Alvarez, R, Evans, LA, Milham, PJ & Wilson, MA 2004, 'Effects of humic material on the precipitation of calcium phosphate', Geoderma, vol. 118, no. 3-4, pp. 245-260.
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Soil organic acids such as humic and fulvic acids can play an important role in influencing inorganic phosphate availability in P-fertilized soils by inhibiting formation of thermodynamically stable calcium phosphates. Calcium phosphate phases which are important in these systems may include amorphous calcium phosphate (Ca9(PO4)6·nH 2O; ACP), dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (CaHPO4 ·2H2O; DCPD, also known as brushite), octacalcium phosphate (Ca8H2(PO4) 6·5H2O; OCP) and the thermodynamically most stable phase, hydroxyapatite (Ca5(PO4)3OH; HAp). In this study, the formation of these phases in the presence of soil humic acids derived from the Sydney Basin in New South Wales, Australia has been examined using the combined techniques of pH-stat autotitration, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and laser Raman spectroscopy, as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and elemental analyses. Under conditions of high supersaturation at a pH of 7. 4 and a temperature of 25°C, it was found that these soil humics delay the transformation of unstable ACP to thermodynamically more stable OCP and thence to an apatitic phase resembling poorly crystalline HAp. At the lower pH of 5.7, and in the presence of humic acids, ACP was also precipitated initially. However, this was in contrast to the humic-free solutions which produced DCPD. ACP produced in the presence of humic materials persisted longer than DCPD in their absence, before ultimately hydrolyzing to OCP. Modes of humic-calcium phosphate interaction are discussed. It has been concluded that humic materials are geologically relevant inhibitors of calcium phosphate transformation and that they may modify the availability of phosphorus in soils by changing crystallisation behaviour from solution. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Antolovich, M, Lindoy, LF & Reimers, JR 2004, 'Explanation of the anomalous complexation of silver(I) with ammonia in terms of the poor affinity of the ion for water', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A, vol. 108, no. 40, pp. 8434-8438.
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Aridgides, LJ, Doblin, MA, Berke, T, Dobbs, FC, Matson, DO & Drake, LA 2004, 'Multiplex PCR allows simultaneous detection of pathogens in ships' ballast water', MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN, vol. 48, no. 11-12, pp. 1096-1101.
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There is enormous potential for global transfer of microorganisms, including pathogens, in ships' ballast water. We contend that a major advancement in the study of ballast-water microorganisms in particular, and of aquatic pathogens in general, will be expedited sample analysis, such as provided by the elegant technology of DNA microarrays. In order to use DNA microarrays, however, one must establish the appropriate conditions to bind target sequences in samples to multiple probes on the microarrays. We conducted proof-of-concept experiments to optimize simultaneous detection of multiple microorganisms using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern hybridization. We chose three target organisms, all potentially found in ballast water: a calicivirus, the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, and the photosynthetic protist Aureococcus anophagefferens. Here, we show simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens is possible, a result supporting the promising future use of microarrays for simultaneous detection of pathogens in ballast water.
Arnold, SJ, Osvath, SR, Hall, RA, King, NJC & Sedger, LM 2004, 'Regulation of antigen processing and presentation molecules in West Nile virus-infected human skin fibroblasts', Virology, vol. 324, no. 2, pp. 286-296.
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Infection of humans with the West Nile flavivirus principally occurs via tick and mosquito bites. Here, we document the expression of antigen processing and presentation molecules in West Nile virus (WNV)-infected human skin fibroblast (HFF) cells. Using a new Flavivirus-specific antibody, 4G4, we have analyzed cell surface human leukocyte antigen (HLA) expression on virus-infected cells at a single cell level. Using this approach, we show that West Nile Virus infection alters surface HLA expression on both infected HFF and neighboring uninfected HFF cells. Interestingly, increased surface HLA evident on infected HFF cultures is almost entirely due to virus-induced interferon (IFN)alpha/beta because IFNalpha/beta-neutralizing antibodies completely prevent increased surface HLA expression. In contrast, RT-PCR analysis indicates that WNV infection results in increased mRNAs for HLA-A, -B, and -C genes, and HLA-associated molecules low molecular weight polypeptide-2 (LMP-2) and transporter associated with antigen presentation-1 (TAP-1), but induction of these mRNAs is not diminished in HFF cells cultured with IFNalpha/beta-neutralizing antibodies. Taken together, these data support the idea that that both cytokine-dependent and cytokine-independent mechanisms account for WNV-induced HLA expression in human skin fibroblasts
Asatryan, AA, Sheppard, CJR & de Sterke, CM 2004, 'Vector treatment of second-harmonic generation produced by tightly focused vignetted Gaussian beams', JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS, vol. 21, no. 12, pp. 2206-2212.
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We present a fast and accurate method to calculate the vector-field distribution of a focused Gaussian beam. This method is applied to calculate the second harmonic that is generated by such a beam from a sample in the undepleted pump approximation. Thes
Ashmore, J, Bishop, R, Craig, DC & Scudder, ML 2004, 'Assembly of brick-like aromatic edge–face (EF)6host dimers into lattice inclusion compounds', CrystEngComm, vol. 6, no. 100, pp. 618-622.
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Baines, SB, Fisher, NS, Doblin, MA, Cutter, GA, Cutter, LS & Cole, B 2004, 'Light dependence of selenium uptake by phytoplankton and implications for predicting selenium incorporation into food webs', Limnology and Oceanography, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 566-578.
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The potentially toxic element selenium is first concentrated from solution to a large but highly variable degree by algae and bacteria before being passed on to consumers. The large loads of abiotic and detrital suspended particles often present in rivers and estuaries may obscure spatial and temporal patterns in Se concentrations at the base of the food web. We used radiotracers to estimate uptake of both selenite (Se(IV)) and C by intact plankton communities at two sites in the Sacramento/San Joaquin River Delta. Our goals were to determine (1) whether C and Se(IV) uptake were coupled, (2) the role of bacteria in Se(IV) uptake, and (3) the Se:C uptake ratio of newly produced organic material. Se(IV) uptake, like C uptake, was strongly related to irradiance. The shapes of both relationships were very similar except that at least 42-56% of Se(IV) uptake occurred in the dark, whereas C uptake in the dark was negligible. Of this dark Se(IV) uptake, 34-67% occurred in the 0.2-1.0-μm size fraction, indicating significant uptake by bacteria. In addition to dark uptake, total Se(IV) uptake consisted of a light-driven component that was in fixed proportion to C uptake. Our estimates of daily areal Se(IV):C uptake ratios agreed very well with particulate Se:C measured at a site dominated by phytoplankton biomass. Estimates of bacterial Se:C were 2.4-13 times higher than for the phytoplankton, suggesting that bacteriovores may be exposed to higher dietary Se concentrations than herbivores.
Balagurunathan, Y, Wang, NY, Dougherty, ER, Nguyen, D, Chen, YD, Bittner, ML, Trent, J & Carroll, R 2004, 'Noise factor analysis for cDNA microarrays', JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 663-678.
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Belli, SI, Mai, K, Skene, CD, Gleeson, MT, Witcombe, DM, Katrib, M, Finger, A, Wallach, MG & Smith, NC 2004, 'Characterisation of the antigenic and immunogenic properties of bacterially expressed, sexual stage antigens of the coccidian parasite, Eimeria maxima', VACCINE, vol. 22, no. 31-32, pp. 4316-4325.
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Ben-Nissan, B 2004, 'Nanoceramics in biomedical applications', MRS Bulletin, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 28-32.
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An improved understanding of the interactions at the anoscale level between the bioceramics in medical implants and the hard or soft tissues in the human body could contribute significantly to the design of new-generation prostheses and postoperative patient management strategies. Overall the benefits of advanced ceramic materials in biomedical applications have been universally accepted, specifically in terms of their strength, biocompatibility, hydrophilicity and wear resistance in articulating joints. The continuous development of new-generation impalnts untilising nanocoatings with novel nanosensors and devices is leaf=ding to better compatibility with human tissue and improved well-being and longevity for patients. This article gives a short oevrview odf bioceramics and reexamines key issues of concern for processing and applying nanosensors as biomaterials.
Ben-Nissan, B 2004, 'Nanoceramics in biomedical applications', MRS Bulletin, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 28-32.
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An improved understanding of the interactions at the nanoscale level between the bioceramics in medical implants and the hard or soft tissues in the human body could contribute significantly to the design of new-generation prostheses and postoperative patient management strategies. Overall, the benefits of advanced ceramic materials in biomedical applications have been universally accepted, specifically in terms of their strength, biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, and wear resistance in articulating joints. The continuous development of new-generation implants utilizing nanocoatings with novel nanosensors and devices is leading to better compatibility with human tissue and improved well-being and longevity for patients. This article gives a short overview of bioceramics and reexamines key issues of concern for processing and applying nanoceramics as biomaterials.
Ben-Nissan, B, Milev, A & Vago, R 2004, 'Morphology of sol-gel derived nano-coated coralline hydroxyapatite', Biomaterials, vol. 25, no. 20, pp. 4971-4975.
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Current bone graft materials are mainly produced from coralline hydroxyapatite (HAp). Due to the nature of the conversion process, commercial coralline HAp has retained coral or CaCO3, and the structure possesses nanopores within the inter-pore trabeculae, resulting in high dissolution rates. Under certain conditions these features reduce durability and strength and are not utilised where high structural strength is required. To overcome these limitations, a new coral double-conversion technique has been developed. The technique involves a two-stage application route where, in the first stage, complete conversion of coral to pure HAp is achieved. In the second, a new sol-gel-derived HAp nano-coating is directly applied to cover the micro- and nano-pores within the intra-pore material, whilst maintaining the large pores. Biaxial strength was improved two-fold due to this unique double treatment. This application is expected to result in enhanced durability and longevity due to the monophasic hydroxyapatite structure and strength in the physiological environment. It is anticipated that this new material can be applied to load-bearing bone graft applications where high strength requirements are pertinent. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Bewlay, SL, Konstantinov, K, Wang, GX, Dou, SX & Liu, HK 2004, 'Conductivity improvements to spray-produced LiFePO4 by addition of a carbon source', Materials Letters, vol. 58, no. 11, pp. 1788-1791.
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Bezuglyi, S, Dajani, K, Dooley, AH & Hamachi, T 2004, 'Isornorphic actions of group extensions on a measure space', INDAGATIONES MATHEMATICAE-NEW SERIES, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 167-188.
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Biggs, T, Cornish, LA, Witcomb, MJ & Cortie, MB 2004, 'Revised phase diagram for the Pt-Ti system from 30 to 60 at.% platinum', JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS, vol. 375, no. 1-2, pp. 120-127.
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Bilic, A, Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2004, 'Dissociated water on Si(100): Relation between STM topograph and actual geometry', SURFACE REVIEW AND LETTERS, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 185-190.
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Bilic, A, Reimers, JR, Hofer, WA & Hush, NS 2004, 'Adsorption sites of maleic anhydride on Si(100) revisited: inter- versus intra-row attachment', CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 385, no. 5-6, pp. 341-344.
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Bolorizadeh, MA, Sashin, VA, Kheifets, AS & Ford, MJ 2004, 'Electronic band structure of calcium oxide', JOURNAL OF ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY AND RELATED PHENOMENA, vol. 141, no. 1, pp. 27-38.
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We employed electron momentum spectroscopy (EMS) to measure the bulk electronic structure of calcium oxide. We extracted the electron momentum density (EMD), density of occupied states (DOS), band dispersions, bandwidths and intervalence bandgaps from the data. The results are compared with calculations based on the full potential linear muffin-tin orbital (FP-LMTO) approximation. While the bandwidths of 0.6 ± 0.2 and 1.2 ± 0.1 eV for the s- and p-bands, respectively, and their dispersions agree well with the LMTO calculation, the relative intensity of the two bands is at odds with the theory. The measured intervalence bandgap at the ?-point of 16.5 ± 0.2 eV is larger by 2.1 eV than that from the LMTO calculation. The experimental bandwidth of the Ca 3p semi-core level of 0.7 ± 0.1 eV agrees with the LMTO prediction. The measured bandgap between this level and the s-band is 3.6 ± 0.2 eV. The Ca 3s3p level splitting is in excellent agreement with the literature.
Bondy, CR, Gale, PA & Loeb, SJ 2004, 'Metal−Organic Anion Receptors: Arranging Urea Hydrogen-Bond Donors to Encapsulate Sulfate Ions', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 126, no. 16, pp. 5030-5031.
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Booth, DJ 2004, 'Synergistic effects of conspecifics and food on growth and energy allocation of a damselfish', ECOLOGY, vol. 85, no. 10, pp. 2881-2887.
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Booth, DJ & Beretta, GA 2004, 'Influence of recruit condition on food competition and predation risk in a coral reef fish', OECOLOGIA, vol. 140, no. 2, pp. 289-294.
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Settlement rate is considered to be a major determinant of the population structure of coral reef fishes. In this study, the effects of larval physiological condition on survival, predation risk and competitive ability are assessed for a small damselfish, Pomacentrus moluccensis. New settlers were collected and fed for 5 days to produce high and low condition (measured as lipid) treatment fish. In a field experiment, pairs (one high and one low condition fish) were transplanted to corals. Persistence over 2 weeks was much higher (100% vs. 25%) in high condition fish. In mixed groups in the laboratory, high condition fish were both aggressively dominant and consumed more of a limiting prey source than low condition fish. In addition, low condition fish were shown to be at much higher risk of predation. All of the low condition fish but only 33% of high condition fish in mixed groups were consumed by fish predators, and in a separate experiment, 73% of feeding strikes by predators were directed at low condition fish. Quality of new settlers can have an important influence on subsequent juvenile survival. The mechanisms for this effect are likely to include a combination of effects of condition on food competition and predation risk.
Botten, LC, White, TP, Asatryan, AA, Langtry, TN, de Sterke, CM & McPhedran, RC 2004, 'Bloch mode scattering matrix methods for modeling extended photonic crystal structures. I. Theory.', Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys, vol. 70, no. 5 Pt 2, p. 056606.
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We present a rigorous Bloch mode scattering matrix method for modeling two-dimensional photonic crystal structures and discuss the formal properties of the formulation. Reciprocity and energy conservation considerations lead to modal orthogonality relations and normalization, both of which are required for mode calculations in inhomogeneous media. Relations are derived for studying the propagation of Bloch modes through photonic crystal structures, and for the reflection and transmission of these modes at interfaces with other photonic crystal structures.
Botten, LC, White, TP, Asatryan, AA, Langtry, TN, de, SCM & McPhedran, RC 2004, 'Bloch mode scattering matrix methods for modeling extended photonic crystal structures. I. Theory', Physical Review E - Statistical Physics, Plasmas, Fluids, and Related Interdisciplinary Topics, vol. 70, no. 5, pp. 13-13.
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We present a rigorous Bloch mode scattering matrix method for modeling two-dimensional photonic crystal structures and discuss the formal properties of the formulation. Reciprocity and energy conservation considerations lead to modal orthogonality relations and normalization, both of which are required for mode calculations in inhomogeneous media. Relations are derived for studying the propagation of Bloch modes through photonic crystal structures, and for the reflection and transmission of these modes at interfaces with other photonic crystal structures. © 2004 The American Physical Society.
Botten, LC, White, TP, De, SCM, McPhedran, RC, Asatryan, AA & Langtry, TN 2004, 'Photonic crystal devices modelled as grating stacks: Matrix generalizations of thin film optics', Optics Express, vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 1592-1604.
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A rigorous semi-analytic approach to the modelling of coupling, guiding and propagation in complex microstructures embedded in two-dimensional photonic crystals is presented. The method, which is based on Bloch mode expansions and generalized Fresnel coefficients, is shown to be able to treat photonic crystal devices in ways which are analogous to those used in thin film optics with uniform media. Asymptotic methods are developed and exemplified through the study of a serpentine waveguide, a potential slow wave device. © 2004 Optical Society of America.
Bowles, KC, Tiltman, MD, Apte, SC, Hales, LT & Kalman, JR 2004, 'Determination of butyltins in environmental samples using sodium tetraethylborate derivatisation: characterisation and minimisation of interferences', Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 509, no. 2, pp. 127-135.
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Interferences affecting the determination of butyltin species by sodium tetraethylborate (STEB) derivatisation followed by purgetrap preconcentration were systematically studied using synthetic solutions, natural water samples and sediment extracts. Substances that did not cause interferences included most common cations (apart from those metal ions listed below), anions, metalloids and polar organic compounds. Natural organic matter (NOM) specifically interfered with tributyltin (TBT) due to a mechanism involving partitioning of the butyltin to the hydrophobic portions of the NOM. The metal ions Ag(I) (?2 ?M), Cd(II) (?2 ?M), Cu(II) (?0.5 ?M) interfered predominantly with the determination of monobutyltin (MBT) due to catalytic degradation of the STEB reagent. Pb(II) (?14 ?M) interfered with butyltin determination by an unknown mechanism. Other interferences to the purgetrap method were shown to occur in the presence of chelating agents (e.g. EDTA) or hydrophobic liquids such as diesel fuel. A mixture comprising methanol (MeOH), EDTA and Mn(II) was used to partially mask the effect of interfering NOM and metals. Spike recoveries (mean±S.D. of n=7 different samples) of MBT, dibutyltin (DBT) and TBT in contaminated natural water samples were improved from 70±36,90±11 and 91±24 to 102±10,98±3 and 98±4%, respectively. Spike recoveries (mean±S.D. of n=5 different samples) of MBT, DBT and TBT in aliquots of sediment extracts were improved from 86±17,79±18 and 59±32 to 97±6.2,103±3.6 and 103±5.0%, respectively. The ability to analyse larger aliquots of sediment extracts in the presence of the masking mixture improved the detection limit four-fold if MBT and DBT determination was required and 10-fold if only TBT determination was required.
Buckley, BW & Leslie, LM 2004, 'Preliminary climatology and improved modelling of south Indian Ocean and Southern Ocean mid-latitude cyclones', International Journal of Climatology, vol. 24, no. 10, pp. 1211-1230.
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Butt, AJ, Martin, JL, Dickson, KA, McDougall, F, Firth, SM & Baxter, RC 2004, 'Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 Expression Is Associated with Growth Stimulation of T47D Human Breast Cancer Cells: The Role of Altered Epidermal Growth Factor Signaling', The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 89, no. 4, pp. 1950-1956.
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AbstractIGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3 has antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects on the growth of human breast cancer cells in vitro. However, clinical studies suggest that high levels of IGFBP-3 in breast tumor tissue are associated with large, highly proliferative tumors. In this study, we examined the effects of stable transfection with human IGFBP-3 cDNA on the growth of T47D human breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Expression of IGFBP-3 initially inhibited the growth of T47D in vitro but was associated with enhanced growth in vivo. Furthermore, IGFBP-3-expressing cells in vitro became growth stimulated at higher passages post transfection, suggesting breast cancer cells may switch their response to IGFBP-3 with increasing tumorigenicity. These stimulatory effects observed in IGFBP-3-expressing cells were associated with an enhanced responsiveness to the proliferative effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF). When EGF receptor (EGFR) kinase activity was blocked using PD153035, high passage IGFBP-3 transfectants were growth inhibited compared with controls treated with inhibitor. These findings suggest that the interaction between IGFBP-3 and the EGFR system is central to whether IGFBP-3 acts as a growth stimulator or inhibitor in breast cancer cells and that therapies targeting EGFR may have increased efficacy in breast tumors expressing high levels of IGFBP-3.
Camoin-Jau, L, Sabatier, F, Arnoux, D, Anfosso, F, Bardin, N, Veit, V, Combes, V, Gentile, S, Moal, V, Sanmarco, M, Sampol, J & Dignat-George, F 2004, 'Endothelial microparticles: a potential contribution to the thrombotic complications of the antiphospholipid syndrome', Thrombosis and Haemostasis, vol. 91, no. 04, pp. 667-673.
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SummaryThe antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) refers to persistent antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) associated with thrombotic and/or obstetrical complications. The endothelial cell is a target of aPL which can induce a procoagulant and proinflammatory endothelial phenotype, as reported both in vivo and in vitro. Microparticle production is a hallmark of cell activation. In the present study, the presence of endothelial microparticles (EMP) in the plasma of APS patients was investigated. To determine if there is a correlation with certain biological and clinical features, EMP levels were measured in thrombosis-free patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, with and without aPL, in patients with non aPL-related thrombosis, as well as in healthy controls. Compared to healthy subjects, elevated plasma levels of EMP were found in patients with APS and in SLE patients with aPL, but not in SLE patients without aPL or in non aPL-related thrombosis. EMP levels were also associated with Lupus Anticoagulant (LA) detected by a positive Dilute Russell’s Viper Venom time (DRVVT). In parallel, we analyzed the capacity of these plasma to induce vesiculation of cultured endothelial cells. We demonstrated an increase of EMP generated in response to plasma from patients with autoimmune diseases. Interestingly, only APS plasma induced the release of EMP with procoagulant activity. These ex vivo and in vitro observations indicate that generation of EMP in APS and SLE patients results from an autoimmune process involving aPL. Production of procoagulant microparticles in APS patients may represent a new pathogenic mechanism for the thrombotic complications of this disease.
Campbell, S, McPhedran, RC, de, SCM & Botten, LC 2004, 'Differential multipole method for microstructured optical fibers', Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical Physics, vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 1919-1928.
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We describe the differential multipole method, an extended multipole method used to calculate the modes of microstructured optical fibers with noncircular inclusions. We use a multipole expansion centered on each inclusion and a differential method to calculate the scattering properties of the individual inclusions. Representative results for a fiber with one ring of elliptical inclusions are presented, and a direct comparison is made with an existing method. The new method is also applied to a microstructured optical fiber with seven rings of elliptical inclusions, which is found, in effect, to support a single polarization of the fundamental mode. © 2004 Optical Society of America.
Cantwell, M, Mittl, B, Curtin, J, Carroll, R, Potischman, N, Caporaso, N & Sinha, R 2004, 'Relative validity of a food frequency questionnaire with a meat-cooking and heterocyclic amine module', CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 293-298.
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Chen, JC, Chang, WR, Shih, TS, Chen, CJ, Chang, WP, Dennerlein, JT, Ryan, LM & Christiani, DC 2004, 'Using 'Exposure prediction rules' for exposure assessment - An example on whole-body vibration in taxi drivers', EPIDEMIOLOGY, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 293-299.
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Background: It is often difficult and expensive to make direct measurements of an individual's occupational or environmental exposures in large epidemiologic studies. Methods: In this study, we used information collected in validation studies to develop
Chen, JC, Dennerlein, JT, Shih, TS, Chen, CJ, Cheng, YW, Chang, WSP, Ryan, LM & Christiani, DC 2004, 'Knee pain and driving duration: A secondary analysis of the taxi drivers' health study', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, vol. 94, no. 4, pp. 575-581.
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Objectives. We explored a postulated association between daily driving time and knee pain. Methods. We used data from the Taxi Drivers' Health Study to estimate 1-year prevalence of knee pain as assessed by the Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire. Results. Among 1242 drivers, the prevalence of knee pain, stratified by duration of daily driving (less than or equal to6, > 6 through 8, > 8 through 10, and >10 hours), was 11%, 17%, 19%, and 22%, respectively. Compared with driving 6 or fewer hours per day, the odds ratio of knee pain prevalence for driving more than 6 hours per day was 2.52 (95% confidence interval= 1.36, 4.65) after we adjusted for socioeconomic, work-related, and personal factors in the multiple logistic regression. Conclusions. The dose-related association between driving duration and knee pain raises concerns about work-related knee joint disorders among professional drivers.
Chen, M, Zeng, H, Larkum, AWD & Cai, Z-L 2004, 'Raman properties of chlorophyll d, the major pigment of Acaryochloris marina: studies using both Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory', Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 527-534.
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The Raman spectroscopy of purified chlorophyll (Chl) d extracted from Acaryochloris marina has been measured over the wide region of 250-3200 cm -1 at 77 K following excitation of its Soret band at 488 nm and analyzed with the aid of hybrid density-functional vibrational analyses. A Raman peak specific to Chl d, which arises from the formyl group 31 C = O stretching, was clearly observed at 1659 cm-1 with medium intensity. Peaks due to other C = O stretching vibrations of the 131 keto-, 133 ester- and 173 groups were also observed. Four very strong peaks were observed in the range of 1000-1600 cm-1, assigned to the CC stretching and mixtures of the CH3 bend and CN stretching. CCC and NCC bending contribute to medium intensity peaks at 986 and 915 cm-1. Out-of-plane CH bending at Chl d methine sites 10, 5 and 20 contribute to observed peaks at 885, 864 and 853 cm-1, respectively. A few modes involving the MgN stretching and MgNC bending motions were observed in the very low frequency range. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been used to make assignments on the observed Raman spectrum and the DFT results have been found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Chen, Y, Wang, GX, Tian, JP, Konstantinov, K & Liu, HK 2004, 'Preparation and properties of spherical LiNi0.75Co0.25O2 as a cathode for lithium-ion batteries', Electrochimica Acta, vol. 50, no. 2-3, pp. 435-441.
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Chen, YC, Xu, L, Guo, YLL, Su, HJJ, Smith, TJ, Ryan, LM, Lee, MS & Christiani, DC 2004, 'Polymorphisms in GSTT1 and p53 and urinary transitional cell carcinoma in south-western Taiwan: A Preliminary Study', BIOMARKERS, vol. 9, no. 4-5, pp. 386-394.
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Little is known about the relevance of genetic polymorphisms to arsenic-related bladder cancer. A preliminary case-control study was conducted to explore the association between genetic polymorphisms of GSTT1, p53 codon 72 and bladder cancer in southern Taiwan, a former high arsenic exposure area. Fifty-nine urinary transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) patients from a referral centre in south-western Taiwan and 81 community controls matched on residence were recruited from 1996 to 1999. A questionnaire was administered to obtain arsenic exposure and general health information. Genotypes of p53 codon 72 and GSTT1 were analysed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymerase. The combined variant genotypes (heterozygous or homozygous variant) of p53 codon 72 and GSTT1 null were observed in 29% of cases and in 44% of controls, respectively. In this preliminary study, bladder cancer risk was slightly elevated for subjects carrying the variant genotype of p53 codon 72 or in subjects carrying the GSTT1 null genotype. Variants in p53 codon 72 increased the risk of bladder cancer among smokers. However, the results were not statistically significant and larger confirmatory studies are needed to clarify the role of candidate gene polymorphisms and bladder cancer risk in arsenic exposed populations.
Choat, JH, Robbins, W & Clements, K 2004, 'The trophic status of herbivorous fishes on coral reefs', Marine Biology, vol. 145, no. 3, pp. 445-454.
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Choy, B, Dun, T & Schlogl, E 2004, 'Response to comments by Stephen Blyth and Maciej Sawicki', Risk, vol. 17, no. 11, p. 118.
Christopherson, RI, Cinquin, O, Shojaei, M, Kuehn, D & Menz, RI 2004, 'Cloning and Expression of Malarial Pyrimidine Enzymes', Nucleosides, Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids, vol. 23, no. 8-9, pp. 1459-1465.
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Cleary, S, Elder, M & Taback, J 2004, 'Cone types and geodesic languages for lamplighter groups and Thompson's group F', Journal of Algebra 303 (2006) Issue 2 pages 476-500, vol. 303, pp. 476-500.
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We study languages of geodesics in lamplighter groups and Thompson's group F.
We show that the lamplighter groups $L_n$ have infinitely many cone types, have
no regular geodesic languages, and have 1-counter, context-free and counter
geodesic languages with respect to certain generating sets. We show that the
full language of geodesics with respect to one generating set for the
lamplighter group is not counter but is context-free, while with respect to
another generating set the full language of geodesics is counter and
context-free. In Thompson's group F with respect to the standard finite
generating set, we show there are infinitely many cone types and no regular
language of geodesics with respect to the standard finite generating set. We
show that the existence of families of 'seesaw' elements with respect to a
given generating set in a finitely generated infinite group precludes a regular
language of geodesics and guarantees infinitely many cone types with respect to
that generating set.
Coleman, VA, Tan, HH, Jagadish, C, Kucheyev, SO, Phillips, MR & Zou, J 2004, 'Towards p-type doping of ZnO by ion implantation', MRS Proceedings, vol. 829.
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ABSTRACTZinc oxide is a very attractive material for a range of optoelectronic devices including blue light-emitting diodes and laser diodes. Though n-type doping has been successfully achieved, p-type doing of ZnO is still a challenge that must be overcome before p-n junction devices can be realized. Ion implantation is widely used in the microelectronics industry for selective area doping and device isolation. Understanding damage accumulation and recrystallization processes is important for achieving selective area doping. In this study, As (potential p-type dopant) ion implantation and annealing studies were carried out. ZnO samples were implanted with high dose (1.4 × 1017 ions/cm2) 300 keV As ions at room temperature. Furnace annealing of samples in the range of 900°C to 1200°C was employed to achieve recrystallization of amorphous layers and electrical activation of the dopant. Rutherford backscattering/channeling spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy and cathodolumiescence spectroscopy were used to monitor damage accumulation and annihilation behavior in ZnO. Results of this study have significant implications for p-type doing of ZnO by ion implantation.
Coles, SJ, Gale, PA, Hursthouse, MB, Light, ME & Warriner, CN 2004, 'Crystallographic and Solution Anion Binding Studies of Bis-amidofurans and Thiophenes', Supramolecular Chemistry, vol. 16, no. 7, pp. 469-486.
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Collins, PR, Stack, CM, O'Neill, SM, Doyle, S, Ryan, T, Brennan, GP, Mousley, A, Stewart, M, Maule, AG, Dalton, JP & Donnelly, S 2004, 'Cathepsin L1, the major protease involved in liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) virulence - Propeptide cleavage sites and autoactivation of the zymogen secreted from gastrodermal cells', JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 279, no. 17, pp. 17038-17046.
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Coltel, N, Combes, V, Hunt, N & Grau, G 2004, 'Cerebral Malaria - A Neurovascular Pathology with Many Riddles Still to be Solved', Current Neurovascular Research, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 91-110.
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Combes, V, Rosenkranz, AR, Redard, M, Pizzolato, G, Lepidi, H, Vestweber, D, Mayadas, TN & Grau, GE 2004, 'Pathogenic Role of P-Selectin in Experimental Cerebral Malaria', The American Journal of Pathology, vol. 164, no. 3, pp. 781-786.
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Combes, V, Taylor, TE, Juhan-Vague, I, Mege, JL, Mwenechanya, J, Tembo, M, Grau, GE & Molyneux, ME 2004, 'Circulating Endothelial Microparticles in Malawian Children With Severe Falciparum Malaria Complicated With ComaRESEARCH LETTERS', JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 291, no. 21, pp. 2542-2544.
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Connan, HG, Reedy, BJ, Marshall, CP & Wilson, MA 2004, 'New Nanocarbons: Rod Milling and Annealing of Graphite in the Presence of Yttrium', Energy & Fuels, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 1607-1614.
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This work investigate the mechanisns of ordering and disordering graphite in the presence of 1% and 10% yttrium through mechanical activation and subsequent thermal annealing at 1350 degrees C for 6h. Some work was done using other metals. Structural information was obtained by characterising the milled and annealed samples by laser Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy. In the initial stages (less than 72 h milling), yttrium assists in reducing the effects of rod milling on crystallite size but not later equilibration between broken and reformed cystallites. Examination by TEM of all annealed samples with iron, cobalt, yttrium or nickel revealed the formation of graphite, iron, cobalt ot nickel nanoparticles encapsulated wit carbon strips but not for yttrium. No evidence of carbon nanotubes was found under the milling conditions for periods of 0 - 240 h and annealing temperatures up to 1350 degrees C for 6 h.
Cortie, MB 2004, 'The weird world of nanoscale gold', Gold Bulletin, vol. 37, no. 1-2, pp. 12-19.
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Craddock, M & Platen, E 2004, 'Symmetry group methods for fundamental solutions', Journal of Differential Equations, vol. 207, no. 2, pp. 285-302.
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This paper uses Lie symmetry group methods to study PDEs of the form ut = xuxx + f (x)ux. We show that when the drift function f is a solution of a family of Ricatti equations, then symmetry techniques can be used to find a fundamental solution. © 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Cranfield, CG, Dawe, A, Karloukovski, V, Dunin–Borkowski, RE, de Pomerai, D & Dobson, J 2004, 'Biogenic magnetite in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans', Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, vol. 271, no. suppl_6.
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The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is widely used as a model system in biological research. Recently, examination of the production of heat-shock proteins in this organism in response to mobile phone-type electromagnetic field exposure produced the most robust demonstration to date of a non-thermal, deleterious biological effect. Though these results appear to be a sound demonstration of non-thermal bioeffects, to our knowledge, no mechanism has been proposed to explain them. We show, apparently for the first time, that biogenic magnetite, a ferrimagnetic iron oxide, is present in C. elegans. Its presence may have confounding effects on experiments involving electromagnetic fields as well as implications for the use of this nematode as a model system for iron biomineralization in multi-cellular organisms. © 2004 The Royal Society.
Cummins, SP, Roberts, DE, Ajani, P & Underwood, AJ 2004, 'Comparisons of assemblages of phytoplankton between open water and seagrass habitats in a shallow coastal lagoon', Marine and Freshwater Research, vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 447-447.
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Patterns of phytoplankton in areas with seagrass (Zostera capricorni, Halophila ovalis, and Ruppia megacarpa) and areas without seagrass were quantified in an estuary near Sydney, NSW, Australia. Replicate samples (separated by metres) were collected on 20 randomly chosen occasions over almost 3 years, from two sites (separated by tens of metres) nested in both habitats, at four locations (separated by kilometres). Areas with seagrass often supported a significantly different assemblage of phytoplankton compared with areas without seagrass. Dissimilarities were due to small differences in the relative abundance of taxa, particularly the diatom Pseudonitzschia cf. pseudodelicatissima, rather than the presence or absence of specific taxa. In both habitats, abundances of phytoplankton were patchy at all of the spatial scales sampled, although most of the variation was among replicate samples. These findings emphasise the need to incorporate a hierarchy of scales in programs designed to understand processes that cause spatial and temporal patterns of phytoplankton or to detect changes in response to human activities.
Dang, L, Seale, JP & Qu, X 2004, 'Reduction of high glucose and phorbol-myristate-acetate-induced endothelial cell permeability by protein kinase C inhibitors LY379196 and hypocrellin A', Biochemical Pharmacology, vol. 67, no. 5, pp. 855-864.
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Endothelial barrier dysfunction plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications. Although recent studies have established a link between protein kinase C (PKC) pathway and hyperglycaemic-induced vascular permeability, it is unclear which PKC isoforms involve increased endothelial cell permeability. In the present study, we investigated whether high glucose induced endothelial hyperpermeability via distinct PKC isoforms in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and whether increased endothelial permeability could be substantially reversed by PKC inhibitors LY379196 and hypocrellin A (HA). High glucose (20mM) and phorbol-myristate-acetate (PMA)-induced endothelial hyperpermeability was almost abolished by 150nM HA and partially reduced by 30nM PKC β inhibitor (LY379196). LY379196 and HA inhibited the membrane fraction of PKC activity in a dose-dependent manner. Western blot analysis revealed high-glucose-induced overexpression of PKC α and PKC β2 in the membrane fraction of HUVECs. LY379196 (30 and 150nM) selectively inhibited PKC β2 with no significant effect on PKC α expression. HA (150nM) significantly reduced PKC α expression with no inhibitory effect on PKC β2. At higher concentrations (300nM), both LY379196 and HA were no longer selective for PKC β or α, respectively. This study showed that both PKC α and β2 contributed to endothelial hyperpermeability. Since reduction of endothelial hyperpermeability was greater with inhibition of PKC α rather than PKC β2, we conclude that PKC α may be a major isoform involved in endothelial permeability in HUVECs, and that PKC α-mediated endothelial permeability was significantly reversed by the PKC inhibitor HA. © 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Darling, ACE, Mau, B, Blattner, FR & Perna, NT 2004, 'Mauve: Multiple alignment of conserved genomic sequence with rearrangements', Genome Research, vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 1394-1403.
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As genomes evolve, they undergo large-scale evolutionary processes that present a challenge to sequence comparison not posed by short sequences. Recombination causes frequent genome rearrangements, horizontal transfer introduces new sequences into bacterial chromosomes, and deletions remove segments of the genome. Consequently, each genome is a mosaic of unique lineage-specific segments, regions shared with a subset of other genomes and segments conserved among all the genomes under consideration. Furthermore, the linear order of these segments may be shuffled among genomes. We present methods for identification and alignment of conserved genomic DNA in the presence of rearrangements and horizontal transfer. Our methods have been implemented in a software package called Mauve. Mauve has been applied to align nine enterobacterial genomes and to determine global rearrangement structure in three mammalian genomes. We have evaluated the quality of Mauve alignments and drawn comparison to other methods through extensive simulations of genome evolution. © 2004 by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
Darling, AE, Mau, B, Blattner, FR & Perna, NT 2004, 'GRIL: genome rearrangement and inversion locator', BIOINFORMATICS, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 122-124.
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GRIL is a tool to automatically identify collinear regions in a set of bacterial-size genome sequences. GRIL uses three basic steps. First, regions of high sequence identity are located. Second, some of these regions are filtered based on user-specified
de Bod, H, Williams, DBG, Roodt, A & Muller, A 2004, '(N,N-Diethylamino)(2-hydroxyphenyl)phenylphosphine oxide', Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, vol. 60, no. 7, pp. o1241-o1243.
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De, SCM, Botten, LC, Asatryan, AA, White, TP & McPhedran, RC 2004, 'Modes of coupled photonic crystal waveguides', Optics Letters, vol. 29, no. 12, pp. 1384-1386.
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We consider the modes of coupled photonic crystal waveguides. We find that the fundamental modes of these structures can be either even or odd, in contrast with the behavior in coupled conventional waveguides, in which the fundamental mode is always even. We explain this finding using an asymptotic model that is valid for long wavelengths. © 2004 Optical Society of America.
Death, AK, McGrath, KCY, Kazlauskas, R & Handelsman, DJ 2004, 'Tetrahydrogestrinone Is a Potent Androgen and Progestin', The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 89, no. 5, pp. 2498-2500.
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Tetrahydrogestrinone (THG) was recently identified as a novel steroid used illicitly to improve athletic performance. Although its structure is closely related to gestrinone, a 19-nor progestin, and resembles that of trenbolone, THG was never marketed, s
Death, AK, McGrath, KCY, Kazlauskas, R & Handelsman, DJ 2004, 'Tetrahydrogestrinone is a Potent Androgen and Progestin', Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey, vol. 59, no. 10, pp. 714-716.
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Death, AK, McGrath, KCY, Sader, MA, Nakhla, S, Jessup, W, Handelsman, DJ & Celermajer, DS 2004, 'Dihydrotestosterone Promotes Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 Expression in Male Human Endothelial Cells via a Nuclear Factor-κB-Dependent Pathway', Endocrinology, vol. 145, no. 4, pp. 1889-1897.
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Death, AK, McGrath, KCY, Tsatralis, T, Kazlauskas, R & Handelsman, DJ 2004, '124.Tetrahydrogestrinone (THG) is a potent androgen and progestin', Reproduction, Fertility and Development, vol. 16, no. 9, pp. 124-124.
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Tetrahydrogestrinone (THG) is a novel steroid recently identified by a sports doping laboratory as an illicit agent sold to improve elite athletic performance. While its structure is closely related to gestrinone, a 19-nor progestin, and resembles that of trenbolone, a potent banned synthetic androgen, THG was never marketed, so no information on its hormonal properties are known. We therefore examined THG for steroidal bioactivity using yeast transformed with a steroid receptor-reporter system, comparing its bioactivity to other known androgens, nandrolone, 7α nandrolone (MENT), norbolethone, 5α-norbolethone, norethandrolone and trenbolone, as well as THG's parent compound, gestrinone. Yeast were stably transformed with human androgen receptor (AR) or progesterone receptor A (PR) cDNA, together with a reporter plasmid containing a β-galactosidase gene under the transcriptional control of an androgen (ARE) or progestin (PRE) reporter element. Bioassays were established by culturing transformed yeast in the presence of the steroids over the range of 1.2�×�10–6 to 5.9�–�10–10�M.The bioassay end-point was β-galactosidase activity in yeast cell lysates. THG showed dose-dependent highly potent activation of AR activity with an EC50 of 0.29�nM compared with other steroids nandrolone (0.12�nM), norbolethone (0.3�nM), 5α-norbolethone (0.026�nM), gestrinone (0.59�nM), trenbolone (0.78�nM), norethandrolone (0.19�nM) and MENT (0.01�nM). THG also activated PR (EC50 0.7�nM) with much higher potency than its parent steroid, gestrinone (EC50 30�nM). We conclude that THG is a potent androgen and progestin. It shows similar potency to the comparator androgens, nandrolone, norbolethone, 5α-norbolethone and trenbolone. The discovery of this illicit designer androgen raises concern about the possibility of other novel androgens being produced from other marketed synthetic sex steroids.
Delessert, C, Wilson, IW, Van Der Straeten, D, Dennis, ES & Dolferus, R 2004, 'Spatial and temporal analysis of the local response to wounding in Arabidopsis leaves', PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 165-181.
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Deller, C, Smith, G & Franklin, J 2004, 'Colour mixing LEDs with short microsphere doped acrylic rods', Optics Express, vol. 12, no. 15, pp. 3327-3333.
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The output colour distributions from red, green and blue (RGB) LEDs mixed with cross linked PMMA micro particle doped PMMA mixing rods is compared to output from a plain PMMA mixing rod. Distinctive patterns with clear colour separation result with the undoped rod. These are homogenised by our mixers, resulting in white light. Light output has been photographed, measured and computer simulated at a distance of 10 cm from the output end of the rods. © 2004 Optical Society of America.
Dent, BB, Forbes, SL & Stuart, BH 2004, 'Review of human decomposition processes in soil', Environmental Geology, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 576-585.
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In-soil human decomposition is comprehensively described in terms of the physicochemical and bacterial environmental conditions. Much of the understanding comes from considerations of cemetery studies and experimentation with adipocere. The understandings are relevant for further studies in cemetery management, exhumations, forensic investigations and anthropology. In the soil, cadavers are subject to various sets of decomposition processes principally resulting from aerobic (usually the initial) or anaerobic (usually the sustaining) conditions. The presence of percolating groundwater and microorganisms further affects the rate of breakdown and fate of the products. The major human tissue components - protein, carbohydrate, fat and bone, are discussed; and the likely pathways of decomposition products enumerated. The effects of liquefaction, availability of oxygen and other in-grave processes are considered.
Derby, B & Holt, S 2004, 'Characterisation of Interfaces Between Liquid Tin and Alumina in the Presence of Titanium Alloy Additions', Interface Science, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 29-37.
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Djordjevic, SP, Cordwell, SJ, Djordjevic, MA, Wilton, J & Minion, FC 2004, 'Proteolytic Processing of the Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Cilium Adhesin', Infection and Immunity, vol. 72, no. 5, pp. 2791-2802.
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ABSTRACT
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
is an economically significant swine pathogen that colonizes the respiratory ciliated epithelial cells. Cilium adherence is mediated by P97, a surface protein containing a repeating element (R1) that is responsible for binding. Here, we show that the cilium adhesin is proteolytically processed on the surface. Proteomic analysis of strain J proteins identified cleavage products of 22, 28, 66, and 94 kDa. N-terminal sequencing showed that the 66- and 94-kDa proteins possessed identical N termini and that the 66-kDa variant was generated by cleavage of the 28-kDa product from the C terminus. The 22-kDa product represented the N-terminal 195 amino acids of the cilium adhesin preprotein, confirming that the hydrophobic leader signal sequence is not cleaved during translocation across the membrane. Comparative studies of
M. hyopneumoniae
strain 232 showed that the major cleavage products of the cilium adhesin are similar, although P22 and P28 appear to be processed further in strain 232. Immunoblotting studies using antisera raised against peptide sequences within P22 and P66/P94 indicate that processing is complex, with cleavage occurring at different frequencies within multiple sites, and is strain specific. Immunogold electron microscopy showed that fragments containing the cilium-binding site remained associated with the cell surface whereas cleavage products not containing the R1 element were located elsewhere. Not all secreted proteins undergo multiple cleavage, however, as evidenced by the analysis of the P102 gene product. The ability of
M. hyopneumoniae
to selectively cleave its secreted proteins provides this pathogen with a remarkable capacity to alter its surface architecture.
Djordjevic, SP, Ramachandran, V, Bettelheim, KA, Vanselow, BA, Holst, P, Bailey, G & Hornitzky, MA 2004, 'Serotypes and Virulence Gene Profiles of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Feces of Pasture-Fed and Lot-Fed Sheep', Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 70, no. 7, pp. 3910-3917.
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ABSTRACT
Shiga toxin-producing
Escherichia coli
(STEC) strains possessing genes for enterohemolysin (
ehxA
) and/or intimin (
eae
), referred to here as complex STEC (cSTEC), are more commonly recovered from the feces of humans with hemolytic uremic syndrome and hemorrhagic colitis than STEC strains that do not possess these accessory virulence genes. Ruminants, particularly cattle and sheep, are recognized reservoirs of STEC populations that may contaminate foods destined for human consumption. We isolated cSTEC strains from the feces of longitudinally sampled pasture-fed sheep, lot-fed sheep maintained on diets comprising various combinations of silage and grain, and sheep simultaneously grazing pastures with cattle to explore the diversity of cSTEC serotypes capable of colonizing healthy sheep. A total of 67 cSTEC serotypes were isolated, of which 21 (31.3%), mainly isolated from lambs, have not been reported. Of the total isolations, 58 (86.6%) were different from cSTEC serotypes isolated from a recent study of longitudinally sampled healthy Australian cattle (M. Hornitzky, B. A. Vanselow, K. Walker, K. A. Bettelheim, B. Corney, P. Gill, G. Bailey, and S. P. Djordjevic, Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
68:
6439-6445, 2002). Our data suggest that cSTEC serotypes O5:H
−
, O75:H8, O91:H
−
, O123:H
−
, and O128:H2 are well adapted to colonizing the ovine gastrointestinal tract, since they were the most prevalent serotypes isolated from both pasture-fed and lot-fed sheep. Collectively, our data show that Australian sheep are colonized by diverse cSTEC serotypes that are rarely isolated f...
Doblin, MA, Popels, LC, Coyne, KJ, Hutchins, DA, Cary, SC & Dobbs, FC 2004, 'Transport of the harmful bloom alga Aureococcus anophagefferens by oceangoing ships and coastal boats', APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, vol. 70, no. 11, pp. 6495-6500.
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It is well established that cyst-forming phytoplankton species are transported in ships' ballast tanks. However, there is increasing evidence that other phytoplankton species which do not encyst are also capable of surviving ballast transit. These species have alternative modes of nutrition (hetero- or mixotrophy) and/or are able to survive long-term darkness. In our studies of no-ballast-on-board vessels arriving in the Great Lakes, we tested for the presence of the harmful algal bloom species Aureococcus anophagefferens (brown tide) in residual (i.e., unpumpable) ballast water using methods based on the PCR. During 2001, the brown tide organism was detected in 7 of 18 ballast water tanks in commercial ships following transit from foreign ports. Furthermore, it was detected after 10 days of ballast tank confinement during a vessel transit in the Great Lakes, a significant result given the large disparity between the salinity tolerance for active growth of Aureococcus (>22 ppt) and the low salinity of the residual ballast water (similar to2 ppt). We also investigated the potential for smaller, recreational vessels to transport and distribute Aureococcus. During the summer of 2002, 11 trailered boats from the inland bays of Delaware and coastal bays of Maryland were sampled. Brown tide was detected in the bilge water in the bottoms of eight boats, as well as in one live-well sample. Commercial ships and small recreational boats are therefore implicated as potential vectors for long-distance transport and local-scale dispersal of Aureococcus.
Dooley, AH 2004, 'Heisenberg-type groups and intertwining operators', JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS, vol. 212, no. 2, pp. 261-286.
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Duggin, IG 2004, 'Studying DNA terminator proteins: a means to an end', Australian Biochemist, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 5-8.
Duty, SM, Calafat, AM, Silva, MJ, Brock, JW, Ryan, L, Chen, ZY, Overstreet, J & Hauser, R 2004, 'The relationship between environmental exposure to phthalates and computer-aided sperm analysis motion parameters', JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 293-302.
Eamens, AL, Blanchard, CL, Dennis, ES & Upadhyaya, NM 2004, 'A bidirectional gene trap construct suitable for T-DNA and Ds-mediated insertional mutagenesis in rice (Oryza sativa L.)', PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 367-380.
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Earp, AA, Smith, GB, Franklin, J & Swift, P 2004, 'Optimisation of a three-colour luminescent solar concentrator daylighting system', SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS, vol. 84, no. 1-4, pp. 411-426.
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Earp, AA, Smith, GB, Swift, PD & Franklin, J 2004, 'Maximising the light output of a Luminescent Solar Concentrator', SOLAR ENERGY, vol. 76, no. 6, pp. 655-667.
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Ekanayake, SR, Cortie, MB & Ford, MJ 2004, 'Design of nanocapacitors and associated materials challenges', CURRENT APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 4, no. 2-4, pp. 250-254.
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The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) projects that the spatial resolution of feature sizes in integrated circuits is rapidly approaching nanoscopic dimensions. Consequently, there is an active interest in the design of nanoscale circuit elements such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors. The properties of materials used to fabricate capacitors pose an important design factor, as with all circuit elements. We analyze the critical materials properties that would influence engineering nanocapacitors (nanoscopic capacitors), and show that at nanoscale, dielectric properties (dielectric constant, dielectric strength, and dielectric relaxation) determine the practicality of such capacitors.
Ekanayake, SR, Ford, M & Cortie, M 2004, 'Metal-insulator-metal (MIM) nanocapacitors and effects of material properties on their operation', Materials Forum, vol. 27, pp. 15-20.
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Metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors play an important part in many integrated electronic circuits in the areas of analog, microwave, and radio frequency systems. However the transverse dimensions of current MIM capacitors are in the micrometer scale. If integrated circuits continue to be miniaturized, the capacitor, alongside other components, must also be miniaturized to realize nanoelectronic circuits and systems. This article presents a novel device, the nanocapacitor, of which the dimensions are constrained to nanoscale in longitudinal and transverse directions, and discusses the effects of material properties on their operation. In particular, this work discusses the effects of dielectric constant, dielectric strength, and quantum electrical phenomena on achieving relatively high capacitances and capacitance densities in nanocapacitors. © Institute of Materials Engineering Australasia Ltd - Materials Forum Volume 27 - Published 2004.
Elashoff, M & Ryan, L 2004, 'An EM Algorithm for Estimating Equations', Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 48-65.
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This article presents an algorithm for accommodating missing data in situations where a natural set of estimating equations exists for the complete data setting. The complete data estimating equations can correspond to the score functions from a standard, partial, or quasi-likelihood, or they can be generalized estimating equations (GEEs). In analogy to the EM, which is a special case, the method is called the ES algorithm, because it iterates between an E-Step wherein functions of the complete data are replaced by their expected values, and an S-Step where these expected values are substituted into the complete-data estimating equation, which is then solved. Convergence properties of the algorithm are established by appealing to general theory for iterative solutions to nonlinear equations. In particular, the ES algorithm (and indeed the EM) are shown to correspond to examples of nonlinear Gauss-Seidel algorithms. An added advantage of the approach is that it yields a computationally simple method for estimating the variance of the resulting parameter estimates.
Elder, M 2004, 'A context-free and a 1-counter geodesic language for a Baumslag-Solitar group', Theoretical Computer Science 339 (2005), Issues 2-3, pages 344-371, vol. 339, pp. 344-371.
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We give a language of unique geodesic normal forms for the Baumslag-Solitar
group BS(1,2) that is context-free and 1-counter. We discuss the classes of
context-free, 1-counter and counter languages, and explain how they are
inter-related.
Elder, M 2004, 'L_delta groups are almost convex and have a sub-cubic Dehn function', Algebr. Geom. Topol., vol. 4, pp. 23-29.
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We prove that if the Cayley graph of a finitely generated group enjoys the
property L_delta then the group is almost convex and has a sub-cubic
isoperimetric function.
Elder, M 2004, 'Regular geodesic languages and the falsification by fellow traveler property', Algebr. Geom. Topol., vol. 5, pp. 129-134.
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We furnish an example of a finite generating set for a group that does not
enjoy the falsification by fellow traveler property, while the full language of
geodesics is regular.
Ellis, J, Sinclair, D & Morrison, D 2004, 'Microarrays and stage conversion in Toxoplasma gondii', TRENDS IN PARASITOLOGY, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 288-295.
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Ferreira, LG & Huete, AR 2004, 'Assessing the seasonal dynamics of the Brazilian Cerrado vegetation through the use of spectral vegetation indices', International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 1837-1860.
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In this study, the response of vegetation indices (VIs) to the seasonal patterns and spatial distribution of the major vegetation types encountered in the Brazilian Cerrado was investigated. The Cerrado represents the second largest biome in South America and is the most severely threatened biome as a result of rapid land conversions. Our goal was to assess the capability of VIs to effectively monitor the Cerrado and to discriminate among the major types of Cerrado vegetation. A full hydrologic year (1995) of composited AVHRR, local area coverage (LAC) data was converted to Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) values. Temporal extracts were then made over the major Cerrado vegetation communities. Both the NDVI and SAVI temporal profiles corresponded well to the phenological patterns of the natural and converted vegetation formations and depicted three major categories encompassing the savanna formations and pasture sites, the forested areas, and the agricultural crops. Secondary differences in the NDVI and SAVI temporal responses were found to be related to their unique interactions with sun-sensor viewing geometries. An assessment of the functional behaviour of the VIs confirmed SAVI responds primarily to NIR variations, while the NDVI showed a strong dependence on the red reflectance. Based on these results, we expect operational use of the MODIS Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) to provide improved discrimination and monitoring capability of the significant Cerrado vegetation types. © 2004 Taylor and Francis Ltd.
Ferreira, LG, Yoshioka, H, Huete, A & Sano, EE 2004, 'Optical characterization of the Brazilian Savanna physiognomies for improved land cover monitoring of the cerrado biome: Preliminary assessments from an airborne campaign over an LBA core site', Journal of Arid Environments, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 425-447.
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It is estimated that approximately 40% of the Cerrado, the second largest biome in South America, have been already converted. In this study, situated within the scope of the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia project (LBA), we conducted a wet season ground and airborne campaign over the Brasilia National Park (BNP), the largest LBA core site in the Cerrado biome, to measure the optical and biophysical properties of the major Cerrado land cover types. We investigated land cover discrimination through the analyses of fine resolution spectra, convolved spectra (MODIS bandpasses), and vegetation indices - the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the enhanced vegetation index (EVI). At these three data levels, three major physiognomic domains (herbaceous, woody, and forested) could be readily identified, and the amount of data correctly classified into the five major land cover types found at BNP were 91% (full spectra), 78% (red and NIR), 75% (NDVI), and 71% (EVI). A synergism between the NDVI and EVI was also evident, and together, these two indices were capable of correctly classifying 82% of the total data set. Our results indicate the possibility of utilizing the MODIS NDVI and EVI images for operational land cover assessments in the Cerrado region. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Finnegan, EJ, Sheldon, CC, Jardinaud, F, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2004, 'A cluster of Arabidlopsis genes with a coordinate response to an environmental stimulus', CURRENT BIOLOGY, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 911-916.
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Flynn, K, Maynard, P, Du Pasquier, E, Lennard, C, Stoilovic, M & Roux, C 2004, 'Evaluation of Iodine-Benzoflavone and Ruthenium Tetroxide Spray Reagents for the Detection of Latent Fingermarks at the Crime Scene', Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 1-9.
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Forbes, SL, Stuart, BH, Dadour, IR & Dent, BB 2004, 'A preliminary investigation of the stages of adipocere formation', JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 566-574.
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Adipocere is a postmortem decomposition porduct which forms from a body's adipose tissue. This study aimed to chemically demonstrate the process of conversion from adipose tissue to adipocere. Samples of adipocere were collected from pig cadavers that were allowed to decompose fro varying internals. Samples of soil were collected from beneath the cadavers and analused to determine the leaching effect of adipocere. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to quantify the fatty acid composition of pig adipocere. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used as a confirmatory test to identify other components such as triglycerides and aclcium salts of fatty acids. The study demonstrates the process of adipocere formation and the stages of formation through which the process passes using chemical techniques.
Fornusek, C, Davis, GM, Sinclair, PJ & Milthorpe, B 2004, 'Development of an Isokinetic Functional Electrical Stimulation Cycle Ergometer', Neuromodulation, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 56-64.
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An isokinetic functional electrical stimulation leg cycle ergometer (iFES-LCE) was developed for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). The iFES-LCE was designed to allow cycle training over a broad range of pedalling cadences (5-60 rev/min) to promote both muscular strength and cardiorespiratory fitness. A commercially available motorized cycle ergometer was integrated with a custom built FES system, a laptop computer, and a specialized chair that restricted lateral leg movements. Sample biomechanical data were collected from an SCI subject performing FES cycling to demonstrate the IFES-LCE's performance characteristics. Calibration of the IFES-LCE system revealed a linear relationship between torque applied to the axle of the motorized ergometer and the braking motor current generated to maintain velocity. Performance data derived from iFES-LCE motor torque agreed closely with similar data collected using strain-gauge instrumented pedals (cross-correlations = 0.93-0.98). The iFES-LCE was shown to work well across a range of pedaling cadences. We conclude that the new iFES-LCE system may offer improved training potential by allowing cycling over a broad range of pedaling cadences, especially low cadence. This device also improves upon the accuracy of other ergometers by adjusting for the passive load of the legs.
Franklin, NM, Stauber, JL & Lim, RP 2004, 'Development of multispecies algal bioassays using flow cytometry', ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 1452-1462.
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French, JL 2004, 'Generalized additive models for cancer mapping with incomplete covariates', Biostatistics, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 177-191.
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Gale, PA 2004, 'A “Holey” Supramolecular Approach to the Detection of Enzyme Activity.', ChemInform, vol. 35, no. 9.
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AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Gale, PA 2004, 'Supramolecular Chemistry', ChemInform, vol. 35, no. 24.
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AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Gale, PA, Hursthouse, MB, Light, ME & Warriner, CN 2004, 'Anion Complexation Properties of Thiophene-2,4- and -2,5-biscarboxamides', Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications, vol. 69, no. 6, pp. 1301-1308.
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Thiophene-2,4- and -2,5-biscarboxamides have been synthesised and shown to act as anion receptors in DMSO-d6/water solution. The crystal structure of the fluoride complex of a N,N'-diphenylthiophene-2,5-biscarboxamide derivative has been solved and reveals the involvement of the thiophene CH protons in anion complexation in the solid state.
Ganguli, B & Wand, MP 2004, 'Feature Significance in Geostatistics', Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 954-973.
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Gelhausen, O, Malguth, E, Phillips, MR, Goldys, EM, Strassburg, M, Hoffmann, A, Graf, T, Gjukic, M & Stutzmann, M 2004, 'Doping-level-dependent optical properties of GaN:Mn', Applied Physics Letters, vol. 84, no. 22, pp. 4514-4516.
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Cathodoluminescence (CL) and optical transmission spectroscopy were used to study the optical properties of molecular-beam-epitaxy (MBE) grown GaN with different doping levels. The 1-μm-thick samples were grown by plasma-induced MBE on c-plane Al 2O 3 substrate. The absorption measurements were performed at 2 K with a 250 W tungsten-halogen lamp. The CL measurements showed that Mn-doping concentrations around 10 20 cm -3 reduced the near band edge emission intensity by around one order of magnitude.
Gelhausen, O, Phillips, MR, Goldys, EM, Paskova, T, Monemar, B, Strassburg, M & Hoffmann, A 2004, 'Dissociation of H-related defect complexes in Mg-doped GaN', PHYSICAL REVIEW B, vol. 69, no. 12, pp. 1-9.
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Post-growth annealing and electron beam irradiation during cathodoluminescence were used to determine the chemical origin of the main optical emission lines in moderately and heavily Mg-doped GaN. The 3.27 eV donor-acceptor pair (DAP) emission line that dominates the emission spectrum in moderately Mg-doped (p-type) GaN was found to be strongly reduced by electron irradiation and of different chemical origin than the DAP at a similar energetic position in Si-doped (n-type) GaN. These results suggest that the acceptor responsible for the 3.27 eV DAP emission in Mg-doped GaN is Mg and that the donor (2030 meV) is hydrogen-related, possibly a (VN-H) complex. This complex is dissociated either by electron irradiation or thermal annealing in N2 or O2 atmosphere. We found that upon electron irradiation, a deeper emission line (centered at 3.14 eV) emerged, which was assigned to a DAP consisting of the same Mg acceptor level and a deeper donor (100200 meV) with a similar capture cross section as the donor in the 3.27 eV emission. Moreover, two different deep donor levels at 350±30 and 440±40 meV were identified as being responsible for the blue band (2.83.0 eV) in heavily Mg-doped GaN. The donor level at 350±30 meV was strongly affected by electron irradiation and attributed to a H-related defect.
Gelhausen, O, Phillips, MR, Goldys, EM, Paskova, T, Monemar, B, Strassburg, M & Hoffmann, A 2004, 'Dissociation of H-related defect complexes in Mg-doped GaN', Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, vol. 69, no. 12.
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Post-growth annealing and electron beam irradiation during cathodoluminescence were used to determine the chemical origin of the main optical emission lines in moderately and heavily Mg-doped GaN. The 3.27 eV donor-acceptor pair (DAP) emission line that dominates the emission spectrum in moderately Mg-doped (p-type) GaN was found to be strongly reduced by electron irradiation and of different chemical origin than the DAP at a similar energetic position in Si-doped (n-type) GaN. These results suggest that the acceptor responsible for the 3.27 eV DAP emission in Mg-doped GaN is Mg and that the donor (20-30 meV) is hydrogen-related, possibly a (VN − H) complex. This complex is dissociated either by electron irradiation or thermal annealing in N2 or O2 atmosphere. We found that upon electron irradiation, a deeper emission line (centered at 3.14 eV) emerged, which was assigned to a DAP consisting of the same Mg acceptor level and a deeper donor (100-200 meV) with a similar capture cross section as the donor in the 3.27 eV emission. Moreover, two different deep donor levels at 350 ± 30 and 440 ± 40 meV were identified as being responsible for the blue band (2.8-3.0 eV) in heavily Mg-doped GaN. The donor level at 350 ± 30 meV was strongly affected by electron irradiation and attributed to a H-related defect. © 2004 The American Physical Society.
Godlewski, M, Goldys, EM, Phillips, MR, Böttcher, T, Figge, S, Hommel, D, Czernecki, R, Prystawko, P, Leszczynski, M, Perlin, P, Grzegory, I & Porowski, S 2004, 'In-depth and in-plane profiling of light emission properties of InGaN-based laser diode', Physica Status Solidi (A) Applied Research, vol. 201, no. 2, pp. 207-211.
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We employ cathodoluminescence (CL) technique for evaluation of in-depth and in-plane instabilities of light emission in laser diode structure. We study light emission properties from laser structure and their relation to microstructure details. Large in-plane instabilities of light emission are also present for excitation densities, larger than the threshold densities for the stimulated emission, i.e., potential fluctuations are not fully screened in the active region of the laser even at large excitation densities. © 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Godlewski, M, Łusakowska, E, Bozek, R, Goldys, EM, Phillips, MR, Böttcher, T, Figge, S & Hommel, D 2004, 'Cathodoluminescence and atomic force microscopy study of n-type doped GaN epilayers', Physica Status Solidi (A) Applied Research, vol. 201, no. 2, pp. 212-215.
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We evaluate influence of n-type doping and of the doping level on structural and optical quality of GaN epilayers. We confirm reported previously strong enhancement of light emission from Si doped samples and discuss possible mechanisms of this enhancement. Kelvin probe measurements indicate smoothing of potential fluctuations in the doped layers. © 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Godlewski, M, Lusakowska, E, Goldys, EM, Phillips, MR, Bottcher, T, Figge, S, Hommel, D, Prystawko, P, Leszcynski, M, Grzegory, I & Porowski, S 2004, 'Diffusion length of carriers and excitons in GaN-influence of epilayer microstructure', APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE, vol. 223, no. 4, pp. 294-302.
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We demonstrate a correlation between the microsturcture of epilayers and the diffusion length of free carriers and excitons in heteroepitaxial and homeopitaxial GaN films. We show that the diffusion length is shorter than predicted for a given density of dislocations. With improving strutucal quality of the films and lower dislocation density the diffusion lengths of free carriers and excitons increase, which, in turn, increases the rate of nonradiative recombination at dislocations. This process may explain a surprisingly small change of light emission efficiency observed for GaN epilayers with varying densities of dislocations.
Godlewski, M, Szmidt, J, Olszyna, A, Werbowy, A, Łusakowska, E, Phillips, MR, Goldys, EM & Sokolowska, A 2004, 'Luminescent properties of wide bandgap materials at room temperature', Physica Status Solidi C: Conferences, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 213-218.
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Properties of nanocrystalline thin films of selected nitrides are discussed as possible buffer materials for obtaining freestanding GaN wafers. These films are grown by impulse plasma deposition on silicon substrates. We demonstrate high smoothness of these films. © 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Godlewski, M, Yatsunenko, S, Khachapuridze, A, Ivanov, VY, Gołacki, Z, Karczewski, G, Bergman, PJ, Klar, PJ, Heimbrodt, W & Phillips, MR 2004, 'Mechanism of intra-shell recombination of transition metal and rare earth ions in nanostructures of II-VI compounds', Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 380, no. 1-2 SPEC. ISS., pp. 45-49.
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Based on the results of optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) and time-resolved investigations we relate the observed lifetime shortening of intra-shell Mn2+ emission to spin dependent magnetic interactions between localized spins of Mn2+ ions and spins/magnetic moments of free carriers. We show that this mechanism is active both in bulk and in low dimensional structures, such as quantum wells (QWs), quantum dots (QDs) and nanostructures. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Gorkunov, M & Lapine, M 2004, 'Tuning of a nonlinear metamaterial band gap by an external magnetic field', Physical Review B, vol. 70, no. 23.
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Griffiths, PL, Brown, JJ & Smith, PWF 2004, 'A Comparison of Univariate and Multivariate Multilevel Models for Repeated Measures of use of Antenatal Care in Uttar Pradesh', Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A: Statistics in Society, vol. 167, no. 4, pp. 597-611.
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SummaryWe compare two different multilevel modelling approaches to the analysis of repeated measures data to assess the effect of mother level characteristics on women’s use of prenatal care services in Uttar Pradesh, India. We apply univariate multilevel models to our data and find that the model assumptions are severely violated and the parameter estimates are not stable, particularly for the mother level random effect. To overcome this we apply a multivariate multilevel model. The correlation structure shows that, once the decision has been made regarding use of antenatal care by the mother for her first observed birth in the data, she does not tend to change this decision for higher order births.
Guenneau, S 2004, 'Coupling between electromagnetic and mechanical vibrations of thin-walled structures', The Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 407-428.
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The paper addresses the issue of coupling between the electromagnetic and elastic vibrations and deals with the following three classes of problems: vibration of thin bodies in an electromagnetic field; a coupling that occurs due to perturbation of boundaries within a deformed solid; and a coupling within regions of localized stress in a composite structure with defects. It is shown that the coupling effect is negligibly small in the first case, while it becomes important in the last two classes of problems. For vibrations of thin-walled conducting solids placed in an electromagnetic field we present a systematic new asymptotic scheme. It is observed that the magnetic field induces a `viscous force, which is similar to certain problems that occur in magnetic fluids flows. When we deal with electromagnetic waves propagating through a thin-walled periodic structure subject to regular perturbation of the boundary, an asymptotic method is applied to derive the effective boundary conditions for the perturbed inclusion within the array. We examine the effect of this perturbation on the dispersion curves for the corresponding spectral problem, and compare the asymptotic results with a finite element modelling of the perturbed structure. Finally, we show exciting results describing coupling between electromagnetic and elastic fields due to the localization associated with a defect mode in a doubly periodic structure.
Guziewicz, E, Godlewski, M, Kopalko, K, Łusakowska, E, Dynowska, E, Guziewicz, M, Godlewski, MM & Phillips, M 2004, 'Atomic layer deposition of thin films of ZnSe - Structural and optical characterization', Thin Solid Films, vol. 446, no. 2, pp. 172-177.
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Thin films of sphalerite-type ZnSe were grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) from elemental Zn and Se precursors. These films, grown on various substrates, show bright blue 'edge' emission accompanied by donor-acceptor pair emissions in the blue, green and red spectral regions. Red, green and blue emissions mixed together give a white color, with a color temperature between 2400 and 4500 K depending on a layer thickness and temperature. ZnSe grown by ALD is in consequence a promising material for the fabrication of semiconductor-based white light emitting thin film electroluminescence displays. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Haven, CJ, Howell, VM, Eilers, PHC, Dunne, R, Takahashi, M, van Puijenbroek, M, Furge, K, Kievit, J, Tan, M-H, Fleuren, GJ, Robinson, BG, Delbridge, LW, Philips, J, Nelson, AE, Krause, U, Dralle, H, Hoang-Vu, C, Gimm, O, Morreau, H, Marsh, DJ & Teh, BT 2004, 'Gene Expression of Parathyroid Tumors', Cancer Research, vol. 64, no. 20, pp. 7405-7411.
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Abstract
Parathyroid tumors are heterogeneous, and diagnosis is often difficult using histologic and clinical features.
We have undertaken expression profiling of 53 hereditary and sporadic parathyroid tumors to better define the molecular genetics of parathyroid tumors. A class discovery approach identified three distinct groups: (1) predominantly hyperplasia cluster, (2) HRPT2/carcinoma cluster consisting of sporadic carcinomas and benign and malignant tumors from Hyperparathyroidism-Jaw Tumor Syndrome patients, and (3) adenoma cluster consisting mainly of primary adenoma and MEN 1 tumors. Gene sets able to distinguish between the groups were identified and may serve as diagnostic biomarkers. We demonstrated, by both gene and protein expression, that Histone 1 Family 2, amyloid β precursor protein, and E-cadherin are useful markers for parathyroid carcinoma and suggest that the presence of a HRPT2 mutation, whether germ-line or somatic, strongly influences the expression pattern of these 3 genes. Cluster 2, characterized by HRPT2 mutations, was the most striking, suggesting that parathyroid tumors with somatic HRPT2 mutation or tumors developing on a background of germ-line HRPT2 mutation follow pathways distinct from those involved in mutant MEN 1-related parathyroid tumors. Furthermore, our findings likely preclude an adenoma to carcinoma progression model for parathyroid tumorigenesis outside of the presence of either a germ-line or somatic HRPT2 mutation. These findings provide insights into the molecular pathways involved in parathyroid tumorigenesis and will contribute to a better understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of parathyroid tumors.
He, Q, Windsor, PA & Kirkland, PD 2004, 'An outbreak of abortion in a dairy herd associated with Neospora caninum and bovine pestivirus infection', AUSTRALIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL, vol. 82, no. 1-2, pp. 99-101.
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Heather, AK, McGrath, KC, Sader, M, Nakhla, S, Jessup, W, Handelsman, D & Celermajer, DS 2004, 'Dihydrotestosterone promotes vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in male human endothelial cells via a nuclear factor-kappa B-dependent pathway', Endocrinology, vol. 145, no. 4, pp. 1889-1897.
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There exists a striking gender difference in atherosclerotic vascular disease. For decades, estrogen was considered atheroprotective; however, an alternative is that androgen exposure in early life may predispose men to earlier atherosclerosis. We recent
Heness, G & Ben-Nissan, B 2004, 'Innovative bioceramics', Materials Forum, vol. 27, pp. 104-114.
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Overall, the benefits of advanced ceramic materials in biomedical applications have been universally appreciated, specifically, in terms of their strength, biocompatibility and wear resistance. However, the amount of supporting data is not large and the continuous development of new methods is pertinent for better understanding of the microstructure-properties relationship and, in general, for obtaining new directives for their further improvement. This paper gives an overview of some of the more innovative applications of bioceramics in medicine. © Institute of Materials Engineering Australasia Ltd - Materials Forum Volume 27 - Published 2004.
Hill, R, Larkum, AWD, Frankart, C, Kuhl, M & Ralph, PJ 2004, 'Loss of functional Photosystem II reaction centres in zooxanthellae of corals exposed to bleaching conditions: using fluorescence rise kinetics', PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH, vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 59-72.
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Hill, R, Schreiber, U, Gademann, R, Larkum, AWD, Kühl, M & Ralph, PJ 2004, 'Spatial heterogeneity of photosynthesis and the effect of temperature-induced bleaching conditions in three species of corals', Marine Biology, vol. 144, no. 4, pp. 633-640.
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Heterogeneity in photosynthetic performance between polyp and coenosarc tissue in corals was shown using a new variable fluorescence imaging system (Imaging-PAM) with three species of coral, Acropora nobilis, Cyphastrea serailia and Pocillopora damicornis. In comparison to earlier studies with fibre-optic microprobes for fluorescence analysis, the Imaging-PAM enables greater accuracy by allowing different tissues to be better defined and by providing many more data points within a given time. Spatial variability of photosynthetic performance from the tip to the distal parts was revealed in one species of branching coral, A. nobilis. The effect of bleaching conditions (33°C vs. 27°C) was studied over a period of 8 h. Marked changes in fluorescence parameters were observed for all three species. Although a decline in ΦPSII (effective quantum yield) and Yi (the first effective quantum yield obtained from a rapid light curve) were observed, P. damicornis showed no visual signs of bleaching on the Imaging-PAM after this time. In A. nobilis and C. serailia, visual signs of bleaching over the 8 h period were accompanied by marked changes in F (light-adapted fluorescence yield), NPQ (non-photochemical quenching) and Ek (minimum saturating irradiance), as well as ΦPSII and Yi. These changes were most marked over the first 5 h. The most sensitive species was A. nobilis, which after 8 h at 33°C had reached a ΦPSII value of almost zero across its whole surface. Differential bleaching responses between polyps and coenosarc tissue were found in P. damicornis, but not in A. nobilis and C. serailia. NPQ increased with exposure time to 33°C in both the latter species, accompanied by a decreasing Ek, suggesting that the xanthophyll cycle is entrained as a mechanism for reducing the effects of the bleaching conditions. © Springer-Verlag 2004.
Hodgkinson, I, Wu, QH, Arnold, M, De Silva, L & Blaikie, R 2004, 'Bideposited thin-film retardation plates for use at deep UV wavelengths', CURRENT APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 4, no. 2-4, pp. 106-107.
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The physical vapour deposition process of serial bideposition is used to fabricate inorganic retardation plates of LaF3, NdF3, Sc2O3 and SmF3. For a deposition angle of 70° the form-birefringent materials exhibit linear birefringence in the range 0.090.13 at wavelength 248 nm. The study shows that NdF3 and Sc2O3 are unsuitable for use at 193 nm, due to excessive absorptive loss, and that LaF3 is the preferred material.
Hodgkinson, I, Wu, QH, De Silva, L & Arnold, M 2004, 'Inorganic positive uniaxial films fabricated by serial bideposition', OPTICS EXPRESS, vol. 12, no. 16, pp. 3840-3847.
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The physical vapor deposition process of serial bideposition is adapted to the fabrication of uniaxial optical coatings. During the coating process the vapor impinges at an angle of incidence of about 70? on to the substrate, and a stepwise axial rotation with 90? increments causes a columnar structure to grow normal to the substrate. Symmetry considerations that follow from the choice of 90? for the stepwise increment ensure that the film is achiral and has negligible in-plane linear birefringence. Optical characterization techniques confirm that films of tantalum oxide, titanium oxide and zirconium oxide are positive uniaxial with ne -no in the range 0.10 to 0.14.
Hose, GC, Murray, BR & Eamus, D 2004, 'Water quality guidelines to protect groundwater-dependent ecosystems', Ecological Management and Restoration, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 78-80.
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Houseman, EA, Ryan, LM & Coull, BA 2004, 'Cholesky residuals for assessing normal errors in a linear model with correlated outcomes', JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION, vol. 99, no. 466, pp. 383-394.
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Despite the widespread popularity of linear models for correlated outcomes (e.g., linear mixed models and time series models), distribution diagnostic methodology remains relatively underdeveloped in this context. In this article we present an easy-to-implement approach that lends itself to graphical displays of model fit. Our approach involves multiplying the estimated marginal residual vector by the Cholesky decomposition of the inverse of the estimated marginal variance matrix. The resulting "rotated" residuals are used to construct an empirical cumulative distribution function and pointwise standard errors. The theoretical framework, including conditions and asymptotic properties, involves technical details that are motivated by Lange and Ryan. Pierce, and Randles. Our method appears to work well in a variety of circumstances. including models having independent units of sampling (clustered data) and models for which all observations are correlated (e. g.. a single time series). Our methods can produce satisfactory results even for models that do not satisfy all of the technical conditions stated in our theory.
Howell, VM, Zori, RT, Stalker, HJ, Williams, C, Jesse, N, Nelson, AE, Robinson, BG & Marsh, DJ 2004, 'A molecular diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism—Jaw tumor syndrome in an adolescent with recurrent kidney stones', The Journal of Pediatrics, vol. 145, no. 4, pp. 567-567.
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Huang, B, Ru, K, Yuan, Z, Whitchurch, CB & Mattick, JS 2004, 'tonB3 is required for normal twitching motility and extracellular assembly of type IV pili', Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 186, no. 13, pp. 4387-4389.
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Three mutants with Tn5-B21 insertion in tonB3 (PA0406) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibited defective twitching motility and reduced assembly of extracellular pili. These defects could be complemented with wild-type tonB3.
Hulbert, AJ, Usher, MJ & Wallman, JF 2004, 'Food consumption and individual lifespan of adults of the blowfly, Calliphora stygia: a test of the ‘rate of living’ theory of aging', Experimental Gerontology, vol. 39, no. 10, pp. 1485-1490.
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Huntriss, J, Hinkins, M, Oliver, B, Harris, SE, Beazley, JC, Rutherford, AJ, Gosden, RG, Lanzendorf, SE & Picton, HM 2004, 'Expression of mRNAs for DNA methyltransferases and methyl-CpG-binding proteins in the human female germ line, preimplantation embryos, and embryonic stem cells', Molecular Reproduction and Development, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 323-336.
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Huston, WM, Potter, AJ, Jennings, MP, Rello, J, Hauser, AR & McEwan, AG 2004, 'Survey of Ferroxidase Expression and Siderophore Production in Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa', Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 2806-2809.
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ABSTRACT Ferroxidase (encoded by the mco gene), a component of a ferrous iron uptake pathway in Pseudomonas aeruginosa , was detected in all of the 35 respiratory clinical isolates surveyed; in contrast, considerable variation in siderophore expression was observed. The ubiquitous expression of this periplasmic ferroxidase suggests that it plays a key role in iron uptake in this opportunistic pathogen.
Jamieson, MJ, Cooper, SJ, Miller, AF & Holt, SA 2004, 'Neutron Reflectivity and External Reflection FTIR Studies of dl-Aspartic Acid Crystallization beneath Nylon 6 Spread Films', Langmuir, vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 3593-3600.
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Jermiin, LS, Ho, SYW, Ababneh, F, Robinson, J & Larkum, AWD 2004, 'The Biasing Effect of Compositional Heterogeneity on Phylogenetic Estimates May be Underestimated', Systematic Biology, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 638-643.
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Jia, YJ, Gu, HY & Xi, YG 2004, 'Quick taboo search algorithm for solving PDPTW problem', Kongzhi yu Juece/Control and Decision, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 57-60.
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A quick taboo search algorithm is proposed to solve the pickup and delivery problem with time windows (PDPTW) with the reality scale and complexity. The approach is composed of two parts: creating the initial solution and improving the solution. In the first phase, the insert algorithm is used to create the initial solution and in the second phase, the taboo search is applied to improve the solution. Two cases with the reality scale and complexity are created to test the algorithm. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm is effective and quick to solve such PDPTW problems.
Jiang, X, Williams, KM, Liauw, WS, Ammit, AJ, Roufogalis, BD, Duke, CC, Day, RO & McLachlan, AJ 2004, 'Effect of St John's wort and ginseng on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects', British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 592-599.
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AimThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of St John's wort and ginseng on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin.MethodsThis was an open‐label, three‐way crossover randomized study in 12 healthy male subjects, who received a single 25‐mg dose of warfarin alone or after 14 days’ pretreatment with St John's wort, or 7 days’ pretreatment with ginseng. Dosing with St John's wort or ginseng was continued for 7 days after administration of the warfarin dose. Platelet aggregation, international normalized ratio (INR) of prothrombin time, warfarin enantiomer protein binding, warfarin enantiomer concentrations in plasma and S‐7‐hydroxywarfarin concentration in urine were measured. Statistical comparisons were made using anova and 90% confidence intervals are reported.ResultsINR and platelet aggregation were not affected by treatment with St John's wort or ginseng. The apparent clearances of S‐warfarin after warfarin alone or with St John's wort or ginseng were, respectively, 198 ± 38 ml min−1, 270 ± 44 ml min−1 and 220 ± 29 ml min−1. The respective apparent clearances of R‐warfarin were 110 ± 25 ml min−1, 142 ± 29 ml min−1 and 119 ± 20 ml min−1. The mean ratio and 90% confidence interval (CI) of apparent clearance for S‐warfarin was 1.29 (1.16, 1.46) and for R‐warfarin it was 1.23 (1.11, 1.37) when St John's wort was coadministered. The mean ratio and 90% CI of AUC0−168 of INR was 0.79 (0.70, 0.95) when St John's wort was coadministered. St John's wort and ginseng did not affect the apparent volumes of distribution or protein binding of warfarin enantiomers.Conclu...
Jiang, X, Williams, KM, Liauw, WS, Ammit, AJ, Roufogalis, BD, Duke, CC, Day, RO & McLachlan, AJ 2004, 'Errata', British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 102-102.
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Johnston, MB, Dowd, A, Driver, R, Linfield, EH, Davies, AG & Whittaker, DM 2004, 'Emission of collimated THz pulses from photo-excited semiconductors', SEMICONDUCTOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. S449-S451.
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It is shown experimentally that surface-field terahertz (THz) emitters can produce well-collimated beams of THz radiation, making them useful devices for time-domain spectroscopy applications. Simulations of the carrier-dynamics are used to explain the mechanism of THz generation in InAs and GaAs, and it is shown that inter-valley scattering of electrons must be considered in order to fully describe THz emission from InAs.
Jones, AC, Milthorpe, B, Averdunk, H, Limaye, A, Senden, TJ, Sakellariou, A, Sheppard, AP, Sok, RM, Knackstedt, MA, Brandwood, A, Rohner, D & Hutmacher, DW 2004, 'Analysis of 3D bone ingrowth into polymer scaffolds via micro-computed tomography imaging', BIOMATERIALS, vol. 25, no. 20, pp. 4947-4954.
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This paper illustrates the utility of micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) to study the process of tissue engineered bone growth. A micro-CT facility for imaging and visualising biomaterials in three dimensions (3D) is described. The facility is capable of acquiring 3D images made up of 20003 voxels on specimens up to 60 mm in extent with resolutions down to 2 ?m. This allows the 3D structure of tissue engineered materials to be imaged across three orders of magnitude of detail. The capabilities of micro-CT are demonstrated by imaging the Haversian network within human femoral cortical bone (distal diaphysis) and bone ingrowth into a porous scaffold at varying resolutions. Phase identification combined with 3D visualisation enables one to observe the complex topology of the canalicular system of the cortical bone. Imaging of the tissue engineered bone at a scale of 1 cm and resolutions of 10 ?m allows visualisation of the complex ingrowth of bone into the polymer scaffold. Further imaging at 2 ?m resolution allows observation of bone ultra-structure. These observations illustrate the benefits of tomography over traditional techniques for the characterisation of bone morphology and interconnectivity and performs a complimentary role to current histomorphometric techniques.
Jones, AC, Sakellariou, A, Limaye, A, Arns, CH, Senden, TJ, Sawkins, T, Knackstedt, MA, Rohner, D, Hutmacher, DW, Brandwood, A & Milthorpe, BK 2004, 'Investigation of microstructural features in regenerating bone using micro computed tomography', JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE-MATERIALS IN MEDICINE, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 529-532.
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Jones, AC, Sheppard, AP, Sok, RM, Arns, CH, Limaye, A, Averdunk, H, Brandwood, A, Sakellariou, A, Senden, TJ, Milthorpe, BK & Knackstedt, MA 2004, 'Three-dimensional analysis of cortical bone structure using X-ray micro-computed tomography', PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, vol. 339, no. 1-2, pp. 125-130.
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We demonstrate the capability of X-ray micro-computed tomography to image the micro-structure of human cortical bone. At 5 ?m voxel size we observe the complex morphology of the Haversian network in three dimensions. The local thickness of Haversian canals is measured using a maximal sphere algorithm and found to have a bimodal signature and a mean radius of 19.2 ?m. The intra-cortical porosity due to Haversian canals is measured as 3.0%. Both results are in agreement with traditional histomorphometric measurements. We show that at higher resolutions one can resolve the spatial distribution of lacunae in cortical bone.
Jones, PM & George, AM 2004, 'The ABC transporter structure and mechanism: Perspectives on recent research', Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 682-699.
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ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are multidomain integral membrane proteins that utilise the energy of ATP hydrolysis to translocate solutes across cellular membranes in all phyla. ABC transporters form one of the largest of all protein families and are central to many important biomedical phenomena, including resistance of cancers and pathogenic microbes to drugs. Elucidation of the structure and mechanism of ABC transporters is essential to the rational design of agents to control their function. While a wealth of high-resolution structures of ABC proteins have been produced in recent years, many fundamental questions regarding the protein's mechanism remain unanswered. In this review, we examine the recent structural data concerning ABC transporters and related proteins in the light of other experimental and theoretical data, and discuss these data in relation to current ideas concerning the transporters' molecular mechanism.
Jonsson, JC, Karlsson, L, Nostell, P, Niklasson, GA & Smith, GB 2004, 'Angle-dependent light scattering in materials with controlled diffuse solar optical properties', Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 84, no. 1-4, pp. 427-439.
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Light scattering plays a prominent role in a wide range of energy-efficient materials and solar applications. Some examples are materials for daylighting, diffusely reflecting sunscreens, foils for radiative cooling and nanocrystalline solar cells. Measurements of the angular profile of light scattering are very useful for obtaining a detailed characterization of the light scattering mechanisms. We review recent theoretical results on the forward and backward light scattering profiles. Forward scattering is of major importance for novel pigmented polymeric daylighting materials. Measurements of scattering profiles are in good agreement with Mie theory. Backscattering profiles from highly diffusely reflecting paints containing titanium oxide-based pigments have also been measured. It seems that scattering from the paint surface dominates at low pigment volume fractions. Results for paints with high pigment volume fractions are interpreted in terms of coherent backscattering effects from the pigment particles. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Jonsson, JC, Smith, GB & Niklasson, GA 2004, 'Experimental and Monte Carlo analysis of isotropic multiple Mie scattering', Optics Communications, vol. 240, no. 1-3, pp. 9-17.
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This paper demonstrates patterns in the multiple scattering behavior of three test cases, of which one is verified experimentally. Mie scattering patterns are known to emerge when the scattering angle is plotted versus the dimensionless parameter qR, where q is the scattering wave vector for a single particle, and R is the radius of the scattering particle. The power-law behavior of single scattering is modified, but not completely destroyed, when translated to multiple scattering situations. The predicted behavior is seen in translucent sheets, where transparent refractive index matched micro (TRIMM) particles scatter light, a case which is ideal to model with Mie scattering. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Jordanides, XJ, Scholes, GD, Shapley, WA, Reimers, JR & Fleming, GR 2004, 'Electronic couplings and energy transfer dynamics in the oxidized primary electron donor of the bacterial reaction center', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B, vol. 108, no. 5, pp. 1753-1765.
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Jorgensen, MF, Murray, S & Daugbjerg, N 2004, 'A new genus of athecate interstitial dinoflagellates, Togula gen. nov., previously encompassed within Amphidinium sensu lato: Inferred from light and electron microscopy and phylogenetic analyses of partial large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences', PHYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 284-299.
Jorgensen, MF, Murray, S & Daugbjerg, N 2004, 'Amphidinium revisited. I. Redefinition of Amphidinium (Dinophyceae) based on cladistic and molecular phylogenetic analyses', JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 351-365.
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Jorgensen, MF, Murray, S & Daugbjerg, N 2004, 'Amphidinium revisited. I. Redefinition of Amphidinium (Dinophyceae) based on cladistic and molecular phylogenetic analyses (vol 40, pg 351, 2004)', JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 1181-1181.
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Kelly, L, Platen, E & Sorensen, M 2004, 'Estimation for discretely observed diffusions using transform functions', Journal Of Applied Probability, vol. 41, no. A, pp. 99-118.
Khoury, P, Tuch, BE & Simpson, AM 2004, 'Dynamics Of Insulin Release From Transplanted Genetically Engineered Liver Cells', Immunology And Cell Biology, vol. 82, no. 2, pp. 1-1.
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NA
Kirk, EP, Smith, JM, Field, M, Marshall, GM & Marsh, DJ 2004, 'Diagnosis of Proteus syndrome was correct', American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, vol. 130A, no. 2, pp. 214-215.
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Klanten, SO, Herwerden, LV, Choat, JH & Blair, D 2004, 'Patterns of lineage diversification in the genus Naso (Acanthuridae)', Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 221-235.
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Kopalko, K, Godlewski, M, Guziewicz, E, Łusakowska, E, Paszkowicz, W, Domagała, J, Dynowska, E, Szczerbakow, A, Wójcik, A & Phillips, MR 2004, 'Monocrystalline thin films of ZnSe and ZnO grown by atomic layer epitaxy', Vacuum, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 269-272.
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We report on the growth of monocrystalline thin films of ZnSe and ZnO by atomic layer epitaxy by simple reaction between elemental precursors. Structural and optical properties of these films are discussed with reference to the investigations performed with atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, cathodoluminescence and photoluminescence. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Kopalko, K, Godlewski, M, Lusakowska, E, Paszkowicz, W, Domagala, JZ, Szczerbakow, A, Ivanov, VY, Godlewski, MM & Phillips, MR 2004, 'Monocrystalline ZnO films grown by atomic layer epitaxy - growth and characterization', 11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON II-VI COMPOUNDS (II-VI 2003), PROCEEDINGS, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 892-895.
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We report successful growth of thin films ZnO by atomic layer epitaxy (ALE). Properties of the ZnO films grown by ALE on GaN/sapphire are described in relation to those grown by the same sequential procedure on uncoated sapphire and glass substrates.
Labbate, M, Queck, SY, Koh, KS, Rice, SA, Givskov, M & Kjelleberg, S 2004, 'Quorum Sensing-Controlled Biofilm Development in Serratia liquefaciens MG1', Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 186, no. 3, pp. 692-698.
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ABSTRACT
Serratia liquefaciens
MG1 contains an
N-
acylhomoserine lactone-mediated quorum-sensing system that is known to regulate swarming motility colonization. In this study, we describe for
S. liquefaciens
MG1 the development of a novel biofilm consisting of cell aggregates and differentiated cell types, such as cell chains and long filamentous cells. Furthermore, quorum sensing is shown to be crucial for normal biofilm development and for elaborate differentiation. A mutant of
S. liquefaciens
MG1 that was incapable of synthesizing extracellular signal formed a thin and nonmature biofilm lacking cell aggregates and differentiated cell chains. Signal-based complementation of this mutant resulted in a biofilm with the wild-type architecture. Two quorum-sensing-regulated genes (
bsmA
and
bsmB
) involved in biofilm development were identified, and we propose that these genes are engaged in fine-tuning the formation of cell aggregates at a specific point in biofilm development.
Lambropoulos, NA, Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2004, 'Flanged nanotube-electrode junctions', NANOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 1226-1232.
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Langford, NK, Dalton, RB, Harvey, MD, O’Brien, JL, Pryde, GJ, Gilchrist, A, Bartlett, SD & White, AG 2004, 'Measuring Entangled Qutrits and Their Use for Quantum Bit Commitment', Physical Review Letters, vol. 93, no. 5.
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Langtry, T, Botten, LC, Asatryan, AA, Byrne, MA & Bourgeois, A 2004, 'Localisation and disorder in the design of 2D photonic crystal devices', ANZIAM Journal, vol. 45, pp. 744-758.
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Photonic crystals are meta-materials that can inhibit the propagation of light in all directions for specific wavelength ranges. Material or structural defects can be introduced into the crystal to cause localised modes, providing the ability to mould the flow of light on the wavelength scale and allowing the development of miniaturised, integrated photonic devices. For this reason, photonic crystals will likely be key building blocks for future micro-optical and communication technology. In this paper, we examine the Bloch mode modelling of 2D photonic crystal structures with application to the analysis of photonic crystal waveguides and their susceptibility to disorder, which provides a framework for studying fabrication tolerances in realistic devices.
Lapine, M & Gorkunov, M 2004, 'Three-wave coupling of microwaves in metamaterial with nonlinear resonant conductive elements', Physical Review E, vol. 70, no. 6.
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Lategan, MJ, Torpy, FR & Gibson, LF 2004, 'Biocontrol of saprolegniosis in silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell) by Aeromonas media strain A199', Aquaculture, vol. 235, no. 1-4, pp. 77-88.
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The potential of Aeromonas media strain UTS A199 as a candidate for the biocontrol of winter saprolegniosis was tested during a winter outbreak in a farm and in a laboratory challenge trial on silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus Mitchell. The daily addition of A199 to tanks during the winter outbreak of saprolegniosis resulted in a significant increase (p<0.05) in fish survival. Close monitoring of fish revealed that A199 treatments halted the progress of the disease by inhibition of hyphal growth within lesions and cyst germination. In a laboratory-based challenge of perch by exposure to high numbers of cysts and zoospores of Saprolegnia parasitica, the presence of A199 in the tank water delayed the onset of the disease but, ultimately, could not protect the fish from the disease under these conditions. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Lategan, MJ, Torpy, FR & Gibson, LF 2004, 'Biocontrol of saprolegniosis in silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell) by Aeromonas media strain A199', Aquaculture, vol. 235, pp. 71-88.
Lategan, MJ, Torpy, FR & Gibson, LF 2004, 'Control of saprolegniosis in the eel Anguilla australis Richardson, by Aeromonas media strain A199', AQUACULTURE, vol. 240, no. 1-4, pp. 19-27.
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Lategan, MJ, Torpy, FR & Gibson, LF 2004, 'Control of saprolegniosis in the eel, Anguilla australis Richardson, by Aeromonas media strain A199', Aquaculture, vol. 240, pp. 19-27.
Le Marshall, J, Rea, A, Leslie, L, Seecamp, R & Dunn, M 2004, 'Error characterisation of atmospheric motion vectors', Australian Meteorological Magazine, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 123-131.
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From the middle 1990s local high density atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) began to be generated from geostationary satellite imagery and to be used operationally in the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. It was soon realised that their benefit to numerical weather prediction (NWP) was dependent on quality control, error characterisation and data selection. Here, by comparing the AMVs with collocated radiosonde data, we show that quality control (QC) considerably reduces vector error. In many cases, QC also reduces the correlated error and its associated length scale. Modern operational data assimilation schemes require estimation of observation errors, and they assume either that the errors are uncorrelated or require knowledge of their correlated error and length scale. A new construct, the expected error (EE) now employed at the Bureau, has been introduced to assist in quality control and error characterisation of AMVs. In this approach each vector is characterised by an expected error value, the correlated error and the related length scale, in addition to the set of currently available error indicators. The expected error allows direct comparison of the accuracy of vectors, based on different image types, or from different producers. At present, comparison of accuracy error is a more difficult process. Provision of the correlated error and length scale permits better use of the vectors in data assimilation, and provides a firm basis for data thinning.
Lee, HS, Matthews, CJ, Braddock, RD, Sander, GC & Gandola, F 2004, 'A MATLAB method of lines template for transport equations', Environmental Modelling & Software, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 603-614.
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Many environmental problems involve diffusion and convection processes, which can be described by partial differential equations (PDEs). This paper will describe the development of a MATLAB template that generates a numerical solution to PDEs using the method of lines. The template will be applied to various unsaturated flow problems within soil physics to demonstrate the versatility of the method. In particular, the template will generate solutions for three cases (1) one-dimensional Richards' equation for vertical infiltration; (2) coupled one-dimensional Richards' equation and solute transport equation for horizontal water and contaminant flow; and (3) two-dimensional Richard's equation for unsaturated flow over a complex geometry. Where possible, the results from the template will be compared against analytical solutions to determine the accuracy of the numerical solution. In addition, the paper will provide a discussion on possible extensions to the template and future directions. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Lenzen, M, Dey, CJ & Murray, SA 2004, 'Historical accountability and cumulative impacts: the treatment of time in corporate sustainability reporting', ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS, vol. 51, no. 3-4, pp. 237-250.
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Leslie, LM & Speer, MS 2004, 'Preliminary modelling results of an urban air quality model verifying the prediction of nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and ozone over the Sydney basin', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 87, no. 1-3, pp. 89-92.
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Li, R, Evans, LS, Larsen, DS, Gale, PA & Brooker, S 2004, 'Synthesis and anion binding behaviour of diamide derivatives of pyrrole-2,5-diacetic acid', New Journal of Chemistry, vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 1340-1340.
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Li, Y & Ryan, L 2004, 'Survival Analysis With Heterogeneous Covariate Measurement Error', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 99, no. 467, pp. 724-735.
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This article is motivated by a time-to-event analysis where the covariate of interest was measured at the wrong time. We show that the problem can be formulated as a special case of survival analysis with heterogeneous covariate measurement error and develop a general analytic framework. We study the asymptotic behavior of the naive partial likelihood estimates and analytically demonstrate that under the heterogeneous measurement error structure and the assumption that all components of the covariate vector and the measurement error vector combined are mutually independent, these naive estimates will shrink toward 0, and that the degree of attenuation increases as the measurement error increases. We also give counterexamples for reverse attenuation when the independence conditions are violated. We use our analytical results to derive a simple bias-correcting estimator that performs well in simulations for small and moderate amounts of measurement error. Our framework can be used to provide insight into the behavior of the commonly used partial likelihood score test for testing no association between a failure outcome and an exposure, for example, in the presence of measurement error or mistiming error. In particular, we derive the asymptotic distribution of the naive partial likelihood score test under a series of local alternatives and discuss the asymptotic relative efficiency. As a result, a simple sample size formula to account for the contamination of covariates is obtained.
Lin, X 2004, 'Equivalent kernels of smoothing splines in nonparametric regression for clustered/longitudinal data', Biometrika, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 177-193.
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Liu, B, Thomas, PS, Ray, AS & Williams, RP 2004, 'The effect of sampling conditions on the thermal decomposition of electrolytic manganese dioxide', JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 115-122.
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The effect of sampling conditions on the decomposition of electrolytic manganese dioxide using thermal methods is reported. Significant differences were observed in the mechanism of the decomposition by simply changing the reaction environment from a closed pan to an open pan configuration. The purge gas atmosphere was also observed to influence the decomposition mechanism. As a product of the decomposition is oxygen, the change in the mechanism observed between the experimental conditions may be explained in terms of the ease of removal of oxygen from the reaction site.
Liu, H, Wu, YP, Rahm, E, Holze, R & Wu, HQ 2004, 'Cathode materials for lithium ion batteries prepared by sol-gel methods', JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE ELECTROCHEMISTRY, vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 450-466.
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Improving the preparation technology and electrochemical performance of cathode materials for lithium ion batteries is a current major focus of research and development in the areas of materials, power sources and chemistry. Sol-gel methods are promising candidates to prepare cathode materials owing to their evident advantages over traditional methods. In this paper, the latest progress on the preparation of cathode materials such as lithium cobalt oxides, lithium nickel oxides, lithium manganese oxides, vanadium oxides and other compounds by sol-gel methods is reviewed, and further directions are pointed out. The prepared products provide better electrochemical performance, including reversible capacity, cycling behavior and rate capability in comparison with those from traditional solid-state reactions. The main reasons are due to the following several factors: homogeneous mixing at the atomic or molecular level, lower synthesis temperature, shorter heating time, better crystallinity, uniform particle distribution and smaller particle size at the nanometer level. As a result, the structural stability of the cathode materials and lithium intercalation and deintercalation behavior are much improved. These methods can also be used to prepare novel types of cathode materials such as nanowires of LiCoO 2 and nanotubes of V 2O 5, which cannot be easily obtained by traditional methods. With further development and application of sol-gel methods, better and new cathode materials will become available and the advance of lithium ion batteries will be greatly promoted.
Liu, S, Leslie, LM, Speer, M, Bunker, R & Mo, X 2004, 'The effects of bushfires on hydrological processes using a paired-catchment analysis', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 86, no. 1-2, pp. 31-44.
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Macinnis-Ng, C, McClenahan, K & Eamus, D 2004, 'Convergence in hydraulic architecture, water relations and primary productivity amongst habitats and across seasons in Sydney', FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 429-439.
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Convergence in leaf traits across biomes demonstrates generality in plant functioning. Relationships between hydraulic architecture and photosynthesis are less well studied. We investigated convergence in minimum leaf water potential (?min), conductivity per sapwood area (ks), Huber value (Hv) and xylem embolism and photosynthesis of several plant species in four habitats (heathland, woodland (ridge-top), woodland (below ridge) and mangrove) across two seasons (summer and winter) in the Sydney region, New South Wales, Australia. The studied species were: Banksia oblongifolia, Angophora hispida and Persoonia lanceolata (heathland); Eucalyptus haemastoma, Angophora hispida and B. oblongifolia (woodland, ridge-top); B. integrifolia, Cissus hypoglauca and Glochidion ferdinandi (woodland, below ridge); and Avicennia marina and Aegiceras corniculatum (mangrove). Seasonality strongly influenced all parameters in all habitats. Winter ?min values were lower than those for summer in the heathland and both woodland habitats, but summer ?min values were lower than those for winter in the mangrove. Summer ks values were higher than winter values in all habitats, while Hv was higher in winter than summer for all habitats.
Macinnis-Ng, CMO & Ralph, PJ 2004, 'In situ impact of multiple pulses of metal and herbicide on the seagrass, Zostera capricorni', Aquatic Toxicology, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 227-237.
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Tides and freshwater inflow which influence water movement in estuarine areas govern the exposure-regime of pollutants. In this experiment, we examined the in situ impact of double pulses of copper and the herbicide Irgarol 1051 on the photosynthesis of the seagrass, Zostera capricorni. Despite a 4-day recovery period between the two 10h pulses of toxicant, the effective quantum yield of photosystem II (ΔF/Fm′) and total chlorophyll concentrations indicated that multiple-pulses had a greater impact than a single pulse. During the first exposure period, samples exposed to Irgarol 1051 had ΔF/Fm′ values as low as zero while controls remained around 0.6 relative units. After the second exposure period, treated samples recovered to only 0.4 relative units. Samples exposed to copper had ΔF/Fm′ values around 0.3 relative units during the first exposure period and while these samples recovered before the second dose, they remained below 0.2 relative units after the second exposure period. Alternate samples were also exposed to one toxicant, allowed to recover and then exposed to the other toxicant. ΔF/Fm′ values indicated that copper exposure followed by Irgarol 1051 exposure was more toxic than Irgarol 1051 exposure followed by copper exposure. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
MacIntyre, HL, Lomas, MW, Cornwell, J, Suggett, DJ, Gobler, CJ, Koch, EW & Kana, TM 2004, 'Mediation of benthic–pelagic coupling by microphytobenthos: an energy- and material-based model for initiation of blooms of Aureococcus anophagefferens', Harmful Algae, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 403-437.
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We present a conceptual model for initiation of blooms of the estuarine brown-tide pelagophyte Aureococcus anophagefferens. The model is based on the observation that in addition to its well-documented stimulation by organic nutrients, Aureococcus is pie
Maclurcan, D, Ford, M & Cortie, M 2004, 'Rectifying nanotechnology confusion and redirecting focus', Physicist, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 84-85.
Maclurcan, D, Ford, M & Cortie, MB 2004, 'The confusion surrounding nanotechnology', Materials Australia, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 24-25.
Mai-Prochnow, A, Evans, F, Dalisay-Saludes, D, Stelzer, S, Egan, S, James, S, Webb, JS & Kjelleberg, S 2004, 'Biofilm Development and Cell Death in the Marine Bacterium Pseudoalteromonas tunicata', Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 70, no. 6, pp. 3232-3238.
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ABSTRACT The newly described green-pigmented bacterium Pseudoalteromonas tunicata (D2) produces target-specific inhibitory compounds against bacteria, algae, fungi, and invertebrate larvae and is frequently found in association with living surfaces in the marine environment. As part of our studies on the ecology of P. tunicata and its interaction with marine surfaces, we examined the ability of P. tunicata to form biofilms under continuous culture conditions within the laboratory. P. tunicata biofilms exhibited a characteristic architecture consisting of differentiated microcolonies surrounded by water channels. Remarkably, we observed a repeatable pattern of cell death during biofilm development of P. tunicata , similar to that recently reported for biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (J. S. Webb et al., J. Bacteriol. 185: 4585-4595, 2003). Killing and lysis occurred inside microcolonies, apparently resulting in the formation of voids within these structures. A subpopulation of viable cells was always observed within the regions of killing in the biofilm. Moreover, extensive killing in mature biofilms appeared to result in detachment of the biofilm from the substratum. A novel 190-kDa autotoxic protein produced by P. tunicata , designated AlpP, was found to be involved in this biofilm killing and detachment. A Δ alpP mutant derivative of P. tunicata was generated, and this mutant did not show cell deat...
Marsh, DJ, Morreau, H & Teh, BT 2004, 'HRPT2 and parathyroid cancer', The Lancet Oncology, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 78-78.
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Matthews, CJ, Braddock, RD & Sander, GC 2004, 'Modeling Flow Through a One-Dimensional Multi-Layered Soil Profile Using the Method of Lines', Environmental Modeling & Assessment, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 103-113.
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The vertical flow of water through horizontal layers of soil is considered using the Method of Lines. Continuity of mass principles are used to develop the interface boundary conditions, by introducing fictitious points at the interface, and the boundary conditions are handled using explicit and iterative approximations. Both the pressure based, and the water content based forms of Richards' equation are solved using the Method of Lines. The solutions obtained are compared with some particular analytic solutions obtained from the literature, and the results show that good accuracy can be achieved. It is also shown that the water content model can handle a large discontinuity at the interface when compared against the analytical solution. This result is also confirmed against a numerical example from the literature, and was effective for relatively dry initial conditions.
Matz, C, Bergfeld, T, Rice, SA & Kjelleberg, S 2004, 'Microcolonies, quorum sensing and cytotoxicity determine the survival of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms exposed to protozoan grazing', Environmental Microbiology, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 218-226.
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SummaryThis study was based on the hypothesis that biofilms of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa are successfully adapted to situations of protozoan grazing. We tested P. aeruginosa wild type and strains that were genetically altered, in structural and regulatory features of biofilm development, in response to the common surface‐feeding flagellate Rhynchomonas nasuta. Early biofilms of the wild type showed the formation of grazing resistant microcolonies in the presence of the flagellate, whereas biofilms without the predator were undifferentiated. Grazing on biofilms of quorum sensing mutants (lasR and rhlR/lasR) also resulted in the formation of microcolonies, however, in lower numbers and size compared to the wild type. Considerably fewer microcolonies than the wild type were formed by mutant cells lacking type IV pili, whereas no microcolonies were formed by flagella‐deficient cells. The alginate‐overproducing strain PDO300 developed larger microcolonies in response to grazing. These observations suggest a role of quorum sensing in early biofilms and involvement of flagella, type IV pili, and alginate in microcolony formation in the presence of grazing. More mature biofilms of the wild type exhibited acute toxicity to the flagellate R. nasuta. Rapid growth of the flagellate on rhlR/lasR mutant biofilms indicated a key role of quorum sensing in the upregulation of lethal factors and in grazing protection of late biofilms. Both the formation of microcolonies and the production of toxins are effective mechanisms that may allow P. aeruginosa biofilms to resist protozoan grazing and to persist in the environment.
McCarthy, E, Stack, C, Donnelly, SM, Doyle, S, Mann, VH, Brindley, PJ, Stewart, M, Day, TA, Maule, AG & Dalton, JP 2004, 'Leucine aminopeptidase of the human blood flukes, Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum', International Journal for Parasitology, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 703-714.
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An array of schistosome endoproteases involved in the digestion of host hemoglobin to absorbable peptides has been described, but the exoprotease responsible for catabolising these peptides to amino acids has yet to be identified. By searching the public databases we found that Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum express a gene encoding a member of the M17 family of leucine aminopeptidases (LAPs). A functional recombinant S. mansoni LAP produced in insect cells shared biochemical properties, including pH optimum for activity, substrate specificity and reliance on metal cations for activity, with the major aminopeptidase activity in soluble extracts of adult worms. The pH range in which the enzyme functions and the lack of a signal peptide indicate that the enzyme functions intracellularly. Immunolocalisation studies showed that the S. mansoni LAP is synthesised in the gastrodermal cells surrounding the gut lumen. Accordingly, we propose that peptides generated in the lumen of the schistosome gut are absorbed into the gastrodermal cells and are cleaved by LAP to free amino acids before being distributed to the internal tissues of the parasite. Since LAP was also localised to the surface tegument it may play an additional role in surface membrane re-modelling. © 2004 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
McClenahan, K, Macinnis-Ng, C & Eamus, D 2004, 'Hydraulic architecture and water relations of several species at diverse sites around Sydney', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 509-518.
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Seasonal comparisons of leaf eater potential, root biomass, hydraulic architecture, xylem embolism and xylem dimensions were made for eight woody species in four diverse habitats (mangroves, coastal heathland, ridge-top woodland and river-flat woodland). In most comparisons, pre-dawn and minimum leaf water potentials were lower in winter than in summer, a result attributed tolower raifall and a smaller root biomass in winter tha in summer. Branch hydraulic conductivities (per unit transverse area, sapwood area or leaf area) were generally larger in summer than in winter across all species in all habutats. An invese relationship between Huber value and conductivity was observed across all four habitats. Increased solar radiation and evaportative deman in the summer was associated with an increased percentage loss of xylem conductance arising from embolism, compared with winter. These results are discussed in the context of patterns and relationships among water relations, microcliate and hydraulic architecture.
McCutcheon, AL, Kannangara, GSK, Wilson, MA & Ben-Nissan, B 2004, 'Preliminary analysis of pore distributions using NMR in natural coral and hydrothermally prepared hydroxyapatite', Journal of Materials Science, vol. 39, no. 18, pp. 5711-5717.
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Pore size distributions in an Australian coral from Goniopora sp have been measured by mercury intrusion, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A significant result is that NMR predicts nanopores which could be seen visibly. The methods give similar results as mercury intrusion for large pores around 100 μm but differ for smaller pores. Differences between NMR and mercury intrusion are equated using a non linear sigmoidal regression model. The NMR method was also compared with mercury intrusion methods to measure pore sizes on hydroxyapatite conversion products which have promise as bio-implants. Differences between samples due to errors in the methodology are discussed. Together all three methods are shown to complement each other. © 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
McDonnell, CM, Benn, DE, Marsh, DJ, Robinson, BG & Zacharin, MR 2004, 'K40E: a novel succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)B mutation causing familial phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma', Clinical Endocrinology, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 510-514.
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Summaryobjective Germline mutations in succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)B, SDHC and SDHD, encoding three of the four subunits of mitochondrial complex II, have been implicated in the tumourigenesis of familial paragangliomas and phaeochromocytomas. Twenty‐three SDHB mutations have been identified to date.patients We present a novel missense SDHB exon 2 mutation (c.118 A > G; K40E) identified in an Australian family. The proband was diagnosed with phaeochromocytoma at an early age following an unexpected hypertensive crisis and was found to be SDHB mutation‐positive. Subsequent genetic screening of 26 family members has identified 17 mutation‐positive relatives. In addition to the proband, four mutation positive relatives were found to have clinical symptoms or a lesion and/or catecholamine excess after the identification of the mutation led to further evaluation. Both the proband and an uncle have required surgical removal of a tumour.conclusions This family indicates the importance of germline screening of first‐degree relatives when a patient presents with an apparently sporadic extra adrenal phaeochromocytoma at a young age or whenever a patient with a nonsecretory paraganglioma is found.
McGowan, EM, Saad, S, Bendall, LJ, Bradstock, KF & Clarke, CL 2004, 'Effect of progesterone receptor A predominance on breast cancer cell migration into bone marrow fibroblasts', BREAST CANCER RESEARCH AND TREATMENT, vol. 83, no. 3, pp. 211-220.
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McPhedran, RC, Botten, LC, McOrist, J, Asatryan, AA, De Sterke, CM & Nicorovici, NA 2004, 'Density of states functions for photonic crystals', Physical Review E - Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics, vol. 69, no. 1 2, pp. 166091-1660916.
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The electromagnetic calculation of density of states functions for photonic crystals in the context of the two-dimensional problem for arrays of cylinders of arbitary cross section were discussed. A connection between mutual density of states (MDOS), LDOS and SDOS with the conventional density of states was established which only depended on frequency. This function could be used to calculate both the local density of states (LDOS), which gives position information for emission of radiation and the spectral density of states (SDOS) which gives angular information. It was found that the mutual density of states provides a formal framework for the construction of the other density of states functions (LDOS, SDOS and DOS).
McPhedran, RC, Botten, LC, McOrist, J, Asatryan, AA, de, SCM & Nicorovici, NA 2004, 'Density of states functions for photonic crystals', Physical Review E - Statistical Physics, Plasmas, Fluids, and Related Interdisciplinary Topics, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 16-16.
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We discuss density of states functions for photonic crystals, in the context of the two-dimensional problem for arrays of cylinders of arbitrary cross section. We introduce the mutual density of states (MDOS), and show that this function can be used to calculate both the local density of states (LDOS), which gives position information for emission of radiation from photonic crystals, and the spectral density of states (SDOS), which gives angular information. We establish the connection between MDOS, LDOS, SDOS and the conventional density of states, which depends only on frequency. We relate all four functions to the band structure and propagating states within the crystal, and give numerical examples of the relation between band structure and density of states functions. © 2004 The American Physical Society.
McPhedran, RC, Smith, GH, Nicorovici, NA & Botten, LC 2004, 'Distributive and analytic properties of lattice sums', Journal of Mathematical Physics, vol. 45, no. 7, pp. 2560-2578.
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We use sums over Bessel functions of the first kind to derive a convenient form of the Poisson summation identity relating sums over direct lattices in two dimensions to sums over reciprocal lattices. After three simple examples of the use of the identity, we consider sums over complex powers of the radial distance to lattice points, and also sums incorporating factors exp(4imψp) depending on angles of lattice points. We study the distribution of zeros of lattice sums, and show two which seemingly obey the Riemann hypothesis, and a third which does not. We provide a reflection formula for angular lattice sums, and a Macdonald function sum for the lowest order angular lattice sum. © 2004 American Institute of Physics.
McPherson, S, Eamus, D & Murray, BR 2004, 'Seasonal impacts on leaf attributes of several tree species growing in three diverse ecosystems of south-eastern Australia', Australian Journal of Botany, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 293-301.
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Patterns of leaf attributes were examined for six woody species growing in a eucalypt woodland, a mangrove, or a heathland in coastal New South Wales, Australia, during winter and summer. It was found that the rate of assimilation per unit leaf dry mass (Amass) of the mangrove species was largest, woodland species exhibiting an intermediate rate and heathland species the smallest values of Amass. Mean habitat Amass did not change from winter to summer in the woodland or mangrove species but increased significantly in the heathland species. Average specific leaf area (SLA) was largest for the mangrove species and smallest for the heathland species, with woodland species showing intermediate values. SLA of all species within a habitat did not change from winter to summer. Mean foliar nitrogen content (Nmass) of the mangrove species was highest, intermediate for woodland species and lowest for heathland species. Nmass was significantly related to Amass in both summer and winter and the individual slopes for this relationship in the summer and winter differed. In contrast, a common slope was fitted to the relationship between SLA and A mass for the two seasons. A common slope between seasons was also shown for the relationship between SLA and Nmass. There was no significant difference in slope elevation between summer and winter for the SLA v. Nmass relationship. Trends within relationships among leaf attributes were the same as those found for a wide range of plant species worldwide, but the absolute values were lower than those found elsewhere. Therefore, the 'global relationships' in terms of trends (positive or negative) that have been determined overseas apply in Australia but the elevation of the slope and the magnitude of the slope are reduced (Amass v. N mass) or increased (Amass v. SLA and Nmass v. SLA) compared with global trends.
Meeker, JD, Ryan, L, Barr, DB, Herrick, RF, Bennett, DH, Bravo, R & Hauser, R 2004, 'The relationship of urinary metabolites of carbaryl/naphthalene and chlorpyrifos with human semen quality', ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES, vol. 112, no. 17, pp. 1665-1670.
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Most of the general population is exposed to carbaryl and other contemporary-use insecticides at low levels. Studies of laboratory animals, in addition to limited human data, show an association between carbaryl exposure and decreased semen quality. In the present study we explored whether environmental exposures to 1-naphthol (1N), a metabolite of carbaryl and naphthalene, and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY), a metabolite of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-methyl, are associated with decreased semen quality in humans. Subjects (n = 272) were recruited through a Massachusetts infertility clinic. Individual exposures were measured as spot urinary concentrations of 1N and TCPY adjusted using specific gravity. Semen quality was assessed as sperm concentration, percent motile sperm, and percent sperm with normal morphology, along with sperm motion parameters (straight-line velocity, curvilinear velocity, and linearity). Median TCPY and 1N concentrations were 3.22 and 3.19 mug/L, respectively. For increasing 1N tertiles, adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were significantly elevated for below-reference sperm concentration (OR for low, medium, and high tertiles = 1.0, 4.2, 4.2, respectively; p-value for trend = 0.01) and percent motile sperm (1.0, 2.5, 2.4; p-value for trend = 0.01). The sperm motion parameter most strongly associated with 1N was straight-line velocity. There were suggestive, borderline-significant associations for TCPY with sperm concentration and motility, whereas sperm morphology was weakly and nonsignificantly associated with both TCPY and 1N. The observed associations between altered semen quality and 1N are consistent with previous studies of carbaryl exposure, although suggestive associations with TCPY are difficult to interpret because human and animal data are currently limited.
Meeker, JD, Singh, NP, Ryan, L, Duty, SM, Barr, DB, Herrick, RF, Bennett, DH & Hauser, R 2004, 'Urinary levels of insecticide metabolites and DNA damage in human sperm', HUMAN REPRODUCTION, vol. 19, no. 11, pp. 2573-2580.
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Members of the general population are exposed to non-persistent insecticides at low levels. The present study explored whether environmental exposures to carbaryl and chlorpyrifos are associated with DNA damage in human sperm. METHODS: Subjects (n 5 260) were recruited through a Massachusetts infertility clinic. Individual exposures were measured as spot urinary metabolite concentrations of chlorpyrifos [3,5,6-trichloro-2- pyridinol (TCPY)] and carbaryl [1-naphthol (1N)], adjusted using specific gravity. Sperm DNA integrity was assessed by neutral comet assay and reported as comet extent, percentage DNA in comet tail (Tail%) and tail distributed moment (TDM). RESULTS: A statistically significant increase in Tail% was found for an interquartile range (IQR) increase in both 1N [coefficient 5 4.1; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.96.3] and TCPY (2.8; 0.9 4.6), while a decrease in TDM was associated with IQR changes in 1N (22.2; 24.9 to 0.5) and TCPY (22.5; 24.7 to 20.2). A negative correlation between Tail% and TDM was present only when stratified by comet extent, suggesting that Tail% and TDM may measure different types of DNA damage within comet extent strata. CONCLUSIONS: Environmental exposure to carbaryl and chlorpyrifos may be associated with increased DNA damage in human sperm, as indicated by a change in comet assay parameters.
Migocki, MD, Lewis, PJ, Wake, RG & Harry, EJ 2004, 'The midcell replication factory in Bacillus subtilis is highly mobile: implications for coordinating chromosome replication with other cell cycle events', Molecular Microbiology, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 452-463.
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SummaryDuring vegetative growth, rod‐shaped bacterial cells such as Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis divide precisely at midcell. It is the Z ring that defines the position of the division site. We previously demonstrated that the early stages of chromosome replication are linked to midcell Z ring assembly in B. subtilis and proposed a direct role for the centrally located replication factory in masking and subsequently unmasking the midcell site for Z ring assembly. We now show that the replication factory is significantly more scattered about the cell centre than the Z ring in both vegetative cells and outgrown spores of B. subtilis. This finding is inconsistent with the midcell replication factory acting as a direct physical block to Z ring assembly. Time‐lapse experiments demonstrated that the lower precision of replication factory positioning results from its high mobility around the cell centre. Various aspects of this mobility are presented and the results are discussed in the light of current views on the determinants of positional information required for accurate chromosome segregation and cell division.
Mikajlo, EA, Dorsett, HE & Ford, MJ 2004, 'Trends in the band structures of the group-I and -II oxides', Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 120, no. 22, pp. 10799-10806.
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The band structures for the six lightest group-I and -II oxides were measured and calculated. These band structures were measured by using electron momentum spectroscopy, a technique that maps the ground-state occupied orbitals resolved both in energy and momentum. These measurement were compared with first-principles calculations carried out within the linear combination of atomic orbitals approximation using Hartee-Fock (HF) and density functional (DFT) method. It was shown that the calculated O 2p bandwidths and O 2p-2s band gaps generally scale linearly with the inverse of the oxygen-oxygen separation squared, but consistently showed an anomaly at Li2O.
Milev, AS, Kannangara, GSK, Ben-Nissan, B & Wilson, MA 2004, 'Temperature effects on a hydroxyapatite precursor solution', Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 108, no. 18, pp. 5516-5521.
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Multinuclear NMR spectroscopy has been used to monitor synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HAp) from diethyl hydrogen phosphonate and calcium diethoxide in solution at two different temperatures. Acetyl 2-hydroxyethyl phosphonate, bis(2-hydroxyethyl) phosphonate, and acetyl ethyl phosphonate have been identified for the first time in this reaction solution as intermediates. The formation of these compounds is shown to be crucial in controlling the phase purity of the final hydroxyapatite product. A possible mechanism for the formation of acetyl 2-hydroxyethyl phosphonate is discussed.
Miller, PF & Peters, BA 2004, 'Overview of the public health implications of cockroaches and their management', New South Wales Public Health Bulletin, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 208-208.
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Miller, PF & Peters, BA 2004, 'Overview of the Public Health Implications of Cockroaches and their Management', NSW Public Health Bulletin, vol. 15, pp. 208-211.
Miller, S & Platen, E 2004, 'A two-factor model for low interest rate regimes', Asia-Pacific Financial Markets, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 107-133.
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This paper derives a two-factor model for the term structure of interest rates that segments the yield curve in a natural way. The first factor involves modelling a non-negative short rate process that primarily determines the early part of the yield curve and is obtained as a truncated Gaussian short rate. The second factor mainly influences the later part of the yield curve via the market index. The market index proxies the growth optimal portfolio (GOP) and is modelled as a squared Bessel process of dimension four. Although this setup can be applied to any interest rate environment, this study focuses on the difficult but important case where the short rate stays close to zero for a prolonged period of time. For the proposed model, an equivalent risk neutral martingale measure is neither possible nor required. Hence we use the benchmark approach where the GOP is chosen as numeraire. Fair derivative prices are then calculated via conditional expectations under the real world probability measure. Using this methodology we derive pricing functions for zero coupon bonds and options on zero coupon bonds. The proposed model naturally generates yield curve shapes commonly observed in the market. More importantly, the model replicates the key features of the interest rate cap market for economies with low interest rate regimes. In particular, the implied volatility term structure displays a consistent downward slope from extremely high levels of volatility together with a distinct negative skew. © Springer 2005.
MITROVIC, S 2004, 'Anatoxin-a elicits an increase in peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase activity in aquatic plants', Aquatic Toxicology, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 185-192.
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Although the toxic effects of cyanotoxins on animals have been examined extensively, little research has focused on their effects on macrophytes and macroalgae. To date only microcystins have been found to be detrimental to aquatic plants. Peroxidase activity of the free floating aquatic plant Lemna minor and the filamentous macroalga Chladophora fracta was measured after exposure to several concentrations of the cyanotoxin, anatoxin-a. Peroxidase activity (POD) was significantly (P<0.05) increased after 4 days of exposure to an anatoxin-a concentration of 25 µg mL-1 for both L. minor and C. fracta. Peroxidase activity was not significantly increased at test concentrations of 15 µg mL-1 or lower. In another experiment, the effects of various concentrations of anatoxin-a on the detoxication enzyme, glutathione S-transferase (GST) in L. minor were investigated. GST activity was significantly elevated at anatoxin-a concentrations of 5 and 20 µg mL-1. Photosynthetic oxygen production by L. minor was also found to be reduced at these concentrations. This is the first report to our knowledge of the cyanotoxin anatoxin-a being harmful to aquatic plants.
Mitrovic, SM, Amandi, MF, McKenzie, L, Furey, A & James, KJ 2004, 'Effects of selenium, iron and cobalt addition to growth and yessotoxin production of the toxic marine dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum in culture', JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY, vol. 313, no. 2, pp. 337-351.
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he marine dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum has been recently identified as a source for the disulfated polyether toxin, yessotoxin (YTX), and may pose a risk to human health, aquaculture development and coastal environments. The requirements of P. reticulatum for selenium, iron and cobalt were assessed in culture. P. reticulatum was grown in nutrient enriched seawater (1/10 GP medium) without selenium or with 0.003 and 0.0003 µM selenium added; without iron or with 0.076 and 0.0076 µM iron added; and without cobalt or with 0.008 µM cobalt added. Test flasks were monitored for growth rate, cell yield and YTX production. P. reticulatum was found to exhibit a strong requirement for both selenium and iron. Growth rate and cell yield in treatments without added selenium were significantly (P<0.05) reduced to 60.2% (µ=0.15 day-1) and 20.2% (4942 cell ml-1), respectively, of those with selenium added (µ=0.23 day-1 and 24, 387 cell ml-1). YTX production was significantly increased by addition of selenium in two of three transfers tested. Cells of P. reticulatum subjected to medium without selenium added showed morphological changes observable at the light microscope level which included enlarged cell size. The diameter of cells in medium without selenium added were significantly (P<0.05) enlarged to 36.7±0.90 µm compared to cells in the medium with selenium added, 27.5±1.25 µm. Growth rate and cell yield in treatments without added iron were also significantly reduced to 70.1% (µ=0.16 day-1) and 34.2% (8003 cells ml-1), respectively, of those with iron added (µ=0.23 day-1 and 23,416 cells ml-1). No significant effect on YTX production was measured. In contrast to selenium and iron, no limitation of growth or cell yield or differences in YTX production were observed for flasks without cobalt as compared to those with cobalt added. The possibility that harmful algal events of P. reticulatum may be influenced by selenium or iron in neritic waters is discussed.
Mitrovic, SM, Pflugmacher, S, James, KJ & Furey, A 2004, 'Anatoxin-a elicits an increase in peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase activity in aquatic plants', AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 185-192.
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Mulcahy, G, O'Neill, S, Donnelly, S & Dalton, JP 2004, 'Helminths at mucosal barriers - interaction with the immune system', ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY REVIEWS, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 853-868.
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Mungkornasawakul, P, Pyne, SG, Jatisatienr, A, Lie, W, Ung, AT, Issakul, K, Sawatwanich, A, Supyen, D & Jatisatienr, C 2004, 'Phytochemical studies on Stemona burkillii Prain: Two new dihydrostemofoline alkaloids', JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS, vol. 67, no. 10, pp. 1740-1743.
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Two new dihydrostemofoline alkaloids, 11(S),12(R)-dihydrostemofoline (3) and stemoburkilline (4), along with stemofoline (1) and 2'-hydroxystemofoline (2) have been isolated from a root extract of Stemona burkillii Prain. The structure and relative configuration of 3 have been determined via spectroscopic data and from comparison with synthetic 11(S),12(S)-dihydrostemofoline (5). The configuration of the exo-cyclic alkene group in 4 is tentively assigned as E on the basis of mechanistic considerations.
Mungkornasawakul, P, Pyne, SG, Jatisatienr, A, Lie, W, Ung, AT, Issakul, K, Sawatwanich, A, Supyen, D & Jatisatienr, C 2004, 'Phytochemical studies on Stemona burkillii prain: Two new dihydrostemofoline alkaloids', Journal of Natural Products, vol. 67, no. 10, pp. 1740-1743.
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Two new dihydrostemofoline alkaloids, 11(S),12(R)-dihydrostemofoline (3) and stemoburkilline (4), along with stemofoline (1) and 2′- hydroxystemofoline (2) have been isolated from a root extract of Stemona burkillii Prain. The structure and relative configuration of 3 have been determined via spectroscopic data and from comparison with synthetic 11(S),12(S)-dihydrostemofoline (5). The configuration of the exo-cyclic alkene group in 4 is tentively assigned as E on the basis of mechanistic considerations.
Mungkornasawakul, P, Pyne, SG, Jatisatienr, A, Supyen, D, Jatisatienr, C, Lie, W, Ung, AT, Skelton, BW & White, AH 2004, 'Phytochemical and larvicidal studies on Stemona curtisii: Structure of a new pyrido[1,2-alpha]azepine Stemona alkaloid', JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 675-677.
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A new pentacyclic Stemona alkaloid, stemocurtisinol (3), with a pyrido[1,2-a]azepine A,B-ring system, and the known pyrrolo[1,2-a]azepine alkaloid oxyprotostemonine (4) have been isolated from a root extract of S. curtisii. The structure and relative stereochemistry of stemocurtisinol was determined by spectral data interpretation and X-ray crystallography. This compound is a diastereoisomer of oxystemokerrin and has the opposite configuration at C-4 and C-19. The individual alkaloid components showed significant larvicidal activity (IC50 4-39 ppm) on mosquito larvae (Anopheles minimus HO).
Murray, BR & Lepschi, BJ 2004, 'Are locally rare species abundant elsewhere in their geographical range?', Austral Ecology, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 287-293.
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Ecologists have long sought to understand why some species are rare and others common. For the most part, inconsistent relationships between local rarity and underlying mechanisms have emerged. One possibility for this inconsistency is that locally rare species may not always be rare. However, it is largely unknown whether most locally rare species in a community possess the capacity to become abundant elsewhere in their geographical range. Here, we identified 57 locally rare plant species of open forest in south-eastern Australia. We found that most of these species (91%) occurred in higher abundance at other sites within their geographical range (somewhere-abundant species), while the remaining small percentage of locally rare species were consistently rare (everywhere-sparse species). Somewhere-abundant species had significantly smaller seeds on average than everywhere-sparse species in cross-species regression analysis. This pattern was not maintained when the influence of other life-history attributes was controlled for, or when phylogenetic relatedness among species was considered explicitly in phylogenetic regression analysis. In both cross-species and phylogenetic regressions, somewhere-abundant and everywhere-sparse species did not differ significantly with respect to growth form, height, regeneration-after-fire strategy, or dispersal. Our findings provide further evidence for the notion that theories to account for local rarity which are couched in terms of within-community interactions alone are incomplete for the majority of species, because they need to account for different outcomes in different places.
Murray, S & Patterson, DJ 2004, 'Cabra matta, gen. nov., sp nov., a new benthic, heterotrophic dinoflagellate', EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 229-234.
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Murray, S, Jorgensen, MF, Daugbjerg, N & Rhodes, L 2004, 'Amphidinium revisited. II. Resolving species boundaries in the Amphidinium operculatum species complex (Dinophyceae), including the descriptions of Amphidinium trulla sp nov and Amphidinium gibbosum. comb. nov.', JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 366-382.
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Myatt, TA, Johnston, SL, Zuo, Z, Wand, M, Kebadze, T, Rudnick, S & Milton, DK 2004, 'Detection of Airborne Rhinovirus and Its Relation to Outdoor Air Supply in Office Environments', American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol. 169, no. 11, pp. 1187-1190.
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Myers, GSA & Fraser, CM 2004, 'Non-pathogenic bacteria take center stage: a lesson in contrasts', Trends in Microbiology, vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 303-305.
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Nagler, PL, Glenn, EP, Lewis, TT & Huete, A 2004, 'Leaf area index and normalized difference vegetation index as predictors of canopy characteristics and light interception by riparian species on the Lower Colorado River', Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol. 125, no. 1-2, pp. 1-17.
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Leaf area index (LAI) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were compared for riparian species along a 350 km stretch of the Lower Colorado River in the United States and Mexico. The species included two native trees, cottonwood (Populus fremontii) and willow (Salix gooddingii), and two salt-tolerant shrubs, saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima) and arrowweed (Pluchia sericea), exhibiting large differences in leaf type and canopy architecture. LAI was measured with a Licor 2000 plant canopy analyzer calibrated against biomass measurements of LAI, whereas NDVI was measured by low-level aerial photography using a DyCam digital camera with Red (R)-Blue (B)-near infrared (NIR) bands. In addition, reflectance spectra were measured for leaf samples collected from plants in the field. Leaf samples of all species had similar reflectance spectra in the visible (VIS) and NIR, hence similar NDVI values, ranging from 0.62 to 0.72 (P>0.05). LAI values of field plants varied over a relatively narrow range, with mean values of 3.50, 3.28, 2.81 and 3.69 for cottonwood, willow, saltcedar and arrowweed, respectively. However, field plants showed distinct species differences in NDVI, with the following mean values: cottonwood (0.686), willow (0.600), saltcedar (0.473) and arrowweed (0.254) (all significantly different at P<0.05). Differences in NDVI among field plants could be explained by differences in the light extinction coefficient, k, for plant canopies, according to the formula: fIRs=(1-e-kLAI), where fIRs is the fraction of incident light intercepted by the canopy. At one extreme, cottonwood had broad leaves that faced the sun, and a calculated k of 1.25, whereas at the other extreme, arrowweed had linear leaves that were near to vertical, and had a k of 0.15. Ecophysiological implications of the differences among the species are discussed. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Nassif, NT, Lobo, GP, Wu, X, Henderson, CJA, Morrison, CD, Eng, C, Jalaludin, B & Segelov, E 2004, 'PTEN mutations are common in sporadic microsatellite stable colorectal cancer', Oncogene, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 617-628.
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The tumour suppressor gene PTEN, located at chromosome sub-band 10q23.3, encodes a dual-specificity phosphatase that negatively regulates the phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase (PI3 K)/Akt-dependent cellular survival pathway. PTEN is frequently inactivated in many tumour types including glioblastoma, prostate and endometrial cancers. While initial studies reported that PTEN gene mutations were rare in colorectal cancer, more recent reports have shown an approximate 18% incidence of somatic PTEN mutations in colorectal tumours exhibiting microsatellite instability (MSI+). To verify the role of this gene in colorectal tumorigenesis, we analysed paired normal and tumour DNA from 41 unselected primary sporadic colorectal cancers for PTEN inactivation by mutation and/or allelic loss. We now report PTEN gene mutations in 19.5% (8/41) of tumours and allele loss, including all or part of the PTEN gene, in a further 17% (7/41) of the cases. Both PTEN alleles were affected in over half (9/15) of these cases showing PTEN genetic abnormalities. Using immunohistochemistry, we have further shown that all tumours harbouring PTEN alterations have either reduced or absent PTEN expression and this correlated strongly with later clinical stage of tumour at presentation (P = 0.02). In contrast to previous reports, all but one of the tumours with PTEN gene mutations were microsatellite stable (MSI-), suggesting that PTEN is involved in a distinct pathway of colorectal tumorigenesis that is separate from the pathway of mismatch repair deficiency. This work therefore establishes the importance of PTEN in primary sporadic colorectal cancer.
Ngo, L & Wand, MP 2004, 'Smoothing with Mixed Model Software', Journal of Statistical Software, vol. 9, no. 1.
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Nordon, RE, Shu, A, Camacho, F & Milthorpe, BK 2004, 'Hollow-fiber assay for ligand-mediated cell adhesion', CYTOMETRY PART A, vol. 57A, no. 1, pp. 39-44.
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Background The investigation of receptor-ligand interactions in the cellular context presents significant technical challenges, first, to immobilize the ligand in a manner that preserves functional properties and, second, to relate ligand properties to cell adhesion and other cellular processes. Methods Ligand-mediated cell adhesion was characterized by the development of a cellulose hollow-fiber adhesion assay in which ligand (protein A) was immobilized onto the cellulose membrane as a recombinant fusion protein containing a cellulose-binding domain affinity tag. Modules containing single cellulose hollow fibers were connected to a micro-flow system for cell deposition and detachment with fluid shear stress. The cell adhesion process that occurred inside a segment of hollow fiber was observed in real time by using an inverted microscope equipped with a CCD camera and digital frame grabber. Image analysis software was developed to count cells and record digital images. Results Cell adhesion strength was characterized by counting the number of cells that were detached by application of fluid shear stress with values that ranged from 2.3 to 185 dyne/cm2. The median shear stress of detachment of KG1a cells was directly related to the duration of membrane contact and the amount of immobilized monoclonal antibody (anti-CD34). Conclusions The hollow-fiber assay provides a general method to determine functional properties of molecular domains that interact with cell surface receptors and markers
Novikov, A 2004, 'Martingales and First-Passage Times for Ornstein--Uhlenbeck Processes with a Jump Component', Theory of Probability & Its Applications, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 288-303.
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Using martingale technique, we show that a distribution of the first-passage time over a level for the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process with jumps is exponentially bounded. In the case of absence of positive jumps, the Laplace transform for this passage time is found. Further, the maximal inequalities are also given when the marginal distribution is stable.
O'Brien, JL, Pryde, GJ, Gilchrist, A, James, DFV, Langford, NK, Ralph, TC & White, AG 2004, 'Quantum Process Tomography of a Controlled-NOT Gate', Physical Review Letters, vol. 93, no. 8.
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Oǧuz, C, Zinder, Y, Do, VH, Janiak, A & Lichtenstein, M 2004, 'Hybrid flow-shop scheduling problems with multiprocessor task systems', European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 152, no. 1, pp. 115-131.
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Hybrid flow-shop problems and problems with multiprocessor task systems have remained subject of intensive research over several years. Hybrid flow-shop problems overcome one of the limitations of the classical flow-shop model by allowing parallel processors at each stage of task processing. Problems with multiprocessor task systems relax the limitation of the classical parallel processor model by permitting tasks that require more than one processor simultaneously. The great deal of interest for both types of problem, besides their obvious theoretical significance, was inspired by needs of various manufacturing and computing systems. In this paper we consider a model which amalgamates both above-mentioned generalizations. We show that, without precedence constraints and under the assumption that all processing times are bounded above, the makespan minimization problem is solvable in polynomial time, whereas the introduction of precedence constraints makes even the simplest version of this problem NP-hard. For the arbitrary processing time task systems, we present an approximation algorithm based on the idea of tabu search and discuss the results of computational experiments, which were performed to analyze the algorithm's efficiency and sensitivity to variation in the input data. © 2002 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Orwell, RL, Wood, RL, Tarran, J, Torpy, F & Burchett, MD 2004, 'Removal of benzene by the indoor plant/substrate microcosm and implications for air quality', WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION, vol. 157, no. 1-4, pp. 193-207.
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Ostrowski, M, Fegatella, F, Wasinger, V, Guilhaus, M, Corthals, GL & Cavicchioli, R 2004, 'Cross‐species identification of proteins from proteome profiles of the marine oligotrophic ultramicrobacterium, Sphingopyxis alaskensis', PROTEOMICS, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 1779-1788.
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AbstractSphingopyxis (formerly Sphingomonas) alaskensis is a model bacterium for studying adaptation to oligotrophy (nutrient‐limitation). It has a unique physiology which is fundamentally different to that of the well studied bacteria such as Escherichia coli. To begin to identify the genes involved in its physiological responses to nutrient‐limited growth and starvation, we developed high resolution two‐dimensional electrophoresis (2‐DE) methods and determined the identity of 12 proteins from a total of 21 spots using mass spectrometric approaches and cross‐species matching. The best matches were to Novosphingobium aromaticivorans; a terrestrial, hydrocarbon degrading bacterium which was previously classified in the genus Sphingomonas. The proteins identified are involved in fundamental cellular processes including protein synthesis, protein folding, energy generation and electron transport. We also compared radiolabelled and silver‐stained 2‐DE gels generated with the same protein samples and found significant differences in the protein profiles. The use of both methods increased the total number of proteins with differential spot intensities which could be identified from a single protein sample. The ability to effectively utilise cross‐species matching from radiolabelled and silver‐stained gels provides new approaches for determining the genetic basis of microbial oligotrophy.
Paull, B, Roux, C, Dawson, M & Doble, P 2004, 'Rapid screening of selected organic explosives by high performance liquid chromatography using reversed-phase monolithic columns', JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 1181-1186.
Paull, B, Roux, C, Dawson, M & Doble, P 2004, 'Rapid Screening of Selected Organic Explosives by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Using Reversed-Phase Monolithic Columns', Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 1-6.
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Phillips, MR, Gelhausen, O & Goldys, EM 2004, 'Cathodoluminescence properties of zinc oxide nanoparticiles', Physica Status Solidi (A) Applied Research, vol. 201, no. 2, pp. 229-234.
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Zinc oxide nano-particles (25 nm) have been investigated by cathodoluminescence spectroscopy (300 nm-1700 nm) at 80 K and 300 K following thermal annealing in high purity H2/N2, N2, O2 and Ar gaseous atmospheres. The intensity of the ZnO near band edge peak was significantly increased after heat treatment in hydrogen. Conversely, thermal annealing in the other gas types decreased this emission. This effect is attributed to hydrogen passivation of competitive non-radiative defect centers, most likely bulk zinc vacancy centers. The appearance of a strong green emission centered at 2.4 eV following thermal annealing in all gas atmospheres is ascribed to the formation of bulk oxygen vacancy defects. A strong red shift of the near band edge emission with increasing beam current at 300 K is accredited to electron beam heating rather than to an increase in the carrier density. Electron beam heating is evidenced by the occurrence of a strong black body emission in the near infrared spectral region. © 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Phillips, MR, Zareie, MH, Gelhausen, O, Drago, M, Schmidtling, T & Richter, W 2004, 'Scanning tunneling and cathodoluminescence spectroscopy of indium nitride', Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 269, no. 1, pp. 106-110.
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Indium nitride epilayers grown by metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy have been studied by cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS). A broad CL emission peak centered at 0.8eV was observed at 80K. This peak was attributed to an excitonic radiative recombination mechanism as its emission intensity exhibited a super-linear dependence on beam current with a power-law exponent of m=2. A large spatial variation in the CL emission intensity was ascribed to the presence of threading dislocations, which act as non-radiative recombination centers. A surface band gap of ∼1.4eV was estimated from STS I-V curves. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Phyu, YL, Warne, MSJ & Lim, RP 2004, 'Toxicity of atrazine and molinate to the cladoceran Daphnia carinata and the effect of river water and bottom sediment on their bioavailability', ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 308-315.
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Pierik, FH, Burdorf, A, Deddens, JA, Juttmann, RE & Weber, RFA 2004, 'Maternal and Paternal Risk Factors for Cryptorchidism and Hypospadias: A Case–Control Study in Newborn Boys', Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 112, no. 15, pp. 1570-1576.
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Pinto, R, Saunders, BM, Camacho, LR, Britton, WJ, Gicquel, B & Triccas, JA 2004, 'Mycobacterium tuberculosisDefective in Phthiocerol Dimycocerosate Translocation Provides Greater Protective Immunity against Tuberculosis than the Existing Bacille Calmette‐Guérin Vaccine', The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 189, no. 1, pp. 105-112.
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Platen, E 2004, 'A class of complete benchmark models with intensity-based jumps', Journal of Applied Probability, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 19-34.
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This paper proposes a class of complete financial market models, the benchmark models, with security price processes that exhibit intensity-based jumps. The benchmark or reference unit is chosen to be the growth-optimal portfolio. Primary security account prices, when expressed in units of the benchmark, turn out to be local martingales. In the proposed framework an equivalent risk-neutral measure need not exist. Benchmarked fair derivative prices are obtained as conditional expectations of future benchmarked prices under the real-world probability measure. This concept of fair pricing generalizes the classical risk-neutral approach and the actuarial present-value pricing methodology.
Platen, E 2004, 'Modeling the volatility and expected value of a diversified world index', International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 511-529.
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This paper considers a diversified world tock index in a continuous financial market with the growth optimal portfolio (GOP) as reference unit or benchmark. Diversified boradly based indices and portfolios, which include major world stock market indices, are shown to approximate the GOP. It is demonstated that a key financial quantity is the trend of a world index. It turns out tat it can be directly observed since the expected increments of the index equal four times those of the quadratic variation of its square root. Using a world atock index as approximation of the discounted GTOP it is shown that, in reality, the trend of the discounted GOP does not vary greatly in the long term. This leads for a diversified world index to a natural model, where the index is transformed square root process of dimension four. The squared index volatility appears then as the inverse of the square root process. This feature explains most of te properties of an index and its volatility
Platen, E & West, J 2004, 'A fair pricing approach to weather derivatives', Asia-Pacific Financial Markets, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 23-53.
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This paper proposes a consistent approach to the pricing of weather derivatives. Since weather derivatives are traded in an incomplete market setting, standard hedging based pricing methods cannot be applied. The growth optimal portfolio, which is interpreted as a world stock index, is used as a benchmark or numeraire such that all benchmarked derivative price processes are martingales. No measure transformation is needed for the proposed fair pricing. For weather derivative payoffs that are independent of the value of the growth optimal portfolio, it is shown that the classical actuarial pricing methodology is a particular case of the fair pricing concept. A discrete time model is constructed to approximate historical weather characteristics. The fair prices of some particular weather derivatives are derived using historical and Gaussian residuals. The question of weather risk as diversifiable risk is also discussed. © Springer 2005.
Pomati, F, Moffitt, MC, Cavaliere, R & Neilan, BA 2004, 'Evidence for differences in the metabolism of saxitoxin and C1+2 toxins in the freshwater cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii T3', Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects, vol. 1674, no. 1, pp. 60-67.
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Pope, DT, Wiseman, HM & Langford, NK 2004, 'Adaptive phase estimation is more accurate than nonadaptive phase estimation for continuous beams of light', Physical Review A, vol. 70, no. 4.
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Poulton, C, Guenneau, S & Movchan, AB 2004, 'Noncommuting limits and effective properties for oblique propagation of electromagnetic waves through an array of aligned fibres', Physical Review B, vol. 69, no. 19.
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Pretorius, M, Williams, DBG, Roodt, A & Muller, A 2004, '[2-(Anilinomethyl)phenyl]diphenylphosphine and {2-[(N-methylanilino)methyl]phenyl}diphenylphosphine', Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications, vol. 60, no. 6, pp. o384-o386.
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Pretorius, M, Williams, DBG, Roodt, A & Muller, A 2004, 'Dichloro({N-[2-(diphenylphosphino-κP)benzyl]benzylamino}diphenylphosphine-κP)palladium(II) toluene solvate', Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, vol. 60, no. 10, pp. m1439-m1441.
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Quinn, HE, Miller, CMD & Ellis, JT 2004, 'The cell-mediated immune response to Neospora caninum during pregnancy in the mouse is associated with a bias towards production of interleukin-4', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 723-732.
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Ragusa, SR, McNevin, D, Qasem, S & Mitchell, C 2004, 'Indicators of biofilm development and activity in constructed wetlands microcosms', WATER RESEARCH, vol. 38, no. 12, pp. 2865-2873.
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Raymond, JJ, Roux, C, Du Pasquier, E, Sutton, J & Lennard, C 2004, 'The Effect of Common Fingerprint Detection Techniques on the DNA Typing of Fingerprints Deposited on Different Surfaces', Journal of Forensic Identification, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 22-44.
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DNA and fingerprints are two of the most important forms of evidence in terms of their ability to individualize persons. This study investigated the effect of common fingerprint detection techniques on the recovery of DNA from fingerprints. It was found that the recovery of DNA is possible after fingerprint development using certain techniques, and that the recovery is more dependent on the surface type, rather than the enhancement technique used. Fingerprints placed on plastic bags, glass microscope slides, and adhesive tape returned DNA profiles before and after treatment, which consisted of white light, UV, dactyloscopic powders, Stickyside Powder, and cyanoacrylate plus rhodamine 6G stain or VMD treatment. The profiles that were obtained from these surfaces were often found to contain contamination peaks, and at this stage, trace DNA analysis of this type may be more useful as an intelligence tool, rather than being relied upon in court for identification purposes. No DNA profiles were obtained from treated or untreated prints on paper and aluminum foil substrates.
Raymond, JJ, Walsh, SJ, Van Oorschot, RA, Gunn, PR & Roux, C 2004, 'Trace DNA: An underutilized resource or Pandora's box? A review of the use of trace DNA analysis in the investigation of volume crime', Journal of Forensic Identification, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 668-686.
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Spectacular advances in DNA technology have greatly expanded its applicability to forensic science. As the processes become sufficiently sensitive to detect trace DNA, a vast number of crime scene samples not previously considered for analysis are now able to be tested. However, in spite of these obvious benefits, trace DNA analysis raises problems not often considered by investigators and forensic scientists. This paper discusses the history and development of trace DNA analysis. It suggests a trend of underutilization and discusses issues surrounding its application and alternative uses for the results gained. The approach in the past has been that DNA evidence was solely employed as an absolute form of evidence, and, consequently, research focused primarily on increasing sensitivity and discrimina-tion power. We are suggesting that DNA evidence should be treated as any other trace evidence. Research to provide data for basic trace evidence properties of deposit, presence, transfer, and persistence may allow trace DNA analysis to be more effectively utilized in the investigation of crime. Together with recent developments in forensic intelligence, this research could facilitate the progressive application of trace DNA analysis to volume crime investigations, an outcome with the potential to reduce the rate of volume crime and contribute to crime prevention strategies.
Reddy, M, Mohanty, M & Naidu, V 2004, 'Economic Cost of Human Capital Loss from Fiji: Implications for Sustainable Development', International Migration Review, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 1447-1461.
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Small island nations in the South Pacific are facing a serious problem of loss of human capital. The loss of skilled and qualified personnel from the small pool is causing a major setback in terms of providing the technical expertise to forge ahead with reform programs that these economies are undertaking. Fiji's policymakers are increasingly confronting this issue, because the nation has experienced a massive outflow of skilled labor following the political instability in 1987. While there is an outflow of skilled labor, the country is also losing a large amount of financial capital. The extent of the outflow has yet to be measured due to lack of a methodology. This study advances a methodology to measure the loss to the economy arising out of human capital loss in a small island economy.
Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2004, 'Hamiltonian operators including both symmetric and antisymmetric vibrational modes for vibronic coupling and intervalence charge-transfer applications', CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 299, no. 1, pp. 79-82.
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Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2004, 'Unified description of the electrochemical, charge distribution, and spectroscopic properties of the special-pair radical cation in bacterial photosynthesis', JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, vol. 126, no. 13, pp. 4132-4144.
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Reimers, JR, Bilic, A, Cai, ZL, Dahlbom, M, Lambropoulos, NA, Solomon, GC, Crossley, MJ & Hush, NS 2004, 'Molecular electronics: From basic chemical principles to photosynthesis to steady-state through-molecule conductivity to computer architectures', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, vol. 57, no. 12, pp. 1133-1138.
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Rembach, A, Turner, BJ, Bruce, S, Cheah, IK, Scott, RL, Lopes, EC, Zagami, CJ, Beart, PM, Cheung, NS, Langford, SJ & Cheema, SS 2004, 'Antisense peptide nucleic acid targeting GluR3 delays disease onset and progression in the SOD1 G93A mouse model of familial ALS', Journal of Neuroscience Research, vol. 77, no. 4, pp. 573-582.
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Ren, B, O'Brien, B & Simpson, AM 2004, 'Long-term Reversal Of Type 1 Diabetes In Rats After In Vivo Delivery Of The Human Insulin Gene', Immunology And Cell Biology, vol. 82, no. 2, pp. 1-1.
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Rodgers, KJ, Hume, PM, Dunlop, RA & Dean, RT 2004, 'Biosynthesis and turnover of DOPA-containing proteins by human cells', FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE, vol. 37, no. 11, pp. 1756-1764.
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Protein-bound 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (PB-DOPA) is a major product of hydroxyl radical attack on tyrosine residues of proteins. Levels of PB-DOPA in cells and tissues have been shown to be greatly elevated in age-related diseases. We demonstrate for t
Rogers, BL, Shapter, JG & Ford, MJ 2004, 'Ab initio study of benzene adsorption on the Cu(110) surface and simulation of STM images', Surface Science, vol. 548, no. 1-3, pp. 29-40.
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The adsorption of benzene molecules onto the Cu(1 1 0) surface has been studied using a crystalline linear combination of atomic orbitals approximation (LCAO). Adsorption energetics have been modelled at both the HartreeFock (HF) and density functional theory (DFT) level, and scanning tunneling microscope (STM) images generated for the preferred adsorption geometry. The calculated binding energies are strongly dependent upon basis set superposition errors (BSSE). As expected HF provides a relatively poor description of this loosely bound system, and is found to be unbound when BSSE is taken into account. Inclusion of electron correlation through DFT methods gives an optimised binding energy of 106 kJ mol-1 with the benzene molecule occupying a bridging site between the rows of surface copper atoms and an adsorption height of approximately 2 Å. This figure takes account of relaxation of benzene upon adsorption with the hydrogen atoms tilting away from the surface. Our predicted energetics compare favourably with previous theoretical studies using cluster methods and experimental binding energies determined from temperature programmed desorption (TPD). We have also simulated scanning tunneling microscope (STM) images using the Tersoff and Hamann method and compare our results with recent experimental measurements. Our simulation suggests the experimental image results from a benzene dimer rather than an isolated molecule.
Rogers, BL, Shapter, JG & Ford, MJ 2004, 'Absorption energetics and simulation of STM images for fluorobenzene on the Cu(110) surface', MODELLING AND SIMULATION IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 1109-1120.
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Rose, RM, Warne, MS & Lim, RP 2004, 'Sensitivity of offspring to chronic 3,4-dichloroaniline exposure varies with maternal exposure', ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 405-412.
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Runcie, JW, Ritchie, RJ & Larkum, AWD 2004, 'Uptake kinetics and assimilation of phosphorus by Catenella nipae and Ulva lactuca can be used to indicate ambient phosphate availability', Journal of Applied Phycology, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 181-194.
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Uptake, assimilation and compartmentation of phosphate were studied in the opportunist green macroalgaUlva lactucaand the estuarine red algal epiphyteCatenella nipae. The MichaelisMenten model was used to describe uptake rates of inorganic phosphate (Pi) at different concentrations. Maximum uptake rates (V max) of P-starved material exceededV maxof P-enriched material; this difference was greater forC. nipae. Uptake and allocation of phosphorus (P) to internal pools was measured using trichloroacetic acid (TCA) extracts and32P. Both species demonstrated similar assimilation paths: when P-enriched, most32P accumulated as free phosphate. When unenriched,32P was rapidly assimilated into the TCA-insoluble pool.C. nipaeconsistently assimilated more32P into this pool thanU. lactuca, indicatingC. nipaehas a greater P-storage capacity. In both species,32P release data showed two internal compartments with very different biological half-lives.
Ryan, KG, Ralph, P & McMinn, A 2004, 'Acclimation of Antarctic bottom-ice algal communities to lowered salinities during melting', Polar Biology, vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 679-686.
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Sea-ice brine algal communities were exposed to salinities between 30 and 10‰ during melting. There was a progressive decline in maximum quantum yield, relative electron transfer rate (rETRmax) and photosynthetic efficiency (α) with decreasing salinity of the final melted sample. While all species showed a drop in these parameters, Fragilariopsis curta and Entomoneis kjellmannii showed the least inhibition. There was a steady increase in rETRmax and alpha; over 5 days after melting, especially in the samples melted into the highest salinities. In addition, the samples melted from the ice without added filtered seawater showed no photosynthetic activity after 2 days. Our results suggest that for experimental work using sea-ice microalgae, the final salinity of the melted sample should be greater than 28‰ (i.e. the ratio of sea ice to filtered seawater should be at least 1:2). © Springer-Verlag 2004.
Ryan, L, Huang, W, Thurston, SW, Kelsey, KT, Wiencke, JK & Christiani, DC 2004, 'On the use of biomarkers for environmental health research', Statistical Methods in Medical Research, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 207-225.
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This article discusses the growing interest in the use of biomarker data in environment health research and considers some of the challenging statistical issues that arise. We specify a modeling framework that links environmental exposure, biomarkers and outcome, and discuss in conceptual terms how such a formulation could be used to inform dose response modeling for the purpose of quantitative risk assessment. We then analyse some biomarker data from a case-control study designed to elucidate the mechanisms of smoking induced lung cancer. Because of sample size limitations, we use a likelihood-based analysis which subsumes both cohort and case-control designs as special cases. Our analysis allows us to 1) investigate the extent to which the markers explain the pathway from exposure to outcome; 2) quantify the degree to which biomarker data can improve on predicting outcome over and above exposure; and 3) estimate the association among multiple markers. © Arnold 2004.
Ryan, N, Peters, B & Miller, P 2004, 'A survey of bedbugs in short stay lodges.', New South Wales public health bulletin, vol. 15, no. 11-12, pp. 215-217.
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An increase in the number of anecdotal reports of bedbug infestations i short-stay lodge type accommodation used by backpackers and other budget travellers inthe City of Sydney promoted a pilot survery to determine the extent of the problem. The aim of the survey was to obatin the perspective of the lodge managers on bedbug problems and how they handled them. This article describes the survey results and assesses the effectiveness of the methods of control reported.
Salganik, MP, Wand, MP & Lange, N 2004, 'COMPARISON OF FEATURE SIGNIFICANCE QUANTILE APPROXIMATIONS', Australian <html_ent glyph='@amp;' ascii='&'/> New Zealand Journal of Statistics, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 569-581.
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Samuel, VT, Liu, ZX, Qu, X, Elder, BD, Bilz, S, Befroy, D, Romanelli, AJ & Shulman, GI 2004, 'Mechanism of hepatic insulin resistance in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease', Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 279, no. 31, pp. 32345-32353.
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Short term high fat feeding in rats results specifically in hepatic fat accumulation and provides a model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in which to study the mechanism of hepatic insulin resistance. Short term fat feeding (FF) caused a -3-fold increase in liver triglyceride and total fatty acyl-CoA content without any significant increase in visceral or skeletal muscle fat content. Suppression of endogenous glucose production (EGP) by insulin was diminished in the FF group, despite normal basal EGP and insulin-stimulated peripheral glucose disposal. Hepatic insulin resistance could be attributed to impaired insulin-stimulated IRS-1 and IRS-2 tyrosine phosphorylation. These changes were associated with activation of PKC-ε and JNK1. Ultimately, hepatic fat accumulation decreased insulin activation of glycogen synthase and increased gluconeogenesis. Treatment of the FF group with low dose 2,4-dinitrophenol to increase energy expenditure abrogated the development of fatty liver, hepatic insulin resistance, activation of PKC-ε and JNK1, and defects in insulin signaling. In conclusion, these data support the hypothesis hepatic steatosis leads to hepatic insulin resistance by stimulating gluconeogenesis and activating PKC-ε and JNK1, which may interfere with tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 and IRS-2 and impair the ability of insulin to activate glycogen synthase.
Sanchez-Camara, J & Booth, DJ 2004, 'Movement, home range and site fidelity of the weedy seadragon Phyllopteryx taeniolatus (Teleostei : Syngnathidae)', ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 31-41.
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SAUNDERS, BM, BRISCOE, H & BRITTON, WJ 2004, 'T cell-derived tumour necrosis factor is essential, but not sufficient, for protection againstMycobacterium tuberculosisinfection', Clinical and Experimental Immunology, vol. 137, no. 2, pp. 279-287.
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SUMMARYTumour necrosis factor (TNF) is critical for sustained protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. To investigate the relative contributions of macrophage- and T cell-derived TNF towards this immunity T cells from wild-type (WT) or TNF–/– mice were transferred into RAG–/– or TNF–/– mice which were then infected with M. tuberculosis. Infected RAG–/– mice and RAG–/– recipients of TNF deficient T cells developed overwhelming infection, with extensive pulmonary and hepatic necrosis and succumbed with a median of only 16 days infection. By contrast, RAG–/– recipients of WT T cells showed a significant increase in survival with a median of 32 days. Although initial bacterial growth was similar in all groups of RAG–/– mice, the transfer of WT, but not TNF–/–, T cells led to the formation of discrete foci of leucocytes and macrophages and delayed the development of necrotizing pathology. To determine requirements for macrophage-derived TNF, WT or TNF–/– T cells were transferred into TNF–/– mice at the time of M. tuberculosis infection. Transfer of WT T cells significantly prolonged survival and reduced the early tissue necrosis evident in the TNF–/– mice, however, these mice eventually succumbed indicating that T cell-derived TNF alone is insufficient to control the infection. Therefore, both T cell- and macrophage-derived TNF play distinct roles in orchestrating the protective inflammatory response and enhancing survival during M. tuberculosis infection.
Schelm, S, Smith, GB, Wei, G, Vella, A, Wieczorek, L, Muller, KH & Raguse, B 2004, 'Double effective medium model for the optical properties of self-assembled gold nanoparticle films cross-linked with alkane dithiols', NANO LETTERS, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 335-339.
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Scolyer, RA, Thompson, JF, Li, LXL, Beavis, A, Dawson, M, Doble, P, Ka, VSK, McKinnon, JG, Soper, R, Uren, RF, Shaw, HM, Stretch, JR & McCarthy, SW 2004, 'Failure to remove true sentinel nodes can cause failure of the sentinel node biopsy technique: Evidence from antimony concentrations in false-negative sentinel nodes from melanoma patients', ANNALS OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 174S-178S.
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Scolyer, RA, Thompson, JF, Li, LXL, Beavis, A, Dawson, M, Doble, P, Soper, R, Uren, RF, Stretch, JR, Sharma, R & McCarthy, SW 2004, 'Antimony concentrations in nodal tissue can confirm sentinel node identity', Modern Pathology, vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 1191-1197.
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The sentinel node biopsy procedure is a highly accurate method of staging patients with cutaneous melanoma and the tumor-harboring status of sentinel nodes is the most important prognostic factor. For the procedure to provide accurate prognostic information, however, it is essential that 'true' sentinel nodes are removed and examined thoroughly. A technique to confirm sentinel node identity may reduce the false-negative rate of the procedure. We have found that antimony (originating from the antimony sulfide colloid used for preoperative lymphoscintigraphy in our institution) can be measured in tissue sections of sentinel nodes using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The aims of this study were to determine whether antimony concentrations can be used to confirm that removed sentinel nodes are 'true' sentinel nodes and to differentiate sentinel nodes from nonsentinel nodes. In all, 24 patients who had both a tumor-positive sentinel node and a tumor-negative nonsentinel node removed from one regional node field during the same operation, were identified. Tissue sections (50 μm) thick were cut from archival paraffin blocks of each of the sentinel nodes and nonsentinel nodes. Antimony concentrations in the tissue sections were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The median and mean concentrations of antimony in parts per billion were 0.526 and 1.198, respectively (range 0.020-7.596) in the sentinel nodes, and 0.043 and 0.123 (range 0-0.800) in the nonsentinel nodes (P = 0.004). In four of the 24 pairs, both the presumed sentinel nodes and the nonsentinel nodes had very low antimony levels (less than 0.18 parts per billion), suggesting that nodes designated as sentinel nodes may not have been 'true' sentinel nodes. It is concluded that determination of antimony concentrations within sentinel nodes using the highly sensitive method of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry can confirm the identity of sentinel nodes a...
Sekine, M, Campbell, RA, Valkovska, DS, Day, JPR, Curwen, TD, Martin, LJ, Holt, SA, Eastoe, J & Bain, CD 2004, 'Adsorption kinetics of ammonium perfluorononanoate at the air–water interface', Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., vol. 6, no. 21, pp. 5061-5065.
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Seshadri, R, Myers, GSA, Tettelin, H, Eisen, JA, Heidelberg, JF, Dodson, RJ, Davidsen, TM, DeBoy, RT, Fouts, DE, Haft, DH, Selengut, J, Ren, Q, Brinkac, LM, Madupu, R, Kolonay, J, Durkin, SA, Daugherty, SC, Shetty, J, Shvartsbeyn, A, Gebregeorgis, E, Geer, K, Tsegaye, G, Malek, J, Ayodeji, B, Shatsman, S, McLeod, MP, Šmajs, D, Howell, JK, Pal, S, Amin, A, Vashisth, P, McNeill, TZ, Xiang, Q, Sodergren, E, Baca, E, Weinstock, GM, Norris, SJ, Fraser, CM & Paulsen, IT 2004, 'Comparison of the genome of the oral pathogen Treponema denticola with other spirochete genomes', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 101, no. 15, pp. 5646-5651.
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We present the complete 2,843,201-bp genome sequence of Treponema denticola (ATCC 35405) an oral spirochete associated with periodontal disease. Analysis of the T. denticola genome reveals factors mediating coaggregation, cell signaling, stress protection, and other competitive and cooperative measures, consistent with its pathogenic nature and lifestyle within the mixed-species environment of subgingival dental plaque. Comparisons with previously sequenced spirochete genomes revealed specific factors contributing to differences and similarities in spirochete physiology as well as pathogenic potential. The T. denticola genome is considerably larger in size than the genome of the related syphilis-causing spirochete Treponema pallidum. The differences in gene content appear to be attributable to a combination of three phenomena: genome reduction, lineage-specific expansions, and horizontal gene transfer. Genes lost due to reductive evolution appear to be largely involved in metabolism and transport, whereas some of the genes that have arisen due to lineage-specific expansions are implicated in various pathogenic interactions, and genes acquired via horizontal gene transfer are largely phage-related or of unknown function.
Sessler, JL, Berthon‐Gelloz, G, Gale, PA, Camiolo, S, Anslyn, EV, Anzenbacher, P, Furuta, H, Kirkovits, GJ, Lynch, VM, Maeda, H & et al., EA 2004, 'Oligopyrrole‐Based Solid State Self‐Assemblies', ChemInform, vol. 35, no. 8.
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AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Seymour, JR, Mitchell, JG & Seuront, L 2004, 'Microscale heterogeneity in the activity of coastal bacterioplankton communities', AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 1-16.
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Microscale sampling techniques and flow cytometry were employed to measure the distribution patterns of 8 subpopulations of bacteria separated according to variations in cell fluorescence and light scatter properties. Subpopulations of bacteria defined on the basis of these parameters have recently been shown to represent cells exhibiting dissimilar activity levels, and we therefore assume that the subpopulations of bacteria identified here represent metabolically diverse groups. Microscale distribution patterns of these subpopulations were measured at a resolution of 4.5 and 12 mm, within 2 dissimilar coastal habitats, A mean 2-fold change in the abundance of the total bacterial community across sample sets was observed. However, levels of spatial heterogeneity were consistently higher for the cytometrically defined subpopulations than total counts. In most samples, the population of bacteria exhibiting the highest levels of green fluorescence, or DNA content, and hence assumed to represent the most active bacteria in the community, also showed the highest levels of microscale spatial variability, with a maximum change in abundance of 14.5-fold observed across a distance of 9 nun. Where Zipf rank-size analysis was conducted, the microscale distributions of subpopulations differed significantly (p < 0.05) in 79% of cases, implying that bacterial communities are made up of physiologically distinct compartments, perhaps influenced by different microscale features of the environment. We suggest that these results provide the first evidence for the existence of microscale heterogeneity in the metabolic activity of aquatic bacterial communities.
Shard, AG, Ton-That, C, Campbell, PA & Dhanak, VR 2004, 'Site occupancy of chlorine on Cu(111) using normal-incidence x-ray standing waves: The energy difference between fcc and hcp hollow sites', Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, vol. 70, no. 15, pp. 155409-155417.
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It has previously been established that the lowest energy site for chlorine atoms on Cu(111) is the 'fcc' hollow. However, substantial population of the 'hcp' hollow at room temperature indicates that there is a relatively small difference in energy between the two sites. We show that this energy difference must be less than 10 meV by measuring the relative populations using normal-incidence x-ray standing waves and comparing the results to Monte Carlo simulations. This result is consistent with recent density functional theory calculations which indicate an energy difference of approximately 5 meV.
Shatnawi, MA, Johnson, KA & Torpy, FR 2004, 'In vitro propagation and cryostorage of Syzygium francissi (Myrtaceae) by the encapsulation-dehydration method', IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-PLANT, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 403-407.
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An efficient procedure for the in vitro propagation and cryogenic conservation of Syzygium francissi was developed. The maximum number of shoots per explant was obtained on a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 4.5 ?M benzyladenine and 0.5 ?M indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). The in vitro-propagated shoots produced roots when transferred to MS medium containing IBA, indold-3-acetic acid, or naphthaleneacetic acid at various concentrations. Rooted microshoots were transferred to a coco-peat, perlite, and vermiculite (1?1?1) mixture, and hardened off under greenhouse conditions. Ninety-five percent of rooted shoots successfully acclimatized in the greenhouse. Shoot tips excised from in vitro-grown plants were successfully cryostoraged at -196°C by the encapsulation-dehydration method. A preculture of formed beads on MS medium containing 0.75 M sucrose for 1 d, followed by 6 h dehydration (20% moisture content) led to the highest survival rate after cryostorage for 1h. This method is a promising technique for in vitro propagation and cryopreservation of shoot tips from in vitro-grown plantlets of S. francissi germplasm.
Siboni, N, Fine, M, Bresler, V & Loya, Y 2004, 'Coastal coal pollution increases Cd concentrations in the predatory gastropod Hexaplex trunculus and is detrimental to its health', Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 49, no. 1-2, pp. 111-118.
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Parameters of environmental health, including paracellular permeability of external epithelia, functional state of lysosomes and the level of metallothioneins (MTs), were examined using fluorescent markers and vital microfluorometry in different tissues of the marine gastropod, Hexaplex trunculus, from a coal-polluted and coal-free site. Vital microfluorometrical examinations exhibited enhanced paracellular permeability of external epithelia to the anionic marker, fluorescein (FLU), lower lysosomal accumulation of neutral red (NR) as well as higher levels of MTs, when compared with epithelia of gastropods from the coal-free site. Those differences were particularly marked in the foot epithelium, which is in direct contact with the substrate. In addition, cadmium was measured by ICP-AES in the hepatopancreas of gastropods sampled from the coal-polluted site and two coal-free sites. Significantly higher levels of Cd were found in gastropod hepatopancreas from the coal-polluted site. In addition, two months feeding experiments conducted in aquaria containing: (a) coal pieces covered by barnacles; (b) natural rocks covered by barnacles; and (c) natural rocks with barnacles+bare coal pieces, demonstrated significant increase of Cd concentration in the hepatopancreas of the gastropods exposed to coal. We suggest that coal in the marine environment has detrimental effects on marine gastropods, both directly through contact with the organisms and indirectly through the food web. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Siboni, N, Fine, M, Bresler, V & Loya, Y 2004, 'Coastal coal pollution increases Cd concentrations in the predatory gastropod Hexaplex trunculus and is detrimental to its health', MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN, vol. 49, no. 1-2, pp. 111-118.
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Silberschneider, V, Pease, BC & Booth, DJ 2004, 'Estuarine habitat preferences of Anguilla australis and A-reinhardtii glass eels as inferred from laboratory experiments', ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 395-402.
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Simpson, AM, Tao, CZ, Elgundi, Z, Castro, M & Swan, MA 2004, 'Glucose Responsive Insulin Secretion From The Engineered Human Liver Cell Line Huh7ins Is Regulated By Atp-sensitve Potassium Channels (k-atp)', Immunology And Cell Biology, vol. 82, no. 2, pp. 1-1.
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Smith, GB 2004, 'Materials and systems for efficient lighting and delivery of daylight', Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 84, no. 1-4, pp. 395-409.
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Materials advances which enable improved lighting and daylighting performance in terms of luminous efficacy (energy efficient lighting), visual comfort and colour management are reviewed. Spectral and angular selective glazing, energy efficient translucent polymers, light piping and complete colour mixing of discrete sources are covered. The underlying science is given along with descriptions for key examples which include solar control windows utilising nanoparticles, diffusers of clear polymer doped with clear polymer for lamps and skylights, solid flexible light guides with controlled continuous emission, luminescent solar collectors coupled to light pipes for daylighting provision to any interior spaces, and uniform high efficacy white light lamps using three colour LED arrays. Greater use of daylight and of PV powered lighting is enabled by these advances which are all affordable, along with exciting new aesthetic, safety, display and artistic possibilities. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Smith, GB & Maaroof, AI 2004, 'Optical response in nanostructured thin metal films with dielectric over-layers', OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 242, no. 4-6, pp. 383-392.
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Thin metal films which contain nano-size pores yield higher than expected transmittance and larger than expected times for transmission of near infra red radiation. An optically equivalent layer with complex refractive index (n*, k*) can model measured specular transmittance and reflectance, when scattering is weak. The way surface plasmon effects impact on these measured indices is considered. A strongly elevated n* is linked to trad the time for a surface plasmon to re-radiate and hence delay transmission times, and reduced imaginary part k*, to resonant channelling via voids. Measurement of n* thus allows an estimate of trad. The sensitivity of (n*, k*) to surface effects is illustrated using an insulating overlayer to modify the surface states. Resultant measured changes in n*, k* are substantial. Results are for two nanostructured metal systems characterised with 400,000× scanning electron microscopy
Smith, GB, Ford, MJ, Masens, C & Muir, J 2004, 'Energy-efficient coatings in the Nanohouse (TM) initiative', CURRENT APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 4, no. 2-4, pp. 381-384.
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The University of Technology Sydney (UTS), in collaboration with CSIRO has created the NanohouseTM Initiative, a concept that serves as the conceptual framework for various pedagogical, scientific, architectural and engineering activities at the University. Housing is a significant item in both personal and regional budgets, and the NanohouseTM therefore serves as a powerful vehicle for demonstrating nanotechnologies. One of the major energy-efficient components of the NanohouseTM are nanoengineered coatings and films for transparent and translucent surfaces that modify their optical properties. These nanostructured materials can provide wavelength-selective control of reflection, absorption and transmission of light as well as angular selectivity for directional control, making it possible to design houses that have very large windows and skylights, but which nevertheless remain cool in summer and warm in winter. We have already made significant progress towards the development of these nanotechnologies. In this paper will be discuss the design and performance of these optically controllable nanocoatings and their application to the Nanohouse
Solomon, GC, Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2004, 'Single molecule conductivity: The role of junction-orbital degeneracy in the artificially high currents predicted by ab initio approaches', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 121, no. 14, pp. 6615-6627.
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Soule de Bas, B, Ford, MJ & Cortie, MB 2004, 'Low energy structures of gold nanoclusters in the size range 3-38 atoms', JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE-THEOCHEM, vol. 686, no. 1-3, pp. 193-205.
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Using a combination of first principles calculations and empirical potentials we have undertaken a systematic study of the low energy structures of gold nanoclusters containing from 3 to 38 atoms. A Lennard-Jones and many-body potential have been used in the empirical calculations, while the first principles calculations employ an atomic orbital, density functional technique. For the smaller clusters (n=35) the potential energy surface has been mapped at the ab initio level and for larger clusters an empirical potential was first used to identify low energy candidates which were then optimised with full ab initio calculations. At the DFT-LDA level, planar structures persist up to six atoms and are considerably more stable than the cage structures by more than 0.1 eV/atom. The difference in ab initio energy between the most stable planar and cage structures for seven atoms is only 0.04 eV/atom. For larger clusters there are generally a number of minima in the potential energy surface lying very close in energy. Furthermore our calculations do not predict ordered structures for the magic numbers n=13 and 38. They do predict the ordered tetrahedral structure for n=20. The results of the calculations show that gold nanoclusters in this size range are mainly disordered and will likely exist in a range of structures at room temperature.
Speer, MS, Leslie, LM, Qi, L & Buckley, BW 2004, 'Urban scale modelling: The Sydney hailstorm of 14 April 1999', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 87, no. 1-3, pp. 161-166.
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Stewart, AR, Luoma, SN, Schlekat, CE, Doblin, MA & Hieb, KA 2004, 'Food web pathway determines how selenium affects aquatic ecosystems: A San Francisco Bay case study', ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, vol. 38, no. 17, pp. 4519-4526.
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Chemical contaminants disrupt ecosystems, but specific effects may be under-appreciated when poorly known processes such as uptake mechanisms, uptake via diet, food preferences, and food web dynamics are influential. Here we show that a combination of food web structure and the physiology of trace element accumulation explain why some species in San Francisco Bay are threatened by a relatively low level of selenium contamination and some are not. Bivalves and crustacean zooplankton form the base of two dominant food webs in estuaries, The dominant bivalve Potamocorbula amurensis has a 10-fold slower rate constant of loss for selenium than do common crustaceans such as copepods and the mysid Neomysis mercedis (rate constant of loss, k(e) = 0.025, 0.155, and 0.25 d(-1), respectively). The result is much higher selenium concentrations in the bivalve than in the crustaceans. Stable isotope analyses show that this difference is propagated up the respective food webs in San Francisco Bay. Several predators of bivalves have tissue concentrations of selenium that exceed thresholds thought to be associated with teratogenesis or reproductive failure (liver Se > 15 mug g(-1) dry weight). Deformities typical of selenium-induced teratogenesis were observed in one of these species. Concentrations of selenium in tissues of predators of zooplankton are less than the thresholds. Basic physiological and ecological processes can drive wide differences in exposure and effects among species, but such processes are rarely considered in traditional evaluations of contaminant impacts.
Strassburg, M, Rodina, A, Dworzak, M, Haboeck, U, Krestnikov, IL, Hoffmann, A, Gelhausen, O, Phillips, MR, Alves, HR, Zeuner, A, Hofmann, DM & Meyer, BK 2004, 'Identification of bound exciton complexes in ZnO', Physica Status Solidi (B) Basic Research, vol. 241, no. 3, pp. 607-611.
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An identification of shallow bound exciton centers in ZnO is presented based on magneto-optical measurements and diffusion experiments. The thermalization behavior of the Zeeman split components confirms that the I 4, I6, I8 and I9 exciton lines stem from donor bound exciton complexes. The results are supported by theoretical analysis of shallow bound exciton complexes revealing the Γ7 symmetry of the upper valence band. The presence of two-electron satellites related to the respective transitions is further evidence for the donor bound complexes and enabled the determination of donor binding energies. Hydrogen, aluminum, gallium and indium were identified to origin the I4, I 6, I8 and I9 lines by doping, diffusion and annealing experiments combined with photoluminescence and secondary ion mass spectrometry. © 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Suggett, DJ, MacIntyre, HL & Geider, RJ 2004, 'Evaluation of biophysical and optical determinations of light absorption by photosystem II in phytoplankton', Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, vol. 2, no. 10, pp. 316-332.
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Fast repetition rate (FRR) fluorescence can provide highly resolved estimates of light absorption by photosystem II ( PSII), a variable that is critical to bio-optical determinations of phytoplankton productivity. We compared estimates of chlorophyll a -
Sunde, M, McGrath, KCY, Young, L, Matthews, JM, Chua, EL, Mackay, JP & Death, AK 2004, 'TC-1 Is a Novel Tumorigenic and Natively Disordered Protein Associated with Thyroid Cancer', Cancer Research, vol. 64, no. 8, pp. 2766-2773.
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Abstract
A novel gene, thyroid cancer 1 (TC-1), was found recently to be overexpressed in thyroid cancer. TC-1 shows no homology to any of the known thyroid cancer-associated genes. We have produced stable transformants of normal thyroid cells that express the TC-1 gene, and these cells show increased proliferation rates and anchorage-independent growth in soft agar. Apoptosis rates also are decreased in the transformed cells. We also have expressed recombinant TC-1 protein and have undertaken a structural and functional characterization of the protein. The protein is monomeric and predominantly unstructured under conditions of physiologic salt and pH. This places it in the category of natively disordered proteins, a rapidly expanding group of proteins, many members of which play critical roles in cell regulation processes. We show that the protein can be phosphorylated by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C, and the activity of both of these kinases is up-regulated when cells are stably transfected with TC-1. These results suggest that overexpression of TC-1 may be important in thyroid carcinogenesis.
Teh, BT, Howell, VM, Haven, CJ, Kahnoski, K, Khoo, SK, Petillo, D, Chen, J, Fleuren, GJ, Robinson, BG, Delbridge, LW, Philips, J, Nelson, AE, Krause, U, Hammje, K, Dralle, H, Hoang-Vu, C, Gimm, O, Marsh, DJ & Morreau, H 2004, 'Human gene mutations. Gene symbol: HRPT2. Disease: Hyperparathyroidism Jaw-tumor syndrome.', Hum Genet, vol. 114, no. 2, p. 222.
Teh, BT, Howell, VM, Haven, CJ, Kahnoski, K, Khoo, SK, Petillo, D, Chen, J, Fleuren, GJ, Robinson, BG, Delbridge, LW, Philips, J, Nelson, AE, Krause, U, Hammje, K, Dralle, H, Hoang-Vu, C, Gimm, O, Marsh, DJ & Morreau, H 2004, 'Human gene mutations. Gene symbol: HRPT2. Disease: Hyperparathyroidism Jaw-tumor syndrome.', Hum Genet, vol. 114, no. 2, p. 223.
Teh, BT, Howell, VM, Haven, CJ, Kahnoski, K, Khoo, SK, Petillo, D, Chen, J, Fleuren, GJ, Robinson, BG, Delbridge, LW, Philips, J, Nelson, AE, Krause, U, Hammje, K, Dralle, H, Hoang-Vu, C, Gimm, O, Marsh, DJ & Morreau, H 2004, 'Human gene mutations. Gene symbol: HRPT2. Disease: Hyperparathyroidism Jaw-tumor syndrome.', Hum Genet, vol. 114, no. 2, p. 224.
Thiel, BL, Toth, M & Craven, JP 2004, 'Charging Processes in Low Vacuum Scanning Electron Microscopy', Microscopy and Microanalysis, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 711-720.
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A framework is presented for understanding charging processes in low
vacuum scanning electron microscopy. We consider the effects of
electric fields generated above and below the specimen surface and
their effects on various processes taking place in the system. These
processes include the formation of an ionic space charge,
field-enhanced electron emission, charge trapping and dissipation, and
electron–ion recombination. The physical mechanisms behind each
of these processes are discussed, as are the microscope operating
conditions under which each process is most effective. Readily
observable effects on gas gain curves, secondary electron images, and
X-ray spectra are discussed.
Todd, CD, Zeng, P, Huete, AMR, Hoyos, ME & Polacco, JC 2004, 'Transcripts of MYB-like genes respond to phosphorous and nitrogen deprivation in Arabidopsis', Planta, vol. 219, no. 6, pp. 1003-1009.
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In Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., AtPhr2 and AtNsr1 encode proteins with MYB-like and α-helical domains. They resemble CrPsr1, a nuclear-localized MYB protein that is critical for acclimation to phosphorous (P) starvation in the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of the first unique exons indicated that AtPhr2 mRNA increased as early as 6 h after P deprivation (-P), whereas nitrogen deprivation (-N) had no effect. The AtNsr1 mRNA level increased exclusively under -N, an increase first noted by 2 days in -N. In spite of P- and N-specific effects on expression of AtPhr2 and AtNsr1 there appeared to be P-N cross-talk at the whole-plant level. Total non-secreted acid phosphatase activity increased under both -P and -N within 2 days of deprivation. Further, the pho2-1/pho2-1 mutant, reported to be a phosphate accumulator, showed no increase in AtPhr2 mRNA in response to -P and a 70% reduction in the response of AtNsr1 mRNA to -N. Consistent with this pattern, there was no increase in acid phosphatase activity in pho2-1/pho2-1 plants deprived of P or N. However, when deprived of P, pho2-1/pho2-1 plants accumulated much higher levels of nitrate. T-DNA disruption of AtNsr1 resulted in altered expression of at least one nitrate transporter (AtNRT2.5). Further evidence of cross-talk between N and P responses was altered expression of N-responsive genes in pho2-1/pho2-1. © Springer-Verlag 2004.
Trevaskis, B, Bagnall, DJ, Ellis, MH, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2004, 'MADS box genes control vernalization-induced flowering in cereals (vol 100, pg 13099, 2003)', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 101, no. 3, pp. 903-903.
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Vodkin, LO, Khanna, A, Shealy, R, Clough, SJ, Gonzalez, DO, Philip, R, Zabala, G, Thibaud-Nissen, F, Sidarous, M, Strömvik, MV, Shoop, E, Schmidt, C, Retzel, E, Erpelding, J, Shoemaker, RC, Rodriguez-Huete, AM, Polacco, JC, Coryell, V, Keim, P, Gong, G, Liu, L, Pardinas, J & Schweitzer, P 2004, 'Microarrays for global expression constructed with a low redundancy set of 27,500 sequenced cDNAs representing an array of developmental stages and physiological conditions of the soybean plant', BMC Genomics, vol. 5, no. 1.
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Background: Microarrays are an important tool with which to examine coordinated gene expression. Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the most economically valuable crop species in the world food supply. In order to accelerate both gene discovery as well as hypothesis-driven research in soybean, global expression resources needed to be developed. The applications of microarray for determining patterns of expression in different tissues or during conditional treatments by dual labeling of the mRNAs are unlimited. In addition, discovery of the molecular basis of traits through examination of naturally occurring variation in hundreds of mutant lines could be enhanced by the construction and use of soybean cDNA microarrays. Results: We report the construction and analysis of a low redundancy 'unigene' set of 27,513 clones that represent a variety of soybean cDNA libraries made from a wide array of source tissue and organ systems, developmental stages, and stress or pathogen-challenged plants. The set was assembled from the 5′ sequence data of the cDNA clones using cluster analysis programs. The selected clones were then physically reracked and sequenced at the 3′ end. In order to increase gene discovery from immature cotyledon libraries that contain abundant mRNAs representing storage protein gene families, we utilized a high density filter normalization approach to preferentially select more weakly expressed cDNAs. All 27,513 cDNA inserts were amplified by polymerase chain reaction. The amplified products, along with some repetitively spotted control or 'choice' clones, were used to produce three 9,728-element microarrays that have been used to examine tissue specific gene expression and global expression in mutant isolines. Conclusions: Global expression studies will be greatly aided by the availability of the sequence-validated and low redundancy cDNA sets described in this report. These cDNAs and ESTs represent a wide array of developmental stages and physiological co...
Vonlaufen, N, Guetg, N, Naguleswaran, A, Muller, N, Bjorkman, C, Schares, G, von Blumroeder, D, Ellis, J & Hemphill, A 2004, 'In vitro induction of Neospora caninum bradyzoites in vero cells reveals differential antigen expression, localization, and host-cell recognition of tachyzoites and bradyzoites', INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 576-583.
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Waclawik, ER, Ford, MJ, Hale, PS, Shapter, JG & Voelcker, NH 2004, 'Liquid-crystal displays: Fabrication and measurement of a twisted nematic liquid-crystal cell', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION, vol. 81, no. 6, pp. 854-858.
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Examples of technologies that utilize the liquid crystalline phase of matter are not difficult to find. The liquid-crystal display is the most common application: twisted nematic liquid-crystal displays are found in digital wristwatches, microwave ovens, mobile phones, and video recorders. Worldwide, sales of flat-screen liquid-crystal displays have been projected to reach $47 billion in 2004 (1). With this in mind, intense efforts by researchers in industry and in academia continue to be made into the synthesis of new liquid-crystal compounds and the characterization of their properties (2). Applications of polymerizable liquid crystals have also been of great interest since the discovery of Kevlar and Nomex by Stephanie Kwolek at Du Pont. The casting of nanostructured and nanocomposite materials such as periodic mesoporous metals and metal alloys from lyotropic liquid crystals is another interesting materials science application of ordered mesophases (3, 4). Despite these advances, undergraduate chemistry students are still unlikely to encounter liquid crystals in the course of their experimental studies (5).
Wallace, BB & Reimers, JR 2004, 'Wavepacket propagation using time-sliced semiclassical initial value methods', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 121, no. 24, pp. 12208-12216.
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Wallace-Kunkel, C, Roux, C, Lennard, C & Stoilovic, M 2004, 'The detection and enhancement of latent fingermarks on porous surfaces - A aurvey', Journal of Forensic Identification, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 687-705.
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The most common reagents for fingerprint development on porous surfaces are ninhydrin and DFO. However, a large number of different reagent formulations are in use in fingerprint laboratories around the world. 1,2-Indanedione is also emerging as a potential reagent for the development of fingermarks on porous surfaces in routine casework. This situation prompted this study in which a survey was undertaken. The aims of the survey were two-fold: 1. Determine the type and frequency of use of fingerprint reagents applied to porous surfaces. 2. Determine the fingerprint community's awareness and experience with 1,2-indanedione. The fingerprint survey was sent to state police laboratories in Australia and New Zealand and to members of major fingerprint research groups and laboratories in the USA, UK, and Europe. Thirty-four responses were received from nine countries. These responses indicated a high degree of variability, in both the testing performed and the reagent formulations employed. Although only thirty-four agencies responded, some valuable insight into the lack of awareness and implementation of 1,2-indanedione is presented.
Walsh, CT, Pease, BC & Booth, DJ 2004, 'Variation in the sex ratio, size and age of longfinned eels within and among coastal catchments of southeastern Australia', JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY, vol. 64, no. 5, pp. 1297-1312.
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Walsh, CT, Pease, BC & Booth, DJ 2004, 'Variation in the sex ratio, size and age of longfinned eels within and among coastal catchments of south‐eastern Australia', Journal of Fish Biology, vol. 64, no. 5, pp. 1297-1312.
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Longfinned eels Anguilla reinhardtii were captured by both fishery‐dependent and independent sampling methods from three rivers in New South Wales, south‐eastern Australia. Sex ratios, catch per unit effort and population age and total length structure were examined in three zones (fresh water and upper and lower tidal) in the Hacking, Hawkesbury and Clarence Rivers. Females were found in relatively high proportions in all zones, ranging from 97% in a freshwater (non‐tidal) site down to 59% in a tidal site. Males were found primarily in tidal zones (only two of the 677 longfinned eels caught in non‐tidal fresh water were males), with the greatest proportions being found in the brackish upper tidal areas. The mean number of fish captured per trap was higher in the fresh water and upper tidal zones than in the lower tidal zones. The mean ± s.e. age, 17·9 ± 0·3 years, and age range, 5–52 years for females were significantly higher than those of males 12·2 ± 0·4 years; range 5–22 years, which is typical of other anguillid species. Longfinned eels captured in fresh water were found be significantly larger and older than those in tidal zones due to the almost exclusive predominance of females.
Walsh, SJ, Ribaux, O, Buckleton, JS, Ross, A & Roux, C 2004, 'DNA Profiling and Criminal Justice: A Contribution to a Changing Debate', Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 34-43.
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Forensic DNA profiling is now a routine feature of the criminal justice system in Australia. Its appliations in this context continue to increase. Technological advancements and the use of DNA databases have facilitated the uptake of biological evidence into criminal investigations. The development of DNA methodology has progressed through discernible phases thay have been paralleled by discussion amongst the legal community. The context of development and the associated debate has changed. It now encompasses broader issues, concerned less specifically with the technology itself and more with the most appropriate means for its use. To contribute more purposefully to this debate and to achieve the most meaningful outcomes from the criminal justice system, we must first understand more holistically the role that DNA evidence plays and the impact that it is capable of. This paper reviews aspects of the forensic and legal contexts of the use of DNA technology in the Justice system. This is a prelude to future research and a justification for the need for such research.
Wang, B, Zheng, XL, Michl, J, Foley, ET, Hersam, MC, Bilic, A, Crossley, MJ, Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2004, 'An azanorbornadiene anchor for molecular-level construction on silicon(100)', NANOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 324-332.
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Wang, GX, Bewlay, SL, Konstantinov, K, Liu, HK, Dou, SX & Ahn, J-H 2004, 'Physical and electrochemical properties of doped lithium iron phosphate electrodes', Electrochimica Acta, vol. 50, no. 2-3, pp. 443-447.
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Wang, J, Wang, GX, Chen, Y, Wang, CY & Liu, HK 2004, 'A novel cureless pure lead oxide plate for valve-regulated lead-acid batteries', Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, vol. 34, no. 11, pp. 1127-1133.
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Wang, MB, Bian, XY, Wu, LM, Liu, LX, Smith, NA, Isenegger, D, Wu, RM, Masuta, C, Vance, VB, Watson, JM, Rezaian, A, Dennis, ES & Waterhouse, PM 2004, 'On the role of RNA silencing in the pathogenicity and evolution of viroids and viral satellites', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 101, no. 9, pp. 3275-3280.
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Webb, JK 2004, 'Pregnancy decreases swimming performance of female northern death adders (Acanthophis praelongus)', COPEIA, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 357-363.
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Reduction in locomotor performance during pregnancy is a potential cost of reproduction for female lizards and snakes. Most previous studies have suggested that reduced locomotor performance is a direct result of carrying a physical burden (the clutch).
Webb, JK, Pringle, RM & Shine, R 2004, 'How do nocturnal snakes select diurnal retreat sites?', COPEIA, vol. 2004, no. 4, pp. 919-925.
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Theoretical and empirical studies of habitat selection suggest that reptiles should use "fixed" structural features (perch diameter, vegetation) or light intensity (sun and shade) to select thermally suitable microhabitats. But how do nocturnal species select thermally suitable diurnal retreat sites at night in the absence of visual cues? To investigate this question, we studied habitat selection by two sympatric nocturnal snakes, the endangered Broad-Headed Snake Hoplocephalus bungaroides and the common Small-Eyed Snake Cryptophis nigrescens. In the field, we investigated whether snakes selected diurnal retreat sites nonrandomly with respect to vegetation structure and rock temperature. In the laboratory, we offered snakes a choice between rocks with different crevice sizes, temperatures, and degree of shading. In the field, rocks used by snakes received significantly higher levels of incident radiation intensity (and therefore had higher temperatures) than random rocks but had similar levels of canopy cover. This apparent paradox reflects differences in the position of canopy gaps relative to the path of the sun, the most important determinant of a rock's diurnal temperature profile. In the laboratory, snakes chose rocks with narrow crevices but did not discriminate between shaded and exposed rocks. Snakes consistently chose hot rocks over cold rocks, even though the nocturnal temperature difference between the two retreat sites was less than 4 C. Our results show that these nocturnal snakes use a fixed structural cue (crevice size) to select potential retreat sites but then use a temporally variable cue (substrate temperature) to choose among potential retreat sites.
Weeks, SW, Sander, GC, Braddock, RD & Matthews, CJ 2004, 'Saturated and Unsaturated Water Flow in Inclined Porous Media', Environmental Modeling & Assessment, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 91-102.
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This paper considers the two-dimensional saturated and unsaturated flow of water through inclined porous media, namely a waste dump or hill slope. Since the partial differential equation governing this water flow transforms from being parabolic to elliptic as the water flow varies from unsaturated to saturated, an iterative, finite differencing scheme is used to develop a numerical solution. The model can be used to investigate the effects that hill slope angle, depth of soil cover and hilltop width have on water accumulation in the dump and the time required for saturation to occur at different areas in the dump domain. The accuracy and reliability of the computer based solution is tested for two different boundary conditions - (1) no flow on all boundaries (i.e., the internal redistribution of soil moisture to steady state) and (2) a constant rainfall flux on the dump surface. Numerical studies then show the effects of changing the hill slope angle, depth of layer, and dump geometry on the flow characteristics in the dump.
Westbury, A, Warne, MS & Lim, RP 2004, 'Toxicity of, and development of predictive models for, substituted phenols to Ceridaphnia cf. dubia and Vibrio fischeri', Australasian Journal for Ecotoxicology, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 33-42.
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Twelve substituted phenols that have a polar narcotic mode of action had their acute toxicity to the freshwater cladoceran Ceriodaphnia cf. dubia and the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri determined. The 48-h EC50 (immobilisation) values of the chemicals to C. cf. dubia ranged from 6.13 to 183 Êmol/L while the 30-min EC50 (luminescence) values of the chemicals to V. fischeri ranged from 1.39 to 1031 Êmol/L. Seventy-five percent of the chemicals were classed as having moderate toxicity of to C. cf. dubia while 25 percent had below toxicityf. For V. fischeri the percentage of chemicals classified as having high moderate and below toxicity was approximately 17%, 33% and 50% respectively. Quantitative activity-activity relationships (QAARs) that could predict the toxicity of chemicals with a polar narcotic mode of action to C. cf. dubia were developed by regressing the toxicity data for polar narcotic chemicals to C. cf. dubia with that of eight non-Australasian species. Those QAARs based on the toxicity data for Tetrahymena pyriformis, Chlorella vulgaris, Poecilia reticulata and Daphnia magna were of high quality (r2 . 0.9). Only the QAARs for T. pyriformis, C. vulgaris and D. magna had sufficient data to test their validity. This revealed that the absolute percentage difference between experimentally derived EC50 values and those predicted by these QAARs were between 13 and 120%. These QAARs provide an easy, cost-effective means of estimating toxicity values for polar narcotic chemicals to C. cf. dubia.
Whitchurch, CB, Leech, AJ, Young, MD, Kennedy, D, Sargent, JL, Bertrand, JJ, Semmler, ABT, Mellick, AS, Martin, PR, Alm, RA, Hobbs, M, Beatson, SA, Huang, B, Nguyen, L, Commolli, JC, Engel, JN, Darzins, A & Mattick, JS 2004, 'Characterization of a complex chemosensory signal transduction system which controls twitching motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa', Molecular Microbiology, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 873-893.
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Virulence of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa involves the coordinate expression of a wide range of virulence factors including type IV pili which are required for colonization of host tissues and are associated with a form of surface translocation termed twitching motility. Twitching motility in P. aeruginosa is controlled by a complex signal transduction pathway which shares many modules in common with chemosensory systems controlling flagella rotation in bacteria and which is composed, in part, of the previously described proteins PilG, PilH, Pill, PilJ and PilK. Here we describe another three components of this pathway: ChpA, ChpB and ChpC, as well as two downstream genes, ChpD and ChpE, which may also be involved. The central component of the pathway, ChpA, possesses nine potential sites of phosphorylation: six histidine-containing phosphotransfer (HPt) domains, two novel serine- and threonine-containing phosphotransfer (SPt, TPt) domains and a CheY-like receiver domain at its C-terminus, and as such represents one of the most complex signalling proteins yet described in nature. We show that the Chp chemosensory system controls twitching motillty and type IV pill biogenesis through control of pili assembly and/or retraction as well as expression of the pilin subunit gene pilA. The Chp system is also required for full virulence in a mouse model of acute pneumonia.
White, TP, Botten, LC, de Sterke, CM, McPhedran, RC, Asatryan, AA & Langtry, TN 2004, 'Bloch mode scattering matrix methods for modeling extended photonic crystal structures. II. Applications', PHYSICAL REVIEW E, vol. 70, no. 5, pp. 1-10.
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The Bloch mode scattering matrix method is applied to several photonic crystal waveguide structures and devices, including waveguide dislocations, a Fabry-Perot resonator, a folded directional coupler, and a Y-junction design. The method is an efficient tool for calcuating the properties of extended photonic crystal (PC) devices, in particular whenthe device consists of a small number of distict photonic crystal structures, or for long propagation lengths through uniform PC waveguides. The physical insight provided by the method i sused to derive simple, semianalytic models that allow fast and efficient calculations of complex photonic crystal structures. We discuss the situations in which such simplifications can be made and provide examples.
White, TP, Botten, LC, de Sterke, CM, McPhedran, RC, Asatryan, AA & Langtry, TN 2004, 'Bloch mode scattering matrix methods for modeling extended photonic crystal structures. II. Applications.', Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys, vol. 70, no. 5 Pt 2, p. 056607.
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The Bloch mode scattering matrix method is applied to several photonic crystal waveguide structures and devices, including waveguide dislocations, a Fabry-Pérot resonator, a folded directional coupler, and a Y-junction design. The method is an efficient tool for calculating the properties of extended photonic crystal (PC) devices, in particular when the device consists of a small number of distinct photonic crystal structures, or for long propagation lengths through uniform PC waveguides. The physical insight provided by the method is used to derive simple, semianalytic models that allow fast and efficient calculations of complex photonic crystal structures. We discuss the situations in which such simplifications can be made and provide examples.
White, TP, de Sterke, CM, McPhedran, RC, Huang, T & Botten, LC 2004, 'Recirculation-enhanced switching in photonic crystal Mach-Zehnder interferometers', OPTICS EXPRESS, vol. 12, no. 13, pp. 3035-3045.
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We show that Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) formed from waveguides in a perfectly reflecting cladding can display manifestly different transmission characteristics to conventional MZIs due to mode recirculation and resonant reflection. Understanding and exploiting this behavior, rather than avoiding it, may lead to improved performance of photonic crystal (PC) based MZIs, for which cladding radiation is forbidden for frequencies within a photonic bandgap. Mode recirculation in such devices can result in a significantly sharper switching response than in conventional interferometers. A simple and accurate analytic model is presented and we propose specific PC structures with both high and low refractive index backgrounds that display these properties.
Williams, DBG & Blann, K 2004, 'Highly Functionalised Cyclobutanols by Samarium(II) Iodide Induced Radical Cyclisations of Carbohydrate‐Derived Unsaturated Ketones', European Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol. 2004, no. 15, pp. 3286-3291.
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AbstractCertain carbohydrates have been found to be excellent precursors for the samarium diiodide‐mediated 4‐exo‐trig cyclisation reaction of their keto‐olefin derivatives, which were readily prepared in a few easy steps. The cyclisation was found to be stereoselective, affording cis products, the diastereoselective excesses of which were influenced by the nature of the protecting group employed at C5−O of the furanose sugar. The major chiral cyclobutane product of the cyclisation step was converted into an advanced intermediate for the synthesis of a nucleoside anti‐viral analogue. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Williams, DBG & Evans, SJ 2004, 'Use of palladium-mediated allylic substitution reactions in the synthesis of 2,5-disubstituted-2,5-dihydrofurans', Tetrahedron Letters, vol. 45, no. 39, pp. 7189-7192.
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Williams, DF, Howlett, CR, Milthorpe, B & O'Donnell, MM 2004, 'Special Issue - Focus on biomaterials science in Australia', BIOMATERIALS, vol. 25, no. 20, pp. 4859-4859.
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Winn, AJ, Derby, B, Webster, JRP & Holt, S 2004, 'In SituCharacterization of Interfaces between Liquid Tin-Vanadium Alloys and Alumina by Neutron Reflection Spectroscopy', Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 279-285.
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Witcombe, DM, Ferguson, DJP, Belli, SI, Wallach, MG & Smith, NC 2004, 'Eimeria maxima TRAP family protein EmTFP250: subcellular localisation and induction of immune responses by immunisation with a recombinant C-terminal derivative', International Journal for Parasitology, vol. 34, no. 7, pp. 861-872.
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Wood, BR, Langford, SJ, Cooke, BM, Lim, J, Glenister, FK, Duriska, M, Unthank, JK & McNaughton, D 2004, 'Resonance Raman Spectroscopy Reveals New Insight into the Electronic Structure of β-Hematin and Malaria Pigment', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 126, no. 30, pp. 9233-9239.
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Wright, RJ, Finn, P, Contreras, JP, Cohen, S, Wright, RO, Staudenmayer, J, Wand, M, Perkins, D, Weiss, ST & Gold, DR 2004, 'Chronic caregiver stress and IgE expression, allergen-induced proliferation, and cytokine profiles in a birth cohort predisposed to atopy', Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 113, no. 6, pp. 1051-1057.
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Wu, QH, De Silva, L, Arnold, M, Hodgkinson, IJ & Takeuchi, E 2004, 'All-silicon polarizing filters for near-infrared wavelengths', JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 95, no. 1, pp. 402-404.
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We discuss the design and fabrication of optical filters that are transparent to a preferred linear polarization, but are partially or substantially reflective to the orthogonal linear polarization. The filters are fabricated by depositing thin films of form-birefringent silicon onto silicon wafers using the serial bideposition method. Characteristic curves that are presented for the in-plane principal refractive indices np and ns of the porous films as functions of vapor impingement angle facilitate critical aspects of the filter design. These include matching of a p principal index and an s principal index for films deposited at different angles, and realization of p and s principal indices that satisfy the antireflection condition for the silicon substrate in air.
Xia, L & Leslie, LM 2004, 'A GIS framework for Traffic Emission Information System', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 87, no. 1-3, pp. 153-160.
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Xu, XD, Stevens, M & Cortie, MB 2004, 'In situ precipitation of gold nanoparticles onto glass for potential architectural applications', CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS, vol. 16, no. 11, pp. 2259-2266.
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The optical properties of in situ depositied gold nanoparticle coatings are investigated for potential application in architectural glass. It is found that the optical properties of the coating canbe controlled by the pH of the deposition solution. At a pH of 5.1, the color of the coatings develops from pink, through violet, to blue in transmission. This is due to a plasmon resonance peak at 520 nm from isolated particles, and one at about 700nm due to near-field dipole interactions, with an intermediate zone of the coexistence of the two, which produces the violet color. HOwever, the two peaks do not coexist in the spectra of coatings produced at pH 8.0 or 10.0, with the peak due to the 520nm resonance being swamped by the development of the resonance due to particle-particle interactions. In all cases the 700 nm peak could be broadened and red-shifted by increasing the deposition time. The reasons for these differences are explored and are shown to be attributable to the smalle, more aggregated morphology of nanoparticles precipitated at the higher pHs. The wavelength of maximum plasmon resonance is examined as a function of the volume fraction of nanoparticles. Significant deviations from the wellpknown Genzel-Martin analytical model are observed. The reasons for deviation of themodel are discussed. FInally, it is shown how coatings that are blue or blue-gray in transmission canve obtained by exploiting this deviation. Such coatings may be more suitable for architectural application than the conventional pink-hued coatings obtained with aolloidal gold nanoparticles.
Zeppel, MJB, Murray, BR, Barton, C & Eamus, D 2004, 'Seasonal responses of xylem sap velocity to VPD and solar radiation during drought in a stand of native trees in temperate Australia', Functional Plant Biology, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 461-470.
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Xylem sap velocity of two dominant tree species, Eucalyptus crebra F. Muell. and Callitris glaucophylla J. Thompson & L.A.S. Johnson, in a native remnant forest of eastern Australia was measured in winter and summer during a prolonged (> 12 months) and extensive drought. The influence of vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and solar radiation levels on the velocity of sap was determined. Pronounced hysteresis in sap velocity was observed in both species as a function of VPD and solar radiation. However, the rotation of the hysteresis curve was clockwise for the response of sap velocity to VPD but anti-clockwise in the response of sap velocity to radiation levels. A possible reason for this difference is discussed. The degree of hysteresis (area bounded by the curve) was larger for the VPD response than the response to solar radiation and also varied with season. A simple linear model was able to predict sap velocity from knowledge of VPD and solar radiation in winter and summer. The consistent presence of hysteresis in the response to sap velocity to VPD and solar radiation suggests that large temporal and spatial models of vegetation water use may require some provision for the different responses of sap velocity, and hence water use, to VPD and solar radiation, between morning and afternoon and between seasons.
Zheng, Q, Milthorpe, BK & Jones, AS 2004, 'Direct neural network application for automated cell recognition', CYTOMETRY PART A, vol. 57A, no. 1, pp. 1-9.
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Background Automated cell recognition from histologic images is a very complex task. Traditionally, the image is segmented by some methods chosen to suit the image type, the objects are measured, and then a classifier is used to determine cell type from the object's measurements. Different classifiers have been used with reasonable success, including neural networks working with data from morphometric analysis. Methods Image data of cells were input directly into neural networks to determine the feasibility of direct classification by using pixel intensity information. Several types of neural network and their ability to work with cells in a complex patterned background were assessed for a variety of images and cell types and for the accuracy of classification. Results Inflammatory cells from animal biomaterial implants in rabbit paravertebral muscle were imaged in histologic sections. Simple, three-layer, fully connected, back-propagation neural networks and four-layer networks with two layers of a shared-weights neural network were most successful at classifying the cells from the images, with 97% and 98% correct recognition rates, respectively. Conclusions The high accuracy recognition rate shows the potential for direct classification of visual image pixel data by neural networks.
Zhu, H, Bandara, R, Conibear, TCR, Thuruthyil, SJ, Rice, SA, Kjelleberg, S, Givskov, M & Willcox, MDP 2004, 'Pseudomonas aeruginosawithLasIQuorum-Sensing Deficiency during Corneal Infection', Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 1897-1897.
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Zhu, QH, Ramm, K, Shivakkumar, R, Dennis, ES & Upadhyaya, NM 2004, 'The ANTHER INDEHISCENCE1 gene encoding a single MYB domain protein is involved in anther development in rice', PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 135, no. 3, pp. 1514-1525.
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Asatryan, AA, Botten, LC, McPhedran, RC, De Sterke, CM, Langtry, T & Nicorovici, NA 1970, 'Conductance of photons and anderson localization of light', OSA Trends in Optics and Photonics Series, pp. 989-990.
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The conductance properties of photons in disordered two-dimensional photonic crystals is calculated using exact multipole expansions technique. The Landauer's two-terminal formula is used to calculate the average of the conductance, its variance and the probability density distribution. © 2003 Optical Society of America.
Asatryan, AA, Botten, LC, McPhedran, RC, de, SCM, Langtry, T & Nicorovici, NA 1970, 'Conductance of photons and Anderson localization of light', Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/International Quantum Electronics Conference and Photonic Applications Systems Technologies, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/International Quantum Electronics Conference and Photonic Applications Systems Technologies, Optical Society of America, San Francisco, USA, pp. 860-861.
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Conductance properties of photons in disordered two-dimensional photonic crystals is calculated using exact multipole expansions technique. The Landauers two-terminal formula is used to calculate average of the conductance, its variance and the probability density distribution.
Belli, SI, Ferguson, DJ, Luxford, C, Davies, MJ, Wallach, M, Finger, A & Smith, NC 1970, 'The molecular basis of the poultry coccidiosis vaccine, Coxabic', Proceedings of the 53rd Western Poultry Disease Conference, Proceedings of the 53rd Western Poultry Disease Conference, pp. 68-70.
Ben-Nissan, B 1970, 'Nanobioceramics', Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Nanotechnology Forum 2003, Oz Nano 03, World Scientific, Cairns, Australia, pp. 139-142.
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Recent advances in the fundmental understanding of cell and molecular biology, tissue engineering, targeted drug delievry, would healing and other biomedical processes, together with the development of new enabling technologies such as micro, nanoscale, and bio-inspired fabrication and surface modification methods, have the potential to drive the design and development of new biomateirlas useful for medical applications at an unprecedented rate. The current focus is ont he production of new nanobioceramics relevant to a broad range of applications such as implantable surface modified devices for better hard and soft tissue attachment, increased bioactivity, tissue regeneration and engineering, cancer treatment, drug delivery and gene therapies, treatment of bacterial and viral infections, delievery of oxygen to damaged tissues, imaging, materials fr minimally invasive surgery and most promising of all nanorobotics, nanobiosensors and nanodevices for wide range of biomedical applications.
Ben-Nissan, B, Milev, A, Vago, R, Conway, M & Diwan, A 1970, 'Sol-Gel Derived Nano-Coated Coralline Hydroxyapatite for Load Bearing Applications', Key Engineering Materials, International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine, Trans Tech Publications, Ltd., Portugal, pp. 301-304.
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Current bone graft materials are mainly produced from coralline hydroxyapatite (HAp). Due to the nature of conversion process, commercial coralline HAp has retained coral or CaCO3 and the structure possesses nanopores within the inter pore trabeculae resulting in high dissolution rates. Under certain conditions these features reduce durability and strength respectively and are not utilised where high structural strength is required. To overcome these limitations, a new-patented coral double-conversion technique has been developed. The current technique involves two-stage application route where in the first stage complete conversion of coral to pure HAp is achieved. In the second stage a sol-gel derived HAp nanocoating is directly applied to cover the micro and nano-pores within the intra pore material, whilst maintaining the large pores. Biaxial strength was improved due to this unique double treatment. This application is expected to result in enhanced durability and longevity due to monophasic hydroxyapatite structure and strength in the physiological environment. It is anticipated that this new material can be applied to load bearing bone graft applications where high strength requirements are pertinent.
Berry, K, Ferguson, J, Cobbin, DM, Zaslawski, CJ, Walsh, SP & Meier, PC 1970, 'Acupuncture: Panacea or Placebo? An examination of the effectiveness of acupuncture as an adjunct to existing alcohol and other drug (AOD) programs', 15th International Conference on the Reduction of Drug Related Harm.
Berry, K, Ferguson, J, Cobbin, DM, Zaslawski, CJ, Walsh, SP & Meier, PC 1970, 'An Examination of the Effectiveness of Acupuncture as an adjunct to existing alcohol and other drug treatment programs', WFAS World Conference on Acupuncture.
Berry, K, Ferguson, J, Cobbin, DM, Zaslawski, CJ, Walsh, SP & Meier, PC 1970, 'An Examination of the effectiveness of acupuncture as an adjunct to existing alcohol and other drug treatment programs', UTS Royal Norht Shore Hospital 21st Annual Scientific Research Conference.
Botten, LC, Asatryan, AA, White, TP, McPhedran, RC, De Sterke, CM & Langtry, TN 1970, 'Modelling of extended photonic crystal devices using scattering matrix techniques', PIERS 2004 - Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium, Extended Papers Proceedings, pp. 13-16.
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A rigorous semi-analytic approach to the modelling of coupling, guiding and propagation in complex microstructures embedded in photonic crystals is presented. The method, based on Bloch modes and generalized Fresnel coefficients, is outlined and a variety of applications of the design tool are presented.
Botten, LC, de, SCM, Asatryan, AA, White, TP & McPhedran, RC 1970, 'Symmetry of modes in coupled photonic crystal waveguides', ACOFT/AOS '04, ACOFT, Austrlian National University, Canberra, Australia, pp. 1-3.
Chiarella, C, Schlogl, E & Sklibosios Nikitopoulos, C 1970, 'A Markovian Defaultable Term Structure Model with State Dependent Volatilities', CREDIT 2003 Conference on Dependence Modelling for Credit Portfolios, --, Venice, Italy.
Choi, AH, Conway, RC & Ben-Nissan, B 1970, 'Finite Element Analysis of Ceramic Dental Implants Incorporated into the Human Mandible', Key Engineering Materials, International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine, Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Portugal, pp. 707-710.
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Three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) was used to evaluate the influence of the design of dental implants on distortion and stresses (the maximum and minimum principal, and Von Mises) acting in the dental implant and the surrounding osseous structures during clenching. The model geometry was derived from physical measurements taken of an average size human mandible. Implants of various lengths and root configurations were embedded into the first molar region of the right mandible. Four dental implant materials have been selected for this analysis: Titanium-aluminum-vanadium (Ti-6Al-4V), cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (Co-Cr-Mo), alumina, and zirconia. All of the materials used in this analysis were idealized as homogeneous, isotropic and linear elastic. The complete model 3D-model was completed using STRAND7 and consists of 700 solid elements and 3738 nodes. The results indicated that the stresses acting in the implants are determined by several factors such as implant length, root configurations, and the implant material.
Choi, AH, Conway, RC & Ben-Nissan, B 1970, 'Three-dimensional finite element analysis of the human mandible: Stress and distortions within ceramic and metal dental implants', Transactions - 7th World Biomaterials Congress, p. 821.
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The influence of implant length and rot configuration on the distribution of stress and distortion acting in the dental implants during clenching was investigated by using three-dimensional finite element analysis. A dry human mandible was used to define the geometry of the model. The mandible was cast in a polyester resin and cross-sectioned into 28 sections. The distribution of displacements around the dental implants was slightly higher with the 12 mm implants. The results show that compressive stress acting on the 8 and 12 mm implants increases as the root taper angle increases.
Christensen, M & Platen, E 1970, 'A General Benchmark Model for Stochastic Jump Sizes', CMA National Research Symposium on Levy Process Theory and its Applications in Finance, -, Canberra, Australia.
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This paper extends the benchmark framework of Platen (2002) by introducing a sequence of incomplete markets, having uncertainty driven by a Wiener process and a marked point process. By
introducing an idealized market, in which all relevant economical variables are observed, but may not all be traded, a generalized growth optimal portfolio (GOP) is obtained and calculated explicitly.
The problem of determining the GOP is solved in a general setting which extends existing treatments and provides a clear link to the market prices of risk. The connection between traded securities,
arbitrage and market incompleteness is analyzed. This provides a framework for analyzing the degree of incompleteness associated with jump processes, a problem well-known from insurance and credit risk
modeling. By staying under the empirical measure, the resulting benchmark model has potential advantages for various applications in finance and insurance.
Combes, V & Grau, GE 1970, '['Molecular approaches to malaria' (MAM 2004) Lorne-Victoria, Australia, February 1-5, 2004].', Med Trop (Mars), France, pp. 401-404.
Cook, L 1970, 'Discussion on the Meeting on ‘The 2001 Census and Beyond’', Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A: Statistics in Society, Oxford University Press (OUP), pp. 229-248.
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Cortie, M, Holliday, R, Laguna, A, Nieuwenhuys, B & Thompson, D 1970, 'NEWS BREIF', Applied Catalysis A: General, Elsevier BV, pp. N1-N11.
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A report on "Gold2003: Highlights of this International Conference on the Science, Technology, and Industrial Applications of Gold" held on 9/28/2003-10/1/2003 in Vancouver, Canada, introducing the four principal themes of the conference, i.e., gold catalysis, chemistry, materials, and nanotechnology, covers papers on commercial aspects of gold applications, including fuel cell systems, pollution and emission control, chemical processing, and development of new coatings; gold as a novel catalyst in the 21st century, including applications in pollutant emission control, production of hydrogen for energy applications, e.g., fuel cells, and conversion of propylene to propylene oxide; gold as an active catalyst in CO oxidation, selective hydrogenation of acrolein to allyl alcohol and of crotonaldehyde to crotyl alcohol; photocatalytic hydrogen production from methanol; NH3 oxidation; and development of fuel systems, including use of gold in the generation and purification of hydrogen as well as in the fuel cell itself, with potential applications on generators, cars and buses, industrial vehicles, and small portable power suppliers.
Cortie, MB, Van Der Lingen, E & Patrick, G 1970, 'Catalysis and capacitance on nano-structured gold particles and sponges', Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Nanotechnology Forum 2003, Asia Pacific Nanotechnology Forum, World Scientific, Cairns, Australia, pp. 79-82.
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In the present paper we descrbe the catalytic properties and electrolytic double-layer capacitance of nano-structured, mesoporous gold sponges. These materials are effective catalysts for CO oxidation and for the selective catalytic conversion of NOx. The possible application of mesoporous gold in electric double layer capacitors is premised on its high durface area, corrosion resistance and excellent electrical conductivity. The niche, if any exists, would be in high-efficiency, and high-power density ultra-capacitors for top-end consumer appliances
Darling, AE, Mau, B, Craven, M & Perna, NT 1970, 'Multiple alignment of rearranged genomes', Proceedings. 2004 IEEE Computational Systems Bioinformatics Conference, 2004. CSB 2004., Proceedings. 2004 IEEE Computational Systems Bioinformatics Conference, 2004. CSB 2004., IEEE, Stanford, CA, pp. 738-739.
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The nature of large-scale evolutionary processes that shape genomes over time fundamentally differs from the forces governing local evolution within individual genes. Large-scale events such as horizontal transfer, genome re-arrangements, gene duplicatio
De Sterke, CM, White, TP, McPhedran, RC, Asatryan, AA & Botten, LC 1970, 'Modal symmetry for coupled photonic crystal waveguides', OSA Trends in Optics and Photonics Series, pp. 847-848.
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The symmetry properties of the modes of coupled waveguides in two-dimensional photonic crystals are investigated. We find that, in contrast to conventional waveguides, the fundamental mode can be either even or odd. © 2003 Optical Society of America.
Deller, CA, Smith, GB & Franklin, JB 1970, 'Uniform white light distribution with low loss from coloured LEDs using polymer doped polymer mixing rods', Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, SPIE Annual Meeting: Optical Systems Engineering, SPIE, Denver, USA, pp. 231-240.
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Colour mixing of red, green and blue (RGB) LEDs is demonstrated for a 6 cm long PMMA cylindrical rod with a transparent refractive index matched micro particle (TRIMM) diffuser sheet at the output end. Ray tracing simulations have been performed, and the output light distributions, transmittances and losses modelled and compared with experiment. Photographed and modelled colour mixing results are presented for rods with and without TRIMM sheet mixers. The TRIMM particles homogenize the light output of plain PMMA rods to form white light, with negligible backscattering. A simple method for measuring the concentration of the particles in the diffuser sheet is described, and computer modeling and analysis of TRIMM particle systems is discussed.
Didan, K, Huete, A & ieee 1970, 'Analysis of the global vegetation dynamic metrics using MODIS vegetation index and land cover products', IGARSS 2004: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-7, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IEEE, Anchorage, AK, pp. 2058-2061.
Ferreira, LG, Ferreira, ME, Ferreira, NC, Sano, EE, de Jesus, ET, Huete, AR & ieee 1970, 'Evaluation of MODIS vegetation indices and change thresholds for the monitoring of the Brazilian Cerrado', IGARSS 2004: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-7, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IEEE, Anchorage, AK, pp. 4340-4343.
Forbes, SL, Stuart, BH & Dent, BB 1970, 'Detection of adipocere in grave soils using GCMS', Forensic Analysis 2004, Forensic Analysis 2004, Lincoln.
Freude, W, Poulton, C, Koos, C, Brosi, J, Glockler, F, Jin Wang, Chakam, G-A & Fujii, M 1970, 'Design and fabrication of nanophotonic devices', Proceedings of 2004 6th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (IEEE Cat. No.04EX804), 2004 6th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks, IEEE, Wroclaw, POLAND, pp. 4-9.
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Friolo, KH, Ray, AS, Stuart, BH & Thomas, P 1970, 'Degradation of historic sandstone buildings of Sydney', Proceedings of the 7th Australasian Masonry Conference, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, pp. 420-427.
Friolo, KH, Ray, AS, Stuart, BH & Thomas, P 1970, 'Thermal analysis of yellow block sandstones in Sydney's heritage buildings', 13th International Congress on Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry Book of Abstracts, 13th International Congress on Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Sardinia.
Frishling, V & Schlogl, E 1970, 'Credit derivatives pricing models: Overview and firm value models', Sydney financial mathematics workshop, Sydney Financial Mathematics Workshop, -, Sydney, Australia.
Gelhausen, O, Malguth, E, Phillips, M, Goldys, EM, Strassburg, M, Hoffmann, AV, Graf, T, Gjukic, M & Stutzmann, M 1970, 'Optical Properties of Mn -doped GaN', Proceedings MRS Fall Meeting, Materials Research Society, Materials Research Society, Materials Research Society, Boston, MA, USA, pp. 569-574.
Godlewski, M, Wojtowicz, T, Goldys, EM, Phillips, MR, Czernecki, R, Prystawko, P, Leszczynski, M, Perlin, P, Grzegory, I, Porowski, S, Böttcher, T, Figge, S & Hommel, D 1970, 'In-depth and in-plane profiling of light emission properties from semiconductor-based heterostructures', Opto-Electronics Review, 4th International Conference on Solid State Crystals/7th Polish Conference on Crystal Growth, POLISH ACAD SCIENCES, Zakopane Koscielisko, POLAND, pp. 353-359.
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Cathodoluminescence (CL) technique is applied for evaluation of in-depth and in-plane variations of light emission from semiconductor heterostructures, including laser diode structures. Light emission properties of heteroepitaxial and homoepitaxial structures are studied. We demonstrate possibility of in-depth profiling of complicated multi quantum well structures, which allows us to evaluate light emission characteristics from different regions of, e.g., laser structures. Due to this property of the CL, we can evaluate interconnections between structural quality of the samples and light emission characteristics. Stimulated emission under electron beam pumping is achieved in a conventional CL set up for selected heterostructures. Threshold currents for stimulated emission are evaluated from the CL investigations. We demonstrate that potential fluctuations are not fully screened in the active regions of laser structures, even at large excitation densities.
Heath, DP & Platen, E 1970, 'Local volatility function models under a benchmark approach.', Daiwa International Workshop on Financial Engineering, Daiwa International Workshop on Financial Engineering, DAIWA, Tokyo/ Kyoto, Japan.
Hodgkinson, IJ, De Silva, L, Murray, P, Wu, QH, Arnold, M & Leader, JP 1970, 'Modeling optical reflectance from chiral micro-mirrors embedded in Manuka beetles', NANOMODELING, Nanomodeling, SPIE, Denver, USA, pp. 15-23.
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Hodgkinson, IJ, Wu, QH, Arnold, M & De Silva, L 1970, 'Biaxial thin-film coated-plate polarizing beam splitters for use at 45-degrees', Optical Interference Coatings, Optical Interference Coatings, OSA.
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Hodgkinson, IJ, Wu, QH, De Silva, L & Arnold, M 1970, 'Threaded-chiral media: reflectors for elliptically polarized light', COMPLEX MEDIUMS V: LIGHT AND COMPLEXITY, Complex Mediums V: Light and Complexity, SPIE, Denver, USA, pp. 47-56.
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Holt, SA, Edler, KJ & Fernandez-Martin, C 1970, 'Formation of surfactant–silica mesophase films at a silica interface', SURFACE AND COLLOID SCIENCE, 11th International Conference on Surface and Colloid Science, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Iguassu Falls, BRAZIL, pp. 169-174.
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Huete, A, Didan, K & ieee 1970, 'MODIS seasonal and inter-annual responses of semiarid ecosystems to drought in the southwest USA', IGARSS 2004: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-7, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IEEE, Anchorage, AK, pp. 1538-1541.
Ip, K, Ray, AS, Stuart, BH & Thomas, P 1970, 'Degradation of historic sandstone buildings of Sydney', Proceedings of the 7th Australasian Masonry Conference, Australian Masonary Conference, University of Newcastle, Australia, pp. 420-427.
Johnston, MB, Dowd, A, Driver, R, Linfield, EH, Davies, AG & Whittaker, DM 1970, 'Emission of collimated THz pulses from photo-excited semiconductors', Semiconductor Science and Technology.
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It is shown experimentally that surface-field terahertz (THz) emitters can produce well-collimated beams of THz radiation, making them useful devices for time-domain spectroscopy applications. Simulations of the carrier-dynamics are used to explain the mechanism of THz generation in InAs and GaAs, and it is shown that inter-valley scattering of electrons must be considered in order to fully describe THz emission from InAs.
Jones, A, Gladstone, W & Hacking, N 1970, 'Sandy-Beach Ecosystems and Climate Change: Potential Ecological Consequences and Management Implications', Proceedings of Coast to Coast 2004, Department of Primary Industries Water and Environment, Hobart.
Kazakov, V, Schlogl, E & Schlogl, L 1970, 'Gram-charlier expansions, edgeworth expansions and multivariate distributions implied by options prices.', 3rd National symposium on financial mathematics, 3rd National symposium on financial mathematics, -, Melbourne, Australia.
Kelly, L, Platen, E & Sorensen, M 1970, 'Estimation for discretely observed diffusions using transform functions.', National symposium on probability and its applications, National Symposium on Probability and its Applications, -, Canberra, Australia.
Knowles, WR, Thiel, BL, Toth, M, Schroemges, RPM, Scholtz, JJ, van Veen, G, Elders, M & Donald, AM 1970, 'Design of a Two-Stage Gas Amplification Secondary Electron Detector for Imaging Insulating Samples at the sub-1 nm Scale', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), pp. 1060-1061.
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Kuritsyn, D, Kozanecki, A, Przybylińska, H & Jantsch, W 1970, 'Energy transfer to Er 3+ ions in silicon‐rich‐silicon oxide: efficiency limitations', physica status solidi (c), Wiley, pp. 229-232.
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Zinc oxide nano-particles (25 nm) have been investigated by cathodoluminescence spectroscopy (300 nm-1700 nm) at 80 K and 300 K following thermal annealing in high purity H2/N2, N2, O2 and Ar gaseous atmospheres. The intensity of the ZnO near band edge peak was significantly increased after heat treatment in hydrogen. Conversely, thermal annealing in the other gas types decreased this emission. This effect is attributed to hydrogen passivation of competitive non-radiative defect centers, most likely bulk zinc vacancy centers. The appearance of a strong green emission centered at 2.4 eV following thermal annealing in all gas atmospheres is ascribed to the formation of bulk oxygen vacancy defects. A strong red shift of the near band edge emission with increasing beam current at 300 K is accredited to electron beam heating rather than to an increase in the carrier density. Electron beam heating is evidenced by the occurrence of a strong black body emission in the near infrared spectral region. © 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Langtry, T, Botten, LC, Asatryan, AA, Byrne, MA & Bourgeois, A 1970, 'Localisation and disorder in the design of 2D photonic crystal devices', ANZIAM Journal - 11th Biennial Computational Techniques and Applications Conference: CTAC-2003, Computational Techniques and Applications Conference, Cambridge University Press, Sydney, Australia, pp. 744-758.
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Photonic crystals are meta-materials that can inhibit the propagation of light in all directions for specific wavelength ranges. Material or structural defects can be introduced into the crystal to cause localised modes, providing the ability to mould the flow of light on the wavelength scale and allowing the development of miniaturised, integrated photonic devices. For this reason, photonic crystals will likely be key building blocks for future micro-optical and communication technology. In this paper, we examine the Bloch mode modelling of 2D photonic crystal structures with application to the analysis of photonic crystal waveguides and their susceptibility to disorder, which provides a framework for studying fabrication tolerances in realistic devices.
Liberati, NB & Platen, E 1970, 'On the efficiency of simplified weak Taylor schemes for Monte Carlo simulation in finance', Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), International Conference on Computational Science, Springer-Verlag, Wroclaw, Poland, pp. 771-778.
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The purpose of this paper is to study the efficiency of simplified weak schemes for stochastic differential equations. We present a numerical comparison between weak Taylor schemes and their simplified versions. In the simplified schemes discrete random variables, instead of Gaussian ones, are generated to approximate multiple stochastic integrals. We show that an implementation of simplified schemes based on random bits generators significantly increases the computational speed. The efficiency of the proposed schemes is demonstrated. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004.
Linton, OB, Mammen, E, Lin, X & Carroll, RJ 1970, 'Correlation and Marginal Longitudinal Kernel Nonparametric Regression', PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND SEATTLE SYMPOSIUM IN BIOSTATISTICS, 2nd Seattle Symposium in Biostatistics - Analysis of Correlated Data, Springer New York, Seattle, WA, pp. 23-33.
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Lott, D, Solina, D, Almokhtar, M, Mibu, K, Schmidt, W & Schreyer, A 1970, 'Modifications of the spin density wave of Cr in Fe/Cr multilayers by insertion of Sn studied by neutron diffraction', Physica B: Condensed Matter, Elsevier BV, pp. E245-E248.
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Recently, the magnetic properties of chromium in Fe/Cr multilayers were studied with Mössbauer spectroscopy by inserting a tin monolayer in the chromium. Complementary neutron-diffraction studies on Fe/Cr(t) and Fe/Cr(t/2)/ Sn(2 Å)/Cr(t/2) multilayers with t = 80 and 160 Å are presented here. The Fe/Cr multilayers behave as previously observed, however the samples with tin deviate from these trends. These deviations are more prominent in the Fe/Cr/ Sn/Cr multilayer with t= 80 Å. Instead of an incommensurate to commensurate spin-density-wave (SDW) transition with increasing temperature (T) as seen without tin, a dominant commensurate component is observed at low T transforming to an incommensurate phase at higher T. The general SDW behaviour of chromium in Fe/Cr multilayers seems to be changed significantly by the insertion of Sn, allowing the tailoring of magnetic properties of Fe/Cr systems in a new way. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Maclurcan, D, Ford, M, Cortie, MB & Ghosh, D 1970, 'Medical Nanotechnology and Developing Nations', Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Nanotechnology Forum 2003, Oz Nano, World Scientific Publishing Co, Cairns, Australia, pp. 165-172.
Meier, PC 1970, 'Integrating Complementary Medicine', UTS Royal North Shore Hosptial Science Conference.
Meier, PC, Rogers, C & Cobbin, DM 1970, 'Reporting TCM Morbidity', WFAS World Conference on Acupuncture, Gold Coast.
Milev, AS, Kannangara, GK, Ben-Nissan, B & Wilson, MA 1970, 'Template directed synthesis of nanosized bone-like apatite', Oz Nano 03 Proceeding of the Aisa Pacific Nanotechnology FOrum 2003, Oz Nano, World Scientific, Cairns, Australia, pp. 87-92.
Mitchell, RA, Nguyen, HT, Thornton, BS, Hung, WT, Lee, W & Rickard, M 1970, 'Mammogram object detection using dendronic image analysis', Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings, Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, San Francisco, USA, pp. 1763-1765.
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Breast cancer can be treated with better patient outcomes and significantly lower costs if detected early. Using the spatial dendronic structure, image masks can be obtained, showing regions in the mammogram image corresponding to the breast and lead marker. The technique is robust to noise and placement of the breast within the image. The technique not only reduces the size of the region to be analysed, but also provides the dendronic structure of the breast in which stealth-like masses can be found more easily.
Mokkapati, S, Lever, P, Tan, HH, Jagadish, C, McBean, KE & Phillips, MR 1970, 'Selective Area Epitaxy of InGaAs Quantum Dots for Optoelectronic Device Integration', Conference on Optoelectronic and Microelectronic Materials and Devices, 2004., 2004 Conference on Optoelectronic and Microelectronic Materials and Devices. Proceedings, IEEE, Univ Queensland, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA, pp. 273-275.
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Nicorovici, NA, Botten, LC, Asatryan, AA, de, SCM & McPhedran, RC 1970, 'Impedance models of photon conductance in photonic crystal waveguides', ACOFT/AOS '04, ACOFT/AOS, ACOFT, Canberra, Australia, pp. 1-3.
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We consider the photonic analogue of electron conductance and develop a model of conductance in photonic crystal (PC) waveguides. In turn, we demonstrate the close relationship between PC and metal waveguides and go on to develop an impedance formulation for propagation in PC waveguides. We also discuss the effects of disorder.
Nutter, P, Leslie, L & Lamb, P 1970, 'Multiscale evolution and predictability of a warm season climate anomaly in the U.S. Southern Great Plains', Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, pp. 3975-3985.
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The multiscale evolution and predictability of a warm season climate anomaly in the US Southern Great Plains in the year 2002, were analyzed. The dynamic relationships of multiscale sequences of individual weather events with the warm season climate anomaly were also analyzed. The possible land-atmosphere feedback mechanisms that helped maintain the anomaly were also discussed. It was observed that the flooding in Texas on 1-2 July 2002, caused saturated soil conditions, which initiated a regional soil moisture feedback process that helped maintain the cool anomaly into mid-August.
Park, SK, Lee, E, Chang, DE & Leslie, L 1970, 'Orographic effect on heavy rainfall in the east coast of the Korean Peninsula induced by a tropical cyclone', Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, pp. 2493-2495.
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The orographic effect on the heavy rainfall in the east coast of the Korean peninsula due to a tropical cyclone was investigated using a mesoscale numerical model. An intense tropical cyclone, Typhoon Rusa, passed over the Korean Peninsula in late August 2002. It made landfall on the south coast of the peninsula and crossed over the central eastern coast. It was found that strong easterly flow over the northern part of Rusa resulted in orographically induced convective rainfall and increased the amount of rainfall that would have occurred over flat terrain.
Phillips, MR & McBean, KE 1970, 'In-situ Evaluation of Post Growth Treatments on the Cathodoluminescence Properties of Fluorescent Nano-particles in the Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Microscopy & Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), Savannah, USA, pp. 1064-1065.
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Platen, E 1970, 'A benchmark framework for risk management', STOCHASTIC PROCESSES AND APPLICATIONS TO MATHEMATICAL FINANCE, International Symposium on "Stochastic Processes and Applications to Mathematical Finance", WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD, Ritsumeikan Univ, Biwako Kusatsu Campus, Kusatsu, JAPAN, pp. 305-335.
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Platen, E 1970, 'Diversified Portfolios with Jumps in a Benchmark Framework', Quantitative Methods in Finance 2002 Conference, Quantitative Methods in Finance 2002 Conference, Sydney.
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This paper considers diversifed portfolios in a sequence of jump diffusion market models. Conditions for the approximation of the growth optimal portfolio (GOP) by diversified portfolios are
provided. Under realistic assumptions, it is shown that diversified portfolios approximate the GOP without requiring any major model specifications. This provides a basis for systematic use of diversified
stock indices as proxies for the GOP in derivative pricing, risk management and
portfolio optimization.
PLATEN, E 1970, 'MODELING THE VOLATILITY AND EXPECTED VALUE OF A DIVERSIFIED WORLD INDEX', International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance, Quantitative Methods in Finance, --, Sydney, pp. 511-529.
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This paper considers a diversified world stock index in a continuous financial market with the growth optimal portfolio (GOP) as reference unit or benchmark. Diversified broadly based indices and portfolios, which include major world stock market indices, are shown to approximate the GOP. It is demonstrated that a key financial quantity is the trend of a world index. It turns out that it can be directly observed since the expected increments of the index equal four times those of the quadratic variation of its square root. Using a world stock index as approximation of the discounted GOP it is shown that, in reality, the trend of the discounted GOP does not vary greatly in the long term. This leads for a diversified world index to a natural model, where the index is a transformed square root process of dimension four. The squared index volatility appears then as the inverse of the square root process. This feature explains most of the properties of an index and its volatility.
Platen, E 1970, 'Modelling the expected value of a diversified world index.', 3rd World Congress, Bachelier Finance Society, 3rd World Congress, Bachelier Finance Society, -, Chicago, USA.
Platen, E 1970, 'Modelling the volatility and expected value of a diversified world index.', International workshop on mathematical finance and insurance, International Workshop on Mathematical Finance and Insurance, -, Huang Shan, China.
Platen, E 1970, 'Numerical solution of stochastic differential equations', Workshop on mathematical methods in finance, Workshop on Mathematical Methods in Finance, -, Melbourne, Australia.
Platen, E 1970, 'Pricing and hedging for incomplete jump diffusion benchmark models', Mathematics of Finance: Proceedings of an AMS-IMS-SIAM Joint Summer Research Conference on Mathematics of Finance, AMS-IMS-SIAM Joint Summer Research Conference on Mathematics of Finance, American Mathematical Society, Snowbird, Utah, USA, pp. 287-301.
Ralph, TC, Langford, NK, Bell, TB, O'Brien, JL, Pryde, GL, White, AG & Milburn, GJ 1970, 'Investigation of two qubit quantum gates in linear optics', SPIE Proceedings, Optical Science and Technology, SPIE's 48th Annual Meeting, SPIE, pp. 161-170.
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We discuss progress towards implementing two qubit quantum gates in optics. We review the operation of an optical quantum gate which performs all the operations of a control-NOT (CNOT) gate in the coincidence basis with two, unentangled photons as the input and discuss its implementation.
Ratana, P, Huete, A & ieee 1970, 'Seasonal dynamics of native and converted cerrado physiognomies with MODIS data', IGARSS 2004: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-7, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IEEE, Anchorage, AK, pp. 4336-4339.
Reimers, JR, Solomon, GC & Hush, NS 1970, 'Advantages of the use of semiempirical methods in molecular electronics.', ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society, AMER CHEMICAL SOC, Anaheim, CA, pp. U1028-U1028.
Roest, R, Eberhardt, AW, Latella, BA, Wuhrer, R & Ben-Nissan, B 1970, 'Adhesion of Sol-Gel Derived Zirconia Nano-Coatings on Surface Treated Titanium', Key Engineering Materials, Bioceramics 16, Trans Tech Publications, Portugal, pp. 455-458.
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The morphology, adhesion and tribological properties of the zirconia sol-gel coatings on phosphate treated, anodized and un-treated titanium surfaces were investigated. The anodization of titanium involves the formation of a thin, compact, oxide layer, which improves the wettability for further coating. This process involves the conversion of the rutile structure of the original titanium oxide into a mostly crystalline anatase structure. The samples were anodized in sulphuric and phosphoric acid at varying concentrations. The samples were anodized at differing currents and differing time periods ranging from 10 to 30 minutes. Phosphate adsorption treatment involves soaking samples in 10% H3PO4 solution for 10 minutes. These samples were spin coated with zirconia, yielding 100 nm thick films. The nanocoatings were prepared by alkoxide sol-gel chemistry, using techniques and protocols developed in an earlier work and were examined with x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Interfacial and adhesion properties were measured using a micromechanical tensile test. The tribological properties were investigated using an Orthopod machine, with commercial grade ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) pins (3/8 inch diameter) that can articulate in number of different combinations against opposing coated and control specimens. The UHMWPE pins were used in a bovine serum environment. The amount of the wear was measured gravimetrically and wear features were observed using SEM.
Salih, A, Larkum, A, Cronin, T, Wiedenmann, J, Szymczak, R & Cox, G 1970, 'Biological properties of coral GFP-type proteins provide clues for engineering novel optical probes and biosensors.', GENETICALLY ENGINEERED AND OPTICAL PROBES FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS II, pp. 61-72.
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In recent years, a variety of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)-like pigments have been discovered from corals and other marine organisms. They are widely used to expand the range of available GFP-type proteins in imaging applications, such as in vivo markers for gene expression and protein localization studies, FRET-based (Förster resonance energy transfer) multicolor imaging and biosensors. They have known diverse optical and biochemical properties but their in vivo spectral properties and biological function in marine organisms is only beginning to be understood We have investigated their spectral diversity, optical properties and cellular microstructure in corals of the Great Barrier Reef with the aim of elucidating their photo-biological function/s as well as to identify novel proteins suitable for GFP-based technologies. We found numerous spectral variants, with emissions covering almost the full range of the visible spectrum. Many of these GFP-like proteins, especially in corals from the more extreme habitats, such as sun-exposed shallows or in deep water, showed a range of light-related spectral characteristics: high photostability, spectral tuning for energy transfer and dynamic photo-induced transformation properties. Intra-cellularly they were organized into spectral donor-acceptor pairs or even arrays, tuned for FRET. Coral color proteins thus offer an exciting potential to expand the use of the available GFPs in bio-imaging applications and as a basis for improved protein engineering.
Schelm, S & Smith, GB 1970, 'Field profiles for spherical conductive nanoparticles and metallic-shell/dielectric-core nano-composites', NANOMODELING, SPIE Annual Meeting: Nanotechnology & Organic Materials, SPIE, Denver, USA, pp. 160-169.
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Schlogl, E 1970, 'Advance credit risk measurement and modelling techniques for effective portfolio credit risk management', Risk magazine workshop, Risk magazine workshop, -, Hong Kong, China.
Schlogl, E 1970, 'Default correlation modelling', Sydney financial mathematics workshop, Sydney financial mathematics workshop, -, Sydney, Australia.
Schlogl, E 1970, 'Factor distribution and correlations implied by market quotes for synthetic CDO tranches', -, Quantitative methods in finance 2004 conference, -, Sydney, Australia.
Schlogl, E 1970, 'Modelling default correlation for portfolio credit risk', Derivatives and risk management, Derivatives and risk mamagement, -, Sydney, Australia.
Schlogl, E 1970, 'Understanding the key issues and concerns in modelling portfolio credit risk', Credit risk forum 2004, Credit risk forum 2004, -, Sydney, Australia.
Seymour, JR & Mitchell, JG 1970, 'Microscale distributions of bacterioplankton and virus-like particles assessed using flow cytometry', United States.
Shapter, JG, Hale, P, Maddox, LM, Ford, MJ & Waclawik, ER 1970, 'Teaching Undergraduates Nanotechnology', MRS Proceedings, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, pp. 6-16.
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AbstractOne of the first nanotechnology undergraduate degrees in the world was established at Flinders University in 2000. In this paper we present our experience of developing and delivering this degree in a climate where “traditional” physical sciences are under considerable strain. We will discuss the motivation for this initiative, structure of the established course and educational issues relating to its development.
Smith, GB, Maaroof, AI, Allan, RS, Schelm, S, Anstis, GR & Cortie, MB 1970, 'Optical response of nanostructured metal/dielectric composites and multilayers', COMPLEX MEDIUMS V: LIGHT AND COMPLEXITY, Complex Mediums V: Light & Complexity, International Society for Optical Engneering, Colorado, USA, pp. 192-205.
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The homogeneous optical response in conducting nanostructured layers, and in insulating layers containing dense arrays of self assembled conducting nanoparticles separated by organic linkers, is examined experimentally through their effective complex indices (n*, k*). Classical effective medium models, modified to account for the 3-phase nanostructure, are shown to explain (n*, k*) in dense particulate systems but not inhomogeneous layers with macroscopic conductance for which a different approach to homogenisation is discussed. (n*, k*) data on thin granular metal films, thin mesoporous gold, and on thin metal layers containing ordered arrays of voids, is linked to properties of the surface plasmon states which span the nanostructured film. Coupling between evanescent waves at either surface counterbalanced by electron scattering losses must be considered. Virtual bound states for resonant photons result, with the associated transit delay leading to a large rise in n* in many nanostructures. Overcoating n-Ag with alumina is shown to alter (n*, k*) through its impact on the SP coupling. In contrast to classical optical homogenisation, effective indices depend on film thickness. Supporting high resolution SEM images are presented.
Stokes, DJ, Baker, FS & Toth, M 1970, 'Raising the Pressure: Realizing Room Temperature/High Humidity Applications in ESEM', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), pp. 1074-1075.
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Thiel, BL, Toth, M & Craven, JP 1970, 'Charging processes in low vacuum scanning electron microscopy', MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS, Topical Conference on Microbeam Characterization of Nonconductive Materials, OXFORD UNIV PRESS, CANADA, McGill Univ, Dept Min, Met & Mat Engn, Montreal, pp. 711-720.
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Thiel, BL, Toth, M, Schroemges, RPM, Scholtz, JJ, van Veen, G & Knowles, WR 1970, 'A Two-Stage Gas Amplification Secondary Electron Detector for Ultra-High Resolution Imaging', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), pp. 1058-1059.
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Toth, M & Baker, FS 1970, 'Secondary Electron Imaging at Gas Pressures in Excess of 15 torr', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), pp. 1062-1063.
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Wang, B, Xi, Y & Gu, H 1970, 'Rolling horizon heuristic for single-machine scheduling problem', Proceedings of the World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation (WCICA), pp. 2872-2876.
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A kind of rolling horizon heuristic for the scheduling problems with globally known information was presented. Under the heuristic the scheduling problems were addressed by using a series of locally scheduling instead of a single globally off-line scheduling. At each decision time, a subproblem based on a job subset was particularly defined and the sizes of sub-problems were limited. The sub-problem for locally scheduling was solved and then a portion of the solution was implemented. While the decision time was being put forward, global schedule was being realized step by step. Usually it is hard to analyze the global performance of rolling horizon procedures due to heuristic. However, a terminal penalty function was appended to the objective function of sub-problems to make the local objective consistent with the global one. Global performances of rolling horizon procedures can be analyzed to an extent. Several conclusions were drawn out about the global performance of the new rolling horizon procedures. The procedural global performance is getting better and better from one decision time to another and the performance of the initial schedule is an upper bound for that of the ultimately realized schedule.
White, R, Phillips, MR, Thomas, P, Wuhrer, R & Dredge, P 1970, 'Interactions Between Pigments in 19th and Early 20th Century Oil Paintings - In Situ Studies Using the Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Microscopy and Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), Savannah, USA, pp. 132-133.
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
White, TP, de Sterke, CM, McPhedran, RC, Botten, LC & Huang, TH 1970, 'Photonic crystal based Mach-Zehnder interferometer', ACOFT/AOS '04, ACOFT, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia, pp. 1-3.
Wuhrer, R, Moran, K, Huggett, P, Phillips, MR & Ben-Nissan, B 1970, 'X-Ray Mapping and Electron Back-Scattered Diffraction of Phases in Welded Materials', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Microscopy & Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), Savannah, USA, pp. 916-917.
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Wuhrer, R, Phillips, MR, Mason, K, Roux, C, Maniago, JR & Hales, S 1970, 'GSR Analysis in the Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Microscopy & Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), Savannah, USA, pp. 1362-1363.
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.
Zinder, Y & Singh, G 1970, 'Preemptive scheduling on parallel processors with due dates', Proceedings of the International Symposium on Scheduling 2004, International Symposium on Scheduling, Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, Japan, pp. 100-103.
