND SIMULATION, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 167-179.
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Shine, R, Branch, WR, Harlow, PS, Webb, JK & Shine, T 2006, 'Biology of burrowing asps (Atractaspididae) from southern Africa', Copeia, vol. 2006, no. 1, pp. 103-115.
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Ecological data on poorly-known snake species can suggest novel hypotheses about selective forces for interspecific variation in morphological traits. The nocturnal fossorial snakes of the family Atractaspididae represent an ancient African radiation tha

Shine, R, Branch, WR, Webb, JK, Harlow, PS & Shine, T 2006, 'Sexual dimorphism, reproductive biology, and dietary habits of psammophiine snakes (Colubridae) from southern Africa', Copeia, vol. 2006, no. 4, pp. 650-664.
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Slender-bodied, diurnal "sand snakes" of the genus Psammophis are widespread and abundant through Africa, but the general biology of these animals remains poorly known. For example, sexual dimorphism is unstudied because it is difficult to determine the sex of live specimens (uniquely among snakes, the male hemipenis is vestigial). Our dissections of 700 preserved specimens provide detailed ecological information on ten psammophiine species from southern Africa. Males grow larger than females in most taxa, especially in species of large absolute body size. However, sex differences in body proportions (relative head size, relative tail length) are minor. Females produce small clutches (generally < 10 eggs), with larger clutches in larger females in some but not all species. Psammophylax tritaeniatus differs from the nine Psammophis species studied in its higher fecundity and its primary reliance on mammalian rather than reptilian prey. Within Psammophis, five species (P. brevirostris, P. jallae, P. leopardinus, P. subtaeniatus, P. trigrammus) fed mostly on scincid lizards, two (P. namibensis, P. notostictus) fed mostly on lacertid lizards, and two (P. trinasalis, P. mossambicus) took approximately equal numbers of lizards and mammals. Although dietary composition thus varied with snake species and body size, conspecific males and females took similar prey types. Thus, despite reports of unusual mating systems in captive psammophiines, these snakes exhibit only minor sexual dimorphism in size, bodily proportions, and dietary habits.

Shine, R, Webb, JK, Lane, A & Mason, RT 2006, 'Flexible mate choice: a male snake's preference for larger females is modified by the sizes of females encountered', Animal Behaviour, vol. 71, no. Part 1, pp. 203-209.
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Why do males exert strong mate choice in some taxa but not others? Theory suggests that mate discrimination will enhance male fitness when encounter rates with potential mates are high, when those potential mates vary in the fitness consequences likely to accrue from an attempted insemination, and when courting one female reduces the male's opportunity to court other females. One widespread form of mate choice involves a trend for males of many ectothermic species to court larger (and thus, more fecund) females. To test whether such preferences are dynamically adjusted to local conditions, we studied male preference for larger females in red-sided garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis, near a communal den in Manitoba, Canada. Courting a small female imposes a high opportunity cost for a male in the centre of the den, because many large and easily located females are nearby. In the surrounding woodland, in contrast, a male that neglects a small female is unlikely to encounter a larger substitute partner. In arena trials, male snakes from the den selected larger females more than did males from the surrounding woodland. Manipulating a den male's exposure to females (none, large, small) for 60 min led males to adjust their criteria for courtship depending upon the sizes of females encountered. Hence, the local environment can modify courtship criteria, with male garter snakes adjusting their mate choice selectivity based upon spatial and temporal factors that affect the opportunity costs of courtship.

Siegle, JS, Hansbro, N, Herbert, C, Yang, M, Foster, PS & Kumar, RK 2006, 'Airway hyperreactivity in exacerbation of chronic asthma is independent of eosinophilic inflammation', American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 565-570.
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We have developed an animal model to investigate the mechanisms underlying an acute exacerbation of chronic asthma. Sensitized BALB/c mice were exposed to aerosolized ovalbumin, either as chronic low-level challenge (mass concentration ≈ 3 mg/m3) for 4 wk, a single moderate-level challenge (≈ 30 mg/m3), or chronic low-level followed by single moderate-level challenge (the acute exacerbation group). Compared with animals receiving chronic challenge alone, mice in the acute exacerbation group exhibited a more marked inflammatory response, with involvement of intrapulmonary airways and lung parenchyma, and increased numbers of lymphocytes and eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. They also developed airway hyperreactivity (AHR) to methacholine, demonstrable as increased transpulmonary resistance and decreased compliance. This pattern of AHR was absent in chronically challenged animals, but was also present in animals given single moderate-level challenge. However, compared with animals receiving a single moderate-level challenge, inflammation and AHR were induced more rapidly in the acute exacerbation group. Eosinophil-deficient GATA1 Δdbl mice exhibited undiminished AHR in the acute exacerbation model. We conclude that in mice with pre-existing airway lesions resembling mild chronic asthma, exposure to a moderately high concentration of inhaled antigen induces features of an acute exacerbation. The inflammatory response involves distal airways and is associated with a distinct pattern of AHR, which develops independent of the enhanced eosinophilic inflammation.

Skelding, KA, Hickey, DK, Horvat, JC, Bao, SS, Roberts, KG, Finnie, JM, Hansbro, PM & Beagley, KW 2006, 'Comparison of intranasal and transcutaneous immunization for induction of protective immunity against Chlamydia muridarum respiratory tract infection', VACCINE, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 355-366.
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Skrobot, M, Godlewski, M, Guziewicz, E, Kopalko, K & Phillips, MR 2006, 'Tuning of color chromaticity of light emission from ZnSe films grown on a GaAs substrate by atomic layer epitaxy', ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA A, vol. 110, no. 3, pp. 359-367.
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Sloan, WT, Lunn, M, Woodcock, S, Head, I, Nee, S & Curtis, TP 2006, 'Quantifying the roles of immigration and chance in shaping prokaryote community structure', Environmental Microbiology, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 732-740.
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Naturally occurring populations of bacteria and archaea are vital to life on the earth and are of enormous practical significance in medicine, engineering and agriculture. However, the rules governing the formation of such communities are still poorly understood, and there is a need for a usable mathematical description of this process. Typically, microbial community structure is thought to be shaped mainly by deterministic factors such as competition and niche differentiation. Here we show, for a wide range of prokaryotic communities, that the relative abundance and frequency with which different taxa are observed in samples can be explained by a neutral community model (NCM). The NCM, which is a stochastic, birthdeath immigration process, does not explicitly represent the deterministic factors and therefore cannot be a complete or literal description of community assembly. However, its success suggests that chance and immigration are important forces in shaping the patterns seen in prokaryotic communities.

Smith, NC, Tilley, L, Thompson, RS, Ryan, UM, Loukas, AC, Jenkins, D & McFadden, GI 2006, 'An Australian network to support the understanding and control of parasites', Trends In Parasitology, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 97-99.
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The Australian Research Council (ARC) and the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Research Network for Parasitology will focus and coordinate the fundamental, strategic and applied parasitology research in Australia. It will raise the st

Solina, D, Lott, D, Tietze, U, Frank, O, Leiner, V & Schreyer, A 2006, 'The new neutron reflectometer NERO', Physica B: Condensed Matter, vol. 385-386, pp. 1167-1169.
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The year 2005 saw the opening of the new NEutron ReflectOmeter (NERO) at the GKSS research centre in Geesthacht, Germany for the investigation of magnetic and non-magnetic systems as well as soft matter nano-structures. NERO operates with a monochromatic beam of neutrons of wavelength 0.433 nm with a resolution better than 2%. An angular range of -20°<2θ<100° allows for both reflectometry and high-angle diffraction measurements to be made. NERO has both a position-sensitive detector and a pencil detector installed for flexibility when making specular and diffuse measurements. NERO has been designed to accommodate heavy-sample environments such as cryo-furnaces and various kinds of magnets. Polarization analysis is available for the investigation of magnetic nano-structures. A supermirror stack with a wide angular-acceptance range will be available in 2006 for time-efficient measurements of magnetic diffuse reflectivity. Further information and proposal forms can be obtained online at http//:genf.gkss.de. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Solomon, G, Gagliardi, A, Pecchia, A, Frauenheim, T, Di Carlo, A, Reimers, JR & Hush, N 2006, 'Molecular Origins Of Conduction Channels Observed In Shot-Noise Measurements', Nano Letters, vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 2431-2437.
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Solomon, G, Gagliardi, A, Pecchia, A, Frauenheim, T, Di Carlo, A, Reimers, JR & Hush, N 2006, 'The Symmetry Of Single-Molecule Conduction', Journal Of Chemical Physics, vol. 125, no. 18.
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Solomon, G, Gagliardi, A, Pecchia, A, Frauenheim, T, Di Carlo, A, Reimers, JR & Hush, N 2006, 'Understanding The Inelastic Electron-Tunneling Spectra Of Alkanedithiols On Gold', Journal Of Chemical Physics, vol. 124, no. 9.
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Sommerville, KD, Rossetto, M & Pulkownik, A 2006, 'Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci from Wilsonia backhousei (Convolvulaceae)', Molecular Ecology Notes, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 419-421.
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Wilsonia backhousei is a clonal saltmarsh plant restricted to the southern latitudes of Australasia and threatened in New South Wales. We have identified eight informative microsatellite loci in the species from (AG)(n)- and (AC)(n)-enriched libraries. I

Soule, DBBJ, Ford, M & Cortie, MB 2006, 'Melting in small gold clusters: a density functional molecular dynamics study', Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 55-74.
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Molecular dynamics simulations of the thermal behaviour of gold clusters containing 7, 13 and 20 atoms have been performed. Total energies and forces at each step of the simulation are calculated from first principles using density functional theory. Ion trajectories are then calculated classically from these forces. In each case the global minimum energy structure and a low-lying isomer are used as the starting structures. In most cases, the clusters do not exhibit a sharp transition from a solid-like phase to a liquid-like phase, but rather pass through a region of transformation between structural isomers that extends over a considerable temperature range. Solid-like behaviour is observed in the atomic trajectories of ther simulation at temperatures up to, or above, the bulk melting point. The 20-atom tetrahedral structure is the one exception, showing a sharo transition between solid-like and liquid-like phases at about 1200 K. The starting sturcture used in the simulation is shown to have a considerable effect upon the subsequent thermal behaviour.

Spatafora, JW, Sung, G-H, Johnson, D, Hesse, C, O'Rourke, B, Serdani, M, Spotts, R, Lutzoni, F, Hofstetter, V, Miadlikowska, J, Reeb, V, Gueidan, C, Fraker, E, Lumbsch, T, Lucking, R, Schmitt, I, Hosaka, K, Aptroot, A, Roux, C, Miller, AN, Geiser, DM, Hafellner, J, Hestmark, G, Arnold, AE, Buedel, B, Rauhut, A, Hewitt, D, Untereiner, WA, Cole, MS, Scheidegger, C, Schultz, M, Sipman, H & Schoch, CL 2006, 'A five-gene phylogeny of Pezizomycotina', MYCOLOGIA, vol. 98, no. 6, pp. 1018-1028.
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Stark, DJ, Beebe, NW, Marriott, DJ, Ellis, JT & Harkness, JL 2006, 'Dientamoebiasis: clinical importance and recent advances', Trends in Parasitology, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 92-96.
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Dientamoeba fragilis, an unusual single-celled parasite that was described first in 1918, is found worldwide in the gastrointestinal tract of humans. D. fragilis has emerged from obscurity recently because it is now recognised as a common cause of chronic diarrhoea abd is treatable with drugs. Recent molecular studies have described D. fragilis as having two genotypes. Diagnostic tests, based on conventional and real-time PCR, have been developed that will provide a rapid, sensitive and specific diagnosis of D. fragilis. These tests willalso aid the elucidation of the host distribution and the life cycle of this pathogen.

Stark, DJ, Beebe, NW, Marriott, DJ, Ellis, JT & Harkness, JL 2006, 'Evaluation of three diagnostic methods, including real-time PCR, for detection of Dientamoeba fragilis in stool specimens', Journal Of Clinical Microbiology, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 232-235.
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Dientamoeba fragilis is a protozoan parasite of humans that infects the mucosa of the large intestine and is associated with gastrointestinal disease. We developed a 5 nuclease (TaqMan)-based real-time PCR assay, targeting the small subunit rRNA gene, fo

Stark, DJ, Fotedar, R, Ellis, JT & Harkness, JL 2006, 'Locally acquired infection with Entamoeba histolytica in men who have sex with men in Australia', The Medical Journal of Australia, vol. 185, no. 8, pp. 417-417.
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To the Editor: We report three cases of locally acquired Entamoeba histolytica infection in men who have sex with men (MSM) in Sydney, New South Wales. E. histolytica is an invasive pathogenic amoeba that can cause invasive intestinal and extraintestinal amoebiasis. Entamoeba dispar is morphologically identical but is considered non-pathogenic and non-invasive.1 The three patients presented with a 1â3-week history of diarrhoea and abdominal pain. Routine bacterial cultures were negative for pathogens. Ova, cyst and parasite investigations showed cysts and trophozoites of E. histolytica/dispar complex in permanently stained, fixed faecal smears. Stool samples were tested for E. histolytica and E. dispar by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using a previously described method.2 All three patients were positive for E. histolytica by PCR; sequencing of the amplicons verified the presence of E. histolytica DNA.

Stelzer, S, Egan, S, Larsen, MR, Bartlett, DH & Kjelleberg, S 2006, 'Unravelling the role of the ToxR-like transcriptional regulator WmpR in the marine antifouling bacterium Pseudoalteromonas tunicata', MICROBIOLOGY-SGM, vol. 152, pp. 1385-1394.
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Stevens, JR & Wallman, JF 2006, 'The evolution of myiasis in humans and other animals in the Old and New Worlds (part I): phylogenetic analyses', TRENDS IN PARASITOLOGY, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 129-136.
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Stevens, JR, Wallman, JF, Otranto, D, Wall, R & Pape, T 2006, 'The evolution of myiasis in humans and other animals in the Old and New Worlds (part II): biological and life-history studies', TRENDS IN PARASITOLOGY, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 181-188.
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Stones, R, Padmadas, S, Guo, S, Brown, JJ, Zhao, F & Li, B 2006, 'Dyspareunia, Urinary Sensory Symptoms, and Incontinence Among Young Chinese Women', Archives of Sexual Behavior: an interdisciplinary research journal, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 561-567.
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This study examined the prevalence of dyspareunia, urinary sensory symptoms, and urinary incontinence and explored their associations among sexually active Chinese women aged 1534 years. Data from 3,150 women were analyzed from a survey undertaken during 2003 in 30 counties in China as part of the United Nations Population Fund Country Program. The overall prevalence of dyspareunia was 4.7%. Urinary pain, burning or frequency was reported by 8.5%, 6.2% reported urinary incontinence, and 2.3% reported both sets of urinary symptoms. The prevalence of urinary incontinence, both alone and in combination with sensory symptoms, increased in a linear manner with age. Dyspareunia was associated with early sexual debut, primary level of education, and membership of minority ethnic communities. Urinary sensory symptoms and incontinence were more common among those reporting early sexual debut, those with less schooling, and women engaged in agricultural and manual unskilled occupations. Urinary incontinence was more common among women who had had a previous vaginal delivery compared to nulliparous women. Dyspareunia was strongly associated with the presence of urinary symptoms, particularly among those with both sensory symptoms and incontinence (26.8%). Nearly a quarter of women who had dyspareunia had sought treatment but fewer had done so for urinary incontinence. Dyspareunia and urinary symptoms show distinct but overlapping patterns of association with demographic variables. The findings indicate unmet need for assessment and advice about these symptoms in womens reproductive health programs.

Suggett, DJ, Maberly, SC & Geider, RJ 2006, 'Gross photosynthesis and lake community metabolism during the spring phytoplankton bloom', Limnology And Oceanography, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 2064-2076.
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Daily productivity determinations of linear photosynthetic electron transfer and of net and gross inorganic CO2 uptake were determined in situ throughout a 6-week sampling period of the spring phytoplankton bloom in Esthwaite Water in the English Lake Di

Suggett, DJ, Moore, CM, Maranon, E, Omachi, C, Varela, RA, Aiken, J & Holligan, PM 2006, 'Photosynthetic electron turnover in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean', Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, vol. 53, no. 14-16, pp. 1573-1592.
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Photosynthetic electron transport directly generates the energy required for carbon fixation and thus underlies the aerobic metabolism of aquatic systems. We determined photosynthetic electron turnover rates, ETRs, from ca. 100 FRR fluorescence water-column profiles throughout the subtropical and tropical Atlantic during six Atlantic Meridional Transect cruises (AMT 6, MayJune 1998, to AMT 11, SeptemberOctober 2000). Each FRR fluorescence profile yielded a water-column ETR-light response from which the maximum electron turnover rate (ETRRCIImax), effective absorption (s PSII) and light saturation parameter (E k) specific to the concentration of photosystem II reaction centres (RCIIs) were calculated. ETRRCIImax and E k increased whilst s PSII decreased with mixed-layer depth and the daily integrated photosynthetically active photon flux when all provinces were considered together. These trends suggested that variability in maximum ETR can be partly attributed to changes in effective absorption. Independent bio-optical measurements taken during AMT 11 demonstrated that s PSII variability reflects taxonomic and physiological differences in the phytoplankton communities. ETRRCIImax and Ek, but not sPSII, remained correlated with mixed-layer depth and daily integrated photosynthetically active photon flux when data from each oceanic province were considered separately, indicating a decoupling of electron turnover and carbon fixation rates within each province. Comparison of maximum ETRs with 14C-based measurements of Pmax further suggests that light absorption and C fixation are coupled to differing extents for the various oligotrophic Atlantic provinces. We explore the importance of quantifying RCII concentration for determination of ETRs and interpretation of ETR-C fixation coupling.

Sukparungsee, S & Novikov, A 2006, 'On EWMA procedure for detection of a change in observation via Martingale approach', KMITL Science Journal, vol. 6, no. 2a, pp. 373-380.
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Using martingale technique wepresent analytic approximation and exact lower bounds for the expectation of the first passage times of an Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) procedure used for monitoring changes in distributions. Based on these results, a simple numericalprocedure for finding optimal parameters of EWMA for small changes in the means of observation processes is established.

Sun, N, Carroll, RJ & Zhao, H 2006, 'Bayesian error analysis model for reconstructing transcriptional regulatory networks', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 103, no. 21, pp. 7988-7993.
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Swift, PD, Smith, G & Franklin, J 2006, 'Hotspots in cylindrical mirror light pipes: description and removal', Lighting Research and Technology, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 19-31.
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The transmittance and irradiance distribution at the exit aperture of a cylindrical mirror light pipe (MLP) have been measured and calculated for the cases of collimated and diffuse inputs. MLPs are an example of a nonimaging optical system that can concentrate light, which may give rise to problematic hotspots and glare either on any diffuser used at the exit aperture or in the illuminated room. It is shown in this work that use of a diffuser at the entrance aperture overcomes these problems without a marked reduction in transmission of a typical MLP.

Tarran, S, Langlois, NE, Dziewulski, P & Sztynda, T 2006, 'Using the inflammatory cell infiltrate to estimate the age of human burn wounds A review and immunohistochemical study', Medicine Science And The Law, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 115-126.
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The burn wound healing process, which is reviewed in this paper, has features that differ from the healing of incised cutaneous wounds. This study used immunohistochemical staining and cell counting to examine the inflammatory cell response in biopsy sam

Thiel, BL, Toth, M, Schroemges, R, Scholtz, H, van Veen, G & Knowles, WR 2006, 'Two-stage gas amplifier for ultrahigh resolution low vacuum scanning electron microscopy', Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 77, p. 033705.

Thomas, P, Brown, LD, Ray, AS & Prince, K 2006, 'A SIMS study of the transition elemental distribution between bands in banded Australian sedimentary opal from the Lightning Ridge locality', Neues Jahrbuch Fur Mineralogie-Abhandlungen, vol. 182, no. 2, pp. 193-199.
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The elemental distribution of trace elements in banded Australian sedimentary opals from the Lightning Ridge region was investigated using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Data were acquired using both spot analysis and spatial analysis by steppin

Thompson, L & Harry, L 2006, 'Alternative Sigma factors: the master regulators', Microbiology Australia, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 118-120.

Thompson, L, Beech, PL, Real, G, Henriques, AO & Harry, L 2006, 'Requirement for the cell division protein DivIB in polar cell division and engulfment during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis', Journal Of Bacteriology, vol. 188, no. 21, pp. 7677-7685.
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During spore formation in Bacillus subtilis, cell division occurs at the cell pole and is believed to require essentially the same division machinery as vegetative division. Intriguingly, although the cell division protein DivIB is not required for veget

Ton-That, C, Shard, AG, Dhanak, VR, Shinohara, H, Bendall, JS & Welland, ME 2006, 'Electronic structure of pristine and potassium-doped Y@C-82 metallofullerene', PHYSICAL REVIEW B, vol. 73, no. 20.
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Tooze, JA, Midthune, D, Dodd, KW, Freedman, LS, Krebs-Smith, SM, Subar, AF, Guenther, PM, Carroll, RJ & Kipnis, V 2006, 'A new statistical method for estimating the usual intake of episodically consumed foods with application to their distribution', JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION, vol. 106, no. 10, pp. 1575-1587.
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Toth, M, Knowles, WR & Thiel, BL 2006, 'Secondary electron imaging of nonconductors with nanometer resolution', Applied Physics Letters, vol. 88, no. 2, pp. 1-3.
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The resolution of secondary electron (SE) images in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is limited by the SE diffusion length. However, most materials are poor electrical conductors and in practice, resolution and image information content are often limited by charging. We demonstrate how charging can be eliminated as the resolution-limiting factor using a gaseous SE detector for magnetic immersion electron lenses. Charging is stabilized by ions produced in a magnetic field-assisted gas ionization cascade. The charge control self-regulation process does not quench the SE imaging signal, thereby enabling high resolution image contrast mechanisms that are suppressed in high vacuum SEM. © 2006 American Institute of Physics.

Toth, M, Knowles, WR & Thiel, BL 2006, 'Secondary electron imaging of nonconductors with nanometer resolution', Applied Physics Letters, vol. 88, no. 2, p. 023105.

Trevaskis, B, Hemming, MN, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2006, 'HvVRN2 responds to daylength, whereas HvVRN1 is regulated by vernalization and developmental status', PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 140, no. 4, pp. 1397-1405.
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Tucker, BJ, Booth, MA, Allan, GI, Booth, DJ & Fielder, DS 2006, 'Effects of photoperiod and feeding frequency on performance of newly weaned Australian snapper Pagrus auratus', Aquaculture, vol. 258, no. 1-4, pp. 514-520.
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An experiment was done to investigate the interactive effects of photoperiod (12L: 12D or 18L:6D) and feeding frequency on the growth of newly weaned Australian snapper (mean weight = 0.14 g fish(-1)). Feeding frequency was investigated over 4 levels wit

Udall, JA, Swanson, JM, Haller, K, Rapp, RA, Sparks, ME, Hatfield, J, Yu, YS, Wu, YR, Dowd, C, Arpat, AB, Sickler, BA, Wilkins, TA, Guo, JY, Chen, XY, Scheffler, J, Taliercio, E, Turley, R, McFadden, H, Payton, P, Klueva, N, Allen, R, Zhang, DS, Haigler, C, Wilkerson, C, Suo, JF, Schulze, SR, Pierce, ML, Essenberg, M, Kim, H, Llewellyn, DJ, Dennis, ES, Kudrna, D, Wing, R, Paterson, AH, Soderlund, C & Wendel, JF 2006, 'A global assembly of cotton ESTs', GENOME RESEARCH, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 441-450.
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Ulstrup, K, Berkelmans, R, Ralph, PJ & van Oppen, MJ 2006, 'Variation in bleaching sensitivity of two coral species across a latitudinal gradient on the Great Barrier Reef: the role of zooxanthellae', Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 314, pp. 135-148.
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The ability of corals to cope with environmental change, such as increased temperature, relies on the physiological mechanisms of acclimatisation and long-term genetic adaptation. We experimentally examined the bleaching sensitivity exhibited by 2 species of coral, Pocillopora damicornis and Turbinaria reniformis, at 3 locations across a latitudinal gradient of almost 6 degrees on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Target bleaching temperature was reached by using a ramping rate of 0.2 degrees C/h. We found that the bleaching sensitivity and recovery of both species differed between corals with clade D symbionts and those with clade C. However, in F damicornis bleaching susceptibility corresponded more strongly with latitude than with zooxanthella type and hence, temperature history, suggesting that local adaptation has occurred. The observed bleaching sensitivity was shown by a decrease in photochemical efficiency (F-v/F-m) in both species of coral. The rate of recovery in T reniformis was highest in explants containing clade D symbionts. The occurrence of clade D in the northern section of the GBR may reflect a long-term response to high sea water temperatures, while the presence of clade D in low abundance in T reniformis at Heralds Prong Reef and Percy Island may be a result of recent bleaching events.

Ulstrup, K, Ralph, PJ, Larkum, A & Kuhl, M 2006, 'Intra-colonial variability in light acclimation of zooxanthellae in coral tissues of Pocillopora damicornis Received:', Marine Biology, vol. 149, pp. 1325-1335.

Unicomb, LE, Ferguson, J, Stafford, RJ, Ashbolt, R, Kirk, MD, Becker, NG, Patel, MS, Gilbert, GL, Valcanis, M & Mickan, L 2006, 'Low-level fluoroquinolone resistance among Campylobacter jejuni isolates in Australia', CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES, vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 1368-1374.
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Upadhyaya, NM, Zhu, QH, Zhou, XR, Eamens, AL, Hoque, MS, Ramm, K, Shivakkumar, R, Smith, KF, Pan, ST, Li, SZ, Peng, KF, Kim, SJ & Dennis, ES 2006, 'Dissociation (Ds) constructs, mapped Ds launch pads and a transiently-expressed transposase system suitable for localized insertional mutagenesis in rice', THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS, vol. 112, no. 7, pp. 1326-1341.
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van der Heyde, HC, Nolan, J, Combes, V, Gramaglia, I & Grau, GE 2006, 'A unified hypothesis for the genesis of cerebral malaria: sequestration, inflammation and hemostasis leading to microcirculatory dysfunction', TRENDS IN PARASITOLOGY, vol. 22, no. 11, pp. 503-508.
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Van Reyk, DM, Brown, A, Hults'en, LM, Dean, R & Jessup, W 2006, 'Oxysterols in biological systems: sources, metabolism and pathophysiological relevances', Redox Report, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 255-262.
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Oxysterols are the 27-carbon products of cholesterol by both enzymic and non-enzymic mechanisms. Their roles in cholesterol homeostasis, as well as in diseases in which oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation are implicated (e.g. atherosclerosis), have been investigated extensively. However, there are a number of important considerations regarding the chysiological/pathophysiological functions and activities of the different oxysterols. First,in both normal and diseased tissues, the levels of oxysterols are very low when compared to the native sterol. Also, when assessing studies thathave measured the levels of oxysterols in biological samples, there must be careful consideration as to the method of sample isolation,s torage and sampling. This is because of the potential generation or loss of oxysterols during these procedures. Additionally, the relevance of in vitro studies which examine the effects of oxysterols upon cell function should be judged as to cellular oxysterol content (both in terms of the levels of oxysterol and the degree of esterification) resulting fromthe oxysterol treatment. We present evidence that the means by which oxysterol is delivered in vitro determines whether the oxyterol content reflects what has been found in vivo. Studies identifying the specific cellular targets of oxysterol indicate that several oxysterols may be regulators of cellular lipid metabolism via control of gene transcription.

Veal, TD, Piper, L, Phillips, M, Zareie, HM, Lu, H, Schaff, W & Mcconville, C 2006, 'Scanning tunnelling spectroscopy of quantized electron accumulation at InxGa1-xN surfaces', Physica Status Solidi A-Applications And Materials Science, vol. 203, no. 1, pp. 85-92.
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Electron tunnelling spectroscopy has been used to investigate quantized levels in electron accumulation layers at InGaN surfaces. The tunnelling spectra exhibit a plateau in the normalized conductance which widens with increasing Ga-content, correspondin

Verbout, SM, Brooks, HE, Leslie, LM & Schultz, DM 2006, 'Evolution of the US tornado database: 1954-2003', WEATHER AND FORECASTING, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 86-93.
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Villavedra Sierra, M, To, JH, Lemke, SJ, Broady, KW, Melrose, J, Birch, D, Wallach, M & Raison, RL 2006, 'Carbohydrate Epitopes Are Immunodominant At The Surface Of Infectious Neoparamoeba Spp', Glycobiology, vol. 16, no. 11, pp. 1143-1143.
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NA

Waite, P, Gorrie, C, Herath, N & Marotte, L 2006, 'Whisker maps in marsupials: Nerve lesions and critical periods', Anatomical Record, vol. 288A, no. 2, pp. 174-181.
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In the wallaby, whisker-related patterns develop over a protracted period of postnatal maturation in the pouch. Afferents arrive simultaneously in the thalamus and cortex from postnatal day (P) 15. Whisker-related patterns are first seen in the thalamus

Wallace, Kunkel, CS, Lennard, CJ, Stoilovic, M & Roux, CP 2006, 'Evaluation of 5-Methylthioninhydrin for the Detection of Fingermarks on Porous Surfaces and Comparison', Identification Canada, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 4-13.
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The chemical 5-methylthioninhydrin was developed in the early 1990s for treating fingermarks on porous surfaces. Although many researchers showed the promise of this chemical during the years between 1990 and 1997, current research indicates that this reagent is sill not commonly used in casework. The current study assessed the commercially produced 5-methylthioninhydrin and compared it to the more commonly used reagents for detecting fingermarks on porous surfaces. The study found that 5-methylthioninhydrin is superior to ninhydrin; however, 1,2-indanedione produced a much stronger luminescence when used to treat latent fingermarks. Comparable fluorescence was produced with 5-methlthioninhydrin after metal salt treatment to DFO; the high background detracts from the ridge detail, however. The study concludes that although the cost of 5-methylthioninhydrin is higher than for conventional reagents, its use may be justified in some circumstances. The second article begins with an illustrated step-by-step demonstration of the technique for blending two exposures of the same scene. It involves the use of layers within Adobe Photoshop CS and then placing one exposure overtop of another exposure. The best qualities of each exposure are then used in the final print. The article then examines a few applied forensic applications of the blending of two exposures, including a technique for rescuing underexposed images. This issues section on Society Business (Canadian Identification Society) addresses Society awards, the Presidents message," the 29th CIS Educational Conference, guidelines for authors, a listing of award winners and past presidents, and a listing of staff members

Walsh, CT, Pease, BC, Hoyle, S & Booth, DJ 2006, 'Variability in growth of longfinned eels among coastal catchments of south-eastern Australia', Journal Of Fish Biology, vol. 68, no. 6, pp. 1693-1706.
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Longfinned eels Anguilla reinhardtii were captured by both fishery-dependent and independent sampling methods from three rivers in New South Wales. south-eastern Australia. Growth rates were examined in two zones (fresh water and tidal) in the Hacking. H

Walsh, CT, Pease, BC, Hoyle, SD & Booth, DJ 2006, 'Variability in growth of longfinned eels among coastal catchments of south-eastern Australia', JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY, vol. 68, no. 6, pp. 1693-1706.
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Wand, M 2006, 'Support vector machine classification', Parabola, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 21-37.
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Wang, G, Needham, SA, Yao, J, Wang, JZ, Liu, RS & Liu, HK 2006, 'A study on LiFePO4 and its doped derivatives as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries', Journal of Power Sources, vol. 159, no. 1, pp. 282-286.
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LiFePO4, doped LiMxFe1-xPO4, and Li1-xMxFePO4 compounds have been prepared via a solgel synthesis method. The physical properties of the as-prepared lithium iron phosphates were characterised by X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES), and magnetic susceptibility. The electrochemical properties lithium iron phosphates were tested by a variety of electrochemical techniques. Lithium iron phosphate electrodes demonstrated a stable discharge capacity of 160165 mAh g-1, almost approaching the theoretical capacity. The good electronic conductivity and nanocrystalline could contribute to the unique performance of lithium iron phosphate electrodes. Lithium iron phosphates have a significant potential to be used as a new cathode materials in Li-ion batteries.

Wang, G, Yao, J, Liu, HK, Dou, SX & Ahn, J 2006, 'Growth and lithium storage properties of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes', Metals and Materials International, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 413-416.
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High-purity vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were prepared on a quartz substrate by thermal chemical vapour deposition (CVD). The as-prepared carbon nanotubes have an outer diameter of 4060 nm and a length of 7080 ?m. HRTEM observation revealed that there were compartment structures in the carbon nanotubes. The vertically aligned CNTs exhibit a high reversible lithium storage capacity of 950 mAh/g in lithium-ion cells.

Wang, GX, Bewlay, S, Needham, SA, Liu, HK, Liu, RS, Drozd, VA, Lee, JF & Chen, JM 2006, 'Synthesis and characterization of LiFePO4 and LiTi0.01Fe0.99PO4 cathode materials', JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY, vol. 153, no. 1, pp. A25-A31.
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Wang, GX, Park, MS, Liu, HK, Wexler, D & Chen, J 2006, 'Synthesis and characterization of one-dimensional CdSe nanostructures', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 88, no. 19.
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Wang, J, Chen, J, Konstantinov, K, Zhao, L, Ng, SH, Wang, G, Guo, ZP & Liu, HK 2006, 'Sulphur-polypyrrole composite positive electrode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries', Electrochimica Acta, vol. 51, no. 22, pp. 4634-4638.
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A novel conducting sulphur-polypyrrole composite material was prepared by the chemical polymerization method with sodium p-toluenesulphonate as the dopant, 4-styrenesulphonic sodium salts as the surfactant, and FeCl3 as the oxidant. The new material was characterized by Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Nanosize polypyrrole particles were uniformly coated onto the surface of the sulphur powder, which significantly improved the electrical conductivity, the capacity and the cycle durability in a lithium cell compared with the bare sulphur electrode

Wang, J, Ng, SH, Wang, G, Chen, J, Zhao, L, Chen, Y & Liu, HK 2006, 'Synthesis and characterization of nanosize cobalt sulfide for rechargeable lithium batteries', Journal of Power Sources, vol. 159, no. 1, pp. 287-290.
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Nanosize cobalt sulfides were synthesized through a one step chemical reaction method at room temperature. The cobalt sulfide nanopowders were characterized by X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical testing. The results revealed that the cobalt sulfide is a semiconductor; the reversible capacity is increased with increasing content of electronic conductors in the active material of electrodes. The as prepared sample with 10 wt.% carbon black and 10 wt.% polypyrrole (PPy) powder as electronic conductors shows the best electrochemical properties, with a reversible capacity of over 300 mAh g-1 based on the total mass of the electrode. Cobalt sulfide nanopowders show promise as cathode active materials for lithium-rechargeable batteries.

Wang, J, Wang, G, Yang, L, Ng, SH & Liu, H 2006, 'An investigation on electrochemical behavior of nanosize zinc sulfide electrode in lithium-ion cells', Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 250-254.
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Nanosize zinc sulfides were synthesized through the chemical reaction method. The as-prepared zinc sulfide nanopowders were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and electrochemical testing. The results revealed that zinc sulfide electrodes exhibited a reversible lithium storage capacity of about 400 mAh/g with stable cyclability. Zinc sulfide nanopowders show promise as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.

Wang, J, Yu, Q, Li, J, Li, L, Li, X, Yu, G & Sun, X 2006, 'Simulation of diurnal variations of CO2, water and heat fluxes over winter wheat with a model coupled photosynthesis and transpiration', Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol. 137, no. 3-4, pp. 194-219.
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A model was developed that couples canopy photosynthesis and transpiration of winter wheat. The model combined a two-layer evapotranspiration model with a coupled photosynthesisstomatal conductance model to study the diurnal variations of CO2, water and heat fluxes of winter wheat. Field experiments were conducted in Yucheng Comprehensive Experimental Station in the North China Plain to evaluate the model. Half-hourly data of weather variables and CO2, water and heat fluxes were measured by the eddy covariance method in 20022003. An analysis of measured flux data showed that there was an evident midday depression of photosynthesis, caused by stomatal closure due to high vapor water deficit and canopy temperature though the soil was well irrigated. There was a close agreement between simulated and measured net radiation, CO2 flux, sensible and latent heat fluxes, which proved the predictive power of the coupled photosynthesis and transpiration model. The response of CO2 flux, canopy conductance and latent heat flux to changes in climatic factors was discussed, which indicated the model could be used to predict CO2, water and heat fluxes of wheat not only in the North China Plain, but also in other climatic regions in China.

Wassmer, SC, Cianciolo, GJ, Combes, V & Grau, GE 2006, 'LMP-420, a new therapeutic approach for cerebral malaria?', M S-MEDECINE SCIENCES, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 343-345.
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Wassmer, SC, Combes, V, Candal, FJ, Juhan-Vague, L & Grau, GE 2006, 'Platelets potentiate brain endothelial alterations induced by Plasmodium falciparum', INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 645-653.
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Webb, JK 2006, 'Effects of tail autotomy on survival, growth and territory occupation in free-ranging juvenile geckos (Oedura lesueurii)', Austral Ecology, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 432-440.
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Many animals autotomize their tails to facilitate escape from predators. Although tail autotomy can increase the likelihood of surviving a predatory encounter, it may entail subsequent costs, including reduced growth, loss of energy stores, a reduction in reproductive output, loss of social status and a decreased probability of survival during subsequent encounters with predators. To date, few studies have investigated the potential fitness costs of tail autotomy in natural populations. I investigated whether tail loss influenced survival, growth and territory occupation of juvenile velvet geckos Oedura lesueurii in a population where predatory snakes were common. During the 3-year mark-recapture study, 32% of juveniles voluntarily autotomized their tails when first captured. Analysis of survival using the program MARK showed that voluntary tail autotomy did not influence the subsequent survival of juvenile geckos. Survival was age-dependent and was higher in 1-year-old animals (0.98) than in hatchlings (0.76), whereas recapture probabilities were time-dependent. Growth rates of tailed and tailless juveniles were very similar, but tailless geckos had slow rates of tail regeneration (0.14 mm day(-1)). Tail autotomy did not influence rock usage by geckos, and both tailed and tailless juveniles used few rocks as diurnal retreat sites (means of 1.64 and 1.47 rocks, respectively) and spent long time periods (85 and 82 days) under the same rocks. Site fidelity may confer survival advantages to juveniles in populations sympatric with ambush foraging snakes. My results show that two potential fitness costs of tail autotomy - decreased growth rates and a lower probability of survival - did not occur in juveniles from this population.

Webb, JK & Whiting, MJ 2006, 'Does rock disturbance by superb lyrebirds (Menura novaehollandiae) influence habitat selection by juvenile snakes?', Austral Ecology, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 58-67.
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Vertebrates that destroy or disturb habitats used by other animals may influence habitat selection by sympatric taxa. In south-east Australian forests, superb lyrebirds (Menura novaehollandiae) displace soil, leaf litter and rocks during their daily fora

Webb, JK & Whiting, MJ 2006, 'Habitat disturbance, not predation, is all that is required to influence habitat choice in juvenile snakes: A rejoinder to Lill', AUSTRAL ECOLOGY, vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 905-906.
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Webb, JK, Shine, R & Christian, KA 2006, 'The adaptive significance of reptilian viviparity in the tropics: Testing the maternal manipulation hypothesis', Evolution, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 115-122.
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Phylogenetic transitions from oviparity to viviparity in reptiles generally have occurred in cold climates, apparently driven by selective advantages accruing from maternal regulation of incubation temperature. But why, then, are viviparous reptiles so successful in tropical climates? Viviparity might enhance fitness in the tropics via the same pathway as in the temperate zone, if pregnant female reptiles in the tropics maintain more stable temperatures than are available in nests (Shine's maternal manipulation hypothesis). Alternatively, viviparity might succeed in the tropics for entirely different reasons than apply in the temperate zone. Our data support the maternal manipulation hypothesis. In a laboratory thermal gradient, pregnant death adders (Acanthophis praelongus) from tropical Australia maintained less variable body temperatures (but similar mean temperatures) than did nonpregnant females. Females kept at a diel range of 25-31 degrees C (as selected by pregnant females) gave birth earlier and produced larger offspring (greater body length and head size) than did females kept at 23-33 degrees C (as selected by nonpregnant snakes). Larger body size enhanced offspring recapture rates (presumably reflecting survival rates) in the field. Thus, even in the tropics, reproducing female reptiles manipulate the thermal regimes experienced by their developing embryos in ways that enhance the fitness of their offspring. This similarity across climatic zones suggests that a single general hypothesis-maternal manipulation of thermal conditions for embryogenesis-may explain the selective advantage of viviparity in tropical as well as cold-climate reptiles.

Webb, JK, Shine, R & Christian, KA 2006, 'THE ADAPTIVE SIGNIFICANCE OF REPTILIAN VIVIPARITY IN THE TROPICS: TESTING THE MATERNAL MANIPULATION HYPOTHESIS', Evolution, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 115-115.
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Wehrens-Dijksma, M & Notten, PHL 2006, 'Electrochemical Quartz Microbalance characterization of Ni(OH)(2)-based thin film electrodes', ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA, vol. 51, no. 18, pp. 3609-3621.
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Werneck, GL, Costa, CH, Walker, AM, David, JR, Wand, M & Maguire, JH 2006, 'Multilevel modelling of the incidence of visceral leishmaniasis in Teresina, Brazil', Epidemiology and Infection, vol. 135, no. 2, pp. 195-201.
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Epidemics of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in major Brazilian cities are new phenomena since 1980. As determinants of transmission in urban settings probably operate at different geographic scales, and information is not available for each scale, a multilevel approach was used to examine the effect of canine infection and environmental and socio-economic factors on the spatial variability of incidence rates of VL in the city of Teresina. Details on an outbreak of greater than 1200 cases of VL in Teresina during 19931996 were available at two hierarchical levels: census tracts (socio-economic characteristics, incidence rates of human VL) and districts, which encompass census tracts (prevalence of canine infection). Remotely sensed data obtained by satellite generated environmental information at both levels. Data from census tracts and districts were analysed simultaneously by multilevel modelling. Poor socio-economic conditions and increased vegetation were associated with a high incidence of human VL. Increasing prevalence of canine infection also predicted a high incidence of human VL, as did high prevalence of canine infection before and during the epidemic. Poor socio-economic conditions had an amplifying effect on the association between canine infection and the incidence of human VL. Focusing interventions on areas with characteristics identified by multilevel analysis could be a cost-effective strategy for controlling VL. Because risk factors for infectious diseases operate simultaneously at several levels and ecological data usually are available at different geographical scales, multilevel modelling is a valuable tool for epidemiological investigation of disease transmission

Whitchurch, CB 2006, 'Complexity in '2-component' signal transduction systems', Microbiology Australia, vol. 27, pp. 128-131.

White, P, Golianu, B, Choi, S & Zaslawski, CJ 2006, 'Standardization of Nomenclature in Acupuncture Research (SoNAR)', Evidenced based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 267-270.
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As more clinical acupuncture trials for pain are published, it becomes increasingly difficult to compare and evaluate the merits and shortcomings of such studies. A major contributory factor to this centers on the description of, and the assumptions made about, the control intervention used. In considering an acupuncture control, it is important to evaluate its physiological activity and thus far, this has not been done. A variety of different and sometimes very novel controls have been tried and used in the research setting and the inevitable consequence of this is confusion, particularly when attempting to interpret the results of trials. Researchers and other interested parties such as patients, primary care practitioners, funding agencies etc., searching for evidence in the literature are likely to be misled or confused by such variability. There is therefore a need to define and standardize many of these terms, to clarify reporting and to convey the correct information in a way that it is not misleading. This paper details the background and need for this and is primarily intended to assist those who intend to publish primary and secondary acupuncture research. However, standardization of reporting will be of benefit to anybody who will need to examine the literature for evidence. This article proposes and recommends a nomenclature when reporting future acupuncture clinical research. This nomenclature arose through discussion at a meeting convened by the World Health Organisation (Western Pacific Regional Office) and will be incorporated into their policy document later this year.

White, RE, Phillips, M, Thomas, P & Wuhrer, R 2006, 'In-situ investigation of discolouration processes between historic oil paint pigments', Microchimica Acta, vol. 155, no. 1-2, pp. 319-322.
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Discolouring interactions between paint pigments have been observed since the mid 19(th) century. The source of some of these discolourations is the production of copper sulfides from an interaction between cadmium sulfide pigments and copper containing

Willhelm, S, Carberry, M, Eldridge, M, Poorvin, L, Saxton, M & Doblin, MA 2006, 'Marine and Freshwater Cyanophages in a Laurentian Great Lake: Evidence from Infectivity Assays and Molecular Anayses of g20 genes', Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 72, no. 7, pp. 4957-4963.
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While it is well established that viruses play an important role in the sturcture of marine microbisal food webs, few studies have directly addresed their role in large lake systems. As part of an ongoing study of the microbial acology of Lake Erie, we have examined the distribution and diversity of viruses in this system. One surprising result has bee the pervasive distribution of cyanophages that infect the marine cyanobacterial isolate Synechococcus sp. strain WH7803. Viruses that typically infect this cyanobacterium wre identified throughout the western basin of Lake Erie, as well as in locations within the central and eastern basins. Analyses of the gene encoding the g20 viral capsid assembly protein (a conservative phylogenetic marker for the cyanophage) indicate that these viruses as well as amplicons from natural populations and the ballast of commercial ships are related to marine cyanophages but in some cases form a unique clade, leaving questions concerning the native hosts of these viruses. The results suggest that cyanophages may be as important in freshwater systems as they are known to be in marine systems.

Williams, DBG & Lawton, M 2006, 'Aluminium triflate: an efficient recyclable Lewis acid catalyst for the aminolysis of epoxides', TETRAHEDRON LETTERS, vol. 47, no. 37, pp. 6557-6560.
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Williams, DBG, Ajam, M & Ranwell, A 2006, 'Highly selective metathesis of 1-octene in ionic liquids', ORGANOMETALLICS, vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 3088-3090.
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Wolff, JC & Ollendick, TH 2006, 'The comorbidity of conduct problems and depression in childhood and adolescence', Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, vol. 9, no. 3-4, pp. 201-220.
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An extensive body of research documents the high prevalence of comorbidity among child and adolescent disorders in general and between conduct problems and depression in particular. These problems co-occur at significantly higher rates than would be expected by chance and their comorbidity may have significant implications for nosology, treatment, and prognosis. Four main hypotheses have been put forth to account for these high rates of comorbidity. First, comorbidity may be a result of shortcomings associated with referral or informant biases. Second, comorbidity may be an artifact of overlapping definitional criteria. Third, one disorder may cause the other disorder by influencing the developmental trajectory and placing an individual at increased risk for further difficulties. Finally, comorbidity between two disorders may be explained by shared underlying causal or risk factors. The purpose of this review is to explore these possibilities, concentrating primarily on the common risk factors of parent psychopathology, emotion regulation, and cognitive biases that may underlie the co-occurrence of these two disorders. Based on our review, we propose a model for the development of comorbidity between these two disorders. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2006.

Wood, C, Robertson, M, Tanner, G, Peacock, J, Dennis, ES & Helliwell, C 2006, 'The Arabidopsis thaliana vernalization response requires a polycomb-like protein complex that also includes VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 103, no. 39, pp. 14631-14636.
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In Arabidopsis thaliana, the promotion of flowering by cold temperatures, vernalization, is regulated via a floral-repressive MAIDS box transcription factor, FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). Vernalization leads to the epigenetic repression of FLC expression, a p

Wood, R, Burchett, M, Alquezar, R, Orwell, RL, Tarran, J & Torpy, FR 2006, 'The potted-plant microcosm substantially reduces indoor air VOC pollution: 1. Office field-study', Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol. 175, no. 1-4, pp. 163-180.
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Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are major contaminants of indoor air, with concentrations often several times higher than outdoors. They are recognized as causative agents of "building-related illness" or "sick-building syndrome". Our previous laboratory test-chamber studies have shown that the potted-plant/root-zone microorganism microcosm can eliminate high concentrations of air-borne VOCs within 24 hours, once the removal response has been induced by an initial dose. However, the effectiveness of the potted-plant microcosm in 'real-world' indoor spaces has never previously been tested experimentally. This paper reports the results of a field-study on the effects of potted-plant presence on total VOC (TVOC) levels, measured in 60 offices (12 per treatment), over two 5-9 week periods, using three planting regimes, with two 'international indoor-plant' species. Fourteen VOCs were identified in the office air. When TVOC loads in reference offices rose above 100 ppb, large reductions, of from 50 to 75% (to <100 ppb), were found in planted offices, under all planting regimes The results indicate that air-borne TVOC levels above a threshold of about 100 ppb stimulate the graded induction of an efficient metabolic VOC-removal mechanism in the microcosm. Follow-up laboratory dose-response experiments, reported in the following paper, confirm the graded induction response, over a wide range of VOC concentrations. The findings together demonstrate that potted-plants can provide an efficient, self-regulating, low-cost, sustainable, bioremediation system for indoor air pollution, which can effectively complement engineering measures to reduce indoor air pollution, and hence improve human wellbeing and productivity.

Woodcock, S, Curtis, TP, Head, I, Lunn, M & Sloan, WT 2006, 'Taxa-area relationships for microbes: the unsampled and the unseen', Ecology Letters, vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 805-812.
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The recent observation of a powerlaw relationship, S ? Az, between number of taxa, S, and area, A, for microbial eukaryotes and bacteria suggests that this is one of the few generic relationships in ecology, applicable to plants, animals and microbes. However, the rate of increase in the number of species with area varies from approximately the fourth (z = 0.26) to as little as the 50th root (z = 0.0019) in microbes. This is an enormous range for which no quantitative explanation has been proffered. We show by sampling from synthetic populations that the disparity between sample and community sizes in microbial community surveys means z can be considerably underestimated and accrual of rare taxa with increasing area will not be detectable. Significant microbial taxaarea relationships will only be observed when changes in community structure within samples correlate with area. Thus, the very low z values observed recently cannot be used as the sole evidence in support of any particular community theory of community assembly. More generally, this suggests that our search for patterns and laws in the microbial world will be profoundly influenced and, potentially distorted by the sample sizes that are typical of microbial community surveys.

Wu, D, Yu, Q, Lu, C & Hengsdijk, H 2006, 'Quantifying production potentials of winter wheat in the North China Plain', European Journal Of Agronomy, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 226-235.
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The North China Plain (NCP) is one of the major winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) producing areas in China. Current wheat yields in the NCP stabilize around 5 Mg ha-1 while the demand for wheat in China is growing due to the increase in population and the change in diet. Since options for area expansion of winter wheat are limited, the production per unit of area need to be increased. The objective of this study is to quantify the production potential of winter wheat in the NCP taking into account the spatial and temporal variability caused by climate. We use a calibrated crop growth simulation model to quantify wheat yields for potential and water-limited production situations using 40 years of weather data from 32 meteorological stations in the NCP. Simulation results are linked to a Geographic Information System (GIS) facilitating their presentation and contributing to the identification of hotspots for interventions aimed at yield improvements. In the northern part of the NCP, average simulated potential yields of winter wheat go up to 9.7 Mg ha-1, while average water-limited yields only reach 3 Mg ha-1. In the southern part of the NCP, both average potential and water-limited yields are about 7.5 Mg ha-1. Rainfall is the limiting factor to winter wheat yields in the northern part of the NCP, while in the southern part, the joint effect of low radiation and high temperature are major limiting factors. Temporal variation in potential yields throughout the NCP is low in contrast with the temporal variation in water-limited yields, which is especially great in the northern part. The study calls for the collection of location-specific and disaggregated irrigated and rainfed wheat yield statistics in the NCP facilitating the identification of hotspots for improvement of current wheat yields

Wu, X, Fang, W, Yamilov, A, Chabanov, AA, Asatryan, AA, Botten, LC & Cao, H 2006, 'Random lasing in weakly scattering systems', PHYSICAL REVIEW A, vol. 74, no. 5.
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Wu, YR, Machado, AC, White, RG, Llewellyn, DJ & Dennis, ES 2006, 'Expression profiling identifies genes expressed early during lint fibre initiation in cotton', PLANT AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 107-127.
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Wu, Z, Li, Y & Murray, B 2006, 'Insular shifts in body size of rice frogs in the Zhoushan Archipelago, China', Journal Of Animal Ecology, vol. 75, no. 5, pp. 1071-1080.
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1. Differences in body size between mainland and island populations have been reported for reptiles, birds and mammals. Despite widespread recognition of insular shifts in body size in these taxa, there have been no reports of such body size shifts in am

Xiao, W, Flerchinger, GN, Yu, Q & Zheng, Y 2006, 'Evaluation of the SHAW model in simulating the components of net all-wave radiation', American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1351-1360.
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Radiation exchange at the surface plays a critical role in the surface energy balance, plant microclimate, and plant growth. The ability to simulate the surface energy balance and the microclimate within the plant canopy is contingent upon accurate simulation of the surface radiation exchange. A validation exercise was conducted of the Simultaneous Heat and Water (SHAW) model for simulating the surface radiation exchange (including downward long-wave and upward short- and long-wave radiation) over a maize canopy surface using data collected at Yucheng in the North China Plain. The model simulated upward short-wave and net all-wave radiation well with model efficiencies (ME) equaling 0.97 and 0.98, respectively. Downward and upward long-wave radiation were overestimated by 12.1 and 8.3 W m-2 with ME equaling 0.68 and 0.89, respectively. Two modifications to the model were implemented and tested to improve the simulated long-wave radiation exchange. In one modification, alternative schemes were tested to simulate cloudy sky long-wave radiation, and the best algorithm was employed in the model.

Xiao, W, Yu, Q, Flerchinger, GN & Zheng, Y 2006, 'Evaluation of SHAW model in simulating energy balance, leaf temperature, and micrometeorological variables within a Maize canopy', Agronomy Journal, vol. 98, no. 3, pp. 722-729.
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Received for publication May 2, 2005. Understanding and simulating plant canopy conditions can assist in better acknowledgment of plant microclimate characteristics, its effect on plant processes, and the influence of management and climate scenarios. The ability of the Simultaneous Heat and Water (SHAW) model to simulate the surface energy balance and profiles of leaf temperature and micrometeorological variables within a maize canopy and the underlying soil temperatures was tested using data collected during 1999 and 2003 at Yucheng, in the North China Plain. The SHAW model simulates the near-surface heat and water movement driven by input meteorological variables and observed plant characteristic (leaf area index [LAI], height, and rooting depth). For 1999, the model accurately simulated air temperature and relative humidity in the upper one-third of the canopy, but overpredicted midday temperature in the lower canopy. For 2003, although the surface energy balance was simulated quite well, radiometric canopy surface temperature and midday leaf temperature in the upper portion of the canopy were overpredicted, by approximately 5°C. Model efficiency (the fraction of variation in observed values explained by the model) for leaf temperature in the lower two-thirds of the canopy ranged from 0.82 to 0.90, but fell to 0.38 for the uppermost canopy layer. Weaknesses in the model were identified and potentially include: the use of K-theory to simulate turbulent transfer within the canopy; and simplifying assumptions with regard to long-wave radiation transfer within the canopy. Model modifications are planned to address these weaknesses.

Xu, X & Cortie, MB 2006, 'Shape change and color gamut in gold nanorods, dumbbells, and dog bones', Advanced Functional Materials, vol. 16, no. 16, pp. 2170-2176.
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It is shown here that deviations from a prolate ellipsoidal shape have a significant effect on the optical properties of gold nanorods. Transitions from rods to 'dumbbell'- or 'phi'-shaped particles lead to a shift in the longitudinal plasmon peak in the

Xu, X, Gibbons, T & Cortie, MB 2006, 'Spectrally-selective gold nanorod coatings for window glass', Gold Bulletin, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 156-165.
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The unique optical properties of gold nanorods, which exhibit tuneable absorption asa function of their aspect ratio, suggest that they might have potential applications in coatings for solar control on windows. Here we explore the properties of coatings produced by attaching gold nanorods to the surface of glass. Such coatings can attenuate solar radiation effectively, even at very low gold contents, but the figure-of-merit of our experimental coatings was close to unit, indicating that theyr are not spectrally selective. however, calculations are presented to show how coatings comprised of a blend of rods with aspect ratios of greater than 3 can produce coatings of up to 1.4. The maximum avlue possible for perfectly spectrally-selective coating in sunlight is 2.08. Unfortunately, the practical realisation of such coatings requires the further development of reliable methods to scale up the production of gold nanorods of longer aspect ratios.

Yang, M, Mattes, J, Hansbro, PM & Foster, PS 2006, 'Employment of microRNA profiles and RNA interference and antagomirs for the characterization and treatment of respiratory disease', Drug Discovery Today: Therapeutic Strategies, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 325-332.
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The complex etiology and heterogeneity of respiratory diseases have made it difficult to design pharmacological reagents that show good efficacy across a diseased population. The discovery of small 'non-coding' RNA molecules (small interfering (si)- and micro-RNAs) that regulate the function of a gene or clusters of genes and the design of synthetic analogues of these molecules may provide new directions for the treatment and characterization of respiratory disorders. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Yao, J, Bewlay, S, Konstantinov, K, Drozd, VA, Liu, RS, Wang, XL, Liu, HK & Wang, G 2006, 'Characterisation of olivine-type LiMnxFe1-xPO4 cathode materials', Journal Of Alloys And Compounds, vol. 425, pp. 362-366.
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A series of LiMnxFe1-xPO4 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1) compounds were synthesised by a solgel preparation route. X-ray diffraction and Rietveld structure refinement revealed that the lattice parameters (a, b and c) of orthorhombic LiMnxFe1-xPO4 increase with increasing Mn content. Magnetic susceptibility measurements show antiferromagnetic behaviour for LiMnxFe1-xPO4 samples. The electrochemical properties of LiMnxFe1-xPO4 as cathodes in lithium-ion cells were tested via cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements. The electrochemical performance of LiMnxFe1-xPO4 degrades with increasing Mn content.

York, PH, Booth, DJ, Glasby, T & Pease, BC 2006, 'Fish assemblages in habitats dominated by Caulerpa taxifolia and native seagrasses in south-eastern Australia', Marine Ecology-Progress Series, vol. 312, pp. 223-234.
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Seagrass beds in estuaries are important habitats and nursery grounds for a great variety of fishes, including many economically important species. The introduction of the invasive green alga Caulerpa taxifolia could potentially threaten the seagrasses o

Yu, Q, Saseendran, SA, Ma, L, Flerchinger, GN, Green, TR & Ahuja, LR 2006, 'Modeling a wheat-maize double cropping system in China using two plant growth modules in RZWQM', Agricultural Systems, vol. 89, pp. 457-477.
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Agricultural system models are potential tools for evaluating soil-waternutrient management in intensive cropping systems. In this study, we calibrated and validated the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) with both a generic plant growth module (RZWQM-G) and the CERES plant growth module (RZWQM-C) for simulating winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) double cropping systems in the Northern China Plain (NCP), China. Data were obtained from an experiment conducted at Yucheng Integrated Agricultural Experimental Station (36570N, 116360E, 28 m asl) in the North China Plain (NCP) from 1997 to 2001 (eight crop seasons) with field measurements of evapotranspiration, soil water, soil temperature, leaf area index (LAI), biomass and grain yield. Using the same soil water and nutrient modules, both plant modules were calibrated using the data from one crop sequence during 19981999 when detailed measurements of LAI and biomass growth were available. The calibrated models were then used to simulate maize and wheat production in other years. Overall simulation runs from 1997 to 2001 showed that the RZWQM-C model simulated grain yields with a RMSE of 0.94 Mg ha-1 in contrast to a RMSE of 1.23 Mg ha-1 with RZWQM-G. The RMSE for biomass simulation was 2.07 Mg ha-1 with RZWQM-G and 2.26 Mg ha-1 with RZWQM-C model. The RMSE values of simulated evapotranspiration, soil water, soil temperature and LAI were 1.4 mm, 0.046 m3 m-3, 1.75 C and 1.0 for RZWQM-G and 1.4 mm, 0.047 m3 m-3, 1.84 C and 1.1 for RZWQM-C, respectively. The study revealed that both plant models were able to simulate the intensive cropping systems once they were calibrated for the local weather and soil conditions. Sensitivity analysis also showed that a reduction of 25% of current water and N applications reduced N leaching by 2477% with crop yield reduction of 19% only.

Yunusa, IA, Eamus, D, De Silva, DL, Murray, B, Burchett, M, Skilbeck, G & Heidrich, C 2006, 'Fly-ash: An exploitable resource for management of Australian agricultural soils', Fuel, vol. 85, no. 16, pp. 2337-2344.
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Agricultural soils in Australia have inherent limitations of structural and nutritional nature that pose major constraints to crop productivity. These soils are still productive due to intensive management that involves routine treatments with lime and g

Zareie, HM, Barber, J & McDonagh, AM 2006, 'Structural changes in self-assembled monolayers initiated by ultraviolet light', Journal Of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 110, no. 32, pp. 15951-15954.
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Self-assembled monolayers of 2-anthracenethiol and 2-naphthalenethiol on gold (111) were irradiated with low-power UV light. Scanning tunneling microscope images recorded in situ show unusual structural changes. In the case of 2-anthracenethiol, structur

Zareie, HM, McDonagh, AM, Edgar, JA, Ford, M, Cortie, MB & Phillips, M 2006, 'Controlled assembly of 1,4-phenylenedimethanethiol molecular nanostructures', Chemistry Of Materials, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 2376-2380.
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We present here the first high-resolution scanning tunneling microscope images showing that 1,4phenylenedimethanethiol forms mono- and multilayers on gold(1 11) substrates under particular solution-deposition conditions. The high-resolution images show t

Zareie, MH, Barber, J & McDonagh, AM 2006, 'Structural changes in self-assembled monolayers initiated by ultraviolet light.', The journal of physical chemistry. B, vol. 110, no. 32, pp. 15951-15954.
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Self-assembled monolayers of 2-anthracenethiol and 2-naphthalenethiol on gold (111) were irradiated with low-power UV light. Scanning tunneling microscope images recorded in situ show unusual structural changes. In the case of 2-anthracenethiol, structures measuring 4-7 nm wide and 30-40 nm in length are formed. Images taken 10 min after irradiation ceased to show further surface reorganization. With 2-naphthalenethiol SAMs, smaller structures form upon irradiation, which subsequently revert to resemble the original structure after time.

Zeng, J, Dunlop, RA, Rodgers, K & Davies, MJ 2006, 'Evidence for inactivation of cysteine proteases by reactive carbonyls via glycation of active site thiols', Biochemical Journal, vol. 398, no. 2, pp. 197-206.
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Hyperglycaemia, triose phosphate decomposition and oxidation reactions generate reactive aldehydes in vivo. These compounds react non-enzymatically with protein side chains and N-terminal amino groups to give adducts and cross-links, and hence modified p

Zhang, D-Y, Ma, Z-F, Wang, G, Konstantinov, K, Yuan, X & Liu, H-K 2006, 'Electro-oxidation of ethanol on Pt-WO3/C electrocatalyst', ELECTROCHEMICAL AND SOLID STATE LETTERS, vol. 9, no. 9, pp. A423-A426.
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Zhang, H, Phillips, M, Fitzgerald, JD, Yu, JX & Chen, Y 2006, 'Patterned growth and cathodoluminescence of conical boron nitride nanorods', Applied Physics Letters, vol. 88, no. 9, pp. 1-3.
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We demonstrate a simple and effective approach for growing large-scale, high-density, and well-patterned conical boron nitride nanorods. A catalyst layer of Fe(NO3)(3) was patterned on a silicon substrate by using a copper grid as a mask. The nanorods we

Zhang, HY, Gu, HY & Xi, YG 2006, 'Planning algorithm for WCDMA base station location problem based on cluster decomposition', Kongzhi yu Juece/Control and Decision, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 213-216.
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An algorithm based on cluster decomposition is presented for large scale WCDMA base station positioning problem. A data matrix based on the signal gain of cellular networks and some criterion functions are designed for K means clustering. In the algorithm, the original problem is firstly decomposed into K sub-problems by K means clustering. Each sub-problem is then solved by integer programming. Finally, the solutions of K sub-problems are coordinated to form an approximate solution of the global problem. Simulation result shows the validity of this algorithm.

Zhang, Y, Liu, C, Lei, Y, Tang, Y, Yu, Q, Shen, Y & Sun, H 2006, 'An integrated algorithm for estimating regional latent heat flux and daily evapotranspiration', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 129-152.
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Zhang, Y, Liu, C, Lei, Y, Tang, Y, Yu, Q, Shen, Y & Sun, H 2006, 'An integrated algorithm for estimating regional latent heat flux and daily evapotranspiration', International journal of remote sensing, vol. 27, no. 1-2, pp. 129-152.
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Using remote-sensing data and ground-based data, we constructed an integrated algorithm for estimating regional surface latent heat flux (LE) and daily evapotranspiration (ETd). In the algorithm, we first used trapezoidal diagrams relating the surface temperature and fractional vegetation cover (fc) to calculate the surface temperaturevegetation cover index, a land surface moisture index with a range from 0.0 to 1.0. We then revised a sine function to assess ETd from LE estimated for the satellites overpass time. The algorithm was applied to farmland in the North China Plain using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM)/ Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+ ) data and synchronous surfaceobserved data as inputs. The estimated LE and ETd were tested against measured data from a Bowen Ratio Energy Balance (BREB) system and a large-scale weighing lysimeter, respectively. The algorithm estimated LE with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 50.1Wm22 as compared to measurements with the BREB System, and ETd with an RMSE of 0.93mmd21 as compared with the measurement by the lysimeter. Sensitivity analysis showed that changing meteorological variables have some influence on LE, while variation of fc has little effect on LE. The test of the model in the study indicated that the improved algorithm provides an accurate and easy-to-handle approach for assessing regional surface LE and ETd. Further improvement can be achieved in the assessments if we increase the accuracy of some key parameters on a large regional scale, such as the minimum stomatal conductance and the atmospheric vapour pressure deficit.

Zhao, Y, Staudenmayer, J, Coull, BA & Wand, M 2006, 'General design Bayesian generalized linear mixed models', Statistical Science, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 35-51.
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Linear mixed models are able to handle an extraordinary range of complications in regression-type analyses. Their most common use is to account for within-subject correlation in longitudinal data analysis. They are also the standard vehicle for smoothing spatial count data. However, when treated in full generality, mixed models can also handle spline-type smoothing and closely approximate kriging. This allows for nonparametric regression models (e.g., additive models and varying coefficient models) to be handled within the mixed model framework. The key is to allow the random effects design matrix to have general structure; hence our label general design. For continuous response data, particularly when Gaussianity of the response is reasonably assumed, computation is now quite mature and supported by the R, SAS and S-PLUS packages.

Zhu, Q, Ramm, K, Eamens, A, Dennis, ES & Upadhyaya, N 2006, 'Transgene structures suggest that multiple mechanisms are involved in T-DNA integration in plants', PLANT SCIENCE, vol. 171, no. 3, pp. 308-322.
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To gain further understanding of the mechanisms involved in Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation and T-DNA integration, we analysed 156 T-DNA/rice, 69 T-DNAfr-DNA and 11T-DNA/vector backbone (VB) junctions, which included 171 left borders (LB) a

Zuo, Y, Gu, H & Xi, Y 2006, 'Modified bottleneck-based procedure for large-scale flow-shop scheduling problems with bottleneck', Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 356-361.

Zuo, Y, Gu, HY & Xi, YG 2006, 'Bottleneck-based decomposition algorithm for large-scale flow shop scheduling problems', Kongzhi yu Juece/Control and Decision, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 425-429.
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A bottleneck-based decomposition heuristic algorithm is proposed for dealing with computational complexity in large-scale flow shop scheduling problems. Based on the characteristic of bottleneck, the flow shop is decomposed into bottleneck and non-bottleneck machines. A single-machine scheduling problem with release time and delivery time is built for the bottleneck machine, which is solved optimally, while simple priority rules are used for scheduling the non-bottlenecks. The correlations between the bottleneck and non-bottleneck machines are coordinated by adjusting the release time and delivery time of jobs on the bottleneck machine. Simulation results show that the heuristic algorithm can obtain better solution in quite short time and be suitable to large-scale problems.

Zwieniecki, MA, Stone, HA, Leigh, A, Boyce, CK & Holbrook, NM 2006, 'Hydraulic design of pine needles: one-dimensional optimization for single-vein leaves', Plant Cell and Environment, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 803-809.
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Single-vein leaves have the simplest hydraulic design possible, yet even this linear water delivery system can be modulated to improve physiological performance. We determined the optimal distribution of transport capacity that minimizes pressure drop per given investment in xylem permeability along the needle for a given length without a change in total water delivery, or maximizes needle length for a given pressure difference between petiole and needle tip. This theory was tested by comparative analysis of the hydraulic design of three pine species that differ in the length of their needles [ Pinus palustris (Engl.) Miller, ¡« 50 cm; Pinus ponderosa Lawson & Lawson, ¡« 20 cm and Pinus rigida Miller, ¡« 5 cm]. In all three species, the distribution of hydraulic permeability was similar to that predicted by the optimum solution. The needles of P. palustris showed an almost perfect match between predicted and actual hydraulic optimum solution, providing evidence that vein design is a significant factor in the hydraulic design of pine leaves.

Allotta, A, Messaike, E, Smith, NF, Torpy, FR, Sutisno, M & Sztynda, T 2006, 'The Human Ear - An Adjunct for Identification', 18th Symposium on the Forensic Sciences, Fremantle, Australia, Fremantle, Australia.

Andrew, CR, McKay, AL, Servid, AE, Tiwari, AM, Huston, W & Moir, JWB 2006, 'CHED 212-Spectroscopic and kinetic studies of NO binding to ferrous heme in the K42E mutant of Rhodobacter capsulatus cytochrome c'', ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, AMER CHEMICAL SOC.

Arnold, MD & Blaikie, RJ 2006, 'Modeling surface plasmon enhanced contact lithography', Bulletin American Physical Society: March meeting 2006, American Physical Society March Meeting 2006, American Physical Society, Baltimore, USA, p. G16.00006.

Arnold, MD & Blaikie, RJ 2006, 'Using surface plasmon effects to improve process latitude in near-field optical lithography', International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, IEEE, Brisbane, Australia, pp. 548-551.

Arnold, MD & Blaikie, RJ 2006, 'Using surface-plasmon effects to improve process latitute in near-field optical lithography', 2006 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY, VOLS 1 AND 2, International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, IEEE, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA, pp. 209-+.

Barreiro, JT, Peters, NA, Kwiat, PG, Langford, NK & White, AG 2006, 'Joint polarization and spatial-mode entanglement of photons', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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Simultaneous multidimensional entanglement can improve quantum communi-cation protocols, measurements and fundamental studies. Using photons from parametric downconversion, we demonstrate a source of joint polarization and spatial-mode entangle-ment, and characterize the state by tomographic reconstruction. © 2005 Optical Society of America.

Barreiro, JT, Peters, NA, Langford, NK & Kwiat, PG 2006, 'Hyper-entanglement: Generation and applications', Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and 2006 Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference, CLEO/QELS 2006.
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Producing photons entangled independently in orbital angular-momentum, polarization, and energy-time, we realize a source of "hyper"- entanglement. Such a source enables new quantum communication capabilities. We propose and demonstrate remote tunable preparation of entangled states. © 2006 Optical Society of America.

Barreiro, JT, Peters, NA, Langford, NK & Kwiat, PG 2006, 'Hyper-entanglement: Generation and applications', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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Producing photons entangled independently in orbital angular-momentum, polarization, and energy-time, we realize a source of "hyper"-entanglement. Such a source enables new quantum communication capabilities. We propose and demonstrate remote tunable preparation of entangled states. © 2006 Optical Society of America.

Benn, DE, Richardson, AL, Marsh, DJ & Robinson, BG 2005, 'Genetic testing in pheochromocytoma-and paraganglioma-associated syndromes', PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA, 1st International Symposium on Pheochromocytoma, WILEY-BLACKWELL, Bethesda, MD, pp. 104-111.
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Berry, K, Ferguson, J, Cobbin, DM, Zaslawski, CJ, Walsh, SP & Meier, PC 2006, 'Acupuncture and the treatment of alcohol and other drug addiction', WFAS World Conference on Acupuncture.

Berry, K, Ferguson, J, Cobbin, DM, Zaslawski, CJ, Walsh, SP & Meier, PC 2006, 'Integration fo CAM in Public Helath Care Services - A reflection on soem of the experiences from the UTS Alcohol and Other Drugs Clinical Placement Program as Rozelle Hospital', AACMA Annual Conference, Adelaide.

Blaber, MG, Harris, N, Ford, M & Cortie, MB 2006, 'Optimisation of absorption efficiency for varying dielectric spherical nanoparticles', ICONN2006, International Conference on Nanoscience and nanotehcnology, IEEE, Brisbane, QLD Australia, pp. 556-559.
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In this paper we compare tje optical absorption for nanospheres made from a range of transition and alkali metals from li (A=3) to Au (A=79). numerical solutions to Mie theory were used to claculate the absorption efficiency for nanospheres varying in radii between 5nm and 100 nm in vacuum. We show that although gold is the most commonly used nanoparicle material, its absorption efficiency at the lasmon resonance is not as strong as materials such as the alkali metals. Of all the materials tried, potassium spheres with a radius of 21 nm have an optimum absorption efficiency of 14.7. in addition we also show that, unlike gold, the wavelength of the plasmon peak in other materials is sensitive to the sphere radius. In potassium the peaporition shifts by 100 nm for spheres ranging from 5 nm to 65 nm, the shift is less than 10 nm for gold spheres.

Blaber, MG, Harris, N, Ford, MJ & Cortie, MB 2006, 'Optimisation of absorption efficiency for varying dielectric spherical nanoparticles', 2006 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY, VOLS 1 AND 2, International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, IEEE, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA, pp. 61-+.

Botten, L, Hansen, R & Martijn De Sterke, C 2006, 'Tight binding analysis of coupled photonic crystal waveguides', ACOFT/AOS 2006 - Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology/Australian Optical Society, pp. 109-111.
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We apply a novel tight-binding analysis, not involving overlap integrals, to coupled photonic crystal waveguides. Our results show that the mode order can be the reverse of that for conventional guides, consistent with exact results.

Botten, LC, Asatryan, AA, Nicorovici, NA, Byme, MA, Dossou, KB, Norton, AH, McPhedran, RC, de Sterke, CM & White, TP 2006, 'Strengths and applications of semi-analytic techniques for photonic crystal modelling', NUSOD '06: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES, 6th International Conference on Numerical Simulation of Optoelectronic Devices, IEEE, Nanyang Technol Univ, Singapore, SINGAPORE, pp. 101-+.
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Botten, LC, Hansen, KA & De Sterke, CM 2006, 'Tight binding analysis of coupled photonic crystal waveguides', Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and 2006 Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference, CLEO/QELS 2006.
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We apply a novel tight-binding analysis to coupled PC waveguides. Our results do not involve overlap integrals and shows the mode order can be the reverse of that for conventional guides, consistent with exact results. © 2005 Optical Society of America.

Botten, LC, Hansen, RA & de Sterke, CM 2006, 'Tight binding analysis of coupled photonic waveguides', ACIFT/AOS 2006 - Proceedings, Australian Conference on optical firbe technology & meeting f the Australian Optical Society, IEEE, Melbourne, pp. 109-111.

Botten, LC, McPhedran, RC, Byrne, MA, Asatryan, AA, Nicorovici, NA, Norton, AH & De Sterke, CM 2006, 'The modelling of fano resonances in photonic crystal slabs', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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A Bloch mode theory for diffraction of plane waves by planar PC slabs is outlined. The theory provides physical insight into the origin of Fano resonances, allowing a simple pole model to be deduced rigorously. © 2006 Optical Society of America.

Botten, LC, McPhedran, RC, Byrne, MA, Asatryan, AA, Nicorovici, NA, Norton, AH & De Sterke, CM 2006, 'The modelling of fano resonances in photonic crystal slabs', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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A Bloch mode theory for diffraction of plane waves by planar PC slabs is outlined. The theory provides physical insight into the origin of Fano resonances, allowing a simple pole model to be deduced rigorously. © 2006 Optical Society of America.

Bruti Liberati, N & Platen, E 2007, 'On the weak approximation of jump-diffusion processes with applications in finance', Proceedings of the VII Workshop on Quantitative Finance, VII Workshop on Quantitative Finance, University of Perugia, Italy, Perugia, Italy, pp. 1-96.

Bruti Liberati, N & Platen, E 2006, 'Predictor-corrector schemes for jump-diffusion processes.', International Conference on Numerical Methods for Finance, Dublin, Ireland.

Bruti Liberati, N & Platen, E 2006, 'Weak predictor-corrector methods for jump diffusions in finance', 5th National Symposium on Financial Mathematics, Melbourne, Australia.

Bruti Liberati, N, Nikitopoulos Sklibosios, C & Platen, E 2006, 'Heath Jarrow Morton equation for jump-diffusions under the benchmark approach', 2nd International Symposium on Economic Theory, Policy & Applications, 2nd International Symposium on Economic Theory, Policy & Applications, -, Athens, Greece.

Bruti Liberati, N, Nikitopoulos Sklibosios, C & Platen, E 2006, 'On the strong approximation of jump-diffusion processes', Stochastic Calculus and its Applications to Quantitative Finance and Electrical Engineering, Calgary, Canada.

Byrne, MA, Botten, LC, Asatryan, AA, Nicorovici, NA, Norton, AH, McPhedran, RC & de Sterke, CM 2006, 'Fano resonances of photonic cyrstal slabs', ACOFT/AOS 2006 - Proceedings, Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology, IEEE, Melbourne, pp. 87-89.

Cankurtaran, B, Ford, MJ & Cortie, M 2006, 'Local electromagnetic fields surrounding gold nano-cap particles', 2006 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY, VOLS 1 AND 2, International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, IEEE, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA, pp. 15-+.

Cankurtaran, BO, Ford, M & Cortie, MB 2006, 'Local electromagnetic fields surrounding gold nano-cap particles', 2006 International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, ICONN, IEEE Publishing Company, Brisbane, Australia, pp. 1-4.
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Using the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) the local electromagnetic fields surrounding gold nano-cap particles are investigated. Suitable k-vectors and polarization vectors of the incident light are used to determine the largest local electric field enhancement. The largest enhancement can be found for the 864 nm dipole resonance; where the field enhancement is approximately 30000 times the applied field. The electric field contours surounding the particle are used to assign the order of the surface plasmon resonance.

Chan, PY, Dunlop, RA & Rodgers, KJ 2006, 'Accumulation of hypochlorite modified LDL by human monocyte-derived macrophages causes a selective increase in expression of the cathepsin S gene.', FREE RADICAL RESEARCH, 13th Biennial Meeting of the Society-for-Free-Radical-Research-International, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, Davos, SWITZERLAND, pp. S107-S107.

Cortie, M & Xu, X 2006, 'Control of plasmon resonance in coatings of gold nanorods', 2006 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY, VOLS 1 AND 2, International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, IEEE, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA, pp. 81-+.

Cortie, M, Laguna, A & Thompson, D 2006, 'Gold 2006. Highlights of 4th International Conference on the Science, Technology and Industrial Applications of Gold: Limerick, Ireland 3-6 September 2006', Gold Bulletin, pp. 226-235.
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Cortie, M, Maaroof, A & Smith, GB 2006, 'Functional metamaterials based on mesoscale gold sponges, particulate aggregates, and their composites with dielectric materials', Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, pp. 25-30.
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The optical properties of some nanoscale composites may deviate from that expected from a simple law of mixture of their individual components. In these cases the resulting structure can be considered to be a type of 'metamateriar. Here we explore some of the possibilities for nanoscale composite structures comprised of gold and VO - the latter being a functional material that undergoes a reversible insulator to metallic phase transition at 68°C. Two microstructures are examined: aggregates of gold nanoparticles surrounded by VO as the continuous phase, and its geometric inverse, mesoporous gold sponge with discontinuous VO inclusions. A composite, right-angled parallelepiped measuring 40×100×100 nm is taken as representative of the mixture, and calculations of the optical properties performed using the discrete dipóle approximation code of Draine and Flatau. The VO matrix strongly attenuates the dipole-dipole plasmon resonance of the gold structure, and thermochromic switching of the remaining plasmon resonance occurs. © 2007 Materials Research Society. 2 2 2 2

Cortie, M, Maaroof, A, Mortari, A & Wuhrer, R 2006, 'Applications of nano- and mesoporous gold in electrodes and electrochemical sensors', 2006 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY, VOLS 1 AND 2, International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, IEEE, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA, pp. 95-+.

Cortie, MB & Xu, X 2006, 'Control of plasmon resonance in coatings of gold nanorods', ICONN2006, International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, IEEE, Brisbane, QLD Australia, pp. 470-473.
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Gold nanorods manifest a tunable plasmon resonance with light in the visible to near-infrared regions of the spectrum, and have been proposed for use in spectrally selective coatings on glass. however, details of shape and packing density have a significant effect onthe optical properties of these nanoparticle coatings. Here we show how these effects can be controlled and exploited to produce a flexible spectral response.

Cortie, MB, Maaroof, AI, Mortari, A & Wuhrer, R 2006, 'Application of nano-and mesoporous gold in electrodes and electrochemical sensors', ICONN2006, Interantional Conference on nanoscience and Nanotechnology, IEEE, Brisbane, QLD Australia, pp. 524-527.
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A nano- or- mesoporous sponge of Au is formed when the intermetallic compound AuAl2 is de-alloyed with NaOH. The large specific surface area of the sponge, and the unique surface chemical properties of Au indicate that this porous material might suefully serve as an electrode in capacitive sensors or other specialised electrochemical cells. Results for some prototype sensor and emergy storage systems are presented, and methods of controlling the nature of the porosity presented.

Coupland, MP & Crawford, K 2006, 'Many dimensions: the complex picture of student encounters with a computer algebra system', Identities Cultures & Learning Spaces, Mathematics Education Research Group of Australasia Inc, Canberra, pp. 155-156.

Darling, AE, Treangen, T, Zhang, L, Kuiken, C, Messeguer, X & Perna, N 2006, 'Procrastination Leads To Efficient Filtration For Local Multiple Alignment', Algorithms In Bioinformatics, Proceedings, 6th International Workshop on Algorithms in Bioinformatics (WABI 2006), Springer-verlag Berlin, Zurich, SWITZERLAND, pp. 126-137.
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We describe an efficient local multiple alignment filtration heuristic for identification of conserved regions in one or more DNA sequences. The method incorporates several novel ideas: (1) palindromic spaced seed patterns to match both DNA strands simul

Davis, M, Smith, T, Laden, F, Hart, J, Ryan, L & Garshick, E 1970, 'Structural equation modeling in exposure assessment', EPIDEMIOLOGY, ISEE/ISEA 2006 Conference, LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS, Paris, FRANCE, pp. S466-S466.
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de Sterke, CM, White, TP, Botten, LC & McPhedran, RC 2006, 'Low interface reflection of rod-type photonic crystals: a bottom up approach', PHOTONIC CRYSTAL MATERIALS AND DEVICES IV, Conference on Photonic Crystal Materials and Devices IV, SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, San Jose, CA.
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Deller, CA, Franklin, JB & Smith, GB 2006, 'Lighting simulations using smoothed LED profiles compared with measured profiles', SIXTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LIGHTING, 6th International Conference on Solid State Lighting, SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, San Diego, CA.
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Di Maio, I, Carl, D, Langebanenberg, P, Valenzuela, S, Battle, AR, Al Khazaaly, S, Killingsworth, M, Kemper, B, von Bally, G & Martin, DK 2005, 'Structural properties of liposomes from digital holographic microscopy - art. no. 60361R', Biomems And Nanotechnology Ii, Conference on BioMEMS and Nanotechnology II, Spie-Int Society Optical Engineering, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA, pp. 1-9.
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We have constructed liposomes from L-alpha-Phosphatidylcholine (PC) lipids, which are biomimetic lipids similar to those present in the membranes of mammalian cells. We propose an advance in the use of liposomes, such as for drug delivery, to incorporate into the liposomal membranes transport proteins that have been extracted from the lipid membranes of mammalian cells. In this paper, we describe the usage of a novel optical microscope to characterize the nanomechanical properties of these liposomes. We have applied the technique of digital holographic microscopy(1), using an instrument recently developed at the University of Munster, Germany. This system enabled us to measure quantitatively the structural changes in liposomes. We have investigated the deformations of these biomimetic lipids comprising these liposomes by applying osmotic stresses, in order to gain insight into the membrane environment prior to incorporation of cloned membrane transport proteins. This control of the nanomechanical properties is important in the stresses transmitted to mechanosensitive ion channels that we have incorporated into the liposomal membranes. These liposomes provide transporting vesicles that respond to mechanical stresses, such as those that occur during implantation.

Dowd, A, Johansson, B, Armstrong, N, Ton-That, C & Phillips, M 2005, 'Cathodoluminescence as a method of extracting detailed information from nanophotonics systems: a study of silicon nanocrystals', PHOTONICS: DESIGN, TECHNOLOGY, AND PACKAGING II, Conference on Microelectronics - Design, Technology and Packaging II, SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA.
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Drouin, D, Pauc, N, Phillips, M, Poissant, P, Delample, V & Souifi, A 2006, 'SEM characterisation of nanodevices and nanomaterials', Proceedings of the 2006 International Conference on Nanosacience and Nanotechnology, International Confrence on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, IEEE, Brisbane QLD Australia, pp. 596-599.
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The scanning electron microsope (SEM) cna be used to study and characterise a wide variety of materials used in nanoelectronic and photonic applications. Several different techniques make use of this versatile tool. These include voltage conrtast in secondary electron imaging, charge colletion for semiconductor samples and cathodoluminescnece. These techniques are important in device nanofabrication process development and nanomaterials characterisation.

Drouin, D, Pauc, N, Phillips, M, Poissant, P, Delample, V, Souifi, A, Aimez, V & Beauvais, J 2006, 'SEM characterization of nanodevices and nanomaterials', 2006 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY, VOLS 1 AND 2, International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, IEEE, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA, pp. 690-+.

Dunlop, RA, Dean, RT & Rodgers, KJ 2006, 'Proteins containing incorporated DOPA are inefficiently degraded by proteasomes and can upregulate lysosomal proteinases.', FREE RADICAL RESEARCH, 13th Biennial Meeting of the Society-for-Free-Radical-Research-International, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, Davos, SWITZERLAND, pp. S53-S53.

Escoubas, P, Lee, MJ, Ross, G, Lazdunski, M & Nicholson, GM 2006, 'Novel insect-selective neurotoxins from the venom of the tarantula Eucratoscelus longiceps target insect Kv channels', 15th World Congress on Animal, Plant and Microbial Toxins, Glasgow, Scotland.

Escoubas, P, Quinton, L, Hui, R, Wen, S, Chamot-Rooke, J & Nicholson, GM 2006, 'Spider venom proteome mining and de novo toxin sequencing by LC-MALDI-TOF and FT-ICR mass spectrometry', 15th World Congress on Animal, Plant and Microbial Toxins, Glasgow, Scotland.

Escoubas, P, Sollod, B, Nicholson, GM, Wilson, D & King, GK 2006, 'Venom landscapes: Towards the discovery of novel pharmacological tools via the combined use of MALDI-TOF MS and cDNA', 54th American Society of Mass Spectrometry, Seattle, WA, USA.

Escoubas, P, Sollod, B, Nicholson, GM, Wilson, D, Vinh, J & King, GF 2006, 'Venom landscapes: Towards the discovery of novel pharmacological tools via the combined use of LC-MALDI-TOF and MALDI-TOF/TOF with cDNA analysis', 15th World Congress on Animal, Plant and Microbial Toxins, Glasgow, Scotland.

Evertsen, JJ, Toth, M, Thiel, BL & Lifshin, E 2006, 'Generation of spurious x-rays by focused ion beams in dual beam instruments', Microscopy and Microanalysis, pp. 1250-1251.
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Flerchinger, GN, Xaio, W & Yu, Q 2006, 'Evaluation of the Shaw Model for Within-Canopy Radiation Exchange', ASABE Annual International Meeting, Portland, Orefon, USA.

Ford, M, Hoft, RC, Gale, JD & McDonagh, AM 2007, 'A new class of self-assembled monolayers on gold using an alkynyl group as linker', Proceedings of the 2006 International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, ICONN, IEEE, Brisbane QLD, Australia, pp. 645-648.
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The geometry and energetics for adsorption of ethynylbenzene on au(!!!) have been studied using Density Functional Theory. The alkynyl group, following removal of the terminal H atom, adsorbs covalently to the surface in the fcc hollow site with a bond energy of about 70 kcal.mol-1. Intermediate adsorption states are also possible via a hydrogen 1,2 shoft to form a surface-bound vinylidene, or through the opening o the c-c triple bond without removing the hydrogen atom.

Ford, M, Kirkup, L, Gentle, AR, Zareie, HM & Cortie, MB 2005, 'How reliable are scanning tunneling microscopy measurements of electron transport in molecules? - art. no. 603604', Biomems And Nanotechnology Ii, Conference on BioMEMS and Nanotechnology II, Spie-Int Society Optical Engineering, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA, pp. 3604-3604.
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Scanning tunneling microscopy measurements of tunneling through molecules adsorbed on a surface have been simulated using a standard empirical model based upon the Wentzel-Kramer-Brillouin method applied to tunneling through a barrier. The Gaussian noise

Ford, MJ, Hoft, RC, Gale, JD & McDonagh, AM 2006, 'A new class of self-assembled monolayers on gold using an alkynyl group as a linker', 2006 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY, VOLS 1 AND 2, International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, IEEE, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA, pp. 11-+.

Foulkes, J, Arnold, MD & Blaikie, RJ 2006, 'Fabrication and characterisation of solid-state electrochemical switches', 13th Electronics New Zealand Conference, ENZCON06, Electronics New Zealand Incorporated, Christchurch, New Zealand.

Freude, W, Maitra, A, Wang, J, Koos, C, Poulton, C, Fujii, M & Leuthold, J 2006, 'All-optical signal processing WITH nonlinear resonant devices', ICTON 2006: 8TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRANSPARENT OPTICAL NETWORKS, VOL 2, PROCEEDINGS, 8th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks, IEEE, Nottingham, ENGLAND, pp. 215-+.

Fu, L, Jain, A, Xie, H, Cranfield, C & Gu, M 2006, 'Integration of a double-clad photonic crystal fiber, a GRIN lens and a MEMS mirror for nonlinear optical endoscopy', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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We report on a prototype of a nonlinear optical endoscope based on a doubleclad photonic crystal fiber and a GRIN lens to improve the detection efficiency and a MEMS mirror to steer the beam. © 2006 Optical Society of America.

Fujii, M, Koos, C, Poulton, C, Leuthold, J & Freude, W 2006, 'Nonlinear FDTD analysis and experiment of FWM in InGaAsP-InP optical microresonator', NUSOD '06: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES, 6th International Conference on Numerical Simulation of Optoelectronic Devices, IEEE, Nanyang Technol Univ, Singapore, SINGAPORE, pp. 107-+.
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Gagliardi, A, Solomon, GC, Pecchia, A, Di Carlo, A, Frauenheim, T, Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2005, 'Simulations of inelastic tunnelling in molecular bridges', NONEQUILIBRIUM CARRIER DYNAMICS IN SEMICONDUCTORS PROCEEDINGS, 14th International Conference on Nonequilibrium Carrier Dynamics in Semiconductors, SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN, Chicago, IL, pp. 183-+.

Gentle, AR, Maaroof, AI, Smith, G & Cortie, MB 2005, 'Optical properties and applications to production of plasmonic thin film nanostructures of self-ordered columnar alumina arrays on glass', Photonics: Design, Technology, And Packaging II, Conference on Photonics - Design, Technology and Packaging II, SPIE, Brisbane, Australia, pp. 3816-3816.
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In this paper we report on new techniques for making self-ordered porous layers of alumina of varying aspect ratios on glass, without the use of lithographic or masking techniques. Use of RF etching in one of the hole forming steps and also when filling

Godfrey, CM, Stensrud, DJ & Leslie, LM 2006, 'Soil temperature and moisture errors in Eta model analyses', 86th AMS Annual Meeting.

Grillet, C, Smith, C, Lee, M, Magi, E, Moss, DS, Eggleton, BJ, Freeman, D, Madden, S, Luther-Davies, B, Byrne, MA, Asatryan, AA & Botten, LC 2006, 'Nonlinear photonic crystals in chalgogenide for all-optical processing', ACOFT/AOS 2006 - Proceedings, ACOFT/AOS, IEEE, Melbourne, pp. 109-111.

Gunning, SJ, Maggio, FJ, Valenzuela, S, Broady, KW, King, GK & Nicholson, GM 2006, 'Pharmacophore mapping of the κ-atracotoxins: selective insect potassium channel blockers that reveal a novel insecticide target', 15th World Congress on Animal, Plant and Microbial Toxins, Glasgow, Scotland.

Guo, J, Lu, W, Zhang, G, Qian, Y, Yu, Q & Zhang, J 2006, 'Incorporating remote sensing data in crop model to monitor crop growth and predict yield in regional area', Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering.
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Accurate crop growth monitoring and yield predicting is very important to food security and agricultural sustainable development. Crop models can be forceful tools for monitoring crop growth status and predicting yield over homogeneous areas, however, their application to a larger spatial domains is hampered by lack of sufficient spatial information about model inputs, such as the value of some of their parameters and initial conditions, which may have great difference between regions even fields. The use of remote sensing data helps to overcome this problem. By incorporating remote sensing data into the WOFOST crop model (through LAI), it is possible to incorporate remote sensing variables (vegetation index) for each point of the spatial domain, and it is possible for this point to re-estimate new values of the parameters or initial conditions, to which the model is particularly sensitive. This paper describes the use of such a method on a local scale, for winter wheat, focusing on the parameters describing emergence and early crop growth. These processes vary greatly depending on the soil, climate and seedbed preparation, and affect yield significantly. The WOFOST crop model is calibrated under standard conditions and then evaluated under test conditions to which the emergence and early growth parameters of the WOFOST model are adjusted by incorporating remote sensing data. The inversion of the combined model allows us to accurately monitoring crop growth status and predicting yield on a regional scale.

Heather, AK, McGrath, KC & Puranik, R 2006, 'HDL exerts novel anti-inflammatory effects on endothelial cells via the suppression of NF-kappaB.', Atherosclerosis Supplements, Elsevier, pp. 232-232.
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Heness, GL & Ben-Nissan, B 2006, 'Porous phosphate bonded alumina strengthened and toughened with limited additions of second phase particles', International Conference and Exhibition on Strurctural Integrity and Failure, Structural Integrity and Failure, Australia Fracture Group & Institute of Materials Engineering Australasia, Sydney, pp. 324-330.
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Flexural strength, diametral strength, fracture toughness and fracture surface energy of phosphate, bonded alumina composites were all found to increase with a limited addition of either silicon nitirde of partially stabilised zirconia particles. the addition of monoclinic zirconia and glass spheres showed little improvement of the above properties. These increases in strength are explained using crack bowing theory.

Hoa, XD, Nicorovici, NA, McPhedran, RC, Botten, LC & Kirk, AG 2006, 'Rigorous modal method for the analysis of lamellar metallic gratings for surface plasmon resonance sensing', 2006 IEEE LEOS ANNUAL MEETING CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1 AND 2, 19th Annual Meeting of the IEEE-Lasers-and-Electro-Optics-Society, IEEE, Montreal, CANADA, pp. 376-+.
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Hoft, RC, Ford, M & Cortie, MB 2006, 'Effect of dipole moment on current-voltage characteristics of single molecules', ICONN2006, International Conference on Nanoscience and nanotechnology, IEEE, Brisbane, QLD Australia, pp. 395-398.
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We perform emperical calculations of the tunneling current through various small organic molecules sandwiched between gold electrodes by using the Wenzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) approximation. The barrierto tunneling is taken to eb the work function of gold and calculated from a first principles electronic structure code. The current-voltage characteristics of these molecules are compared in the context of exisiting first principles and experimental results. In this model the surface dipole moment, induced by the adsorbed molecule can have asignificant effect on the current and hence dipole moments may be an important property for prediction of the conductance chracteristics of a molecule.

Hoft, RC, Ford, MJ & Cortie, MB 2006, 'Effect of dipole moment on current-voltage characteristics of single molecules', 2006 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY, VOLS 1 AND 2, International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, IEEE, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA, pp. 77-+.

Hoft, RC, Liu, J, Cortie, MB & Ford, M 2005, 'Electron tunneling through alkanedithiol molecules - art. no. 603603', Biomems And Nanotechnology Ii, Conference on BioMEMS and Nanotechnology II, Spie-Int Society Optical Engineering, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA, pp. 3603-3603.
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We report on first principles calculations of the tunneling current across n-alkanedithiol molecules (n = 4,6,8,10,12) sandwiched between two Au {111} electrodes. The conductance drops exponentially with increased chain length with decay parameter beta(n

Hong, MY, Turner, ND, Murphy, ME, Carroll, RJ, Bancroft, LK, Davidson, LA, Chapkin, RS & Lupton, JR 2006, 'Dietary fish oil down-regulates pro-inflammatory gene expression in colonocytes', FASEB JOURNAL, Experimental Biology 2006 Meeting, FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL, San Francisco, CA, pp. A150-A151.

Huete, AR, Miura, T, Kim, Y, Didan, K & Privette, J 2006, 'Assessments of multisensor vegetation index dependencies with hyperspectral and tower flux data', REMOTE SENSING AND MODELING OF ECOSYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABILITY III, Conference on Remote Sensing and Modeling of Ecosystems for Sustainability III, SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, San Diego, CA.
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Huete, AR, Running, S & Myneni, R 2006, 'Monitoring Rainforest Dynamics in the Amazon with MODIS Land Products', 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-8, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), IEEE, Denver, CO, pp. 263-+.
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Humphreys, WF, Seymour, JR & Mitchell, JG 2006, 'Stratification of microbial communities in an anchialine sinkhole', Romania.

Jap, B, Lal, S, Fischer, P, Waters, S & Bekiaris, A 2006, 'Assessment of electroencephalography activity from different areas of the brain during fatigue', RNSH/UTS- Scientific Research Meeting, Sydney, Australia.

Jin, D, Connally, R & Piper, J 2006, 'UV LED excited time-gated luminescence flow cytometry: Concepts and experimental evaluation', SMART MEDICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SENSOR TECHNOLOGY IV, Conference on Smart Medical and Biomedical Sensor Technology IV, SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, Boston, MA.
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Kabakova, IV & Sukhorukov, AP 2006, 'Optical beam reflection upon two-frequency noncollinear interaction in photorefractive crystals', Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics, pp. 2002-2006.
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The effect of nonlinear reflection upon two-frequency noncollinear interaction of optical beams in photorefractive crystals was considered for the first time. Simple expression for the critical reflection angle was found in the geometrical-optics approximation. Numerical simulation confirms the theoretical result. © 2007 by Allerton Press, Inc.

King, DW, King, LA, McArdle, JJ, Grimm, K, Jones, RT & Ollendick, TH 2006, 'Characterizing time in longitudinal trauma research', Journal of Traumatic Stress, pp. 205-215.
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Despite the proliferation of longitudinal trauma research, careful attention to timing of assessments is often lacking. Patterns in timing of assessments, alternative time structures, and the treatment of time as an outcome are discussed and illustrated using trauma data. © 2006 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.

King, LM, Nguyen, HT & Lal, S 2006, 'Early driver fatigue detection from electroncephalography signals using artificial neural networks', Proceedings of the 28th IEEE EMBS Annual International Conference, Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, IEEE, New York, USA, pp. 2187-2190.
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This paper describes a driver fatigue detection system using an artificial neural network (ANN). Using electroencephalogram (EEG) data sampled from 20 professional truck drivers and 35 non professional drivers, the time domain data are processed into alpha, beta, delta and theta bands and then presented to the neural network to detect the onset of driver fatigue. The neural network uses a training optimization technique called the magnified gradient function (MGF). This technique reduces the time required for training by modifying the standard back propagation (SBP) algorithm. The MGF is shown to classify professional driver fatigue with 81.49% accuracy (80.53% sensitivity, 82.44% specificity) and non-professional driver fatigue with 83.06% accuracy (84.04% sensitivity and 82.08% specificity)

King, LM, Nguyen, HT & Lal, SKL 2006, 'Early driver fatigue detection from electroencephalography signals using artificial neural networks', 2006 28TH ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY, VOLS 1-15, 28th Annual International Conference of the IEEE-Engineering-in-Medicine-and-Biology-Society, IEEE, New York, NY, pp. 730-733.

King, LM, Nguyen, HT & Lal, SKL 2006, 'Early driver fatigue detection from electroencephalography signals using artificial neural networks', Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings, pp. 2187-2190.
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This paper describes a driver fatigue detection system using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Using electroencephalogram (EEG) data sampled from 20 professional truck drivers and 35 non professional drivers, the time domain data are processed into alpha, beta, delta and theta bands and then presented to the neural network to detect the onset of driver fatigue. The neural network uses a training optimization technique called the Magnified Gradient Function (MGF). This technique reduces the time required for training by modifying the Standard Back Propagation (SBP) algorithm. The MGF is shown to classify professional driver fatigue with 81.49% accuracy (80.53% sensitivity, 82.44% specificity) and non-professional driver fatigue with 83.06% accuracy (84.04% sensitivity and 82.08% specificity). © 2006 IEEE.

Koos, CH, Poulton, C, Jacome, L, Zimmermann, L, Leuthold, J & Freude, W 2006, 'Ideal trajectory for ultracompact low-loss waveguide bends', 2006 European Conference on Optical Communications Proceedings, ECOC 2006.
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The ideal trajectory for compact whispering gallery bends is derived analytically and verified by 3D- FDTD simulations and experiments. We predict bend losses below 0.1 dB for SOI waveguides with R=1.5 /urn which is supported experimentally.

Kubista, H, Mafra, RA, Chong, Y, Nicholson, GM, Beirao, PS, Cruz, JS, Boehm, S, Nentwig, W & Kuhn-Nentwig, L 2006, 'CSTX-1, a neurotoxin from the venom of the hunting spider Cupiennius salei, is a selective blocker of L-type calcium channels in rat neurons', 5th Forum of European Neuroscience Societies, Vienna, Austria.

Lal, S & Bekiaris, E 2006, 'The reliability of sensing fatigue from neurophysiology', Proceedings of the 1st IEEE International Conference on Wireless Broadband and Ultra Wideband Communications, AusWireless 2006, pp. 137-140.
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To date no-study has tested the reproducibility of electroencephalography (EEG) changes that occur during driver fatigue. For the EEG changes to be useful in the development of a fatigue sensing and countermeasure device the EEG response during each onset period of fatigue in individuals needs to be reproducible. The aim of the present study was to investigate the reproducibility of the EEG changes during fatigue in professional drivers in order to identify the feasibility of the EEG measure for a fatigue sensor. Twenty professional drivers were assessed during two separate sessions of a driver simulator task. EEG, eye activity and behavioural measurements of fatigue were obtained during the driving task. The results showed significant reproducibility for the EEG slow wave activity (r >0.95) and fast wave activity (r >0.60). The results have promising implications for the development of an EEG based fatigue-sensing device. The EEG changes during fatigue were reproducible and therefore, appear to be a promising neurophysiological measure, which can be incorporated into an on-line fatigue sensor.

Lapine, M, Nefedov, IS, Saily, J & Tretyakov, SA 2006, 'Artificial lines with exotic dispersion for phase shifters and delay lines', 2006 EUROPEAN MICROWAVE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-4, 36th European Microwave Conference, IEEE, Manchester, ENGLAND, pp. 1823-+.

Lapine, M, Nefedov, IS, Säily, J & Tretyakov, SA 2006, 'Artificial lines with exotic dispersion for phase shifters and delay lines', Proceedings of the 36th European Microwave Conference, EuMC 2006, pp. 427-430.
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We discuss various possibilities to design phase shifters with reduced frequency dispersion using combined sections of forward-wave and backward-wave transmission lines. It is shown that inclusion of backward-wave sections into a single transmission line always increases the total dispersion. On the other hand, we show that dispersion can be reduced by means of lines with positive anomalous dispersion and provide an example of such line. Furthermore, we report the theory and design of a novel phase shifter, based on parallel combined backward-forward transmission lines. The phase shifts, produced by this device, are characterized with negligible frequency dependence in a wide frequency range. We show that for an ideal performance, phase deviation can be less than 1° within a 20% bandwidth while excellent impedance matching is retained. We support these theoretical estimates by microwave circuit simulations and direct measurements, showing that the novel phase shifter can be easily implemented with simple electronic components. © 2006 EuMA.

Le, T & Platen, E 2006, 'Approximating the growth optimal portfolio with a diversified world stock index.', 3rd National Symposium on Financial Mathematics, 3rd National Symposium on Financial Mathematics, Melbourne, Australia.

Little, MJ, Yamaji, N, Villegas, E, Corzo, G & Nicholson, GM 2006, 'Structure-function relationships of Magi 4, a spider neurotoxin targeting insect and mammalian voltage-gated sodium channels', 15th World Congress on Animal, Plant and Microbial Toxins, Glasgow, Scotland.

Lupton, JR, Turner, ND, Braby, L, Ford, J, Carroll, RJ & Chapkin, RS 2006, 'A combination of omega-3 fatty acids and a butyrate-producing fiber mitigates colon cancer development', AIAA 57th International Astronautical Congress, IAC 2006, pp. 101-110.
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Galactic cosmic radiation-induced cancer risk is a major limitation to long-duration missions, with colon cancer development being a likely target since it is the second leading cause of death from cancer in the United States today and strikes men and women equally. We tested if diet could act as a countermeasure against radiation-enhanced cancer in 560 male rats using a 2×2×2×3 factorial design (+ or - irradiation with 1 Gy, 1 GeV/nucleon Fe ions; 2 fats and 2 fibers; and 3 termination points). All rats were injected with a colon specific carcinogen (azoxymethane). A diet high in fish oil (omega 3 fatty acid source) combined with pectin (a fermentable fiber) was protective against radiation-induced cancer at each stage of the tumorigenic process (initiation, progression, and final tumor development). At the final tumor stage, the fish oil/pectin diet resulted in only 1/3 of the relative risk for tumor development as compared to the corn oil/cellulose or corn oil/pectin diets (P = 0.066). Fecal material was collected from rats during the tumorigenic process and mRNA extracted from exfoliated colon cells. This noninvasive technique (which is tested in humans) can detect changes in gene expression profiles over time, and used for early detection of cancer.

Malauth, E, Hoffmann, A, Phillips, M & Gehlhoff, W 2005, 'Fe-centers in GaN as candidates for spintronics applications', PROGRESS IN SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS V-NOVEL MATERIALS AND ELECTRONIC AND OPTOELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS, Symposium on Progress in Semiconductor Materials V held at the 2005 MRS Fall Meeting, MATERIALS RESEARCH SOC, Boston, MA, pp. 219-+.

Malguth, E, Hoffmann, AV, Phillips, M & Gehlhoff, W 2005, 'Fe-centers in GaN as candidates for spintronics applications', GaN, AlN, InN And Related Materials, Symposium on GaN, AIN, InN Related Materials, Materials Research Society, Boston, MA, pp. 131-136.
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The potential use of Fe doped GaN for spintronics applications requires a complete understanding of the electronic structure of Fe in all of its charge states. To address these issues, a set of 400 mu m thick freestanding HVPE grown GaN:Fe crystals with

McBean, KE, Phillips, M & Drouin, D 2006, 'Effects of lithium doping and post-processing on the cathodoluminescence of zinc oxide nanoparticles', Proceedings of Microscopy & Microanalysis 12, Suppl. 2, 2006, Microscopy & Microanalysis, Cambridge University Press, Chicago, USA, pp. 1510-1511.
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Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a wide band-gap (3.37 eV) semiconductor with a large exciton binding energy of 60 meV. Because of these properties, ZnO is a good candidate for a wide range of applications, including varistors, phosphors as well as a large range of optical devices. Although the optical properties of ZnO have been extensively studied, there is still intensive debate as to the origin of a number of the luminescence centers observed.

McCracken, J, Diaz, A, Castro, E, Edwards, R, Ryan, L, Schwartz, J, Chowdhury, Z & Smith, KR 1970, 'Biomass smoke exposure among Guatemalan infants participating in a randomized trial of chimney stoves', EPIDEMIOLOGY, ISEE/ISEA 2006 Conference, LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS, Paris, FRANCE, pp. S35-S36.
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McDonald, M, Dulai, S, Godfrey, C, Sztynda, T & Little, D 2006, 'Osteoclasts are functionally redundant in initial endochondral fracture union but not callus remodeling: Insights into optimal bisphosphonate dosing.', JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, 28th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Bone-and-Mineral-Research, AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES, Philadelphia, PA, pp. S398-S398.

McDonald, MM, Dulai, SK, Godfrey, C, Sztynda, T & Little, DG 2006, 'Endochondral repair and development proceed normally during zoledronic acid treatment', BONE, 11th and Valedictory Workshop on Cell Biology of Bone and Cartilage in Health and Disease, ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, Davos, SWITZERLAND, pp. S56-S57.
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McDonald, MM, Dulai, SK, Godfrey, C, Sztynda, T & Little, DG 2006, 'Single dose zoledronic acid treatment is superior to continuous treatment in enhancing hard callus formation and strength without delayed remodelling', BONE, 11th and Valedictory Workshop on Cell Biology of Bone and Cartilage in Health and Disease, ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, Davos, SWITZERLAND, pp. S57-S57.
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McGinnis, JM, Birt, DF, Brannon, PM, Carroll, RJ, Gibbons, RD, Hazzard, WR, Kamerow, DB, Levin, B, Ntambi, JM, Paneth, N, Rogers, D, Saftlas, AF & Vaughan, W 2006, 'National Institutes of Health state-of-the-science conference statement: Multivitamin/mineral supplements and chronic disease prevention', ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE, AMER COLL PHYSICIANS, pp. 364-371.
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McGinnis, JM, Birt, DF, Brannon, PM, Carroll, RJ, Gibbons, RD, Hazzard, WR, Kamerow, DB, Levin, B, Ntambi, JM, Paneth, N, Rogers, D, Saftlas, AF & Vaughan, W 2006, 'National Institutes of Health State-of-the-Science conference statement: Multivitamin/mineral supplements and chronic disease prevention', Nutrition Today, pp. 196-206.
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National Institutes of Health (NIH) consensus and state-of-the-science statements are prepared by independent panels of health professionals and public representatives on the basis of 1) the results of a systematic literature review prepared under contract with the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 2) presentations by investigators working in areas relevant to the conference questions during a 2-day public session, 3) questions and statements from conference attendees during open discussion periods that are part of the public session, and 4) closed deliberations by the panel during the remainder of the second day and the morning of the third. This statement is an independent report of the panel and is not a policy statement of the NIH or the federal government. The statement reflects the panel's assessment of medical knowledge available at the time the statement was written. Thus, it provides a "snapshot in time" of the state of knowledge on the conference topic. When reading the statement, keep in mind that new knowledge is inevitably accumulating through medical research. © 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.

McGrath, KC, Wu, T & Heather, AK 2006, 'Diabetic nephropathy upregulates endothelial VCAM-1 expression: Potential implications for the high incidence of atherosclerosis.', Atherosclerosis Supplements, Elsevier, pp. 221-221.
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Meier, PC & Rogers, C 2006, 'Setting Standards for Clinical Audits', World Federationof Acupuncture Societies, World Conference on Acupuncture, Indonesia.

Messaike, E, Sutisno, M, Torpy, FR & Sztynda, T 2006, 'Mapping the Human Auricle in Asians Residing in the Sydney Region', 18th Symposium on the Forensic Sciences, Fremantle, Australia March 2006, Fremantle, Australia.

Mokhapati, S, Tan, HH, Jagadish, C, McBean, KE & Phillips, M 2006, 'Integration of quantum dots devices by selective area epitaxy', Proceedings of the 2006 International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, International Conference on Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, IEEE, Brisbane, Australia, pp. 442-445.
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The results of nucleation of InGaAs and InAs quantum dots by selective area epitaxy are presented. By pre-patterning the substrates with different (SiO2) mask dimensions the bandgap of the quantum dots can be tuned over a large range. This technique is used to demonstrate a quantum dot lase integrated with a quantum well waveguide.

Mokkapati, S, Tan, HH, Jagadish, C, McBean, KE & Phillips, MR 2006, 'Integration of quantum dot devices by selective area epitaxy', 2006 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY, VOLS 1 AND 2, International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, IEEE, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA, pp. 554-+.

Mortari, A, Brown, NL, Geczy, CL, Coster, H, Valenzuela, S, Martin, DK & Csoregi, E 2006, 'Applications of Protein-Based Capacitive Biosensors', IEEE ICONN 2006, IEEE International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, IEEE, Brisbane, Australia, pp. 235-238.
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Three different methods of using protein-based capacitive biosensors for the detection of heavy-metal ions are presented. The metal-binding proteins SmtA, S100A12, MerP and four modified MerPs were immobilised as the biorecognition element on self-assembled monolayer-modified gold electrodes. Capacitance was measured using potential square step or electrical impedance spectroscopy. The protein-metal interaction generated changes in capacitance mainly due to a protein conformational change.

Mortari, A, Browns, NL, Geczy, C, Coster, HGL, Valenzuela, SM, Martin, D & Csoregi, E 2006, 'Applications of protein-based capacitive Biosensors for the detection of heavy-metal ions', 2006 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY, VOLS 1 AND 2, International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, IEEE, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA, pp. 304-+.

Mynttinen, T, Lapine, M, Säily, J, Nefedov, IS & Tretyakov, SA 2006, 'Microwave devices with enhanced phase-compensation principle', European Space Agency, (Special Publication) ESA SP.
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We report an advanced phase compensation principle, which employs combined backward-forward transmission lines having similar frequency dispersion. Various applications of this principle to the design of microwave devices allow for an exceptionally low dispersion in a wide frequency range while keeping the structure very compact and simple compared to conventional solutions. To illustrate the idea, we present the performance of (i) phase shifters, (ii) power dividers and (iii) baluns (complete antenna feeders) built on the reported principle. We support the theoretical estimates by microwave circuit simulations and direct measurements, showing that the novel devices can be easily implemented with simple electronic components.

Nicholson, GM, Chong, Y, Wen, S, Hayes, JL, Hodgson, WC, Hains, PG, Broady, KW & King, GK 2006, 'Omega-ACTX-Ar1a: a novel insect-selective voltage-gated calcium channel blocker from the venom of the Sydney funnel-web spider', 15th World Congress on Animal, Plant and Microbial Toxins, Glasgow, Scotland.

Onishi, A, Thomas, P, Stuart, BH, Guerbois, JL & Forbes, SL 2006, 'TGMS analysis of the thermal decomposition of compact pig bone', 9th European Symposium on Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Krakow.

Pauc, N, Phillips, M, Aimez, V & Drouin, D 2006, 'Cathodoluminescence study of GaN and GaN : Si on sapphire - art. no. 61210A', Gallium Nitride Materials and Devices, Conference on Gallium Nitride Materials and Devices, SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, San Jose, CA, pp. A1210-A1210.
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Pecchia, A, Gagliardi, A, Solomon, G, Di Carlo, A, Frauenheim, T & Reimers, JR 1970, 'Incoherent tunneling and heat dissipation in molecular bridges', PROGRESS IN NONEQUILIBRIUM GREEN'S FUNCTIONS III, Conference on Progress in Nonequilibrium Greens Functions III, IOP PUBLISHING LTD, Univ Kiel, Kiel, GERMANY, pp. 349-+.
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Phillips, M & Drouin, D 2006, 'Comparison of low voltage phosphers', Proceedings of Microscopy & Microanalysis 12, Suppl. 2, 2006, Microscopy & Microanalysis, Cambridge University Press, Chicago, USA, pp. 1526-1527.
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Progress in field emission display (FED) technology requires the parallel development of phosphors that exhibit high cathodoluminescence (CL) efficiency at low voltage (< 1 kV) excitation and long term CL stability when subjected to high current densities. Five commercial phosphors, ZnO:Zn, YSiO5:Ce, Y2O3:Eu, SrGa2S4:Ce and SrGa2S4:Eu have been studied using low voltage scanning cathodoluminescence microscopy and spectroscopy at 300 K. All samples were powders with a 0.5 10 ìm particle size (Figure 1). ZnO:Zn was the only specimen that did not display any charging effects at 1 kV when using the in-lens secondary electron image mode, reflecting its good electrical conductivity compared with the other phosphors.

Phillips, M & Morgan, SW 2006, 'Enhanced high speed SE imaging using a VPSEM using a Frisch Grid', Proceedings of Microscopy & Microanalysis 12, Suppl. 2 2006, Microscopy & Microanalysis, Cambridge university Press, Chicago, USA, pp. 1480-1481.
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Secondary electron (SE) imaging in a variable pressure SEM has necessitated the development of new detector technologies. One approach is to measure the charge, Q, induced on a positive electrode placed at some distance, r, from the specimen stage which is a ground potential. Gas ionization by sufficiently energetic SEs produces electron-ion pairs which are charge separated by the applied electric field. Electrons drift towards the anode causing further gas ionization in a cascade process, and the ions drift towards the stage (cathode). The total Q induced at the anode will include charge components induced by the motion of both electrons, QE, and ions, QI.

Phillips, M, Drouin, D & Pauc, N 2006, 'Probing carrier behaviour at the nanoscale in gallium nitride using low voltage cathodoluminescence', Proceedings of Microscopy & Microanalysis 12, Suppl. 2 2006, Microscopy & Microanalysis, Cambridge Univesity Press, Chicago USA, pp. 156-157.
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The increasing application of GaN in blue and UV light emitting diodes and lasers has generated considerable interest in its optical and electrical properties. These optical devices exhibit extremely high emission efficiencies despite the presence of a very high concentration of threading dislocations (108 1010 cm-2) that act as non-radiative recombination channels. This perceived contradiction can be been explained by small (< 100 nm) carrier diffusion lengths which effectively negate the effect of the threading dislocations on the radiative recombination efficiency. These short exciton and minority carrier diffusion lengths in GaN can be explored by cathodoluminescence (CL) microscopy and spectroscopy using a SEM equipped with a Schottky field emission gun operating at 1 kV.

Platen, E 2004, 'A benchmark approach to finance', MATHEMATICAL FINANCE, Workshop on Mathematical Finance and Insurance, WILEY, Yellow Mt, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 131-151.
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Platen, E 2006, 'A benchmark approach to portfolio optimization and derivative pricing.', Statistical Modeling in Finance Conference, Statistical Modeling in Finance Conference, Philadelphia, USA.

Platen, E 2006, 'A benchmark approach to portfolio optimization and derivative pricing.', First Conference of Advanced Mathematical Methods for Finance, First Conference of Advanced Mathematical Methods for Finance, Antalya, Turkey.

Platen, E 2006, 'A parsimonious financial market model in a jump diffusion setting', Workshop on Mathematical Finance and Insurance, Lijiang, China.

Platen, E 2006, 'A unified approach to portfolio optimization and derivative pricing.', Conference on Risk Management, Conference on Risk Management, Ascona, Switzerland.

Platen, E 2004, 'Capital asset pricing for markets with intensity based jumps', Stochastic Finance, International Conference on Stochastic Finance 2004, Springer, Lisboa, Portugal, pp. 157-182.
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DP0343913 This paper proposes a unified framework for portfolio optimization, derivative pricing, modeling and risk measurement in financial markets with security price processes that exhibit intensity based jumps. It is based on the natural assumption that invest

Platen, E 2006, 'On the pricing and hedging of long dated zero coupon bonds.', 5th National Symposium on Financial Mathematics, 5th National Symposium on Financial Mathematics, Melbourne, Australia.

Platen, E 2006, 'Pricing and hedging extreme maturity contracts under the benchmark approach.', Quantitative Methods in Finance 2006 Conference, Quantitative Methods in Finance 2006 Conference, Sydney, Australia.

Platen, E 2006, 'Pricing and hedging of long dated zero coupon bonds.', 2006 DAIWA International Workshop on Financial Engineering, DAIWA International Workshop on Financial Engineering, Tokyo, Japan.

Platen, E 2006, 'Sharpe ratio maximization and expected utility when asset prices have jumps.', 2006 Symposium on Credit Risk, Extreme Values and Actuarial Studies, Symposium on Credit Risk, Extreme Values and Actuarial Studies, Canberra, Australia.

Pop, V, Danilov, D, Bergveld, HJ, Notten, PHL & Regtien, PPL 2006, 'Adaptive state-of-charge indication system for Li-ion battery-powered devices', 22nd International Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exposition, EVS 2006, pp. 865-876.
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Accurate State-of-Charge (SoC) and remaining run-time indication for portable devices is important for the user convenience and to prolong the lifetime of batteries. So far, no one succeeded in coming up with a SoC system that is accurate enough under all realistic user conditions. An algorithm that combines adaptive system with Electro-Motive-Force (EMF) measurements during equilibrium and current measurement and integration during charge and discharge states has been developed and implemented in a real-time SoC evaluation system. During the discharge state, apart from simple coulomb counting, also the effect of the overpotential is considered. Mathematical models describing the EMF and the overpotential functions for a Li-ion battery have been developed. The overpotential model includes a variety of parameters that are changing during cycling of the battery. Adaptive methods for the battery maximum capacity and for the overpotential model parameters used in the system with the aging effects are presented in this paper. The final aim is to predict the SoC and the remaining run-time of a Li-ion battery within 1% inaccuracy under all realistic user conditions. As mobile phones are most challenging with respect to a wide variety of load currents and a wide temperature range, the developed system will focus on this application. The achieved results show the effectiveness of the novel approach for improving the SoC indication accuracy and the system capability to cope with the aging effects. © EVS-22 Yokohama, Japan.

Ratana, P, Huete, AR & Didan, K 2006, 'MODIS EVI-based Variability in Amazon Phenology across the Rainforest-Cerrado Ecotone', 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-8, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), IEEE, Denver, CO, pp. 1942-1944.
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Salih, A, Wiedenmann, J, Matz, M, Larkum, AW & Cox, G 2006, 'Photoinduced activation of GFP-like proteins in tissues of REEF corals', Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE.
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A variety of fluorescent and chromophoric proteins homologous to the green fluorescent protein (GFP) has been recently discovered and cloned from non-bioluminescent marine animals, such as corals, and now provide a multitude of colors for use in fluorescence imaging applications. Recently, a novel fluorescence imaging methodology has emerged that utilizes the unique photoactivatory property of several GFP-like proteins, which respond to irradiation by altering their optical properties, thereby providing a new spatio-temporal capability to the GFP-based imaging applications. During our studies of GFP-like proteins from the Great Barrier Reef corals, several novel photoactivatable (PA) GFP-like proteins have been discovered. These include fluorescence photo-amplifiers and reversible photoswitchers, similar to PA jelly-fish derived PA-GFP and Dronpa, that greatly increase their emissions following ultraviolet-A (UVA) irradiation; the red-to-green (R-to-G) converters, similar to DsRed, that rapidly change to green color following single- or 2-photon irradiation; the green-to-red (G-to-R) converters, that acquire bright red fluorescence following UV-violet irradiation, similar to Kaede-like proteins; and the kindling GFP-like proteins, that are non fluorescent, but rapidly acquire bright fluorescence after green light irradiation. We report on the various optical characteristics of these coral PA proteins that may be used to expand the scope of the available fluorescence bio-imaging technologies.

Schlogl, E 2006, 'Fitting the market: Tractable approximations and calibrating models to multiple volatility smiles', Quantitative Methods in Finance 2006 Conference, Quantitative Methods in Finance 2006 Conference, Sydney, Australia.

Schlogl, E 2006, 'Generic implementation of control variates in option pricing', 5th National Symposium on Financial Mathematics, 5th National Symposium on Financial Mathematics, Melbourne, Australia.

Schlogl, E & Schlogl, L 2006, 'Fitting CDO factor distributions to quoted synthetic tranche spreads', 2006 Symposium on Credit Risk, Extreme Values and Actural Studies, Symposium on Credit Risk, Extreme Values and Actural Studies, Canberra, Austalia.

Seymour, JR & Stocker, R 2006, 'The causes and implications of microscale patchiness in the ocean studied using microfluidics.', United States.

Shimabukuro, YE, Anderson, LO, Aragao, LEOC & Huete, A 2006, 'USING FRACTION IMAGES TO STUDY NATURAL LAND COVER CHANGES IN THE AMAZON', 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-8, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), IEEE, Denver, CO, pp. 2103-+.
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Shiozawa, N & Rodgers, KJ 2006, 'Comparison of the gene expression profiles of different cell lines in response to oxidatively modified proteins.', FREE RADICAL RESEARCH, 13th Biennial Meeting of the Society-for-Free-Radical-Research-International, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, Davos, SWITZERLAND, pp. S85-S85.

Smith, GB, Maaroof, A, Dowd, A, Gentle, A & Cortie, M 2006, 'Tuning plasma frequency for improved solar control glazing using mesoporous nanostructures - art. no. 61970T', Photonics for Solar Energy Systems, Conference on Photonics for Solar Energy Systems, SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, Strasbourg, FRANCE, pp. T1970-T1970.
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Sollod, B, Gunning, SJ, Wen, S, Nicholson, GM & King, GK 2006, 'A dual-target, self-synergizing toxin from spider venom', 15th World Congress on Animal, Plant and Microbial Toxins, Glasgow, Scotland.

Stocker, R, Seymour, JR & Marcos, M 2006, 'Microfluidics for studying microbial ecology', United States.

Suglia, SF, Ryan, L, Bellinger, D & Wright, R 1970, 'The influence of the social and physical environment on child behavior', EPIDEMIOLOGY, ISEE/ISEA 2006 Conference, LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS, Paris, FRANCE, pp. S387-S387.
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Suglia, SF, Ryan, L, Bellinger, D & Wright, RJ 2006, 'Violence exposure predicts adverse child behavior: Use of item response theory to characterize violence experience.', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, 2nd North American Congress of Epidemiology, OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC, Seattle, WA, pp. S233-S233.
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Sutherland, D & Hawes, I 2006, 'Inland Antarctic aquatic ecosystems – algal communities across environmental gradients', Antarctica New Zealand conference.

Thompson, FL & Klose, KE 2006, 'Vibrio2005: the First International Conference on the Biology of Vibrios', JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY, pp. 4592-4596.
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Thompson, LE, Rice, PM, Delenia, E, Lee, VY, Brock, PJ, Magbitang, TP, Dubois, G, Volksen, W, Miller, RD & Kim, HC 2006, 'Imaging thin films of nanoporous low-k dielectrics: Comparison between ultramicrotomy and focused ion beam preparations for transmission electron microscopy', MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS, CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, pp. 156-159.
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Toth, M, Knowles, WR, Hartigan, G & Lobo, CJ 2006, 'Electron flux controlled switching between electron beam induced etching and deposition', Microscopy and Microanalysis, pp. 168-169.
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Turner, ND, Diaz, A, Taddeo, SS, Vanamala, J, McDonough, CM, Dykes, L, Murphy, ME, Carroll, RJ & Rooney, LW 2006, 'Bran from black or brown sorghum suppresses colon carcinogenesis', FASEB JOURNAL, Experimental Biology 2006 Meeting, FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL, San Francisco, CA, pp. A599-A599.

Valenzuela, S, Berkahn, MB, Martin, DK, Huynh, T, Yang, Z & Geczy, CL 2005, 'Elucidating the structure and function of S100 proteins in membranes - art. no. 603619', Biomems And Nanotechnology Ii, Conference on BioMEMS and Nanotechnology II, Spie-Int Society Optical Engineering, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA, pp. 3619-3619.
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100 proteins are important Ca2+-binding proteins involved in vital cellular functions including the modulation of cell growth, migration and differentiation, regulation of intracellular signal transduction/phosphorylation pathways, energy metabolism, cyt

Vanamala, J, Glagolenko, A, Carroll, RJ, Murphy, ME, Taddeo, SS, Chapkin, RS, Turner, ND & Lupton, JR 2006, 'Fish oil and pectin enhance apoptosis in irradiated rat colonocytes via suppression of PGE synthase-2 and Wnt pathway', FASEB JOURNAL, Experimental Biology 2006 Meeting, FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL, San Francisco, CA, pp. A993-A993.

Vella, A, Whitley, RJ, Armstrong, NG, Dowd, AR & Cline, JP 2006, 'Analysis of admixed CeO2 nanoparticles via TEM and x-ray diffraction techniques', 30th Annual Condensed matter and materials meeting, Annual Condensed matter and materials meeting, AIP, Wagga Wagga, pp. 1-4.
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The techniques used to identify nanoparticle size and shape characteristics are o vital importance in the developemnt of functional nanoparticles. Each technique offers different advantages: this work compares the two techniques of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis by charactering CeO2 nanoparticle specimens. Whole Powder Pattern Modelling (WPPM) is used to quantify the specimens dislocations and size characteristics from XRD data. Using admixed samples we test and extend the techniques. We show that XRD accurately characterises small crystallite distributions and that larger crystallite distributions necessitate further investigation.

Wang, J, Poulton, C, Maitra, A, Cabot, S, Jaques, J, Freude, W & Leuthold, J 2006, 'Dynamics of linewidth-enhancement factor in semiconductor optical amplifiers', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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It is shown that the linewidth-enhancement α-factor in a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) has a significant temporal dependence. A time window with a small or even a negative α-factor is observed both in experiments and in calculations. This observation might seriously impact the performance of XPM devices at highest speed. © 2006 Optical Society of America.

Webster, J, Holt, S & Dalgliesh, R 2005, 'INTER the chemical interfaces reflectometer on target station 2 at ISIS', PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER, 8th International Conference on Neutron Scattering, ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, Sydney, AUSTRALIA, pp. 1164-1166.
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Wilcox, S, Botten, LC, Martijn de Sterke, C, McPhedran, RC, Kuhlmey, BT, Fussell, DP & Tomljenovic-Hanic, S 2006, 'Fundamental mode in index-guided microstructured optical fibers: Long wavelength properties', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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Using a novel computational method, the fundamental mode in index-guided microstructured optical fibers with genuinely infinite cladding is shown to have no cut-off, but its area grows rapidly when the wavelength crosses a transition region. © 2005 Optical Society of America.

Wuhrer, R, Moran, K & Phillips, M 2006, 'X-ray mapping and post processing', Proceedings of Microscopy & Microanalysis 12 Suppl. 2, 2006, Microscopy & Microanalysis, Cambridge university Press, Chicago USA, pp. 1404-1405.
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Characterisation of materials frequently involves the determination of variation in composition, structure and microstructure, by the use of a variety of imaging and analysis techniques. There is an increasing need to understand materials phenomena and processes and to learn more about exploiting subtle changes in the distribution of elements in materials technology. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (WDS) and the combination of these techniques through x-ray mapping (XRM) has become an excellent tool for characterising the distribution of elements and phases in materials. This analytical technique provides a high magnification image related to the distribution and relative abundance of elements within a given specimen and thus makes XRM particularly useful for: identifying the location of individual elements and mapping the spatial distribution of specific elements and phases within a sample (material surface).

Wuhrer, R, Moran, K, Phillips, M & Davey, P 2006, 'X-ray mapping using a multiple-EDS (DUAL) detector', Proceedings of Microscopy & Microanalysis 12, suppl. 2, 2006, Microscopy & Microanalysis, Cambridge University Press, Chicago USA, pp. 1406-1407.
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X-ray mapping (XRM) is an extremely useful problem solving tool. However, the two major problems for energy dispersive spectroscopy are interpretation of results under non ideal conditions (strong overlap and small peak size relative to background), and the time required to obtain a good quality 256x256 pixel map (1 to 3 hours). XRM has been considered a slow technique, claiming many hours of SEM time and often relegated to out-of-hours (overnight) mapping. With the development of high count rate silicon high resolution drift detectors (SDD) [1, 2] and multi-detector systems [3], the time required to acquire XRM decreases. With a single EDS detector at 20kcps output, a good 512x512 quantitative map can be obtained in around 4 to 8 hours for major elements (>10wt% evenly distributed) and minor elements (>1wt% localised).

Xu, XX & Zheng, YF 2006, 'Synthesis and characterization of magnetic nanoparticles and their reinforcement in polyurethane film', Key Engineering Materials, pp. 659-662.

Zareie, H, Sarikaya, M, McDonagh, AM, Barber, J, Cortie, M & Phillips, M 2006, 'Self-organized materials: From organic molecules to genetically engineered gold-binding proteins', 2006 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY, VOLS 1 AND 2, International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, IEEE, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA, pp. 530-+.

Zareie, HM, Sarikaya, M, McDonagh, AM, Barber, J, Cortie, MB & Phillips, M 2007, 'Self-organised materials: from organic molecules to genetically engineered gold-binding proteins', 2006 International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, ICONN, IEEE, Brisbane, Australia, pp. 517-519.
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We present examples of ordered assemblies of organic and biological molecules on gold(111) surfaces. The first example shows how control over mono or multilayer assemblies of 1,4-phenylenedimethanthiol can be achieved and monitored. The second example shows how monolayers on gold can be prepared using amine groups to anchor aromatic molecules to the surface. A third example whos how ordered assemblies of genetically-engineered inorganic-binding polypeptides can be formed on gold surfaces using a 3-repeat, 14 amino acid gold-binding protein (GBP1).

Zinder, Y, Singh, G & Weiskircher, R 2006, 'A new method of scheduling UET tasks on parallel machines', Imecs 2006: International Multiconference Of Engineers And Computer Scientists, International Multiconference of Engineers and Computer Scientists, International Association Engineers-Iaeng, Kowloon, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 796-801.
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The paper describes a new method of scheduling partially ordered unit execution time tasks on parallel machines. The goal is to minimize the largest completion time. It is well known that this scheduling problem is NP-hard in the strong sense, and the co

Biggs, B, Sutherland, D, Unwin, M & Kilroy, C 2006, Resuming the Mararoa River diversion into the Waiau Arm, Lake Manapouri: recommendations and associated monitoring programmes, Christchurch.

Craddock, MJ & Lennox, KA Quantitative Finance Research Centre, UTS 2006, Lie Group Symmetries as Integral Transforms of Fundamental Solutions, pp. 1-23, Broadway, NSW.

Reyner, LA, Flatley, D & Brown, JJ Department for Transport 2006, Effectiveness of Motorway Services Areas in Reducing Fatigue-related and other Accidents, pp. 1-80, London.
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INTRODUCTION 'Motorway service stations exist to meet a road safety need by giving drivers somewhere to stop and rest' Lord Whitty. From analyses of road crash investigation reports on a total of over 2,000 roadtraffic collision (RTC) files obtained from UK police forces, we have found that sleepiness is a major cause of serious accidents on monotonous roads in Great Britain, especially motorways. Moreover, compared with RTCs as a whole, we have found that sleep-related crashes (SRCs) are more likely to result in death or serious injury. We have also shown that STATS19 has not been a reliable source of information on SRCs, and we have developed other techniques for identifying them. These techniques are now adopted by over half the police forces and have been successfully 'tested' in many court cases involving death by dangerous driving. Our analyses of SRCs, on behalf of the Department for Transport (DfT), have been the basis of road-crash audits that have also examined the influence of: time of day, day of week, type of driver, road lighting versus no lighting, road-traffic density (e.g. 'Sleep related vehicle accidents on sections of selected trunk roads and motorways in the UK, 1995-1998' - DfT Road Safety Report No. 22, 2001). In these respects, we have found, for example, that in relation to traffic flow rates, proportionately many more SRCs happen during the hours of midnight to 0600h and, typically, drivers causing SRCs are men, usually aged under 30 years. We have also conducted laboratory studies of the processes of falling asleep at the wheel using a realistic, interactive and fully instrumented driving simulator that enables us to monitor and analyse automatically a variety of driving behaviours, as well as the electroencephalographic (EEG) status of the driver. We have used this system to evaluate practical methods that the driver can utilise to overcome sleepiness (findings from which are incorporated in the Highway Code), and we have shown that dri...

Spigel, B, Sorrell, B & Sutherland, D 2006, Waiau Arm Water Quality Study: September 2004 – May 2005, Christchurch.

Biggs, B, Unwin, M & Sutherland, D 2006, 'Strategy for trialling rediversion of the Mararoga River into Lake Manapouri and associated monitoring programme'.

Bruti Liberati, N & Platen, E 2006, 'On weak predictor-corrector schemes for jump-diffusion processes in finance (QFRC paper #179)', Quantitative Finance Research Centre Working Paper Series.

Le, T & Platen, E 2006, 'Approximating the growth optimal portfolio with a diversified world stock index (QFRC paper #184)', Quantitative Finance Research Centre Working Paper Series.

Platen, E 2006, 'On the pricing and hedging of long dated zero coupon bonds (QFRC paper #185)', Quantitative Finance Research Centre Working Paper Series.

Platen, E & Bruti Liberati, N 2006, 'Approximation of jump-diffusion in finance and economics (QFRC paper #176)', Quantitative Finance Research Centre Working Paper Series.