Publications

Ben-Nissan, B 2004, 'Biomimetics and bioceramics' in Reis, RL & Weiner, S (eds), Learning from nature how to design new implantable biomaterials, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 89-103.

Ben-Nissan, B, Pezzotti, G & Muller, W 2004, 'Macromechanics and micromechanics of ceramics' in Totten, GE & Liang, H (eds), Mechanical Tribology: Materials, Characterisation and Applications, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, USA, pp. 135-184.

Booth, DJ 2004, 'Catchment Management' in A Guide to Berowra Valley Regional Park, Friends of Berowra Valley Regional Park, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, pp. 141-144.

Booth, DJ 2004, 'Estuarine fishes of Berowra Creek' in A Guide to Berowra Valley Regional Park, Friends of Berowra Valley Regional Park, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 93-95.

HUETE, AR 2004, 'REMOTE SENSING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING' in Environmental Monitoring and Characterization, Elsevier, pp. 183-206.
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Lim, RP & Lai, H 2004, 'Crustacea: Copepoda, Calanoida' in Yule, CM & Sen, YH (eds), Freshwater Invertebrates of the Malaysian Region, Academy of Sciences Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp. 254-266.

Lindsey, JC & Ryan, LM 2004, 'Survival Models: Methods for Interval‐Censored Data' in Tutorials in Biostatistics, Wiley, pp. 141-160.
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In standard time-to-event or survival analysis, occurrence times of the event of interest are observed exactly or are right-censored, meaning that it is only known that the event occurred after the last observation time. There are numerous methods available for estimating the survival curve and for testing and estimation of the effects of covariates in this context. In some situations, however, the times of the events of interest may only be known to have occurred within an interval of time. In clinical trials, for example, patients are often seen at pre-scheduled visits but the event of interest may occur in between visits. These data are interval-censored. Owing to the lack of well-known statistical methodology and available software, a common ad hoc approach is to assume that the event occurred at the end (or beginning or midpoint) of each interval, and then apply methods for standard time-to-event data. However, this approach can lead to invalid inferences, and in particular will tend to underestimate the standard errors of the estimated parameters. The purpose of this tutorial is to illustrate and compare available methods which correctly treat the data as being intervalcensored. It is not meant to be a full review of all existing methods, but only those which are available in standard statistical software, or which can be easily programmed. All approaches will be illustrated on two data sets and compared with methods which ignore the interval-censored nature of the data. We hope this tutorial will allow those familiar with the application of standard survival analysis techniques the option of applying appropriate methods when presented with interval-censored data.

Platen, E 2004, 'Simulation methods for stochastic differential equations' in Teugels, J & Sundt, B (eds), Encyclopedia of Actuarial Science, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, pp. 1559-1564.

White, TC, Harry, J & Oliver, BG 2004, 'Antifungal Drug Resistance: Pumps and Permutations' in Human Fungal Pathogens, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 319-337.
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Andric, G, Boas, JF, Bond, AM, Fallon, GD, Ghiggino, KP, Hogan, CF, Hutchison, JA, Lee, MA-P, Langford, SJ, Pilbrow, JR, Troup, GJ & Woodward, CP 2004, 'Spectroscopy of Naphthalene Diimides and Their Anion Radicals', Australian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 57, no. 10, pp. 1011-1011.
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Naphthalene diimides 1–4 having different N,N-disubstitution undergo single electron reduction processes either chemically or electrochemically to yield the corresponding radical anion in high yield. This study concentrates on 1, bearing pentyl side chains connected through the diimide nitrogens, and compares the results obtained against those bearing isopropyl, propargyl, and phenylalanyl side chains. Compound 1 exhibits mirror image absorption and fluorescence in the near-UV region in CH2Cl2 and dimethylformamide that is typical of monomeric N,N-dialkyl-substituted naphthalene diimides. In toluene, excimer-like emission is observed, which suggests ground-state complexes involving 1 are formed. X-Ray crystallography has been used to characterize 1 in the solid state. Cyclic voltammetry enables the reversible potentials for [NDI]0/– and [NDI]−/2– type processes to be measured. Bulk one-electron reduction of 1–4 is characterized by dramatic changes in the absorption and emission spectra. Additionally, highly structured EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) signals from dimethylformamide solutions of the radical anions of 1–3 have been obtained and are consistent with coupling between the unpaired electron and the naphthalene diimide nitrogens and hydrogens and the NCH hydrogens of the appropriate side chains. The overall structure of the EPR spectrum is substituent-dependent. These changes in spectroscopic output upon an electronic input may be described as a simple ‘on/off’ switching mechanism with which to apply a ‘bottom-up’ approach to molecular device manufacture.

Antolovich, M, Lindoy, LF & Reimers, JR 2004, 'Explanation of the anomalous complexation of silver(I) with ammonia in terms of the poor affinity of the ion for water', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A, vol. 108, no. 40, pp. 8434-8438.
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Aridgides, LJ, Doblin, MA, Berke, T, Dobbs, FC, Matson, DO & Drake, LA 2004, 'Multiplex PCR allows simultaneous detection of pathogens in ships' ballast water', MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN, vol. 48, no. 11-12, pp. 1096-1101.
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There is enormous potential for global transfer of microorganisms, including pathogens, in ships' ballast water. We contend that a major advancement in the study of ballast-water microorganisms in particular, and of aquatic pathogens in general, will be expedited sample analysis, such as provided by the elegant technology of DNA microarrays. In order to use DNA microarrays, however, one must establish the appropriate conditions to bind target sequences in samples to multiple probes on the microarrays. We conducted proof-of-concept experiments to optimize simultaneous detection of multiple microorganisms using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern hybridization. We chose three target organisms, all potentially found in ballast water: a calicivirus, the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, and the photosynthetic protist Aureococcus anophagefferens. Here, we show simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens is possible, a result supporting the promising future use of microarrays for simultaneous detection of pathogens in ballast water.

Arnold, SJ, Osvath, SR, Hall, RA, King, NJC & Sedger, LM 2004, 'Regulation of antigen processing and presentation molecules in West Nile virus-infected human skin fibroblasts', Virology, vol. 324, no. 2, pp. 286-296.
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Infection of humans with the West Nile flavivirus principally occurs via tick and mosquito bites. Here, we document the expression of antigen processing and presentation molecules in West Nile virus (WNV)-infected human skin fibroblast (HFF) cells. Using a new Flavivirus-specific antibody, 4G4, we have analyzed cell surface human leukocyte antigen (HLA) expression on virus-infected cells at a single cell level. Using this approach, we show that West Nile Virus infection alters surface HLA expression on both infected HFF and neighboring uninfected HFF cells. Interestingly, increased surface HLA evident on infected HFF cultures is almost entirely due to virus-induced interferon (IFN)alpha/beta because IFNalpha/beta-neutralizing antibodies completely prevent increased surface HLA expression. In contrast, RT-PCR analysis indicates that WNV infection results in increased mRNAs for HLA-A, -B, and -C genes, and HLA-associated molecules low molecular weight polypeptide-2 (LMP-2) and transporter associated with antigen presentation-1 (TAP-1), but induction of these mRNAs is not diminished in HFF cells cultured with IFNalpha/beta-neutralizing antibodies. Taken together, these data support the idea that that both cytokine-dependent and cytokine-independent mechanisms account for WNV-induced HLA expression in human skin fibroblasts

Arroyo, C, Hu, FB, Ryan, LM, Kawachi, I, Colditz, GA, Speizer, FE & Manson, J 2004, 'Depressive symptoms and risk of type 2 diabetes in women', DIABETES CARE, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 129-133.
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OBJECTIVE - To explore the relationship between depressive symptoms and incidence of type 2 diabetes in women. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - We conducted an analysis of 72,178 female nurses aged 45-72 years who did not have diagnosed diabetes and who answered the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Status Survey (SF-36) at baseline in 1992. We calculated relative risks (RR) of type 2 diabetes for women with presence of depressive symptoms (i.e., Five-Item Mental Health Index [MHI-5] score >52). RESULTS - During 4 years of follow-up (282,317 person-years), 973 incident cases of type 2 diabetes were documented. Age-adjusted RR of developing type 2 diabetes for women with presence of depressive symptoms was 1.55 (95% CI 1.27-1.90). Additional adjustment for BMI resulted in a RR of developing type 2 diabetes of 1.36 (1.11-1.67). The multivariate RR of developing type 2 diabetes was 1.22 (1.00-1.50). After excluding women diagnosed with diabetes between 1992 and 1994, 472 incident cases of type 2 diabetes were documented for the follow-up period from 1994 to 1996 (148,889 person-years). The multivariate RR of developing type 2 diabetes for women with depressive symptoms was 1.29 (0.96-1.72). CONCLUSIONS - Our data suggest that depressive symptoms are associated with a modest increase in the risk of type 2 diabetes.

Asatryan, AA, Sheppard, CJR & de Sterke, CM 2004, 'Vector treatment of second-harmonic generation produced by tightly focused vignetted Gaussian beams', JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS, vol. 21, no. 12, pp. 2206-2212.
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We present a fast and accurate method to calculate the vector-field distribution of a focused Gaussian beam. This method is applied to calculate the second harmonic that is generated by such a beam from a sample in the undepleted pump approximation. These calculations can be used to model second-harmonic imaging in an optical microscope with a wide aperture. © 2004 Optical Society of America.

Ashmore, J, Bishop, R, Craig, DC & Scudder, ML 2004, 'Assembly of brick-like aromatic edge–face (EF)₆host dimers into lattice inclusion compounds', CrystEngComm, vol. 6, no. 100, pp. 618-622.
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Asvadi, P, Jones, D, Dunn, R, Choo, AB, Raison, MJ & Raison, RL 2004, 'A Monoclonal Antibody Specific For Free Human Kappa Light Chains Induces Apoptosis Of Multiple Myeloma Cells And Exhibits Anti-tumor Activity In Vivo', Blood, vol. 104, no. 11, pp. 1-1.
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Baines, SB, Fisher, NS, Doblin, MA, Cutter, GA, Cutter, LS & Cole, B 2004, 'Light dependence of selenium uptake by phytoplankton and implications for predicting selenium incorporation into food webs', LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 566-578.
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The potentially toxic element selenium is first concentrated from solution to a large but highly variable degree by algae and bacteria before being passed on to consumers. The large loads of abiotic and detrital suspended particles often present in rivers and estuaries may obscure spatial and temporal patterns in Se concentrations at the base of the food web. We used radiotracers to estimate uptake of both selenite (Se(IV)) and C by intact plankton communities at two sites in the Sacramento/San Joaquin River Delta. Our goals were to determine (1) whether C and Se(IV) uptake were coupled, (2) the role of bacteria in Se(IV) uptake, and (3) the Se:C uptake ratio of newly produced organic material. Se(IV) uptake, like C uptake, was strongly related to irradiance. The shapes of both relationships were very similar except that at least 42-56% of Se(IV) uptake occurred in the dark, whereas C uptake in the dark was negligible. Of this dark Se(IV) uptake, 34-67% occurred in the 0.2-1.0-μm size fraction, indicating significant uptake by bacteria. In addition to dark uptake, total Se(IV) uptake consisted of a light-driven component that was in fixed proportion to C uptake. Our estimates of daily areal Se(IV):C uptake ratios agreed very well with particulate Se:C measured at a site dominated by phytoplankton biomass. Estimates of bacterial Se:C were 2.4-13 times higher than for the phytoplankton, suggesting that bacteriovores may be exposed to higher dietary Se concentrations than herbivores.

Balagurunathan, Y, Wang, NY, Dougherty, ER, Nguyen, D, Chen, YD, Bittner, ML, Trent, J & Carroll, R 2004, 'Noise factor analysis for cDNA microarrays', JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 663-678.
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Bellamy, SL, Yi, L, Ryan, LM, Lipsitz, S, Canner, MJ & Wright, R 2004, 'Analysis of clustered and interval censored data from a community-based study in asthma', STATISTICS IN MEDICINE, vol. 23, no. 23, pp. 3607-3621.
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Many authors in recent years have proposed extensions of familiar survival analysis methodologies to apply in dependent data settings, for example, when data are clustered or subject to repeated measures. However, these extensions have been considered largely in the context of right censored data. In this paper, we discuss a parametric frailty model for the analysis of clustered and interval censored failure time data. Details are presented for the specific case where the underlying time to event data follow a Weibull distribution. Maximum likelihood estimates will be obtained using commercially available software and the empirical efficiency of these estimators will be explored via a simulation study. We also discuss a score test to make inferences about the magnitude and significance of over-dispersion in clustered data settings. These methods will be illustrated using data from the East Boston Asthma Study. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Ben-Nissan, B 2004, 'Nanoceramics in Biomedical Applications', MRS Bulletin, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 28-32.
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AbstractAn improved understanding of the interactions at the nanoscale level between the bioceramics in medical implants and the hard or soft tissues in the human body could contribute significantly to the design of new-generation prostheses and postoperative patient management strategies.Overall, the benefits of advanced ceramic materials in biomedical applications have been universally accepted, specifically in terms of their strength, biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, and wear resistance in articulating joints.The continuous development of new-generation implants utilizing nanocoatings with novel nanosensors and devices is leading to better compatibility with human tissue and improved well-being and longevity for patients. This article gives a short overview of bioceramics and reexamines key issues of concern for processing and applying nanoceramics as biomaterials.

Ben-Nissan, B, Milev, A & Vago, R 2004, 'Morphology of sol–gel derived nano-coated coralline hydroxyapatite', Biomaterials, vol. 25, no. 20, pp. 4971-4975.
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Current bone graft materials are mainly produced from coralline hydroxyapatite (HAp). Due to the nature of the conversion process, commercial coralline HAp has retained coral or CaCO3, and the structure possesses nanopores within the inter-pore trabeculae, resulting in high dissolution rates. Under certain conditions these features reduce durability and strength and are not utilised where high structural strength is required. To overcome these limitations, a new coral double-conversion technique has been developed. The technique involves a two-stage application route where, in the first stage, complete conversion of coral to pure HAp is achieved. In the second, a new sol-gel-derived HAp nano-coating is directly applied to cover the micro- and nano-pores within the intra-pore material, whilst maintaining the large pores. Biaxial strength was improved two-fold due to this unique double treatment. This application is expected to result in enhanced durability and longevity due to the monophasic hydroxyapatite structure and strength in the physiological environment. It is anticipated that this new material can be applied to load-bearing bone graft applications where high strength requirements are pertinent. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Berry, LJ, Hickey, DK, Skelding, KA, Bao, S, Rendina, AM, Hansbro, PM, Gockel, CM & Beagley, KW 2004, 'Transcutaneous Immunization with Combined Cholera Toxin and CpG Adjuvant Protects againstChlamydia muridarumGenital Tract Infection', Infection and Immunity, vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 1019-1028.
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ABSTRACTChlamydia trachomatisis a pathogen of the genital tract and ocular epithelium. Infection is established by the binding of the metabolically inert elementary body (EB) to epithelial cells. These are taken up by endocytosis into a membrane-bound vesicle termed an inclusion. The inclusion avoids fusion with host lysosomes, and the EBs differentiate into the metabolically active reticulate body (RB), which replicates by binary fission within the protected environment of the inclusion. During the extracellular EB stage of theC. trachomatislife cycle, antibody present in genital tract or ocular secretions can inhibit infection both in vivo and in tissue culture. The RB, residing within the intracellular inclusion, is not accessible to antibody, and resolution of infection at this stage requires a cell-mediated immune response mediated by gamma interferon-secreting Th1 cells. Thus, an ideal vaccine to protect againstC. trachomatisgenital tract infection should induce both antibody (immunoglobulin A [IgA] and IgG) responses in mucosal secretions to prevent infection by chlamydial EB and a strong Th1 response to limit ascending infection to the uterus and fallopian tubes. In the present study we show that transcutaneous immunization with major outer membrane protein (MOMP) in combination with both cholera toxin and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides elicits MOMP-specific IgG and IgA in vaginal and uterine lavage fluid, MOMP-specific IgG in serum, and gamma interferon-secreting T cells in reproductive tract-draining caudal and lumbar lymph nodes. This immunization protocol resulted in enhanced clearance ofC. muridarum(C. trachomatis, mouse pneumonitis strain) following intravaginal challenge of BALB/c mice.

Bewlay, SL, Konstantinov, K, Wang, GX, Dou, SX & Liu, HK 2004, 'Conductivity improvements to spray-produced LiFePO4 by addition of a carbon source', Materials Letters, vol. 58, no. 11, pp. 1788-1791.
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Bezuglyi, S, Dajani, K, Dooley, AH & Hamachi, T 2004, 'Isornorphic actions of group extensions on a measure space', INDAGATIONES MATHEMATICAE-NEW SERIES, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 167-188.
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Biggs, T, Cornish, LA, Witcomb, MJ & Cortie, MB 2004, 'Revised phase diagram for the Pt-Ti system from 30 to 60 at.% platinum', JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS, vol. 375, no. 1-2, pp. 120-127.
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Bilic, A, Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2004, 'Dissociated water on Si(100): Relation between STM topograph and actual geometry', SURFACE REVIEW AND LETTERS, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 185-190.
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Bilic, A, Reimers, JR, Hofer, WA & Hush, NS 2004, 'Adsorption sites of maleic anhydride on Si(100) revisited: inter- versus intra-row attachment', CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 385, no. 5-6, pp. 341-344.
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Bolorizadeh, MA, Sashin, VA, Kheifets, AS & Ford, MJ 2004, 'Electronic band structure of calcium oxide', JOURNAL OF ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY AND RELATED PHENOMENA, vol. 141, no. 1, pp. 27-38.
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We employed electron momentum spectroscopy (EMS) to measure the bulk electronic structure of calcium oxide. We extracted the electron momentum density (EMD), density of occupied states (DOS), band dispersions, bandwidths and intervalence bandgaps from the data. The results are compared with calculations based on the full potential linear muffin-tin orbital(FP-LMTO) approximation. While the bandwidths of 0.6±0.2 and 1.2±0.1 eV for the s- and p-bands, respectively, and their dispersions agree well with the LMTO calculation, the relative intensity of the two bands is at odds with the theory. The measured intervalence bandgap at the Γ-point of 16.5±0.2 eV is larger by 2.1 eV than that from the LMTO calculation. The experimental bandwidth of the Ca 3p semi-core level of 0.7±0.1 eV agrees with the LMTO prediction. The measured bandgap between this level and the s-band is 3.6±0.2 eV. The Ca 3s-3p level splitting is in excellent agreement with the literature. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Bondy, CR, Gale, PA & Loeb, SJ 2004, 'Metal−Organic Anion Receptors:  Arranging Urea Hydrogen-Bond Donors to Encapsulate Sulfate Ions', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 126, no. 16, pp. 5030-5031.
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Booth, DJ 2004, 'Synergistic effects of conspecifics and food on growth and energy allocation of a damselfish', ECOLOGY, vol. 85, no. 10, pp. 2881-2887.
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Grouping organisms may suffer reduced growth due to food deprivation in the presence of larger conspecifics, but this cost can be outweighed by advantages of reduced predation risk in larger groups. Here, tagged new juveniles of a small, grouping damselfish Dascyllus aruanus, were added to small coral heads that were either empty or supported small groups of larger conspecifics. Half of the coral heads with conspecifics and half of those without were subjected daily to additions of brine shrimp, similar to natural zooplankton food, over a three-week period. Growth was measured as increase in body length, change in body condition (lipid content), and overall energy gain. Body lipid reserves were higher (21%) in recruits subjected to added food and in the presence of conspecifics (13%). Total energy was higher (53%) in recruits with added food but was not affected by conspecific presence. There was an interaction between conspecific presence and food supplementation treatment on change in body length, a commonly used growth estimator. These differences suggest that the benefits of extra food and effects of conspecific presence differ depending on the metric used to measure growth, but that presence of larger conspecifics enhanced the increased growth that resulted from higher food intake.

Booth, DJ & Beretta, GA 2004, 'Influence of recruit condition on food competition and predation risk in a coral reef fish', OECOLOGIA, vol. 140, no. 2, pp. 289-294.
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Settlement rate is considered to be a major determinant of the population structure of coral reef fishes. In this study, the effects of larval physiological condition on survival, predation risk and competitive ability are assessed for a small damselfish, Pomacentrus moluccensis. New settlers were collected and fed for 5 days to produce high and low condition (measured as lipid) treatment fish. In a field experiment, pairs (one high and one low condition fish) were transplanted to corals. Persistence over 2 weeks was much higher (100% vs. 25%) in high condition fish. In mixed groups in the laboratory, high condition fish were both aggressively dominant and consumed more of a limiting prey source than low condition fish. In addition, low condition fish were shown to be at much higher risk of predation. All of the low condition fish but only 33% of high condition fish in mixed groups were consumed by fish predators, and in a separate experiment, 73% of feeding strikes by predators were directed at low condition fish. Quality of new settlers can have an important influence on subsequent juvenile survival. The mechanisms for this effect are likely to include a combination of effects of condition on food competition and predation risk. © Springer-Verlag 2004.

Botten, LC, White, TP, Asatryan, AA, Langtry, TN, de Sterke, CM & McPhedran, RC 2004, 'Bloch mode scattering matrix methods for modeling extended photonic crystal structures. I. Theory', PHYSICAL REVIEW E, vol. 70, no. 5, pp. 13-13.
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We present a rigorous Bloch mode scattering matrix method for modeling two-dimensional photonic crystal structures and discuss the formal properties of the formulation. Reciprocity and energy conservation considerations lead to modal orthogonality relations and normalization, both of which are required for mode calculations in inhomogeneous media. Relations are derived for studying the propagation of Bloch modes through photonic crystal structures, and for the reflection and transmission of these modes at interfaces with other photonic crystal structures. © 2004 The American Physical Society.

Botten, LC, White, TP, de Sterke, CM, McPhedran, RC, Asatryan, AA & Langtry, TN 2004, 'Photonic crystal devices modelled as grating stacks: matrix generalizations of thin film optics', OPTICS EXPRESS, vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 1592-1604.
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A rigorous semi-analytic approach to the modelling of coupling, guiding and propagation in complex microstructures embedded in two-dimensional photonic crystals is presented. The method, which is based on Bloch mode expansions and generalized Fresnel coefficients, is shown to be able to treat photonic crystal devices in ways which are analogous to those used in thin film optics with uniform media. Asymptotic methods are developed and exemplified through the study of a serpentine waveguide, a potential slow wave device. © 2004 Optical Society of America.

Bowles, KC, Tiltman, MD, Apte, SC, Hales, LT & Kalman, J 2004, 'Determination of butyltins in environmental samples using sodium tetraethylborate derivatisation: characterisation and minimisation of interferences', Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 509, no. 2, pp. 127-135.
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Interferences affecting the determination of butyltin species by sodium tetraethylborate (STEB) derivatisation followed by purgetrap preconcentration were systematically studied using synthetic solutions, natural water samples and sediment extracts. Substances that did not cause interferences included most common cations (apart from those metal ions listed below), anions, metalloids and polar organic compounds. Natural organic matter (NOM) specifically interfered with tributyltin (TBT) due to a mechanism involving partitioning of the butyltin to the hydrophobic portions of the NOM. The metal ions Ag(I) (?2 ?M), Cd(II) (?2 ?M), Cu(II) (?0.5 ?M) interfered predominantly with the determination of monobutyltin (MBT) due to catalytic degradation of the STEB reagent. Pb(II) (?14 ?M) interfered with butyltin determination by an unknown mechanism. Other interferences to the purgetrap method were shown to occur in the presence of chelating agents (e.g. EDTA) or hydrophobic liquids such as diesel fuel. A mixture comprising methanol (MeOH), EDTA and Mn(II) was used to partially mask the effect of interfering NOM and metals. Spike recoveries (mean±S.D. of n=7 different samples) of MBT, dibutyltin (DBT) and TBT in contaminated natural water samples were improved from 70±36,90±11 and 91±24 to 102±10,98±3 and 98±4%, respectively. Spike recoveries (mean±S.D. of n=5 different samples) of MBT, DBT and TBT in aliquots of sediment extracts were improved from 86±17,79±18 and 59±32 to 97±6.2,103±3.6 and 103±5.0%, respectively. The ability to analyse larger aliquots of sediment extracts in the presence of the masking mixture improved the detection limit four-fold if MBT and DBT determination was required and 10-fold if only TBT determination was required.

Braga-Neto, U, Hashimoto, R, Dougherty, ER, Nguyen, DV & Carroll, RJ 2004, 'Is cross-validation better than resubstitution for ranking genes?', Bioinformatics, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 253-258.
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Abstract Motivation: Ranking gene feature sets is a key issue for both phenotype classification, for instance, tumor classification in a DNA microarray experiment, and prediction in the context of genetic regulatory networks. Two broad methods are available to estimate the error (misclassification rate) of a classifier. Resubstitution fits a single classifier to the data, and applies this classifier in turn to each data observation. Cross-validation (in leave-one-out form) removes each observation in turn, constructs the classifier, and then computes whether this leave-one-out classifier correctly classifies the deleted observation. Resubstitution typically underestimates classifier error, severely so in many cases. Cross-validation has the advantage of producing an effectively unbiased error estimate, but the estimate is highly variable. In many applications it is not the misclassification rate per se that is of interest, but rather the construction of gene sets that have the potential to classify or predict. Hence, one needs to rank feature sets based on their performance. Results: A model-based approach is used to compare the ranking performances of resubstitution and cross-validation for classification based on real-valued feature sets and for prediction in the context of probabilistic Boolean networks (PBNs). For classification, a Gaussian model is considered, along with classification via linear discriminant analysis and the 3-nearest-neighbor classification rule. Prediction is examined in the steady-distribution of a PBN. Three metrics are proposed to compare feature-set ranking based on error estimation with ranking based on the true error, which is known owing to the model-based approach. In all cases, resubstitution is competitive with cross-validation relative to ranking accuracy. This is in addition to the enormous savings in computation time afforded by resubsti...

Buckley, BW & Leslie, LM 2004, 'Preliminary climatology and improved modelling of south Indian Ocean and Southern Ocean mid‐latitude cyclones', International Journal of Climatology, vol. 24, no. 10, pp. 1211-1230.
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AbstractThe intense mid‐latitude cyclones that traverse the southern waters of the Indian Ocean, between South Africa and southwestern Western Australia, are among the strongest depressions found anywhere in the world, outside tropical waters. Near‐surface winds that exceed storm force (i.e. 24 m/s or 48 knots), and central pressures of 960 hPa and lower, are relatively common for these systems. They pose a constant threat to both open ocean and coastal shipping, and regularly generate severe weather over the populated southwestern corner of Australia. Large ocean waves and swell produce extensive coastal inundation and erosion.There were two main aims in this study. The first aim was to develop a preliminary climatology of these intense mid‐latitude cyclones, for the region 20–60 °S, 30–130 °E. The climatology, which is the first that we are aware of for this notoriously data‐sparse region, is based largely upon satellite observations, particularly scatterometer data, and is supplemented by ship, buoy and all available land observations. The climatology revealed that, historically, the frequency and intensity of the mid‐latitude cyclones in this domain have been significantly underestimated. This underestimation has resulted in analyses that have serious flaws, and the resultant operational forecasts provided to the duty forecasters in the regional forecast centre located in Perth, Western Australia, are of highly variable quality. A number of other climatological features of these storms are discussed in this article.The second aim was to identify the factors that can contribute to a significant improvement in model forecasts of these storms. So far, there have been very few studies of explosively developing cyclones over this part of the world. Results are presented here from a series of high‐resolution numerical simulations of an intense cool season Southern Ocean cyclone that develo...

Butt, AJ, Martin, JL, Dickson, KA, McDougall, F, Firth, SM & Baxter, RC 2004, 'Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 Expression Is Associated with Growth Stimulation of T47D Human Breast Cancer Cells: The Role of Altered Epidermal Growth Factor Signaling', The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 89, no. 4, pp. 1950-1956.
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AbstractIGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3 has antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects on the growth of human breast cancer cells in vitro. However, clinical studies suggest that high levels of IGFBP-3 in breast tumor tissue are associated with large, highly proliferative tumors. In this study, we examined the effects of stable transfection with human IGFBP-3 cDNA on the growth of T47D human breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Expression of IGFBP-3 initially inhibited the growth of T47D in vitro but was associated with enhanced growth in vivo. Furthermore, IGFBP-3-expressing cells in vitro became growth stimulated at higher passages post transfection, suggesting breast cancer cells may switch their response to IGFBP-3 with increasing tumorigenicity. These stimulatory effects observed in IGFBP-3-expressing cells were associated with an enhanced responsiveness to the proliferative effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF). When EGF receptor (EGFR) kinase activity was blocked using PD153035, high passage IGFBP-3 transfectants were growth inhibited compared with controls treated with inhibitor. These findings suggest that the interaction between IGFBP-3 and the EGFR system is central to whether IGFBP-3 acts as a growth stimulator or inhibitor in breast cancer cells and that therapies targeting EGFR may have increased efficacy in breast tumors expressing high levels of IGFBP-3.

Camoin-Jau, L, Sabatier, F, Arnoux, D, Anfosso, F, Bardin, N, Veit, V, Combes, V, Gentile, S, Moal, V, Sanmarco, M, Sampol, J & Dignat-George, F 2004, 'Endothelial microparticles: a potential contribution to the thrombotic complications of the antiphospholipid syndrome', Thrombosis and Haemostasis, vol. 91, no. 04, pp. 667-673.
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SummaryThe antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) refers to persistent antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) associated with thrombotic and/or obstetrical complications. The endothelial cell is a target of aPL which can induce a procoagulant and proinflammatory endothelial phenotype, as reported both in vivo and in vitro. Microparticle production is a hallmark of cell activation. In the present study, the presence of endothelial microparticles (EMP) in the plasma of APS patients was investigated. To determine if there is a correlation with certain biological and clinical features, EMP levels were measured in thrombosis-free patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, with and without aPL, in patients with non aPL-related thrombosis, as well as in healthy controls. Compared to healthy subjects, elevated plasma levels of EMP were found in patients with APS and in SLE patients with aPL, but not in SLE patients without aPL or in non aPL-related thrombosis. EMP levels were also associated with Lupus Anticoagulant (LA) detected by a positive Dilute Russell’s Viper Venom time (DRVVT). In parallel, we analyzed the capacity of these plasma to induce vesiculation of cultured endothelial cells. We demonstrated an increase of EMP generated in response to plasma from patients with autoimmune diseases. Interestingly, only APS plasma induced the release of EMP with procoagulant activity. These ex vivo and in vitro observations indicate that generation of EMP in APS and SLE patients results from an autoimmune process involving aPL. Production of procoagulant microparticles in APS patients may represent a new pathogenic mechanism for the thrombotic complications of this disease.

Campbell, S, McPhedran, RC, de Sterke, CM & Botten, LC 2004, 'Differential multipole method for microstructured optical fibers', JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS, vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 1919-1928.
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We describe the differential multipole method, an extended multipole method used to calculate the modes of microstructured optical fibers with noncircular inclusions. We use a multipole expansion centered on each inclusion and a differential method to calculate the scattering properties of the individual inclusions. Representative results for a fiber with one ring of elliptical inclusions are presented, and a direct comparison is made with an existing method. The new method is also applied to a microstructured optical fiber with seven rings of elliptical inclusions, which is found, in effect, to support a single polarization of the fundamental mode. © 2004 Optical Society of America.

Cantwell, M, Mittl, B, Curtin, J, Carroll, R, Potischman, N, Caporaso, N & Sinha, R 2004, 'Relative validity of a food frequency questionnaire with a meat-cooking and heterocyclic amine module', CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 293-298.
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Cardoso-Vilhena, J, Balaguer, L, Eamus, D, Ollerenshaw, J & Barnes, J 2004, 'Mechanisms underlying the amelioration of O-3-induced damage by elevated atmospheric concentrations of CO2', JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY, vol. 55, no. 397, pp. 771-781.
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Carroll, RJ & Hall, P 2004, 'Low Order Approximations in Deconvolution and Regression with Errors in Variables', Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 31-46.
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SummaryWe suggest two new methods, which are applicable to both deconvolution and regression with errors in explanatory variables, for nonparametric inference. The two approaches involve kernel or orthogonal series methods. They are based on defining a low order approximation to the problem at hand, and proceed by constructing relatively accurate estimators of that quantity rather than attempting to estimate the true target functions consistently. Of course, both techniques could be employed to construct consistent estimators, but in many contexts of importance (e.g. those where the errors are Gaussian) consistency is, from a practical viewpoint, an unattainable goal. We rephrase the problem in a form where an explicit, interpretable, low order approximation is available. The information that we require about the error distribution (the error-in-variables distribution, in the case of regression) is only in the form of low order moments and so is readily obtainable by a rudimentary analysis of indirect measurements of errors, e.g. through repeated measurements. In particular, we do not need to estimate a function, such as a characteristic function, which expresses detailed properties of the error distribution. This feature of our methods, coupled with the fact that all our estimators are explicitly defined in terms of readily computable averages, means that the methods are particularly economical in computing time.

Carroll, RJ, Ruppert, D, Crainiceanu, CM, Tosteson, TD & Karagas, MR 2004, 'Nonlinear and Nonparametric Regression and Instrumental Variables', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 99, no. 467, pp. 736-750.
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Chen, JC, Chang, WR, Shih, TS, Chen, CJ, Chang, WP, Dennerlein, JT, Ryan, LM & Christiani, DC 2004, 'Using 'Exposure prediction rules' for exposure assessment - An example on whole-body vibration in taxi drivers', EPIDEMIOLOGY, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 293-299.
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Background: It is often difficult and expensive to make direct measurements of an individual's occupational or environmental exposures in large epidemiologic studies. Methods: In this study, we used information collected in validation studies to develop

Chen, JC, Dennerlein, JT, Shih, TS, Chen, CJ, Cheng, YW, Chang, WSP, Ryan, LM & Christiani, DC 2004, 'Knee pain and driving duration: A secondary analysis of the taxi drivers' health study', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, vol. 94, no. 4, pp. 575-581.
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Objectives. We explored a postulated association between daily driving time and knee pain. Methods. We used data from the Taxi Drivers' Health Study to estimate 1-year prevalence of knee pain as assessed by the Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire. Results. Among 1242 drivers, the prevalence of knee pain, stratified by duration of daily driving (≤6, >6 through 8, >8 through 10, and >10 hours), was 11%, 17%, 19%, and 22%, respectively. Compared with driving 6 or fewer hours per day, the odds ratio of knee pain prevalence for driving more than 6 hours per day was 2.52 (95% confidence interval=1.36, 4.65) after we adjusted for socioeconomic, work-related, and personal factors in the multiple logistic regression. Conclusions. The dose-related association between driving duration and knee pain raises concerns about work-related knee joint disorders among professional drivers.

Chen, M, Zeng, H, Larkum, AWD & Cai, Z-L 2004, 'Raman properties of chlorophyll d, the major pigment of Acaryochloris marina: studies using both Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory', Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 527-534.
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The Raman spectroscopy of purified chlorophyll (Chl) d extracted from Acaryochloris marina has been measured over the wide region of 250-3200 cm -1 at 77 K following excitation of its Soret band at 488 nm and analyzed with the aid of hybrid density-functional vibrational analyses. A Raman peak specific to Chl d, which arises from the formyl group 31 C = O stretching, was clearly observed at 1659 cm-1 with medium intensity. Peaks due to other C = O stretching vibrations of the 131 keto-, 133 ester- and 173 groups were also observed. Four very strong peaks were observed in the range of 1000-1600 cm-1, assigned to the CC stretching and mixtures of the CH3 bend and CN stretching. CCC and NCC bending contribute to medium intensity peaks at 986 and 915 cm-1. Out-of-plane CH bending at Chl d methine sites 10, 5 and 20 contribute to observed peaks at 885, 864 and 853 cm-1, respectively. A few modes involving the MgN stretching and MgNC bending motions were observed in the very low frequency range. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been used to make assignments on the observed Raman spectrum and the DFT results have been found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Chen, Y, Wang, GX, Tian, JP, Konstantinov, K & Liu, HK 2004, 'Preparation and properties of spherical LiNi0.75Co0.25O2 as a cathode for lithium-ion batteries', Electrochimica Acta, vol. 50, no. 2-3, pp. 435-441.
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Chen, YC, Xu, L, Guo, YLL, Su, HJJ, Smith, TJ, Ryan, LM, Lee, MS & Christiani, DC 2004, 'Polymorphisms in GSTT1 and p53 and urinary transitional cell carcinoma in south-western Taiwan: A Preliminary Study', BIOMARKERS, vol. 9, no. 4-5, pp. 386-394.
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Little is known about the relevance of genetic polymorphisms to arsenic-related bladder cancer. A preliminary case-control study was conducted to explore the association between genetic polymorphisms of GSTT1, p53 codon 72 and bladder cancer in southern Taiwan, a former high arsenic exposure area. Fifty-nine urinary transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) patients from a referral centre in south-western Taiwan and 81 community controls matched on residence were recruited from 1996 to 1999. A questionnaire was administered to obtain arsenic exposure and general health information. Genotypes of p53 codon 72 and GSTT1 were analysed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymerase. The combined variant genotypes (heterozygous or homozygous variant) of p53 codon 72 and GSTT1 null were observed in 29% of cases and in 44% of controls, respectively. In this preliminary study, bladder cancer risk was slightly elevated for subjects carrying the variant genotype of p53 codon 72 or in subjects carrying the GSTT1 null genotype. Variants in p53 codon 72 increased the risk of bladder cancer among smokers. However, the results were not statistically significant and larger confirmatory studies are needed to clarify the role of candidate gene polymorphisms and bladder cancer risk in arsenic exposed populations. © 2004 Taylor & Francis Ltd.

Choy, B, Dun, T & Schlogl, E 2004, 'Response to comments by Stephen Blyth and Maciej Sawicki', Risk, vol. 17, no. 11, p. 118.

Christopherson, RI, Cinquin, O, Shojaei, M, Kuehn, D & Menz, RI 2004, 'Cloning and Expression of Malarial Pyrimidine Enzymes', Nucleosides, Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids, vol. 23, no. 8-9, pp. 1459-1465.
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Cleary, S, Elder, M & Taback, J 2004, 'Cone types and geodesic languages for lamplighter groups and Thompson's group F', Journal of Algebra 303 (2006) Issue 2 pages 476-500, vol. 303, pp. 476-500.
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We study languages of geodesics in lamplighter groups and Thompson's group F.We show that the lamplighter groups $L_n$ have infinitely many cone types, haveno regular geodesic languages, and have 1-counter, context-free and countergeodesic languages with respect to certain generating sets. We show that thefull language of geodesics with respect to one generating set for thelamplighter group is not counter but is context-free, while with respect toanother generating set the full language of geodesics is counter andcontext-free. In Thompson's group F with respect to the standard finitegenerating set, we show there are infinitely many cone types and no regularlanguage of geodesics with respect to the standard finite generating set. Weshow that the existence of families of 'seesaw' elements with respect to agiven generating set in a finitely generated infinite group precludes a regularlanguage of geodesics and guarantees infinitely many cone types with respect tothat generating set.

Coleman, VA, Tan, HH, Jagadish, C, Kucheyev, SO, Phillips, MR & Zou, J 2004, 'Towards p-type doping of ZnO by ion implantation', MRS Proceedings, vol. 829.
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ABSTRACTZinc oxide is a very attractive material for a range of optoelectronic devices including blue light-emitting diodes and laser diodes. Though n-type doping has been successfully achieved, p-type doing of ZnO is still a challenge that must be overcome before p-n junction devices can be realized. Ion implantation is widely used in the microelectronics industry for selective area doping and device isolation. Understanding damage accumulation and recrystallization processes is important for achieving selective area doping. In this study, As (potential p-type dopant) ion implantation and annealing studies were carried out. ZnO samples were implanted with high dose (1.4 × 1017 ions/cm2) 300 keV As ions at room temperature. Furnace annealing of samples in the range of 900°C to 1200°C was employed to achieve recrystallization of amorphous layers and electrical activation of the dopant. Rutherford backscattering/channeling spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy and cathodolumiescence spectroscopy were used to monitor damage accumulation and annihilation behavior in ZnO. Results of this study have significant implications for p-type doing of ZnO by ion implantation.

Coles, SJ, Gale, PA, Hursthouse, MB, Light, ME & Warriner, CN 2004, 'Crystallographic and Solution Anion Binding Studies of Bis-amidofurans and Thiophenes', Supramolecular Chemistry, vol. 16, no. 7, pp. 469-486.
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Collins, PR, Stack, CM, O'Neill, SM, Doyle, S, Ryan, T, Brennan, GP, Mousley, A, Stewart, M, Maule, AG, Dalton, JP & Donnelly, S 2004, 'Cathepsin L1, the major protease involved in liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) virulence - Propeptide cleavage sites and autoactivation of the zymogen secreted from gastrodermal cells', JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 279, no. 17, pp. 17038-17046.
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The secretion and activation of the major cathepsin L1 cysteine protease involved in the virulence of the helminth pathogen Fasciola hepatica was investigated. Only the fully processed and active mature enzyme can be detected in medium in which adult F. hepatica are cultured. However, immunocytochemical studies revealed that the inactive procathepsin L1 is packaged in secretory vesicles of epithelial cells that line the parasite gut. These observations suggest that processing and activation of procathepsin L1 occurs following secretion from these cells into the acidic gut lumen. Expression of the 37-kDa procathepsin L1 in Pichia pastoris showed that an intermolecular processing event within a conserved GXNXFXD motif in the propeptide generates an active 30-kDa intermediate form. Further activation of the enzyme was initiated by decreasing the pH to 5.0 and involved the progressive processing of the 37 and 30-kDa forms to other intermediates and finally to a fully mature 24.5 kDa cathepsin L with an additional 1 or 2 amino acids. An active site mutant procathepsin L, constructed by replacing the Cys26 with Gly 26, failed to autoprocess. However, [Gly26]procathepsin L was processed by exogenous wild-type cathepsin L to a mature enzyme plus 10 amino acids attached to the N terminus. This exogenous processing occurred without the formation of a 30-kDa intermediate form. The results indicate that activation of procathepsin L1 by removal of the propeptide can occur by different pathways, and that this takes place within the parasite gut where the protease functions in food digestion and from where it is liberated as an active enzyme for additional extracorporeal roles.

Coltel, N, Combes, V, Hunt, N & Grau, G 2004, 'Cerebral Malaria - A Neurovascular Pathology with Many Riddles Still to be Solved', Current Neurovascular Research, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 91-110.
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Combes, V, Rosenkranz, AR, Redard, M, Pizzolato, G, Lepidi, H, Vestweber, D, Mayadas, TN & Grau, GE 2004, 'Pathogenic Role of P-Selectin in Experimental Cerebral Malaria', The American Journal of Pathology, vol. 164, no. 3, pp. 781-786.
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Combes, V, Taylor, TE, Juhan-Vague, I, Mege, JL, Mwenechanya, J, Tembo, M, Grau, GE & Molyneux, ME 2004, 'Circulating Endothelial Microparticles in Malawian Children With Severe Falciparum Malaria Complicated With ComaRESEARCH LETTERS', JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 291, no. 21, pp. 2542-2544.
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Connan, HG, Reedy, BJ, Marshall, CP & Wilson, MA 2004, 'New Nanocarbons:  Rod Milling and Annealing of Graphite in the Presence of Yttrium', Energy & Fuels, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 1607-1614.
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This work investigate the mechanisns of ordering and disordering graphite in the presence of 1% and 10% yttrium through mechanical activation and subsequent thermal annealing at 1350 degrees C for 6h. Some work was done using other metals. Structural information was obtained by characterising the milled and annealed samples by laser Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy. In the initial stages (less than 72 h milling), yttrium assists in reducing the effects of rod milling on crystallite size but not later equilibration between broken and reformed cystallites. Examination by TEM of all annealed samples with iron, cobalt, yttrium or nickel revealed the formation of graphite, iron, cobalt ot nickel nanoparticles encapsulated wit carbon strips but not for yttrium. No evidence of carbon nanotubes was found under the milling conditions for periods of 0 - 240 h and annealing temperatures up to 1350 degrees C for 6 h.

Cortie, MB 2004, 'The weird world of nanoscale gold', Gold Bulletin, vol. 37, no. 1-2, pp. 12-19.
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Cortie, MB 2004, 'The weird world of nanoscale gold', GOLD BULLETIN, vol. 37, no. 1-2, pp. 12-19.
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Craddock, M & Platen, E 2004, 'Symmetry group methods for fundamental solutions', JOURNAL OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS, vol. 207, no. 2, pp. 285-302.
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This paper uses Lie symmetry group methods to study PDEs of the form ut = xuxx + f (x)ux. We show that when the drift function f is a solution of a family of Ricatti equations, then symmetry techniques can be used to find a fundamental solution. © 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Cranfield, CG, Dawe, A, Karloukovski, V, Dunin–Borkowski, RE, de Pomerai, D & Dobson, J 2004, 'Biogenic magnetite in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans', Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, vol. 271, no. suppl_6.
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The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is widely used as a model system in biological research. Recently, examination of the production of heat-shock proteins in this organism in response to mobile phone-type electromagnetic field exposure produced the most robust demonstration to date of a non-thermal, deleterious biological effect. Though these results appear to be a sound demonstration of non-thermal bioeffects, to our knowledge, no mechanism has been proposed to explain them. We show, apparently for the first time, that biogenic magnetite, a ferrimagnetic iron oxide, is present in C. elegans. Its presence may have confounding effects on experiments involving electromagnetic fields as well as implications for the use of this nematode as a model system for iron biomineralization in multi-cellular organisms. © 2004 The Royal Society.

Cummins, SP, Roberts, DE, Ajani, P & Underwood, AJ 2004, 'Comparisons of assemblages of phytoplankton between open water and seagrass habitats in a shallow coastal lagoon', Marine and Freshwater Research, vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 447-447.
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Patterns of phytoplankton in areas with seagrass (Zostera capricorni, Halophila ovalis, and Ruppia megacarpa) and areas without seagrass were quantified in an estuary near Sydney, NSW, Australia. Replicate samples (separated by metres) were collected on 20 randomly chosen occasions over almost 3 years, from two sites (separated by tens of metres) nested in both habitats, at four locations (separated by kilometres). Areas with seagrass often supported a significantly different assemblage of phytoplankton compared with areas without seagrass. Dissimilarities were due to small differences in the relative abundance of taxa, particularly the diatom Pseudonitzschia cf. pseudodelicatissima, rather than the presence or absence of specific taxa. In both habitats, abundances of phytoplankton were patchy at all of the spatial scales sampled, although most of the variation was among replicate samples. These findings emphasise the need to incorporate a hierarchy of scales in programs designed to understand processes that cause spatial and temporal patterns of phytoplankton or to detect changes in response to human activities.

Dang, L, Seale, JP & Qu, X 2004, 'Reduction of high glucose and phorbol-myristate-acetate-induced endothelial cell permeability by protein kinase C inhibitors LY379196 and hypocrellin A', Biochemical Pharmacology, vol. 67, no. 5, pp. 855-864.
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Endothelial barrier dysfunction plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications. Although recent studies have established a link between protein kinase C (PKC) pathway and hyperglycaemic-induced vascular permeability, it is unclear which PKC isoforms involve increased endothelial cell permeability. In the present study, we investigated whether high glucose induced endothelial hyperpermeability via distinct PKC isoforms in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and whether increased endothelial permeability could be substantially reversed by PKC inhibitors LY379196 and hypocrellin A (HA). High glucose (20mM) and phorbol-myristate-acetate (PMA)-induced endothelial hyperpermeability was almost abolished by 150nM HA and partially reduced by 30nM PKC β inhibitor (LY379196). LY379196 and HA inhibited the membrane fraction of PKC activity in a dose-dependent manner. Western blot analysis revealed high-glucose-induced overexpression of PKC α and PKC β2 in the membrane fraction of HUVECs. LY379196 (30 and 150nM) selectively inhibited PKC β2 with no significant effect on PKC α expression. HA (150nM) significantly reduced PKC α expression with no inhibitory effect on PKC β2. At higher concentrations (300nM), both LY379196 and HA were no longer selective for PKC β or α, respectively. This study showed that both PKC α and β2 contributed to endothelial hyperpermeability. Since reduction of endothelial hyperpermeability was greater with inhibition of PKC α rather than PKC β2, we conclude that PKC α may be a major isoform involved in endothelial permeability in HUVECs, and that PKC α-mediated endothelial permeability was significantly reversed by the PKC inhibitor HA. © 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Darling, ACE, Mau, B, Blattner, FR & Perna, NT 2004, 'Mauve: Multiple Alignment of Conserved Genomic Sequence With Rearrangements', Genome Research, vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 1394-1403.
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As genomes evolve, they undergo large-scale evolutionary processes that present a challenge to sequence comparison not posed by short sequences. Recombination causes frequent genome rearrangements, horizontal transfer introduces new sequences into bacterial chromosomes, and deletions remove segments of the genome. Consequently, each genome is a mosaic of unique lineage-specific segments, regions shared with a subset of other genomes and segments conserved among all the genomes under consideration. Furthermore, the linear order of these segments may be shuffled among genomes. We present methods for identification and alignment of conserved genomic DNA in the presence of rearrangements and horizontal transfer. Our methods have been implemented in a software package called Mauve. Mauve has been applied to align nine enterobacterial genomes and to determine global rearrangement structure in three mammalian genomes. We have evaluated the quality of Mauve alignments and drawn comparison to other methods through extensive simulations of genome evolution.

Davidson, LA, Nguyen, DV, Hokanson, RM, Callaway, ES, Isett, RB, Turner, ND, Dougherty, ER, Wang, N, Lupton, JR, Carroll, RJ & Chapkin, RS 2004, 'Chemopreventive n -3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Reprogram Genetic Signatures during Colon Cancer Initiation and Progression in the Rat', Cancer Research, vol. 64, no. 18, pp. 6797-6804.
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Abstract The mechanisms by which n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) decrease colon tumor formation have not been fully elucidated. Examination of genes up- or down-regulated at various stages of tumor development via the monitoring of gene expression relationships will help to determine the biological processes ultimately responsible for the protective effects of n-3 PUFA. Therefore, using a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial design, we used Codelink DNA microarrays containing ∼9000 genes to help decipher the global changes in colonocyte gene expression profiles in carcinogen-injected Sprague Dawley rats. Animals were assigned to three dietary treatments differing only in the type of fat (corn oil/n-6 PUFA, fish oil/n-3 PUFA, or olive oil/n-9 monounsaturated fatty acid), two treatments (injection with the carcinogen azoxymethane or with saline), and two time points (12 hours and 10 weeks after first injection). Only the consumption of n-3 PUFA exerted a protective effect at the initiation (DNA adduct formation) and promotional (aberrant crypt foci) stages. Importantly, microarray analysis of colonocyte gene expression profiles discerned fundamental differences among animals treated with n-3 PUFA at both the 12 hours and 10-week time points. Thus, in addition to demonstrating that dietary fat composition alters the molecular portrait of gene expression profiles in the colonic epithelium at both the initiation and promotional stages of tumor development, these findings indicate that the chemopreventive effect of fish oil is due to the direct action of n-3 PUFA and not to a reduction in the content of n-6 PUFA.

de Sterke, CM, Botten, LC, Asatryan, AA, White, TP & McPhedran, RC 2004, 'Modes of coupled photonic crystal waveguides', OPTICS LETTERS, vol. 29, no. 12, pp. 1384-1386.
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We consider the modes of coupled photonic crystal waveguides. We find that the fundamental modes of these structures can be either even or odd, in contrast with the behavior in coupled conventional waveguides, in which the fundamental mode is always even. We explain this finding using an asymptotic model that is valid for long wavelengths. © 2004 Optical Society of America.

Death, AK, McGrath, KCY, Kazlauskas, R & Handelsman, DJ 2004, 'Tetrahydrogestrinone Is a Potent Androgen and Progestin', The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 89, no. 5, pp. 2498-2500.
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Tetrahydrogestrinone (THG) was recently identified as a novel steroid used illicitly to improve athletic performance. Although its structure is closely related to gestrinone, a 19-nor progestin, and resembles that of trenbolone, THG was never marketed, s

Death, AK, McGrath, KCY, Kazlauskas, R & Handelsman, DJ 2004, 'Tetrahydrogestrinone is a Potent Androgen and Progestin', Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey, vol. 59, no. 10, pp. 714-716.
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Death, AK, McGrath, KCY, Sader, MA, Nakhla, S, Jessup, W, Handelsman, DJ & Celermajer, DS 2004, 'Dihydrotestosterone Promotes Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 Expression in Male Human Endothelial Cells via a Nuclear Factor-κB-Dependent Pathway', Endocrinology, vol. 145, no. 4, pp. 1889-1897.
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Delessert, C, Wilson, IW, Van Der Straeten, D, Dennis, ES & Dolferus, R 2004, 'Spatial and temporal analysis of the local response to wounding in Arabidopsis leaves', PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 165-181.
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Deller, C, Smith, G & Franklin, J 2004, 'Colour mixing LEDs with short microsphere doped acrylic rods', Optics Express, vol. 12, no. 15, pp. 3327-3327.
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The output colour distributions from red, green and blue (RGB) LEDs mixed with cross linked PMMA micro particle doped PMMA mixing rods is compared to output from a plain PMMA mixing rod. Distinctive patterns with clear colour separation result with the undoped rod. These are homogenised by our mixers, resulting in white light. Light output has been photographed, measured and computer simulated at a distance of 10 cm from the output end of the rods. © 2004 Optical Society of America.

Derby, B & Holt, S 2004, 'Characterisation of Interfaces Between Liquid Tin and Alumina in the Presence of Titanium Alloy Additions', Interface Science, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 29-37.
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Djordjevic, SP, Cordwell, SJ, Djordjevic, MA, Wilton, J & Minion, FC 2004, 'Proteolytic Processing of the Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Cilium Adhesin', Infection and Immunity, vol. 72, no. 5, pp. 2791-2802.
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ABSTRACT Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is an economically significant swine pathogen that colonizes the respiratory ciliated epithelial cells. Cilium adherence is mediated by P97, a surface protein containing a repeating element (R1) that is responsible for binding. Here, we show that the cilium adhesin is proteolytically processed on the surface. Proteomic analysis of strain J proteins identified cleavage products of 22, 28, 66, and 94 kDa. N-terminal sequencing showed that the 66- and 94-kDa proteins possessed identical N termini and that the 66-kDa variant was generated by cleavage of the 28-kDa product from the C terminus. The 22-kDa product represented the N-terminal 195 amino acids of the cilium adhesin preprotein, confirming that the hydrophobic leader signal sequence is not cleaved during translocation across the membrane. Comparative studies of M. hyopneumoniae strain 232 showed that the major cleavage products of the cilium adhesin are similar, although P22 and P28 appear to be processed further in strain 232. Immunoblotting studies using antisera raised against peptide sequences within P22 and P66/P94 indicate that processing is complex, with cleavage occurring at different frequencies within multiple sites, and is strain specific. Immunogold electron microscopy showed that fragments containing the cilium-binding site remained associated with the cell surface whereas cleavage products not containing the R1 element were located elsewhere. Not all secreted proteins undergo multiple cleavage, however, as evidenced by the analysis of the P102 gene product. The ability of M. hyopneumoniae to selectively cleave its secreted proteins provides this pathogen with a remarkable capacity to alter its surface architecture.

Djordjevic, SP, Ramachandran, V, Bettelheim, KA, Vanselow, BA, Holst, P, Bailey, G & Hornitzky, MA 2004, 'Serotypes and Virulence Gene Profiles of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Feces of Pasture-Fed and Lot-Fed Sheep', Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 70, no. 7, pp. 3910-3917.
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ABSTRACT Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains possessing genes for enterohemolysin ( ehxA ) and/or intimin ( eae ), referred to here as complex STEC (cSTEC), are more commonly recovered from the feces of humans with hemolytic uremic syndrome and hemorrhagic colitis than STEC strains that do not possess these accessory virulence genes. Ruminants, particularly cattle and sheep, are recognized reservoirs of STEC populations that may contaminate foods destined for human consumption. We isolated cSTEC strains from the feces of longitudinally sampled pasture-fed sheep, lot-fed sheep maintained on diets comprising various combinations of silage and grain, and sheep simultaneously grazing pastures with cattle to explore the diversity of cSTEC serotypes capable of colonizing healthy sheep. A total of 67 cSTEC serotypes were isolated, of which 21 (31.3%), mainly isolated from lambs, have not been reported. Of the total isolations, 58 (86.6%) were different from cSTEC serotypes isolated from a recent study of longitudinally sampled healthy Australian cattle (M. Hornitzky, B. A. Vanselow, K. Walker, K. A. Bettelheim, B. Corney, P. Gill, G. Bailey, and S. P. Djordjevic, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68: 6439-6445, 2002). Our data suggest that cSTEC serotypes O5:H − , O75:H8, O91:H − , O123:H − , and O128:H2 are well adapted to colonizing the ovine gastrointestinal tract, since they were the most prevalent serotypes isolated from both pasture-fed and lot-fed sheep. Collectively, our data show that Australian sheep are colonized by diverse cSTEC serotypes that are rarely ...

Doblin, MA, Popels, LC, Coyne, KJ, Hutchins, DA, Cary, SC & Dobbs, FC 2004, 'Transport of the harmful bloom alga Aureococcus anophagefferens by oceangoing ships and coastal boats', APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, vol. 70, no. 11, pp. 6495-6500.
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It is well established that cyst-forming phytoplankton species are transported in ships' ballast tanks. However, there is increasing evidence that other phytoplankton species which do not encyst are also capable of surviving ballast transit. These species have alternative modes of nutrition (hetero- or mixotrophy) and/or are able to survive long-term darkness. In our studies of no-ballast-on-board vessels arriving in the Great Lakes, we tested for the presence of the harmful algal bloom species Aureococcus anophagefferens (brown tide) in residual (i.e., unpumpable) ballast water using methods based on the PCR. During 2001, the brown tide organism was detected in 7 of 18 ballast water tanks in commercial ships following transit from foreign ports. Furthermore, it was detected after 10 days of ballast tank confinement during a vessel transit in the Great Lakes, a significant result given the large disparity between the salinity tolerance for active growth of Aureococcus (>22 ppt) and the low salinity of the residual ballast water (similar to2 ppt). We also investigated the potential for smaller, recreational vessels to transport and distribute Aureococcus. During the summer of 2002, 11 trailered boats from the inland bays of Delaware and coastal bays of Maryland were sampled. Brown tide was detected in the bilge water in the bottoms of eight boats, as well as in one live-well sample. Commercial ships and small recreational boats are therefore implicated as potential vectors for long-distance transport and local-scale dispersal of Aureococcus.

Dooley, AH 2004, 'Heisenberg-type groups and intertwining operators', JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS, vol. 212, no. 2, pp. 261-286.
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Duggin, IG 2004, 'Studying DNA terminator proteins: a means to an end', Australian Biochemist, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 5-8.

Duty, SM, Calafat, AM, Silva, MJ, Brock, JW, Ryan, L, Chen, ZY, Overstreet, J & Hauser, R 2004, 'The relationship between environmental exposure to phthalates and computer-aided sperm analysis motion parameters', JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 293-302.

Eamens, AL, Blanchard, CL, Dennis, ES & Upadhyaya, NM 2004, 'A bidirectional gene trap construct suitable for T-DNA and Ds-mediated insertional mutagenesis in rice (Oryza sativa L.)', PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 367-380.
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Earp, AA, Smith, GB, Franklin, J & Swift, P 2004, 'Optimisation of a three-colour luminescent solar concentrator daylighting system', SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS, vol. 84, no. 1-4, pp. 411-426.
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Electrical power consumption in buildings may be reduced considerably by more efficient use of sunlight for indoor lighting. A stack of luminescent solar concentrator sheets has been developed, which utilises three different coloured fluorescent dyes to produce a concentrated near-white light source to be coupled into flexible polymer sheets and transported up to 10m. Thus in clear sky conditions a remote room with neither walls nor roof in direct contact with the sun, can be illuminated by over 1000lm of natural light with a luminous efficacy of over 300lm/W, regardless of the sun's position. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Earp, AA, Smith, GB, Swift, PD & Franklin, J 2004, 'Maximising the light output of a Luminescent Solar Concentrator', SOLAR ENERGY, vol. 76, no. 6, pp. 655-667.
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Luminescent Solar Concentrators (LSC's) are currently being developed so that sunlight may be more fully utilised in place of conventional lighting sources. In order to optimise the light output of an LSC, various collector properties including fluorescent dye concentration, collector dimensions and matrix quality have been investigated. This study, involving measurement and computer modelling of the light transport in a single colour LSC, shows that luminous output is highly sensitive to weak extinction processes in the emission spectral band. These fine details in the loss spectrum play a key role in determining the output and efficiency of an LSC system. The separation of dye and matrix losses enables a quantitative study of the effect of matrix optical quality on performance. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ekanayake, SR, Cortie, MB & Ford, MJ 2004, 'Design of nanocapacitors and associated materials challenges', CURRENT APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 4, no. 2-4, pp. 250-254.
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The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) projects that the spatial resolution of feature sizes in integrated circuits is rapidly approaching nanoscopic dimensions. Consequently, there is an active interest in the design of nanoscale circuit elements such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors. The properties of materials used to fabricate capacitors pose an important design factor, as with all circuit elements. We analyze the critical materials properties that would influence engineering nanocapacitors (nanoscopic capacitors), and show that at nanoscale, dielectric properties (dielectric constant, dielectric strength, and dielectric relaxation) determine the practicality of such capacitors. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Ekanayake, SR, Ford, M & Cortie, M 2004, 'Metal-insulator-metal (MIM) nanocapacitors and effects of material properties on their operation', Materials Forum, vol. 27, pp. 15-20.
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Metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors play an important part in many integrated electronic circuits in the areas of analog, microwave, and radio frequency systems. However the transverse dimensions of current MIM capacitors are in the micrometer scale. If integrated circuits continue to be miniaturized, the capacitor, alongside other components, must also be miniaturized to realize nanoelectronic circuits and systems. This article presents a novel device, the nanocapacitor, of which the dimensions are constrained to nanoscale in longitudinal and transverse directions, and discusses the effects of material properties on their operation. In particular, this work discusses the effects of dielectric constant, dielectric strength, and quantum electrical phenomena on achieving relatively high capacitances and capacitance densities in nanocapacitors. © Institute of Materials Engineering Australasia Ltd - Materials Forum Volume 27 - Published 2004.

Elashoff, M & Ryan, L 2004, 'An EM algorithm for estimating equations', JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL AND GRAPHICAL STATISTICS, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 48-65.
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This article presents an algorithm for accommodating missing data in situations where a natural set of estimating equations exists for the complete data setting. The complete data estimating equations can correspond to the score functions from a standard, partial, or quasi-likelihood, or they can be generalized estimating equations (GEEs). In analogy to the EM, which is a special case, the method is called the ES algorithm, because it iterates between an E-Step wherein functions of the complete data are replaced by their expected values, and an S-Step where these expected values are substituted into the complete-data estimating equation, which is then solved. Convergence properties of the algorithm are established by appealing to general theory for iterative solutions to nonlinear equations. In particular, the ES algorithm (and indeed the EM) are shown to correspond to examples of nonlinear Gauss-Seidel algorithms. An added advantage of the approach is that it yields a computationally simple method for estimating the variance of the resulting parameter estimates.

Elder, M 2004, 'A context-free and a 1-counter geodesic language for a Baumslag-Solitar group', Theoretical Computer Science 339 (2005), Issues 2-3, pages 344-371, vol. 339, pp. 344-371.
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We give a language of unique geodesic normal forms for the Baumslag-Solitargroup BS(1,2) that is context-free and 1-counter. We discuss the classes ofcontext-free, 1-counter and counter languages, and explain how they areinter-related.

Elder, M 2004, 'L_delta groups are almost convex and have a sub-cubic Dehn function', Algebr. Geom. Topol., vol. 4, pp. 23-29.
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We prove that if the Cayley graph of a finitely generated group enjoys theproperty L_delta then the group is almost convex and has a sub-cubicisoperimetric function.

Elder, M 2004, 'Regular geodesic languages and the falsification by fellow traveler property', Algebr. Geom. Topol., vol. 5, pp. 129-134.
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We furnish an example of a finite generating set for a group that does notenjoy the falsification by fellow traveler property, while the full language ofgeodesics is regular.

Ellis, J, Sinclair, D & Morrison, D 2004, 'Microarrays and stage conversion in Toxoplasma gondii', TRENDS IN PARASITOLOGY, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 288-295.
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Microarray technology is emerging as a powerful method for the study of those changes in gene expression that occur when a parasite converts from one life cycle stage to another. The use of appropriate experimental design and data analysis methodologies is essential if this technology is to be correctly exploited. In this review, the study of stage conversion in the transformation of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites into bradyzoites is considered as an example of where the application of microarrays is revealing exciting new knowledge on underlying molecular mechanisms. The more general application of microarrays in parasitology is also discussed.

Eyles, MJ 2004, 'Australian innovation in a global food industry', Food Australia, vol. 56, no. 7, pp. 286-289.
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Globalisation is the key issue facing the Australian food processing industry, presenting both important market opportunities and the danger of irrelevance. Global consolidation is not limited to the major food manufacturers; the process includes retailers, who have considerable market power. International trade growth is now more rapid for processed foods than for unprocessed commodities. This set of changes is having important implications for innovation. A focus on international competitiveness in innovation has the potential to make a large contribution to the development of a thriving Australian food industry over the coming decades. Important factors in globally relevant innovation in Australia include a focus on world-class quality, successful partnerships and a favourable business environment. A range of successful partnership models has been developed in Australia, but more progress is needed. The National Food Industry Strategy and CSIRO's National Research Flagship Programs are sizeable recent responses to these challenges and opportunities.

Fallon, GD, Langford, SJ & Lee, MA-P 2004, 'N,N′-Bis(2-carboxyethyl)-1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic diimine dimethylformamide disolvate', Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. o542-o543.
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Fallon, GD, Lee, MA-P, Langford, SJ & Nichols, PJ 2004, 'Unusual Solid-State Behavior in a Neutral [2]Catenane Bearing a Hydrolyzable Component', Organic Letters, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 655-658.
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Ferreira, LG & Huete, AR 2004, 'Assessing the seasonal dynamics of the Brazilian Cerrado vegetation through the use of spectral vegetation indices', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING, vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 1837-1860.
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In this study, the response of vegetation indices (VIs) to the seasonal patterns and spatial distribution of the major vegetation types encountered in the Brazilian Cerrado was investigated. The Cerrado represents the second largest biome in South America and is the most severely threatened biome as a result of rapid land conversions. Our goal was to assess the capability of VIs to effectively monitor the Cerrado and to discriminate among the major types of Cerrado vegetation. A full hydrologic year (1995) of composited AVHRR, local area coverage (LAC) data was converted to Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) values. Temporal extracts were then made over the major Cerrado vegetation communities. Both the NDVI and SAVI temporal profiles corresponded well to the phenological patterns of the natural and converted vegetation formations and depicted three major categories encompassing the savanna formations and pasture sites, the forested areas, and the agricultural crops. Secondary differences in the NDVI and SAVI temporal responses were found to be related to their unique interactions with sun-sensor viewing geometries. An assessment of the functional behaviour of the VIs confirmed SAVI responds primarily to NIR variations, while the NDVI showed a strong dependence on the red reflectance. Based on these results, we expect operational use of the MODIS Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) to provide improved discrimination and monitoring capability of the significant Cerrado vegetation types. © 2004 Taylor and Francis Ltd.

Ferreira, LG, Yoshioka, H, Huete, Y & Sano, EE 2004, 'Optical characterization of the Brazilian savanna physiognomies for improved land cover monitoring of the cerrado biome: preliminary assessments from an airborne campaign over an LBA core site', JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 425-447.
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It is estimated that approximately 40% of the Cerrado, the second largest biome in South America, have been already converted. In this study, situated within the scope of the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia project (LBA), we conducted a wet season ground and airborne campaign over the Brasilia National Park (BNP), the largest LBA core site in the Cerrado biome, to measure the optical and biophysical properties of the major Cerrado land cover types. We investigated land cover discrimination through the analyses of fine resolution spectra, convolved spectra (MODIS bandpasses), and vegetation indices - the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the enhanced vegetation index (EVI). At these three data levels, three major physiognomic domains (herbaceous, woody, and forested) could be readily identified, and the amount of data correctly classified into the five major land cover types found at BNP were 91% (full spectra), 78% (red and NIR), 75% (NDVI), and 71% (EVI). A synergism between the NDVI and EVI was also evident, and together, these two indices were capable of correctly classifying 82% of the total data set. Our results indicate the possibility of utilizing the MODIS NDVI and EVI images for operational land cover assessments in the Cerrado region. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Finnegan, EJ, Sheldon, CC, Jardinaud, F, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2004, 'A cluster of Arabidlopsis genes with a coordinate response to an environmental stimulus', CURRENT BIOLOGY, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 911-916.
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Flynn, K, Maynard, P, Pasquier, ED, Lennard, C, Stoilovic, M & Roux, C 2004, 'Evaluation of Iodine-Benzoflavone and Ruthenium Tetroxide Spray Reagents for the Detection of Latent Fingermarks at the Crime Scene', Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 1-9.
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Abstract The performance of two spray reagents, iodine-benzoflavone and ruthenium tetroxide (RTX), was evaluated and compared with the conventional technique currently used at the crime scene, that is, powdering. Neither the spray techniques nor powdering were shown to be suitable for all surfaces and ages of marks tested. On some surfaces such as glass and treated wood, powdering was still the superior technique, whereas the spray techniques produced better development on wallpaper, vinyl, and brick. Sequencing work showed that RTX was incompatible with powdering and cyanoacrylate (with a rhodamine 6G stain). Iodine-benzoflavone can be used successfully either before or after powdering in a sequence; however, it was incompatible with cyanoacrylate. Two non-CFC formulations of iodine-benzoflavone using HFC4310mee and HFE7100 solvents were tested and shown not to be as effective as the original Arklone (CFC-113) formulation; however, the HFC4310mee solvent is recommended as the most suitable replacement solvent. Due to the expense of the commercial RTX spray, attempts at formulating a more cost-effective version were also carried out. A formulation was developed that gave comparable development to the commercial version but at a much cheaper cost, and with a shelf life of up to two months. Recommendations are presented for which techniques are suitable for different surfaces and ages of marks. Powdering was shown to be the best technique on all ages of marks tested on treated wood, glass, and also on marks aged three days and older on paint. Iodine-benzoflavone was the best technique on wallpaper, vinyl, brick, and raw wood. RTX was the best detection technique for fresh marks and marks aged up to one day on wallpaper and paint.

Fornusek, C, Davis, GM, Sinclair, PJ & Milthorpe, B 2004, 'Development of an isokinetic functional electrical stimulation cycle ergometer', NEUROMODULATION, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 56-64.
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An isokinetic functional electrical stimulation leg cycle ergometer (iFES-LCE) was developed for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). The iFES-LCE was designed to allow cycle training over a broad range of pedalling cadences (5-60 rev/min) to promote both muscular strength and cardiorespiratory fitness. A commercially available motorized cycle ergometer was integrated with a custom built FES system, a laptop computer, and a specialized chair that restricted lateral leg movements. Sample biomechanical data were collected from an SCI subject performing FES cycling to demonstrate the IFES-LCE's performance characteristics. Calibration of the IFES-LCE system revealed a linear relationship between torque applied to the axle of the motorized ergometer and the braking motor current generated to maintain velocity. Performance data derived from iFES-LCE motor torque agreed closely with similar data collected using strain-gauge instrumented pedals (cross-correlations = 0.93-0.98). The iFES-LCE was shown to work well across a range of pedaling cadences. We conclude that the new iFES-LCE system may offer improved training potential by allowing cycling over a broad range of pedaling cadences, especially low cadence. This device also improves upon the accuracy of other ergometers by adjusting for the passive load of the legs.

Franklin, NM, Stauber, JL & Lim, RP 2004, 'Development of multispecies algal bioassays using flow cytometry', ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 1452-1462.
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Freedman, LS, Fainberg, V, Kipnis, V, Midthune, D & Carroll, RJ 2004, 'A New Method for Dealing with Measurement Error in Explanatory Variables of Regression Models', Biometrics, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 172-181.
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Summary.  We introduce a new method, moment reconstruction, of correcting for measurement error in covariates in regression models. The central idea is similar to regression calibration in that the values of the covariates that are measured with error are replaced by “adjusted” values. In regression calibration the adjusted value is the expectation of the true value conditional on the measured value. In moment reconstruction the adjusted value is the variance‐preserving empirical Bayes estimate of the true value conditional on the outcome variable. The adjusted values thereby have the same first two moments and the same covariance with the outcome variable as the unobserved “true” covariate values. We show that moment reconstruction is equivalent to regression calibration in the case of linear regression, but leads to different results for logistic regression. For case–control studies with logistic regression and covariates that are normally distributed within cases and controls, we show that the resulting estimates of the regression coefficients are consistent. In simulations we demonstrate that for logistic regression, moment reconstruction carries less bias than regression calibration, and for case–control studies is superior in mean‐square error to the standard regression calibration approach. Finally, we give an example of the use of moment reconstruction in linear discriminant analysis and a nonstandard problem where we wish to adjust a classification tree for measurement error in the explanatory variables.

Freedman, LS, Midthune, D, Carroll, RJ, Krebs-Smith, S, Subar, AF, Troiano, RP, Dodd, K, Schatzkin, A, Ferrari, P & Kipnis, V 2004, 'Adjustments to Improve the Estimation of Usual Dietary Intake Distributions in the Population', The Journal of Nutrition, vol. 134, no. 7, pp. 1836-1843.
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French, JL 2004, 'Generalized additive models for cancer mapping with incomplete covariates', Biostatistics, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 177-191.
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Gale, PA 2004, 'A “Holey” Supramolecular Approach to the Detection of Enzyme Activity.', ChemInform, vol. 35, no. 9.
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AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

Gale, PA, Hursthouse, MB, Light, ME & Warriner, CN 2004, 'Anion Complexation Properties of Thiophene-2,4- and -2,5-biscarboxamides', Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications, vol. 69, no. 6, pp. 1301-1308.
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Thiophene-2,4- and -2,5-biscarboxamides have been synthesised and shown to act as anion receptors in DMSO-d6/water solution. The crystal structure of the fluoride complex of a N,N'-diphenylthiophene-2,5-biscarboxamide derivative has been solved and reveals the involvement of the thiophene CH protons in anion complexation in the solid state.

Ganguli, B & Wand, MP 2004, 'Feature Significance in Geostatistics', Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 954-973.
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Gelhausen, O, Malguth, E, Phillips, MR, Goldys, EM, Strassburg, M, Hoffmann, A, Graf, T, Gjukic, M & Stutzmann, M 2004, 'Doping-level-dependent optical properties of GaN : Mn', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 84, no. 22, pp. 4514-4516.
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Cathodoluminescence (CL) and optical transmission spectroscopy were used to study the optical properties of molecular-beam-epitaxy (MBE) grown GaN with different doping levels. The 1-μm-thick samples were grown by plasma-induced MBE on c-plane Al 2O 3 substrate. The absorption measurements were performed at 2 K with a 250 W tungsten-halogen lamp. The CL measurements showed that Mn-doping concentrations around 10 20 cm -3 reduced the near band edge emission intensity by around one order of magnitude.

Gelhausen, O, Phillips, MR, Goldys, EM, Paskova, T, Monemar, B, Strassburg, M & Hoffmann, A 2004, 'Dissociation of H-related defect complexes in Mg-doped GaN', PHYSICAL REVIEW B, vol. 69, no. 12, pp. 1-9.
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Post-growth annealing and electron beam irradiation during cathodoluminescence were used to determine the chemical origin of the main optical emission lines in moderately and heavily Mg-doped GaN. The 3.27 eV donor-acceptor pair (DAP) emission line that dominates the emission spectrum in moderately Mg-doped (p-type) GaN was found to be strongly reduced by electron irradiation and of different chemical origin than the DAP at a similar energetic position in Si-doped (n-type) GaN. These results suggest that the acceptor responsible for the 3.27 eV DAP emission in Mg-doped GaN is Mg and that the donor (2030 meV) is hydrogen-related, possibly a (VN-H) complex. This complex is dissociated either by electron irradiation or thermal annealing in N2 or O2 atmosphere. We found that upon electron irradiation, a deeper emission line (centered at 3.14 eV) emerged, which was assigned to a DAP consisting of the same Mg acceptor level and a deeper donor (100200 meV) with a similar capture cross section as the donor in the 3.27 eV emission. Moreover, two different deep donor levels at 350±30 and 440±40 meV were identified as being responsible for the blue band (2.83.0 eV) in heavily Mg-doped GaN. The donor level at 350±30 meV was strongly affected by electron irradiation and attributed to a H-related defect.

Gelhausen, O, Phillips, MR, Goldys, EM, Paskova, T, Monemar, B, Strassburg, M & Hoffmann, A 2004, 'Dissociation of H-related defect complexes in Mg-doped GaN', Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, vol. 69, no. 12.
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Post-growth annealing and electron beam irradiation during cathodoluminescence were used to determine the chemical origin of the main optical emission lines in moderately and heavily Mg-doped GaN. The 3.27 eV donor-acceptor pair (DAP) emission line that dominates the emission spectrum in moderately Mg-doped (p-type) GaN was found to be strongly reduced by electron irradiation and of different chemical origin than the DAP at a similar energetic position in Si-doped (n-type) GaN. These results suggest that the acceptor responsible for the 3.27 eV DAP emission in Mg-doped GaN is Mg and that the donor (20-30 meV) is hydrogen-related, possibly a (VN − H) complex. This complex is dissociated either by electron irradiation or thermal annealing in N2 or O2 atmosphere. We found that upon electron irradiation, a deeper emission line (centered at 3.14 eV) emerged, which was assigned to a DAP consisting of the same Mg acceptor level and a deeper donor (100-200 meV) with a similar capture cross section as the donor in the 3.27 eV emission. Moreover, two different deep donor levels at 350 ± 30 and 440 ± 40 meV were identified as being responsible for the blue band (2.8-3.0 eV) in heavily Mg-doped GaN. The donor level at 350 ± 30 meV was strongly affected by electron irradiation and attributed to a H-related defect. © 2004 The American Physical Society.

Ghiggino, KP, Hutchison, JA, Langford, SJ, Lee, MA-P, Lowenstern, PR & Yann, T 2004, 'Modulating Electron Transfer in a Simple Bichromophoric System Employing Axial-Ligation as an Organising Precept', Journal of Inclusion Phenomena, vol. 49, no. 1/2, pp. 27-32.
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Godlewski, M, Goldys, EM, Phillips, MR, B�ttcher, T, Figge, S, Hommel, D, Czernecki, R, Prystawko, P, Leszczynski, M, Perlin, P, Grzegory, I & Porowski, S 2004, 'In-depth and in-plane profiling of light emission properties of InGaN-based laser diode', physica status solidi (a), vol. 201, no. 2, pp. 207-211.
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We employ cathodoluminescence (CL) technique for evaluation of in-depth and in-plane instabilities of light emission in laser diode structure. We study light emission properties from laser structure and their relation to microstructure details. Large in-plane instabilities of light emission are also present for excitation densities, larger than the threshold densities for the stimulated emission, i.e., potential fluctuations are not fully screened in the active region of the laser even at large excitation densities. © 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Godlewski, M, Lusakowska, E, Bozek, R, Goldys, EM, Phillips, MR, Bottcher, T, Figge, S & Hommel, D 2004, 'Cathodoluminescence and atomic force microscopy study of n-type doped GaN epilayers', PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI A-APPLIED RESEARCH, vol. 201, no. 2, pp. 212-215.
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We evaluate influence of n-type doping and of the doping level on structural and optical quality of GaN epilayers. We confirm reported previously strong enhancement of light emission from Si doped samples and discuss possible mechanisms of this enhancement. Kelvin probe measurements indicate smoothing of potential fluctuations in the doped layers. © 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Godlewski, M, Lusakowska, E, Goldys, EM, Phillips, MR, Bottcher, T, Figge, S, Hommel, D, Prystawko, P, Leszcynski, M, Grzegory, I & Porowski, S 2004, 'Diffusion length of carriers and excitons in GaN-influence of epilayer microstructure', APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE, vol. 223, no. 4, pp. 294-302.
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We demonstrate a correlation between the microsturcture of epilayers and the diffusion length of free carriers and excitons in heteroepitaxial and homeopitaxial GaN films. We show that the diffusion length is shorter than predicted for a given density of dislocations. With improving strutucal quality of the films and lower dislocation density the diffusion lengths of free carriers and excitons increase, which, in turn, increases the rate of nonradiative recombination at dislocations. This process may explain a surprisingly small change of light emission efficiency observed for GaN epilayers with varying densities of dislocations.

Godlewski, M, Szmidt, J, Olszyna, A, Werbowy, A, Lusakowska, E, Phillips, MR, Goldys, EM & Sokolowska, A 2004, 'Luminescent properties of wide bandgap materials at room temperature', E-MRS 2003 FALL MEETING, SYMPOSIA A AND C, PROCEEDINGS, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 213-218.
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Properties of nanocrystalline thin films of selected nitrides are discussed as possible buffer materials for obtaining freestanding GaN wafers. These films are grown by impulse plasma deposition on silicon substrates. We demonstrate high smoothness of these films. © 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Godlewski, M, Yatsunenko, S, Khachapuridze, A, Ivanov, VY, Golacki, Z, Karczewski, G, Bergman, PJ, Klar, P, Heimbrodt, W & Phillips, MR 2004, 'Mechanism of intra-shell recombination of transition metal and rare earth ions in nanostructures of II-VI compounds', JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS, vol. 380, no. 1-2, pp. 45-49.
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Based on the results of optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) and time-resolved investigations we relate the observed lifetime shortening of intra-shell Mn2+ emission to spin dependent magnetic interactions between localized spins of Mn2+ ions and spins/magnetic moments of free carriers. We show that this mechanism is active both in bulk and in low dimensional structures, such as quantum wells (QWs), quantum dots (QDs) and nanostructures. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Gorkunov, M & Lapine, M 2004, 'Tuning of a nonlinear metamaterial band gap by an external magnetic field', Physical Review B, vol. 70, no. 23.
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Griffiths, PL, Brown, JJ & Smith, PWF 2004, 'A Comparison of Univariate and Multivariate Multilevel Models for Repeated Measures of use of Antenatal Care in Uttar Pradesh', Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A: Statistics in Society, vol. 167, no. 4, pp. 597-611.
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SummaryWe compare two different multilevel modelling approaches to the analysis of repeated measures data to assess the effect of mother level characteristics on women’s use of prenatal care services in Uttar Pradesh, India. We apply univariate multilevel models to our data and find that the model assumptions are severely violated and the parameter estimates are not stable, particularly for the mother level random effect. To overcome this we apply a multivariate multilevel model. The correlation structure shows that, once the decision has been made regarding use of antenatal care by the mother for her first observed birth in the data, she does not tend to change this decision for higher order births.

Guenneau, S 2004, 'Coupling between electromagnetic and mechanical vibrations of thin-walled structures', The Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 407-428.
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The paper addresses the issue of coupling between the electromagnetic and elastic vibrations and deals with the following three classes of problems: vibration of thin bodies in an electromagnetic field; a coupling that occurs due to perturbation of boundaries within a deformed solid; and a coupling within regions of localized stress in a composite structure with defects. It is shown that the coupling effect is negligibly small in the first case, while it becomes important in the last two classes of problems. For vibrations of thin-walled conducting solids placed in an electromagnetic field we present a systematic new asymptotic scheme. It is observed that the magnetic field induces a 'viscous force', which is similar to certain problems that occur in magnetic fluids flows. When we deal with electromagnetic waves propagating through a thin-walled periodic structure subject to regular perturbation of the boundary, an asymptotic method is applied to derive the effective boundary conditions for the perturbed inclusion within the array. We examine the effect of this perturbation on the dispersion curves for the corresponding spectral problem, and compare the asymptotic results with a finite element modelling of the perturbed structure. Finally, we show exciting results describing coupling between electromagnetic and elastic fields due to the localization associated with a defect mode in a doubly periodic structure. © Oxford University Press 2004; all rights reserved.

Guziewicz, E, Godlewski, M, Kopalko, K, Łusakowska, E, Dynowska, E, Guziewicz, M, Godlewski, MM & Phillips, M 2004, 'Atomic layer deposition of thin films of ZnSe—structural and optical characterization', Thin Solid Films, vol. 446, no. 2, pp. 172-177.
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Thin films of sphalerite-type ZnSe were grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) from elemental Zn and Se precursors. These films, grown on various substrates, show bright blue 'edge' emission accompanied by donor-acceptor pair emissions in the blue, green and red spectral regions. Red, green and blue emissions mixed together give a white color, with a color temperature between 2400 and 4500 K depending on a layer thickness and temperature. ZnSe grown by ALD is in consequence a promising material for the fabrication of semiconductor-based white light emitting thin film electroluminescence displays. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Hansbro, PM, Beagley, KW, Horvat, JC & Gibson, PG 2004, 'Role of atypical bacterial infection of the lung in predisposition/protection of asthma', Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol. 101, no. 3, pp. 193-210.
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Haven, CJ, Howell, VM, Eilers, PHC, Dunne, R, Takahashi, M, van Puijenbroek, M, Furge, K, Kievit, J, Tan, M-H, Fleuren, GJ, Robinson, BG, Delbridge, LW, Philips, J, Nelson, AE, Krause, U, Dralle, H, Hoang-Vu, C, Gimm, O, Morreau, H, Marsh, DJ & Teh, BT 2004, 'Gene Expression of Parathyroid Tumors', Cancer Research, vol. 64, no. 20, pp. 7405-7411.
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Abstract Parathyroid tumors are heterogeneous, and diagnosis is often difficult using histologic and clinical features. We have undertaken expression profiling of 53 hereditary and sporadic parathyroid tumors to better define the molecular genetics of parathyroid tumors. A class discovery approach identified three distinct groups: (1) predominantly hyperplasia cluster, (2) HRPT2/carcinoma cluster consisting of sporadic carcinomas and benign and malignant tumors from Hyperparathyroidism-Jaw Tumor Syndrome patients, and (3) adenoma cluster consisting mainly of primary adenoma and MEN 1 tumors. Gene sets able to distinguish between the groups were identified and may serve as diagnostic biomarkers. We demonstrated, by both gene and protein expression, that Histone 1 Family 2, amyloid β precursor protein, and E-cadherin are useful markers for parathyroid carcinoma and suggest that the presence of a HRPT2 mutation, whether germ-line or somatic, strongly influences the expression pattern of these 3 genes. Cluster 2, characterized by HRPT2 mutations, was the most striking, suggesting that parathyroid tumors with somatic HRPT2 mutation or tumors developing on a background of germ-line HRPT2 mutation follow pathways distinct from those involved in mutant MEN 1-related parathyroid tumors. Furthermore, our findings likely preclude an adenoma to carcinoma progression model for parathyroid tumorigenesis outside of the presence of either a germ-line or somatic HRPT2 mutation. These findings provide insights into the molecular pathways involved in parathyroid tumorigenesis and will contribute to a better understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of parathyroid tumors.

He, Q, Windsor, PA & Kirkland, PD 2004, 'An outbreak of abortion in a dairy herd associated with Neospora caninum and bovine pestivirus infection', AUSTRALIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL, vol. 82, no. 1-2, pp. 99-101.
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Heath, D & Platen, E 2004, 'Understanding the Implied Volatility Surface for Options on a Diversified Index', Asia-Pacific Financial Markets, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 55-77.
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This paper describes a two-factor model for a diveersified index that attempts to explain both the leverage effect and the implied volatility skews that are characteristic of index options. Our formulation is based on an analhsis of the growth optimal portfolio and a corresponding random market activity time where the discounted growth optimal portfolio is expressed as a time transformed square Bessel process of dimension four. It turns our that for this index model an equivalent risk neutral martingale measure does not exist because the corresponding Radon-Nikodym derivative process is a strict local martingale. However, a consistent pricing and hedging framework is established by using the benchmark approach. The prposed model, which includes a random initial condition for market activity, generates implied colatility surfaces for European call and put options that are typically observed in real markets. The paper also examines the price differences of binary options for th epropsed model and their Black-Scholes counterparts.

Heather, AK, McGrath, KC, Sader, M, Nakhla, S, Jessup, W, Handelsman, D & Celermajer, DS 2004, 'Dihydrotestosterone promotes vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in male human endothelial cells via a nuclear factor-kappa B-dependent pathway', Endocrinology, vol. 145, no. 4, pp. 1889-1897.
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There exists a striking gender difference in atherosclerotic vascular disease. For decades, estrogen was considered atheroprotective; however, an alternative is that androgen exposure in early life may predispose men to earlier atherosclerosis. We recent

Heness, G & Ben-Nissan, B 2004, 'Innovative bioceramics', Materials Forum, vol. 27, pp. 104-114.
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Overall, the benefits of advanced ceramic materials in biomedical applications have been universally appreciated, specifically, in terms of their strength, biocompatibility and wear resistance. However, the amount of supporting data is not large and the continuous development of new methods is pertinent for better understanding of the microstructure-properties relationship and, in general, for obtaining new directives for their further improvement. This paper gives an overview of some of the more innovative applications of bioceramics in medicine. © Institute of Materials Engineering Australasia Ltd - Materials Forum Volume 27 - Published 2004.

Henness, S, Johnson, CK, Ge, Q, Armour, CL, Hughes, JM & Ammit, AJ 2004, 'IL-17A augments TNF-α–induced IL-6 expression in airway smooth muscle by enhancing mRNA stability', Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 114, no. 4, pp. 958-964.
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Hill, R, Larkum, AWD, Frankart, C, Kuhl, M & Ralph, PJ 2004, 'Loss of functional Photosystem II reaction centres in zooxanthellae of corals exposed to bleaching conditions: using fluorescence rise kinetics', PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH, vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 59-72.
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Hill, R, Schreiber, U, Gademann, R, Larkum, AWD, Kuhl, M & Ralph, PJ 2004, 'Spatial heterogeneity of photosynthesis and the effect of temperature-induced bleaching conditions in three species of corals', MARINE BIOLOGY, vol. 144, no. 4, pp. 633-640.
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Heterogeneity in photosynthetic performance between polyp and coenosarc tissue in corals was shown using a new variable fluorescence imaging system (Imaging-PAM) with three species of coral, Acropora nobilis, Cyphastrea serailia and Pocillopora damicornis. In comparison to earlier studies with fibre-optic microprobes for fluorescence analysis, the Imaging-PAM enables greater accuracy by allowing different tissues to be better defined and by providing many more data points within a given time. Spatial variability of photosynthetic performance from the tip to the distal parts was revealed in one species of branching coral, A. nobilis. The effect of bleaching conditions (33°C vs. 27°C) was studied over a period of 8 h. Marked changes in fluorescence parameters were observed for all three species. Although a decline in ΦPSII (effective quantum yield) and Yi (the first effective quantum yield obtained from a rapid light curve) were observed, P. damicornis showed no visual signs of bleaching on the Imaging-PAM after this time. In A. nobilis and C. serailia, visual signs of bleaching over the 8 h period were accompanied by marked changes in F (light-adapted fluorescence yield), NPQ (non-photochemical quenching) and Ek (minimum saturating irradiance), as well as ΦPSII and Yi. These changes were most marked over the first 5 h. The most sensitive species was A. nobilis, which after 8 h at 33°C had reached a ΦPSII value of almost zero across its whole surface. Differential bleaching responses between polyps and coenosarc tissue were found in P. damicornis, but not in A. nobilis and C. serailia. NPQ increased with exposure time to 33°C in both the latter species, accompanied by a decreasing Ek, suggesting that the xanthophyll cycle is entrained as a mechanism for reducing the effects of the bleaching conditions. © Springer-Verlag 2004.

Hodgkinson, I, Wu, QH, Arnold, M, De Silva, L & Blaikie, R 2004, 'Bideposited thin-film retardation plates for use at deep UV wavelengths', CURRENT APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 4, no. 2-4, pp. 106-107.
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The physical vapour deposition process of serial bideposition is used to fabricate inorganic retardation plates of LaF3, NdF3, Sc2O3 and SmF3. For a deposition angle of 70° the form-birefringent materials exhibit linear birefringence in the range 0.090.13 at wavelength 248 nm. The study shows that NdF3 and Sc2O3 are unsuitable for use at 193 nm, due to excessive absorptive loss, and that LaF3 is the preferred material.

Hodgkinson, I, Wu, QH, De Silva, L & Arnold, M 2004, 'Inorganic positive uniaxial films fabricated by serial bideposition', OPTICS EXPRESS, vol. 12, no. 16, pp. 3840-3847.
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The physical vapor deposition process of serial bideposition is adapted to the fabrication of uniaxial optical coatings. During the coating process the vapor impinges at an angle of incidence of about 70? on to the substrate, and a stepwise axial rotation with 90? increments causes a columnar structure to grow normal to the substrate. Symmetry considerations that follow from the choice of 90? for the stepwise increment ensure that the film is achiral and has negligible in-plane linear birefringence. Optical characterization techniques confirm that films of tantalum oxide, titanium oxide and zirconium oxide are positive uniaxial with ne -no in the range 0.10 to 0.14.

Hose, GC, Murray, BR & Eamus, D 2004, 'Water quality guidelines to protect groundwater‐dependent ecosystems', Ecological Management & Restoration, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 78-80.
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Houseman, EA, Ryan, LM & Coull, BA 2004, 'Cholesky residuals for assessing normal errors in a linear model with correlated outcomes', JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION, vol. 99, no. 466, pp. 383-394.
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Despite the widespread popularity of linear models for correlated outcomes (e.g., linear mixed models and time series models), distribution diagnostic methodology remains relatively underdeveloped in this context. In this article we present an easy-to-implement approach that lends itself to graphical displays of model fit. Our approach involves multiplying the estimated marginal residual vector by the Cholesky decomposition of the inverse of the estimated marginal variance matrix. The resulting 'rotated' residuals are used to construct an empirical cumulative distribution function and pointwise standard errors. The theoretical framework, including conditions and asymptotic properties, involves technical details that are motivated by Lange and Ryan, Pierce, and Randles. Our method appears to work well in a variety of circumstances, including models having independent units of sampling (clustered data) and models for which all observations are correlated (e.g., a single time series). Our methods can produce satisfactory results even for models that do not satisfy all of the technical conditions stated in our theory.

Howell, VM, Zori, RT, Stalker, HJ, Williams, C, Jesse, N, Nelson, AE, Robinson, BG & Marsh, DJ 2004, 'A molecular diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism—Jaw tumor syndrome in an adolescent with recurrent kidney stones', The Journal of Pediatrics, vol. 145, no. 4, pp. 567-567.
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Hu, Z 2004, 'Profile-kernel versus backfitting in the partially linear models for longitudinal/clustered data', Biometrika, vol. 91, no. 2, pp. 251-262.
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Huang, BX, Ru, K, Yuan, Z, Whitchurch, CB & Mattick, JS 2004, 'tonB3 is required for normal twitching motility and extracellular assembly of type IV pili', JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, vol. 186, no. 13, pp. 4387-4389.
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Three mutants with Tn5-B21 insertion in tonB3 (PA0406) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibited defective twitching motility and reduced assembly of extracellular pili. These defects could be complemented with wild-type tonB3.

Hulbert, AJ, Usher, MJ & Wallman, JF 2004, 'Food consumption and individual lifespan of adults of the blowfly, Calliphora stygia: a test of the ‘rate of living’ theory of aging', Experimental Gerontology, vol. 39, no. 10, pp. 1485-1490.
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Huntriss, J, Hinkins, M, Oliver, B, Harris, SE, Beazley, JC, Rutherford, AJ, Gosden, RG, Lanzendorf, SE & Picton, HM 2004, 'Expression of mRNAs for DNA methyltransferases and methyl‐CpG‐binding proteins in the human female germ line, preimplantation embryos, and embryonic stem cells', Molecular Reproduction and Development, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 323-336.
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AbstractRecent evidence indicates that mammalian gametogenesis and preimplantation development may be adversely affected by both assisted reproductive and stem cell technologies. Thus, a better understanding of the developmental regulation of the underlying epigenetic processes that include DNA methylation is required. We have, therefore, monitored the expression, by PCR, of the mRNAs of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), methyl‐CpG‐binding domain proteins (MBDs), and CpG binding protein (CGBP) in a developmental series of amplified cDNA samples derived from staged human ovarian follicles, oocytes, preimplantation embryos, human embryonic stem (hES) cells and in similar murine cDNA samples. Transcripts of these genes were detected in human ovarian follicles (DNMT3A, DNMT3b1, DNMT3b4, DNMT1, MDBs1–4, MeCP2, CGBP), germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes (DNMT3A, DNMT3b1, DNMT1, MDBs1–4, MeCP2, CGBP), mature oocytes (DNMT3A, DNMT3b1, DNMT1, CGBP), and preimplantation embryos (DNMT3A, DNMT3b1, DNMT1, DNMT3L, MBD2, MDB4, CGBP). Differential expression of DNMT3B gene transcripts in undifferentiated (DNMT3b1) and in vitro differentiated human ES cells (DNMT3b3) further demonstrated an association of the DNMT3b1<...

Huston, WM, Potter, AJ, Jennings, MP, Rello, J, Hauser, AR & McEwan, AG 2004, 'Survey of Ferroxidase Expression and Siderophore Production in Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa', Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 2806-2809.
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ABSTRACT Ferroxidase (encoded by the mco gene), a component of a ferrous iron uptake pathway in Pseudomonas aeruginosa , was detected in all of the 35 respiratory clinical isolates surveyed; in contrast, considerable variation in siderophore expression was observed. The ubiquitous expression of this periplasmic ferroxidase suggests that it plays a key role in iron uptake in this opportunistic pathogen.

Jamieson, MJ, Cooper, SJ, Miller, AF & Holt, SA 2004, 'Neutron Reflectivity and External Reflection FTIR Studies of dl-Aspartic Acid Crystallization beneath Nylon 6 Spread Films', Langmuir, vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 3593-3600.
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Jermiin, LS, Ho, SYW, Ababneh, F, Robinson, J & Larkum, AWD 2004, 'The Biasing Effect of Compositional Heterogeneity on Phylogenetic Estimates May be Underestimated', Systematic Biology, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 638-643.
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Jia, YJ, Gu, HY & Xi, YG 2004, 'Quick taboo search algorithm for solving PDPTW problem', Kongzhi yu Juece/Control and Decision, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 57-60.
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A quick taboo search algorithm is proposed to solve the pickup and delivery problem with time windows (PDPTW) with the reality scale and complexity. The approach is composed of two parts: creating the initial solution and improving the solution. In the first phase, the insert algorithm is used to create the initial solution and in the second phase, the taboo search is applied to improve the solution. Two cases with the reality scale and complexity are created to test the algorithm. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm is effective and quick to solve such PDPTW problems.

Jiang, X, Williams, KM, Liauw, WS, Ammit, AJ, Roufogalis, BD, Duke, CC, Day, RO & McLachlan, AJ 2004, 'Effect of St John's wort and ginseng on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects', British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 592-599.
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AimThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of St John's wort and ginseng on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin.MethodsThis was an open‐label, three‐way crossover randomized study in 12 healthy male subjects, who received a single 25‐mg dose of warfarin alone or after 14 days’ pretreatment with St John's wort, or 7 days’ pretreatment with ginseng. Dosing with St John's wort or ginseng was continued for 7 days after administration of the warfarin dose. Platelet aggregation, international normalized ratio (INR) of prothrombin time, warfarin enantiomer protein binding, warfarin enantiomer concentrations in plasma and S‐7‐hydroxywarfarin concentration in urine were measured. Statistical comparisons were made using anova and 90% confidence intervals are reported.ResultsINR and platelet aggregation were not affected by treatment with St John's wort or ginseng. The apparent clearances of S‐warfarin after warfarin alone or with St John's wort or ginseng were, respectively, 198 ± 38 ml min−1, 270 ± 44 ml min−1 and 220 ± 29 ml min−1. The respective apparent clearances of R‐warfarin were 110 ± 25 ml min−1, 142 ± 29 ml min−1 and 119 ± 20 ml min−1. The mean ratio and 90% confidence interval (CI) of apparent clearance for S‐warfarin was 1.29 (1.16, 1.46) and for R‐warfarin it was 1.23 (1.11, 1.37) when St John's wort was coadministered. The mean ratio and 90% CI of AUC0−168 of INR was 0.79 (0.70, 0.95) when St John's wort was coadministered. St John's wort and ginseng did not affect the apparent volumes of distribution or protein binding of warfarin enantiomers.Conclu...

Jiang, X, Williams, KM, Liauw, WS, Ammit, AJ, Roufogalis, BD, Duke, CC, Day, RO & McLachlan, AJ 2004, 'Errata', British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 102-102.
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Johnston, MB, Dowd, A, Driver, R, Linfield, EH, Davies, AG & Whittaker, DM 2004, 'Emission of collimated THz pulses from photo-excited semiconductors', SEMICONDUCTOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. S449-S451.
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It is shown experimentally that surface-field terahertz (THz) emitters can produce well-collimated beams of THz radiation, making them useful devices for time-domain spectroscopy applications. Simulations of the carrier-dynamics are used to explain the mechanism of THz generation in InAs and GaAs, and it is shown that inter-valley scattering of electrons must be considered in order to fully describe THz emission from InAs.

Jones, AC, Milthorpe, B, Averdunk, H, Limaye, A, Senden, TJ, Sakellariou, A, Sheppard, AP, Sok, RM, Knackstedt, MA, Brandwood, A, Rohner, D & Hutmacher, DW 2004, 'Analysis of 3D bone ingrowth into polymer scaffolds via micro-computed tomography imaging', BIOMATERIALS, vol. 25, no. 20, pp. 4947-4954.
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This paper illustrates the utility of micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) to study the process of tissue engineered bone growth. A micro-CT facility for imaging and visualising biomaterials in three dimensions (3D) is described. The facility is capable of acquiring 3D images made up of 20003 voxels on specimens up to 60 mm in extent with resolutions down to 2 ?m. This allows the 3D structure of tissue engineered materials to be imaged across three orders of magnitude of detail. The capabilities of micro-CT are demonstrated by imaging the Haversian network within human femoral cortical bone (distal diaphysis) and bone ingrowth into a porous scaffold at varying resolutions. Phase identification combined with 3D visualisation enables one to observe the complex topology of the canalicular system of the cortical bone. Imaging of the tissue engineered bone at a scale of 1 cm and resolutions of 10 ?m allows visualisation of the complex ingrowth of bone into the polymer scaffold. Further imaging at 2 ?m resolution allows observation of bone ultra-structure. These observations illustrate the benefits of tomography over traditional techniques for the characterisation of bone morphology and interconnectivity and performs a complimentary role to current histomorphometric techniques.

Jones, AC, Sakellariou, A, Limaye, A, Arns, CH, Senden, TJ, Sawkins, T, Knackstedt, MA, Rohner, D, Hutmacher, DW, Brandwood, A & Milthorpe, BK 2004, 'Investigation of microstructural features in regenerating bone using micro computed tomography', JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE-MATERIALS IN MEDICINE, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 529-532.
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Jones, AC, Sheppard, AP, Sok, RM, Arns, CH, Limaye, A, Averdunk, H, Brandwood, A, Sakellariou, A, Senden, TJ, Milthorpe, BK & Knackstedt, MA 2004, 'Three-dimensional analysis of cortical bone structure using X-ray micro-computed tomography', PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, vol. 339, no. 1-2, pp. 125-130.
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We demonstrate the capability of X-ray micro-computed tomography to image the micro-structure of human cortical bone. At 5 ?m voxel size we observe the complex morphology of the Haversian network in three dimensions. The local thickness of Haversian canals is measured using a maximal sphere algorithm and found to have a bimodal signature and a mean radius of 19.2 ?m. The intra-cortical porosity due to Haversian canals is measured as 3.0%. Both results are in agreement with traditional histomorphometric measurements. We show that at higher resolutions one can resolve the spatial distribution of lacunae in cortical bone.

Jones, PM & George, AM 2004, 'The ABC transporter structure and mechanism: perspectives on recent research', Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (CMLS), vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 682-699.
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ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are multidomain integral membrane proteins that utilise the energy of ATP hydrolysis to translocate solutes across cellular membranes in all phyla. ABC transporters form one of the largest of all protein families and are central to many important biomedical phenomena, including resistance of cancers and pathogenic microbes to drugs. Elucidation of the structure and mechanism of ABC transporters is essential to the rational design of agents to control their function. While a wealth of high-resolution structures of ABC proteins have been produced in recent years, many fundamental questions regarding the protein's mechanism remain unanswered. In this review, we examine the recent structural data concerning ABC transporters and related proteins in the light of other experimental and theoretical data, and discuss these data in relation to current ideas concerning the transporters' molecular mechanism.

Jonsson, JC, Karlsson, L, Nostell, P, Niklasson, GA & Smith, GB 2004, 'Angle-dependent light scattering in materials with controlled diffuse solar optical properties', SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS, vol. 84, no. 1-4, pp. 427-439.
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Light scattering plays a prominent role in a wide range of energy-efficient materials and solar applications. Some examples are materials for daylighting, diffusely reflecting sunscreens, foils for radiative cooling and nanocrystalline solar cells. Measurements of the angular profile of light scattering are very useful for obtaining a detailed characterization of the light scattering mechanisms. We review recent theoretical results on the forward and backward light scattering profiles. Forward scattering is of major importance for novel pigmented polymeric daylighting materials. Measurements of scattering profiles are in good agreement with Mie theory. Backscattering profiles from highly diffusely reflecting paints containing titanium oxide-based pigments have also been measured. It seems that scattering from the paint surface dominates at low pigment volume fractions. Results for paints with high pigment volume fractions are interpreted in terms of coherent backscattering effects from the pigment particles. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Jonsson, JC, Smith, GB & Niklasson, GA 2004, 'Experimental and Monte Carlo analysis of isotropic multiple Mie scattering', OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 240, no. 1-3, pp. 9-17.
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This paper demonstrates patterns in the multiple scattering behavior of three test cases, of which one is verified experimentally. Mie scattering patterns are known to emerge when the scattering angle is plotted versus the dimensionless parameter qR, where q is the scattering wave vector for a single particle, and R is the radius of the scattering particle. The power-law behavior of single scattering is modified, but not completely destroyed, when translated to multiple scattering situations. The predicted behavior is seen in translucent sheets, where transparent refractive index matched micro (TRIMM) particles scatter light, a case which is ideal to model with Mie scattering. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Jordanides, XJ, Scholes, GD, Shapley, WA, Reimers, JR & Fleming, GR 2004, 'Electronic couplings and energy transfer dynamics in the oxidized primary electron donor of the bacterial reaction center', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B, vol. 108, no. 5, pp. 1753-1765.
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Jorgensen, MF, Murray, S & Daugbjerg, N 2004, 'A new genus of athecate interstitial dinoflagellates, Togula gen. nov., previously encompassed within Amphidinium sensu lato: Inferred from light and electron microscopy and phylogenetic analyses of partial large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences', PHYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 284-299.

Jorgensen, MF, Murray, S & Daugbjerg, N 2004, 'Amphidinium revisited. I. Redefinition of Amphidinium (Dinophyceae) based on cladistic and molecular phylogenetic analyses', JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 351-365.
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Jorgensen, MF, Murray, S & Daugbjerg, N 2004, 'Amphidinium revisited. I. Redefinition of Amphidinium (Dinophyceae) based on cladistic and molecular phylogenetic analyses (vol 40, pg 351, 2004)', JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 1181-1181.
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Karmaus, W & Zhu, X 2004, 'Maternal concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls and dichlorodiphenyl dichlorethylene and birth weight in Michigan fish eaters: a cohort study', Environmental Health, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1-4.
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In 2000, the National Research Council (NRC), an arm of the National Academy of Sciences, released a report entitled, 'Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury.' The overall conclusion of that report was that, at levels of exposure in some fish- and marine mammal-consuming communities (including those in the Faroe Islands and New Zealand), subtle but significant adverse effects on neuropsychological development were occurring as a result of in utero exposure. Since the release of that report, there has been continuing discussion of the public health relevance of current levels of exposure to Methylmercury. Much of this discussion has been linked to the release of the most recent longitudinal update of the Seychelles Island study. It has recently been posited that these findings supercede those of the NRC committee, and that based on the Seychelles findings, there is little or no risk of adverse neurodevelopmental effects at current levels of exposure. In this commentary, members of the NRC committee address the conclusions from the NRC report in light of the recent Seychelles data. We conclude that no evidence has emerged since the publication of the NRC report that alters the findings of that report.

Khoury, P, Tuch, BE & Simpson, AM 2004, 'Dynamics Of Insulin Release From Transplanted Genetically Engineered Liver Cells', Immunology And Cell Biology, vol. 82, no. 2, pp. 1-1.
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Kirk, EP, Smith, JM, Field, M, Marshall, GM & Marsh, DJ 2004, 'Diagnosis of Proteus syndrome was correct', American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, vol. 130A, no. 2, pp. 214-215.
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Konstantinov, K, Bewlay, S, Wang, GX, Lindsay, M, Wang, JZ, Liu, HK, Dou, SX & Ahn, J-H 2004, 'New approach for synthesis of carbon-mixed LiFePO4 cathode materials', Electrochimica Acta, vol. 50, no. 2-3, pp. 421-426.
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Kopalko, K, Godlewski, M, Guziewicz, E, Lusakowska, E, Paszkowicz, W, Domagala, J, Dynowska, E, Szczerbakow, A, Wojcik, A & Phillips, MR 2004, 'Monocrystalline thin films of ZnSe and ZnO grown by atomic layer epitaxy', VACUUM, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 269-272.
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We report on the growth of monocrystalline thin films of ZnSe and ZnO by atomic layer epitaxy by simple reaction between elemental precursors. Structural and optical properties of these films are discussed with reference to the investigations performed with atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, cathodoluminescence and photoluminescence. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Kopalko, K, Godlewski, M, Lusakowska, E, Paszkowicz, W, Domagala, JZ, Szczerbakow, A, Ivanov, VY, Godlewski, MM & Phillips, MR 2004, 'Monocrystalline ZnO films grown by atomic layer epitaxy - growth and characterization', 11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON II-VI COMPOUNDS (II-VI 2003), PROCEEDINGS, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 892-895.
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We report successful growth of thin films ZnO by atomic layer epitaxy (ALE). Properties of the ZnO films grown by ALE on GaN/sapphire are described in relation to those grown by the same sequential procedure on uncoated sapphire and glass substrates.

Labbate, M, Queck, SY, Koh, KS, Rice, SA, Givskov, M & Kjelleberg, S 2004, 'Quorum Sensing-Controlled Biofilm Development in Serratia liquefaciens MG1', Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 186, no. 3, pp. 692-698.
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ABSTRACT Serratia liquefaciens MG1 contains an N- acylhomoserine lactone-mediated quorum-sensing system that is known to regulate swarming motility colonization. In this study, we describe for S. liquefaciens MG1 the development of a novel biofilm consisting of cell aggregates and differentiated cell types, such as cell chains and long filamentous cells. Furthermore, quorum sensing is shown to be crucial for normal biofilm development and for elaborate differentiation. A mutant of S. liquefaciens MG1 that was incapable of synthesizing extracellular signal formed a thin and nonmature biofilm lacking cell aggregates and differentiated cell chains. Signal-based complementation of this mutant resulted in a biofilm with the wild-type architecture. Two quorum-sensing-regulated genes ( bsmA and bsmB ) involved in biofilm development were identified, and we propose that these genes are engaged in fine-tuning the formation of cell aggregates at a specific point in biofilm development.

LaHaie, IJ & Rice, SA 2004, 'Antenna-pattern correction for near-field-to-far field RCS transformation of 1D linear SAR measurements', IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 177-184.
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Lalor, DJ, Truong, B, Henness, S, Blake, AE, Ge, Q, Ammit, AJ, Armour, CL & Hughes, JM 2004, 'Mechanisms of serum potentiation of GM-CSF production by human airway smooth muscle cells', American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, vol. 287, no. 5, pp. L1007-L1016.
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Inflammation and vascular leakage are prevalent in asthma. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms involved in serum potentiation of cytokine-induced granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) production by human airway smooth muscle cells and to identify possible factors responsible. Serum-deprived cells at low density were stimulated with TNF-α and IL-1β for 24 h. Human AB serum (10%), inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis or specific signaling molecules, or known smooth muscle mitogens were then added for 24 h. Culture supernatants were analyzed for GM-CSF levels, and cells were harvested to assess viability, cell cycle progression, GM-CSF-specific mRNA content, and p38 phosphorylation. Serum potentiated GM-CSF release when added before, together with (maximal), or after the cytokines. The potentiation involved both new GM-CSF-specific mRNA production and protein synthesis. The mitogens IGF, PDGF, and thrombin all potentiated GM-CSF release, and neutralizing antibodies for EGF, IGF, and PDGF reduced the serum potentiation. Inhibitor studies ruled as unlikely the involvement of p70S6kinase and the MAPK p42/p44, two signaling pathways implicated in proliferation, and the involvement of the MAPK JNK, while establishing roles for p38 MAPK and NF-κB in the potentiation of GM-CSF release. Detection of significant p38 phosphorylation in response to serum stimulation, through Western blotting, further demonstrated the involvement of p38. These studies have provided evidence to support p38 being targeted to interrupt the cycle of inflammation, vascular leakage and cytokine production in asthma.

Lambropoulos, NA, Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2004, 'Flanged nanotube-electrode junctions', NANOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 1226-1232.
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Langford, NK, Dalton, RB, Harvey, MD, O’Brien, JL, Pryde, GJ, Gilchrist, A, Bartlett, SD & White, AG 2004, 'Measuring Entangled Qutrits and Their Use for Quantum Bit Commitment', Physical Review Letters, vol. 93, no. 5.
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Langford, SJ & Lau, V-L 2004, 'A Three Component Metalloporphyrin Assembly', Australian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 29-29.
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A novel dialkylammonium salt 1 · PF6, bearing a pyridyl group, has been employed as a structural motif for the efficient one-pot self-assembly of a three-component system comprising dibenzo-[24]crown-8, 1 · PF6, and zinc(II) 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin. The resulting metalloporphyrin assembly has been characterized in solution by 1H NMR spectroscopy and ESIMS and serves as a model to more elaborate multichromophoric systems.

Langford, SJ & Woodward, CP 2004, 'Six-Sided Heptaporphyrin Array: Towards a Nano-Sized Cube', Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications, vol. 69, no. 5, pp. 996-1008.
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A strategy in preparing a family of hexameric porphyrin cubes based on the interplay of Sn(IV)-O and Ru(II)-N interactions is described. In this first iteration, we have prepared the heptamer [SnIV(TPyP)·(4)2][Ru(CO)(TPP)]6 (4 = (E)-(3-(4-pyridyl)acrylate)) constituting a 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-pyridyl)porphyrin (TPyP) core and 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) faces and compared its formation by stepwise and 'one-pot' strategies where up to nine components are assembled in a single step in a regiospecific manner. In one example, the heptamer is formed around the template [SnIV(TPyP)·(4)2] bearing pyridine groups in which the nitrogens radiate octahedrally along each vertex. The ability to modulate the axial vertex through choice of pyridine is also demonstrated. 1H NMR measurements on [SnIV(TPyP)·(4)2][Ru(CO)(TPP)]6 indicate that the protons on the core template are extremely shielded as a result of the anisotropy of the peripheral porphyrin units. Various NMR techniques, including NOESY experiments, have been used to characterise the heptamer in solution.

Langtry, T, Botten, LC, Asatryan, AA, Byrne, MA & Bourgeois, A 2004, 'Localisation and disorder in the design of 2D photonic crystal devices', ANZIAM Journal, vol. 45, pp. 744-758.
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Photonic crystals are meta-materials that can inhibit the propagation of light in all directions for specific wavelength ranges. Material or structural defects can be introduced into the crystal to cause localised modes, providing the ability to mould the flow of light on the wavelength scale and allowing the development of miniaturised, integrated photonic devices. For this reason, photonic crystals will likely be key building blocks for future micro-optical and communication technology. In this paper, we examine the Bloch mode modelling of 2D photonic crystal structures with application to the analysis of photonic crystal waveguides and their susceptibility to disorder, which provides a framework for studying fabrication tolerances in realistic devices.

Lapine, M & Gorkunov, M 2004, 'Three-wave coupling of microwaves in metamaterial with nonlinear resonant conductive elements', Physical Review E, vol. 70, no. 6.
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Lategan, MJ, Torpy, FR & Gibson, LF 2004, 'Biocontrol of saprolegniosis in silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell) by Aeromonas media strain A199', AQUACULTURE, vol. 235, no. 1-4, pp. 77-88.
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The potential of Aeromonas media strain UTS A199 as a candidate for the biocontrol of winter saprolegniosis was tested during a winter outbreak in a farm and in a laboratory challenge trial on silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus Mitchell. The daily addition of A199 to tanks during the winter outbreak of saprolegniosis resulted in a significant increase (p<0.05) in fish survival. Close monitoring of fish revealed that A199 treatments halted the progress of the disease by inhibition of hyphal growth within lesions and cyst germination. In a laboratory-based challenge of perch by exposure to high numbers of cysts and zoospores of Saprolegnia parasitica, the presence of A199 in the tank water delayed the onset of the disease but, ultimately, could not protect the fish from the disease under these conditions. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Lategan, MJ, Torpy, FR & Gibson, LF 2004, 'Biocontrol of saprolegniosis in silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell) by Aeromonas media strain A199', Aquaculture, vol. 235, pp. 71-88.

Lategan, MJ, Torpy, FR & Gibson, LF 2004, 'Control of saprolegniosis in the eel Anguilla australis Richardson, by Aeromonas media strain A199', AQUACULTURE, vol. 240, no. 1-4, pp. 19-27.
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The probiotic activity of Aeromonas media strain A199 for the control of saprolegniosis at low water temperatures was trialled in a laboratory-based challenge using the eel, Anguilla australis Richardson. Eels were challenged in the presence of a physiological and physical stress akin to that preceding the winter outbreaks of saprolegniosis in farms. The concentration of Saprolegnia parasitica cysts was 9±1.2 cysts/ml for the initial challenge. Morbidity due to saprolegniosis was low, at 27% in A199-treated tanks, in comparison to the 44% recorded for the non-treated control tanks. The subsequent addition of live A199 cultures to the treatment tanks resulted in the recovery of fish suffering from saprolegniosis (p=0.038), with temperature appearing to be a factor regulating the effect of A199. It was concluded that A199 is a potential agent for the management of winter outbreaks of saprolegniosis in eels. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Lategan, MJ, Torpy, FR & Gibson, LF 2004, 'Control of saprolegniosis in the eel, Anguilla australis Richardson, by Aeromonas media strain A199', Aquaculture, vol. 240, pp. 19-27.

Le Marshall, J, Rea, A, Leslie, L, Seecamp, R & Dunn, M 2004, 'Error characterisation of atmospheric motion vectors', Australian Meteorological Magazine, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 123-131.
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From the middle 1990s local high density atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) began to be generated from geostationary satellite imagery and to be used operationally in the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. It was soon realised that their benefit to numerical weather prediction (NWP) was dependent on quality control, error characterisation and data selection. Here, by comparing the AMVs with collocated radiosonde data, we show that quality control (QC) considerably reduces vector error. In many cases, QC also reduces the correlated error and its associated length scale. Modern operational data assimilation schemes require estimation of observation errors, and they assume either that the errors are uncorrelated or require knowledge of their correlated error and length scale. A new construct, the expected error (EE) now employed at the Bureau, has been introduced to assist in quality control and error characterisation of AMVs. In this approach each vector is characterised by an expected error value, the correlated error and the related length scale, in addition to the set of currently available error indicators. The expected error allows direct comparison of the accuracy of vectors, based on different image types, or from different producers. At present, comparison of accuracy error is a more difficult process. Provision of the correlated error and length scale permits better use of the vectors in data assimilation, and provides a firm basis for data thinning.

Lee, HS, Matthews, CJ, Braddock, RD, Sander, GC & Gandola, F 2004, 'A MATLAB method of lines template for transport equations', Environmental Modelling & Software, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 603-614.
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Many environmental problems involve diffusion and convection processes, which can be described by partial differential equations (PDEs). This paper will describe the development of a MATLAB template that generates a numerical solution to PDEs using the method of lines. The template will be applied to various unsaturated flow problems within soil physics to demonstrate the versatility of the method. In particular, the template will generate solutions for three cases (1) one-dimensional Richards' equation for vertical infiltration; (2) coupled one-dimensional Richards' equation and solute transport equation for horizontal water and contaminant flow; and (3) two-dimensional Richard's equation for unsaturated flow over a complex geometry. Where possible, the results from the template will be compared against analytical solutions to determine the accuracy of the numerical solution. In addition, the paper will provide a discussion on possible extensions to the template and future directions. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Lenzen, M, Dey, CJ & Murray, SA 2004, 'Historical accountability and cumulative impacts: the treatment of time in corporate sustainability reporting', ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS, vol. 51, no. 3-4, pp. 237-250.
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Leslie, LM & Speer, MS 2004, 'Preliminary modelling results of an urban air quality model verifying the prediction of nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and ozone over the Sydney basin', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 87, no. 1-3, pp. 89-92.
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Li, R, Evans, LS, Larsen, DS, Gale, PA & Brooker, S 2004, 'Synthesis and anion binding behaviour of diamide derivatives of pyrrole-2,5-diacetic acid', New Journal of Chemistry, vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 1340-1340.
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Li, Y & Ryan, L 2004, 'Survival analysis with heterogeneous covariate measurement error', JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION, vol. 99, no. 467, pp. 724-735.
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Li, Y & Ryan, L 2004, 'Survival Analysis With Heterogeneous Covariate Measurement Error', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 99, no. 467, pp. 724-735.
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This article is motivated by a time-to-event analysis where the covariate of interest was measured at the wrong time. We show that the problem can be formulated as a special case of survival analysis with heterogeneous covariate measurement error and develop a general analytic framework. We study the asymptotic behavior of the naive partial likelihood estimates and analytically demonstrate that under the heterogeneous measurement error structure and the assumption that all components of the covariate vector and the measurement error vector combined are mutually independent, these naive estimates will shrink toward 0, and that the degree of attenuation increases as the measurement error increases. We also give counterexamples for reverse attenuation when the independence conditions are violated. We use our analytical results to derive a simple bias-correcting estimator that performs well in simulations for small and moderate amounts of measurement error. Our framework can be used to provide insight into the behavior of the commonly used partial likelihood score test for testing no association between a failure outcome and an exposure, for example, in the presence of measurement error or mistiming error. In particular, we derive the asymptotic distribution of the naive partial likelihood score test under a series of local alternatives and discuss the asymptotic relative efficiency. As a result, a simple sample size formula to account for the contamination of covariates is obtained.

Liang, H, Wang, S, Robins, JM & Carroll, RJ 2004, 'Estimation in Partially Linear Models With Missing Covariates', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 99, no. 466, pp. 357-367.
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Lin, X 2004, 'Equivalent kernels of smoothing splines in nonparametric regression for clustered/longitudinal data', Biometrika, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 177-193.
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Liu, H, Wu, YP, Rahm, E, Holze, R & Wu, HQ 2004, 'Cathode materials for lithium ion batteries prepared by sol-gel methods', JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE ELECTROCHEMISTRY, vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 450-466.
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Improving the preparation technology and electrochemical performance of cathode materials for lithium ion batteries is a current major focus of research and development in the areas of materials, power sources and chemistry. Sol-gel methods are promising candidates to prepare cathode materials owing to their evident advantages over traditional methods. In this paper, the latest progress on the preparation of cathode materials such as lithium cobalt oxides, lithium nickel oxides, lithium manganese oxides, vanadium oxides and other compounds by sol-gel methods is reviewed, and further directions are pointed out. The prepared products provide better electrochemical performance, including reversible capacity, cycling behavior and rate capability in comparison with those from traditional solid-state reactions. The main reasons are due to the following several factors: homogeneous mixing at the atomic or molecular level, lower synthesis temperature, shorter heating time, better crystallinity, uniform particle distribution and smaller particle size at the nanometer level. As a result, the structural stability of the cathode materials and lithium intercalation and deintercalation behavior are much improved. These methods can also be used to prepare novel types of cathode materials such as nanowires of LiCoO 2 and nanotubes of V 2O 5, which cannot be easily obtained by traditional methods. With further development and application of sol-gel methods, better and new cathode materials will become available and the advance of lithium ion batteries will be greatly promoted.

Liu, S, Leslie, LM, Speer, M, Bunker, R & Mo, X 2004, 'The effects of bushfires on hydrological processes using a paired-catchment analysis', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 86, no. 1-2, pp. 31-44.
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Lockwood, TE 2004, 'Maximizing aesthetics in lateral-tension abdominoplasty and body lifts', Clinics in Plastic Surgery, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 523-537.
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Lubin, JH, Schafer, DW, Ron, E, Stovall, M & Carroll, RJ 2004, 'A Reanalysis of Thyroid Neoplasms in the Israeli Tinea Capitis Study Accounting for Dose Uncertainties', Radiation Research, vol. 161, no. 3, pp. 359-368.
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Macinnis-Ng, C, McClenahan, K & Eamus, D 2004, 'Convergence in hydraulic architecture, water relations and primary productivity amongst habitats and across seasons in Sydney', FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 429-439.
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Convergence in leaf traits across biomes demonstrates generality in plant functioning. Relationships between hydraulic architecture and photosynthesis are less well studied. We investigated convergence in minimum leaf water potential (Ψmin), conductivity per sapwood area (ks), Huber value (Hv) and xylem embolism and photosynthesis in four habitats across two seasons (summer and winter) in the Sydney region in heathland, woodland (ridge-top), woodland (below-ridge) and mangrove. Seasonality strongly influenced all parameters in all habitats. Winter Ψmin values were lower than those for summer in the heathland and both woodland habitats but summer Ψmin values were lower than those for winter in the mangrove. Summer ks values were higher than winter values in all habitats, while Hv was higher in winter than summer for all habitats. Loss of conductance due to xylem embolism was larger in summer than winter in eight of 11 species. We also investigated relationships between the hydraulic parameters across habitats. There was a strong, significant inverse correlation between log-transformed Hv and log-transformed ks, which held across the seasons. There were significant inverse correlations between Ψmin and xylem embolism, which held within seasons but not across seasons. We found a strong, significant positive correlation between ks and Ψmin also within seasons but not across seasons and a significant negative correlation between xylem embolism and ks for winter but only a weak negative correlation between xylem embolism and ks for summer. We believe the seasonal patterns and relationships in hydraulic architecture and water relations are driven by the cost of efficient sapwood. This is demonstrated by the negative correlation between photosynthetic rate and ks in winter.

Macinnis-Ng, CMO & Ralph, PJ 2004, 'In situ impact of multiple pulses of metal and herbicide on the seagrass, Zostera capricorni', AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 227-237.
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Tides and freshwater inflow which influence water movement in estuarine areas govern the exposure-regime of pollutants. In this experiment, we examined the in situ impact of double pulses of copper and the herbicide Irgarol 1051 on the photosynthesis of the seagrass, Zostera capricorni. Despite a 4-day recovery period between the two 10h pulses of toxicant, the effective quantum yield of photosystem II (ΔF/Fm′) and total chlorophyll concentrations indicated that multiple-pulses had a greater impact than a single pulse. During the first exposure period, samples exposed to Irgarol 1051 had ΔF/Fm′ values as low as zero while controls remained around 0.6 relative units. After the second exposure period, treated samples recovered to only 0.4 relative units. Samples exposed to copper had ΔF/Fm′ values around 0.3 relative units during the first exposure period and while these samples recovered before the second dose, they remained below 0.2 relative units after the second exposure period. Alternate samples were also exposed to one toxicant, allowed to recover and then exposed to the other toxicant. ΔF/Fm′ values indicated that copper exposure followed by Irgarol 1051 exposure was more toxic than Irgarol 1051 exposure followed by copper exposure. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

MacIntyre, HL, Lomas, MW, Cornwell, J, Suggett, DJ, Gobler, CJ, Koch, EW & Kana, TM 2004, 'Mediation of benthic–pelagic coupling by microphytobenthos: an energy- and material-based model for initiation of blooms of Aureococcus anophagefferens', Harmful Algae, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 403-437.
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We present a conceptual model for initiation of blooms of the estuarine brown-tide pelagophyte Aureococcus anophagefferens. The model is based on the observation that in addition to its well-documented stimulation by organic nutrients, Aureococcus is pie

Maclurcan, D, Ford, M & Cortie, M 2004, 'Rectifying nanotechnology confusion and redirecting focus', Physicist, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 84-85.

Maclurcan, D, Ford, M & Cortie, MB 2004, 'The confusion surrounding nanotechnology', Materials Australia, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 24-25.

Mai-Prochnow, A, Evans, F, Dalisay-Saludes, D, Stelzer, S, Egan, S, James, S, Webb, JS & Kjelleberg, S 2004, 'Biofilm Development and Cell Death in the Marine Bacterium Pseudoalteromonas tunicata', Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 70, no. 6, pp. 3232-3238.
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ABSTRACT The newly described green-pigmented bacterium Pseudoalteromonas tunicata (D2) produces target-specific inhibitory compounds against bacteria, algae, fungi, and invertebrate larvae and is frequently found in association with living surfaces in the marine environment. As part of our studies on the ecology of P. tunicata and its interaction with marine surfaces, we examined the ability of P. tunicata to form biofilms under continuous culture conditions within the laboratory. P. tunicata biofilms exhibited a characteristic architecture consisting of differentiated microcolonies surrounded by water channels. Remarkably, we observed a repeatable pattern of cell death during biofilm development of P. tunicata , similar to that recently reported for biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (J. S. Webb et al., J. Bacteriol. 185: 4585-4595, 2003). Killing and lysis occurred inside microcolonies, apparently resulting in the formation of voids within these structures. A subpopulation of viable cells was always observed within the regions of killing in the biofilm. Moreover, extensive killing in mature biofilms appeared to result in detachment of the biofilm from the substratum. A novel 190-kDa autotoxic protein produced by P. tunicata , designated AlpP, was found to be involved in this biofilm killing and detachment. A Δ alpP mutant derivative of P. tunicata was generated, and this mutant did not show cell deat...

Mallinckrodt, CH, Kaiser, CJ, Watkin, JG, Detke, MJ, Molenberghs, G & Carroll, RJ 2004, 'Type I error rates from likelihood‐based repeated measures analyses of incomplete longitudinal data', Pharmaceutical Statistics, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 171-186.
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AbstractThe last observation carried forward (LOCF) approach is commonly utilized to handle missing values in the primary analysis of clinical trials. However, recent evidence suggests that likelihood‐based analyses developed under the missing at random (MAR) framework are sensible alternatives. The objective of this study was to assess the Type I error rates from a likelihood‐based MAR approach – mixed‐model repeated measures (MMRM) – compared with LOCF when estimating treatment contrasts for mean change from baseline to endpoint (Δ). Data emulating neuropsychiatric clinical trials were simulated in a 4 × 4 factorial arrangement of scenarios, using four patterns of mean changes over time and four strategies for deleting data to generate subject dropout via an MAR mechanism. In data with no dropout, estimates of Δ and SEΔ from MMRM and LOCF were identical. In data with dropout, the Type I error rates (averaged across all scenarios) for MMRM and LOCF were 5.49% and 16.76%, respectively. In 11 of the 16 scenarios, the Type I error rate from MMRM was at least 1.00% closer to the expected rate of 5.00% than the corresponding rate from LOCF. In no scenario did LOCF yield a Type I error rate that was at least 1.00% closer to the expected rate than the corresponding rate from MMRM. The average estimate of SEΔ from MMRM was greater in data with dropout than in complete data, whereas the average estimate of SEΔ from LOCF was smaller in data with dropout than in complete data, suggesting that standard errors from MMRM better reflected the uncertainty in the data. The results from this investigation support those from previous studies, which found that MMRM provided reasonable control of Type I error even in the presence of MNAR missingness. No universally best approach to analysis of longitudinal data exists. However, likelihood‐based MAR approaches have been shown to ...

Mallinckrodt, CH, Kaiser, CJ, Watkin, JG, Molenberghs, G & Carroll, RJ 2004, 'The effect of correlation structure on treatment contrasts estimated from incomplete clinical trial data with likelihood-based repeated measures compared with last observation carried forward ANOVA', Clinical Trials, vol. 1, no. 6, pp. 477-489.
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Valid analyses of longitudinal data can be problematic, particularly when subjects dropout prior to completing the trial for reasons related to the outcome. Regulatory agencies often favor the last observation carried forward (LOCF) approach for imputing missing values in the primary analysis of clinical trials. However, recent evidence suggests that likelihood-based analyses developed under the missing at random framework provide viable alternatives. The within-subject error correlation structure is often the means by which such methods account for the bias from missing data. The objective of this study was to extend previous work that used only one correlation structure by including several common correlation structures in order to assess the effect of the correlation structure in the data, and how it is modeled, on Type I error rates and power from a likelihood-based repeated measures analysis (MMRM), using LOCF for comparison. Data from four realistic clinical trial scenarios were simulated using autoregressive, compound symmetric and unstructured correlation structures. When the correct correlation structure was fit, MMRM provided better control of Type I error and power than LOCF. Although misfitting the correlation structure in MMRM inflated Type I error and altered power, misfitting the structure was typically less deleterious than using LOCF. In fact, simply specifying an unstructured matrix for use in MMRM, regardless of the true correlation structure, yielded superior control of Type I error than LOCF in every scenario. The present and previous investigations have shown that the bias in LOCF is influenced by several factors and interactions between them. Hence, it is difficult to precisely anticipate the direction and magnitude of bias from LOCF in practical situations. However, in scenarios where the overall tendency is for patient improvement, LOCF tends to: 1) overestimate a drug's advantage when dropout is higher in the comparato...

Mallinckrodt, CH, Watkin, JG, Molenberghs, G & Carroll, RJ 2004, 'Choice of the primary analysis in longitudinal clinical trials', Pharmaceutical Statistics, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 161-169.
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AbstractMissing data, and the bias they can cause, are an almost ever‐present concern in clinical trials. The last observation carried forward (LOCF) approach has been frequently utilized to handle missing data in clinical trials, and is often specified in conjunction with analysis of variance (LOCF ANOVA) for the primary analysis. Considerable advances in statistical methodology, and in our ability to implement these methods, have been made in recent years. Likelihood‐based, mixed‐effects model approaches implemented under the missing at random (MAR) framework are now easy to implement, and are commonly used to analyse clinical trial data. Furthermore, such approaches are more robust to the biases from missing data, and provide better control of Type I and Type II errors than LOCF ANOVA. Empirical research and analytic proof have demonstrated that the behaviour of LOCF is uncertain, and in many situations it has not been conservative. Using LOCF as a composite measure of safety, tolerability and efficacy can lead to erroneous conclusions regarding the effectiveness of a drug. This approach also violates the fundamental basis of statistics as it involves testing an outcome that is not a physical parameter of the population, but rather a quantity that can be influenced by investigator behaviour, trial design, etc. Practice should shift away from using LOCF ANOVA as the primary analysis and focus on likelihood‐based, mixed‐effects model approaches developed under the MAR framework, with missing not at random methods used to assess robustness of the primary analysis. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Matthews, CJ, Braddock, RD & Sander, GC 2004, 'Modeling Flow Through a One-Dimensional Multi-Layered Soil Profile Using the Method of Lines', Environmental Modeling & Assessment, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 103-113.
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The vertical flow of water through horizontal layers of soil is considered using the Method of Lines. Continuity of mass principles are used to develop the interface boundary conditions, by introducing fictitious points at the interface, and the boundary conditions are handled using explicit and iterative approximations. Both the pressure based, and the water content based forms of Richards' equation are solved using the Method of Lines. The solutions obtained are compared with some particular analytic solutions obtained from the literature, and the results show that good accuracy can be achieved. It is also shown that the water content model can handle a large discontinuity at the interface when compared against the analytical solution. This result is also confirmed against a numerical example from the literature, and was effective for relatively dry initial conditions.

Matz, C, Bergfeld, T, Rice, SA & Kjelleberg, S 2004, 'Microcolonies, quorum sensing and cytotoxicity determine the survival of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms exposed to protozoan grazing', Environmental Microbiology, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 218-226.
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SummaryThis study was based on the hypothesis that biofilms of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa are successfully adapted to situations of protozoan grazing. We tested P. aeruginosa wild type and strains that were genetically altered, in structural and regulatory features of biofilm development, in response to the common surface‐feeding flagellate Rhynchomonas nasuta. Early biofilms of the wild type showed the formation of grazing resistant microcolonies in the presence of the flagellate, whereas biofilms without the predator were undifferentiated. Grazing on biofilms of quorum sensing mutants (lasR and rhlR/lasR) also resulted in the formation of microcolonies, however, in lower numbers and size compared to the wild type. Considerably fewer microcolonies than the wild type were formed by mutant cells lacking type IV pili, whereas no microcolonies were formed by flagella‐deficient cells. The alginate‐overproducing strain PDO300 developed larger microcolonies in response to grazing. These observations suggest a role of quorum sensing in early biofilms and involvement of flagella, type IV pili, and alginate in microcolony formation in the presence of grazing. More mature biofilms of the wild type exhibited acute toxicity to the flagellate R. nasuta. Rapid growth of the flagellate on rhlR/lasR mutant biofilms indicated a key role of quorum sensing in the upregulation of lethal factors and in grazing protection of late biofilms. Both the formation of microcolonies and the production of toxins are effective mechanisms that may allow P. aeruginosa biofilms to resist protozoan grazing and to persist in the environment.

McCarthy, E, Stack, C, Donnelly, SM, Doyle, S, Mann, VH, Brindley, PJ, Stewart, M, Day, TA, Maule, AG & Dalton, JP 2004, 'Leucine aminopeptidase of the human blood flukes, Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 703-714.
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An array of schistosome endoproteases involved in the digestion of host hemoglobin to absorbable peptides has been described, but the exoprotease responsible for catabolising these peptides to amino acids has yet to be identified. By searching the public databases we found that Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum express a gene encoding a member of the M17 family of leucine aminopeptidases (LAPs). A functional recombinant S. mansoni LAP produced in insect cells shared biochemical properties, including pH optimum for activity, substrate specificity and reliance on metal cations for activity, with the major aminopeptidase activity in soluble extracts of adult worms. The pH range in which the enzyme functions and the lack of a signal peptide indicate that the enzyme functions intracellularly. Immunolocalisation studies showed that the S. mansoni LAP is synthesised in the gastrodermal cells surrounding the gut lumen. Accordingly, we propose that peptides generated in the lumen of the schistosome gut are absorbed into the gastrodermal cells and are cleaved by LAP to free amino acids before being distributed to the internal tissues of the parasite. Since LAP was also localised to the surface tegument it may play an additional role in surface membrane re-modelling. © 2004 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

McClenahan, K, Macinnis-Ng, C & Eamus, D 2004, 'Hydraulic architecture and water relations of several species at diverse sites around Sydney', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 509-518.
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Seasonal comparisons of leaf eater potential, root biomass, hydraulic architecture, xylem embolism and xylem dimensions were made for eight woody species in four diverse habitats (mangroves, coastal heathland, ridge-top woodland and river-flat woodland). In most comparisons, pre-dawn and minimum leaf water potentials were lower in winter than in summer, a result attributed tolower raifall and a smaller root biomass in winter tha in summer. Branch hydraulic conductivities (per unit transverse area, sapwood area or leaf area) were generally larger in summer than in winter across all species in all habutats. An invese relationship between Huber value and conductivity was observed across all four habitats. Increased solar radiation and evaportative deman in the summer was associated with an increased percentage loss of xylem conductance arising from embolism, compared with winter. These results are discussed in the context of patterns and relationships among water relations, microcliate and hydraulic architecture.

McCutcheon, AL, Kannangara, GSK, Wilson, MA & Ben-Nissan, B 2004, 'Preliminary analysis of pore distributions using NMR in natural coral and hydrothermally prepared hydroxyapatite', Journal of Materials Science, vol. 39, no. 18, pp. 5711-5717.
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Pore size distributions in an Australian coral from Goniopora sp have been measured by mercury intrusion, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A significant result is that NMR predicts nanopores which could be seen visibly. The methods give similar results as mercury intrusion for large pores around 100 μm but differ for smaller pores. Differences between NMR and mercury intrusion are equated using a non linear sigmoidal regression model. The NMR method was also compared with mercury intrusion methods to measure pore sizes on hydroxyapatite conversion products which have promise as bio-implants. Differences between samples due to errors in the methodology are discussed. Together all three methods are shown to complement each other. © 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers.

McDonnell, CM, Benn, DE, Marsh, DJ, Robinson, BG & Zacharin, MR 2004, 'K40E: a novel succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)B mutation causing familial phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma', Clinical Endocrinology, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 510-514.
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Summaryobjective  Germline mutations in succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)B, SDHC and SDHD, encoding three of the four subunits of mitochondrial complex II, have been implicated in the tumourigenesis of familial paragangliomas and phaeochromocytomas. Twenty‐three SDHB mutations have been identified to date.patients  We present a novel missense SDHB exon 2 mutation (c.118 A > G; K40E) identified in an Australian family. The proband was diagnosed with phaeochromocytoma at an early age following an unexpected hypertensive crisis and was found to be SDHB mutation‐positive. Subsequent genetic screening of 26 family members has identified 17 mutation‐positive relatives. In addition to the proband, four mutation positive relatives were found to have clinical symptoms or a lesion and/or catecholamine excess after the identification of the mutation led to further evaluation. Both the proband and an uncle have required surgical removal of a tumour.conclusions  This family indicates the importance of germline screening of first‐degree relatives when a patient presents with an apparently sporadic extra adrenal phaeochromocytoma at a young age or whenever a patient with a nonsecretory paraganglioma is found.

McGowan, EM, Saad, S, Bendall, LJ, Bradstock, KF & Clarke, CL 2004, 'Effect of progesterone receptor A predominance on breast cancer cell migration into bone marrow fibroblasts', BREAST CANCER RESEARCH AND TREATMENT, vol. 83, no. 3, pp. 211-220.
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McPhedran, RC, Botten, LC, McOrist, J, Asatryan, AA, de Sterke, CM & Nicorovici, NA 2004, 'Density of states functions for photonic crystals', PHYSICAL REVIEW E, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 16-16.
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We discuss density of states functions for photonic crystals, in the context of the two-dimensional problem for arrays of cylinders of arbitrary cross section. We introduce the mutual density of states (MDOS), and show that this function can be used to calculate both the local density of states (LDOS), which gives position information for emission of radiation from photonic crystals, and the spectral density of states (SDOS), which gives angular information. We establish the connection between MDOS, LDOS, SDOS and the conventional density of states, which depends only on frequency. We relate all four functions to the band structure and propagating states within the crystal, and give numerical examples of the relation between band structure and density of states functions. © 2004 The American Physical Society.

McPhedran, RC, Smith, GH, Nicorovici, NA & Botten, LC 2004, 'Distributive and analytic properties of lattice sums', JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS, vol. 45, no. 7, pp. 2560-2578.
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We use sums over Bessel functions of the first kind to derive a convenient form of the Poisson summation identity relating sums over direct lattices in two dimensions to sums over reciprocal lattices. After three simple examples of the use of the identity, we consider sums over complex powers of the radial distance to lattice points, and also sums incorporating factors exp(4imψp) depending on angles of lattice points. We study the distribution of zeros of lattice sums, and show two which seemingly obey the Riemann hypothesis, and a third which does not. We provide a reflection formula for angular lattice sums, and a Macdonald function sum for the lowest order angular lattice sum. © 2004 American Institute of Physics.

McPherson, S, Eamus, D & Murray, BR 2004, 'Seasonal impacts on leaf attributes of several tree species growing in three diverse ecosystems of south-eastern Australia', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 293-301.
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Patterns of leaf attributes were examined for six woody species growing in a eucalypt woodland, a mangrove, or a heathland in coastal New South Wales, Australia, during winter and summer. It was found that the rate of assimilation per unit leaf dry mass (Amass) of the mangrove species was largest, woodland species exhibiting an intermediate rate and heathland species the smallest values of Amass. Mean habitat Amass did not change from winter to summer in the woodland or mangrove species but increased significantly in the heathland species. Average specific leaf area (SLA) was largest for the mangrove species and smallest for the heathland species, with woodland species showing intermediate values. SLA of all species within a habitat did not change from winter to summer. Mean foliar nitrogen content (Nmass) of the mangrove species was highest, intermediate for woodland species and lowest for heathland species. Nmass was significantly related to Amass in both summer and winter and the individual slopes for this relationship in the summer and winter differed. In contrast, a common slope was fitted to the relationship between SLA and A mass for the two seasons. A common slope between seasons was also shown for the relationship between SLA and Nmass. There was no significant difference in slope elevation between summer and winter for the SLA v. Nmass relationship. Trends within relationships among leaf attributes were the same as those found for a wide range of plant species worldwide, but the absolute values were lower than those found elsewhere. Therefore, the 'global relationships' in terms of trends (positive or negative) that have been determined overseas apply in Australia but the elevation of the slope and the magnitude of the slope are reduced (Amass v. N mass) or increased (Amass v. SLA and Nmass v. SLA) compared with global trends.

Meeker, JD, Ryan, L, Barr, DB, Herrick, RF, Bennett, DH, Bravo, R & Hauser, R 2004, 'The relationship of urinary metabolites of carbaryl/naphthalene and chlorpyrifos with human semen quality', ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES, vol. 112, no. 17, pp. 1665-1670.
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Most of the general population is exposed to carbaryl and other contemporary-use insecticides at low levels. Studies of laboratory animals, in addition to limited human data, show an association between carbaryl exposure and decreased semen quality. In the present study we explored whether environmental exposures to 1-naphthol (1N), a metabolite of carbaryl and naphthalene, and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY), a metabolite of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-methyl, are associated with decreased semen quality in humans. Subjects (n = 272) were recruited through a Massachusetts infertility clinic. Individual exposures were measured as spot urinary concentrations of 1N and TCPY adjusted using specific gravity. Semen quality was assessed as sperm concentration, percent motile sperm, and percent sperm with normal morphology, along with sperm motion parameters (straight-line velocity, curvilinear velocity, and linearity). Median TCPY and 1N concentrations were 3.22 and 3.19 μg/L, respectively. For increasing 1N tertiles, adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were significantly elevated for below-reference sperm concentration (OR for low, medium, and high tertiles = 1.0, 4.2, 4.2, respectively; p-value for trend = 0.01) and percent motile sperm (1.0, 2.5, 2.4; p-value for trend = 0.01). The sperm motion parameter most strongly associated with 1N was straight-line velocity. There were suggestive, borderline-significant associations for TCPY with sperm concentration and motility, whereas sperm morphology was weakly and nonsignificantly associated with both TCPY and 1N. The observed associations between altered semen quality and 1N are consistent with previous studies of carbaryl exposure, although suggestive associations with TCPY are difficult to interpret because human and animal data are currently limited.

Meeker, JD, Singh, NP, Ryan, L, Duty, SM, Barr, DB, Herrick, RF, Bennett, DH & Hauser, R 2004, 'Urinary levels of insecticide metabolites and DNA damage in human sperm', HUMAN REPRODUCTION, vol. 19, no. 11, pp. 2573-2580.
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Background: Members of the general population are exposed to non-persistent insecticides at low levels. The present study explored whether environmental exposures to carbaryl and chlorpyrifos are associated with DNA damage in human sperm. Methods: Subjects (n = 260) were recruited through a Massachusetts infertility clinic. Individual exposures were measured as spot urinary metabolite concentrations of chlorpyrifos [3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY)] and carbaryl [1-naphthol (1N)], adjusted using specific gravity. Sperm DNA integrity was assessed by neutral comet assay and reported as comet extent, percentage DNA in comet tail (Tail%) and tail distributed moment (TDM). Results: A statistically significant increase in Tail% was found for an interquartile range (IQR) increase in both 1N [coefficient = 4.1; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.9-6.3] and TCPY (2.8; 0.9-4.6), while a decrease in TDM was associated with IQR changes in 1N (-2.2; -4.9 to 0.5) and TCPY (-2.5; -4.7 to -0.2). A negative correlation between Tail% and TDM was present only when stratified by comet extent, suggesting that Tail% and TDM may measure different types of DNA damage within comet extent strata. Conclusions: Environmental exposure to carbaryl and chlorpyrifos may be associated with increased DNA damage in human sperm, as indicated by a change in comet assay parameters. © European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology 2004; all rights reserved.

Migocki, MD, Lewis, PJ, Wake, RG & Harry, EJ 2004, 'The midcell replication factory in Bacillus subtilis is highly mobile: implications for coordinating chromosome replication with other cell cycle events', Molecular Microbiology, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 452-463.
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SummaryDuring vegetative growth, rod‐shaped bacterial cells such as Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis divide precisely at midcell. It is the Z ring that defines the position of the division site. We previously demonstrated that the early stages of chromosome replication are linked to midcell Z ring assembly in B. subtilis and proposed a direct role for the centrally located replication factory in masking and subsequently unmasking the midcell site for Z ring assembly. We now show that the replication factory is significantly more scattered about the cell centre than the Z ring in both vegetative cells and outgrown spores of B. subtilis. This finding is inconsistent with the midcell replication factory acting as a direct physical block to Z ring assembly. Time‐lapse experiments demonstrated that the lower precision of replication factory positioning results from its high mobility around the cell centre. Various aspects of this mobility are presented and the results are discussed in the light of current views on the determinants of positional information required for accurate chromosome segregation and cell division.

Mikajlo, EA, Dorsett, HE & Ford, MJ 2004, 'Trends in the band structures of the group-I and -II oxides', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 120, no. 22, pp. 10799-10806.
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The band structures for the six lightest group-I and -II oxides were measured and calculated. These band structures were measured by using electron momentum spectroscopy, a technique that maps the ground-state occupied orbitals resolved both in energy and momentum. These measurement were compared with first-principles calculations carried out within the linear combination of atomic orbitals approximation using Hartee-Fock (HF) and density functional (DFT) method. It was shown that the calculated O 2p bandwidths and O 2p-2s band gaps generally scale linearly with the inverse of the oxygen-oxygen separation squared, but consistently showed an anomaly at Li2O.

Milev, AS, Kamali Kannangara, GS, Ben-Nissan, B & Wilson, MA 2004, 'Temperature Effects on a Hydroxyapatite Precursor Solution', The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 108, no. 18, pp. 5516-5521.
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Multinuclear NMR spectroscopy has been used to monitor synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HAp) from diethyl hydrogen phosphonate and calcium diethoxide in solution at two different temperatures. Acetyl 2-hydroxyethyl phosphonate, bis(2-hydroxyethyl) phosphonate, and acetyl ethyl phosphonate have been identified for the first time in this reaction solution as intermediates. The formation of these compounds is shown to be crucial in controlling the phase purity of the final hydroxyapatite product. A possible mechanism for the formation of acetyl 2-hydroxyethyl phosphonate is discussed.

Miller, PF & Peters, BA 2004, 'Overview of the public health implications of cockroaches and their management', New South Wales Public Health Bulletin, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 208-208.
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Miller, PF & Peters, BA 2004, 'Overview of the Public Health Implications of Cockroaches and their Management', NSW Public Health Bulletin, vol. 15, pp. 208-211.

Miller, S & Platen, E 2004, 'Two-Factor Model for Low Interest Rate Regimes', Asia-Pacific Financial Markets, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 107-133.
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This paper derives a two factor model for the term structure of interest rates that segments the yield curve in a natural way. The first factor involves modelling a non-negative short rate process that primarily determines the early part of the yield curve and is obtained as a truncated Gaussian short rate. The second factor mainly influences the later part of the yield curve via the market index. The market index proxies the growth optimal portfolio (GOP) and is modelled as a squared Bessel process of dimension four. Although this setup can be applied to any interest rate environment, this study focuses on the difficult but important case where the short rate stays close to zero for a prolonged period of time. For the proposed model, an equivalent risk neutral martingale measure is niether possible nor required. Hence we use the benchmark approach where the GOP is chosen as numeraire. Fair derivative prices are then calculated via conditional expectations under the real world probability measure. Using this methodology we derive pricing functions for zero coupon bonds and options on zero coupon bonds. The proposed model naturally generates yield curve shapes commonly observed in the market. More importantly, the model replicates the key features of the interest rate cap market for economies with low interest rate regimes. In particular, the implied volatility term structure displays a consistent downward slope from extremely high levels of volatility together with a distinct negative skew.

MITROVIC, S 2004, 'Anatoxin-a elicits an increase in peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase activity in aquatic plants', Aquatic Toxicology, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 185-192.
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Although the toxic effects of cyanotoxins on animals have been examined extensively, little research has focused on their effects on macrophytes and macroalgae. To date only microcystins have been found to be detrimental to aquatic plants. Peroxidase activity of the free floating aquatic plant Lemna minor and the filamentous macroalga Chladophora fracta was measured after exposure to several concentrations of the cyanotoxin, anatoxin-a. Peroxidase activity (POD) was significantly (P<0.05) increased after 4 days of exposure to an anatoxin-a concentration of 25 µg mL-1 for both L. minor and C. fracta. Peroxidase activity was not significantly increased at test concentrations of 15 µg mL-1 or lower. In another experiment, the effects of various concentrations of anatoxin-a on the detoxication enzyme, glutathione S-transferase (GST) in L. minor were investigated. GST activity was significantly elevated at anatoxin-a concentrations of 5 and 20 µg mL-1. Photosynthetic oxygen production by L. minor was also found to be reduced at these concentrations. This is the first report to our knowledge of the cyanotoxin anatoxin-a being harmful to aquatic plants.

Mitrovic, SM, Amandi, MF, McKenzie, L, Furey, A & James, KJ 2004, 'Effects of selenium, iron and cobalt addition to growth and yessotoxin production of the toxic marine dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum in culture', JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY, vol. 313, no. 2, pp. 337-351.
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he marine dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum has been recently identified as a source for the disulfated polyether toxin, yessotoxin (YTX), and may pose a risk to human health, aquaculture development and coastal environments. The requirements of P. reticulatum for selenium, iron and cobalt were assessed in culture. P. reticulatum was grown in nutrient enriched seawater (1/10 GP medium) without selenium or with 0.003 and 0.0003 µM selenium added; without iron or with 0.076 and 0.0076 µM iron added; and without cobalt or with 0.008 µM cobalt added. Test flasks were monitored for growth rate, cell yield and YTX production. P. reticulatum was found to exhibit a strong requirement for both selenium and iron. Growth rate and cell yield in treatments without added selenium were significantly (P<0.05) reduced to 60.2% (µ=0.15 day-1) and 20.2% (4942 cell ml-1), respectively, of those with selenium added (µ=0.23 day-1 and 24, 387 cell ml-1). YTX production was significantly increased by addition of selenium in two of three transfers tested. Cells of P. reticulatum subjected to medium without selenium added showed morphological changes observable at the light microscope level which included enlarged cell size. The diameter of cells in medium without selenium added were significantly (P<0.05) enlarged to 36.7±0.90 µm compared to cells in the medium with selenium added, 27.5±1.25 µm. Growth rate and cell yield in treatments without added iron were also significantly reduced to 70.1% (µ=0.16 day-1) and 34.2% (8003 cells ml-1), respectively, of those with iron added (µ=0.23 day-1 and 23,416 cells ml-1). No significant effect on YTX production was measured. In contrast to selenium and iron, no limitation of growth or cell yield or differences in YTX production were observed for flasks without cobalt as compared to those with cobalt added. The possibility that harmful algal events of P. reticulatum may be influenced by selenium or iron in neritic waters is discussed.

Mitrovic, SM, Pflugmacher, S, James, KJ & Furey, A 2004, 'Anatoxin-a elicits an increase in peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase activity in aquatic plants', AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 185-192.
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Molenberghs, G 2004, 'Analyzing incomplete longitudinal clinical trial data', Biostatistics, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 445-464.
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Mulcahy, G, O'Neill, S, Donnelly, S & Dalton, JP 2004, 'Helminths at mucosal barriers - interaction with the immune system', ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY REVIEWS, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 853-868.
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Helminth parasites are the cause of very significant morbidity, mortality and economic losses in man and domestic animals. Most parasitic helminths infect their hosts via the oral route, and live either at the mucosal surface of the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT), or cross this mucosal barrier on their way to predilection sites. Many helminths live at mucosal surfaces, typically the gut or respiratory tract, and some cross these barriers, either temporarily, spending a period of time in the mucosa before returning to the mucosal surface, or to access other tissues and sites in the host. Typically, helminths induce strongly polarised Th2 responses, which are often effective in mediating protective immunity against those parasites living at mucosal surfaces, but less so in protecting against tissue-dwelling parasites. Induction of strongly-polarised Th2 responses may impair the ability of parasites hosts to eliminate other pathogens. Control of helminth infections relies largely on chemotherapy, together with management and environmental measures designed to keep hosts away from infective stages. Drug resistance has become a significant problem in some helminth populations, and this has promoted interest in the development of immunoprophylactic strategies. However, despite intensive research efforts, helminth vaccines have not become part of regular control strategies. In addition to the considerable technical difficulties posed in the production of vaccines against these complex organisms, further difficulties in securing acceptance for anti-helminth vaccine by regulatory authorities and by users, will be encountered. Such vaccines need not result in sterile immunity, as is required of anti-bacterial and anti-viral vaccines. Recent evidence indicates that while helminths are responsible for disease, immunopathology and impairment of immunity to other pathogens, a complete absence of helminth infection during early life may be a predisposing factor for the...

Mungkornasawakul, P, Pyne, SG, Jatisatienr, A, Lie, W, Ung, AT, Issakul, K, Sawatwanich, A, Supyen, D & Jatisatienr, C 2004, 'Phytochemical studies on Stemona burkillii Prain: Two new dihydrostemofoline alkaloids', JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS, vol. 67, no. 10, pp. 1740-1743.
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Two new dihydrostemofoline alkaloids, 11(S),12(R)-dihydrostemofoline (3) and stemoburkilline (4), along with stemofoline (1) and 2'-hydroxystemofoline (2) have been isolated from a root extract of Stemona burkillii Prain. The structure and relative configuration of 3 have been determined via spectroscopic data and from comparison with synthetic 11(S),12(S)-dihydrostemofoline (5). The configuration of the exo-cyclic alkene group in 4 is tentively assigned as E on the basis of mechanistic considerations.

Mungkornasawakul, P, Pyne, SG, Jatisatienr, A, Lie, W, Ung, AT, Issakul, K, Sawatwanich, A, Supyen, D & Jatisatienr, C 2004, 'Phytochemical studies on Stemona burkillii prain: Two new dihydrostemofoline alkaloids', Journal of Natural Products, vol. 67, no. 10, pp. 1740-1743.
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Two new dihydrostemofoline alkaloids, 11(S),12(R)-dihydrostemofoline (3) and stemoburkilline (4), along with stemofoline (1) and 2′- hydroxystemofoline (2) have been isolated from a root extract of Stemona burkillii Prain. The structure and relative configuration of 3 have been determined via spectroscopic data and from comparison with synthetic 11(S),12(S)-dihydrostemofoline (5). The configuration of the exo-cyclic alkene group in 4 is tentively assigned as E on the basis of mechanistic considerations.

Mungkornasawakul, P, Pyne, SG, Jatisatienr, A, Supyen, D, Jatisatienr, C, Lie, W, Ung, AT, Skelton, BW & White, AH 2004, 'Phytochemical and larvicidal studies on Stemona curtisii: Structure of a new pyrido[1,2-alpha]azepine Stemona alkaloid', JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 675-677.
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A new pentacyclic Stemona alkaloid, stemocurtisinol (3), with a pyrido[1,2-a]azepine A,B-ring system, and the known pyrrolo[1,2-a]azepine alkaloid oxyprotostemonine (4) have been isolated from a root extract of S. curtisii. The structure and relative stereochemistry of stemocurtisinol was determined by spectral data interpretation and X-ray crystallography. This compound is a diastereoisomer of oxystemokerrin and has the opposite configuration at C-4 and C-19. The individual alkaloid components showed significant larvicidal activity (IC50 4-39 ppm) on mosquito larvae (Anopheles minimus HO).

Murray, BR & Lepschi, BJ 2004, 'Are locally rare species abundant elsewhere in their geographical range?', AUSTRAL ECOLOGY, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 287-293.
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Ecologists have long sought to understand why some species are rare and others common. For the most part, inconsistent relationships between local rarity and underlying mechanisms have emerged. One possibility for this inconsistency is that locally rare species may not always be rare. However, it is largely unknown whether most locally rare species in a community possess the capacity to become abundant elsewhere in their geographical range. Here, we identified 57 locally rare plant species of open forest in south-eastern Australia. We found that most of these species (91%) occurred in higher abundance at other sites within their geographical range (somewhere-abundant species), while the remaining small percentage of locally rare species were consistently rare (everywhere-sparse species). Somewhere-abundant species had significantly smaller seeds on average than everywhere-sparse species in cross-species regression analysis. This pattern was not maintained when the influence of other life-history attributes was controlled for, or when phylogenetic relatedness among species was considered explicitly in phylogenetic regression analysis. In both cross-species and phylogenetic regressions, somewhere-abundant and everywhere-sparse species did not differ significantly with respect to growth form, height, regeneration-after-fire strategy, or dispersal. Our findings provide further evidence for the notion that theories to account for local rarity which are couched in terms of within-community interactions alone are incomplete for the majority of species, because they need to account for different outcomes in different places.

Murray, BR, Brown, AHD, Dickman, CR & Crowther, MS 2004, 'Geographical gradients in seed mass in relation to climate', JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 379-388.
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Aim: To determine whether latitudinal and longitudinal gradients in seed mass are related to variation in climatic features including temperature, solar radiation and rainfall. Location: Australia. Methods: Seed mass was estimated from over 1600 provenances covering the latitudinal and longitudinal extents of 34 perennial Glycine taxa in Australia. Climatic data were obtained from ANUCLIM 5.1 for collection locations based on long-term meteorological records across Australia. These climatic data were subject to principal components analysis to extract three components as climatic indices. Generalized linear models were used in three separate sets of analyses to evaluate whether seed mass-latitude and seed mass-longitude relationships persisted after taking climatic variation into account. First, relationships were examined across species in analyses that did not explicitly consider phylogenetic relationships. Secondly, phylogenetic regressions were performed to examine patterns of correlated evolutionary change throughout the Glycine phylogeny. Within-species analysis was also performed to examine consistency across different taxonomic levels. Results: Geographical variation in seed mass among species was related primarily to temperature and solar radiation, while rainfall was much less influential upon seed mass. Partialing out the influence of temperature and solar radiation in models resulted in the disappearance of significant seed mass-latitude and seed mass-longitude relationships. Patterns within species were generally consistent with patterns among species. However, in several species, factors additional to these climatic variables may contribute to the origin and maintenance of geographical gradients in seed mass, as significant seed mass-latitude and seed mass-longitude relationships remained after controlling for the influence of climatic variables. Main conclusions: Our empirical results support the hypotheses that (1) seed mass is larger at...

Murray, S & Patterson, DJ 2004, 'Cabra matta, gen. nov., sp nov., a new benthic, heterotrophic dinoflagellate', EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 229-234.
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Murray, S, Jorgensen, MF, Daugbjerg, N & Rhodes, L 2004, 'Amphidinium revisited. II. Resolving species boundaries in the Amphidinium operculatum species complex (Dinophyceae), including the descriptions of Amphidinium trulla sp nov and Amphidinium gibbosum. comb. nov.', JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 366-382.
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Myatt, TA, Johnston, SL, Zuo, Z, Wand, M, Kebadze, T, Rudnick, S & Milton, DK 2004, 'Detection of Airborne Rhinovirus and Its Relation to Outdoor Air Supply in Office Environments', American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol. 169, no. 11, pp. 1187-1190.
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Myers, GSA & Fraser, CM 2004, 'Non-pathogenic bacteria take center stage: a lesson in contrasts', Trends in Microbiology, vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 303-305.
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Nagler, PL, Glenn, EP, Thompson, TL & Huete, A 2004, 'Leaf area index and normalized difference vegetation index as predictors of canopy characteristics and light interception by riparian species on the Lower Colorado River', AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY, vol. 125, no. 1-2, pp. 1-17.
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Leaf area index (LAI) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were compared for riparian species along a 350 km stretch of the Lower Colorado River in the United States and Mexico. The species included two native trees, cottonwood (Populus fremontii) and willow (Salix gooddingii), and two salt-tolerant shrubs, saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima) and arrowweed (Pluchia sericea), exhibiting large differences in leaf type and canopy architecture. LAI was measured with a Licor 2000 plant canopy analyzer calibrated against biomass measurements of LAI, whereas NDVI was measured by low-level aerial photography using a DyCam digital camera with Red (R)-Blue (B)-near infrared (NIR) bands. In addition, reflectance spectra were measured for leaf samples collected from plants in the field. Leaf samples of all species had similar reflectance spectra in the visible (VIS) and NIR, hence similar NDVI values, ranging from 0.62 to 0.72 (P>0.05). LAI values of field plants varied over a relatively narrow range, with mean values of 3.50, 3.28, 2.81 and 3.69 for cottonwood, willow, saltcedar and arrowweed, respectively. However, field plants showed distinct species differences in NDVI, with the following mean values: cottonwood (0.686), willow (0.600), saltcedar (0.473) and arrowweed (0.254) (all significantly different at P<0.05). Differences in NDVI among field plants could be explained by differences in the light extinction coefficient, k, for plant canopies, according to the formula: fIRs=(1-e-kLAI), where fIRs is the fraction of incident light intercepted by the canopy. At one extreme, cottonwood had broad leaves that faced the sun, and a calculated k of 1.25, whereas at the other extreme, arrowweed had linear leaves that were near to vertical, and had a k of 0.15. Ecophysiological implications of the differences among the species are discussed. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Nassif, NT, Lobo, GP, Wu, XJ, Henderson, CJA, Morrison, CD, Eng, C, Jalaludin, B & Segelov, E 2004, 'PTEN mutations are common in sporadic microsatellite stable colorectal cancer', ONCOGENE, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 617-628.
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The tumour suppressor gene PTEN, located at chromosome sub-band 10q23.3, encodes a dual-specificity phosphatase that negatively regulates the phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase (PI3 K)/Akt-dependent cellular survival pathway. PTEN is frequently inactivated in many tumour types including glioblastoma, prostate and endometrial cancers. While initial studies reported that PTEN gene mutations were rare in colorectal cancer, more recent reports have shown an approximate 18% incidence of somatic PTEN mutations in colorectal tumours exhibiting microsatellite instability (MSI+). To verify the role of this gene in colorectal tumorigenesis, we analysed paired normal and tumour DNA from 41 unselected primary sporadic colorectal cancers for PTEN inactivation by mutation and/or allelic loss. We now report PTEN gene mutations in 19.5% (8/41) of tumours and allele loss, including all or part of the PTEN gene, in a further 17% (7/41) of the cases. Both PTEN alleles were affected in over half (9/15) of these cases showing PTEN genetic abnormalities. Using immunohistochemistry, we have further shown that all tumours harbouring PTEN alterations have either reduced or absent PTEN expression and this correlated strongly with later clinical stage of tumour at presentation (P = 0.02). In contrast to previous reports, all but one of the tumours with PTEN gene mutations were microsatellite stable (MSI-), suggesting that PTEN is involved in a distinct pathway of colorectal tumorigenesis that is separate from the pathway of mismatch repair deficiency. This work therefore establishes the importance of PTEN in primary sporadic colorectal cancer.

Ngo, L & Wand, MP 2004, 'Smoothing with Mixed Model Software', Journal of Statistical Software, vol. 9, no. 1.
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Nordon, RE, Shu, A, Camacho, F & Milthorpe, BK 2004, 'Hollow-fiber assay for ligand-mediated cell adhesion', CYTOMETRY PART A, vol. 57A, no. 1, pp. 39-44.
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Background The investigation of receptor-ligand interactions in the cellular context presents significant technical challenges, first, to immobilize the ligand in a manner that preserves functional properties and, second, to relate ligand properties to cell adhesion and other cellular processes. Methods Ligand-mediated cell adhesion was characterized by the development of a cellulose hollow-fiber adhesion assay in which ligand (protein A) was immobilized onto the cellulose membrane as a recombinant fusion protein containing a cellulose-binding domain affinity tag. Modules containing single cellulose hollow fibers were connected to a micro-flow system for cell deposition and detachment with fluid shear stress. The cell adhesion process that occurred inside a segment of hollow fiber was observed in real time by using an inverted microscope equipped with a CCD camera and digital frame grabber. Image analysis software was developed to count cells and record digital images. Results Cell adhesion strength was characterized by counting the number of cells that were detached by application of fluid shear stress with values that ranged from 2.3 to 185 dyne/cm2. The median shear stress of detachment of KG1a cells was directly related to the duration of membrane contact and the amount of immobilized monoclonal antibody (anti-CD34). Conclusions The hollow-fiber assay provides a general method to determine functional properties of molecular domains that interact with cell surface receptors and markers

Novikov, A 2004, 'Martingales and First-Passage Times for Ornstein--Uhlenbeck Processes with a Jump Component', Theory of Probability & Its Applications, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 288-303.
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Using martingale technique, we show that a distribution of the first-passage time over a level for the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process with jumps is exponentially bounded. In the case of absence of positive jumps, the Laplace transform for this passage time is found. Further, the maximal inequalities are also given when the marginal distribution is stable.

O'Brien, JL, Pryde, GJ, Gilchrist, A, James, DFV, Langford, NK, Ralph, TC & White, AG 2004, 'Quantum Process Tomography of a Controlled-NOT Gate', Physical Review Letters, vol. 93, no. 8.
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Oguz, C, Zinder, Y, Do, V, Janiak, A & Lichtenstein, M 2004, 'Hybrid flow-shop scheduling problems with multiprocessor task systems', EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF OPERATIONAL RESEARCH, vol. 152, no. 1, pp. 115-131.
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Hybrid flow-shop problems and problems with multiprocessor task systems have remained subject of intensive research over several years. Hybrid flow-shop problems overcome one of the limitations of the classical flow-shop model by allowing parallel processors at each stage of task processing. Problems with multiprocessor task systems relax the limitation of the classical parallel processor model by permitting tasks that require more than one processor simultaneously. The great deal of interest for both types of problem, besides their obvious theoretical significance, was inspired by needs of various manufacturing and computing systems. In this paper we consider a model which amalgamates both above-mentioned generalizations. We show that, without precedence constraints and under the assumption that all processing times are bounded above, the makespan minimization problem is solvable in polynomial time, whereas the introduction of precedence constraints makes even the simplest version of this problem NP-hard. For the arbitrary processing time task systems, we present an approximation algorithm based on the idea of tabu search and discuss the results of computational experiments, which were performed to analyze the algorithm's efficiency and sensitivity to variation in the input data. © 2002 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Orwell, RL, Wood, RL, Tarran, J, Torpy, F & Burchett, MD 2004, 'Removal of benzene by the indoor plant/substrate microcosm and implications for air quality', WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION, vol. 157, no. 1-4, pp. 193-207.
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The quality of the indoor environment has become a major health consideration, since urban-dwellers spend 80-90% of their time indoors, where air pollution can be several times higher than outdoors. 'Indoor' potted-plants can remove air-borne contaminants such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), over 300 of which have been identified in indoor air. In this study a comparison was made of rates of removal of benzene, as model VOC, by seven potted-plant species/varieties. In static test-chambers, high air-borne doses of benzene were removed within 24 h, once the response had been stimulated ('induced') by an initial dose. Removal rates per pot ranged from 12-27 ppm d -1 (40 to 88 mg m -3 d -1) (2.5 to 5 times the Australian maximum allowable occupational level). Rates were maintained in light or dark, and rose about linearly with increased dose. Rate comparisons were also made on other plant parameters. Micro-organisms of the potting mix rhizosphere were shown to be the main agents of removal. These studies are the first demonstration of soil microbial VOC degradation from the gaseous phase. With some species the plant also made a measurable contribution to removal rates. The results are consistent with known, mutually supportive plant/soil-micro-organism interactions, and developments in microbially-based 'biofilter reactors' for cleaning VOC-contaminated air. The findings demonstrate the capacity of the potted-plant microcosm to contribute to cleaner indoor air, and lay the foundation for the development of the plant/substrate system as a complementary biofiltration system.

Paull, B, Roux, C, Dawson, M & Doble, P 2004, 'Rapid screening of selected organic explosives by high performance liquid chromatography using reversed-phase monolithic columns', JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 1181-1186.

Paull, B, Roux, C, Dawson, M & Doble, P 2004, 'Rapid Screening of Selected Organic Explosives by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Using Reversed-Phase Monolithic Columns', Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. JFS2004072-6.
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Abstract This study presents the rapid screening of various high grade explosives by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with monolithic stationary phases. Two gradient methods were developed, the first for quantitative analysis of eleven explosives: HMX; RDX; Tetryl; TNT; 2,3-DNT; 2,6-DNT; 3,4-DNT; 2-NT; 3-NT; 4-NT; and PETN in under 14 min. The second method separated seven explosives in under two min and is suitable for rapid screening to determine the presence of specific and/or class of explosive. The rapid screening methods were successfully applied to soils spiked with known amounts of target explosives. This technology showed excellent potential for forensic explosives detection and analysis.

Phillips, MR, Gelhausen, O & Goldys, EM 2004, 'Cathodoluminescence properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles', PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI A-APPLIED RESEARCH, vol. 201, no. 2, pp. 229-234.
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Zinc oxide nano-particles (25 nm) have been investigated by cathodoluminescence spectroscopy (300 nm-1700 nm) at 80 K and 300 K following thermal annealing in high purity H2/N2, N2, O2 and Ar gaseous atmospheres. The intensity of the ZnO near band edge peak was significantly increased after heat treatment in hydrogen. Conversely, thermal annealing in the other gas types decreased this emission. This effect is attributed to hydrogen passivation of competitive non-radiative defect centers, most likely bulk zinc vacancy centers. The appearance of a strong green emission centered at 2.4 eV following thermal annealing in all gas atmospheres is ascribed to the formation of bulk oxygen vacancy defects. A strong red shift of the near band edge emission with increasing beam current at 300 K is accredited to electron beam heating rather than to an increase in the carrier density. Electron beam heating is evidenced by the occurrence of a strong black body emission in the near infrared spectral region. © 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Phillips, MR, Zareie, MH, Gelhausen, O, Drago, M, Schmidtling, T & Richter, W 2004, 'Scanning tunneling and cathodoluminescence spectroscopy of indium nitride', JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH, vol. 269, no. 1, pp. 106-110.
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Indium nitride epilayers grown by metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy have been studied by cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS). A broad CL emission peak centered at 0.8eV was observed at 80K. This peak was attributed to an excitonic radiative recombination mechanism as its emission intensity exhibited a super-linear dependence on beam current with a power-law exponent of m=2. A large spatial variation in the CL emission intensity was ascribed to the presence of threading dislocations, which act as non-radiative recombination centers. A surface band gap of ∼1.4eV was estimated from STS I-V curves. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Phyu, YL, Warne, MSJ & Lim, RP 2004, 'Toxicity of atrazine and molinate to the cladoceran Daphnia carinata and the effect of river water and bottom sediment on their bioavailability', ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 308-315.
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Pierik, FH, Burdorf, A, Deddens, JA, Juttmann, RE & Weber, RFA 2004, 'Maternal and Paternal Risk Factors for Cryptorchidism and Hypospadias: A Case–Control Study in Newborn Boys', Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 112, no. 15, pp. 1570-1576.
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Pinto, R, Saunders, BM, Camacho, LR, Britton, WJ, Gicquel, B & Triccas, JA 2004, 'Mycobacterium tuberculosisDefective in Phthiocerol Dimycocerosate Translocation Provides Greater Protective Immunity against Tuberculosis than the Existing Bacille Calmette‐Guérin Vaccine', The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 189, no. 1, pp. 105-112.
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Platen, E 2004, 'A class of complete benchmark models with intensity-based jumps', JOURNAL OF APPLIED PROBABILITY, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 19-34.
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This paper proposes a class of complete financial market models, the benchmark models, with security price processes that exhibit intensity-based jumps. The benchmark or reference unit is chosen to be the growth-optimal portfolio. Primary security account prices, when expressed in units of the benchmark, turn out to be local martingales. In the proposed framework an equivalent risk-neutral measure need not exist. Benchmarked fair derivative prices are obtained as conditional expectations of future benchmarked prices under the real-world probability measure. This concept of fair pricing generalizes the classical risk-neutral approach and the actuarial present-value pricing methodology.

Platen, E & West, J 2004, 'A Fair Pricing Approach to Weather Derivatives', Asia-Pacific Financial Markets, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 23-53.
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This paper proposes a consistent approach to the pricing of weather derivatives. Since weather derivatives are traded in an incomplete market setting, standard hedging based pricing methods cannot be applied. The growth optimal portfolio, which is interpreted as a world stock index, is used as a benchmark or numeraire such that all benchmarked derivative price processes are martingales. No measure transformation is needed for the proposed fair pricing. For weather derivative payoffs that are independent of the value of the growth optimal portfolio, it is shown that the classical actuarial pricing methodology is a particular case of the fair pricing concept. A discrete time model is constructed to approximate historical weather characteristics. The fair prices of some particular weather derivatives are derived using historical and Gaussian residuals. The question of weather risk as diversifiable risk is also discussed. © Springer 2005.

Pomati, F, Moffitt, MC, Cavaliere, R & Neilan, BA 2004, 'Evidence for differences in the metabolism of saxitoxin and C1+2 toxins in the freshwater cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii T3', Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects, vol. 1674, no. 1, pp. 60-67.
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Pope, DT, Wiseman, HM & Langford, NK 2004, 'Adaptive phase estimation is more accurate than nonadaptive phase estimation for continuous beams of light', Physical Review A, vol. 70, no. 4.
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Poulton, C, Guenneau, S & Movchan, AB 2004, 'Noncommuting limits and effective properties for oblique propagation of electromagnetic waves through an array of aligned fibres', Physical Review B, vol. 69, no. 19.
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Preston, JA, Beagley, KW, Gibson, PG & Hansbro, PM 2004, 'Genetic background affects susceptibility in nonfatal pneumococcal bronchopneumonia', European Respiratory Journal, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 224-231.
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A nonfatal pneumococcal lung infection model was required to investigate immune responses during recovery, and the interaction of other diseases subsequent to infection. A murine model of nonfatal pneumococcal lung infection was developed and the effect of genetic background on susceptibility was determined in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Bacteria colonised the lungs and mice developed mild clinical illness with pathophysiology similar to human bronchopneumonia. Recovery was associated with immune cell influx, which cleared bacteria but induced tissue damage characteristic of pneumococcal bronchopneumonia. After clearance, immune cell populations returned to normal and tissues appeared less inflamed. Although bacterial exposure and clearance were similar, the extent of immune cell influx and tissue damage differed significantly. Larger numbers of neutrophils and lymphocytes entered lung tissue and the affected area was greater in BALB/c compared with C57BL/6 mice. An inflammatory basis for differences was determined with greater levels of phagocytosis and oxidative burst observed in BALB/c mice. C57BL/6 mice cleared the low inoculum with a reduced immune response; however, C57BL/6 mice are more susceptible to larger inocula, which overwhelms the immune system. These different susceptibilities result from a greater inflammatory response in BALB/c compared with C57BL/6 mice.

Pretorius, M, Williams, DBG, Roodt, A & Muller, A 2004, 'Dichloro({N-[2-(diphenylphosphino-κP)benzyl]benzylamino}diphenylphosphine-κP)palladium(II) toluene solvate', Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, vol. 60, no. 10, pp. m1439-m1441.
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Prince, AAM, Mylswamy, S, Chan, TS, Liu, RS, Hannoyer, B, Jean, M, Shen, CH, Huang, SM, Lee, JF & Wang, GX 2004, 'Investigation of Fe valence in LiFePO4 by Mössbauer and XANES spectroscopic techniques', Solid State Communications, vol. 132, no. 7, pp. 455-458.
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Quinn, HE, Miller, CMD & Ellis, JT 2004, 'The cell-mediated immune response to Neospora caninum during pregnancy in the mouse is associated with a bias towards production of interleukin-4', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 723-732.
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Neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite which is efficiently transmitted transplacentally in cattle where it may cause abortion. A pregnant mouse model was used to characterise the immune response following N. caninum infection; the response in non-pregnant and pregnant mice was compared. Spleen cells from both infected/non-pregnant and infected/pregnant mice produced interferon-γ, interleukin-12 and tumour necrosis factor α; however, the levels of these Th1 cytokines were lower in infected/pregnant mice. Infected/non-pregnant and infected/pregnant mice also produced the Th2 cytokine interleukin-10; however, there was no trend toward a decrease of this in pregnant mice. Interleukin-4 was exclusively produced at high levels by infected/pregnant mice and thus appears responsible for the observed decline in Th1 cytokine production in pregnant mice. A bias towards Th2 cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-10 is normally associated with the maintenance of a viable pregnancy, and not with the control of protozoal infections. Consequently, the importance and role of cytokines and cell-mediated immunity in the control of transplacental transmission and foetal loss due to N. caninum infection are discussed. © 2004 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Raby, BA, Celedon, JC, Litonjua, AA, Phipatanakul, W, Sredl, D, Oken, E, Ryan, L, Weiss, ST & Gold, DR 2004, 'Low-normal gestational age as a predictor of asthma at 6 years of age', PEDIATRICS, vol. 114, no. 3, pp. E327-E332.
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Ragusa, SR, McNevin, D, Qasem, S & Mitchell, C 2004, 'Indicators of biofilm development and activity in constructed wetlands microcosms', WATER RESEARCH, vol. 38, no. 12, pp. 2865-2873.
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Methods to measure protein, exopolysaccharide, viable cell number and INT reduction activity were tested on biofilm growing in a wastewater batch reactor. They were shown to be meaningful indicators of biofilm growth and correlated well with each other. Protein, exopolysaccharide, viable cells and INT reduction rates increased linearly over time. Viable cell number exhibited strong linear correlations with protein (R2=0.98) and exopolysaccharide (R 2=0.99) while INT reduction rate was somewhat less well correlated (R2=0.90). Our results indicate production rates of 0.91×10-7μg EPS per viable cell and 1.0×10 -7μg protein per viable cell. Protein and polysaccharide specific INT reduction rates decreased by approximately 50%, whereas viable cell specific INT reduction rates decreased by 65% and the protein to polysaccharide ratio stayed relatively constant at between 1.1 and 1.2 as the biofilm developed. Measurement of protein, polysaccharide, viable cells and INT reduction rate at depth within the bioreactor showed that they were concentrated in the top 1cm of the influent end of the reactor and each decreased to a base level within 4.5cm of the inlet. Protein to polysaccharide ratios increased with depth in the reactor and the specific INT reduction rates were maximal at 4.5cm depth. The results indicate that the biomass can take upwards of 100 days to stabilize during batch (fill and draw) operation of subsurface wetlands and that the relative ratios of biomass components remain relatively constant during biofilm growth. Also, it appears that filtration of suspended solids results in biomass concentration at the inlet to the wetland. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Raymond, JJ, Roux, C, Du Pasquier, E, Sutton, J & Lennard, C 2004, 'The Effect of Common Fingerprint Detection Techniques on the DNA Typing of Fingerprints Deposited on Different Surfaces', Journal of Forensic Identification, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 22-44.
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DNA and fingerprints are two of the most important forms of evidence in terms of their ability to individualize persons. This study investigated the effect of common fingerprint detection techniques on the recovery of DNA from fingerprints. It was found that the recovery of DNA is possible after fingerprint development using certain techniques, and that the recovery is more dependent on the surface type, rather than the enhancement technique used. Fingerprints placed on plastic bags, glass microscope slides, and adhesive tape returned DNA profiles before and after treatment, which consisted of white light, UV, dactyloscopic powders, Stickyside Powder, and cyanoacrylate plus rhodamine 6G stain or VMD treatment. The profiles that were obtained from these surfaces were often found to contain contamination peaks, and at this stage, trace DNA analysis of this type may be more useful as an intelligence tool, rather than being relied upon in court for identification purposes. No DNA profiles were obtained from treated or untreated prints on paper and aluminum foil substrates.

Raymond, JJ, Walsh, SJ, Van Oorschot, RA, Gunn, PR & Roux, C 2004, 'Trace DNA: An underutilized resource or Pandora's box? A review of the use of trace DNA analysis in the investigation of volume crime', Journal of Forensic Identification, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 668-686.
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Spectacular advances in DNA technology have greatly expanded its applicability to forensic science. As the processes become sufficiently sensitive to detect trace DNA, a vast number of crime scene samples not previously considered for analysis are now able to be tested. However, in spite of these obvious benefits, trace DNA analysis raises problems not often considered by investigators and forensic scientists. This paper discusses the history and development of trace DNA analysis. It suggests a trend of underutilization and discusses issues surrounding its application and alternative uses for the results gained. The approach in the past has been that DNA evidence was solely employed as an absolute form of evidence, and, consequently, research focused primarily on increasing sensitivity and discrimina-tion power. We are suggesting that DNA evidence should be treated as any other trace evidence. Research to provide data for basic trace evidence properties of deposit, presence, transfer, and persistence may allow trace DNA analysis to be more effectively utilized in the investigation of crime. Together with recent developments in forensic intelligence, this research could facilitate the progressive application of trace DNA analysis to volume crime investigations, an outcome with the potential to reduce the rate of volume crime and contribute to crime prevention strategies.

Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2004, 'Hamiltonian operators including both symmetric and antisymmetric vibrational modes for vibronic coupling and intervalence charge-transfer applications', CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 299, no. 1, pp. 79-82.
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Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2004, 'Unified description of the electrochemical, charge distribution, and spectroscopic properties of the special-pair radical cation in bacterial photosynthesis', JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, vol. 126, no. 13, pp. 4132-4144.
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Reimers, JR, Bilic, A, Cai, ZL, Dahlbom, M, Lambropoulos, NA, Solomon, GC, Crossley, MJ & Hush, NS 2004, 'Molecular electronics: From basic chemical principles to photosynthesis to steady-state through-molecule conductivity to computer architectures', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, vol. 57, no. 12, pp. 1133-1138.
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Rembach, A, Turner, BJ, Bruce, S, Cheah, IK, Scott, RL, Lopes, EC, Zagami, CJ, Beart, PM, Cheung, NS, Langford, SJ & Cheema, SS 2004, 'Antisense peptide nucleic acid targeting GluR3 delays disease onset and progression in the SOD1 G93A mouse model of familial ALS', Journal of Neuroscience Research, vol. 77, no. 4, pp. 573-582.
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AbstractGlutamate excitotoxicity is strongly implicated as a major contributing factor in motor neuron degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Excitotoxicity results from elevated intracellular calcium ion (Ca2+) levels, which in turn recruit cell death signaling pathways. Recent evidence suggests that α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunit (GluR) stoichiometry is a dominant factor leading to excess Ca2+ loading in neurodegeneration. In particular, the Ca2+ permeable glutamate receptor subunit 3 (GluR3) has been implicated in several neurologic conditions such as bipolar disorder and epilepsy. Recent proteomic analysis within our group on the copper zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1)G93A transgenic mouse model of familial ALS (FALS) reveals a potentially deleterious upregulation of GluR3 in spinal cord compared to that in wild‐type littermates. Based on this finding we designed a 12mer antisense peptide nucleic acid (PNA) directed against GluR3. This sequence significantly reduced levels of GluR3 protein and protected neuroblastoma × spinal cord (NSC‐34) cells against death induced by the AMPA receptor‐specific agonist (S)‐5‐fluorowillardiine. We subsequently treated SOD1G93A mice thrice weekly with intraperitoneal injections of the antisense PNA (2.5 mg/kg) commencing at postnatal day 50. Mice treated with the antisense sequence had significantly extended survival compared to mice injected with a nonsense sequence. Western blot analysis, however, did not reveal a significant reduction in GluR3 protein levels in whole extracts of the lumbar spinal cord. These results suggest that interference with the GluR3 component of the AMPA receptor assembly may be a novel strategy for controlling excitotoxic destruction of motor neurons and may lead to ...

Ren, B, O'Brien, B & Simpson, AM 2004, 'Long-term Reversal Of Type 1 Diabetes In Rats After In Vivo Delivery Of The Human Insulin Gene', Immunology And Cell Biology, vol. 82, no. 2, pp. 1-1.
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Rodgers, KJ, Hume, PM, Dunlop, RA & Dean, RT 2004, 'Biosynthesis and turnover of DOPA-containing proteins by human cells', FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE, vol. 37, no. 11, pp. 1756-1764.
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Protein-bound 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (PB-DOPA) is a major product of hydroxyl radical attack on tyrosine residues of proteins. Levels of PB-DOPA in cells and tissues have been shown to be greatly elevated in age-related diseases. We demonstrate for t

Rogers, BL, Shapter, JG & Ford, MJ 2004, 'Ab initio study of benzene adsorption on the Cu(110) surface and simulation of STM images', Surface Science, vol. 548, no. 1-3, pp. 29-40.
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The adsorption of benzene molecules onto the Cu(1 1 0) surface has been studied using a crystalline linear combination of atomic orbitals approximation (LCAO). Adsorption energetics have been modelled at both the Hartree-Fock (HF) and density functional theory (DFT) level, and scanning tunneling microscope (STM) images generated for the preferred adsorption geometry. The calculated binding energies are strongly dependent upon basis set superposition errors (BSSE). As expected HF provides a relatively poor description of this loosely bound system, and is found to be unbound when BSSE is taken into account. Inclusion of electron correlation through DFT methods gives an optimised binding energy of 106 kJ mol-1 with the benzene molecule occupying a bridging site between the rows of surface copper atoms and an adsorption height of approximately 2 Å. This figure takes account of relaxation of benzene upon adsorption with the hydrogen atoms tilting away from the surface. Our predicted energetics compare favourably with previous theoretical studies using cluster methods and experimental binding energies determined from temperature programmed desorption (TPD). We have also simulated scanning tunneling microscope (STM) images using the Tersoff and Hamann method and compare our results with recent experimental measurements. Our simulation suggests the experimental image results from a benzene dimer rather than an isolated molecule. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Rogers, BL, Shapter, JG & Ford, MJ 2004, 'Absorption energetics and simulation of STM images for fluorobenzene on the Cu(110) surface', MODELLING AND SIMULATION IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 1109-1120.
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A crystalline linear combination of atomic Orbitals approximation has been used at the density functional theory level to study the adsorption of fluorobenzene on the Cu(110) surface. Adsorption energetics have been modelled and scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) images have been generated for the preferred adsorption geometry using the Tersoff and Hamann method. An adsorption energy of -93.4 kJ mol-1 is calculated, with the fluorobenzene molecule occupying a bridging site between the rows of surface copper atoms and an adsorption height of approximately 2 A°. Relaxation effects involving a tilt of the hydrogen and fluorine atoms away from the surface are accounted for in the calculations. Our predicted energetics compare favourably with experimental binding energies determined from temperature programmed desorption. The simulated STM images are compared with recent theoretical STM images of benzene.

Rose, RM, Warne, MS & Lim, RP 2004, 'Sensitivity of offspring to chronic 3,4-dichloroaniline exposure varies with maternal exposure', ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 405-412.
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Runcie, JW, Ritchie, RJ & Larkum, AWD 2004, 'Uptake kinetics and assimilation of phosphorus by Catenella nipae and Ulva lactuca can be used to indicate ambient phosphate availability', Journal of Applied Phycology, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 181-194.
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Uptake, assimilation and compartmentation of phosphate were studied in the opportunist green macroalgaUlva lactucaand the estuarine red algal epiphyteCatenella nipae. The MichaelisMenten model was used to describe uptake rates of inorganic phosphate (Pi) at different concentrations. Maximum uptake rates (V max) of P-starved material exceededV maxof P-enriched material; this difference was greater forC. nipae. Uptake and allocation of phosphorus (P) to internal pools was measured using trichloroacetic acid (TCA) extracts and32P. Both species demonstrated similar assimilation paths: when P-enriched, most32P accumulated as free phosphate. When unenriched,32P was rapidly assimilated into the TCA-insoluble pool.C. nipaeconsistently assimilated more32P into this pool thanU. lactuca, indicatingC. nipaehas a greater P-storage capacity. In both species,32P release data showed two internal compartments with very different biological half-lives.

Ryan, KG, Ralph, P & McMinn, A 2004, 'Acclimation of Antarctic bottom-ice algal communities to lowered salinities during melting', POLAR BIOLOGY, vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 679-686.
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Sea-ice brine algal communities were exposed to salinities between 30 and 10‰ during melting. There was a progressive decline in maximum quantum yield, relative electron transfer rate (rETRmax) and photosynthetic efficiency (α) with decreasing salinity of the final melted sample. While all species showed a drop in these parameters, Fragilariopsis curta and Entomoneis kjellmannii showed the least inhibition. There was a steady increase in rETRmax and alpha; over 5 days after melting, especially in the samples melted into the highest salinities. In addition, the samples melted from the ice without added filtered seawater showed no photosynthetic activity after 2 days. Our results suggest that for experimental work using sea-ice microalgae, the final salinity of the melted sample should be greater than 28‰ (i.e. the ratio of sea ice to filtered seawater should be at least 1:2). © Springer-Verlag 2004.

Ryan, L, Huang, WZ, Thurston, SW, Kelsey, KT, Wiencke, JK & Christiani, DC 2004, 'On the use of biomarkers for environmental health research', STATISTICAL METHODS IN MEDICAL RESEARCH, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 207-225.
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This article discusses the growing interest in the use of biomarker data in environment health research and considers some of the challenging statistical issues that arise. We specify a modeling framework that links environmental exposure, biomarkers and outcome, and discuss in conceptual terms how such a formulation could be used to inform dose response modeling for the purpose of quantitative risk assessment. We then analyse some biomarker data from a case-control study designed to elucidate the mechanisms of smoking induced lung cancer. Because of sample size limitations, we use a likelihood-based analysis which subsumes both cohort and case-control designs as special cases. Our analysis allows us to 1) investigate the extent to which the markers explain the pathway from exposure to outcome; 2) quantify the degree to which biomarker data can improve on predicting outcome over and above exposure; and 3) estimate the association among multiple markers. © Arnold 2004.

Ryan, N, Peters, B & Miller, P 2004, 'A survey of bedbugs in short-stay lodges', New South Wales Public Health Bulletin, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 215-215.
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An increase in the number of anecdotal reports of bedbug infestations i short-stay lodge type accommodation used by backpackers and other budget travellers inthe City of Sydney promoted a pilot survery to determine the extent of the problem. The aim of the survey was to obatin the perspective of the lodge managers on bedbug problems and how they handled them. This article describes the survey results and assesses the effectiveness of the methods of control reported.

Salganik, MP, Wand, MP & Lange, N 2004, 'COMPARISON OF FEATURE SIGNIFICANCE QUANTILE APPROXIMATIONS', Australian & New Zealand Journal of Statistics, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 569-581.
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SummaryCurve estimates and surface estimates often contain features such as inclines, bumps or ridges which may signify an underlying structural mechanism. However, spurious features are also a common occurrence and it is important to identify those features that are statistically significant. A method has been developed recently for recognising feature significance based on the derivatives of the function estimate. It requires simultaneous confidence intervals and tests, which in turn require quantiles for the maximal deviation statistics. This paper reviews and compares various approximations to these quantiles. Applying upcrossing‐probability theory to this problem yields better quantile approximations than the use of an independent blocks method.

Sanchez-Camara, J & Booth, DJ 2004, 'Movement, home range and site fidelity of the weedy seadragon Phyllopteryx taeniolatus (Teleostei : Syngnathidae)', ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 31-41.
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We measured for the first time movement, home range and site fidelity of the protected and endemic Australian fish weedy seadragon Phyllopteryx taeniolatus. Ninety-two individuals were identified using visual implant fluorescent elastomer and studied over a one-year period. Identified animals remained at the same site over the year within limited home ranges. These home ranges and the movement patterns recorded were independent of sex although movement to shallow sheltered waters to hatch the young was observed at the end of the breeding season for some pregnant males. The site fidelity and restricted home range of the weedy seadragon, as well as the reproduction-related movement have implications for effective management of this protected species.

Sanders, LM, Henderson, CE, Hong, MY, Barhoumi, R, Burghardt, RC, Carroll, RJ, Turner, ND, Chapkin, RS & Lupton, JR 2004, 'Pro-oxidant environment of the colon compared to the small intestine may contribute to greater cancer susceptibility', Cancer Letters, vol. 208, no. 2, pp. 155-161.
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SAUNDERS, BM, BRISCOE, H & BRITTON, WJ 2004, 'T cell-derived tumour necrosis factor is essential, but not sufficient, for protection againstMycobacterium tuberculosisinfection', Clinical and Experimental Immunology, vol. 137, no. 2, pp. 279-287.
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SUMMARYTumour necrosis factor (TNF) is critical for sustained protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. To investigate the relative contributions of macrophage- and T cell-derived TNF towards  this immunity T cells from wild-type (WT) or TNF–/– mice were transferred into RAG–/– or TNF–/– mice which were then infected with M. tuberculosis. Infected RAG–/– mice and RAG–/– recipients of TNF deficient T cells developed overwhelming infection, with extensive pulmonary and hepatic necrosis and succumbed with a median of only 16 days infection. By contrast, RAG–/– recipients of WT T cells showed a significant increase in survival with a median of 32 days. Although initial bacterial growth was similar in all groups of RAG–/– mice, the transfer of WT, but not TNF–/–, T cells led to the formation of discrete foci of leucocytes and macrophages and delayed the development of necrotizing pathology. To determine requirements for macrophage-derived TNF, WT or TNF–/– T cells were transferred into TNF–/– mice at the time of M. tuberculosis infection. Transfer of WT T cells significantly prolonged survival and reduced the early tissue necrosis evident in the TNF–/– mice, however, these mice eventually succumbed indicating that T cell-derived TNF alone is insufficient to control the infection. Therefore, both T cell- and macrophage-derived TNF play distinct roles in orchestrating the protective inflammatory response and enhancing survival during M. tuberculosis infection.

Schelm, S, Smith, GB, Wei, G, Vella, A, Wieczorek, L, Muller, KH & Raguse, B 2004, 'Double effective medium model for the optical properties of self-assembled gold nanoparticle films cross-linked with alkane dithiols', NANO LETTERS, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 335-339.
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We present a comprehensive and structurally correct optical model for layers of nanometer sized gold particles, cross-linked with α,ω- alkane dithiol molecules, HS-(CH2)n-SH with n = 2, 8, 15. The solution requires a two-stage, three-phase effective medium model based on the observed nanostructure of the three constituents, gold, thiol, and voids. Voids and their topology, which were neglected in previous models, prove to be crucial in the explanation of the optical properties.

Scolyer, RA, Thompson, JF, Li, LXL, Beavis, A, Dawson, M, Doble, P, Ka, VSK, McKinnon, JG, Soper, R, Uren, RF, Shaw, HM, Stretch, JR & McCarthy, SW 2004, 'Failure to remove true sentinel nodes can cause failure of the sentinel node biopsy technique: Evidence from antimony concentrations in false-negative sentinel nodes from melanoma patients', ANNALS OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 174S-178S.
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Scolyer, RA, Thompson, JF, Li, LXL, Beavis, A, Dawson, M, Doble, P, Soper, R, Uren, RF, Stretch, JR, Sharma, R & McCarthy, SW 2004, 'Antimony concentrations in nodal tissue can confirm sentinel node identity', MODERN PATHOLOGY, vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 1191-1197.
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The sentinel node biopsy procedure is a highly accurate method of staging patients with cutaneous melanoma and the tumor-harboring status of sentinel nodes is the most important prognostic factor. For the procedure to provide accurate prognostic information, however, it is essential that 'true' sentinel nodes are removed and examined thoroughly. A technique to confirm sentinel node identity may reduce the false-negative rate of the procedure. We have found that antimony (originating from the antimony sulfide colloid used for preoperative lymphoscintigraphy in our institution) can be measured in tissue sections of sentinel nodes using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The aims of this study were to determine whether antimony concentrations can be used to confirm that removed sentinel nodes are 'true' sentinel nodes and to differentiate sentinel nodes from nonsentinel nodes. In all, 24 patients who had both a tumor-positive sentinel node and a tumor-negative nonsentinel node removed from one regional node field during the same operation, were identified. Tissue sections (50 μm) thick were cut from archival paraffin blocks of each of the sentinel nodes and nonsentinel nodes. Antimony concentrations in the tissue sections were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The median and mean concentrations of antimony in parts per billion were 0.526 and 1.198, respectively (range 0.020-7.596) in the sentinel nodes, and 0.043 and 0.123 (range 0-0.800) in the nonsentinel nodes (P = 0.004). In four of the 24 pairs, both the presumed sentinel nodes and the nonsentinel nodes had very low antimony levels (less than 0.18 parts per billion), suggesting that nodes designated as sentinel nodes may not have been 'true' sentinel nodes. It is concluded that determination of antimony concentrations within sentinel nodes using the highly sensitive method of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry can confirm the identity of sentinel nodes a...

Sekine, M, Campbell, RA, Valkovska, DS, Day, JPR, Curwen, TD, Martin, LJ, Holt, SA, Eastoe, J & Bain, CD 2004, 'Adsorption kinetics of ammonium perfluorononanoate at the air–water interface', Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., vol. 6, no. 21, pp. 5061-5065.
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Serrano-Trespalacios, PI, Ryan, L & Spengler, JD 2004, 'Ambient, indoor and personal exposure relationships of volatile organic compounds in Mexico City Metropolitan Area', JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY, vol. 14, pp. S118-S132.
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Seshadri, R, Myers, GSA, Tettelin, H, Eisen, JA, Heidelberg, JF, Dodson, RJ, Davidsen, TM, DeBoy, RT, Fouts, DE, Haft, DH, Selengut, J, Ren, Q, Brinkac, LM, Madupu, R, Kolonay, J, Durkin, SA, Daugherty, SC, Shetty, J, Shvartsbeyn, A, Gebregeorgis, E, Geer, K, Tsegaye, G, Malek, J, Ayodeji, B, Shatsman, S, McLeod, MP, Šmajs, D, Howell, JK, Pal, S, Amin, A, Vashisth, P, McNeill, TZ, Xiang, Q, Sodergren, E, Baca, E, Weinstock, GM, Norris, SJ, Fraser, CM & Paulsen, IT 2004, 'Comparison of the genome of the oral pathogen Treponema denticola with other spirochete genomes', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 101, no. 15, pp. 5646-5651.
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We present the complete 2,843,201-bp genome sequence of Treponema denticola (ATCC 35405) an oral spirochete associated with periodontal disease. Analysis of the T. denticola genome reveals factors mediating coaggregation, cell signaling, stress protection, and other competitive and cooperative measures, consistent with its pathogenic nature and lifestyle within the mixed-species environment of subgingival dental plaque. Comparisons with previously sequenced spirochete genomes revealed specific factors contributing to differences and similarities in spirochete physiology as well as pathogenic potential. The T. denticola genome is considerably larger in size than the genome of the related syphilis-causing spirochete Treponema pallidum . The differences in gene content appear to be attributable to a combination of three phenomena: genome reduction, lineage-specific expansions, and horizontal gene transfer. Genes lost due to reductive evolution appear to be largely involved in metabolism and transport, whereas some of the genes that have arisen due to lineage-specific expansions are implicated in various pathogenic interactions, and genes acquired via horizontal gene transfer are largely phage-related or of unknown function.

Seymour, JR, Mitchell, JG & Seuront, L 2004, 'Microscale heterogeneity in the activity of coastal bacterioplankton communities', AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 1-16.
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Microscale sampling techniques and flow cytometry were employed to measure the distribution patterns of 8 subpopulations of bacteria separated according to variations in cell fluorescence and light scatter properties. Subpopulations of bacteria defined on the basis of these parameters have recently been shown to represent cells exhibiting dissimilar activity levels, and we therefore assume that the subpopulations of bacteria identified here represent metabolically diverse groups. Microscale distribution patterns of these subpopulations were measured at a resolution of 4.5 and 12 mm, within 2 dissimilar coastal habitats, A mean 2-fold change in the abundance of the total bacterial community across sample sets was observed. However, levels of spatial heterogeneity were consistently higher for the cytometrically defined subpopulations than total counts. In most samples, the population of bacteria exhibiting the highest levels of green fluorescence, or DNA content, and hence assumed to represent the most active bacteria in the community, also showed the highest levels of microscale spatial variability, with a maximum change in abundance of 14.5-fold observed across a distance of 9 nun. Where Zipf rank-size analysis was conducted, the microscale distributions of subpopulations differed significantly (p < 0.05) in 79% of cases, implying that bacterial communities are made up of physiologically distinct compartments, perhaps influenced by different microscale features of the environment. We suggest that these results provide the first evidence for the existence of microscale heterogeneity in the metabolic activity of aquatic bacterial communities.

Shard, AG, Ton-That, C, Campbell, PA & Dhanak, VR 2004, 'Site occupancy of chlorine on Cu(111) using normal-incidence x-ray standing waves: The energy difference between fcc and hcp hollow sites', PHYSICAL REVIEW B, vol. 70, no. 15, pp. 155409-155417.
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It has previously been established that the lowest energy site for chlorine atoms on Cu(111) is the 'fcc' hollow. However, substantial population of the 'hcp' hollow at room temperature indicates that there is a relatively small difference in energy between the two sites. We show that this energy difference must be less than 10 meV by measuring the relative populations using normal-incidence x-ray standing waves and comparing the results to Monte Carlo simulations. This result is consistent with recent density functional theory calculations which indicate an energy difference of approximately 5 meV.

Shatnawi, MA, Johnson, KA & Torpy, FR 2004, 'In vitro propagation and cryostorage of Syzygium francissi (Myrtaceae) by the encapsulation-dehydration method', IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-PLANT, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 403-407.
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An efficient procedure for the in vitro propagation and cryogenic conservation of Syzygium francissi was developed. The maximum number of shoots per explant was obtained on a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 4.5 μM benzyladenine and 0.5 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). The in vitro-propagated shoots produced roots when transferred to MS medium containing IBA, indole-3-acetic acid, or naphthaleneacetic acid at various concentrations. Rooted microshoots were transferred to a coco-peat, perlite, and vermiculite (1:1:1) mixture, and hardened off under greenhouse conditions. Ninety-five percent of rooted shoots successfully acclimatized in the greenhouse. Shoot tips excised from in vitro-grown plants were successfully cryostoraged at -196°C by the encapsulation-dehydration method. A preculture of formed beads on MS medium containing 0.75 M sucrose for 1 d, followed by 6 h dehydration (20% moisture content) led to the highest survival rate after cryostorage for 1 h. This method is a promising technique for in vitro propagation and cryopreservation of shoot tips from in vitro-grown plantlets of S. francissi germplasm.

Siboni, N, Fine, M, Bresler, V & Loya, Y 2004, 'Coastal coal pollution increases Cd concentrations in the predatory gastropod Hexaplex trunculus and is detrimental to its health', MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN, vol. 49, no. 1-2, pp. 111-118.
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Silberschneider, V, Pease, BC & Booth, DJ 2004, 'Estuarine habitat preferences of Anguilla australis and A-reinhardtii glass eels as inferred from laboratory experiments', ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 395-402.
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We tested the habitat preferences of Anguillaaustralis (shortfin) and A. reinhardtii (longfin) glass eels using circular tanks in an aquarium, containing four types of estuarine habitat (sand, mud, rocks/cobbles and seagrass). Shortfin eels either showed a tendency to occur in heterogeneous habitats, or in rocks/cobbles. Longfin glass eels showed a significant preference for rocks/cobbles in both experiments. Tests on shortfin and longfin glass eels in tanks with only rocks/cobbles available showed that eels were not clumped, indicating that individuals select habitat for re-settlement independently. Therefore, we assumed that the uneven distribution of glass eels observed in the habitat type experiments were the result of habitat preference. Given a choice of habitats in tank experiments, shortfin and longfin glass eels preferred habitats containing structure, and in particular, rocks/cobbles.

Simpson, AM, Tao, CZ, Elgundi, Z, Castro, M & Swan, MA 2004, 'Glucose Responsive Insulin Secretion From The Engineered Human Liver Cell Line Huh7ins Is Regulated By Atp-sensitve Potassium Channels (k-atp)', Immunology And Cell Biology, vol. 82, no. 2, pp. 1-1.
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Smith, GB 2004, 'Materials and systems for efficient lighting and delivery of daylight', SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS, vol. 84, no. 1-4, pp. 395-409.
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Materials advances which enable improved lighting and daylighting performance in terms of luminous efficacy (energy efficient lighting), visual comfort and colour management are reviewed. Spectral and angular selective glazing, energy efficient translucent polymers, light piping and complete colour mixing of discrete sources are covered. The underlying science is given along with descriptions for key examples which include solar control windows utilising nanoparticles, diffusers of clear polymer doped with clear polymer for lamps and skylights, solid flexible light guides with controlled continuous emission, luminescent solar collectors coupled to light pipes for daylighting provision to any interior spaces, and uniform high efficacy white light lamps using three colour LED arrays. Greater use of daylight and of PV powered lighting is enabled by these advances which are all affordable, along with exciting new aesthetic, safety, display and artistic possibilities. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Smith, GB & Maaroof, AI 2004, 'Optical response in nanostructured thin metal films with dielectric over-layers', OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 242, no. 4-6, pp. 383-392.
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Thin metal films which contain nano-size pores yield higher than expected transmittance and larger than expected times for transmission of near infra red radiation. An optically equivalent layer with complex refractive index (n*, k*) can model measured specular transmittance and reflectance, when scattering is weak. The way surface plasmon effects impact on these measured indices is considered. A strongly elevated n* is linked to t rad the time for a surface plasmon to re-radiate and hence delay transmission times, and reduced imaginary part k*, to resonant channelling via voids. Measurement of n* thus allows an estimate of t rad. The sensitivity of (n*, k*) to surface effects is illustrated using an insulating overlayer to modify the surface states. Resultant measured changes in n*, k* are substantial. Results are for two nanostructured metal systems characterised with 400,000× scanning electron microscopy. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Smith, GB, Ford, MJ, Masens, C & Muir, J 2004, 'Energy-efficient coatings in the Nanohouse (TM) initiative', CURRENT APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 4, no. 2-4, pp. 381-384.
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The University of Technology Sydney (UTS), in collaboration with CSIRO has created the Nanohouse™ Initiative, a concept that serves as the conceptual framework for various pedagogical, scientific, architectural and engineering activities at the University. Housing is a significant item in both personal and regional budgets, and the Nanohouse™ therefore serves as a powerful vehicle for demonstrating nanotechnologies. One of the major energy-efficient components of the Nanohouse™ are nanoengineered coatings and films for transparent and translucent surfaces that modify their optical properties. These nanostructured materials can provide wavelength-selective control of reflection, absorption and transmission of light as well as angular selectivity for directional control, making it possible to design houses that have very large windows and skylights, but which nevertheless remain cool in summer and warm in winter. We have already made significant progress towards the development of these nanotechnologies. In this paper will be discuss the design and performance of these optically controllable nanocoatings and their application to the Nanohouse™. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Solomon, GC, Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2004, 'Single molecule conductivity: The role of junction-orbital degeneracy in the artificially high currents predicted by ab initio approaches', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 121, no. 14, pp. 6615-6627.
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Soule de Bas, B, Ford, MJ & Cortie, MB 2004, 'Low energy structures of gold nanoclusters in the size range 3-38 atoms', JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE-THEOCHEM, vol. 686, no. 1-3, pp. 193-205.
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Using a combination of first principles calculations and empirical potentials we have undertaken a systematic study of the low energy structures of gold nanoclusters containing from 3 to 38 atoms. A Lennard-Jones and many-body potential have been used in the empirical calculations, while the first principles calculations employ an atomic orbital, density functional technique. For the smaller clusters (n=3-5) the potential energy surface has been mapped at the ab initio level and for larger clusters an empirical potential was first used to identify low energy candidates which were then optimised with full ab initio calculations. At the DFT-LDA level, planar structures persist up to six atoms and are considerably more stable than the cage structures by more than 0.1 eV/atom. The difference in ab initio energy between the most stable planar and cage structures for seven atoms is only 0.04 eV/atom. For larger clusters there are generally a number of minima in the potential energy surface lying very close in energy. Furthermore our calculations do not predict ordered structures for the magic numbers n=13 and 38. They do predict the ordered tetrahedral structure for n=20. The results of the calculations show that gold nanoclusters in this size range are mainly disordered and will likely exist in a range of structures at room temperature. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Speer, MS, Leslie, LM, Qi, L & Buckley, BW 2004, 'Urban scale modelling: The Sydney hailstorm of 14 April 1999', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 87, no. 1-3, pp. 161-166.
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Stewart, AR, Luoma, SN, Schlekat, CE, Doblin, MA & Hieb, KA 2004, 'Food web pathway determines how selenium affects aquatic ecosystems: A San Francisco Bay case study', ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, vol. 38, no. 17, pp. 4519-4526.
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Chemical contaminants disrupt ecosystems, but specific effects may be under-appreciated when poorly known processes such as uptake mechanisms, uptake via diet, food preferences, and food web dynamics are influential. Here we show that a combination of food web structure and the physiology of trace element accumulation explain why some species in San Francisco Bay are threatened by a relatively low level of selenium contamination and some are not. Bivalves and crustacean zooplankton form the base of two dominant food webs in estuaries, The dominant bivalve Potamocorbula amurensis has a 10-fold slower rate constant of loss for selenium than do common crustaceans such as copepods and the mysid Neomysis mercedis (rate constant of loss, k(e) = 0.025, 0.155, and 0.25 d(-1), respectively). The result is much higher selenium concentrations in the bivalve than in the crustaceans. Stable isotope analyses show that this difference is propagated up the respective food webs in San Francisco Bay. Several predators of bivalves have tissue concentrations of selenium that exceed thresholds thought to be associated with teratogenesis or reproductive failure (liver Se > 15 mug g(-1) dry weight). Deformities typical of selenium-induced teratogenesis were observed in one of these species. Concentrations of selenium in tissues of predators of zooplankton are less than the thresholds. Basic physiological and ecological processes can drive wide differences in exposure and effects among species, but such processes are rarely considered in traditional evaluations of contaminant impacts.

Strassburg, M, Rodina, A, Dworzak, M, Haboeck, U, Krestnikov, IL, Hoffmann, A, Gelhausen, O, Phillips, MR, Alves, HR, Zeuner, A, Hofmann, DM & Meyer, BK 2004, 'Identification of bound exciton complexes in ZnO', PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI B-BASIC RESEARCH, vol. 241, no. 3, pp. 607-611.
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An identification of shallow bound exciton centers in ZnO is presented based on magneto-optical measurements and diffusion experiments. The thermalization behavior of the Zeeman split components confirms that the I 4, I6, I8 and I9 exciton lines stem from donor bound exciton complexes. The results are supported by theoretical analysis of shallow bound exciton complexes revealing the Γ7 symmetry of the upper valence band. The presence of two-electron satellites related to the respective transitions is further evidence for the donor bound complexes and enabled the determination of donor binding energies. Hydrogen, aluminum, gallium and indium were identified to origin the I4, I 6, I8 and I9 lines by doping, diffusion and annealing experiments combined with photoluminescence and secondary ion mass spectrometry. © 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Suggett, DJ, MacIntyre, HL & Geider, RJ 2004, 'Evaluation of biophysical and optical determinations of light absorption by photosystem II in phytoplankton', Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, vol. 2, no. 10, pp. 316-332.
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Fast repetition rate (FRR) fluorescence can provide highly resolved estimates of light absorption by photosystem II (PSII), a variable that is critical to bio‐optical determinations of phytoplankton productivity. We compared estimates of chlorophyll a‐specific light absorption by PSII, achlPSII, using both biophysical (FRR) and optical (chlorophyll a‐specific light absorption coefficient, achl) techniques on cultures of phytoplankton from diverse taxa. Biophysical determinations of achlPSII were obtained from the product of the effective light absorption cross‐section of PSII (σPSII), measured by FRR fluorescence, and the ratio of PSII reaction centers to chlorophyll a (nPSII), measured by oxygen flash yields. Both parameters were highly variable between individual taxa. In mixtures of algae, the estimates of σPSII were largely determined by the taxon that dominated fluorescence intensity. Independent optical estimates of achlPSII were obtained by weighting the light absorption spectra of photosynthetic pigments by the fluorescence excitation spectra. The biophysical and optical estimates of achlPSII were highly correlated (r2 = 0.94) with a slope that was not significantly different from 1 and an intercept of 0. Estimates of productivity using biophysical or optical absorption measurements should therefore be comparable when the latter are adjusted to account for the proportion of light provided for photochemistry into both photosystem I ...

Sunde, M, McGrath, KCY, Young, L, Matthews, JM, Chua, EL, Mackay, JP & Death, AK 2004, 'TC-1 Is a Novel Tumorigenic and Natively Disordered Protein Associated with Thyroid Cancer', Cancer Research, vol. 64, no. 8, pp. 2766-2773.
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Abstract A novel gene, thyroid cancer 1 (TC-1), was found recently to be overexpressed in thyroid cancer. TC-1 shows no homology to any of the known thyroid cancer-associated genes. We have produced stable transformants of normal thyroid cells that express the TC-1 gene, and these cells show increased proliferation rates and anchorage-independent growth in soft agar. Apoptosis rates also are decreased in the transformed cells. We also have expressed recombinant TC-1 protein and have undertaken a structural and functional characterization of the protein. The protein is monomeric and predominantly unstructured under conditions of physiologic salt and pH. This places it in the category of natively disordered proteins, a rapidly expanding group of proteins, many members of which play critical roles in cell regulation processes. We show that the protein can be phosphorylated by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C, and the activity of both of these kinases is up-regulated when cells are stably transfected with TC-1. These results suggest that overexpression of TC-1 may be important in thyroid carcinogenesis.

Teh, BT, Howell, VM, Haven, CJ, Kahnoski, K, Khoo, SK, Petillo, D, Chen, J, Fleuren, GJ, Robinson, BG, Delbridge, LW, Philips, J, Nelson, AE, Krause, U, Hammje, K, Dralle, H, Hoang-Vu, C, Gimm, O, Marsh, DJ & Morreau, H 2004, 'Human gene mutations. Gene symbol: HRPT2. Disease: Hyperparathyroidism Jaw-tumor syndrome.', Hum Genet, vol. 114, no. 2, p. 224.
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Teh, BT, Howell, VM, Haven, CJ, Kahnoski, K, Khoo, SK, Petillo, D, Chen, J, Fleuren, GJ, Robinson, BG, Delbridge, LW, Philips, J, Nelson, AE, Krause, U, Hammje, K, Dralle, H, Hoang-Vu, C, Gimm, O, Marsh, DJ & Morreau, H 2004, 'Human gene mutations. Gene symbol: HRPT2. Disease: Hyperparathyroidism Jaw-tumor syndrome.', Hum Genet, vol. 114, no. 2, p. 222.

Teh, BT, Howell, VM, Haven, CJ, Kahnoski, K, Khoo, SK, Petillo, D, Chen, J, Fleuren, GJ, Robinson, BG, Delbridge, LW, Philips, J, Nelson, AE, Krause, U, Hammje, K, Dralle, H, Hoang-Vu, C, Gimm, O, Marsh, DJ & Morreau, H 2004, 'Human gene mutations. Gene symbol: HRPT2. Disease: Hyperparathyroidism Jaw-tumor syndrome.', Hum Genet, vol. 114, no. 2, p. 223.

Teh, BT, Howell, VM, Haven, CJ, Kahnoski, K, Khoo, SK, Petillo, D, Chen, J, Fleuren, GJ, Robinson, BG, Delbridge, LW, Philips, J, Nelson, AE, Krause, U, Hammje, K, Dralle, H, Hoang-Vu, C, Gimm, O, Marsh, DJ & Morreau, H 2004, 'Human gene mutations. Gene symbol: HRPT2. Disease: Hyperparathyroidism Jaw-tumor syndrome.', Hum Genet, vol. 114, no. 2, p. 223.
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Teh, BT, Howell, VM, Haven, CJ, Kahnoski, K, Khoo, SK, Petillo, D, Chen, J, Fleuren, GJ, Robinson, BG, Delbridge, LW, Philips, J, Nelson, AE, Krause, U, Hammje, K, Dralle, H, Hoang-Vu, C, Gimm, O, Marsh, DJ & Morreau, H 2004, 'Human gene mutations. Gene symbol: HRPT2. Disease: Hyperparathyroidism Jaw-tumor syndrome.', Hum Genet, vol. 114, no. 2, p. 223.
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Teh, BT, Howell, VM, Haven, CJ, Kahnoski, K, Khoo, SK, Petillo, D, Chen, J, Fleuren, GJ, Robinson, BG, Delbridge, LW, Philips, J, Nelson, AE, Krause, U, Hammje, K, Dralle, H, Hoang-Vu, C, Gimm, O, Marsh, DJ & Morreau, H 2004, 'Mutations', Human Genetics, vol. 114, no. 2, pp. 221-224.
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Thiel, BL, Toth, M & Craven, JP 2004, 'Charging Processes in Low Vacuum Scanning Electron Microscopy', Microscopy and Microanalysis, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 711-720.
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A framework is presented for understanding charging processes in low vacuum scanning electron microscopy. We consider the effects of electric fields generated above and below the specimen surface and their effects on various processes taking place in the system. These processes include the formation of an ionic space charge, field-enhanced electron emission, charge trapping and dissipation, and electron–ion recombination. The physical mechanisms behind each of these processes are discussed, as are the microscope operating conditions under which each process is most effective. Readily observable effects on gas gain curves, secondary electron images, and X-ray spectra are discussed.

Todd, CD, Zeng, P, Huete, AMR, Hoyos, ME & Polacco, JC 2004, 'Transcripts of MYB-like genes respond to phosphorous and nitrogen deprivation in Arabidopsis', Planta, vol. 219, no. 6, pp. 1003-1009.
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In Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., AtPhr2 and AtNsr1 encode proteins with MYB-like and α-helical domains. They resemble CrPsr1, a nuclear-localized MYB protein that is critical for acclimation to phosphorous (P) starvation in the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of the first unique exons indicated that AtPhr2 mRNA increased as early as 6 h after P deprivation (-P), whereas nitrogen deprivation (-N) had no effect. The AtNsr1 mRNA level increased exclusively under -N, an increase first noted by 2 days in -N. In spite of P- and N-specific effects on expression of AtPhr2 and AtNsr1 there appeared to be P-N cross-talk at the whole-plant level. Total non-secreted acid phosphatase activity increased under both -P and -N within 2 days of deprivation. Further, the pho2-1/pho2-1 mutant, reported to be a phosphate accumulator, showed no increase in AtPhr2 mRNA in response to -P and a 70% reduction in the response of AtNsr1 mRNA to -N. Consistent with this pattern, there was no increase in acid phosphatase activity in pho2-1/pho2-1 plants deprived of P or N. However, when deprived of P, pho2-1/pho2-1 plants accumulated much higher levels of nitrate. T-DNA disruption of AtNsr1 resulted in altered expression of at least one nitrate transporter (AtNRT2.5). Further evidence of cross-talk between N and P responses was altered expression of N-responsive genes in pho2-1/pho2-1. © Springer-Verlag 2004.

Trevaskis, B, Bagnall, DJ, Ellis, MH, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2004, 'MADS box genes control vernalization-induced flowering in cereals (vol 100, pg 13099, 2003)', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 101, no. 3, pp. 903-903.
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Venners, SA, Wang, XB, Chen, CZ, Wang, LH, Chen, DF, Guang, WW, Huang, AQ, Ryan, L, O'Connor, J, Lasley, B, Overstreet, J, Wilcox, A & Xu, XP 2004, 'Paternal smoking and pregnancy loss: A prospective study using a biomarker of pregnancy', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, vol. 159, no. 10, pp. 993-1001.
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Results of studies on paternal smoking and spontaneous abortions have been inconsistent. The authors examined the effect of paternal smoking on the risk of pregnancy loss in a prospective cohort of 526 newly married, nonsmoking, female textile workers in China between 1996 and 1998. Upon stopping contraception, subjects provided daily urine specimens and records of vaginal bleeding for up to 1 year or until clinical pregnancy. Daily urinary human chorionic gonadotropin was assayed to detect conception and early pregnancy losses, and pregnancies were followed to detect clinical spontaneous abortions. Subjects were grouped by the number of cigarettes that husbands reported smoking daily: nonsmokers (group 1, n = 216), fewer than 20 cigarettes (group 2, n = 239), and 20 or more cigarettes (group 3, n = 71). Compared with that for group 1, the adjusted odds ratio of early pregnancy loss of any conception for group 2 was 1.04 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.67, 1.63) and for group 3 was 1.81 (95% CI: 1.00, 3.29). The adjusted hazard ratio of conception for group 2 was 0.90 (95% CI: 0.70, 1.18) and for group 3 was 0.96 (95% CI: 0.66, 1.39), while the adjusted hazard ratio of clinical pregnancy for group 2 was 0.93 (95% CI: 0.72, 1.20) and for group 3 was 0.78 (95% CI: 0.55, 1.12). The authors conclude that heavy paternal smoking increased the risk of early pregnancy loss through maternal and/or paternal exposure.

Vodkin, LO, Khanna, A, Shealy, R, Clough, SJ, Gonzalez, DO, Philip, R, Zabala, G, Thibaud-Nissen, F, Sidarous, M, Strömvik, MV, Shoop, E, Schmidt, C, Retzel, E, Erpelding, J, Shoemaker, RC, Rodriguez-Huete, AM, Polacco, JC, Coryell, V, Keim, P, Gong, G, Liu, L, Pardinas, J & Schweitzer, P 2004, 'Microarrays for global expression constructed with a low redundancy set of 27,500 sequenced cDNAs representing an array of developmental stages and physiological conditions of the soybean plant', BMC Genomics, vol. 5, no. 1.
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Background: Microarrays are an important tool with which to examine coordinated gene expression. Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the most economically valuable crop species in the world food supply. In order to accelerate both gene discovery as well as hypothesis-driven research in soybean, global expression resources needed to be developed. The applications of microarray for determining patterns of expression in different tissues or during conditional treatments by dual labeling of the mRNAs are unlimited. In addition, discovery of the molecular basis of traits through examination of naturally occurring variation in hundreds of mutant lines could be enhanced by the construction and use of soybean cDNA microarrays. Results: We report the construction and analysis of a low redundancy 'unigene' set of 27,513 clones that represent a variety of soybean cDNA libraries made from a wide array of source tissue and organ systems, developmental stages, and stress or pathogen-challenged plants. The set was assembled from the 5′ sequence data of the cDNA clones using cluster analysis programs. The selected clones were then physically reracked and sequenced at the 3′ end. In order to increase gene discovery from immature cotyledon libraries that contain abundant mRNAs representing storage protein gene families, we utilized a high density filter normalization approach to preferentially select more weakly expressed cDNAs. All 27,513 cDNA inserts were amplified by polymerase chain reaction. The amplified products, along with some repetitively spotted control or 'choice' clones, were used to produce three 9,728-element microarrays that have been used to examine tissue specific gene expression and global expression in mutant isolines. Conclusions: Global expression studies will be greatly aided by the availability of the sequence-validated and low redundancy cDNA sets described in this report. These cDNAs and ESTs represent a wide array of developmental stages and physiological co...

Vonlaufen, N, Guetg, N, Naguleswaran, A, Muller, N, Bjorkman, C, Schares, G, von Blumroeder, D, Ellis, J & Hemphill, A 2004, 'In vitro induction of Neospora caninum bradyzoites in vero cells reveals differential antigen expression, localization, and host-cell recognition of tachyzoites and bradyzoites', INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 576-583.
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We report on an optimized method for the in vitro culture of tissue cyst-forming Neospora caninum bradyzoites in Vero cells and the separation of viable parasites from host cells. Treatment of tachyzoite-infected Vero cell cultures with 17 μM sodium nitroprusside for 8 days severely scaled down parasite proliferation, led to reduced expression of tachyzoite surface antigens, and induced the expression of the bradyzoite marker NcBAG1 and the cyst wall antigen recognized by the monoclonal antibody MAbCC2. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that intracellular parasites were located within parasitophorous vacuoles that were surrounded by a cyst wall-like structure, and the dense granule antigens NcGRA1, NcGRA2, and NcGRA7 were incorporated into the cyst wall. Adhesion-invasion assays employing purified tachyzoites and bradyzoites showed that tachyzoites adhered to, and invaded, Vero cells with higher efficiency than bradyzoites. However, removal of terminal sialic acid residues from either the host cell or the parasite surface increased the invasion of Vero cells by bradyzoites, but not tachyzoites.

Waclawik, ER, Ford, MJ, Hale, PS, Shapter, JG & Voelcker, NH 2004, 'Liquid-crystal displays: Fabrication and measurement of a twisted nematic liquid-crystal cell', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION, vol. 81, no. 6, pp. 854-858.
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The manufacturing and measurement of twisted nematic liquid crystal cell was analyzed. The relationship between molecular order and optical and dielectric properties of the liquid crystalline state was demonstrated. The students were able to explore the relation between molecular structure and intermolecular interactions. It was analyzed that the observed properties of bulk materials were used to construct a technology called twisted nematic liquid crystal cell.

Wallace, BB & Reimers, JR 2004, 'Wavepacket propagation using time-sliced semiclassical initial value methods', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 121, no. 24, pp. 12208-12216.
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Wallace-Kunkel, C, Roux, C, Lennard, C & Stoilovic, M 2004, 'The detection and enhancement of latent fingermarks on porous surfaces - A aurvey', Journal of Forensic Identification, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 687-705.
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The most common reagents for fingerprint development on porous surfaces are ninhydrin and DFO. However, a large number of different reagent formulations are in use in fingerprint laboratories around the world. 1,2-Indanedione is also emerging as a potential reagent for the development of fingermarks on porous surfaces in routine casework. This situation prompted this study in which a survey was undertaken. The aims of the survey were two-fold: 1. Determine the type and frequency of use of fingerprint reagents applied to porous surfaces. 2. Determine the fingerprint community's awareness and experience with 1,2-indanedione. The fingerprint survey was sent to state police laboratories in Australia and New Zealand and to members of major fingerprint research groups and laboratories in the USA, UK, and Europe. Thirty-four responses were received from nine countries. These responses indicated a high degree of variability, in both the testing performed and the reagent formulations employed. Although only thirty-four agencies responded, some valuable insight into the lack of awareness and implementation of 1,2-indanedione is presented.

Walsh, CT, Pease, BC & Booth, DJ 2004, 'Variation in the sex ratio, size and age of longfinned eels within and among coastal catchments of southeastern Australia', JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY, vol. 64, no. 5, pp. 1297-1312.
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Walsh, CT, Pease, BC & Booth, DJ 2004, 'Variation in the sex ratio, size and age of longfinned eels within and among coastal catchments of south‐eastern Australia', Journal of Fish Biology, vol. 64, no. 5, pp. 1297-1312.
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Longfinned eels Anguilla reinhardtii were captured by both fishery‐dependent and independent sampling methods from three rivers in New South Wales, south‐eastern Australia. Sex ratios, catch per unit effort and population age and total length structure were examined in three zones (fresh water and upper and lower tidal) in the Hacking, Hawkesbury and Clarence Rivers. Females were found in relatively high proportions in all zones, ranging from 97% in a freshwater (non‐tidal) site down to 59% in a tidal site. Males were found primarily in tidal zones (only two of the 677 longfinned eels caught in non‐tidal fresh water were males), with the greatest proportions being found in the brackish upper tidal areas. The mean number of fish captured per trap was higher in the fresh water and upper tidal zones than in the lower tidal zones. The mean ± s.e. age, 17·9 ± 0·3 years, and age range, 5–52 years for females were significantly higher than those of males 12·2 ± 0·4 years; range 5–22 years, which is typical of other anguillid species. Longfinned eels captured in fresh water were found be significantly larger and older than those in tidal zones due to the almost exclusive predominance of females.

Walsh, SJ, Ribaux, O, Buckleton, JS, Ross, A & Roux, C 2004, 'DNA Profiling and Criminal Justice: A Contribution to a Changing Debate', Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 34-43.
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Forensic DNA profiling is now a routine feature of the criminal justice system in Australia. Its appliations in this context continue to increase. Technological advancements and the use of DNA databases have facilitated the uptake of biological evidence into criminal investigations. The development of DNA methodology has progressed through discernible phases thay have been paralleled by discussion amongst the legal community. The context of development and the associated debate has changed. It now encompasses broader issues, concerned less specifically with the technology itself and more with the most appropriate means for its use. To contribute more purposefully to this debate and to achieve the most meaningful outcomes from the criminal justice system, we must first understand more holistically the role that DNA evidence plays and the impact that it is capable of. This paper reviews aspects of the forensic and legal contexts of the use of DNA technology in the Justice system. This is a prelude to future research and a justification for the need for such research.

Wang, B, Zheng, XL, Michl, J, Foley, ET, Hersam, MC, Bilic, A, Crossley, MJ, Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2004, 'An azanorbornadiene anchor for molecular-level construction on silicon(100)', NANOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 324-332.
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Wang, G 2004, 'Electrochemical and in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction studies of Li[Li0.3Cr0.1Mn0.6]O2 cathode materials', Solid State Ionics, vol. 167, no. 1-2, pp. 183-189.
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Wang, GX, Ahn, JH, Yao, J, Bewlay, S & Liu, HK 2004, 'Nanostructured Si–C composite anodes for lithium-ion batteries', Electrochemistry Communications, vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 689-692.
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Wang, GX, Bewlay, S, Yao, J, Ahn, JH, Dou, SX & Liu, HK 2004, 'Characterization of LiM[sub x]Fe[sub 1−x]PO[sub 4] (M=Mg, Zr, Ti) Cathode Materials Prepared by the Sol-Gel Method', Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, vol. 7, no. 12, pp. A503-A503.
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A series of LiMxFe1-xPO4 (M = Mg,Zr,Ti) phosphates were synthesized via a sol-gel method. Transmission electron microscopy observations show that LiMxFe1-xPO4 particles consist of nanosize crystals, ranging from 40 to 150 nm. High-resolution TEM analysis reveals that a layer of amorphous carbon was coated on the surface of the LiMxFe1-xPO4 particles, which substantially increases the electronic conductivity of LiM xFe1-xPO4 electrodes. The doped LiM xFe1-xPO4 powders are phase pure. Near full capacity (170 mAh/g) was achieved at the C/8 rate at room temperature for LiMxFe1-xPO4 electrodes. The doped LiM xFe1-xPO4 electrodes demonstrated better electrochemical performance than that of undoped LiFePO4 at high rate. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.

Wang, GX, Bewlay, S, Yao, J, Liu, HK & Dou, SX 2004, 'Tungsten Disulfide Nanotubes for Lithium Storage', Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, vol. 7, no. 10, pp. A321-A321.
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WS2 nanotubes were synthesized by sintering amorphous WS3 at high temperature under flowing hydrogen. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy observation revealed that the as-prepared WS2 nanotubes have an open end with an inner hollow core of about 4.6 nm. We studied the lithium intercalation behavior of WS2 nanotubes. The WS2 nanotubes demonstrated a stable cyclability in a wide voltage range (0.1-3.1 V vs. Li/Li+). The nanotubes could provide a new class of electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries.

Wang, GX, Bewlay, SL, Konstantinov, K, Liu, HK, Dou, SX & Ahn, J-H 2004, 'Physical and electrochemical properties of doped lithium iron phosphate electrodes', Electrochimica Acta, vol. 50, no. 2-3, pp. 443-447.
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Wang, GX, Yao, J & Liu, HK 2004, 'Characterization of Nanocrystalline Si-MCMB Composite Anode Materials', Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. A250-A250.
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Nanocrystalline Si-mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB) composite anode materials were prepared by ballmilling. Scanning electron microscopic observation showed that the spherical shape of MCMB particles can be retained via moderate ballmilling. Ballmilling conditions have an impact on the capacity and cyelability of nanocrystalline Si-MCMB composites. The optimized Si-MCMB composite anode demonstrated a reversible capacity of 1066 mAh/g with good cyclability. A reaction model has been proposed to explain the reaction mechanisms of lithium insertion and extraction in the Si-MCMB electrode. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.

Wang, GX, Yao, J, Ahn, J-H, Liu, HK & Dou, SX 2004, 'Electrochemical properties of nanosize Sn-coated graphite anodes in lithium-ion cells', Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 187-190.
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Wang, GX, Yao, J, Liu, HK, Dou, SX & Ahn, J-H 2004, 'Electrochemical characteristics of tin-coated MCMB graphite as anode in Lithium-ion cells', Electrochimica Acta, vol. 50, no. 2-3, pp. 517-522.
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Wang, J, Wang, GX, Chen, Y, Wang, CY & Liu, HK 2004, 'A novel cureless pure lead oxide plate for valve-regulated lead-acid batteries', Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, vol. 34, no. 11, pp. 1127-1133.
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Wang, MB, Bian, XY, Wu, LM, Liu, LX, Smith, NA, Isenegger, D, Wu, RM, Masuta, C, Vance, VB, Watson, JM, Rezaian, A, Dennis, ES & Waterhouse, PM 2004, 'On the role of RNA silencing in the pathogenicity and evolution of viroids and viral satellites', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 101, no. 9, pp. 3275-3280.
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Webb, JK 2004, 'Pregnancy decreases swimming performance of female northern death adders (Acanthophis praelongus)', COPEIA, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 357-363.
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Reduction in locomotor performance during pregnancy is a potential cost of reproduction for female lizards and snakes. Most previous studies have suggested that reduced locomotor performance is a direct result of carrying a physical burden (the clutch).

Webb, JK, Pringle, RM & Shine, R 2004, 'How do nocturnal snakes select diurnal retreat sites?', COPEIA, vol. 2004, no. 4, pp. 919-925.
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Theoretical and empirical studies of habitat selection suggest that reptiles should use 'fixed' structural Features (perch diameter, vegetation) or light intensity (sun and shade) to select thermally suitable microhabitats. But how do nocturnal species select thermally suitable diurnal retreat sites at night in the absence of visual cues? To investigate this question, we studied habitat selection by two sympatric nocturnal snakes, the endangered Broad-Headed Snake Hoplocephalus bungaroides and the common Small-Eyed Snake Cryptophis nigrescens. In the field, we investigated whether snakes selected diurnal retreat sites nonrandomly with respect to vegetation structure and rock temperature. In the laboratory, we offered snakes a choice between rocks with different crevice sizes, temperatures, and degree of shading. In the field, rocks used by snakes received significantly higher levels of incident radiation intensity (and therefore had higher temperatures) than random rocks but had similar levels of canopy cover. This apparent paradox reflects differences in the position of canopy gaps relative to the path of the sun, the most important determinant of a rock's diurnal temperature profile. In the laboratory, snakes chose rocks with narrow crevices but did not discriminate between shaded and exposed rocks. Snakes consistently chose hot rocks over cold rocks, even though the nocturnal temperature difference between the two retreat sites was less than 4 C. Our results show that these nocturnal snakes use a fixed structural cue (crevice size) to select potential retreat sites but then use a temporally variable cue (substrate temperature) to choose among potential retreat sites.

Weeks, SW, Sander, GC, Braddock, RD & Matthews, CJ 2004, 'Saturated and Unsaturated Water Flow in Inclined Porous Media', Environmental Modeling & Assessment, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 91-102.
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This paper considers the two-dimensional saturated and unsaturated flow of water through inclined porous media, namely a waste dump or hill slope. Since the partial differential equation governing this water flow transforms from being parabolic to elliptic as the water flow varies from unsaturated to saturated, an iterative, finite differencing scheme is used to develop a numerical solution. The model can be used to investigate the effects that hill slope angle, depth of soil cover and hilltop width have on water accumulation in the dump and the time required for saturation to occur at different areas in the dump domain. The accuracy and reliability of the computer based solution is tested for two different boundary conditions - (1) no flow on all boundaries (i.e., the internal redistribution of soil moisture to steady state) and (2) a constant rainfall flux on the dump surface. Numerical studies then show the effects of changing the hill slope angle, depth of layer, and dump geometry on the flow characteristics in the dump.

Westbury, A, Warne, MS & Lim, RP 2004, 'Toxicity of, and development of predictive models for, substituted phenols to Ceridaphnia cf. dubia and Vibrio fischeri', Australasian Journal for Ecotoxicology, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 33-42.
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Twelve substituted phenols that have a polar narcotic mode of action had their acute toxicity to the freshwater cladoceran Ceriodaphnia cf. dubia and the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri determined. The 48-h EC50 (immobilisation) values of the chemicals to C. cf. dubia ranged from 6.13 to 183 Êmol/L while the 30-min EC50 (luminescence) values of the chemicals to V. fischeri ranged from 1.39 to 1031 Êmol/L. Seventy-five percent of the chemicals were classed as having moderate toxicity of to C. cf. dubia while 25 percent had below toxicityf. For V. fischeri the percentage of chemicals classified as having high moderate and below toxicity was approximately 17%, 33% and 50% respectively. Quantitative activity-activity relationships (QAARs) that could predict the toxicity of chemicals with a polar narcotic mode of action to C. cf. dubia were developed by regressing the toxicity data for polar narcotic chemicals to C. cf. dubia with that of eight non-Australasian species. Those QAARs based on the toxicity data for Tetrahymena pyriformis, Chlorella vulgaris, Poecilia reticulata and Daphnia magna were of high quality (r2 . 0.9). Only the QAARs for T. pyriformis, C. vulgaris and D. magna had sufficient data to test their validity. This revealed that the absolute percentage difference between experimentally derived EC50 values and those predicted by these QAARs were between 13 and 120%. These QAARs provide an easy, cost-effective means of estimating toxicity values for polar narcotic chemicals to C. cf. dubia.

Whitchurch, CB, Leech, AJ, Young, MD, Kennedy, D, Sargent, JL, Bertrand, JJ, Semmler, ABT, Mellick, AS, Martin, PR, Alm, RA, Hobbs, M, Beatson, SA, Huang, B, Nguyen, L, Commolli, JC, Engel, JN, Darzins, A & Mattick, JS 2004, 'Characterization of a complex chemosensory signal transduction system which controls twitching motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa', MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 873-893.
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Virulence of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa involves the coordinate expression of a wide range of virulence factors including type IV pili which are required for colonization of host tissues and are associated with a form of surface translocation termed twitching motility. Twitching motility in P. aeruginosa is controlled by a complex signal transduction pathway which shares many modules in common with chemosensory systems controlling flagella rotation in bacteria and which is composed, in part, of the previously described proteins PilG, PilH, Pill, PilJ and PilK. Here we describe another three components of this pathway: ChpA, ChpB and ChpC, as well as two downstream genes, ChpD and ChpE, which may also be involved. The central component of the pathway, ChpA, possesses nine potential sites of phosphorylation: six histidine-containing phosphotransfer (HPt) domains, two novel serine- and threonine-containing phosphotransfer (SPt, TPt) domains and a CheY-like receiver domain at its C-terminus, and as such represents one of the most complex signalling proteins yet described in nature. We show that the Chp chemosensory system controls twitching motillty and type IV pill biogenesis through control of pili assembly and/or retraction as well as expression of the pilin subunit gene pilA. The Chp system is also required for full virulence in a mouse model of acute pneumonia.

White, TP, Botten, LC, de Sterke, CM, McPhedran, RC, Asatryan, AA & Langtry, TN 2004, 'Bloch mode scattering matrix methods for modeling extended photonic crystal structures. II. Applications', PHYSICAL REVIEW E, vol. 70, no. 5, pp. 1-10.
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The Bloch mode scattering matrix method is applied to several photonic crystal waveguide structures and devices, including waveguide dislocations, a Fabry-Perot resonator, a folded directional coupler, and a Y-junction design. The method is an efficient tool for calcuating the properties of extended photonic crystal (PC) devices, in particular whenthe device consists of a small number of distict photonic crystal structures, or for long propagation lengths through uniform PC waveguides. The physical insight provided by the method i sused to derive simple, semianalytic models that allow fast and efficient calculations of complex photonic crystal structures. We discuss the situations in which such simplifications can be made and provide examples.

White, TP, Botten, LC, de Sterke, CM, McPhedran, RC, Asatryan, AA & Langtry, TN 2004, 'Bloch mode scattering matrix methods for modeling extended photonic crystal structures. II. Applications.', Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys, vol. 70, no. 5 Pt 2, p. 056607.
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The Bloch mode scattering matrix method is applied to several photonic crystal waveguide structures and devices, including waveguide dislocations, a Fabry-Pérot resonator, a folded directional coupler, and a Y-junction design. The method is an efficient tool for calculating the properties of extended photonic crystal (PC) devices, in particular when the device consists of a small number of distinct photonic crystal structures, or for long propagation lengths through uniform PC waveguides. The physical insight provided by the method is used to derive simple, semianalytic models that allow fast and efficient calculations of complex photonic crystal structures. We discuss the situations in which such simplifications can be made and provide examples.

White, TP, de Sterke, CM, McPhedran, RC, Huang, T & Botten, LC 2004, 'Recirculation-enhanced switching in photonic crystal Mach-Zehnder interferometers', OPTICS EXPRESS, vol. 12, no. 13, pp. 3035-3045.
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We show that Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) formed from waveguides in a perfectly reflecting cladding can display manifestly different transmission characteristics to conventional MZIs due to mode recirculation and resonant reflection. Understanding and exploiting this behavior, rather than avoiding it, may lead to improved performance of photonic crystal (PC) based MZIs, for which cladding radiation is forbidden for frequencies within a photonic bandgap. Mode recirculation in such devices can result in a significantly sharper switching response than in conventional interferometers. A simple and accurate analytic model is presented and we propose specific PC structures with both high and low refractive index backgrounds that display these properties. © 2004 Optical Society of America.

Williams, DBG & Evans, SJ 2004, 'Use of palladium-mediated allylic substitution reactions in the synthesis of 2,5-disubstituted-2,5-dihydrofurans', Tetrahedron Letters, vol. 45, no. 39, pp. 7189-7192.
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Williams, DF, Howlett, CR, Milthorpe, B & O'Donnell, MM 2004, 'Special Issue - Focus on biomaterials science in Australia', BIOMATERIALS, vol. 25, no. 20, pp. 4859-4859.
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Winn, AJ, Derby, B, Webster, JRP & Holt, S 2004, 'In Situ Characterization of Interfaces between Liquid Tin–Vanadium Alloys and Alumina by Neutron Reflection Spectroscopy', Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 279-285.
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The composition and structure of interfaces between single crystal Al2O3 (sapphire) samples and liquid Sn–V alloys, containing 1% and 3% V, have been characterized in situ at high temperature using neutron reflection spectroscopy. Measurements made at 900°C are shown to be consistent with a thin (10–25 nm) AlV2O4 layer forming at the solid/liquid interface, with possibly a thinner layer of enhanced V content adjacent to the liquid, to promote wetting. After longer time exposure to temperature this interface layer roughens and a more complex interface structure occurs.

Wood, BR, Langford, SJ, Cooke, BM, Lim, J, Glenister, FK, Duriska, M, Unthank, JK & McNaughton, D 2004, 'Resonance Raman Spectroscopy Reveals New Insight into the Electronic Structure of β-Hematin and Malaria Pigment', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 126, no. 30, pp. 9233-9239.
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Wright, RJ, Finn, P, Contreras, JP, Cohen, S, Wright, RO, Staudenmayer, J, Wand, M, Perkins, D, Weiss, ST & Gold, DR 2004, 'Chronic caregiver stress and IgE expression, allergen-induced proliferation, and cytokine profiles in a birth cohort predisposed to atopy', Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 113, no. 6, pp. 1051-1057.
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Xia, L & Leslie, LM 2004, 'A GIS framework for Traffic Emission Information System', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 87, no. 1-3, pp. 153-160.
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Xu, XD, Stevens, M & Cortie, MB 2004, 'In situ precipitation of gold nanoparticles onto glass for potential architectural applications', CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS, vol. 16, no. 11, pp. 2259-2266.
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The optical properties of in situ depositied gold nanoparticle coatings are investigated for potential application in architectural glass. It is found that the optical properties of the coating canbe controlled by the pH of the deposition solution. At a pH of 5.1, the color of the coatings develops from pink, through violet, to blue in transmission. This is due to a plasmon resonance peak at 520 nm from isolated particles, and one at about 700nm due to near-field dipole interactions, with an intermediate zone of the coexistence of the two, which produces the violet color. HOwever, the two peaks do not coexist in the spectra of coatings produced at pH 8.0 or 10.0, with the peak due to the 520nm resonance being swamped by the development of the resonance due to particle-particle interactions. In all cases the 700 nm peak could be broadened and red-shifted by increasing the deposition time. The reasons for these differences are explored and are shown to be attributable to the smalle, more aggregated morphology of nanoparticles precipitated at the higher pHs. The wavelength of maximum plasmon resonance is examined as a function of the volume fraction of nanoparticles. Significant deviations from the wellpknown Genzel-Martin analytical model are observed. The reasons for deviation of themodel are discussed. FInally, it is shown how coatings that are blue or blue-gray in transmission canve obtained by exploiting this deviation. Such coatings may be more suitable for architectural application than the conventional pink-hued coatings obtained with aolloidal gold nanoparticles.

Zeppel, MJB, Murray, BR, Barton, C & Eamus, D 2004, 'Seasonal responses of xylem sap velocity to VPD and solar radiation during drought in a stand of native trees in temperate Australia', FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 461-470.
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Xylem sap velocity of two dominant tree species, Eucalyptus crebra F. Muell. and Callitris glaucophylla J. Thompson & L.A.S. Johnson, in a native remnant forest of eastern Australia was measured in winter and summer during a prolonged (> 12 months) and extensive drought. The influence of vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and solar radiation levels on the velocity of sap was determined. Pronounced hysteresis in sap velocity was observed in both species as a function of VPD and solar radiation. However, the rotation of the hysteresis curve was clockwise for the response of sap velocity to VPD but anti-clockwise in the response of sap velocity to radiation levels. A possible reason for this difference is discussed. The degree of hysteresis (area bounded by the curve) was larger for the VPD response than the response to solar radiation and also varied with season. A simple linear model was able to predict sap velocity from knowledge of VPD and solar radiation in winter and summer. The consistent presence of hysteresis in the response to sap velocity to VPD and solar radiation suggests that large temporal and spatial models of vegetation water use may require some provision for the different responses of sap velocity, and hence water use, to VPD and solar radiation, between morning and afternoon and between seasons.

Zheng, Q, Milthorpe, BK & Jones, AS 2004, 'Direct neural network application for automated cell recognition', CYTOMETRY PART A, vol. 57A, no. 1, pp. 1-9.
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Background Automated cell recognition from histologic images is a very complex task. Traditionally, the image is segmented by some methods chosen to suit the image type, the objects are measured, and then a classifier is used to determine cell type from the object's measurements. Different classifiers have been used with reasonable success, including neural networks working with data from morphometric analysis. Methods Image data of cells were input directly into neural networks to determine the feasibility of direct classification by using pixel intensity information. Several types of neural network and their ability to work with cells in a complex patterned background were assessed for a variety of images and cell types and for the accuracy of classification. Results Inflammatory cells from animal biomaterial implants in rabbit paravertebral muscle were imaged in histologic sections. Simple, three-layer, fully connected, back-propagation neural networks and four-layer networks with two layers of a shared-weights neural network were most successful at classifying the cells from the images, with 97% and 98% correct recognition rates, respectively. Conclusions The high accuracy recognition rate shows the potential for direct classification of visual image pixel data by neural networks.

Zhu, H, Bandara, R, Conibear, TCR, Thuruthyil, SJ, Rice, SA, Kjelleberg, S, Givskov, M & Willcox, MDP 2004, 'Pseudomonas aeruginosawithLasIQuorum-Sensing Deficiency during Corneal Infection', Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 1897-1897.
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Zhu, QH, Ramm, K, Shivakkumar, R, Dennis, ES & Upadhyaya, NM 2004, 'The ANTHER INDEHISCENCE1 gene encoding a single MYB domain protein is involved in anther development in rice', PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 135, no. 3, pp. 1514-1525.
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Ben-Nissan, B 1970, 'Nanobioceramics', Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Nanotechnology Forum 2003, Oz Nano 03, World Scientific, Cairns, Australia, pp. 139-142.
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Recent advances in the fundmental understanding of cell and molecular biology, tissue engineering, targeted drug delievry, would healing and other biomedical processes, together with the development of new enabling technologies such as micro, nanoscale, and bio-inspired fabrication and surface modification methods, have the potential to drive the design and development of new biomateirlas useful for medical applications at an unprecedented rate. The current focus is ont he production of new nanobioceramics relevant to a broad range of applications such as implantable surface modified devices for better hard and soft tissue attachment, increased bioactivity, tissue regeneration and engineering, cancer treatment, drug delivery and gene therapies, treatment of bacterial and viral infections, delievery of oxygen to damaged tissues, imaging, materials fr minimally invasive surgery and most promising of all nanorobotics, nanobiosensors and nanodevices for wide range of biomedical applications.

Ben-Nissan, B, Milev, A, Vago, R, Conway, M & Diwan, AD 1970, 'Sol-Gel Derived Nano-Coated Coralline Hydroxyapatite for Load Bearing Applications', Key Engineering Materials, International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine, Trans Tech Publications, Ltd., Portugal, pp. 301-304.
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Current bone graft materials are mainly produced from coralline hydroxyapatite (HAp). Due to the nature of conversion process, commercial coralline HAp has retained coral or CaCO3 and the structure possesses nanopores within the inter pore trabeculae resulting in high dissolution rates. Under certain conditions these features reduce durability and strength respectively and are not utilised where high structural strength is required. To overcome these limitations, a new-patented coral double-conversion technique has been developed. The current technique involves two-stage application route where in the first stage complete conversion of coral to pure HAp is achieved. In the second stage a sol-gel derived HAp nanocoating is directly applied to cover the micro and nano-pores within the intra pore material, whilst maintaining the large pores. Biaxial strength was improved due to this unique double treatment. This application is expected to result in enhanced durability and longevity due to monophasic hydroxyapatite structure and strength in the physiological environment. It is anticipated that this new material can be applied to load bearing bone graft applications where high strength requirements are pertinent.

Berry, K, Ferguson, J, Cobbin, DM, Zaslawski, CJ, Walsh, SP & Meier, PC 1970, 'Acupuncture: Panacea or Placebo? An examination of the effectiveness of acupuncture as an adjunct to existing alcohol and other drug (AOD) programs', 15th International Conference on the Reduction of Drug Related Harm.

Berry, K, Ferguson, J, Cobbin, DM, Zaslawski, CJ, Walsh, SP & Meier, PC 1970, 'An examination of the effectiveness of acupuncture as an adjunct to existing alcohol and other drug treatment programs', WFAS World Conference on Acupuncture, World Federation of Acupuncture Moxibustion Societies (WFAS), Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.

Berry, K, Ferguson, J, Cobbin, DM, Zaslawski, CJ, Walsh, SP & Meier, PC 1970, 'An Examination of the effectiveness of acupuncture as an adjunct to existing alcohol and other drug treatment programs', UTS Royal Norht Shore Hospital 21st Annual Scientific Research Conference.

Botten, LC, Asatryan, AA, Nicorovici, NA, McPhedran, RC & de Sterke, CM 1970, 'Impedance models of photon conductance in photonic crystals', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers, ACOFT/AOS, ACOFT, Canberra, Australia, pp. 1-3.
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We consider the photonic analogue of electron conductance and develop a model of conductance in photonic crystal (PC) waveguides. In turn, we demonstrate the close relationship between PC and metal waveguides and go on to develop an impedance formulation for propagation in PC waveguides. We also discuss the effects of disorder.

Botten, LC, de Sterke, CM, Asatryan, AA, White, TP & McPhedran, RC 1970, 'Symmetry of modes in coupled photonic crystal waveguides', ACOFT/AOS '04, ACOFT, Austrlian National University, Canberra, Australia, pp. 1-3.

Carroll, RJ, Davidian, M, Dubin, J, Fitzmaurice, G, Kenward, M, Mohlenberghs, G & Roy, J 1970, 'Discussion of two important missing data issues', Statistica Sinica, pp. 627-629.

Carroll, RJ, Hall, P, Apanasovich, TV & Lin, X 1970, 'Histospline method in nonparametric regression models with application to clustered/longitudinal data', Statistica Sinica, Joint Summer Research Conference on Emerging Issues in Longitudinal Analysis, STATISTICA SINICA, Mt Holyoke Coll, S Hadley, MA, pp. 649-674.
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Kernel and smoothing methods for nonparametric function and curve estimation have been particularly successful in 'standard' settings, where function values are observed subject to independent errors. However, when aspects of the function are known parametrically, or where the sampling scheme has significant structure, it can be quite difficult to adapt standard methods in such a way that they retain good statistical performance and continue to enjoy easy computability and good numerical properties. In particular, when using local linear modeling, it is often awkward to both respect the sampling scheme and produce an estimator with good variance properties without resorting to iterative methods: a good case in point is longitudinal and clustered data. In this paper we suggest a simple approach to overcome these problems. Using a histospline technique we convert a problem in the continuum to one that is governed by only a finite number of parameters, and which is often explicitly solvable. The simple expedient of running a local linear smoother through the histospline produces a function estimator which achieves optimal nonparametric properties, and the 'raw' histospline-based estimator of the semiparametric component itself attains optimal semiparametric performance. The function estimator can be used in its own right, or as the starting value for an iterative scheme based on a different approach to inference.

Chiarella, C, Schlogl, E & Sklibosios Nikitopoulos, C 1970, 'A Markovian Defaultable Term Structure Model with State Dependent Volatilities', CREDIT 2003 Conference on Dependence Modelling for Credit Portfolios, --, Venice, Italy.

Christensen, M & Platen, E 1970, 'A General Benchmark Model for Stochastic Jump Sizes', CMA National Research Symposium on Levy Process Theory and its Applications in Finance, -, Canberra, Australia.
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This paper extends the benchmark framework of Platen (2002) by introducing a sequence of incomplete markets, having uncertainty driven by a Wiener process and a marked point process. By introducing an idealized market, in which all relevant economical variables are observed, but may not all be traded, a generalized growth optimal portfolio (GOP) is obtained and calculated explicitly. The problem of determining the GOP is solved in a general setting which extends existing treatments and provides a clear link to the market prices of risk. The connection between traded securities, arbitrage and market incompleteness is analyzed. This provides a framework for analyzing the degree of incompleteness associated with jump processes, a problem well-known from insurance and credit risk modeling. By staying under the empirical measure, the resulting benchmark model has potential advantages for various applications in finance and insurance.

Cook, L 1970, 'Discussion on the Meeting on ‘The 2001 Census and Beyond’', Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A: Statistics in Society, Oxford University Press (OUP), pp. 229-248.
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Cortie, MB, Van Der Lingen, E & Patrick, G 1970, 'Catalysis and capacitance on nano-structured gold particles and sponges', Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Nanotechnology Forum 2003, Asia Pacific Nanotechnology Forum, World Scientific, Cairns, Australia, pp. 79-82.
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In the present paper we descrbe the catalytic properties and electrolytic double-layer capacitance of nano-structured, mesoporous gold sponges. These materials are effective catalysts for CO oxidation and for the selective catalytic conversion of NOx. The possible application of mesoporous gold in electric double layer capacitors is premised on its high durface area, corrosion resistance and excellent electrical conductivity. The niche, if any exists, would be in high-efficiency, and high-power density ultra-capacitors for top-end consumer appliances

Deller, CA, Smith, GB & Franklin, JB 1970, 'Uniform white light distribution with low loss from coloured LEDs using polymer doped polymer mixing rods.', FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LIGHTING, SPIE Annual Meeting: Optical Systems Engineering, SPIE, Denver, USA, pp. 231-240.
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Colour mixing of red, green and blue (RGB) LEDs is demonstrated for a 6 cm long PMMA cylindrical rod with a transparent refractive index matched micro particle (TRIMM) diffuser sheet at the output end. Ray tracing simulations have been performed, and the output light distributions, transmittances and losses modelled and compared with experiment. Photographed and modelled colour mixing results are presented for rods with and without TRIMM sheet mixers. The TRIMM particles homogenize the light output of plain PMMA rods to form white light, with negligible backscattering. A simple method for measuring the concentration of the particles in the diffuser sheet is described, and computer modeling and analysis of TRIMM particle systems is discussed.

Didan, K, Huete, A & ieee 1970, 'Analysis of the global vegetation dynamic metrics using MODIS vegetation index and land cover products', IGARSS 2004: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-7, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IEEE, Anchorage, AK, pp. 2058-2061.

Ferreira, LG, Ferreira, ME, Ferreira, NC, Sano, EE, de Jesus, ET, Huete, AR & ieee 1970, 'Evaluation of MODIS vegetation indices and change thresholds for the monitoring of the Brazilian Cerrado', IGARSS 2004: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-7, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IEEE, Anchorage, AK, pp. 4340-4343.

Freude, W, Brosi, J, Glöckler, F, Koos, C, Poulton, C, Wang, J & Fujii, M 1970, 'High-index optical waveguiding structures', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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High contrast integrated optical devices for communication wavelengths are investigated. Simulations are run on a large parallel cluster using a wavelet-based FDTD algorithm. The dependence of sidewall roughness on attenuation of strip waveguides is studied. We compare simulations with microwave model measurements, and discuss fabrication steps for optical material systems.

Freude, W, Goncharova, N, Poulton, C & Kremp, T 1970, 'Modeling long-haul WDM transmission in nonlinear optical fibers using a fast split-step wavelet collocation method', PIERS 2004 - Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium, Extended Papers Proceedings, pp. 563-566.
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To meet rapidly increasing bandwidth requirements, extensive numerical simulations are an important optimization step for optical networks. Using a basis of cardinal functions with compact support, we developed a new split-step wavelet collocation method (SSWCM) as a solver for the generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation describing pulse propagation in nonlinear optical fibers. With N as the number of discretization points, this technique has the optimum complexity O(N) for any fixed accuracy, which is superior to the complexity O(N log N) of the standard split-step Fourier method (SSFM). For an accurate simulation considering third order dispersion, self-steepening and the Raman effect in a large 40 Gbit/s dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) system with 64 channels, the SSWCM requires less than 40% of computation time compared to the SSFM.

Freude, W, Poulton, C, Koos, C, Brosi, J, Glockler, F, Jin Wang, Chakam, G-A & Fujii, M 1970, 'Design and fabrication of nanophotonic devices', Proceedings of 2004 6th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (IEEE Cat. No.04EX804), 2004 6th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks, IEEE, Wroclaw, POLAND, pp. 4-9.
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Frishling, V & Schlogl, E 1970, 'Credit derivatives pricing models: Overview and firm value models', Sydney financial mathematics workshop, Sydney Financial Mathematics Workshop, -, Sydney, Australia.

Gelhausen, O, Malguth, E, Phillips, M, Goldys, EM, Strassburg, M, Hoffmann, AV, Graf, T, Gjukic, M & Stutzmann, M 1970, 'Optical Properties of Mn -doped GaN', Proceedings MRS Fall Meeting, Materials Research Society, Materials Research Society, Materials Research Society, Boston, MA, USA, pp. 569-574.

Godlewski, M, Wojtowicz, T, Goldys, EM, Phillips, MR, Czernecki, R, Prystawko, P, Leszczynski, M, Perlin, P, Grzegory, I, Porowski, S, Böttcher, T, Figge, S & Hommel, D 1970, 'In-depth and in-plane profiling of light emission properties from semiconductor-based heterostructures', Opto-Electronics Review, 4th International Conference on Solid State Crystals/7th Polish Conference on Crystal Growth, POLISH ACAD SCIENCES, Zakopane Koscielisko, POLAND, pp. 353-359.
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Cathodoluminescence (CL) technique is applied for evaluation of in-depth and in-plane variations of light emission from semiconductor heterostructures, including laser diode structures. Light emission properties of heteroepitaxial and homoepitaxial structures are studied. We demonstrate possibility of in-depth profiling of complicated multi quantum well structures, which allows us to evaluate light emission characteristics from different regions of, e.g., laser structures. Due to this property of the CL, we can evaluate interconnections between structural quality of the samples and light emission characteristics. Stimulated emission under electron beam pumping is achieved in a conventional CL set up for selected heterostructures. Threshold currents for stimulated emission are evaluated from the CL investigations. We demonstrate that potential fluctuations are not fully screened in the active regions of laser structures, even at large excitation densities.

Gorrie, CA, Rodrigue, ML, Duflou, J, Sachdev, P & Waite, PME 1970, 'Older pedestrian fatalities: Assessment of dementia related neuropathology', JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA, 22nd Annual National-Neurotrauma-Society Symposium, MARY ANN LIEBERT INC, San Diego, CA, pp. 1314-1314.

Heath, DP & Platen, E 1970, 'Local volatility function models under a benchmark approach.', Daiwa International Workshop on Financial Engineering, Daiwa International Workshop on Financial Engineering, DAIWA, Tokyo/ Kyoto, Japan.

Hodgkinson, IJ, De Silva, L, Murray, P, Wu, QH, Arnold, M & Leader, JP 1970, 'Modeling optical reflectance from chiral micro-mirrors embedded in Manuka beetles', NANOMODELING, Nanomodeling, SPIE, Denver, USA, pp. 15-23.
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Hodgkinson, IJ, Wu, QH, Arnold, M & De Silva, L 1970, 'Biaxial thin-film coated-plate polarizing beam splitters for use at 45-degrees', Optical Interference Coatings, Optical Interference Coatings, OSA, pp. FA5-FA5.
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Hodgkinson, IJ, Wu, QH, De Silva, L & Arnold, M 1970, 'Threaded-chiral media: reflectors for elliptically polarized light', COMPLEX MEDIUMS V: LIGHT AND COMPLEXITY, Complex Mediums V: Light and Complexity, SPIE, Denver, USA, pp. 47-56.
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Holt, SA, Edler, KJ & Fernandez-Martin, C 1970, 'Formation of surfactant–silica mesophase films at a silica interface', SURFACE AND COLLOID SCIENCE, 11th International Conference on Surface and Colloid Science, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Iguassu Falls, BRAZIL, pp. 169-174.
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Huete, A, Didan, K & ieee 1970, 'MODIS seasonal and inter-annual responses of semiarid ecosystems to drought in the southwest USA', IGARSS 2004: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-7, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IEEE, Anchorage, AK, pp. 1538-1541.

Johnston, MB, Dowd, A, Driver, R, Linfield, EH, Davies, AG & Whittaker, DM 1970, 'Emission of collimated THz pulses from photo-excited semiconductors', Semiconductor Science and Technology.
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It is shown experimentally that surface-field terahertz (THz) emitters can produce well-collimated beams of THz radiation, making them useful devices for time-domain spectroscopy applications. Simulations of the carrier-dynamics are used to explain the mechanism of THz generation in InAs and GaAs, and it is shown that inter-valley scattering of electrons must be considered in order to fully describe THz emission from InAs.

Jones, A, Gladstone, W & Hacking, N 1970, 'Sandy-Beach Ecosystems and Climate Change: Potential Ecological Consequences and Management Implications', Proceedings of Coast to Coast 2004, Department of Primary Industries Water and Environment, Hobart.

Kazakov, V, Schlogl, E & Schlogl, L 1970, 'Gram-charlier expansions, edgeworth expansions and multivariate distributions implied by options prices.', 3rd National symposium on financial mathematics, 3rd National symposium on financial mathematics, -, Melbourne, Australia.

Knowles, WR, Thiel, BL, Toth, M, Schroemges, RPM, Scholtz, JJ, van Veen, G, Elders, M & Donald, AM 1970, 'Design of a Two-Stage Gas Amplification Secondary Electron Detector for Imaging Insulating Samples at the sub-1 nm Scale', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), pp. 1060-1061.
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.

Kuritsyn, D, Kozanecki, A, Przybylińska, H & Jantsch, W 1970, 'Energy transfer to Er ³⁺ ions in silicon‐rich‐silicon oxide: efficiency limitations', physica status solidi (c), Wiley, pp. 229-232.
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Zinc oxide nano-particles (25 nm) have been investigated by cathodoluminescence spectroscopy (300 nm-1700 nm) at 80 K and 300 K following thermal annealing in high purity H2/N2, N2, O2 and Ar gaseous atmospheres. The intensity of the ZnO near band edge peak was significantly increased after heat treatment in hydrogen. Conversely, thermal annealing in the other gas types decreased this emission. This effect is attributed to hydrogen passivation of competitive non-radiative defect centers, most likely bulk zinc vacancy centers. The appearance of a strong green emission centered at 2.4 eV following thermal annealing in all gas atmospheres is ascribed to the formation of bulk oxygen vacancy defects. A strong red shift of the near band edge emission with increasing beam current at 300 K is accredited to electron beam heating rather than to an increase in the carrier density. Electron beam heating is evidenced by the occurrence of a strong black body emission in the near infrared spectral region. © 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Langford, NK, Dalton, RB, Gilchrist, A, O'Brien, JL, Pryde, GJ, White, AG, Harvey, MD & Bartlett, SD 1970, 'Holography, vortices and qudits: Encoding quantum information in optical spatial modes', OSA Trends in Optics and Photonics Series, pp. 535-536.
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Using quantum state tomography, we completely characterise entangled qubits and qutrits encoded in photons in different transverse spatial modes. We investigate using such entangled qutrits for quantum bit commitment, the basis of quantum coin flipping. © 2003 The Optical Society of America.

Langford, NK, Gilchrist, A, White, AG & James, DFV 1970, 'Minimizing measurement resources for quantum tomography', OSA Trends in Optics and Photonics Series, pp. 463-464.
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We show that it is possible to perform tomographic characterization of the state of a n-qubit quantum system by performing measurement on a single component only. Implications for quantum information technology will be discussed. ©2003 The Optical Society of America.

Liberati, NB & Platen, E 1970, 'On the efficiency of simplified weak Taylor schemes for Monte Carlo simulation in finance', COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE - ICCS 2004, PROCEEDINGS, International Conference on Computational Science, Springer-Verlag, Wroclaw, Poland, pp. 771-778.
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The purpose of this paper is to study the efficiency of simplified weak schemes for stochastic differential equations. We present a numerical comparison between weak Taylor schemes and their simplified versions. In the simplified schemes discrete random variables, instead of Gaussian ones, are generated to approximate multiple stochastic integrals. We show that an implementation of simplified schemes based on random bits generators significantly increases the computational speed. The efficiency of the proposed schemes is demonstrated. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004.

Linton, OB, Mammen, E, Lin, X & Carroll, RJ 1970, 'Correlation and Marginal Longitudinal Kernel Nonparametric Regression', PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND SEATTLE SYMPOSIUM IN BIOSTATISTICS, 2nd Seattle Symposium in Biostatistics - Analysis of Correlated Data, Springer New York, Seattle, WA, pp. 23-33.
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Lott, D, Solina, D, Almokhtar, M, Mibu, K, Schmidt, W & Schreyer, A 1970, 'Modifications of the spin density wave of Cr in Fe/Cr multilayers by insertion of Sn studied by neutron diffraction', Physica B: Condensed Matter, Elsevier BV, pp. E245-E248.
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Recently, the magnetic properties of chromium in Fe/Cr multilayers were studied with Mössbauer spectroscopy by inserting a tin monolayer in the chromium. Complementary neutron-diffraction studies on Fe/Cr(t) and Fe/Cr(t/2)/ Sn(2 Å)/Cr(t/2) multilayers with t = 80 and 160 Å are presented here. The Fe/Cr multilayers behave as previously observed, however the samples with tin deviate from these trends. These deviations are more prominent in the Fe/Cr/ Sn/Cr multilayer with t= 80 Å. Instead of an incommensurate to commensurate spin-density-wave (SDW) transition with increasing temperature (T) as seen without tin, a dominant commensurate component is observed at low T transforming to an incommensurate phase at higher T. The general SDW behaviour of chromium in Fe/Cr multilayers seems to be changed significantly by the insertion of Sn, allowing the tailoring of magnetic properties of Fe/Cr systems in a new way. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

MACLURCAN, DC, FORD, MJ, CORTIE, MB & GHOSH, D 1970, 'MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY AND DEVELOPING NATIONS', Asia Pacific Nanotechnology Forum 2003, Oz Nano 03, WORLD SCIENTIFIC, Cairns, Australia, pp. 165-172.
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Meeker, J, Ryan, L, Barr, D, Herrick, R, Bennett, D & Hauser, R 1970, 'Contemporary use insecticides and human semen quality', EPIDEMIOLOGY, 16th Conference of the International-Society-for-Environmental-Epidemiology, LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS, New York, NY, pp. S190-S190.
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Meier, PC 1970, 'Integrating Complementary Medicine', UTS Royal North Shore Hosptial Science Conference.

Meier, PC, Rogers, C & Cobbin, DM 1970, 'Reporting TCM Morbidity', WFAS World Conference on Acupuncture, Gold Coast.

Milev, AS, Kannangara, GK, Ben-Nissan, B & Wilson, MA 1970, 'Template directed synthesis of nanosized bone-like apatite', Oz Nano 03 Proceeding of the Aisa Pacific Nanotechnology FOrum 2003, Oz Nano, World Scientific, Cairns, Australia, pp. 87-92.

Mitchell, RA, Nguyen, HT, Thornton, BS, Hung, WT, Lee, W, Rickard, M & ieee 1970, 'Mammogram object detection using dendronic image analysis', PROCEEDINGS OF THE 26TH ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY, VOLS 1-7, Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, San Francisco, USA, pp. 1763-1765.
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Breast cancer can be treated with better patient outcomes and significantly lower costs if detected early. Using the spatial dendronic structure, image masks can be obtained, showing regions in the mammogram image corresponding to the breast and lead marker. The technique is robust to noise and placement of the breast within the image. The technique not only reduces the size of the region to be analysed, but also provides the dendronic structure of the breast in which stealth-like masses can be found more easily.

Mokkapati, S, Lever, P, Tan, HH, Jagadish, C, McBean, KE & Phillips, MR 1970, 'Selective Area Epitaxy of InGaAs Quantum Dots for Optoelectronic Device Integration', Conference on Optoelectronic and Microelectronic Materials and Devices, 2004., 2004 Conference on Optoelectronic and Microelectronic Materials and Devices. Proceedings, IEEE, Univ Queensland, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA, pp. 273-275.
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Nutter, P, Leslie, L & Lamb, P 1970, 'Multiscale evolution and predictability of a warm season climate anomaly in the U.S. Southern Great Plains', Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, pp. 3975-3985.
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The multiscale evolution and predictability of a warm season climate anomaly in the US Southern Great Plains in the year 2002, were analyzed. The dynamic relationships of multiscale sequences of individual weather events with the warm season climate anomaly were also analyzed. The possible land-atmosphere feedback mechanisms that helped maintain the anomaly were also discussed. It was observed that the flooding in Texas on 1-2 July 2002, caused saturated soil conditions, which initiated a regional soil moisture feedback process that helped maintain the cool anomaly into mid-August.

Park, SK, Lee, E, Chang, DE & Leslie, L 1970, 'Orographic effect on heavy rainfall in the east coast of the Korean Peninsula induced by a tropical cyclone', Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, pp. 2493-2495.
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The orographic effect on the heavy rainfall in the east coast of the Korean peninsula due to a tropical cyclone was investigated using a mesoscale numerical model. An intense tropical cyclone, Typhoon Rusa, passed over the Korean Peninsula in late August 2002. It made landfall on the south coast of the peninsula and crossed over the central eastern coast. It was found that strong easterly flow over the northern part of Rusa resulted in orographically induced convective rainfall and increased the amount of rainfall that would have occurred over flat terrain.

Phillips, MR & McBean, KE 1970, 'In-situ Evaluation of Post Growth Treatments on the Cathodoluminescence Properties of Fluorescent Nano-particles in the Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Microscopy & Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), Savannah, USA, pp. 1064-1065.
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.

Platen, E 1970, 'A benchmark framework for risk management', STOCHASTIC PROCESSES AND APPLICATIONS TO MATHEMATICAL FINANCE, International Symposium on "Stochastic Processes and Applications to Mathematical Finance", WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD, Ritsumeikan Univ, Biwako Kusatsu Campus, Kusatsu, JAPAN, pp. 305-335.
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Platen, E 1970, 'Diversified Portfolios with Jumps in a Benchmark Framework', Quantitative Methods in Finance 2002 Conference, Quantitative Methods in Finance 2002 Conference, Sydney.
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This paper considers diversifed portfolios in a sequence of jump diffusion market models. Conditions for the approximation of the growth optimal portfolio (GOP) by diversified portfolios are provided. Under realistic assumptions, it is shown that diversified portfolios approximate the GOP without requiring any major model specifications. This provides a basis for systematic use of diversified stock indices as proxies for the GOP in derivative pricing, risk management and portfolio optimization.

PLATEN, E 1970, 'MODELING THE VOLATILITY AND EXPECTED VALUE OF A DIVERSIFIED WORLD INDEX', International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance, Quantitative Methods in Finance, --, Sydney, pp. 511-529.
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This paper considers a diversified world stock index in a continuous financial market with the growth optimal portfolio (GOP) as reference unit or benchmark. Diversified broadly based indices and portfolios, which include major world stock market indices, are shown to approximate the GOP. It is demonstrated that a key financial quantity is the trend of a world index. It turns out that it can be directly observed since the expected increments of the index equal four times those of the quadratic variation of its square root. Using a world stock index as approximation of the discounted GOP it is shown that, in reality, the trend of the discounted GOP does not vary greatly in the long term. This leads for a diversified world index to a natural model, where the index is a transformed square root process of dimension four. The squared index volatility appears then as the inverse of the square root process. This feature explains most of the properties of an index and its volatility.

Platen, E 1970, 'Modelling the volatility and expected value of a diversified world index.', International workshop on mathematical finance and insurance, International Workshop on Mathematical Finance and Insurance, -, Huang Shan, China.

Platen, E 1970, 'Numerical solution of stochastic differential equations', Workshop on mathematical methods in finance, Workshop on Mathematical Methods in Finance, -, Melbourne, Australia.

Poulton, CG, Koos, C, Müller, M, Glöckler, F, Wang, J, Fujii, M, Leuthold, J & Freude, W 1970, 'Sidewall roughness and deformations in high index-contrast waveguides and photonic crystals', Conference Proceedings - Lasers and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting-LEOS, 17th Annual Meeting of the IEEE-Lasers-and-Electro-Optics-Society, IEEE, Rio Grande, PR, pp. 949-950.
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Design rules for low-loss waveguides with random perturbations are presented. For strip wavguides, the width should be chosen larger than 1/4 of the coherence length of the sidewall roughness. For an ensemble of perturbed 2D photonic crystal line defect waveguide bends, we give the statististics of the relative transmission.

Poulton, CG, Koos, CG, Freude, W & Fujii, M 1970, 'Attenuation of optical strip waveguides with rough sidewalls', Conference Digest of the 2004 Joint 29th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves and 12th International Conference on Terahertz Electronics, Joint 29th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves/12th International Conference on Terahertz Electronics, IEEE, Univ Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, GERMANY, pp. 141-142.
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We investigate the effect of sidewall roughness on high-contrast optical strip waveguides. The dependence of attenuation on the magnitude and correlation length of the sidewall roughness, as well as on the mode polarisation, is simulated numerically using a wavelet-based FDTD algorithm implemented on a parallel cluster. Sample devices have been characterized. ©2004 IEEE.

Ralph, TC, Langford, NK, Bell, TB, O'Brien, JL, Pryde, GL, White, AG & Milburn, GJ 1970, 'Investigation of two qubit quantum gates in linear optics', SPIE Proceedings, Optical Science and Technology, SPIE's 48th Annual Meeting, SPIE, pp. 161-161.
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We discuss progress towards implementing two qubit quantum gates in optics. We review the operation of an optical quantum gate which performs all the operations of a control-NOT (CNOT) gate in the coincidence basis with two, unentangled photons as the input and discuss its implementation.

Ratana, P, Huete, A & ieee 1970, 'Seasonal dynamics of native and converted cerrado physiognomies with MODIS data', IGARSS 2004: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-7, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IEEE, Anchorage, AK, pp. 4336-4339.

Reimers, JR, Solomon, GC & Hush, NS 1970, 'Advantages of the use of semiempirical methods in molecular electronics.', ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society, AMER CHEMICAL SOC, Anaheim, CA, pp. U1028-U1028.

Roest, R, Eberhardt, AW, Latella, BA, Wuhrer, R & Ben-Nissan, B 1970, 'Adhesion of sol-gel derived zirconia nano-coatings on surface treated titanium', BIOCERAMICS, VOL 16, Bioceramics 16, Trans Tech Publications, Portugal, pp. 455-458.
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The morphology, adhesion and tribological properties of the zirconia sol-gel coatings on phosphate treated, anodized and un-treated titanium surfaces were investigated. The anodization of titanium involves the formation of a thin, compact, oxide layer, which improves the wettability for further coating. This process involves the conversion of the rutile structure of the original titanium oxide into a mostly crystalline anatase structure. The samples were anodized in sulphuric and phosphoric acid at varying concentrations. The samples were anodized at differing currents and differing time periods ranging from 10 to 30 minutes. Phosphate adsorption treatment involves soaking samples in 10% H3PO4 solution for 10 minutes. These samples were spin coated with zirconia, yielding 100 nm thick films. The nanocoatings were prepared by alkoxide sol-gel chemistry, using techniques and protocols developed in an earlier work and were examined with x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Interfacial and adhesion properties were measured using a micromechanical tensile test. The tribological properties were investigated using an Orthopod machine, with commercial grade ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) pins (3/8 inch diameter) that can articulate in number of different combinations against opposing coated and control specimens. The UHMWPE pins were used in a bovine serum environment. The amount of the wear was measured gravimetrically and wear features were observed using SEM.

Salih, A, Larkum, A, Cronin, T, Wiedenmann, J, Szymczak, R & Cox, G 1970, 'Biological properties of coral GFP-type proteins provide clues for engineering novel optical probes and biosensors.', GENETICALLY ENGINEERED AND OPTICAL PROBES FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS II, pp. 61-72.
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In recent years, a variety of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)-like pigments have been discovered from corals and other marine organisms. They are widely used to expand the range of available GFP-type proteins in imaging applications, such as in vivo markers for gene expression and protein localization studies, FRET-based (Förster resonance energy transfer) multicolor imaging and biosensors. They have known diverse optical and biochemical properties but their in vivo spectral properties and biological function in marine organisms is only beginning to be understood We have investigated their spectral diversity, optical properties and cellular microstructure in corals of the Great Barrier Reef with the aim of elucidating their photo-biological function/s as well as to identify novel proteins suitable for GFP-based technologies. We found numerous spectral variants, with emissions covering almost the full range of the visible spectrum. Many of these GFP-like proteins, especially in corals from the more extreme habitats, such as sun-exposed shallows or in deep water, showed a range of light-related spectral characteristics: high photostability, spectral tuning for energy transfer and dynamic photo-induced transformation properties. Intra-cellularly they were organized into spectral donor-acceptor pairs or even arrays, tuned for FRET. Coral color proteins thus offer an exciting potential to expand the use of the available GFPs in bio-imaging applications and as a basis for improved protein engineering.

Sanders, LM, Henderson, CE, Hong, MY, Barhoumi, R, Burghardt, RC, Wang, N, Spinka, CM, Carroll, RJ, Turner, ND, Chapkin, RS & Lupton, JR 1970, 'An Increase in Reactive Oxygen Species by Dietary Fish Oil Coupled with the Attenuation of Antioxidant Defenses by Dietary Pectin Enhances Rat Colonocyte Apoptosis', The Journal of Nutrition, Experimental Biology 2002 Annual Meeting, Elsevier BV, NEW ORLEANS, LA, pp. 3233-3238.
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Schelm, S & Smith, GB 1970, 'Field profiles for spherical conductive nanoparticles and metallic-shell/dielectric-core nano-composites', NANOMODELING, SPIE Annual Meeting: Nanotechnology & Organic Materials, SPIE, Denver, USA, pp. 160-169.
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Profiles of the electric field strength |E|2/|E 0|2 for spherical metallic shells on a dielectric core are presented both inside the particle and outside. The dependence of the near-field strength and extent on shell thickness and total particle size is discussed qualitatively. Although the internal fields inside the shell and in the core are larger than for homogeneous particles, for not too thick shells, this does not translate into a stronger near-field away from the surface of the shell. The fields inside the shell, at the low energy resonance and close to it, are rotated by π/2 with respect to fields inside homogeneous particles, which means that the maximum field strengths in the shell are perpendicular to the incident polarisation. This follows from the fact that the low energy resonance for a shell is for the largest dipole moment of the whole system, which compensates the incident field. The largest moment is created when the same charges are collected at both interfaces (shell/medium and core/shell) along the incident polarisation. This creates regions of low field densities at the poles along the incident polarisation, because same charge fields repel each other. Following from that, the field lines are bunched up at the perpendicular poles, creating large field line densities and hence large fields at these points. The case for opposite charges across the interfaces creates the high energy, antisymmetric resonance.

Schlogl, E 1970, 'Advance credit risk measurement and modelling techniques for effective portfolio credit risk management', Risk magazine workshop, Risk magazine workshop, -, Hong Kong, China.

Schlogl, E 1970, 'Default correlation modelling', Sydney financial mathematics workshop, Sydney financial mathematics workshop, -, Sydney, Australia.

Schlogl, E 1970, 'Factor distribution and correlations implied by market quotes for synthetic CDO tranches', -, Quantitative methods in finance 2004 conference, -, Sydney, Australia.

Schlogl, E 1970, 'Modelling default correlation for portfolio credit risk', Derivatives and risk management, Derivatives and risk mamagement, -, Sydney, Australia.

Schlogl, E 1970, 'Understanding the key issues and concerns in modelling portfolio credit risk', Credit risk forum 2004, Credit risk forum 2004, -, Sydney, Australia.

Seuront, L, Leterme, S, Seymour, JR & Mitchell, JG 1970, 'Sampling the sampling unit: A world in a bottle.', United States.

Seymour, JR & Mitchell, JG 1970, 'Microscale distributions of bacterioplankton and virus-like particles assessed using flow cytometry', United States.

Shapter, JG, Hale, P, Maddox, LM, Ford, MJ & Waclawik, ER 1970, 'Teaching Undergraduates Nanotechnology', MRS Proceedings, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, pp. 6-16.
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AbstractOne of the first nanotechnology undergraduate degrees in the world was established at Flinders University in 2000. In this paper we present our experience of developing and delivering this degree in a climate where “traditional” physical sciences are under considerable strain. We will discuss the motivation for this initiative, structure of the established course and educational issues relating to its development.

Smith, GB, Maaroof, AI, Allan, RS, Schelm, S, Anstis, GR & Cortie, MB 1970, 'Optical response of nanostructured metal/dielectric composites and multilayers', COMPLEX MEDIUMS V: LIGHT AND COMPLEXITY, Complex Mediums V: Light & Complexity, International Society for Optical Engneering, Colorado, USA, pp. 192-205.
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The homogeneous optical response in conducting nanostructured layers, and in insulating layers containing dense arrays of self assembled conducting nanoparticles separated by organic linkers, is examined experimentally through their effective complex indices (n*, k*). Classical effective medium models, modified to account for the 3-phase nanostructure, are shown to explain (n*, k*) in dense particulate systems but not inhomogeneous layers with macroscopic conductance for which a different approach to homogenisation is discussed, (n*, k*) data on thin granular metal films, thin mesoporous gold, and on thin metal layers containing ordered arrays of voids, is linked to properties of the surface plasmon states which span the nanostructured film. Coupling between evanescent waves at either surface counterbalanced by electron scattering losses must be considered. Virtual bound states for resonant photons result, with the associated transit delay leading to a large rise in n* in many nanostructures. Overcoating n-Ag with alumina is shown to alter (n*, k*) through its impact on the SP coupling. In contrast to classical optical homogenisation, effective indices depend on film thickness. Supporting high resolution SEM images are presented.

Stokes, DJ, Baker, FS & Toth, M 1970, 'Raising the Pressure: Realizing Room Temperature/High Humidity Applications in ESEM', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), pp. 1074-1075.
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.

Thiel, BL, Toth, M & Craven, JP 1970, 'Charging processes in low vacuum scanning electron microscopy', MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS, Topical Conference on Microbeam Characterization of Nonconductive Materials, OXFORD UNIV PRESS, CANADA, McGill Univ, Dept Min, Met & Mat Engn, Montreal, pp. 711-720.
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Thiel, BL, Toth, M, Schroemges, RPM, Scholtz, JJ, van Veen, G & Knowles, WR 1970, 'A Two-Stage Gas Amplification Secondary Electron Detector for Ultra-High Resolution Imaging', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), pp. 1058-1059.
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.

Toth, M & Baker, FS 1970, 'Secondary Electron Imaging at Gas Pressures in Excess of 15 torr', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), pp. 1062-1063.
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.

Wang, B, Xi, Y & Gu, H 1970, 'Rolling horizon heuristic for single-machine scheduling problem', Proceedings of the World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation (WCICA), pp. 2872-2876.
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A kind of rolling horizon heuristic for the scheduling problems with globally known information was presented. Under the heuristic the scheduling problems were addressed by using a series of locally scheduling instead of a single globally off-line scheduling. At each decision time, a subproblem based on a job subset was particularly defined and the sizes of sub-problems were limited. The sub-problem for locally scheduling was solved and then a portion of the solution was implemented. While the decision time was being put forward, global schedule was being realized step by step. Usually it is hard to analyze the global performance of rolling horizon procedures due to heuristic. However, a terminal penalty function was appended to the objective function of sub-problems to make the local objective consistent with the global one. Global performances of rolling horizon procedures can be analyzed to an extent. Several conclusions were drawn out about the global performance of the new rolling horizon procedures. The procedural global performance is getting better and better from one decision time to another and the performance of the initial schedule is an upper bound for that of the ultimately realized schedule.

White, R, Phillips, MR, Thomas, P, Wuhrer, R & Dredge, P 1970, 'Interactions Between Pigments in 19th and Early 20th Century Oil Paintings - In Situ Studies Using the Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Microscopy and Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), Savannah, USA, pp. 132-133.
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.

White, TP, de Sterke, CM, McPhedran, RC, Botten, LC & Huang, TH 1970, 'Photonic crystal based Mach-Zehnder interferometer', ACOFT/AOS '04, ACOFT, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia, pp. 1-3.

Wuhrer, R, Moran, K, Huggett, P, Phillips, MR & Ben-Nissan, B 1970, 'X-Ray Mapping and Electron Back-Scattered Diffraction of Phases in Welded Materials', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Microscopy & Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), Savannah, USA, pp. 916-917.
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.

Wuhrer, R, Phillips, MR, Mason, K, Roux, C, Maniago, JR & Hales, S 1970, 'GSR Analysis in the Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Microscopy & Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), Savannah, USA, pp. 1362-1363.
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.

Yunusa, IA, De Silva, DL, Odeh, I & Eamus, D 1970, 'Imbalance water-use in farming systems: the potential for bamboo', Salinity Solutions Conference, Salinity Solutions Working with Science, CRC Dryland Salinity, Bendigo, Australia, pp. 1-5.
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Currently there are few perennials that can maintian all-season water-use and provide ongoing economic benefit in dryland cropping systems. The effectiveness of lucerne in clayey soils and in high rainfall environments has been inconsistent, while the economic potential of native woody species is still uncertain. We suggest in this short discussion the need to explore the use of suitable bamboo species for their rapid growth rates and, hence, water requirement, as well as for their economic benefits. Furthermore, from their morphology we expect bamboos to have a greater capability to open-up dence subsoils to benefit other crops in rotations than the herbaceous species. Out limited undertsnading of the physiology of bamboos is recognised as a major knowledge-gap.

Zinder, Y & Singh, G 1970, 'Preemptive scheduling on parallel processors with due dates', Proceedings of the International Symposium on Scheduling 2004, International Symposium on Scheduling, Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, Japan, pp. 100-103.

Burchett, M, Wood, R, Orwell, RL, Tarran, J, Torpy, FR & Alquezar, R Horticulture Australia 2004, Potted-Plants Substantially Improve Office Air Quality, pp. 1-48, Sydney, Australia.

Torpy, FR Horticulture Australia 2004, Potted-Plants Substantially Improve Office Air Quality, pp. 1-48, Sydney.
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Final report for research project

Wood, R, Burchett, M, Alquezar, R, Orwell, RL, Tarran, J & Torpy, FR The Nursery Papers, Nursery and Garden Industry Australia 2004, Using pot plants to clean indoor air, pp. 1-4, Sydney, Australia.
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Polluted indoor air, air contaminated by Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), are a major cause of headaches, nausea, concentration loss and other `building-related illnesses. Previous laboratory research by the Plants and Environmental Quality Group at the University of Technology, Sydney (UTS) has shown that the `pot plant system (plants-and-potting-mix combination) can daily eliminate several times the Australian maximum exposure concentrations of the common VOCs benzene and n-hexane.

Breymann, W, Kelly, L & Platen, E 2004, 'Intraday Empirical Analysis and Modeling of Diversified World Stock Indices'.
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This paper proposes an approach to the intraday analysis of diversified world stock accumulation indices. The growth optimal portfolio (GOP) is used as reference unit or benchmark in a continuous financial market model. Diversified portfolios, covering the world stock market, are constructed and shown to approximate the GOP, providing the basis for a range of financial applications. The normalized GOP is modeled as a time transformed square root process of dimension four. Its dynamics are empirically verified for several world stock indices. Furthermore, the evolution of the transformed time is modeled as the integral over a rapidly evolving mean-reverting market activity process with deterministic volatility. The empirical findings suggest a rather simple and robust model for a world stock index that reflects the historical evolution, by using only a few readily observable parameters.

Bruti Liberati, N & Platen, E 2004, 'On the efficiency of simplified weak Taylor schemes for Monte Carlo simulation in finance (QFRC paper #114)'.

Chiarella, C, El-Hassan, N & Kucera, A 2004, 'Evaluation of Point Barrier Options in a Path Integral Framework Using Fourier-Hermite Expansions'.
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The pricing of point barrier or discretely monitored barrier options is a difficult problem. In general, there is no known closed form solution for pricing such options. In this paper we develop a path integral approach to the evaluation of barrier options. This leads to a backward recursion functional equation linking the pricing functions at successive barrier points. We solve this functional equation by expanding the pricing functions in Fourier-Hermite series. The backward recursion functional equation then becomes the backward recurrence relation for the coefficients in the Fourier-Hermite expansion of the pricing functions. We thus obtain a very efficient and accurate method for generating the pricing function at any barrier point. We perform a number of numerical experiments with the method in order to gain some understanding of the nature of convergence. We present results for various volatility values and different numbers of basis functions in the Fourier-Hermite expansion. Comparisons will be given between pricing of point barriers in the path integral framework and by use of finite difference methods.

Chiarella, C, Schlogl, E & Nikitopoulos Sklibosios, C 2004, 'A Markovian defaultable term structure model with state dependent volatilities (QFRC paper #135)'.

Christensen, MM & Platen, E 2004, 'A general benchmark model for stochastic jump sizes', Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney.
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Research Paper Number: 139 Abstract: This paper extends the benchmark framework of Platen (2002) by introducing a sequence of incomplete markets, having uncertainty driven by a Wiener process and a marked point process. By introducing an idealized market, in which all relevant economical variables are observed, but may not all be traded, a generalized growth optimal portfolio (GOP) is obtained and calculated explicitly. The problem of determining the GOP is solved in a general setting which extends existing treatments and provides a clear link to the market prices of risk. The connection between traded securities, arbitrage and market incompleteness is analyzed. This provides a framework for analyzing the degree of incompleteness associated with jump processes, a problem well-known from insurance and credit risk modeling. By staying under the empirical measure, the resulting benchmark model has potential advantages for various applications in finance and insurance.

Heath, D & Platen, E 2004, 'Understanding the Implied Volatility Surface for Options on a Diversified Index'.
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This paper describes a two-factor model for a diversifed index that attempts to explain both the leverage effect and the implied volatility skews that are characteristic of index options. Our formulation is based on an analysis of the growth optimal portfolio and a corresponding random market activity time where the discounted growth optimal portfolio is expressed as a time transformed squared Bessel process of dimension four. It turns out that for this index model an equivalent risk neutral martingale measure does not exist because the corresponding Radon-Nikodym derivative process is a strict local martingale. However, a consistent pricing and hedging framework is established by using the benchmark approach. The proposed model,which includes a random initial condition for market activity, generates implied volatility surfaces for European call and put options that are typically observed in real markets. The paper also examines the price differences of binary options for the proposed model and their Black-Scholes counterparts.

Kelly, L, Platen, E & Sorensen, M 2004, 'Estimation for discretely observed diffusions using transform functions'.

Miller, S & Platen, E 2004, 'Two-factor model for low interest rate regimes (QFRC paper #130)'.

Platen, E 2004, 'A benchmark approach to finance (QFRC paper #138)'.

Platen, E 2004, 'Capital asset pricing for markets with intensity based jumps', Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney.
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Research Paper Number: 143 Abstract: This paper proposes a unified framework for portfolio optimization, derivative pricing, modeling and risk measurement in financial markets with security price processes that exhibit intensity based jumps. It is based on the natural assumption that investors prefer more for less, in the sense that for two given portfolios with the same variance of its increments, the one with the higher expected increment is preferred. If one additionally assumes that the market together with its monetary authority acts to maximize the long term growth of the market portfolio, then this portfolio exhibits a very particular dynamics. In a market without jumps the resulting dynamics equals that of the growth optimal portfolio (GOP). Conditions are formulated under which the well-known capital asset pricing model is generalized for markets with intensity based jumps. Furthermore, the Markowitz efficient frontier and the Sharpe ratio are recovered in this continuous time setting. In this paper the numeraire for derivative pricing is chosen to be the GOP. Primary security account prices, when expressed in units of the GOP, turn out to be supermartingales. In the proposed framework an equivalent risk neutral martingale measure need not exist. Fair derivative prices are obtained as conditional expectations of future payoff structures under the real world probability measure. The concept of fair pricing is shown to generalize the classical risk neutral and the actuarial net present value pricing methodologies.

Platen, E 2004, 'Diversified portfolios with jumps in a benchmark framework (QFRC paper #129)'.