Publications

Stuart, BH 2004, Infrared Spectroscopy: Fundamentals and Applications, Wiley, Chichester.
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Ben-Nissan, B 2004, 'Biomimetics and bioceramics' in Reis, RL & Weiner, S (eds), Learning from nature how to design new implantable biomaterials, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 89-103.

Ben-Nissan, B, Pezzotti, G & Muller, W 2004, 'Macromechanics and micromechanics of ceramics' in Totten, GE & Liang, H (eds), Mechanical Tribology: Materials, Characterisation and Applications, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, USA, pp. 135-184.

Booth, DJ 2004, 'Catchment Management' in A Guide to Berowra Valley Regional Park, Friends of Berowra Valley Regional Park, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, pp. 141-144.

Booth, DJ 2004, 'Estuarine fishes of Berowra Creek' in A Guide to Berowra Valley Regional Park, Friends of Berowra Valley Regional Park, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 93-95.

HUETE, AR 2004, 'REMOTE SENSING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING' in Environmental Monitoring and Characterization, Elsevier, pp. 183-206.
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Muir, JG, Masens, CD, Tomkin, DF & Cortie, MB 2004, 'The NanohouseTM - An Australian initiative for the future of energy efficient housing' in al, PJMBE (ed), Nanotechnology in Construction, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK, pp. 291-304.
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Nanotechnology encompasses an array of technologies, all sharing the common attribute of arising from the science of the scale of nanometres. At this scale many materials exhibit physical properties different from those observable in larger quantities of the same materials. This presents a vast number of opportWlities to develop new materials and systems leading to a corresponding array of new products and processes. There is great interest in exploring how these new materials can be applied in existing and new buildings. A multidisciplinary team led by The Institute for Nanoscale Technology at the University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), that includes people from a number other institutions within Australia such as the Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation (CSlRO) are developing the Nanohouse The Nanohouse is at the time of writing a concept house, existing in the fonn of architectural drawings, mathematical models and as a 3D computer simulation. The Nanohouse is being designed to illustrate what uses various nanotechnologies (and other recent innovations) have to offer within the context of a domestic dwelling and also to note the wider applications of these technologies in commercial structures. It is naturally a dynamic project, with the design being modified as new technologies and materials become available. In this paper we describe the methodology used to create the Nanohouse, and evaluate some aspects of its perfonnance. The aspects that touched on include the architectural design and the Nanohouses overall energy efficiency.

Platen, E 2004, 'Simulation methods for stochastic differential equations' in Teugels, J & Sundt, B (eds), Encyclopedia of Actuarial Science, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, pp. 1559-1564.

Stuart, BH 2004, 'FTIR of Biomolecules' in Meyers, RA (ed), Encyclopedia of molecular cell biology and colecular medicine Vol 4, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, pp. 651-686.
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White, TC, Harry, J & Oliver, BG 2004, 'Antifungal Drug Resistance: Pumps and Permutations' in Human Fungal Pathogens, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 319-337.
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Alexander, DM, Bourke, PD, Sheridan, P, Konstandatos, O & Wright, JJ 2004, 'Intrinsic connections in tree shrew V1 imply a global to local mapping', VISION RESEARCH, vol. 44, no. 9, pp. 857-876.
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The local-global map hypothesis states that locally organized response propertiessuch as orientation preferenceresult from visuotopically organized local maps of non-retinotopic response properties. In the tree shrew, the lateral extent of horizontal patchy connections is as much as 80100% of V1 and is consistent with the length summation property. We argue that neural signals can be transmitted across the entire extent of V1 and this allows the formation of maps at the local scale that are visuotopically organized. We describe mechanisms relevant to the formation of local maps and report modeling results showing the same patterns of horizontal connectivity, and relationships to orientation preference, seen in vivo. The structure of the connectivity that emerges in the simulations reveals a `hub and spoke organization. Singularities form the centers of local maps, and linear zones and saddle-points arise as smooth border transitions between maps. These findings are used to present the case for the local-global map hypothesis for tree shrew V1.

Alvarez, R, Evans, LA, Milham, PJ & Wilson, MA 2004, 'Effects of humic material on the precipitation of calcium phosphate', GEODERMA, vol. 118, no. 3-4, pp. 245-260.
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Soil organic acids such as humic and fulvic acids can play an important role in influencing inorganic phosphate availability in P-fertilized soils by inhibiting formation of thermodynamically stable calcium phosphates. Calcium phosphate phases which are important in these systems may include amorphous calcium phosphate (Ca9(PO4)6·nH2O; ACP), dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (CaHPO4·2H2O; DCPD, also known as brushite), octacalcium phosphate (Ca8H2(PO4)6·5H2O; OCP) and the thermodynamically most stable phase, hydroxyapatite (Ca5(PO4)3OH; HAp). In this study, the formation of these phases in the presence of soil humic acids derived from the Sydney Basin in New South Wales, Australia has been examined using the combined techniques of pH-stat autotitration, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and laser Raman spectroscopy, as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and elemental analyses. Under conditions of high supersaturation at a pH of 7.4 and a temperature of 25 °C, it was found that these soil humics delay the transformation of unstable ACP to thermodynamically more stable OCP and thence to an apatitic phase resembling poorly crystalline HAp. At the lower pH of 5.7, and in the presence of humic acids, ACP was also precipitated initially. However, this was in contrast to the humic-free solutions which produced DCPD. ACP produced in the presence of humic materials persisted longer than DCPD in their absence, before ultimately hydrolyzing to OCP. Modes of humic-calcium phosphate interaction are discussed. It has been concluded that humic materials are geologically relevant inhibitors of calcium phosphate transformation and that they may modify the availability of phosphorus in soils by changing crystallisation behaviour from solution.

Andric, G, Boas, JF, Bond, AM, Fallon, GD, Ghiggino, KP, Hogan, CF, Hutchison, JA, Lee, MA-P, Langford, SJ, Pilbrow, JR, Troup, GJ & Woodward, CP 2004, 'Spectroscopy of Naphthalene Diimides and Their Anion Radicals', Australian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 57, no. 10, pp. 1011-1011.
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Naphthalene diimides 1–4 having different N,N-disubstitution undergo single electron reduction processes either chemically or electrochemically to yield the corresponding radical anion in high yield. This study concentrates on 1, bearing pentyl side chains connected through the diimide nitrogens, and compares the results obtained against those bearing isopropyl, propargyl, and phenylalanyl side chains. Compound 1 exhibits mirror image absorption and fluorescence in the near-UV region in CH2Cl2 and dimethylformamide that is typical of monomeric N,N-dialkyl-substituted naphthalene diimides. In toluene, excimer-like emission is observed, which suggests ground-state complexes involving 1 are formed. X-Ray crystallography has been used to characterize 1 in the solid state. Cyclic voltammetry enables the reversible potentials for [NDI]0/– and [NDI]−/2– type processes to be measured. Bulk one-electron reduction of 1–4 is characterized by dramatic changes in the absorption and emission spectra. Additionally, highly structured EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) signals from dimethylformamide solutions of the radical anions of 1–3 have been obtained and are consistent with coupling between the unpaired electron and the naphthalene diimide nitrogens and hydrogens and the NCH hydrogens of the appropriate side chains. The overall structure of the EPR spectrum is substituent-dependent. These changes in spectroscopic output upon an electronic input may be described as a simple ‘on/off’ switching mechanism with which to apply a ‘bottom-up’ approach to molecular device manufacture.

Antolovich, M, Lindoy, LF & Reimers, JR 2004, 'Explanation of the anomalous complexation of silver(I) with ammonia in terms of the poor affinity of the ion for water', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A, vol. 108, no. 40, pp. 8434-8438.
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Aridgides, LJ, Doblin, MA, Berke, T, Dobbs, FC, Matson, DO & Drake, LA 2004, 'Multiplex PCR allows simultaneous detection of pathogens in ships' ballast water', MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN, vol. 48, no. 11-12, pp. 1096-1101.
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There is enormous potential for global transfer of microorganisms, including pathogens, in ships' ballast water. We contend that a major advancement in the study of ballast-water microorganisms in particular, and of aquatic pathogens in general, will be expedited sample analysis, such as provided by the elegant technology of DNA microarrays. In order to use DNA microarrays, however, one must establish the appropriate conditions to bind target sequences in samples to multiple probes on the microarrays. We conducted proof-of-concept experiments to optimize simultaneous detection of multiple microorganisms using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern hybridization. We chose three target organisms, all potentially found in ballast water: a calicivirus, the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, and the photosynthetic protist Aureococcus anophagefferens. Here, we show simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens is possible, a result supporting the promising future use of microarrays for simultaneous detection of pathogens in ballast water.

Arnold, SJ, Osvath, SR, Hall, RA, King, NJC & Sedger, LM 2004, 'Regulation of antigen processing and presentation molecules in West Nile virus-infected human skin fibroblasts', Virology, vol. 324, no. 2, pp. 286-296.
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Infection of humans with the West Nile flavivirus principally occurs via tick and mosquito bites. Here, we document the expression of antigen processing and presentation molecules in West Nile virus (WNV)-infected human skin fibroblast (HFF) cells. Using a new Flavivirus-specific antibody, 4G4, we have analyzed cell surface human leukocyte antigen (HLA) expression on virus-infected cells at a single cell level. Using this approach, we show that West Nile Virus infection alters surface HLA expression on both infected HFF and neighboring uninfected HFF cells. Interestingly, increased surface HLA evident on infected HFF cultures is almost entirely due to virus-induced interferon (IFN)alpha/beta because IFNalpha/beta-neutralizing antibodies completely prevent increased surface HLA expression. In contrast, RT-PCR analysis indicates that WNV infection results in increased mRNAs for HLA-A, -B, and -C genes, and HLA-associated molecules low molecular weight polypeptide-2 (LMP-2) and transporter associated with antigen presentation-1 (TAP-1), but induction of these mRNAs is not diminished in HFF cells cultured with IFNalpha/beta-neutralizing antibodies. Taken together, these data support the idea that that both cytokine-dependent and cytokine-independent mechanisms account for WNV-induced HLA expression in human skin fibroblasts

Arroyo, C, Hu, FB, Ryan, LM, Kawachi, I, Colditz, GA, Speizer, FE & Manson, J 2004, 'Depressive symptoms and risk of type 2 diabetes in women', DIABETES CARE, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 129-133.
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OBJECTIVE - To explore the relationship between depressive symptoms and incidence of type 2 diabetes in women. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - We conducted an analysis of 72,178 female nurses aged 45-72 years who did not have diagnosed diabetes and who answered the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Status Survey (SF-36) at baseline in 1992. We calculated relative risks (RR) of type 2 diabetes for women with presence of depressive symptoms (i.e., Five-Item Mental Health Index [MHI-5] score >52). RESULTS - During 4 years of follow-up (282,317 person-years), 973 incident cases of type 2 diabetes were documented. Age-adjusted RR of developing type 2 diabetes for women with presence of depressive symptoms was 1.55 (95% CI 1.27-1.90). Additional adjustment for BMI resulted in a RR of developing type 2 diabetes of 1.36 (1.11-1.67). The muitivariate RR of developing type 2 diabetes was 1.22 (1.00-1.50). After ex eluding women diagnosed with diabetes between 1992 and 1994, 472 incident cases of type 2 diabetes were documented for the follow-up period from 1994 to 1996 (148,889 person-years). The multivariate RR of developing type 2 diabetes for women with depressive symptoms was 1.29 (0.96-1.72). CONCLUSIONS- Our data suggest that depressive symptoms are associated with a modest increase in the risk of type 2 diabetes.

Ashmore, J, Bishop, R, Craig, DC & Scudder, ML 2004, 'Assembly of brick-like aromatic edge–face (EF)₆host dimers into lattice inclusion compounds', CrystEngComm, vol. 6, no. 100, pp. 618-622.
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Baines, SB, Fisher, NS, Doblin, MA, Cutter, GA, Cutter, LS & Cole, B 2004, 'Light dependence of selenium uptake by phytoplankton and implications for predicting selenium incorporation into food webs', LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 566-578.
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The potentially toxic element selenium is first concentrated from solution to a large but highly variable degree by algae and bacteria before being passed on to consumers. The large loads of abiotic and detrital suspended particles often present in rivers and estuaries may obscure spatial and temporal patterns in Se concentrations at the base of the food web. We used radiotracers to estimate uptake of both selenite (Se(IV)) and C by intact plankton communities at two sites in the Sacramento/San Joaquin River Delta. Our goals were to determine (1) whether C and Se(IV) uptake were coupled, (2) the role of bacteria in Se(IV) uptake, and (3) the Se: C uptake ratio of newly produced organic material. Se(IV) uptake, like C uptake, was strongly related to irradiance. The shapes of both relationships were very similar except that at least 42-56% of Se(IV) uptake occurred in the dark, whereas C uptake in the dark was negligible. Of this dark Se(IV) uptake, 34-67% occurred in the 0.2-1.0-mum size fraction, indicating significant uptake by bacteria. In addition to dark uptake, total Se(IV) uptake consisted of a light-driven component that was in fixed proportion to C uptake. Our estimates of daily areal Se(IV): C uptake ratios agreed very well with particulate Se: C measured at a site dominated by phytoplankton biomass. Estimates of bacterial Se: C were 2.4-13 times higher than for the phytoplankton, suggesting that bacteriovores may be exposed to higher dietary Se concentrations than herbivores.

Balagurunathan, Y, Wang, NY, Dougherty, ER, Nguyen, D, Chen, YD, Bittner, ML, Trent, J & Carroll, R 2004, 'Noise factor analysis for cDNA microarrays', JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 663-678.
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Bellamy, SL, Yi, L, Ryan, LM, Lipsitz, S, Canner, MJ & Wright, R 2004, 'Analysis of clustered and interval censored data from a community-based study in asthma', STATISTICS IN MEDICINE, vol. 23, no. 23, pp. 3607-3621.
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Many authors in recent years have proposed extensions of familiar survival analysis methodologies to apply in dependent data settings, for example, when data are clustered or subject to repeated measures. However, these extensions have been considered largely in the context of right censored data. In this paper, we discuss a parametric frailty model for the analysis of clustered and interval censored failure time data. Details are presented for the specific case where the underlying time to event data follow a Weibull distribution. Maximum likelihood estimates will be obtained using commercially available software and the empirical efficiency of these estimators will be explored via a simulation study. We also discuss a score test to make inferences about the magnitude and significance of over-dispersion in clustered data settings. These methods will be illustrated using data from the East Boston Asthma Study.

Belli, SI, Mai, K, Skene, CD, Gleeson, MT, Witcombe, DM, Katrib, M, Finger, A, Wallach, MG & Smith, NC 2004, 'Characterisation of the antigenic and immunogenic properties of bacterially expressed, sexual stage antigens of the coccidian parasite, Eimeria maxima', VACCINE, vol. 22, no. 31-32, pp. 4316-4325.
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Ben-Nissan, B 2004, 'Nanoceramics in Biomedical Applications', MRS Bulletin, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 28-32.
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AbstractAn improved understanding of the interactions at the nanoscale level between the bioceramics in medical implants and the hard or soft tissues in the human body could contribute significantly to the design of new-generation prostheses and postoperative patient management strategies.Overall, the benefits of advanced ceramic materials in biomedical applications have been universally accepted, specifically in terms of their strength, biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, and wear resistance in articulating joints.The continuous development of new-generation implants utilizing nanocoatings with novel nanosensors and devices is leading to better compatibility with human tissue and improved well-being and longevity for patients. This article gives a short overview of bioceramics and reexamines key issues of concern for processing and applying nanoceramics as biomaterials.

Ben-Nissan, B 2004, 'Nanoceramics in biomedical applications', MRS Bulletin, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 28-32.
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An improved understanding of the interactions at the nanoscale level between the bioceramics in medical implants and the hard or soft tissues in the human body could contribute significantly to the design of new-generation prostheses and postoperative patient management strategies. Overall, the benefits of advanced ceramic materials in biomedical applications have been universally accepted, specifically in terms of their strength, biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, and wear resistance in articulating joints. The continuous development of new-generation implants utilizing nanocoatings with novel nanosensors and devices is leading to better compatibility with human tissue and improved well-being and longevity for patients. This article gives a short overview of bioceramics and reexamines key issues of concern for processing and applying nanoceramics as biomaterials.

Ben-Nissan, B, Milev, A & Vago, R 2004, 'Morphology of sol–gel derived nano-coated coralline hydroxyapatite', Biomaterials, vol. 25, no. 20, pp. 4971-4975.
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Berry, LJ, Hickey, DK, Skelding, KA, Bao, S, Rendina, AM, Hansbro, PM, Gockel, CM & Beagley, KW 2004, 'Transcutaneous Immunization with Combined Cholera Toxin and CpG Adjuvant Protects against Chlamydia muridarum Genital Tract Infection', Infection and Immunity, vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 1019-1028.
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ABSTRACT Chlamydia trachomatis is a pathogen of the genital tract and ocular epithelium. Infection is established by the binding of the metabolically inert elementary body (EB) to epithelial cells. These are taken up by endocytosis into a membrane-bound vesicle termed an inclusion. The inclusion avoids fusion with host lysosomes, and the EBs differentiate into the metabolically active reticulate body (RB), which replicates by binary fission within the protected environment of the inclusion. During the extracellular EB stage of the C. trachomatis life cycle, antibody present in genital tract or ocular secretions can inhibit infection both in vivo and in tissue culture. The RB, residing within the intracellular inclusion, is not accessible to antibody, and resolution of infection at this stage requires a cell-mediated immune response mediated by gamma interferon-secreting Th1 cells. Thus, an ideal vaccine to protect against C. trachomatis genital tract infection should induce both antibody (immunoglobulin A [IgA] and IgG) responses in mucosal secretions to prevent infection by chlamydial EB and a strong Th1 response to limit ascending infection to the uterus and fallopian tubes. In the present study we show that transcutaneous immunization with major outer membrane protein (MOMP) in combination with both cholera toxin and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides elicits MOMP-specific IgG and IgA in vaginal and uterine lavage fluid, MOMP-specific IgG in serum, and gamma interferon-secreting T cells in reproductive tract-draining caudal and lumbar lymph nodes. This immunization protocol resulted in enhanced clearance of C. muridarum ( C. trachomatis , mouse pneumonitis strain) following i...

Bewlay, SL, Konstantinov, K, Wang, GX, Dou, SX & Liu, HK 2004, 'Conductivity improvements to spray-produced LiFePO4 by addition of a carbon source', Materials Letters, vol. 58, no. 11, pp. 1788-1791.
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Bezuglyi, S, Dajani, K, Dooley, AH & Hamachi, T 2004, 'Isornorphic actions of group extensions on a measure space', INDAGATIONES MATHEMATICAE-NEW SERIES, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 167-188.
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Biggs, T, Cornish, LA, Witcomb, MJ & Cortie, MB 2004, 'Revised phase diagram for the Pt-Ti system from 30 to 60 at.% platinum', JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS, vol. 375, no. 1-2, pp. 120-127.
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Bilic, A, Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2004, 'Dissociated water on Si(100): Relation between STM topograph and actual geometry', SURFACE REVIEW AND LETTERS, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 185-190.
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Bilic, A, Reimers, JR, Hofer, WA & Hush, NS 2004, 'Adsorption sites of maleic anhydride on Si(100) revisited: inter- versus intra-row attachment', CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 385, no. 5-6, pp. 341-344.
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Bolorizadeh, MA, Sashin, VA, Kheifets, AS & Ford, MJ 2004, 'Electronic band structure of calcium oxide', JOURNAL OF ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY AND RELATED PHENOMENA, vol. 141, no. 1, pp. 27-38.
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We employed electron momentum spectroscopy (EMS) to measure the bulk electronic structure of calcium oxide. We extracted the electron momentum density (EMD), density of occupied states (DOS), band dispersions, bandwidths and intervalence bandgaps from the data. The results are compared with calculations based on the full potential linear muffin-tin orbital (FP-LMTO) approximation. While the bandwidths of 0.6 ± 0.2 and 1.2 ± 0.1 eV for the s- and p-bands, respectively, and their dispersions agree well with the LMTO calculation, the relative intensity of the two bands is at odds with the theory. The measured intervalence bandgap at the ?-point of 16.5 ± 0.2 eV is larger by 2.1 eV than that from the LMTO calculation. The experimental bandwidth of the Ca 3p semi-core level of 0.7 ± 0.1 eV agrees with the LMTO prediction. The measured bandgap between this level and the s-band is 3.6 ± 0.2 eV. The Ca 3s3p level splitting is in excellent agreement with the literature.

Booth, DJ 2004, 'Synergistic effects of conspecifics and food on growth and energy allocation of a damselfish', ECOLOGY, vol. 85, no. 10, pp. 2881-2887.
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Booth, DJ & Beretta, GA 2004, 'Influence of recruit condition on food competition and predation risk in a coral reef fish', OECOLOGIA, vol. 140, no. 2, pp. 289-294.
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Settlement rate is considered to be a major determinant of the population structure of coral reef fishes. In this study, the effects of larval physiological condition on survival, predation risk and competitive ability are assessed for a small damselfish, Pomacentrus moluccensis. New settlers were collected and fed for 5 days to produce high and low condition (measured as lipid) treatment fish. In a field experiment, pairs (one high and one low condition fish) were transplanted to corals. Persistence over 2 weeks was much higher (100% vs. 25%) in high condition fish. In mixed groups in the laboratory, high condition fish were both aggressively dominant and consumed more of a limiting prey source than low condition fish. In addition, low condition fish were shown to be at much higher risk of predation. All of the low condition fish but only 33% of high condition fish in mixed groups were consumed by fish predators, and in a separate experiment, 73% of feeding strikes by predators were directed at low condition fish. Quality of new settlers can have an important influence on subsequent juvenile survival. The mechanisms for this effect are likely to include a combination of effects of condition on food competition and predation risk.

Botten, LC, White, TP, Asatryan, AA, Langtry, TN, de Sterke, CM & McPhedran, RC 2004, 'Bloch mode scattering matrix methods for modeling extended photonic crystal structures. I. Theory', PHYSICAL REVIEW E, vol. 70, no. 5, pp. 1-13.
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We present a rigorous Bloch mode scattering matrix method for modeling two-dimensional photonic crystal structures and discuss the formal properties of the formulation. Reciprocity and energy conservation considerations lead to modal orthogonality relati

Botten, LC, White, TP, Asatryan, AA, Langtry, TN, de Sterke, CM & McPhedran, RC 2004, 'Bloch mode scattering matrix methods for modeling extended photonic crystal structures. I. Theory.', Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys, vol. 70, no. 5 Pt 2, p. 056606.
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We present a rigorous Bloch mode scattering matrix method for modeling two-dimensional photonic crystal structures and discuss the formal properties of the formulation. Reciprocity and energy conservation considerations lead to modal orthogonality relations and normalization, both of which are required for mode calculations in inhomogeneous media. Relations are derived for studying the propagation of Bloch modes through photonic crystal structures, and for the reflection and transmission of these modes at interfaces with other photonic crystal structures.

Botten, LC, White, TP, de Sterke, CM, McPhedran, RC, Asatryan, AA & Langtry, TN 2004, 'Photonic crystal devices modelled as grating stacks: matrix generalizations of thin film optics', OPTICS EXPRESS, vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 1592-1604.
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A rigorous semi-analytic approach to the modelling of coupling guiding and propagation in complex microstructures embedded in two-dimensional photonic crystals is presented. The method, which is based on Bloch mode expansions an generalised Fresnel coefficients is shown to be able to treat photonic crystal devices in ways which are analogous to those used in thin film optics with uniform media. Asymptotic methods are developed and exemplified through the study of a serpentine waveguide, a potential slow wave device.

Braga-Neto, U, Hashimoto, R, Dougherty, ER, Nguyen, DV & Carroll, RJ 2004, 'Is cross-validation better than resubstitution for ranking genes?', Bioinformatics, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 253-258.
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Buckley, BW & Leslie, LM 2004, 'Preliminary climatology and improved modelling of south Indian Ocean and Southern Ocean mid-latitude cyclones', International Journal of Climatology, vol. 24, no. 10, pp. 1211-1230.
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Butt, AJ, Martin, JL, Dickson, KA, McDougall, F, Firth, SM & Baxter, RC 2004, 'Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 Expression Is Associated with Growth Stimulation of T47D Human Breast Cancer Cells: The Role of Altered Epidermal Growth Factor Signaling', The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 89, no. 4, pp. 1950-1956.
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AbstractIGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3 has antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects on the growth of human breast cancer cells in vitro. However, clinical studies suggest that high levels of IGFBP-3 in breast tumor tissue are associated with large, highly proliferative tumors. In this study, we examined the effects of stable transfection with human IGFBP-3 cDNA on the growth of T47D human breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Expression of IGFBP-3 initially inhibited the growth of T47D in vitro but was associated with enhanced growth in vivo. Furthermore, IGFBP-3-expressing cells in vitro became growth stimulated at higher passages post transfection, suggesting breast cancer cells may switch their response to IGFBP-3 with increasing tumorigenicity. These stimulatory effects observed in IGFBP-3-expressing cells were associated with an enhanced responsiveness to the proliferative effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF). When EGF receptor (EGFR) kinase activity was blocked using PD153035, high passage IGFBP-3 transfectants were growth inhibited compared with controls treated with inhibitor. These findings suggest that the interaction between IGFBP-3 and the EGFR system is central to whether IGFBP-3 acts as a growth stimulator or inhibitor in breast cancer cells and that therapies targeting EGFR may have increased efficacy in breast tumors expressing high levels of IGFBP-3.

Camoin-Jau, L, Sabatier, F, Arnoux, D, Anfosso, F, Bardin, N, Veit, V, Combes, V, Gentile, S, Moal, V, Sanmarco, M, Sampol, J & Dignat-George, F 2004, 'Endothelial microparticles: a potential contribution to the thrombotic complications of the antiphospholipid syndrome', Thrombosis and Haemostasis, vol. 91, no. 04, pp. 667-673.
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SummaryThe antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) refers to persistent antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) associated with thrombotic and/or obstetrical complications. The endothelial cell is a target of aPL which can induce a procoagulant and proinflammatory endothelial phenotype, as reported both in vivo and in vitro. Microparticle production is a hallmark of cell activation. In the present study, the presence of endothelial microparticles (EMP) in the plasma of APS patients was investigated. To determine if there is a correlation with certain biological and clinical features, EMP levels were measured in thrombosis-free patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, with and without aPL, in patients with non aPL-related thrombosis, as well as in healthy controls. Compared to healthy subjects, elevated plasma levels of EMP were found in patients with APS and in SLE patients with aPL, but not in SLE patients without aPL or in non aPL-related thrombosis. EMP levels were also associated with Lupus Anticoagulant (LA) detected by a positive Dilute Russell’s Viper Venom time (DRVVT). In parallel, we analyzed the capacity of these plasma to induce vesiculation of cultured endothelial cells. We demonstrated an increase of EMP generated in response to plasma from patients with autoimmune diseases. Interestingly, only APS plasma induced the release of EMP with procoagulant activity. These ex vivo and in vitro observations indicate that generation of EMP in APS and SLE patients results from an autoimmune process involving aPL. Production of procoagulant microparticles in APS patients may represent a new pathogenic mechanism for the thrombotic complications of this disease.

Campbell, S, McPhedran, RC, de Sterke, CM & Botten, LC 2004, 'Differential multipole method for microstructured optical fibers', JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS, vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 1919-1928.
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We describe the differential multipole method, an extended multipole method used to calculate the modes of microstructured optical fibers with noncircular inclusions. We use a multipole expansion centered on each inclusion and a differential method to calculate the scattering properties of the individual inclusions. Representative results for a fiber with one ring of elliptical inclusions are presented, and a direct comparison is made with an existing method. The new method is also applied to a microstructured optical fiber with seven rings of elliptical inclusions, which is found, in effect, to support a single polarization of the fundamental mode.

Cantwell, M, Mittl, B, Curtin, J, Carroll, R, Potischman, N, Caporaso, N & Sinha, R 2004, 'Relative validity of a food frequency questionnaire with a meat-cooking and heterocyclic amine module', CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 293-298.
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Carroll, RJ & Hall, P 2004, 'Low order approximations in deconvolution and regression with errors in variables', Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology), vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 31-46.
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Carroll, RJ, Ruppert, D, Crainiceanu, CM, Tosteson, TD & Karagas, MR 2004, 'Nonlinear and Nonparametric Regression and Instrumental Variables', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 99, no. 467, pp. 736-750.
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Chen, JC, Chang, WR, Shih, TS, Chen, CJ, Chang, WP, Dennerlein, JT, Ryan, LM & Christiani, DC 2004, 'Using 'Exposure prediction rules' for exposure assessment - An example on whole-body vibration in taxi drivers', EPIDEMIOLOGY, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 293-299.
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Background: It is often difficult and expensive to make direct measurements of an individual's occupational or environmental exposures in large epidemiologic studies. Methods: In this study, we used information collected in validation studies to develop

Chen, JC, Dennerlein, JT, Shih, TS, Chen, CJ, Cheng, YW, Chang, WSP, Ryan, LM & Christiani, DC 2004, 'Knee pain and driving duration: A secondary analysis of the taxi drivers' health study', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, vol. 94, no. 4, pp. 575-581.
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Objectives. We explored a postulated association between daily driving time and knee pain. Methods. We used data from the Taxi Drivers' Health Study to estimate 1-year prevalence of knee pain as assessed by the Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire. Results. Among 1242 drivers, the prevalence of knee pain, stratified by duration of daily driving (less than or equal to6, > 6 through 8, > 8 through 10, and >10 hours), was 11%, 17%, 19%, and 22%, respectively. Compared with driving 6 or fewer hours per day, the odds ratio of knee pain prevalence for driving more than 6 hours per day was 2.52 (95% confidence interval= 1.36, 4.65) after we adjusted for socioeconomic, work-related, and personal factors in the multiple logistic regression. Conclusions. The dose-related association between driving duration and knee pain raises concerns about work-related knee joint disorders among professional drivers.

Chen, M, Zeng, H, Larkum, AWD & Cai, Z-L 2004, 'Raman properties of chlorophyll d, the major pigment of Acaryochloris marina: studies using both Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory', Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 527-534.
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The Raman spectroscopy of purified chlorophyll (Chl) d extracted from Acaryochloris marina has been measured over the wide region of 250-3200 cm -1 at 77 K following excitation of its Soret band at 488 nm and analyzed with the aid of hybrid density-functional vibrational analyses. A Raman peak specific to Chl d, which arises from the formyl group 31 C = O stretching, was clearly observed at 1659 cm-1 with medium intensity. Peaks due to other C = O stretching vibrations of the 131 keto-, 133 ester- and 173 groups were also observed. Four very strong peaks were observed in the range of 1000-1600 cm-1, assigned to the CC stretching and mixtures of the CH3 bend and CN stretching. CCC and NCC bending contribute to medium intensity peaks at 986 and 915 cm-1. Out-of-plane CH bending at Chl d methine sites 10, 5 and 20 contribute to observed peaks at 885, 864 and 853 cm-1, respectively. A few modes involving the MgN stretching and MgNC bending motions were observed in the very low frequency range. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been used to make assignments on the observed Raman spectrum and the DFT results have been found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Chen, Y, Wang, GX, Tian, JP, Konstantinov, K & Liu, HK 2004, 'Preparation and properties of spherical LiNi0.75Co0.25O2 as a cathode for lithium-ion batteries', Electrochimica Acta, vol. 50, no. 2-3, pp. 435-441.
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Chen, YC, Xu, L, Guo, YLL, Su, HJJ, Smith, TJ, Ryan, LM, Lee, MS & Christiani, DC 2004, 'Polymorphisms in GSTT1 and p53 and urinary transitional cell carcinoma in south-western Taiwan: A Preliminary Study', BIOMARKERS, vol. 9, no. 4-5, pp. 386-394.
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Little is known about the relevance of genetic polymorphisms to arsenic-related bladder cancer. A preliminary case-control study was conducted to explore the association between genetic polymorphisms of GSTT1, p53 codon 72 and bladder cancer in southern Taiwan, a former high arsenic exposure area. Fifty-nine urinary transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) patients from a referral centre in south-western Taiwan and 81 community controls matched on residence were recruited from 1996 to 1999. A questionnaire was administered to obtain arsenic exposure and general health information. Genotypes of p53 codon 72 and GSTT1 were analysed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymerase. The combined variant genotypes (heterozygous or homozygous variant) of p53 codon 72 and GSTT1 null were observed in 29% of cases and in 44% of controls, respectively. In this preliminary study, bladder cancer risk was slightly elevated for subjects carrying the variant genotype of p53 codon 72 or in subjects carrying the GSTT1 null genotype. Variants in p53 codon 72 increased the risk of bladder cancer among smokers. However, the results were not statistically significant and larger confirmatory studies are needed to clarify the role of candidate gene polymorphisms and bladder cancer risk in arsenic exposed populations.

Choy, B, Dun, T & Schlogl, E 2004, 'Response to comments by Stephen Blyth and Maciej Sawicki', Risk, vol. 17, no. 11, p. 118.

Christopherson, RI, Cinquin, O, Shojaei, M, Kuehn, D & Menz, RI 2004, 'Cloning and Expression of Malarial Pyrimidine Enzymes', Nucleosides, Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids, vol. 23, no. 8-9, pp. 1459-1465.
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Cleary, S, Elder, M & Taback, J 2004, 'Cone types and geodesic languages for lamplighter groups and Thompson's group F', Journal of Algebra 303 (2006) Issue 2 pages 476-500, vol. 303, pp. 476-500.
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We study languages of geodesics in lamplighter groups and Thompson's group F. We show that the lamplighter groups $L_n$ have infinitely many cone types, have no regular geodesic languages, and have 1-counter, context-free and counter geodesic languages with respect to certain generating sets. We show that the full language of geodesics with respect to one generating set for the lamplighter group is not counter but is context-free, while with respect to another generating set the full language of geodesics is counter and context-free. In Thompson's group F with respect to the standard finite generating set, we show there are infinitely many cone types and no regular language of geodesics with respect to the standard finite generating set. We show that the existence of families of 'seesaw' elements with respect to a given generating set in a finitely generated infinite group precludes a regular language of geodesics and guarantees infinitely many cone types with respect to that generating set.

Coleman, VA, Tan, HH, Jagadish, C, Kucheyev, SO, Phillips, MR & Zou, J 2004, 'Towards p-type doping of ZnO by ion implantation', MRS Proceedings, vol. 829.
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ABSTRACTZinc oxide is a very attractive material for a range of optoelectronic devices including blue light-emitting diodes and laser diodes. Though n-type doping has been successfully achieved, p-type doing of ZnO is still a challenge that must be overcome before p-n junction devices can be realized. Ion implantation is widely used in the microelectronics industry for selective area doping and device isolation. Understanding damage accumulation and recrystallization processes is important for achieving selective area doping. In this study, As (potential p-type dopant) ion implantation and annealing studies were carried out. ZnO samples were implanted with high dose (1.4 × 1017 ions/cm2) 300 keV As ions at room temperature. Furnace annealing of samples in the range of 900°C to 1200°C was employed to achieve recrystallization of amorphous layers and electrical activation of the dopant. Rutherford backscattering/channeling spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy and cathodolumiescence spectroscopy were used to monitor damage accumulation and annihilation behavior in ZnO. Results of this study have significant implications for p-type doing of ZnO by ion implantation.

Collins, PR, Stack, CM, O'Neill, SM, Doyle, S, Ryan, T, Brennan, GP, Mousley, A, Stewart, M, Maule, AG, Dalton, JP & Donnelly, S 2004, 'Cathepsin L1, the major protease involved in liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) virulence - Propeptide cleavage sites and autoactivation of the zymogen secreted from gastrodermal cells', JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 279, no. 17, pp. 17038-17046.
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Coltel, N, Combes, V, Hunt, N & Grau, G 2004, 'Cerebral Malaria - A Neurovascular Pathology with Many Riddles Still to be Solved', Current Neurovascular Research, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 91-110.
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Combes, V, Rosenkranz, AR, Redard, M, Pizzolato, G, Lepidi, H, Vestweber, D, Mayadas, TN & Grau, GE 2004, 'Pathogenic Role of P-Selectin in Experimental Cerebral Malaria', The American Journal of Pathology, vol. 164, no. 3, pp. 781-786.
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Combes, V, Taylor, TE, Juhan-Vague, I, Mege, JL, Mwenechanya, J, Tembo, M, Grau, GE & Molyneux, ME 2004, 'Circulating Endothelial Microparticles in Malawian Children With Severe Falciparum Malaria Complicated With ComaRESEARCH LETTERS', JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 291, no. 21, pp. 2542-2544.
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Connan, HG, Reedy, BJ, Marshall, CP & Wilson, MA 2004, 'New nanocarbons: Rod milling and annealing of graphite in the presence of yttrium', ENERGY & FUELS, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 1607-1614.
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Connan, HG, Reedy, BJ, Marshall, CP & Wilson, MA 2004, 'New Nanocarbons:  Rod Milling and Annealing of Graphite in the Presence of Yttrium', Energy & Fuels, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 1607-1614.
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This work investigate the mechanisns of ordering and disordering graphite in the presence of 1% and 10% yttrium through mechanical activation and subsequent thermal annealing at 1350 degrees C for 6h. Some work was done using other metals. Structural information was obtained by characterising the milled and annealed samples by laser Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy. In the initial stages (less than 72 h milling), yttrium assists in reducing the effects of rod milling on crystallite size but not later equilibration between broken and reformed cystallites. Examination by TEM of all annealed samples with iron, cobalt, yttrium or nickel revealed the formation of graphite, iron, cobalt ot nickel nanoparticles encapsulated wit carbon strips but not for yttrium. No evidence of carbon nanotubes was found under the milling conditions for periods of 0 - 240 h and annealing temperatures up to 1350 degrees C for 6 h.

Cortie, MB 2004, 'The weird world of nanoscale gold', Gold Bulletin, vol. 37, no. 1-2, pp. 12-19.
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Cortie, MB 2004, 'The weird world of nanoscale gold', GOLD BULLETIN, vol. 37, no. 1-2, pp. 12-19.
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Craddock, M & Platen, E 2004, 'Symmetry group methods for fundamental solutions', JOURNAL OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS, vol. 207, no. 2, pp. 285-302.
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Cranfield, CG, Dawe, A, Karloukovski, V, Dunin–Borkowski, RE, de Pomerai, D & Dobson, J 2004, 'Biogenic magnetite in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans', Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, vol. 271, no. suppl_6.
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The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is widely used as a model system in biological research. Recently, examination of the production of heat-shock proteins in this organism in response to mobile phone-type electromagnetic field exposure produced the most robust demonstration to date of a non-thermal, deleterious biological effect. Though these results appear to be a sound demonstration of non-thermal bioeffects, to our knowledge, no mechanism has been proposed to explain them. We show, apparently for the first time, that biogenic magnetite, a ferrimagnetic iron oxide, is present in C. elegans. Its presence may have confounding effects on experiments involving electromagnetic fields as well as implications for the use of this nematode as a model system for iron biomineralization in multi-cellular organisms. © 2004 The Royal Society.

Cummins, SP, Roberts, DE, Ajani, P & Underwood, AJ 2004, 'Comparisons of assemblages of phytoplankton between open water and seagrass habitats in a shallow coastal lagoon', Marine and Freshwater Research, vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 447-447.
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Patterns of phytoplankton in areas with seagrass (Zostera capricorni, Halophila ovalis, and Ruppia megacarpa) and areas without seagrass were quantified in an estuary near Sydney, NSW, Australia. Replicate samples (separated by metres) were collected on 20 randomly chosen occasions over almost 3 years, from two sites (separated by tens of metres) nested in both habitats, at four locations (separated by kilometres). Areas with seagrass often supported a significantly different assemblage of phytoplankton compared with areas without seagrass. Dissimilarities were due to small differences in the relative abundance of taxa, particularly the diatom Pseudonitzschia cf. pseudodelicatissima, rather than the presence or absence of specific taxa. In both habitats, abundances of phytoplankton were patchy at all of the spatial scales sampled, although most of the variation was among replicate samples. These findings emphasise the need to incorporate a hierarchy of scales in programs designed to understand processes that cause spatial and temporal patterns of phytoplankton or to detect changes in response to human activities.

Dang, L, Seale, JP & Qu, X 2004, 'Reduction of high glucose and phorbol-myristate-acetate-induced endothelial cell permeability by protein kinase C inhibitors LY379196 and hypocrellin A', Biochemical Pharmacology, vol. 67, no. 5, pp. 855-864.
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Darling, ACE, Mau, B, Blattner, FR & Perna, NT 2004, 'Mauve: Multiple Alignment of Conserved Genomic Sequence With Rearrangements', Genome Research, vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 1394-1403.
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As genomes evolve, they undergo large-scale evolutionary processes that present a challenge to sequence comparison not posed by short sequences. Recombination causes frequent genome rearrangements, horizontal transfer introduces new sequences into bacterial chromosomes, and deletions remove segments of the genome. Consequently, each genome is a mosaic of unique lineage-specific segments, regions shared with a subset of other genomes and segments conserved among all the genomes under consideration. Furthermore, the linear order of these segments may be shuffled among genomes. We present methods for identification and alignment of conserved genomic DNA in the presence of rearrangements and horizontal transfer. Our methods have been implemented in a software package called Mauve. Mauve has been applied to align nine enterobacterial genomes and to determine global rearrangement structure in three mammalian genomes. We have evaluated the quality of Mauve alignments and drawn comparison to other methods through extensive simulations of genome evolution.

Darling, AE, Mau, B, Blattner, FR & Perna, NT 2004, 'GRIL: genome rearrangement and inversion locator', BIOINFORMATICS, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 122-124.
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GRIL is a tool to automatically identify collinear regions in a set of bacterial-size genome sequences. GRIL uses three basic steps. First, regions of high sequence identity are located. Second, some of these regions are filtered based on user-specified

Davidson, LA, Nguyen, DV, Hokanson, RM, Callaway, ES, Isett, RB, Turner, ND, Dougherty, ER, Wang, N, Lupton, JR, Carroll, RJ & Chapkin, RS 2004, 'Chemopreventive n -3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Reprogram Genetic Signatures during Colon Cancer Initiation and Progression in the Rat', Cancer Research, vol. 64, no. 18, pp. 6797-6804.
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Abstract The mechanisms by which n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) decrease colon tumor formation have not been fully elucidated. Examination of genes up- or down-regulated at various stages of tumor development via the monitoring of gene expression relationships will help to determine the biological processes ultimately responsible for the protective effects of n-3 PUFA. Therefore, using a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial design, we used Codelink DNA microarrays containing ∼9000 genes to help decipher the global changes in colonocyte gene expression profiles in carcinogen-injected Sprague Dawley rats. Animals were assigned to three dietary treatments differing only in the type of fat (corn oil/n-6 PUFA, fish oil/n-3 PUFA, or olive oil/n-9 monounsaturated fatty acid), two treatments (injection with the carcinogen azoxymethane or with saline), and two time points (12 hours and 10 weeks after first injection). Only the consumption of n-3 PUFA exerted a protective effect at the initiation (DNA adduct formation) and promotional (aberrant crypt foci) stages. Importantly, microarray analysis of colonocyte gene expression profiles discerned fundamental differences among animals treated with n-3 PUFA at both the 12 hours and 10-week time points. Thus, in addition to demonstrating that dietary fat composition alters the molecular portrait of gene expression profiles in the colonic epithelium at both the initiation and promotional stages of tumor development, these findings indicate that the chemopreventive effect of fish oil is due to the direct action of n-3 PUFA and not to a reduction in the content of n-6 PUFA.

de Bod, H, Williams, DBG, Roodt, A & Muller, A 2004, '(N,N-Diethylamino)(2-hydroxyphenyl)phenylphosphine oxide', Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, vol. 60, no. 7, pp. o1241-o1243.
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de Sterke, CM, Botten, LC, Asatryan, AA, White, TP & McPhedran, RC 2004, 'Modes of coupled photonic crystal waveguides', OPTICS LETTERS, vol. 29, no. 12, pp. 1384-1386.
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We consider the modes of coupled photonic crystal waveguides. We find that the fundamental modes ofthese structures can be either even or odd, in contrast with the behaviour in coupled conventional waveguides in which the fundamental mode is always even. We explain this finding using an asymptotic model that is valid for wavelengths.

Death, AK, McGrath, KCY, Kazlauskas, R & Handelsman, DJ 2004, 'Tetrahydrogestrinone Is a Potent Androgen and Progestin', The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 89, no. 5, pp. 2498-2500.
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Tetrahydrogestrinone (THG) was recently identified as a novel steroid used illicitly to improve athletic performance. Although its structure is closely related to gestrinone, a 19-nor progestin, and resembles that of trenbolone, THG was never marketed, s

Death, AK, McGrath, KCY, Kazlauskas, R & Handelsman, DJ 2004, 'Tetrahydrogestrinone is a Potent Androgen and Progestin', Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey, vol. 59, no. 10, pp. 714-716.
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Death, AK, McGrath, KCY, Sader, MA, Nakhla, S, Jessup, W, Handelsman, DJ & Celermajer, DS 2004, 'Dihydrotestosterone Promotes Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 Expression in Male Human Endothelial Cells via a Nuclear Factor-κB-Dependent Pathway', Endocrinology, vol. 145, no. 4, pp. 1889-1897.
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Death, AK, McGrath, KCY, Tsatralis, T, Kazlauskas, R & Handelsman, DJ 2004, '124.Tetrahydrogestrinone (THG) is a potent androgen and progestin', Reproduction, Fertility and Development, vol. 16, no. 9, pp. 124-124.
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Tetrahydrogestrinone (THG) is a novel steroid recently identified by a sports doping laboratory as an illicit agent sold to improve elite athletic performance. While its structure is closely related to gestrinone, a 19-nor progestin, and resembles that of trenbolone, a potent banned synthetic androgen, THG was never marketed, so no information on its hormonal properties are known. We therefore examined THG for steroidal bioactivity using yeast transformed with a steroid receptor-reporter system, comparing its bioactivity to other known androgens, nandrolone, 7α nandrolone (MENT), norbolethone, 5α-norbolethone, norethandrolone and trenbolone, as well as THG's parent compound, gestrinone. Yeast were stably transformed with human androgen receptor (AR) or progesterone receptor A (PR) cDNA, together with a reporter plasmid containing a β-galactosidase gene under the transcriptional control of an androgen (ARE) or progestin (PRE) reporter element. Bioassays were established by culturing transformed yeast in the presence of the steroids over the range of 1.2�×�10–6 to 5.9�–�10–10�M.The bioassay end-point was β-galactosidase activity in yeast cell lysates. THG showed dose-dependent highly potent activation of AR activity with an EC50 of 0.29�nM compared with other steroids nandrolone (0.12�nM), norbolethone (0.3�nM), 5α-norbolethone (0.026�nM), gestrinone (0.59�nM), trenbolone (0.78�nM), norethandrolone (0.19�nM) and MENT (0.01�nM). THG also activated PR (EC50 0.7�nM) with much higher potency than its parent steroid, gestrinone (EC50 30�nM). We conclude that THG is a potent androgen and progestin. It shows similar potency to the comparator androgens, nandrolone, norbolethone, 5α-norbolethone and trenbolone. The discovery of this illicit designer androgen raises concern about the possibility of other novel androgens being produced from other marketed synthetic sex steroids.

Delessert, C, Wilson, IW, Van Der Straeten, D, Dennis, ES & Dolferus, R 2004, 'Spatial and temporal analysis of the local response to wounding in Arabidopsis leaves', PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 165-181.
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Deller, C, Smith, G & Franklin, J 2004, 'Colour mixing LEDs with short microsphere doped acrylic rods', Optics Express, vol. 12, no. 15, pp. 3327-3327.
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The output colour distributions from red, green and blue (RGB) LEDs mixed with cross linked PMMA micro particle doped PMMA mixing rods is compared to output from a plain PMMA mixing rod. Distinctive patterns with clear colour separation result with the undoped rod. These are homogenised by our mixers, resulting in white light. Light output has been photographed, measured and computer simulated at a distance of 10 cm from the output end of the rods.

Dent, BB, Forbes, SL & Stuart, BH 2004, 'Review of human decomposition processes in soil', ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 576-585.
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In-soil human decomposition is comprehensively described in terms of the physicochemical and bacterial environmental conditions. Much of the understanding comes from considerations of cemetery studies and experimentation with adipocere. The understandings are relevant for further studies in cemetery management, exhumations, forensic investigations and anthropology. In the soil, cadavers are subject to various sets of decomposition processes principally resulting from aerobic (usually the initial) or anaerobic (usually the sustaining) conditions. The presence of percolating groundwater and microorganisms further affects the rate of breakdown and fate of the products. The major human tissue components-protein, carbohydrate, fat and bone, are discussed; and the likely pathways of decomposition products enumerated. The effects of liquefaction, availability of oxygen and other in-grave processes are considered.

Djordjevic, SP, Cordwell, SJ, Djordjevic, MA, Wilton, J & Minion, FC 2004, 'Proteolytic Processing of the Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Cilium Adhesin', Infection and Immunity, vol. 72, no. 5, pp. 2791-2802.
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ABSTRACT Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is an economically significant swine pathogen that colonizes the respiratory ciliated epithelial cells. Cilium adherence is mediated by P97, a surface protein containing a repeating element (R1) that is responsible for binding. Here, we show that the cilium adhesin is proteolytically processed on the surface. Proteomic analysis of strain J proteins identified cleavage products of 22, 28, 66, and 94 kDa. N-terminal sequencing showed that the 66- and 94-kDa proteins possessed identical N termini and that the 66-kDa variant was generated by cleavage of the 28-kDa product from the C terminus. The 22-kDa product represented the N-terminal 195 amino acids of the cilium adhesin preprotein, confirming that the hydrophobic leader signal sequence is not cleaved during translocation across the membrane. Comparative studies of M. hyopneumoniae strain 232 showed that the major cleavage products of the cilium adhesin are similar, although P22 and P28 appear to be processed further in strain 232. Immunoblotting studies using antisera raised against peptide sequences within P22 and P66/P94 indicate that processing is complex, with cleavage occurring at different frequencies within multiple sites, and is strain specific. Immunogold electron microscopy showed that fragments containing the cilium-binding site remained associated with the cell surface whereas cleavage products not containing the R1 element were located elsewhere. Not all secreted proteins undergo multiple cleavage, however, as evidenced by the analysis of the P102 gene product. The ability of M. hyopneumoniae to selectively cleave its secreted proteins provides this pathogen with a remarkable capacity to alter its surface architecture.

Djordjevic, SP, Ramachandran, V, Bettelheim, KA, Vanselow, BA, Holst, P, Bailey, G & Hornitzky, MA 2004, 'Serotypes and Virulence Gene Profiles of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Feces of Pasture-Fed and Lot-Fed Sheep', Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 70, no. 7, pp. 3910-3917.
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ABSTRACT Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains possessing genes for enterohemolysin ( ehxA ) and/or intimin ( eae ), referred to here as complex STEC (cSTEC), are more commonly recovered from the feces of humans with hemolytic uremic syndrome and hemorrhagic colitis than STEC strains that do not possess these accessory virulence genes. Ruminants, particularly cattle and sheep, are recognized reservoirs of STEC populations that may contaminate foods destined for human consumption. We isolated cSTEC strains from the feces of longitudinally sampled pasture-fed sheep, lot-fed sheep maintained on diets comprising various combinations of silage and grain, and sheep simultaneously grazing pastures with cattle to explore the diversity of cSTEC serotypes capable of colonizing healthy sheep. A total of 67 cSTEC serotypes were isolated, of which 21 (31.3%), mainly isolated from lambs, have not been reported. Of the total isolations, 58 (86.6%) were different from cSTEC serotypes isolated from a recent study of longitudinally sampled healthy Australian cattle (M. Hornitzky, B. A. Vanselow, K. Walker, K. A. Bettelheim, B. Corney, P. Gill, G. Bailey, and S. P. Djordjevic, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68: 6439-6445, 2002). Our data suggest that cSTEC serotypes O5:H − , O75:H8, O91:H − , O123:H − , and O128:H2 are well adapted to colonizing the ovine gastrointestinal tract, since they were the most prevalent serotypes isolated from both pasture-fed and lot-fed sheep. Collectively, our data show that Australian sheep are colonized by diverse cSTEC serotypes that are rarely isolated f...

Doblin, MA, Popels, LC, Coyne, KJ, Hutchins, DA, Cary, SC & Dobbs, FC 2004, 'Transport of the harmful bloom alga Aureococcus anophagefferens by oceangoing ships and coastal boats', APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, vol. 70, no. 11, pp. 6495-6500.
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It is well established that cyst-forming phytoplankton species are transported in ships' ballast tanks. However, there is increasing evidence that other phytoplankton species which do not encyst are also capable of surviving ballast transit. These species have alternative modes of nutrition (hetero- or mixotrophy) and/or are able to survive long-term darkness. In our studies of no-ballast-on-board vessels arriving in the Great Lakes, we tested for the presence of the harmful algal bloom species Aureococcus anophagefferens (brown tide) in residual (i.e., unpumpable) ballast water using methods based on the PCR. During 2001, the brown tide organism was detected in 7 of 18 ballast water tanks in commercial ships following transit from foreign ports. Furthermore, it was detected after 10 days of ballast tank confinement during a vessel transit in the Great Lakes, a significant result given the large disparity between the salinity tolerance for active growth of Aureococcus (>22 ppt) and the low salinity of the residual ballast water (similar to2 ppt). We also investigated the potential for smaller, recreational vessels to transport and distribute Aureococcus. During the summer of 2002, 11 trailered boats from the inland bays of Delaware and coastal bays of Maryland were sampled. Brown tide was detected in the bilge water in the bottoms of eight boats, as well as in one live-well sample. Commercial ships and small recreational boats are therefore implicated as potential vectors for long-distance transport and local-scale dispersal of Aureococcus.

Dooley, AH 2004, 'Heisenberg-type groups and intertwining operators', JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS, vol. 212, no. 2, pp. 261-286.
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Duggin, IG 2004, 'Studying DNA terminator proteins: a means to an end', Australian Biochemist, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 5-8.

Duty, SM, Calafat, AM, Silva, MJ, Brock, JW, Ryan, L, Chen, ZY, Overstreet, J & Hauser, R 2004, 'The relationship between environmental exposure to phthalates and computer-aided sperm analysis motion parameters', JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 293-302.

Eamens, AL, Blanchard, CL, Dennis, ES & Upadhyaya, NM 2004, 'A bidirectional gene trap construct suitable for T-DNA and Ds-mediated insertional mutagenesis in rice (Oryza sativa L.)', PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 367-380.
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Earp, AA, Smith, GB, Franklin, J & Swift, P 2004, 'Optimisation of a three-colour luminescent solar concentrator daylighting system', SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS, vol. 84, no. 1-4, pp. 411-426.
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Earp, AA, Smith, GB, Swift, PD & Franklin, J 2004, 'Maximising the light output of a Luminescent Solar Concentrator', SOLAR ENERGY, vol. 76, no. 6, pp. 655-667.
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Ekanayake, SR, Cortie, MB & Ford, MJ 2004, 'Design of nanocapacitors and associated materials challenges', CURRENT APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 4, no. 2-4, pp. 250-254.
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The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) projects that the spatial resolution of feature sizes in integrated circuits is rapidly approaching nanoscopic dimensions. Consequently, there is an active interest in the design of nanoscale circuit elements such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors. The properties of materials used to fabricate capacitors pose an important design factor, as with all circuit elements. We analyze the critical materials properties that would influence engineering nanocapacitors (nanoscopic capacitors), and show that at nanoscale, dielectric properties (dielectric constant, dielectric strength, and dielectric relaxation) determine the practicality of such capacitors.

Ekanayake, SR, Ford, M & Cortie, M 2004, 'Metal-insulator-metal (MIM) nanocapacitors and effects of material properties on their operation', Materials Forum, vol. 27, pp. 15-20.
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Metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors play an important part in many integrated electronic circuits in the areas of analog, microwave, and radio frequency systems. However the transverse dimensions of current MIM capacitors are in the micrometer scale. If integrated circuits continue to be miniaturized, the capacitor, alongside other components, must also be miniaturized to realize nanoelectronic circuits and systems. This article presents a novel device, the nanocapacitor, of which the dimensions are constrained to nanoscale in longitudinal and transverse directions, and discusses the effects of material properties on their operation. In particular, this work discusses the effects of dielectric constant, dielectric strength, and quantum electrical phenomena on achieving relatively high capacitances and capacitance densities in nanocapacitors. © Institute of Materials Engineering Australasia Ltd - Materials Forum Volume 27 - Published 2004.

Elder, M 2004, 'A context-free and a 1-counter geodesic language for a Baumslag-Solitar group', Theoretical Computer Science 339 (2005), Issues 2-3, pages 344-371, vol. 339, pp. 344-371.
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We give a language of unique geodesic normal forms for the Baumslag-Solitar group BS(1,2) that is context-free and 1-counter. We discuss the classes of context-free, 1-counter and counter languages, and explain how they are inter-related.

Elder, M 2004, 'L_delta groups are almost convex and have a sub-cubic Dehn function', Algebr. Geom. Topol., vol. 4, pp. 23-29.
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We prove that if the Cayley graph of a finitely generated group enjoys the property L_delta then the group is almost convex and has a sub-cubic isoperimetric function.

Elder, M 2004, 'Regular geodesic languages and the falsification by fellow traveler property', Algebr. Geom. Topol., vol. 5, pp. 129-134.
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We furnish an example of a finite generating set for a group that does not enjoy the falsification by fellow traveler property, while the full language of geodesics is regular.

Elizabeth, J, King, N & Ollendick, TH 2004, 'Etiology of Social Anxiety Disorder in Children and Youth', Behaviour Change, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 162-172.
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AbstractSocial Anxiety Disorder is a heterogeneous and distressing problem for many children and youth. Unravelling its multiple causes is essential for a full understanding of the condition. This selective review focuses on the etiology and maintenance of SAD, and examines research findings in several key areas of investigation: genetic or hereditary factors (twin and family studies), temperament characteristics (behavioural inhibition), and parent-child interactions (attachment, parenting styles). We conclude that genetic influences, behavioural inhibition and parent-child interactions play significant and interactive roles in the development and maintenance of social anxiety disorder. Other influences are also acknowledged, such as peer relationships, social skills deficits and traumatic experience. Ultimately, an understanding of such pathways should facilitate effective early screening and intervention of children at risk for severe social anxiety.

Ellis, J, Sinclair, D & Morrison, D 2004, 'Microarrays and stage conversion in Toxoplasma gondii', TRENDS IN PARASITOLOGY, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 288-295.
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Fallon, GD, Langford, SJ & Lee, MA-P 2004, 'N,N′-Bis(2-carboxyethyl)-1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic diimine dimethylformamide disolvate', Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. o542-o543.
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Fallon, GD, Lee, MA-P, Langford, SJ & Nichols, PJ 2004, 'Unusual Solid-State Behavior in a Neutral [2]Catenane Bearing a Hydrolyzable Component', Organic Letters, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 655-658.
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Ferreira, LG & Huete, AR 2004, 'Assessing the seasonal dynamics of the Brazilian Cerrado vegetation through the use of spectral vegetation indices', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING, vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 1837-1860.
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In this study, the response of vegetation indices (VIs) to the seasonal patterns and spatial distribution of the major vegetation types encountered in the Brazilian Cerrado was investigated. The Cerrado represents the second largest biome in South America and is the most severely threatened biome as a result of rapid land conversions. Our goal was to assess the capability of VIs to effectively monitor the Cerrado and to discriminate among the major types of Cerrado vegetation. A full hydrologic year (1995) of composited AVHRR, local area coverage (LAC) data was converted to Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) values. Temporal extracts were then made over the major Cerrado vegetation communities. Both the NDVI and SAVI temporal profiles corresponded well to the phenological patterns of the natural and converted vegetation formations and depicted three major categories encompassing the savanna formations and pasture sites, the forested areas, and the agricultural crops. Secondary differences in the NDVI and SAVI temporal responses were found to be related to their unique interactions with sun-sensor viewing geometries. An assessment of the functional behaviour of the VIs confirmed SAVI responds primarily to NIR variations, while the NDVI showed a strong dependence on the red reflectance. Based on these results, we expect operational use of the MODIS Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) to provide improved discrimination and monitoring capability of the significant Cerrado vegetation types.

Ferreira, LG, Yoshioka, H, Huete, Y & Sano, EE 2004, 'Optical characterization of the Brazilian savanna physiognomies for improved land cover monitoring of the cerrado biome: preliminary assessments from an airborne campaign over an LBA core site', JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 425-447.
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It is estimated that approximately 40% of the Cerrado, the second largest biome in South America, have been already converted. In this study, situated within the scope of the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia project (LBA), we conducted a wet season ground and airborne campaign over the Brasilia National Park (BNP), the largest LBA core site in the Cerrado biome, to measure the optical and biophysical properties of the major Cerrado land cover types. We investigated land cover discrimination through the analyses of fine resolution spectra, convolved spectra (MODIS bandpasses), and vegetation indicesthe normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the enhanced vegetation index (EVI). At these three data levels, three major physiognomic domains (herbaceous, woody, and forested) could be readily identified, and the amount of data correctly classified into the five major land cover types found at BNP were 91% (full spectra), 78% (red and NIR), 75% (NDVI), and 71% (EVI).

Finnegan, EJ, Sheldon, CC, Jardinaud, F, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2004, 'A cluster of Arabidlopsis genes with a coordinate response to an environmental stimulus', CURRENT BIOLOGY, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 911-916.
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Flynn, K, Maynard, P, Du Pasquier, E, Lennard, C, Stoilovic, M & Roux, C 2004, 'Evaluation of Iodine-Benzoflavone and Ruthenium Tetroxide Spray Reagents for the Detection of Latent Fingermarks at the Crime Scene', Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 1-9.
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Flynn, K, Maynard, P, du Pasquier, E, Lennard, C, Stoilovic, M & Roux, C 2004, 'Evaluation of iodine-benzoflavone and ruthenium tetroxide spray reagents for the detection of latent fingermarks at the crime scene.', J Forensic Sci, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 707-715.
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The performance of two spray reagents, iodine-benzoflavone and ruthenium tetroxide (RTX), was evaluated and compared with the conventional technique currently used at the crime scene, that is, powdering. Neither the spray techniques nor powdering were shown to be suitable for all surfaces and ages of marks tested. On some surfaces such as glass and treated wood, powdering was still the superior technique, whereas the spray techniques produced better development on wallpaper, vinyl, and brick. Sequencing work showed that RTX was incompatible with powdering and cyanoacrylate (with a rhodamine 6G stain). Iodine-benzoflavone can be used successfully either before or after powdering in a sequence; however, it was incompatible with cyanoacrylate. Two non-CFC formulations of iodine-benzoflavone using HFC4310mee and HFE7100 solvents were tested and shown not to be as effective as the original Arklone (CFC-113) formulation; however, the HFC4310mee solvent is recommended as the most suitable replacement solvent. Due to the expense of the commercial RTX spray, attempts at formulating a more cost-effective version were also carried out. A formulation was developed that gave comparable development to the commercial version but at a much cheaper cost, and with a shelf life of up to two months. Recommendations are presented for which techniques are suitable for different surfaces and ages of marks. Powdering was shown to be the best technique on all ages of marks tested on treated wood, glass, and also on marks aged three days and older on paint. Iodine-benzoflavone was the best technique on wallpaper, vinyl, brick, and raw wood. RTX was the best detection technique for fresh marks and marks aged up to one day on wallpaper and paint.

Forbes, SL, Stuart, BH, Dadour, IR & Dent, BB 2004, 'A preliminary investigation of the stages of adipocere formation', JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 566-574.
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Adipocere is a postmortem decomposition porduct which forms from a body's adipose tissue. This study aimed to chemically demonstrate the process of conversion from adipose tissue to adipocere. Samples of adipocere were collected from pig cadavers that were allowed to decompose fro varying internals. Samples of soil were collected from beneath the cadavers and analused to determine the leaching effect of adipocere. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to quantify the fatty acid composition of pig adipocere. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used as a confirmatory test to identify other components such as triglycerides and aclcium salts of fatty acids. The study demonstrates the process of adipocere formation and the stages of formation through which the process passes using chemical techniques.

Fornusek, C, Davis, GM, Sinclair, PJ & Milthorpe, B 2004, 'Development of an isokinetic functional electrical stimulation cycle ergometer', NEUROMODULATION, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 56-64.
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An isokinetic functional electrical stimulation leg cycle ergometer (iFES-LCE) was developed for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). The iFES-LCE was designed to allow cycle training over a broad range of pedalling cadences (560 rev/min) to promote both muscular strength and cardiorespiratory fitness. A commercially available motorized cycle ergometer was integrated with a custom built FES system, a laptop computer, and a specialized chair that restricted lateral leg movements. Sample biomechanical data were collected from an SCI subject performing FES cycling to demonstrate the iFES-LCE's performance characteristics. Calibration of the iFES-LCE system revealed a linear relationship between torque applied to the axle of the motorized ergometer and the braking motor current generated to maintain velocity. Performance data derived from iFES-LCE motor torque agreed closely with similar data collected using strain-gauge instrumented pedals (cross-correlations = 0.930.98). The iFES-LCE was shown to work well across a range of pedaling cadences. We conclude that the new iFES-LCE system may offer improved training potential by allowing cycling over a broad range of pedaling cadences, especially low cadence. This device also improves upon the accuracy of other ergometers by adjusting for the passive load of the legs.

Freedman, LS, Fainberg, V, Kipnis, V, Midthune, D & Carroll, RJ 2004, 'A New Method for Dealing with Measurement Error in Explanatory Variables of Regression Models', Biometrics, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 172-181.
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Freedman, LS, Midthune, D, Carroll, RJ, Krebs-Smith, S, Subar, AF, Troiano, RP, Dodd, K, Schatzkin, A, Ferrari, P & Kipnis, V 2004, 'Adjustments to Improve the Estimation of Usual Dietary Intake Distributions in the Population', The Journal of Nutrition, vol. 134, no. 7, pp. 1836-1843.
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French, JL 2004, 'Generalized additive models for cancer mapping with incomplete covariates', Biostatistics, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 177-191.
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Ganguli, B & Wand, MP 2004, 'Feature Significance in Geostatistics', Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 954-973.
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Gelhausen, O, Malguth, E, Phillips, MR, Goldys, EM, Strassburg, M, Hoffmann, A, Graf, T, Gjukic, M & Stutzmann, M 2004, 'Doping-level-dependent optical properties of GaN : Mn', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 84, no. 22, pp. 4514-4516.
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The optical properties of molecular-beam-epitaxy-grown GaN with different Mn-doping levels (523×1019 cm3) were studied by cathodoluminescence (CL) and optical transmission spectroscopy. Transmission measurements at 2 K revealed an absorption peak at 1.414±0.002 eV, which was attributed to an internal 5T2-->5E transition of the neutral Mn3+ state. The intensity of this Mn-related transmission peak was found to scale with the Mn3+ concentration. The CL measurements showed that Mn-doping concentrations around 1020 cm3 reduced the near band edge emission intensity by around one order of magnitude. A complete quenching of the donoracceptor-pair band at 3.27 eV and strong decrease of the yellow luminescence centered at 2.2 eV were attributed to a reduced concentration of VGa. In the infrared spectral range of 0.81.4 eV three broad, Mn-doping related CL emission bands centered at 1.01±0.02, 1.09±0.02, and 1.25±0.03 eV were observed. Their origin is attributed to deep donor complexes, which are generated as a result of the heavy Mn-doping.

Gelhausen, O, Phillips, MR, Goldys, EM, Paskova, T, Monemar, B, Strassburg, M & Hoffmann, A 2004, 'Dissociation of H-related defect complexes in Mg-doped GaN', PHYSICAL REVIEW B, vol. 69, no. 12, pp. 1-9.
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Post-growth annealing and electron beam irradiation during cathodoluminescence were used to determine the chemical origin of the main optical emission lines in moderately and heavily Mg-doped GaN. The 3.27 eV donor-acceptor pair (DAP) emission line that dominates the emission spectrum in moderately Mg-doped (p-type) GaN was found to be strongly reduced by electron irradiation and of different chemical origin than the DAP at a similar energetic position in Si-doped (n-type) GaN. These results suggest that the acceptor responsible for the 3.27 eV DAP emission in Mg-doped GaN is Mg and that the donor (2030 meV) is hydrogen-related, possibly a (VN-H) complex. This complex is dissociated either by electron irradiation or thermal annealing in N2 or O2 atmosphere. We found that upon electron irradiation, a deeper emission line (centered at 3.14 eV) emerged, which was assigned to a DAP consisting of the same Mg acceptor level and a deeper donor (100200 meV) with a similar capture cross section as the donor in the 3.27 eV emission. Moreover, two different deep donor levels at 350±30 and 440±40 meV were identified as being responsible for the blue band (2.83.0 eV) in heavily Mg-doped GaN. The donor level at 350±30 meV was strongly affected by electron irradiation and attributed to a H-related defect.

Gelhausen, O, Phillips, MR, Goldys, EM, Paskova, T, Monemar, B, Strassburg, M & Hoffmann, A 2004, 'Dissociation of H-related defect complexes in Mg-doped GaN', Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, vol. 69, no. 12.
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Post-growth annealing and electron beam irradiation during cathodoluminescence were used to determine the chemical origin of the main optical emission lines in moderately and heavily Mg-doped GaN. The 3.27 eV donor-acceptor pair (DAP) emission line that dominates the emission spectrum in moderately Mg-doped (p-type) GaN was found to be strongly reduced by electron irradiation and of different chemical origin than the DAP at a similar energetic position in Si-doped (n-type) GaN. These results suggest that the acceptor responsible for the 3.27 eV DAP emission in Mg-doped GaN is Mg and that the donor (20-30 meV) is hydrogen-related, possibly a (VN − H) complex. This complex is dissociated either by electron irradiation or thermal annealing in N2 or O2 atmosphere. We found that upon electron irradiation, a deeper emission line (centered at 3.14 eV) emerged, which was assigned to a DAP consisting of the same Mg acceptor level and a deeper donor (100-200 meV) with a similar capture cross section as the donor in the 3.27 eV emission. Moreover, two different deep donor levels at 350 ± 30 and 440 ± 40 meV were identified as being responsible for the blue band (2.8-3.0 eV) in heavily Mg-doped GaN. The donor level at 350 ± 30 meV was strongly affected by electron irradiation and attributed to a H-related defect. © 2004 The American Physical Society.

Ghiggino, KP, Hutchison, JA, Langford, SJ, Lee, MA-P, Lowenstern, PR & Yann, T 2004, 'Modulating Electron Transfer in a Simple Bichromophoric System Employing Axial-Ligation as an Organising Precept', Journal of Inclusion Phenomena, vol. 49, no. 1/2, pp. 27-32.
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Godlewski, M, Goldys, EM, Phillips, MR, B�ttcher, T, Figge, S, Hommel, D, Czernecki, R, Prystawko, P, Leszczynski, M, Perlin, P, Grzegory, I & Porowski, S 2004, 'In-depth and in-plane profiling of light emission properties of InGaN-based laser diode', physica status solidi (a), vol. 201, no. 2, pp. 207-211.
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Godlewski, M, Lusakowska, E, Bozek, R, Goldys, EM, Phillips, MR, Bottcher, T, Figge, S & Hommel, D 2004, 'Cathodoluminescence and atomic force microscopy study of n-type doped GaN epilayers', PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI A-APPLIED RESEARCH, vol. 201, no. 2, pp. 212-215.
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Godlewski, M, Lusakowska, E, Goldys, EM, Phillips, MR, Bottcher, T, Figge, S, Hommel, D, Prystawko, P, Leszcynski, M, Grzegory, I & Porowski, S 2004, 'Diffusion length of carriers and excitons in GaN-influence of epilayer microstructure', APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE, vol. 223, no. 4, pp. 294-302.
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We demonstrate a correlation between the microsturcture of epilayers and the diffusion length of free carriers and excitons in heteroepitaxial and homeopitaxial GaN films. We show that the diffusion length is shorter than predicted for a given density of dislocations. With improving strutucal quality of the films and lower dislocation density the diffusion lengths of free carriers and excitons increase, which, in turn, increases the rate of nonradiative recombination at dislocations. This process may explain a surprisingly small change of light emission efficiency observed for GaN epilayers with varying densities of dislocations.

Godlewski, M, Szmidt, J, Olszyna, A, Werbowy, A, Lusakowska, E, Phillips, MR, Goldys, EM & Sokolowska, A 2004, 'Luminescent properties of wide bandgap materials at room temperature', E-MRS 2003 FALL MEETING, SYMPOSIA A AND C, PROCEEDINGS, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 213-218.
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Properties of nanocrystalline thin films of selected nitrides are discussed as possible biffer materials for obtaining freestanding GaN wafers. These films are grown by impulse plasma deposition on silicon substrates. We demonstrate high smoothness of these films.

Godlewski, M, Yatsunenko, S, Khachapuridze, A, Ivanov, VY, Golacki, Z, Karczewski, G, Bergman, PJ, Klar, P, Heimbrodt, W & Phillips, MR 2004, 'Mechanism of intra-shell recombination of transition metal and rare earth ions in nanostructures of II-VI compounds', JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS, vol. 380, no. 1-2, pp. 45-49.
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Gorkunov, M & Lapine, M 2004, 'Tuning of a nonlinear metamaterial band gap by an external magnetic field', Physical Review B, vol. 70, no. 23.
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Greene, RW, Ablon, JS, Goring, JC, Raezer-Blakely, L, Markey, J, Monuteaux, MC, Henin, A, Edwards, G & Rabbitt, S 2004, 'Effectiveness of Collaborative Problem Solving in Affectively Dysregulated Children With Oppositional-Defiant Disorder: Initial Findings.', Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, vol. 72, no. 6, pp. 1157-1164.
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Oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD) refers to a recurrent pattern of negativistic, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behavior toward authority figures. Research has shown that children with ODD and comorbid mood disorders may be at particular risk for long-term adverse outcomes, including conduct disorder. In this study, the authors examined the effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral model of intervention-called collaborative problem solving (CPS)-in comparison with parent training (PT) in 47 affectively dysregulated children with ODD. Results indicate that CPS produced significant improvements across multiple domains of functioning at posttreatment and at 4-month follow-up. These improvements were in all instances equivalent, and in many instances superior, to the improvements produced by PT. Implications of these findings for further research on and treatment selection in children with ODD are discussed.

Griffiths, PL, Brown, JJ & Smith, PWF 2004, 'A comparison of univariate and multivariate multilevel models for repeated measures of use of antenatal care in Uttar Pradesh', Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), vol. 167, no. 4, pp. 597-611.
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We compare two different multilevel modelling approaches to the analysis of repeated measures data to assess the effect of mother level characteristics on women's use of prenatal care services in Uttar Pradesh, India. We apply univariate multilevel models to our data and find that the model assumptions are severely violated and the parameter estimates are not stable, particulalrly for the mother level random effect. To overcome this we apply a multivariate multilevel model. The correlation structure shows that, once the decision has been made regarding use of antenatal care by the mother for her first observed birth in the data, she does not tend to change this decision for higher order births.

Guziewicz, E, Godlewski, M, Kopalko, K, Łusakowska, E, Dynowska, E, Guziewicz, M, Godlewski, MM & Phillips, M 2004, 'Atomic layer deposition of thin films of ZnSe—structural and optical characterization', Thin Solid Films, vol. 446, no. 2, pp. 172-177.
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Thin films of sphalerite-type ZnSe were grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) from elemental Zn and Se precursors. These films, grown on various substrates, show bright blue `edge emission accompanied by donoracceptor pair emissions in the blue, green and red spectral regions. Red, green and blue emissions mixed together give a white color, with a color temperature between 2400 and 4500 K depending on a layer thickness and temperature. ZnSe grown by ALD is in consequence a promising material for the fabrication of semiconductor-based white light emitting thin film electroluminescence displays.

Hansbro, PM, Beagley, KW, Horvat, JC & Gibson, PG 2004, 'Role of atypical bacterial infection of the lung in predisposition/protection of asthma', Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol. 101, no. 3, pp. 193-210.
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Haven, CJ, Howell, VM, Eilers, PHC, Dunne, R, Takahashi, M, van Puijenbroek, M, Furge, K, Kievit, J, Tan, M-H, Fleuren, GJ, Robinson, BG, Delbridge, LW, Philips, J, Nelson, AE, Krause, U, Dralle, H, Hoang-Vu, C, Gimm, O, Morreau, H, Marsh, DJ & Teh, BT 2004, 'Gene Expression of Parathyroid Tumors', Cancer Research, vol. 64, no. 20, pp. 7405-7411.
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Abstract Parathyroid tumors are heterogeneous, and diagnosis is often difficult using histologic and clinical features. We have undertaken expression profiling of 53 hereditary and sporadic parathyroid tumors to better define the molecular genetics of parathyroid tumors. A class discovery approach identified three distinct groups: (1) predominantly hyperplasia cluster, (2) HRPT2/carcinoma cluster consisting of sporadic carcinomas and benign and malignant tumors from Hyperparathyroidism-Jaw Tumor Syndrome patients, and (3) adenoma cluster consisting mainly of primary adenoma and MEN 1 tumors. Gene sets able to distinguish between the groups were identified and may serve as diagnostic biomarkers. We demonstrated, by both gene and protein expression, that Histone 1 Family 2, amyloid β precursor protein, and E-cadherin are useful markers for parathyroid carcinoma and suggest that the presence of a HRPT2 mutation, whether germ-line or somatic, strongly influences the expression pattern of these 3 genes. Cluster 2, characterized by HRPT2 mutations, was the most striking, suggesting that parathyroid tumors with somatic HRPT2 mutation or tumors developing on a background of germ-line HRPT2 mutation follow pathways distinct from those involved in mutant MEN 1-related parathyroid tumors. Furthermore, our findings likely preclude an adenoma to carcinoma progression model for parathyroid tumorigenesis outside of the presence of either a germ-line or somatic HRPT2 mutation. These findings provide insights into the molecular pathways involved in parathyroid tumorigenesis and will contribute to a better understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of parathyroid tumors.

He, Q, Windsor, PA & Kirkland, PD 2004, 'An outbreak of abortion in a dairy herd associated with Neospora caninum and bovine pestivirus infection', AUSTRALIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL, vol. 82, no. 1-2, pp. 99-101.
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Heath, D & Platen, E 2004, 'Understanding the Implied Volatility Surface for Options on a Diversified Index', Asia-Pacific Financial Markets, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 55-77.
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This paper describes a two-factor model for a diveersified index that attempts to explain both the leverage effect and the implied volatility skews that are characteristic of index options. Our formulation is based on an analhsis of the growth optimal portfolio and a corresponding random market activity time where the discounted growth optimal portfolio is expressed as a time transformed square Bessel process of dimension four. It turns our that for this index model an equivalent risk neutral martingale measure does not exist because the corresponding Radon-Nikodym derivative process is a strict local martingale. However, a consistent pricing and hedging framework is established by using the benchmark approach. The prposed model, which includes a random initial condition for market activity, generates implied colatility surfaces for European call and put options that are typically observed in real markets. The paper also examines the price differences of binary options for th epropsed model and their Black-Scholes counterparts.

Heather, AK, McGrath, KC, Sader, M, Nakhla, S, Jessup, W, Handelsman, D & Celermajer, DS 2004, 'Dihydrotestosterone promotes vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in male human endothelial cells via a nuclear factor-kappa B-dependent pathway', Endocrinology, vol. 145, no. 4, pp. 1889-1897.
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There exists a striking gender difference in atherosclerotic vascular disease. For decades, estrogen was considered atheroprotective; however, an alternative is that androgen exposure in early life may predispose men to earlier atherosclerosis. We recent

Heness, G & Ben-Nissan, B 2004, 'Innovative bioceramics', Materials Forum, vol. 27, pp. 104-114.
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Overall, the benefits of advanced ceramic materials in biomedical applications have been universally appreciated, specifically, in terms of their strength, biocompatibility and wear resistance. However, the amount of supporting data is not large and the continuous development of new methods is pertinent for better understanding of the microstructure-properties relationship and, in general, for obtaining new directives for their further improvement. This paper gives an overview of some of the more innovative applications of bioceramics in medicine. © Institute of Materials Engineering Australasia Ltd - Materials Forum Volume 27 - Published 2004.

Henness, S, Johnson, CK, Ge, Q, Armour, CL, Hughes, JM & Ammit, AJ 2004, 'IL-17A augments TNF-α–induced IL-6 expression in airway smooth muscle by enhancing mRNA stability', Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 114, no. 4, pp. 958-964.
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Hill, R, Larkum, AWD, Frankart, C, Kuhl, M & Ralph, PJ 2004, 'Loss of functional Photosystem II reaction centres in zooxanthellae of corals exposed to bleaching conditions: using fluorescence rise kinetics', PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH, vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 59-72.
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Hill, R, Schreiber, U, Gademann, R, Larkum, AWD, Kuhl, M & Ralph, PJ 2004, 'Spatial heterogeneity of photosynthesis and the effect of temperature-induced bleaching conditions in three species of corals', MARINE BIOLOGY, vol. 144, no. 4, pp. 633-640.
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Hodgkinson, I, Wu, QH, Arnold, M, De Silva, L & Blaikie, R 2004, 'Bideposited thin-film retardation plates for use at deep UV wavelengths', CURRENT APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 4, no. 2-4, pp. 106-107.
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The physical vapour deposition process of serial bideposition is used to fabricate inorganic retardation plates of LaF3, NdF3, Sc2O3 and SmF3. For a deposition angle of 70° the form-birefringent materials exhibit linear birefringence in the range 0.090.13 at wavelength 248 nm. The study shows that NdF3 and Sc2O3 are unsuitable for use at 193 nm, due to excessive absorptive loss, and that LaF3 is the preferred material.

Hodgkinson, I, Wu, QH, De Silva, L & Arnold, M 2004, 'Inorganic positive uniaxial films fabricated by serial bideposition', OPTICS EXPRESS, vol. 12, no. 16, pp. 3840-3847.
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The physical vapor deposition process of serial bideposition is adapted to the fabrication of uniaxial optical coatings. During the coating process the vapor impinges at an angle of incidence of about 70? on to the substrate, and a stepwise axial rotation with 90? increments causes a columnar structure to grow normal to the substrate. Symmetry considerations that follow from the choice of 90? for the stepwise increment ensure that the film is achiral and has negligible in-plane linear birefringence. Optical characterization techniques confirm that films of tantalum oxide, titanium oxide and zirconium oxide are positive uniaxial with ne -no in the range 0.10 to 0.14.

Hose, GC, Murray, BR & Eamus, D 2004, 'Water quality guidelines to protect groundwater-dependent ecosystems', Ecological Management and Restoration, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 78-80.
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Howell, VM, Zori, RT, Stalker, HJ, Williams, C, Jesse, N, Nelson, AE, Robinson, BG & Marsh, DJ 2004, 'A molecular diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism—Jaw tumor syndrome in an adolescent with recurrent kidney stones', The Journal of Pediatrics, vol. 145, no. 4, pp. 567-567.
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Hu, Z 2004, 'Profile-kernel versus backfitting in the partially linear models for longitudinal/clustered data', Biometrika, vol. 91, no. 2, pp. 251-262.
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Huang, BX, Ru, K, Yuan, Z, Whitchurch, CB & Mattick, JS 2004, 'tonB3 is required for normal twitching motility and extracellular assembly of type IV pili', JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, vol. 186, no. 13, pp. 4387-4389.
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Three mutants with Tn5-B21 insertion in tonB3 (PA0406) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibited defective twitching motility and reduced assembly of extracellular pili. These defects could be complemented with wild-type tonB3.

Huang, Y, Hunyor, SN, Jiang, L, Kawaguchi, O, Shirota, K, Ikeda, Y, Yuasa, T, Gallagher, G, Zeng, B & Zheng, X 2004, 'Remodeling of the chronic severely failing ischemic sheep heart after coronary microembolization: functional, energetic, structural, and cellular responses', American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, vol. 286, no. 6, pp. H2141-H2150.
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The mandatory use of pharmacotherapy in human heart failure (HF) impedes further study of natural history and remodeling mechanisms. We created a sheep model of chronic, severe, ischemic HF [left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF) <35% stable over 4 wk] by selective coronary microembolization under general anesthesia and followed hemodynamic, energetic, neurohumoral, structural, and cellular responses over 6 mo. Thirty-eight sheep were induced into HF (58% success), with 23 sheep followed for 6 mo (21 sheep with sufficient data for analysis) after the LVEF stabilized (median of 3 embolizations). Early doubling of LV end-diastolic pressure persisted, as did increases in LV end-diastolic volume, LV wall stress, and LV wall thinning. Contractile impairment (LV end-systolic elastance, LV preload recruitable stroke work, and dobutamine-responsive contractile reserve) and diastolic dysfunction also remained stable. Cardiac mechanical energy efficiency did not recover. Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide levels remained elevated, but rises in plasma aldosterone and renin activity were transient. Collagen content increased 170%, the type I-to-III phenotype ratio doubled in the LV, but right ventricular collagen remained unaltered. Fas ligand cytokine levels correlated with expression of both caspase-3 and -2, suggesting a link in the apoptotic “death cascade.” Caspase-3 activity also bore a close relationship to LV meridional wall stress calculated from echocardiographic and intraventricular pressure measurements. We concluded that the stability of chronic untreated severe ischemic HF depends on the recruitment of myocardial remodeling mechanisms that involve an interaction among hemodynamic load, contractile efficiency/energetics, neurohumoral activation, response of the extracellular matrix, wall stress, and the myocyte apoptotic pathway.

Hulbert, AJ, Usher, MJ & Wallman, JF 2004, 'Food consumption and individual lifespan of adults of the blowfly, Calliphora stygia: a test of the ‘rate of living’ theory of aging', Experimental Gerontology, vol. 39, no. 10, pp. 1485-1490.
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Huntriss, J, Hinkins, M, Oliver, B, Harris, SE, Beazley, JC, Rutherford, AJ, Gosden, RG, Lanzendorf, SE & Picton, HM 2004, 'Expression of mRNAs for DNA methyltransferases and methyl-CpG-binding proteins in the human female germ line, preimplantation embryos, and embryonic stem cells', Molecular Reproduction and Development, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 323-336.
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Jermiin, LS, Ho, SYW, Ababneh, F, Robinson, J & Larkum, AWD 2004, 'The Biasing Effect of Compositional Heterogeneity on Phylogenetic Estimates May be Underestimated', Systematic Biology, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 638-643.
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Jia, YJ, Gu, HY & Xi, YG 2004, 'Quick taboo search algorithm for solving PDPTW problem', Kongzhi yu Juece/Control and Decision, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 57-60.
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A quick taboo search algorithm is proposed to solve the pickup and delivery problem with time windows (PDPTW) with the reality scale and complexity. The approach is composed of two parts: creating the initial solution and improving the solution. In the first phase, the insert algorithm is used to create the initial solution and in the second phase, the taboo search is applied to improve the solution. Two cases with the reality scale and complexity are created to test the algorithm. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm is effective and quick to solve such PDPTW problems.

Jiang, X, Williams, KM, Liauw, WS, Ammit, AJ, Roufogalis, BD, Duke, CC, Day, RO & McLachlan, AJ 2004, 'Effect of St John's wort and ginseng on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects', British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 592-599.
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Jiang, X, Williams, KM, Liauw, WS, Ammit, AJ, Roufogalis, BD, Duke, CC, Day, RO & McLachlan, AJ 2004, 'Errata', British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 102-102.
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Johnston, MB, Dowd, A, Driver, R, Linfield, EH, Davies, AG & Whittaker, DM 2004, 'Emission of collimated THz pulses from photo-excited semiconductors', SEMICONDUCTOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. S449-S451.
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It is shown experimentally that surface-field terahertz (THz) emitters can produce well-collimated beams of THz radiation, making them useful devices for time-domain spectroscopy applications. Simulations of the carrier-dynamics are used to explain the mechanism of THz generation in InAs and GaAs, and it is shown that inter-valley scattering of electrons must be considered in order to fully describe THz emission from InAs.

Jones, AC, Milthorpe, B, Averdunk, H, Limaye, A, Senden, TJ, Sakellariou, A, Sheppard, AP, Sok, RM, Knackstedt, MA, Brandwood, A, Rohner, D & Hutmacher, DW 2004, 'Analysis of 3D bone ingrowth into polymer scaffolds via micro-computed tomography imaging', BIOMATERIALS, vol. 25, no. 20, pp. 4947-4954.
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This paper illustrates the utility of micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) to study the process of tissue engineered bone growth. A micro-CT facility for imaging and visualising biomaterials in three dimensions (3D) is described. The facility is capable of acquiring 3D images made up of 20003 voxels on specimens up to 60 mm in extent with resolutions down to 2 ?m. This allows the 3D structure of tissue engineered materials to be imaged across three orders of magnitude of detail. The capabilities of micro-CT are demonstrated by imaging the Haversian network within human femoral cortical bone (distal diaphysis) and bone ingrowth into a porous scaffold at varying resolutions. Phase identification combined with 3D visualisation enables one to observe the complex topology of the canalicular system of the cortical bone. Imaging of the tissue engineered bone at a scale of 1 cm and resolutions of 10 ?m allows visualisation of the complex ingrowth of bone into the polymer scaffold. Further imaging at 2 ?m resolution allows observation of bone ultra-structure. These observations illustrate the benefits of tomography over traditional techniques for the characterisation of bone morphology and interconnectivity and performs a complimentary role to current histomorphometric techniques.

Jones, AC, Sakellariou, A, Limaye, A, Arns, CH, Senden, TJ, Sawkins, T, Knackstedt, MA, Rohner, D, Hutmacher, DW, Brandwood, A & Milthorpe, BK 2004, 'Investigation of microstructural features in regenerating bone using micro computed tomography', JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE-MATERIALS IN MEDICINE, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 529-532.
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Jones, AC, Sheppard, AP, Sok, RM, Arns, CH, Limaye, A, Averdunk, H, Brandwood, A, Sakellariou, A, Senden, TJ, Milthorpe, BK & Knackstedt, MA 2004, 'Three-dimensional analysis of cortical bone structure using X-ray micro-computed tomography', PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, vol. 339, no. 1-2, pp. 125-130.
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We demonstrate the capability of X-ray micro-computed tomography to image the micro-structure of human cortical bone. At 5 ?m voxel size we observe the complex morphology of the Haversian network in three dimensions. The local thickness of Haversian canals is measured using a maximal sphere algorithm and found to have a bimodal signature and a mean radius of 19.2 ?m. The intra-cortical porosity due to Haversian canals is measured as 3.0%. Both results are in agreement with traditional histomorphometric measurements. We show that at higher resolutions one can resolve the spatial distribution of lacunae in cortical bone.

Jones, PM & George, AM 2004, 'The ABC transporter structure and mechanism: perspectives on recent research', Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (CMLS), vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 682-699.
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ATP-binding cassetee (ABC) transporters are multidomain integral membrane proteins that utilise the energy of ATP hydrolysis to translocate solutes across cellular membranes in all phyla. ABC transporters form one of the largest of all protein families and are central to many important biomedical phenomena, including resistance of cancers and pathogenic mocribes to drugs. Elucidation of the sturcture and mechanism of ABC transporters is essential to the rational design of agents to control their fuctiom. While a wealth of high-resolution structures of ABC proteins have been produced in recent years, many fundamental questions regarding the protein's mechanism remain unasnwered. I this review, we examine the recent structural data concerning ABC transporters and related proteins in te ligh of other experimental and theoretical data, and discuss these data in relation to current ideas concerning the transporters' molecular mechanism.

Jonsson, JC, Karlsson, L, Nostell, P, Niklasson, GA & Smith, GB 2004, 'Angle-dependent light scattering in materials with controlled diffuse solar optical properties', SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS, vol. 84, no. 1-4, pp. 427-439.
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Light scattering plays a prominent role in a wide range of energy-efficient materials and solar applications. Some examples are materials for daylighting, diffusely reflecting sunscreens, foils for radiative cooling and nanocrystalline solar cells. Measurements of the angular profile of light scattering are very useful for obtaining a detailed characterization of the light scattering mechanisms. We review recent theoretical results on the forward and backward light scattering profiles. Forward scattering is of major importance for novel pigmented polymeric daylighting materials. Measurements of scattering profiles are in good agreement with Mie theory. Backscattering profiles from highly diffusely reflecting paints containing titanium oxide-based pigments have also been measured. It seems that scattering from the paint surface dominates at low pigment volume fractions. Results for paints with high pigment volume fractions are interpreted in terms of coherent backscattering effects from the pigment particles.

Jonsson, JC, Smith, GB & Niklasson, GA 2004, 'Experimental and Monte Carlo analysis of isotropic multiple Mie scattering', OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 240, no. 1-3, pp. 9-17.
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This paper demonstrates patterns in the multiple scattering behavior of three test cases, of which one is verified experimentally. Mie scattering patterns are known to emerge when the scattering angle is plotted versus the dimensionless parameter qR, where q is the scattering wave vector for a single particle, and R is the radius of the scattering particle. The power-law behavior of single scattering is modified, but not completely destroyed, when translated to multiple scattering situations. The predicted behavior is seen in translucent sheets, where transparent refractive index matched micro (TRIMM) particles scatter light, a case which is ideal to model with Mie scattering.

Jordanides, XJ, Scholes, GD, Shapley, WA, Reimers, JR & Fleming, GR 2004, 'Electronic couplings and energy transfer dynamics in the oxidized primary electron donor of the bacterial reaction center', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B, vol. 108, no. 5, pp. 1753-1765.
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Jorgensen, MF, Murray, S & Daugbjerg, N 2004, 'A new genus of athecate interstitial dinoflagellates, Togula gen. nov., previously encompassed within Amphidinium sensu lato: Inferred from light and electron microscopy and phylogenetic analyses of partial large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences', PHYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 284-299.

Jorgensen, MF, Murray, S & Daugbjerg, N 2004, 'Amphidinium revisited. I. Redefinition of Amphidinium (Dinophyceae) based on cladistic and molecular phylogenetic analyses', JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 351-365.
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Jorgensen, MF, Murray, S & Daugbjerg, N 2004, 'Amphidinium revisited. I. Redefinition of Amphidinium (Dinophyceae) based on cladistic and molecular phylogenetic analyses (vol 40, pg 351, 2004)', JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 1181-1181.
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Karmaus, W & Zhu, X 2004, 'Maternal concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls and dichlorodiphenyl dichlorethylene and birth weight in Michigan fish eaters: a cohort study', Environmental Health, vol. 3, no. 1.
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Kelly, L, Platen, E & Sorensen, M 2004, 'Estimation for discretely observed diffusions using transform functions', Journal Of Applied Probability, vol. 41, no. A, pp. 99-118.

Kendall, PC & Ollendick, TH 2004, 'Setting the research and practice agenda for anxiety in children and adolescence: A topic comes of age', Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 65-74.
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Select research and practice issues that merit further attention are described. Specifically, we argue that the pathways for profitable research include studies of normative development, assessment and diagnostic considerations, the role of parents, and the ways to optimize the conduct and evaluation of treatment. At present, the field is too uninformed about the development of emotions (e.g., anxiety) and emotion regulation, about adolescence and particular vulnerabilities associated with adolescence, and about the longitudinal course of anxiety in youth. Improved measures, as well as a better understanding of and recommended solutions for parent-child disagreements are needed. How do parents maintain distressing anxiety in their children, and what is the optimal role for parents in the treatment of anxious children? The role of parents may vary across development, and there may be differential advantages and disadvantages for younger children, middle-aged children, and adolescents, and for the different types of anxiety disorders. Although cognitive-behavioral therapy is a probably efficacious treatment, and well on its way to becoming a well-established treatment, much more information is needed about the potential role of medications and the merits of enhancing the therapeutic alliance. Our discussion focuses on mapping the further evolution and maturation of the field of child anxiety.

Khoury, P, Tuch, BE & Simpson, AM 2004, 'Dynamics Of Insulin Release From Transplanted Genetically Engineered Liver Cells', Immunology And Cell Biology, vol. 82, no. 2, pp. 1-1.
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Klanten, SO, Herwerden, LV, Choat, JH & Blair, D 2004, 'Patterns of lineage diversification in the genus Naso (Acanthuridae)', Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 221-235.
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Kopalko, K, Godlewski, M, Guziewicz, E, Lusakowska, E, Paszkowicz, W, Domagala, J, Dynowska, E, Szczerbakow, A, Wojcik, A & Phillips, MR 2004, 'Monocrystalline thin films of ZnSe and ZnO grown by atomic layer epitaxy', VACUUM, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 269-272.
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We report on the growth of monocrystalline thin films of ZnSe and ZnO by atomic layer epitaxy by simple reaction between elemental precursors. Structural and optical properties of these films are discussed with reference to the investigations performed witha tomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, cathodoluminescence and photoluminescence.

Kopalko, K, Godlewski, M, Lusakowska, E, Paszkowicz, W, Domagala, JZ, Szczerbakow, A, Ivanov, VY, Godlewski, MM & Phillips, MR 2004, 'Monocrystalline ZnO films grown by atomic layer epitaxy - growth and characterization', 11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON II-VI COMPOUNDS (II-VI 2003), PROCEEDINGS, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 892-895.
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We report successful growth of thin films ZnO by atomic layer epitaxy (ALE). Properties of the ZnO films grown by ALE on GaN/sapphire are described in relation to those grown by the same sequential procedure on uncoated sapphire and glass substrates.

Labbate, M, Queck, SY, Koh, KS, Rice, SA, Givskov, M & Kjelleberg, S 2004, 'Quorum Sensing-Controlled Biofilm Development in Serratia liquefaciens MG1', Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 186, no. 3, pp. 692-698.
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ABSTRACT Serratia liquefaciens MG1 contains an N- acylhomoserine lactone-mediated quorum-sensing system that is known to regulate swarming motility colonization. In this study, we describe for S. liquefaciens MG1 the development of a novel biofilm consisting of cell aggregates and differentiated cell types, such as cell chains and long filamentous cells. Furthermore, quorum sensing is shown to be crucial for normal biofilm development and for elaborate differentiation. A mutant of S. liquefaciens MG1 that was incapable of synthesizing extracellular signal formed a thin and nonmature biofilm lacking cell aggregates and differentiated cell chains. Signal-based complementation of this mutant resulted in a biofilm with the wild-type architecture. Two quorum-sensing-regulated genes ( bsmA and bsmB ) involved in biofilm development were identified, and we propose that these genes are engaged in fine-tuning the formation of cell aggregates at a specific point in biofilm development.

Lalor, DJ, Truong, B, Henness, S, Blake, AE, Ge, Q, Ammit, AJ, Armour, CL & Hughes, JM 2004, 'Mechanisms of serum potentiation of GM-CSF production by human airway smooth muscle cells', American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, vol. 287, no. 5, pp. L1007-L1016.
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Inflammation and vascular leakage are prevalent in asthma. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms involved in serum potentiation of cytokine-induced granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) production by human airway smooth muscle cells and to identify possible factors responsible. Serum-deprived cells at low density were stimulated with TNF-α and IL-1β for 24 h. Human AB serum (10%), inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis or specific signaling molecules, or known smooth muscle mitogens were then added for 24 h. Culture supernatants were analyzed for GM-CSF levels, and cells were harvested to assess viability, cell cycle progression, GM-CSF-specific mRNA content, and p38 phosphorylation. Serum potentiated GM-CSF release when added before, together with (maximal), or after the cytokines. The potentiation involved both new GM-CSF-specific mRNA production and protein synthesis. The mitogens IGF, PDGF, and thrombin all potentiated GM-CSF release, and neutralizing antibodies for EGF, IGF, and PDGF reduced the serum potentiation. Inhibitor studies ruled as unlikely the involvement of p70S6kinase and the MAPK p42/p44, two signaling pathways implicated in proliferation, and the involvement of the MAPK JNK, while establishing roles for p38 MAPK and NF-κB in the potentiation of GM-CSF release. Detection of significant p38 phosphorylation in response to serum stimulation, through Western blotting, further demonstrated the involvement of p38. These studies have provided evidence to support p38 being targeted to interrupt the cycle of inflammation, vascular leakage and cytokine production in asthma.

Lambropoulos, NA, Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2004, 'Flanged nanotube-electrode junctions', NANOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 1226-1232.
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Langford, NK, Dalton, RB, Harvey, MD, O’Brien, JL, Pryde, GJ, Gilchrist, A, Bartlett, SD & White, AG 2004, 'Measuring Entangled Qutrits and Their Use for Quantum Bit Commitment', Physical Review Letters, vol. 93, no. 5.
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Langford, SJ & Lau, V-L 2004, 'A Three Component Metalloporphyrin Assembly', Australian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 29-29.
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A novel dialkylammonium salt 1 · PF6, bearing a pyridyl group, has been employed as a structural motif for the efficient one-pot self-assembly of a three-component system comprising dibenzo-[24]crown-8, 1 · PF6, and zinc(II) 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin. The resulting metalloporphyrin assembly has been characterized in solution by 1H NMR spectroscopy and ESIMS and serves as a model to more elaborate multichromophoric systems.

Langford, SJ & Woodward, CP 2004, 'Six-Sided Heptaporphyrin Array: Towards a Nano-Sized Cube', Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications, vol. 69, no. 5, pp. 996-1008.
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A strategy in preparing a family of hexameric porphyrin cubes based on the interplay of Sn(IV)-O and Ru(II)-N interactions is described. In this first iteration, we have prepared the heptamer [SnIV(TPyP)·(4)2][Ru(CO)(TPP)]6 (4 = (E)-(3-(4-pyridyl)acrylate)) constituting a 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-pyridyl)porphyrin (TPyP) core and 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) faces and compared its formation by stepwise and 'one-pot' strategies where up to nine components are assembled in a single step in a regiospecific manner. In one example, the heptamer is formed around the template [SnIV(TPyP)·(4)2] bearing pyridine groups in which the nitrogens radiate octahedrally along each vertex. The ability to modulate the axial vertex through choice of pyridine is also demonstrated. 1H NMR measurements on [SnIV(TPyP)·(4)2][Ru(CO)(TPP)]6 indicate that the protons on the core template are extremely shielded as a result of the anisotropy of the peripheral porphyrin units. Various NMR techniques, including NOESY experiments, have been used to characterise the heptamer in solution.

Langtry, T, Botten, LC, Asatryan, AA, Byrne, MA & Bourgeois, A 2004, 'Localisation and disorder in the design of 2D photonic crystal devices', ANZIAM Journal, vol. 45, pp. 744-758.
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Photonic crystals are meta-materials that can inhibit the propagation of light in all directions for specific wavelength ranges. Material or structural defects can be introduced into the crystal to cause localised modes, providing the ability to mould the flow of light on the wavelength scale and allowing the development of miniaturised, integrated photonic devices. For this reason, photonic crystals will likely be key building blocks for future micro-optical and communication technology. In this paper, we examine the Bloch mode modelling of 2D photonic crystal structures with application to the analysis of photonic crystal waveguides and their susceptibility to disorder, which provides a framework for studying fabrication tolerances in realistic devices.

Lapine, M & Gorkunov, M 2004, 'Three-wave coupling of microwaves in metamaterial with nonlinear resonant conductive elements', Physical Review E, vol. 70, no. 6.
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Lategan, MJ, Torpy, FR & Gibson, LF 2004, 'Biocontrol of saprolegniosis in silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell) by Aeromonas media strain A199', AQUACULTURE, vol. 235, no. 1-4, pp. 77-88.
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The potential of Aeromonas media strain UTS A199 as a candidate for the biocontrol of winter saprolegniosis was tested during a winter outbreak in a farm and in a laboratory challenge trial on silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus Mitchell. The dialy addition of A199 to tanks during the winter outbreak of saprolegniosis resulted in a significant increase (p<0.05) in fish survival. Close monitoring of fish revealed that A199 treatments halted the progress o the disease by inhibition of hyphal growth within lesions and cyst germination. In a laboratory-based challenge of perch by exposure to highnumbers of cysts and zoospores of Saprolegnia parasitica, the presence of A199 in the tank water delayed the onset of the disease but, ultimately could not protect the fish from the disease under these conditions.

Lategan, MJ, Torpy, FR & Gibson, LF 2004, 'Biocontrol of saprolegniosis in silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell) by Aeromonas media strain A199', Aquaculture, vol. 235, pp. 71-88.

Lategan, MJ, Torpy, FR & Gibson, LF 2004, 'Control of saprolegniosis in the eel Anguilla australis Richardson, by Aeromonas media strain A199', AQUACULTURE, vol. 240, no. 1-4, pp. 19-27.
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Lategan, MJ, Torpy, FR & Gibson, LF 2004, 'Control of saprolegniosis in the eel, Anguilla australis Richardson, by Aeromonas media strain A199', Aquaculture, vol. 240, pp. 19-27.

Latroche, M, Percheron-Guégan, A & Notten, PHL 2004, 'Structural, thermodynamic and electrochemical properties of over-stoichiometric La1−y(Ni1−zSnz)5+2y hydride forming compounds', Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 377, no. 1-2, pp. 133-140.
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The structural properties of four tin substituted La1-y(Ni 1-zSnz)5+2y compounds have been investigated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and microprobe analysis as a function of both tin amount (z) and over-stoichiometry (y). Their thermodynamic behaviour toward hydrogen gas absorption/desorption has been measured up to 1MPa. Their electrochemical capacities and cycle lives have been determined. From these analyses, the different behaviour observed for these materials have been correlated to their structural and thermodynamic properties. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Lee, HS, Matthews, CJ, Braddock, RD, Sander, GC & Gandola, F 2004, 'A MATLAB method of lines template for transport equations', Environmental Modelling & Software, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 603-614.
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Many environmental problems involve diffusion and convection processes, which can be described by partial differential equations (PDEs). This paper will describe the development of a MATLAB template that generates a numerical solution to PDEs using the method of lines. The template will be applied to various unsaturated flow problems within soil physics to demonstrate the versatility of the method. In particular, the template will generate solutions for three cases (1) one-dimensional Richards' equation for vertical infiltration; (2) coupled one-dimensional Richards' equation and solute transport equation for horizontal water and contaminant flow; and (3) two-dimensional Richard's equation for unsaturated flow over a complex geometry. Where possible, the results from the template will be compared against analytical solutions to determine the accuracy of the numerical solution. In addition, the paper will provide a discussion on possible extensions to the template and future directions. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Lenzen, M, Dey, CJ & Murray, SA 2004, 'Historical accountability and cumulative impacts: the treatment of time in corporate sustainability reporting', ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS, vol. 51, no. 3-4, pp. 237-250.
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Leslie, LM & Speer, MS 2004, 'Preliminary modelling results of an urban air quality model verifying the prediction of nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and ozone over the Sydney basin', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 87, no. 1-3, pp. 89-92.
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Liang, H, Wang, S, Robins, JM & Carroll, RJ 2004, 'Estimation in Partially Linear Models With Missing Covariates', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 99, no. 466, pp. 357-367.
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Lin, X 2004, 'Equivalent kernels of smoothing splines in nonparametric regression for clustered/longitudinal data', Biometrika, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 177-193.
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Liu, B, Thomas, PS, Klimesch, DS & Ray, A 2004, 'Fourier transform infrared evaluation of autoclaved cellulose fibre pulps used in cement-based building materials', ADVANCES IN CEMENT RESEARCH, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 131-136.
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Liu, B, Thomas, PS, Ray, AS & Williams, RP 2004, 'The effect of sampling conditions on the thermal decomposition of electrolytic manganese dioxide', JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 115-122.
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The effect of sampling conditions on the decomposition of electrolytic manganese dioxide using thermal methods is reported. Significant differences were observed in the mechanism of the decomposition by simply changing the reaction environment from a closed pan to an open pan configuration. The purge gas atmosphere was also observed to influence the decomposition mechanism. As a product of the decomposition is oxygen, the change in the mechanism observed between the experimental conditions may be explained in terms of the ease of removal of oxygen from the reaction site.

Liu, H, Wu, YP, Rahm, E, Holze, R & Wu, HQ 2004, 'Cathode materials for lithium ion batteries prepared by sol-gel methods', JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE ELECTROCHEMISTRY, vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 450-466.
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Improving the preparation technology and electrochemical performance of cathode materials for lithium ion batteries is a current major focus of research and development in the areas of materials, power sources and chemistry. Sol-gel methods are promising candidates to prepare cathode materials owing to their evident advantages over traditional methods. In this paper, the latest progress on the preparation of cathode materials such as lithium cobalt oxides, lithium nickel oxides, lithium manganese oxides, vanadium oxides and other compounds by sol-gel methods is reviewed, and further directions are pointed out. The prepared products provide better electrochemical performance, including reversible capacity, cycling behavior and rate capability in comparison with those from traditional solid-state reactions. The main reasons are due to the following several factors: homogeneous mixing at the atomic or molecular level, lower synthesis temperature, shorter heating time, better crystallinity, uniform particle distribution and smaller particle size at the nanometer level. As a result, the structural stability of the cathode materials and lithium intercalation and deintercalation behavior are much improved. These methods can also be used to prepare novel types of cathode materials such as nanowires of LiCoO 2 and nanotubes of V 2O 5, which cannot be easily obtained by traditional methods. With further development and application of sol-gel methods, better and new cathode materials will become available and the advance of lithium ion batteries will be greatly promoted.

Liu, S, Leslie, LM, Speer, M, Bunker, R & Mo, X 2004, 'The effects of bushfires on hydrological processes using a paired-catchment analysis', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 86, no. 1-2, pp. 31-44.
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Lubin, JH, Schafer, DW, Ron, E, Stovall, M & Carroll, RJ 2004, 'A Reanalysis of Thyroid Neoplasms in the Israeli Tinea Capitis Study Accounting for Dose Uncertainties', Radiation Research, vol. 161, no. 3, pp. 359-368.
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Macinnis-Ng, CMO & Ralph, PJ 2004, 'In situ impact of multiple pulses of metal and herbicide on the seagrass, Zostera capricorni', AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 227-237.
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MacIntyre, HL, Lomas, MW, Cornwell, J, Suggett, DJ, Gobler, CJ, Koch, EW & Kana, TM 2004, 'Mediation of benthic–pelagic coupling by microphytobenthos: an energy- and material-based model for initiation of blooms of Aureococcus anophagefferens', Harmful Algae, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 403-437.
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We present a conceptual model for initiation of blooms of the estuarine brown-tide pelagophyte Aureococcus anophagefferens. The model is based on the observation that in addition to its well-documented stimulation by organic nutrients, Aureococcus is pie

Maclurcan, D, Ford, M & Cortie, M 2004, 'Rectifying nanotechnology confusion and redirecting focus', Physicist, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 84-85.

Maclurcan, D, Ford, M & Cortie, MB 2004, 'The confusion surrounding nanotechnology', Materials Australia, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 24-25.

Macnamara, JR 2004, 'The crucial role of research in multicultural and cross‐cultural communication', Journal of Communication Management, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 322-334.
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This paper examines cultural considerations specifically in the field of public relations and corporate communication in the Asia Pacific region which is comprised of a diverse range of cultures and has been identified as the largest market in the world. Thus, it is increasingly a focal point of global communication campaigns

Mai-Prochnow, A, Evans, F, Dalisay-Saludes, D, Stelzer, S, Egan, S, James, S, Webb, JS & Kjelleberg, S 2004, 'Biofilm Development and Cell Death in the Marine Bacterium Pseudoalteromonas tunicata', Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 70, no. 6, pp. 3232-3238.
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ABSTRACT The newly described green-pigmented bacterium Pseudoalteromonas tunicata (D2) produces target-specific inhibitory compounds against bacteria, algae, fungi, and invertebrate larvae and is frequently found in association with living surfaces in the marine environment. As part of our studies on the ecology of P. tunicata and its interaction with marine surfaces, we examined the ability of P. tunicata to form biofilms under continuous culture conditions within the laboratory. P. tunicata biofilms exhibited a characteristic architecture consisting of differentiated microcolonies surrounded by water channels. Remarkably, we observed a repeatable pattern of cell death during biofilm development of P. tunicata , similar to that recently reported for biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (J. S. Webb et al., J. Bacteriol. 185: 4585-4595, 2003). Killing and lysis occurred inside microcolonies, apparently resulting in the formation of voids within these structures. A subpopulation of viable cells was always observed within the regions of killing in the biofilm. Moreover, extensive killing in mature biofilms appeared to result in detachment of the biofilm from the substratum. A novel 190-kDa autotoxic protein produced by P. tunicata , designated AlpP, was found to be involved in this biofilm killing and detachment. A Δ alpP mutant derivative of P. tunicata was generated, and this mutant did not show cell death during b...

Mallinckrodt, CH, Kaiser, CJ, Watkin, JG, Detke, MJ, Molenberghs, G & Carroll, RJ 2004, 'Type I error rates from likelihood-based repeated measures analyses of incomplete longitudinal data', Pharmaceutical Statistics, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 171-186.
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Mallinckrodt, CH, Kaiser, CJ, Watkin, JG, Molenberghs, G & Carroll, RJ 2004, 'The effect of correlation structure on treatment contrasts estimated from incomplete clinical trial data with likelihood-based repeated measures compared with last observation carried forward ANOVA', Clinical Trials, vol. 1, no. 6, pp. 477-489.
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Valid analyses of longitudinal data can be problematic, particularly when subjects dropout prior to completing the trial for reasons related to the outcome. Regulatory agencies often favor the last observation carried forward (LOCF) approach for imputing missing values in the primary analysis of clinical trials. However, recent evidence suggests that likelihood-based analyses developed under the missing at random framework provide viable alternatives. The within-subject error correlation structure is often the means by which such methods account for the bias from missing data. The objective of this study was to extend previous work that used only one correlation structure by including several common correlation structures in order to assess the effect of the correlation structure in the data, and how it is modeled, on Type I error rates and power from a likelihood-based repeated measures analysis (MMRM), using LOCF for comparison. Data from four realistic clinical trial scenarios were simulated using autoregressive, compound symmetric and unstructured correlation structures. When the correct correlation structure was fit, MMRM provided better control of Type I error and power than LOCF. Although misfitting the correlation structure in MMRM inflated Type I error and altered power, misfitting the structure was typically less deleterious than using LOCF. In fact, simply specifying an unstructured matrix for use in MMRM, regardless of the true correlation structure, yielded superior control of Type I error than LOCF in every scenario. The present and previous investigations have shown that the bias in LOCF is influenced by several factors and interactions between them. Hence, it is difficult to precisely anticipate the direction and magnitude of bias from LOCF in practical situations. However, in scenarios where the overall tendency is for patient improvement, LOCF tends to: 1) overestimate a drug's advantage when dropout is higher in the comparator and unde...

Matthews, CJ, Braddock, RD & Sander, GC 2004, 'Modeling Flow Through a One-Dimensional Multi-Layered Soil Profile Using the Method of Lines', Environmental Modeling & Assessment, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 103-113.
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The vertical flow of water through horizontal layers of soil is considered using the Method of Lines. Continuity of mass principles are used to develop the interface boundary conditions, by introducing fictitious points at the interface, and the boundary conditions are handled using explicit and iterative approximations. Both the pressure based, and the water content based forms of Richards' equation are solved using the Method of Lines. The solutions obtained are compared with some particular analytic solutions obtained from the literature, and the results show that good accuracy can be achieved. It is also shown that the water content model can handle a large discontinuity at the interface when compared against the analytical solution. This result is also confirmed against a numerical example from the literature, and was effective for relatively dry initial conditions.

Matz, C, Bergfeld, T, Rice, SA & Kjelleberg, S 2004, 'Microcolonies, quorum sensing and cytotoxicity determine the survival of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms exposed to protozoan grazing', Environmental Microbiology, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 218-226.
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McCarthy, E, Stack, C, Donnelly, SM, Doyle, S, Mann, VH, Brindley, PJ, Stewart, M, Day, TA, Maule, AG & Dalton, JP 2004, 'Leucine aminopeptidase of the human blood flukes, Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 703-714.
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An array of schistosome endoproteases involved in the digestion of host hemoglobin to absorbable peptides has been described, but the exoprotease responsible for catabolising these peptides to amino acids has yet to be identified. By searching the public databases we found that Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum express a gene encoding a member of the M17 family of leucine aminopeptidases (LAPs). A functional recombinant S. mansoni LAP produced in insect cells shared biochemical properties, including pH optimum for activity, substrate specificity and reliance on metal cations for activity, with the major aminopeptidase activity in soluble extracts of adult worms. The pH range in which the enzyme functions and the lack of a signal peptide indicate that the enzyme functions intracellularly. Immunolocalisation studies showed that the S. mansoni LAP is synthesised in the gastrodermal cells surrounding the gut lumen. Accordingly, we propose that peptides generated in the lumen of the schistosome gut are absorbed into the gastrodermal cells and are cleaved by LAP to free amino acids before being distributed to the internal tissues of the parasite. Since LAP was also localised to the surface tegument it may play an additional role in surface membrane re-modelling.

McCutcheon, AL, Kannangara, GSK, Wilson, MA & Ben-Nissan, B 2004, 'Preliminary analysis of pore distributions using NMR in natural coral and hydrothermally prepared hydroxyapatite', Journal of Materials Science, vol. 39, no. 18, pp. 5711-5717.
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Pore size distributions in an Australian coral from Goniopora sp have been measured by mercury intrusion, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A significant result is that NMR predicts nanopores which could be seen visibly. The methods give similar results as mercury intrusion for large pores around 100um but differ for smaller pores. Differences between NMR and mercury intrusion are equated using a non linear sigmoidal regression model. The NMR method was also compared with mercury intrusion methods to measure pore sizes on hydroxyapatite conversion products which have promise as bio-implants. Differences between samples due to errors in the methodology are discussed. Together all three methods are shown to complement each other.

McDonnell, CM, Benn, DE, Marsh, DJ, Robinson, BG & Zacharin, MR 2004, 'K40E: a novel succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)B mutation causing familial phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma', Clinical Endocrinology, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 510-514.
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McPhedran, RC, Botten, LC, McOrist, J, Asatryan, AA, De Sterke, CM & Nicorovici, NA 2004, 'Density of states functions for photonic crystals', Physical Review E - Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics, vol. 69, no. 1 2, pp. 166091-1660916.
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The electromagnetic calculation of density of states functions for photonic crystals in the context of the two-dimensional problem for arrays of cylinders of arbitary cross section were discussed. A connection between mutual density of states (MDOS), LDOS and SDOS with the conventional density of states was established which only depended on frequency. This function could be used to calculate both the local density of states (LDOS), which gives position information for emission of radiation and the spectral density of states (SDOS) which gives angular information. It was found that the mutual density of states provides a formal framework for the construction of the other density of states functions (LDOS, SDOS and DOS).

McPhedran, RC, Botten, LC, McOrist, J, Asatryan, AA, de Sterke, CM & Nicorovici, NA 2004, 'Density of states functions for photonic crystals', PHYSICAL REVIEW E, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 1-16.
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We discuss density of states functions for photonic crystals, in the context of the two-dimensional problem for arrays of cylinders of arbitrary cross section. We introduce the mutual density of states (MDOS), and show that this function can be used to calculate both the local density of states (LDOS), which gives position information for emission of radiation from photonic crystals, and the spectral density of states (SDOS), which gives angular information. We establish the connection between MDOS, LDOS, SDOS and the conventional density of states, which depends only on frequency. We relate all four functions to the band structure and propagating states within the crystal, and give numerical examples of the relation between band structure and density of states functions.

McPhedran, RC, Smith, GH, Nicorovici, NA & Botten, LC 2004, 'Distributive and analytic properties of lattice sums', JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS, vol. 45, no. 7, pp. 2560-2578.
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McPherson, S, Eamus, D & Murray, BR 2004, 'Seasonal impacts on leaf attributes of several tree species growing in three diverse ecosystems of south-eastern Australia', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 293-301.
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Patterns of leaf attributes were examined for six woody species growing in a eucalypt woodland, a mangorve, or a heathland in coastal NSW, Australia, during winter and summer. It was found that the rate of assimilation per unit of dry mass (Amass) of the mangrove species was largest, woodland species exhibiting an intermedaite rate and heathland species the smallest values of Amass. Mean habitat Amass did not change from winter to summer in the woodland or mangrove species but increased significantly in the heathland species. Averag specific leaf area (SLA) was largest for the mangrove species and smallest for the heathland species, with woodland species showing intermediate values. SLA of all species within a habitat did not change from winter to summer.Mean foliar nitrogen content (Nmass of the mangrove species was highest, intermediate for woodland species and lowest for heathland species. NMass was significantly related to Amass in both summer and winter and the individual slopes for this relationship in the summer and winter differed. In contrast, a common slope waws fitted to the relationship between SLA and Amass for the two seasons. A common slope between seasons was also shown for the relationship between SLA and NMass. There was no significant diffeence in slope elevation between summer and winter for the SLA v. Nmass relationship. Trends within relationships among leaf attributes were the same as those found for a wide range of plant species worldwide, but the absolute values were loer than those foudn elsewhere. Therefore the global relationships in terms of trends (positive or negative) that have been determined overseas apply in Australia but the elevation of th sloep and the magnitidue of the slope are reduced (Amass v. Nmass) or increased (Amass v. SLA and Nmass v. SLA) compared with global trends.

Meeker, JD, Ryan, L, Barr, DB, Herrick, RF, Bennett, DH, Bravo, R & Hauser, R 2004, 'The relationship of urinary metabolites of carbaryl/naphthalene and chlorpyrifos with human semen quality', ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES, vol. 112, no. 17, pp. 1665-1670.
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Most of the general population is exposed to carbaryl and other contemporary-use insecticides at low levels. Studies of laboratory animals, in addition to limited human data, show an association between carbaryl exposure and decreased semen quality. In the present study we explored whether environmental exposures to 1-naphthol (1N), a metabolite of carbaryl and naphthalene, and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY), a metabolite of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-methyl, are associated with decreased semen quality in humans. Subjects (n = 272) were recruited through a Massachusetts infertility clinic. Individual exposures were measured as spot urinary concentrations of 1N and TCPY adjusted using specific gravity. Semen quality was assessed as sperm concentration, percent motile sperm, and percent sperm with normal morphology, along with sperm motion parameters (straight-line velocity, curvilinear velocity, and linearity). Median TCPY and 1N concentrations were 3.22 and 3.19 mug/L, respectively. For increasing 1N tertiles, adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were significantly elevated for below-reference sperm concentration (OR for low, medium, and high tertiles = 1.0, 4.2, 4.2, respectively; p-value for trend = 0.01) and percent motile sperm (1.0, 2.5, 2.4; p-value for trend = 0.01). The sperm motion parameter most strongly associated with 1N was straight-line velocity. There were suggestive, borderline-significant associations for TCPY with sperm concentration and motility, whereas sperm morphology was weakly and nonsignificantly associated with both TCPY and 1N. The observed associations between altered semen quality and 1N are consistent with previous studies of carbaryl exposure, although suggestive associations with TCPY are difficult to interpret because human and animal data are currently limited.

Meeker, JD, Singh, NP, Ryan, L, Duty, SM, Barr, DB, Herrick, RF, Bennett, DH & Hauser, R 2004, 'Urinary levels of insecticide metabolites and DNA damage in human sperm', HUMAN REPRODUCTION, vol. 19, no. 11, pp. 2573-2580.
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Members of the general population are exposed to non-persistent insecticides at low levels. The present study explored whether environmental exposures to carbaryl and chlorpyrifos are associated with DNA damage in human sperm. METHODS: Subjects (n 5 260) were recruited through a Massachusetts infertility clinic. Individual exposures were measured as spot urinary metabolite concentrations of chlorpyrifos [3,5,6-trichloro-2- pyridinol (TCPY)] and carbaryl [1-naphthol (1N)], adjusted using specific gravity. Sperm DNA integrity was assessed by neutral comet assay and reported as comet extent, percentage DNA in comet tail (Tail%) and tail distributed moment (TDM). RESULTS: A statistically significant increase in Tail% was found for an interquartile range (IQR) increase in both 1N [coefficient 5 4.1; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.96.3] and TCPY (2.8; 0.9 4.6), while a decrease in TDM was associated with IQR changes in 1N (22.2; 24.9 to 0.5) and TCPY (22.5; 24.7 to 20.2). A negative correlation between Tail% and TDM was present only when stratified by comet extent, suggesting that Tail% and TDM may measure different types of DNA damage within comet extent strata. CONCLUSIONS: Environmental exposure to carbaryl and chlorpyrifos may be associated with increased DNA damage in human sperm, as indicated by a change in comet assay parameters.

Migocki, MD, Lewis, PJ, Wake, RG & Harry, EJ 2004, 'The midcell replication factory in Bacillus subtilis is highly mobile: implications for coordinating chromosome replication with other cell cycle events', Molecular Microbiology, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 452-463.
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During vegetative growth, rod-shaped bacterial cells such as Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis divide precisely at midcell. It is the Z ring that defines the position of the division site. We previously demonstrated that the early stages of chromosome replication are linked to midcell Z ring assembly in B. subtilis and proposed a direct role for the centrally located replication factory in masking and subsequently unmasking the midcell site for Z ring assembly. We now show that the replication factory is significantly more scattered about the cell centre than the Z ring in both vegetative cells and outgrown spores of B. subtilis. This finding is inconsistent with the midcell replication factory acting as a direct physical block to Z ring assembly. Time-lapse experiments demonstrated that the lower precision of replication factory positioning results from its high mobility around the cell centre. Various aspects of this mobility are presented and the results are discussed in the light of current views on the determinants of positional information required for accurate chromosome segregation and cell division

Mikajlo, EA, Dorsett, HE & Ford, MJ 2004, 'Trends in the band structures of the group-I and -II oxides', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 120, no. 22, pp. 10799-10806.
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Measured and calculated band structures for the six lightest group-I and -II oxides are reported. Band structures have been measured using electron momentum spectroscopy, a technique that maps the ground-state occupied orbitals resolved both in energy and momentum. Measurements are compared with first-principles calculations carried out within the linear combination of atomic orbitals approximation using both HartreeFock (HF) and density functional (DFT) methods. Three DFT functionals are used representative of the local density approximation, the generalized gradient approximation, and a hybrid method incorporating exact exchange. The calculated O 2p bandwidths and O 2p2s band gaps generally scale linearly with the inverse of the oxygenoxygen separation squared, but consistently show an anomaly at Li2O. These trends, including the anomaly, are also observed in the experimental data. HF calculations consistently overestimate the oxygen 2p2s band gap by almost a factor of two. Measured band gaps lie within the range of the three DFT functionals employed, with evidence that the description of exchange becomes more important as the cation size increases. Both HF and DFT calculations overestimate the oxygen valence bandwidths, with DFT giving more accurate predictions. Both observed and calculated bandwidths converge as the cation size increases, indicating that exchange-correlation effects become less important as the metallic ion becomes larger

Milev, AS, Kamali Kannangara, GS, Ben-Nissan, B & Wilson, MA 2004, 'Temperature Effects on a Hydroxyapatite Precursor Solution', The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 108, no. 18, pp. 5516-5521.
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Multinuclear NMR spectroscopy has been used to monitor synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HAp) from diethyl hydrogen phosphonate and calcium diethoxide in solution at two different temperatures. Acetyl 2-hydroxyethyl phosphonate, bis(2-hydroxyethyl) phosphonate, and acetyl ethyl phosphonate have been identified for the first time in this reaction solution as intermediates. The formation of these compounds is shown to be crucial in controlling the phase purity of the final hydroxyapatite product. A possible mechanism for the formation of acetyl 2-hydroxyethyl phosphonate is discussed.

Miller, PF & Peters, BA 2004, 'Overview of the public health implications of cockroaches and their management', New South Wales Public Health Bulletin, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 208-208.
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Miller, PF & Peters, BA 2004, 'Overview of the Public Health Implications of Cockroaches and their Management', NSW Public Health Bulletin, vol. 15, pp. 208-211.

Miller, S & Platen, E 2004, 'Two-Factor Model for Low Interest Rate Regimes', Asia-Pacific Financial Markets, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 107-133.
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This paper derives a two factor model for the term structure of interest rates that segments the yield curve in a natural way. The first factor involves modelling a non-negative short rate process that primarily determines the early part of the yield curve and is obtained as a truncated Gaussian short rate. The second factor mainly influences the later part of the yield curve via the market index. The market index proxies the growth optimal portfolio (GOP) and is modelled as a squared Bessel process of dimension four. Although this setup can be applied to any interest rate environment, this study focuses on the difficult but important case where the short rate stays close to zero for a prolonged period of time. For the proposed model, an equivalent risk neutral martingale measure is niether possible nor required. Hence we use the benchmark approach where the GOP is chosen as numeraire. Fair derivative prices are then calculated via conditional expectations under the real world probability measure. Using this methodology we derive pricing functions for zero coupon bonds and options on zero coupon bonds. The proposed model naturally generates yield curve shapes commonly observed in the market. More importantly, the model replicates the key features of the interest rate cap market for economies with low interest rate regimes. In particular, the implied volatility term structure displays a consistent downward slope from extremely high levels of volatility together with a distinct negative skew.

MITROVIC, S 2004, 'Anatoxin-a elicits an increase in peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase activity in aquatic plants', Aquatic Toxicology, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 185-192.
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Although the toxic effects of cyanotoxins on animals have been examined extensively, little research has focused on their effects on macrophytes and macroalgae. To date only microcystins have been found to be detrimental to aquatic plants. Peroxidase activity of the free floating aquatic plant Lemna minor and the filamentous macroalga Chladophora fracta was measured after exposure to several concentrations of the cyanotoxin, anatoxin-a. Peroxidase activity (POD) was significantly (P<0.05) increased after 4 days of exposure to an anatoxin-a concentration of 25 µg mL-1 for both L. minor and C. fracta. Peroxidase activity was not significantly increased at test concentrations of 15 µg mL-1 or lower. In another experiment, the effects of various concentrations of anatoxin-a on the detoxication enzyme, glutathione S-transferase (GST) in L. minor were investigated. GST activity was significantly elevated at anatoxin-a concentrations of 5 and 20 µg mL-1. Photosynthetic oxygen production by L. minor was also found to be reduced at these concentrations. This is the first report to our knowledge of the cyanotoxin anatoxin-a being harmful to aquatic plants.

Mitrovic, SM, Amandi, MF, McKenzie, L, Furey, A & James, KJ 2004, 'Effects of selenium, iron and cobalt addition to growth and yessotoxin production of the toxic marine dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum in culture', JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY, vol. 313, no. 2, pp. 337-351.
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he marine dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum has been recently identified as a source for the disulfated polyether toxin, yessotoxin (YTX), and may pose a risk to human health, aquaculture development and coastal environments. The requirements of P. reticulatum for selenium, iron and cobalt were assessed in culture. P. reticulatum was grown in nutrient enriched seawater (1/10 GP medium) without selenium or with 0.003 and 0.0003 µM selenium added; without iron or with 0.076 and 0.0076 µM iron added; and without cobalt or with 0.008 µM cobalt added. Test flasks were monitored for growth rate, cell yield and YTX production. P. reticulatum was found to exhibit a strong requirement for both selenium and iron. Growth rate and cell yield in treatments without added selenium were significantly (P<0.05) reduced to 60.2% (µ=0.15 day-1) and 20.2% (4942 cell ml-1), respectively, of those with selenium added (µ=0.23 day-1 and 24, 387 cell ml-1). YTX production was significantly increased by addition of selenium in two of three transfers tested. Cells of P. reticulatum subjected to medium without selenium added showed morphological changes observable at the light microscope level which included enlarged cell size. The diameter of cells in medium without selenium added were significantly (P<0.05) enlarged to 36.7±0.90 µm compared to cells in the medium with selenium added, 27.5±1.25 µm. Growth rate and cell yield in treatments without added iron were also significantly reduced to 70.1% (µ=0.16 day-1) and 34.2% (8003 cells ml-1), respectively, of those with iron added (µ=0.23 day-1 and 23,416 cells ml-1). No significant effect on YTX production was measured. In contrast to selenium and iron, no limitation of growth or cell yield or differences in YTX production were observed for flasks without cobalt as compared to those with cobalt added. The possibility that harmful algal events of P. reticulatum may be influenced by selenium or iron in neritic waters is discussed.

Mitrovic, SM, Pflugmacher, S, James, KJ & Furey, A 2004, 'Anatoxin-a elicits an increase in peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase activity in aquatic plants', AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 185-192.
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Molenberghs, G 2004, 'Analyzing incomplete longitudinal clinical trial data', Biostatistics, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 445-464.
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Mulcahy, G, O'Neill, S, Donnelly, S & Dalton, JP 2004, 'Helminths at mucosal barriers - interaction with the immune system', ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY REVIEWS, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 853-868.
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Mungkornasawakul, P, Pyne, SG, Jatisatienr, A, Lie, W, Ung, AT, Issakul, K, Sawatwanich, A, Supyen, D & Jatisatienr, C 2004, 'Phytochemical studies on Stemona burkillii Prain: Two new dihydrostemofoline alkaloids', JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS, vol. 67, no. 10, pp. 1740-1743.
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Two new dihydrostemofoline alkaloids, 11(S),12(R)-dihydrostemofoline (3) and stemoburkilline (4), along with stemofoline (1) and 2'-hydroxystemofoline (2) have been isolated from a root extract of Stemona burkillii Prain. The structure and relative configuration of 3 have been determined via spectroscopic data and from comparison with synthetic 11(S),12(S)-dihydrostemofoline (5). The configuration of the exo-cyclic alkene group in 4 is tentively assigned as E on the basis of mechanistic considerations.

Mungkornasawakul, P, Pyne, SG, Jatisatienr, A, Lie, W, Ung, AT, Issakul, K, Sawatwanich, A, Supyen, D & Jatisatienr, C 2004, 'Phytochemical studies on Stemona burkillii prain: Two new dihydrostemofoline alkaloids', Journal of Natural Products, vol. 67, no. 10, pp. 1740-1743.
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Two new dihydrostemofoline alkaloids, 11(S),12(R)-dihydrostemofoline (3) and stemoburkilline (4), along with stemofoline (1) and 2′- hydroxystemofoline (2) have been isolated from a root extract of Stemona burkillii Prain. The structure and relative configuration of 3 have been determined via spectroscopic data and from comparison with synthetic 11(S),12(S)-dihydrostemofoline (5). The configuration of the exo-cyclic alkene group in 4 is tentively assigned as E on the basis of mechanistic considerations.

Mungkornasawakul, P, Pyne, SG, Jatisatienr, A, Supyen, D, Jatisatienr, C, Lie, W, Ung, AT, Skelton, BW & White, AH 2004, 'Phytochemical and larvicidal studies on Stemona curtisii: Structure of a new pyrido[1,2-alpha]azepine Stemona alkaloid', JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 675-677.
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A new pentacyclic Stemona alkaloid, stemocurtisinol (3), with a pyrido[1,2-a]azepine A,B-ring system, and the known pyrrolo[1,2-a]azepine alkaloid oxyprotostemonine (4) have been isolated from a root extract of S. curtisii. The structure and relative stereochemistry of stemocurtisinol was determined by spectral data interpretation and X-ray crystallography. This compound is a diastereoisomer of oxystemokerrin and has the opposite configuration at C-4 and C-19. The individual alkaloid components showed significant larvicidal activity (IC50 4-39 ppm) on mosquito larvae (Anopheles minimus HO).

Murray, BR & Lepschi, BJ 2004, 'Are locally rare species abundant elsewhere in their geographical range?', AUSTRAL ECOLOGY, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 287-293.
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Ecologists have long sought to understand why some species are rare and others common. For the most part, inconsistent relationships between local rarity and underlying mechanisms have emerged. One possibility for this inconsistency is that locally rare species may not always be rare. Howeverm it is largely unknown whether most locally rare species in a community possess the capacity to become abundant elsewhere in their geographical range. Here we identified 57 locally rare plant species of open forest in south-eastern Australia. We found that mopst o these species (91%)occurred in higher abundance at other sites within their geographical range 9somewhere-abundant species), while the remaining small percentage of locally rare species were consistently rare (everywhere sparse species). Somewhere-abundant species had significantly smaller seeds on average than everywhere-sparse species in cross-specis regression analysis. This pattern was not maintianed when the influence of other life-history attributes was controlled for, or when phylogenetic relatedness among species was considered explicitly in phylogenetic regression analysis. In both cross-species and phylogenetic regressions, somewhere-abundant and everywhere-sparse species did not differ significantly with respect to growth form, height, regeneration-after-fire strategy, or dispersal. Pur findings provide further evidence for the notion that theories to account for local rarity which are couched in terms of within-community interactions alone are incomplete for the majority of species, because they need to account for different outcomes in different places.

Murray, BR, Brown, AHD, Dickman, CR & Crowther, MS 2004, 'Geographical gradients in seed mass in relation to climate', JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 379-388.
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To determine whether latitudinal and longitudinal gradients in seed mass are related to variation in climatic features including temperature, solar radiation and rainfall. Location Australia. Methods Seed mass was estimated from over 1600 provenances covering the latitudinal and longitudinal extents of 34 perennial Glycine taxa in Australia. Climatic data were obtained from ANUCLIM 5.1 for collection locations based on long-term meteorological records across Australia. These climatic data were subject to principal components analysis to extract three components as climatic indices. Generalized linear models were used in three separate sets of analyses to evaluate whether seed masslatitude and seed masslongitude relationships persisted after taking climatic variation into account. First, relationships were examined across species in analyses that did not explicitly consider phylogenetic relationships. Secondly, phylogenetic regressions were performed to examine patterns of correlated evolutionary change throughout the Glycine phylogeny. Within-species analysis was also performed to examine consistency across different taxonomic levels. Results Geographical variation in seed mass among species was related primarily to temperature and solar radiation, while rainfall was much less influential upon seed mass. Partialing out the influence of temperature and solar radiation in models resulted in the disappearance of significant seed masslatitude and seed masslongitude relationships. Patterns within species were generally consistent with patterns among species. However, in several species, factors additional to these climatic variables may contribute to the origin and maintenance of geographical gradients in seed mass, as significant seed masslatitude and seed masslongitude relationships remained after controlling for the influence of climatic variables.

Murray, S & Patterson, DJ 2004, 'Cabra matta, gen. nov., sp nov., a new benthic, heterotrophic dinoflagellate', EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 229-234.
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Murray, S, Jorgensen, MF, Daugbjerg, N & Rhodes, L 2004, 'Amphidinium revisited. II. Resolving species boundaries in the Amphidinium operculatum species complex (Dinophyceae), including the descriptions of Amphidinium trulla sp nov and Amphidinium gibbosum. comb. nov.', JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 366-382.
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Myatt, TA, Johnston, SL, Zuo, Z, Wand, M, Kebadze, T, Rudnick, S & Milton, DK 2004, 'Detection of Airborne Rhinovirus and Its Relation to Outdoor Air Supply in Office Environments', American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol. 169, no. 11, pp. 1187-1190.
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Myers, GSA & Fraser, CM 2004, 'Non-pathogenic bacteria take center stage: a lesson in contrasts', Trends in Microbiology, vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 303-305.
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Nagler, PL, Glenn, EP, Thompson, TL & Huete, A 2004, 'Leaf area index and normalized difference vegetation index as predictors of canopy characteristics and light interception by riparian species on the Lower Colorado River', AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY, vol. 125, no. 1-2, pp. 1-17.
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Leaf area index (LAI) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were compared for riparian species along a 350 km stretch of the Lower Colorado River in the United States and Mexico. The species included two native trees, cottonwood (Populus fremontii) and willow (Salix gooddingii), and two salt-tolerant shrubs, saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima) and arrowweed (Pluchia sericea), exhibiting large differences in leaf type and canopy architecture. LAI was measured with a Licor 2000 plant canopy analyzer calibrated against biomass measurements of LAI, whereas NDVI was measured by low-level aerial photography using a DyCam digital camera with Red (R)Blue (B)near infrared (NIR) bands. In addition, reflectance spectra were measured for leaf samples collected from plants in the field. Leaf samples of all species had similar reflectance spectra in the visible (VIS) and NIR, hence similar NDVI values, ranging from 0.62 to 0.72 (P>0.05). LAI values of field plants varied over a relatively narrow range, with mean values of 3.50, 3.28, 2.81 and 3.69 for cottonwood, willow, saltcedar and arrowweed, respectively. However, field plants showed distinct species differences in NDVI, with the following mean values: cottonwood (0.686), willow (0.600), saltcedar (0.473) and arrowweed (0.254) (all significantly different at P<0.05). Differences in NDVI among field plants could be explained by differences in the light extinction coefficient, k, for plant canopies, according to the formula: fIRs=(1-e-kLAI), where fIRs is the fraction of incident light intercepted by the canopy. At one extreme, cottonwood had broad leaves that faced the sun, and a calculated k of 1.25, whereas at the other extreme, arrowweed had linear leaves that were near to vertical, and had a k of 0.15. Ecophysiological implications of the differences among the species are discussed.

Nassif, NT, Lobo, GP, Wu, XJ, Henderson, CJA, Morrison, CD, Eng, C, Jalaludin, B & Segelov, E 2004, 'PTEN mutations are common in sporadic microsatellite stable colorectal cancer', ONCOGENE, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 617-628.
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The tumour suppressor gene PTEN, located at chromosome sub-band 10q23.3, encodes a dual-specificity phosphatase that negatively regulates the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3 K)/Akt-dependent cellular survival pathway. PTEN is frequently inactivated in many tumour types including glioblastoma, prostate and endometrial cancers. While initial studies reported that PTEN gene mutations were rare in colorectal cancer, more recent reports have shown an approximate 18% incidence of somatic PTEN mutations in colorectal tumours exhibiting microsatellite instability (MSI+). To verify the role of this gene in colorectal tumorigenesis, we analysed paired normal and tumour DNA from 41 unselected primary sporadic colorectal cancers for PTEN inactivation by mutation and/or allelic loss. We now report PTEN gene mutations in 19.5% (8/41) of tumours and allele loss, including all or part of the PTEN gene, in a further 17% (7/41) of the cases.

Ngo, L & Wand, MP 2004, 'Smoothing with Mixed Model Software', Journal of Statistical Software, vol. 9, no. 1.
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Nordon, RE, Shu, A, Camacho, F & Milthorpe, BK 2004, 'Hollow-fiber assay for ligand-mediated cell adhesion', CYTOMETRY PART A, vol. 57A, no. 1, pp. 39-44.
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Background The investigation of receptor-ligand interactions in the cellular context presents significant technical challenges, first, to immobilize the ligand in a manner that preserves functional properties and, second, to relate ligand properties to cell adhesion and other cellular processes. Methods Ligand-mediated cell adhesion was characterized by the development of a cellulose hollow-fiber adhesion assay in which ligand (protein A) was immobilized onto the cellulose membrane as a recombinant fusion protein containing a cellulose-binding domain affinity tag. Modules containing single cellulose hollow fibers were connected to a micro-flow system for cell deposition and detachment with fluid shear stress. The cell adhesion process that occurred inside a segment of hollow fiber was observed in real time by using an inverted microscope equipped with a CCD camera and digital frame grabber. Image analysis software was developed to count cells and record digital images. Results Cell adhesion strength was characterized by counting the number of cells that were detached by application of fluid shear stress with values that ranged from 2.3 to 185 dyne/cm2. The median shear stress of detachment of KG1a cells was directly related to the duration of membrane contact and the amount of immobilized monoclonal antibody (anti-CD34). Conclusions The hollow-fiber assay provides a general method to determine functional properties of molecular domains that interact with cell surface receptors and markers

Novikov, A 2004, 'Martingales and First-Passage Times for Ornstein--Uhlenbeck Processes with a Jump Component', Theory of Probability & Its Applications, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 288-303.
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Using martingale technique, we show that a distribution of the first-passage time over a level for the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process with jumps is exponentially bounded. In the case of absence of positive jumps, the Laplace transform for this passage time is found. Further, the maximal inequalities are also given when the marginal distribution is stable.

O'Brien, JL, Pryde, GJ, Gilchrist, A, James, DFV, Langford, NK, Ralph, TC & White, AG 2004, 'Quantum Process Tomography of a Controlled-NOT Gate', Physical Review Letters, vol. 93, no. 8.
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Oguz, C, Zinder, Y, Do, V, Janiak, A & Lichtenstein, M 2004, 'Hybrid flow-shop scheduling problems with multiprocessor task systems', EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF OPERATIONAL RESEARCH, vol. 152, no. 1, pp. 115-131.
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Hybrid flow-shop problems and problems with multiprocessor task systems have remained subject of intensive research over several years. Hybrid flow-shop problems overcome one of the limitations of the classical flow-shop model by allowing parallel processors at each stage of task processing. Problems with multiprocessor task systems relax the limitation of the classical parallel processor model by permitting tasks that require more than one processor simultaneously. The great deal of interest for both types of problem, besides their obvious theoretical significance, was inspired by needs of various manufacturing and computing systems. In this paper we consider a model which amalgamates both above-mentioned generalizations. We show that, without precedence constraints and under the assumption that all processing times are bounded above, the makespan minimization problem is solvable in polynomial time, whereas the introduction of precedence constraints makes even the simplest version of this problem NP-hard. For the arbitrary processing time task systems, we present an approximation algorithm based on the idea of tabu search and discuss the results of computational experiments, which were performed to analyze the algorithms efficiency and sensitivity to variation in the input data.

Ollendick, TH & Davis, TE 2004, 'Empirically supported treatments for children and adolescents: Where to from here?', Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 289-294.
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In this commentary, we provide additional detail about the movement to identify, evaluate, and disseminate empirically supported treatments (ESTs), suggest a Web-based strategy that might prove useful in disseminating ESTs, and comment on professional and ethical issues associated with the use and failure to use ESTs. We provide a series of Web-based recommendations and then assert that the ongoing practice of invalidated treatments not only is bad practice, but also may be unethical. The children, adolescents, and families the profession serves deserve the very best it has to offer them. It is our responsibility as practicing professionals to keep abreast of developments about which treatments work and which ones do not. Further, if we are not proficient in those strategies that do work, then we need to refer children with these problems to professionals who are. We recognize the boldness of our assertion but suggest that if we stay the course and are successful in disseminating these interventions, they will become "treatment as usual" over time. © American Psychological Association D12 2004; all rights reserved.

Orwell, RL, Wood, RL, Tarran, J, Torpy, F & Burchett, MD 2004, 'Removal of benzene by the indoor plant/substrate microcosm and implications for air quality', WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION, vol. 157, no. 1-4, pp. 193-207.
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Ostrowski, M, Fegatella, F, Wasinger, V, Guilhaus, M, Corthals, GL & Cavicchioli, R 2004, 'Cross-species identification of proteins from proteome profiles of the marine oligotrophic ultramicrobacterium,Sphingopyxis alaskensis', PROTEOMICS, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 1779-1788.
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Paull, B, Roux, C, Dawson, M & Doble, P 2004, 'Rapid screening of selected organic explosives by high performance liquid chromatography using reversed-phase monolithic columns', JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 1181-1186.

Paull, B, Roux, C, Dawson, M & Doble, P 2004, 'Rapid Screening of Selected Organic Explosives by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Using Reversed-Phase Monolithic Columns', Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 1-6.
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Phillips, MR, Gelhausen, O & Goldys, EM 2004, 'Cathodoluminescence properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles', PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI A-APPLIED RESEARCH, vol. 201, no. 2, pp. 229-234.
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Phillips, MR, Zareie, MH, Gelhausen, O, Drago, M, Schmidtling, T & Richter, W 2004, 'Scanning tunneling and cathodoluminescence spectroscopy of indium nitride', JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH, vol. 269, no. 1, pp. 106-110.
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ndium nitride epilayers grown by metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy have been studied by cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS). A broad CL emission peak centered at 0.8 eV was observed at 80 K. This peak was attributed to an excitonic radiative recombination mechanism as its emission intensity exhibited a super-linear dependence on beam current with a power-law exponent of m=2. A large spatial variation in the CL emission intensity was ascribed to the presence of threading dislocations, which act as non-radiative recombination centers. A surface band gap of not, vert, similar1.4 eV was estimated from STS IV curves.

Pinto, R, Saunders, BM, Camacho, LR, Britton, WJ, Gicquel, B & Triccas, JA 2004, 'Mycobacterium tuberculosisDefective in Phthiocerol Dimycocerosate Translocation Provides Greater Protective Immunity against Tuberculosis than the Existing Bacille Calmette‐Guérin Vaccine', The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 189, no. 1, pp. 105-112.
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Platen, E 2004, 'A class of complete benchmark models with intensity-based jumps', JOURNAL OF APPLIED PROBABILITY, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 19-34.
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Platen, E 2004, 'Modeling the volatility and expected value of a diversified world index', International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 511-529.
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This paper considers a diversified world tock index in a continuous financial market with the growth optimal portfolio (GOP) as reference unit or benchmark. Diversified boradly based indices and portfolios, which include major world stock market indices, are shown to approximate the GOP. It is demonstated that a key financial quantity is the trend of a world index. It turns out tat it can be directly observed since the expected increments of the index equal four times those of the quadratic variation of its square root. Using a world atock index as approximation of the discounted GTOP it is shown that, in reality, the trend of the discounted GOP does not vary greatly in the long term. This leads for a diversified world index to a natural model, where the index is transformed square root process of dimension four. The squared index volatility appears then as the inverse of the square root process. This feature explains most of te properties of an index and its volatility

Platen, E & West, J 2004, 'A Fair Pricing Approach to Weather Derivatives', Asia-Pacific Financial Markets, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 23-53.
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This paper proposes a consistent approach to the pricing of weather derivatives. Since weather derivatives are traded in an incomplete market setting, standard hedging based pricing methods cannot be applied. The growth optimal portfolio, which is interpreted as a world stock index,is used as a benchmark or numeraire such that all benchmarked derivative price processes are martingales. No measure transformation is needed for the proposed fair paricing. For weather derivative payoffs that are independent of the value of the growth optimal portfolio, it is shown that the classical actuarial pricing methodology is a particular case of the fair pricing concepts. A discrete time model is constructed to approximate historical weather characteristics. The fair prices of some partuclar weather derivatives are derived using historical and Gaussian residuals. The question of weather risk as diversifiable risk is also discussed.

Pomati, F, Moffitt, MC, Cavaliere, R & Neilan, BA 2004, 'Evidence for differences in the metabolism of saxitoxin and C1+2 toxins in the freshwater cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii T3', Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects, vol. 1674, no. 1, pp. 60-67.
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Pope, DT, Wiseman, HM & Langford, NK 2004, 'Adaptive phase estimation is more accurate than nonadaptive phase estimation for continuous beams of light', Physical Review A, vol. 70, no. 4.
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Poulton, C, Guenneau, S & Movchan, AB 2004, 'Noncommuting limits and effective properties for oblique propagation of electromagnetic waves through an array of aligned fibres', Physical Review B, vol. 69, no. 19.
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Preston, JA, Beagley, KW, Gibson, PG & Hansbro, PM 2004, 'Genetic background affects susceptibility in nonfatal pneumococcal bronchopneumonia', European Respiratory Journal, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 224-231.
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Pretorius, M, Williams, DBG, Roodt, A & Muller, A 2004, '[2-(Anilinomethyl)phenyl]diphenylphosphine and {2-[(N-methylanilino)methyl]phenyl}diphenylphosphine', Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications, vol. 60, no. 6, pp. o384-o386.
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Pretorius, M, Williams, DBG, Roodt, A & Muller, A 2004, 'Dichloro({N-[2-(diphenylphosphino-κP)benzyl]benzylamino}diphenylphosphine-κP)palladium(II) toluene solvate', Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, vol. 60, no. 10, pp. m1439-m1441.
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Quinn, HE, Miller, CMD & Ellis, JT 2004, 'The cell-mediated immune response to Neospora caninum during pregnancy in the mouse is associated with a bias towards production of interleukin-4', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 723-732.
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Raby, BA, Celedon, JC, Litonjua, AA, Phipatanakul, W, Sredl, D, Oken, E, Ryan, L, Weiss, ST & Gold, DR 2004, 'Low-normal gestational age as a predictor of asthma at 6 years of age', PEDIATRICS, vol. 114, no. 3, pp. E327-E332.
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Ragusa, SR, McNevin, D, Qasem, S & Mitchell, C 2004, 'Indicators of biofilm development and activity in constructed wetlands microcosms', WATER RESEARCH, vol. 38, no. 12, pp. 2865-2873.
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Raymond, JJ, Roux, C, Du Pasquier, E, Sutton, J & Lennard, C 2004, 'The Effect of Common Fingerprint Detection Techniques on the DNA Typing of Fingerprints Deposited on Different Surfaces', Journal of Forensic Identification, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 22-44.
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DNA and fingerprints are two of the most important forms of evidence in terms of their ability to individualize persons. This study investigated the effect of common fingerprint detection techniques on the recovery of DNA from fingerprints. It was found that the recovery of DNA is possible after fingerprint development using certain techniques, and that the recovery is more dependent on the surface type, rather than the enhancement technique used. Fingerprints placed on plastic bags, glass microscope slides, and adhesive tape returned DNA profiles before and after treatment, which consisted of white light, UV, dactyloscopic powders, Stickyside Powder, and cyanoacrylate plus rhodamine 6G stain or VMD treatment. The profiles that were obtained from these surfaces were often found to contain contamination peaks, and at this stage, trace DNA analysis of this type may be more useful as an intelligence tool, rather than being relied upon in court for identification purposes. No DNA profiles were obtained from treated or untreated prints on paper and aluminum foil substrates.

Raymond, JJ, Walsh, SJ, Van Oorschot, RA, Gunn, PR & Roux, C 2004, 'Trace DNA: An underutilized resource or Pandora's box? A review of the use of trace DNA analysis in the investigation of volume crime', Journal of Forensic Identification, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 668-686.
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Spectacular advances in DNA technology have greatly expanded its applicability to forensic science. As the processes become sufficiently sensitive to detect trace DNA, a vast number of crime scene samples not previously considered for analysis are now able to be tested. However, in spite of these obvious benefits, trace DNA analysis raises problems not often considered by investigators and forensic scientists. This paper discusses the history and development of trace DNA analysis. It suggests a trend of underutilization and discusses issues surrounding its application and alternative uses for the results gained. The approach in the past has been that DNA evidence was solely employed as an absolute form of evidence, and, consequently, research focused primarily on increasing sensitivity and discrimina-tion power. We are suggesting that DNA evidence should be treated as any other trace evidence. Research to provide data for basic trace evidence properties of deposit, presence, transfer, and persistence may allow trace DNA analysis to be more effectively utilized in the investigation of crime. Together with recent developments in forensic intelligence, this research could facilitate the progressive application of trace DNA analysis to volume crime investigations, an outcome with the potential to reduce the rate of volume crime and contribute to crime prevention strategies.

Reddy, M, Mohanty, M & Naidu, V 2004, 'Economic Cost of Human Capital Loss from Fiji: Implications for Sustainable Development', International Migration Review, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 1447-1461.
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Small island nations in the South Pacific are facing a serious problem of loss of human capital. The loss of skilled and qualified personnel from the small pool is causing a major setback in terms of providing the technical expertise to forge ahead with reform programs that these economies are undertaking. Fiji's policymakers are increasingly confronting this issue, because the nation has experienced a massive outflow of skilled labor following the political instability in 1987. While there is an outflow of skilled labor, the country is also losing a large amount of financial capital. The extent of the outflow has yet to be measured due to lack of a methodology. This study advances a methodology to measure the loss to the economy arising out of human capital loss in a small island economy.

Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2004, 'Hamiltonian operators including both symmetric and antisymmetric vibrational modes for vibronic coupling and intervalence charge-transfer applications', CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 299, no. 1, pp. 79-82.
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Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2004, 'Unified description of the electrochemical, charge distribution, and spectroscopic properties of the special-pair radical cation in bacterial photosynthesis', JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, vol. 126, no. 13, pp. 4132-4144.
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Reimers, JR, Bilic, A, Cai, ZL, Dahlbom, M, Lambropoulos, NA, Solomon, GC, Crossley, MJ & Hush, NS 2004, 'Molecular electronics: From basic chemical principles to photosynthesis to steady-state through-molecule conductivity to computer architectures', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, vol. 57, no. 12, pp. 1133-1138.
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Rembach, A, Turner, BJ, Bruce, S, Cheah, IK, Scott, RL, Lopes, EC, Zagami, CJ, Beart, PM, Cheung, NS, Langford, SJ & Cheema, SS 2004, 'Antisense peptide nucleic acid targeting GluR3 delays disease onset and progression in the SOD1 G93A mouse model of familial ALS', Journal of Neuroscience Research, vol. 77, no. 4, pp. 573-582.
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Ren, B, O'Brien, B & Simpson, AM 2004, 'Long-term Reversal Of Type 1 Diabetes In Rats After In Vivo Delivery Of The Human Insulin Gene', Immunology And Cell Biology, vol. 82, no. 2, pp. 1-1.
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Rodgers, KJ, Hume, PM, Dunlop, RA & Dean, RT 2004, 'Biosynthesis and turnover of DOPA-containing proteins by human cells', FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE, vol. 37, no. 11, pp. 1756-1764.
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Protein-bound 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (PB-DOPA) is a major product of hydroxyl radical attack on tyrosine residues of proteins. Levels of PB-DOPA in cells and tissues have been shown to be greatly elevated in age-related diseases. We demonstrate for t

Rogers, BL, Shapter, JG & Ford, MJ 2004, 'Ab initio study of benzene adsorption on the Cu(110) surface and simulation of STM images', Surface Science, vol. 548, no. 1-3, pp. 29-40.
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The adsorption of benzene molecules onto the Cu(1 1 0) surface has been studied using a crystalline linear combination of atomic orbitals approximation (LCAO). Adsorption energetics have been modelled at both the HartreeFock (HF) and density functional theory (DFT) level, and scanning tunneling microscope (STM) images generated for the preferred adsorption geometry. The calculated binding energies are strongly dependent upon basis set superposition errors (BSSE). As expected HF provides a relatively poor description of this loosely bound system, and is found to be unbound when BSSE is taken into account. Inclusion of electron correlation through DFT methods gives an optimised binding energy of 106 kJ mol-1 with the benzene molecule occupying a bridging site between the rows of surface copper atoms and an adsorption height of approximately 2 Å. This figure takes account of relaxation of benzene upon adsorption with the hydrogen atoms tilting away from the surface. Our predicted energetics compare favourably with previous theoretical studies using cluster methods and experimental binding energies determined from temperature programmed desorption (TPD). We have also simulated scanning tunneling microscope (STM) images using the Tersoff and Hamann method and compare our results with recent experimental measurements. Our simulation suggests the experimental image results from a benzene dimer rather than an isolated molecule.

Rogers, BL, Shapter, JG & Ford, MJ 2004, 'Absorption energetics and simulation of STM images for fluorobenzene on the Cu(110) surface', MODELLING AND SIMULATION IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 1109-1120.
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Runcie, JW, Ritchie, RJ & Larkum, AWD 2004, 'Uptake kinetics and assimilation of phosphorus by Catenella nipae and Ulva lactuca can be used to indicate ambient phosphate availability', Journal of Applied Phycology, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 181-194.
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Uptake, assimilation and compartmentation of phosphate were studied in the opportunist green macroalgaUlva lactucaand the estuarine red algal epiphyteCatenella nipae. The MichaelisMenten model was used to describe uptake rates of inorganic phosphate (Pi) at different concentrations. Maximum uptake rates (V max) of P-starved material exceededV maxof P-enriched material; this difference was greater forC. nipae. Uptake and allocation of phosphorus (P) to internal pools was measured using trichloroacetic acid (TCA) extracts and32P. Both species demonstrated similar assimilation paths: when P-enriched, most32P accumulated as free phosphate. When unenriched,32P was rapidly assimilated into the TCA-insoluble pool.C. nipaeconsistently assimilated more32P into this pool thanU. lactuca, indicatingC. nipaehas a greater P-storage capacity. In both species,32P release data showed two internal compartments with very different biological half-lives.

Ryan, KG, Ralph, P & McMinn, A 2004, 'Acclimation of Antarctic bottom-ice algal communities to lowered salinities during melting', POLAR BIOLOGY, vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 679-686.
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Ryan, L, Huang, WZ, Thurston, SW, Kelsey, KT, Wiencke, JK & Christiani, DC 2004, 'On the use of biomarkers for environmental health research', STATISTICAL METHODS IN MEDICAL RESEARCH, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 207-225.
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This article discusses the growing interest in the use of biomarker data in environmental health research and considers some of the challenging statistical issues that arise. We specify a modeling framework that links environmental exposure, biomarkers and outcome, and discuss in Conceptual terms how such a formulation could be used to inform dose response modeling for the purpose of quantitative risk assessment. We then analyse some biomarker data from a case-control study designed to elucidate the mechanisms of smoking induced lung cancer. Because of sample size limitations, we use a likelihood-based analysis which subsumes both cohort and case-control designs as special cases. Our analysis allows us to 1) investigate the extent to which the markers explain the pathway from exposure to outcome; 2) quantify the degree to which biomarker data can improve on predicting outcome over and above exposure; and 3) estimate the association among multiple markers.

Ryan, N, Peters, BA & Miller, PF 2004, 'A survey of bedbugs in short-stay lodges', New South Wales Public Health Bulletin, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 215-215.
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An increase in the number of anecdotal reports of bedbug infestations i short-stay lodge type accommodation used by backpackers and other budget travellers inthe City of Sydney promoted a pilot survery to determine the extent of the problem. The aim of the survey was to obatin the perspective of the lodge managers on bedbug problems and how they handled them. This article describes the survey results and assesses the effectiveness of the methods of control reported.

Salganik, MP, Wand, MP & Lange, N 2004, 'COMPARISON OF FEATURE SIGNIFICANCE QUANTILE APPROXIMATIONS', Australian <html_ent glyph='@amp;' ascii='&amp;'/> New Zealand Journal of Statistics, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 569-581.
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Samuel, VT, Liu, Z-X, Qu, X, Elder, BD, Bilz, S, Befroy, D, Romanelli, AJ & Shulman, GI 2004, 'Mechanism of Hepatic Insulin Resistance in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease', Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 279, no. 31, pp. 32345-32353.
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Short term high fat feeding in rats results specifically in hepatic fat accumulation and provides a model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in which to study the mechanism of hepatic insulin resistance. Short term fat feeding (FF) caused a ?3-fold increase in liver triglyceride and total fatty acyl-CoA content without any significant increase in visceral or skeletal muscle fat content. Suppression of endogenous glucose production (EGP) by insulin was diminished in the FF group, despite normal basal EGP and insulin-stimulated peripheral glucose disposal. Hepatic insulin resistance could be attributed to impaired insulin-stimulated IRS-1 and IRS-2 tyrosine phosphorylation. These changes were associated with activation of PKC-? and JNK1. Ultimately, hepatic fat accumulation decreased insulin activation of glycogen synthase and increased gluconeogenesis. Treatment of the FF group with low dose 2,4-dinitrophenol to increase energy expenditure abrogated the development of fatty liver, hepatic insulin resistance, activation of PKC-? and JNK1, and defects in insulin signaling. In conclusion, these data support the hypothesis hepatic steatosis leads to hepatic insulin resistance by stimulating gluconeogenesis and activating PKC-? and JNK1, which may interfere with tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 and IRS-2 and impair the ability of insulin to activate glycogen synthase.

Sanchez-Camara, J & Booth, DJ 2004, 'Movement, home range and site fidelity of the weedy seadragon Phyllopteryx taeniolatus (Teleostei : Syngnathidae)', ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 31-41.
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Sanders, LM, Henderson, CE, Hong, MY, Barhoumi, R, Burghardt, RC, Carroll, RJ, Turner, ND, Chapkin, RS & Lupton, JR 2004, 'Pro-oxidant environment of the colon compared to the small intestine may contribute to greater cancer susceptibility', Cancer Letters, vol. 208, no. 2, pp. 155-161.
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SAUNDERS, BM, BRISCOE, H & BRITTON, WJ 2004, 'T cell-derived tumour necrosis factor is essential, but not sufficient, for protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection', Clinical and Experimental Immunology, vol. 137, no. 2, pp. 279-287.
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SUMMARY Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is critical for sustained protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. To investigate the relative contributions of macrophage- and T cell-derived TNF towards  this immunity T cells from wild-type (WT) or TNF–/– mice were transferred into RAG–/– or TNF–/– mice which were then infected with M. tuberculosis. Infected RAG–/– mice and RAG–/– recipients of TNF deficient T cells developed overwhelming infection, with extensive pulmonary and hepatic necrosis and succumbed with a median of only 16 days infection. By contrast, RAG–/– recipients of WT T cells showed a significant increase in survival with a median of 32 days. Although initial bacterial growth was similar in all groups of RAG–/– mice, the transfer of WT, but not TNF–/–, T cells led to the formation of discrete foci of leucocytes and macrophages and delayed the development of necrotizing pathology. To determine requirements for macrophage-derived TNF, WT or TNF–/– T cells were transferred into TNF–/– mice at the time of M. tuberculosis infection. Transfer of WT T cells significantly prolonged survival and reduced the early tissue necrosis evident in the TNF–/– mice, however, these mice eventually succumbed indicating that T cell-derived TNF alone is insufficient to control the infection. Therefore, both T cell- and macrophage-derived TNF play distinct roles in orchestrating the protective inflammatory response and enhancing survival during M. tuberculosis infection.

Schelm, S, Smith, GB, Wei, G, Vella, A, Wieczorek, L, Muller, KH & Raguse, B 2004, 'Double effective medium model for the optical properties of self-assembled gold nanoparticle films cross-linked with alkane dithiols', NANO LETTERS, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 335-339.
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Scolyer, RA, Thompson, JF, Li, LXL, Beavis, A, Dawson, M, Doble, P, Ka, VSK, McKinnon, JG, Soper, R, Uren, RF, Shaw, HM, Stretch, JR & McCarthy, SW 2004, 'Failure to remove true sentinel nodes can cause failure of the sentinel node biopsy technique: Evidence from antimony concentrations in false-negative sentinel nodes from melanoma patients', ANNALS OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 174S-178S.
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Scolyer, RA, Thompson, JF, Li, LXL, Beavis, A, Dawson, M, Doble, P, Soper, R, Uren, RF, Stretch, JR, Sharma, R & McCarthy, SW 2004, 'Antimony concentrations in nodal tissue can confirm sentinel node identity', MODERN PATHOLOGY, vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 1191-1197.
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Seligman, LD, Ollendick, TH, Langley, AK & Baldacci, HB 2004, 'The Utility of Measures of Child and Adolescent Anxiety: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children, and the Child Behavior Checklist', Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 557-565.
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We evaluated the ability of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC), and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) to (a) discriminate between youth with an anxiety disorder and youth without a disorder, (b) discriminate between youth with an anxiety disorder and youth with either externalizing disorders or affective disorders, and (c) measure treatment change. In addition, variables, including age and sex, were explored as possible moderators of instrument utility. A meta-analysis of 43 articles was conducted. A large effect size was found when the instruments were used to compare youth with an anxiety disorder to youth without a disorder. When comparing anxious youth to psychiatric control groups, the picture was mixed; the instruments were found to be useful when discriminating between youth with an anxiety disorder and youth with an externalizing disorder, but not between youth with an anxiety disorder and children and adolescents with an affective disorder. The RCMAS, STAIC, and CBCL were found to be moderately sensitive to treatment gains.

Serrano-Trespalacios, PI, Ryan, L & Spengler, JD 2004, 'Ambient, indoor and personal exposure relationships of volatile organic compounds in Mexico City Metropolitan Area', JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY, vol. 14, pp. S118-S132.
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Seshadri, R, Myers, GSA, Tettelin, H, Eisen, JA, Heidelberg, JF, Dodson, RJ, Davidsen, TM, DeBoy, RT, Fouts, DE, Haft, DH, Selengut, J, Ren, Q, Brinkac, LM, Madupu, R, Kolonay, J, Durkin, SA, Daugherty, SC, Shetty, J, Shvartsbeyn, A, Gebregeorgis, E, Geer, K, Tsegaye, G, Malek, J, Ayodeji, B, Shatsman, S, McLeod, MP, Šmajs, D, Howell, JK, Pal, S, Amin, A, Vashisth, P, McNeill, TZ, Xiang, Q, Sodergren, E, Baca, E, Weinstock, GM, Norris, SJ, Fraser, CM & Paulsen, IT 2004, 'Comparison of the genome of the oral pathogen Treponema denticola with other spirochete genomes', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 101, no. 15, pp. 5646-5651.
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We present the complete 2,843,201-bp genome sequence of Treponema denticola (ATCC 35405) an oral spirochete associated with periodontal disease. Analysis of the T. denticola genome reveals factors mediating coaggregation, cell signaling, stress protection, and other competitive and cooperative measures, consistent with its pathogenic nature and lifestyle within the mixed-species environment of subgingival dental plaque. Comparisons with previously sequenced spirochete genomes revealed specific factors contributing to differences and similarities in spirochete physiology as well as pathogenic potential. The T. denticola genome is considerably larger in size than the genome of the related syphilis-causing spirochete Treponema pallidum . The differences in gene content appear to be attributable to a combination of three phenomena: genome reduction, lineage-specific expansions, and horizontal gene transfer. Genes lost due to reductive evolution appear to be largely involved in metabolism and transport, whereas some of the genes that have arisen due to lineage-specific expansions are implicated in various pathogenic interactions, and genes acquired via horizontal gene transfer are largely phage-related or of unknown function.

Shard, AG, Ton-That, C, Campbell, PA & Dhanak, VR 2004, 'Site occupancy of chlorine on Cu(111) using normal-incidence x-ray standing waves: The energy difference between fcc and hcp hollow sites', PHYSICAL REVIEW B, vol. 70, no. 15, pp. 155409-155417.
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t has previously been established that the lowest energy site for chlorine atoms on Cu(111) is the “fcc” hollow. However, substantial population of the “hcp” hollow at room temperature indicates that there is a relatively small difference in energy between the two sites. We show that this energy difference must be less than 10 meV by measuring the relative populations using normal-incidence x-ray standing waves and comparing the results to Monte Carlo simulations. This result is consistent with recent density functional theory calculations which indicate an energy difference of approximately 5 meV

Shatnawi, MA, Johnson, KA & Torpy, FR 2004, 'In vitro propagation and cryostorage of Syzygium francissi (Myrtaceae) by the encapsulation-dehydration method', IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-PLANT, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 403-407.
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An efficient procedure for the in vitro propagation and cryogenic conservation of Syzygium francissi was developed. The maximum number of shoots per explant was obtained on a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 4.5 ?M benzyladenine and 0.5 ?M indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). The in vitro-propagated shoots produced roots when transferred to MS medium containing IBA, indold-3-acetic acid, or naphthaleneacetic acid at various concentrations. Rooted microshoots were transferred to a coco-peat, perlite, and vermiculite (1?1?1) mixture, and hardened off under greenhouse conditions. Ninety-five percent of rooted shoots successfully acclimatized in the greenhouse. Shoot tips excised from in vitro-grown plants were successfully cryostoraged at -196°C by the encapsulation-dehydration method. A preculture of formed beads on MS medium containing 0.75 M sucrose for 1 d, followed by 6 h dehydration (20% moisture content) led to the highest survival rate after cryostorage for 1h. This method is a promising technique for in vitro propagation and cryopreservation of shoot tips from in vitro-grown plantlets of S. francissi germplasm.

Siboni, N, Fine, M, Bresler, V & Loya, Y 2004, 'Coastal coal pollution increases Cd concentrations in the predatory gastropod Hexaplex trunculus and is detrimental to its health', Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 49, no. 1-2, pp. 111-118.
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Parameters of environmental health, including paracellular permeability of external epithelia, functional state of lysosomes and the level of metallothioneins (MTs), were examined using fluorescent markers and vital microfluorometry in different tissues of the marine gastropod, Hexaplex trunculus, from a coal-polluted and coal-free site. Vital microfluorometrical examinations exhibited enhanced paracellular permeability of external epithelia to the anionic marker, fluorescein (FLU), lower lysosomal accumulation of neutral red (NR) as well as higher levels of MTs, when compared with epithelia of gastropods from the coal-free site. Those differences were particularly marked in the foot epithelium, which is in direct contact with the substrate. In addition, cadmium was measured by ICP-AES in the hepatopancreas of gastropods sampled from the coal-polluted site and two coal-free sites. Significantly higher levels of Cd were found in gastropod hepatopancreas from the coal-polluted site. In addition, two months feeding experiments conducted in aquaria containing: (a) coal pieces covered by barnacles; (b) natural rocks covered by barnacles; and (c) natural rocks with barnacles+bare coal pieces, demonstrated significant increase of Cd concentration in the hepatopancreas of the gastropods exposed to coal. We suggest that coal in the marine environment has detrimental effects on marine gastropods, both directly through contact with the organisms and indirectly through the food web. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Siboni, N, Fine, M, Bresler, V & Loya, Y 2004, 'Coastal coal pollution increases Cd concentrations in the predatory gastropod Hexaplex trunculus and is detrimental to its health', MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN, vol. 49, no. 1-2, pp. 111-118.
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Silberschneider, V, Pease, BC & Booth, DJ 2004, 'Estuarine habitat preferences of Anguilla australis and A-reinhardtii glass eels as inferred from laboratory experiments', ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 395-402.
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Simpson, AM, Tao, CZ, Elgundi, Z, Castro, M & Swan, MA 2004, 'Glucose Responsive Insulin Secretion From The Engineered Human Liver Cell Line Huh7ins Is Regulated By Atp-sensitve Potassium Channels (k-atp)', Immunology And Cell Biology, vol. 82, no. 2, pp. 1-1.
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Smith, GB 2004, 'Materials and systems for efficient lighting and delivery of daylight', SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS, vol. 84, no. 1-4, pp. 395-409.
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Smith, GB & Maaroof, AI 2004, 'Optical response in nanostructured thin metal films with dielectric over-layers', OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 242, no. 4-6, pp. 383-392.
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Thin metal films which contain nano-size pores yield higher than expected transmittance and larger than expected times for transmission of near infra red radiation. An optically equivalent layer with complex refractive index (n*, k*) can model measured specular transmittance and reflectance, when scattering is weak. The way surface plasmon effects impact on these measured indices is considered. A strongly elevated n* is linked to trad the time for a surface plasmon to re-radiate and hence delay transmission times, and reduced imaginary part k*, to resonant channelling via voids. Measurement of n* thus allows an estimate of trad. The sensitivity of (n*, k*) to surface effects is illustrated using an insulating overlayer to modify the surface states. Resultant measured changes in n*, k* are substantial. Results are for two nanostructured metal systems characterised with 400,000× scanning electron microscopy

Smith, GB, Ford, MJ, Masens, C & Muir, J 2004, 'Energy-efficient coatings in the Nanohouse (TM) initiative', CURRENT APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 4, no. 2-4, pp. 381-384.
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The University of Technology Sydney (UTS), in collaboration with CSIRO has created the NanohouseTM Initiative, a concept that serves as the conceptual framework for various pedagogical, scientific, architectural and engineering activities at the University. Housing is a significant item in both personal and regional budgets, and the NanohouseTM therefore serves as a powerful vehicle for demonstrating nanotechnologies. One of the major energy-efficient components of the NanohouseTM are nanoengineered coatings and films for transparent and translucent surfaces that modify their optical properties. These nanostructured materials can provide wavelength-selective control of reflection, absorption and transmission of light as well as angular selectivity for directional control, making it possible to design houses that have very large windows and skylights, but which nevertheless remain cool in summer and warm in winter. We have already made significant progress towards the development of these nanotechnologies. In this paper will be discuss the design and performance of these optically controllable nanocoatings and their application to the Nanohouse

Solomon, GC, Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2004, 'Single molecule conductivity: The role of junction-orbital degeneracy in the artificially high currents predicted by ab initio approaches', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 121, no. 14, pp. 6615-6627.
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Soule de Bas, B, Ford, MJ & Cortie, MB 2004, 'Low energy structures of gold nanoclusters in the size range 3-38 atoms', JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE-THEOCHEM, vol. 686, no. 1-3, pp. 193-205.
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Using a combination of first principles calculations and empirical potentials we have undertaken a systematic study of the low energy structures of gold nanoclusters containing from 3 to 38 atoms. A Lennard-Jones and many-body potential have been used in the empirical calculations, while the first principles calculations employ an atomic orbital, density functional technique. For the smaller clusters (n=35) the potential energy surface has been mapped at the ab initio level and for larger clusters an empirical potential was first used to identify low energy candidates which were then optimised with full ab initio calculations. At the DFT-LDA level, planar structures persist up to six atoms and are considerably more stable than the cage structures by more than 0.1 eV/atom. The difference in ab initio energy between the most stable planar and cage structures for seven atoms is only 0.04 eV/atom. For larger clusters there are generally a number of minima in the potential energy surface lying very close in energy. Furthermore our calculations do not predict ordered structures for the magic numbers n=13 and 38. They do predict the ordered tetrahedral structure for n=20. The results of the calculations show that gold nanoclusters in this size range are mainly disordered and will likely exist in a range of structures at room temperature.

Speer, MS, Leslie, LM, Qi, L & Buckley, BW 2004, 'Urban scale modelling: The Sydney hailstorm of 14 April 1999', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 87, no. 1-3, pp. 161-166.
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Stewart, AR, Luoma, SN, Schlekat, CE, Doblin, MA & Hieb, KA 2004, 'Food web pathway determines how selenium affects aquatic ecosystems: A San Francisco Bay case study', ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, vol. 38, no. 17, pp. 4519-4526.
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Chemical contaminants disrupt ecosystems, but specific effects may be under-appreciated when poorly known processes such as uptake mechanisms, uptake via diet, food preferences, and food web dynamics are influential. Here we show that a combination of food web structure and the physiology of trace element accumulation explain why some species in San Francisco Bay are threatened by a relatively low level of selenium contamination and some are not. Bivalves and crustacean zooplankton form the base of two dominant food webs in estuaries, The dominant bivalve Potamocorbula amurensis has a 10-fold slower rate constant of loss for selenium than do common crustaceans such as copepods and the mysid Neomysis mercedis (rate constant of loss, k(e) = 0.025, 0.155, and 0.25 d(-1), respectively). The result is much higher selenium concentrations in the bivalve than in the crustaceans. Stable isotope analyses show that this difference is propagated up the respective food webs in San Francisco Bay. Several predators of bivalves have tissue concentrations of selenium that exceed thresholds thought to be associated with teratogenesis or reproductive failure (liver Se > 15 mug g(-1) dry weight). Deformities typical of selenium-induced teratogenesis were observed in one of these species. Concentrations of selenium in tissues of predators of zooplankton are less than the thresholds. Basic physiological and ecological processes can drive wide differences in exposure and effects among species, but such processes are rarely considered in traditional evaluations of contaminant impacts.

Strassburg, M, Rodina, A, Dworzak, M, Haboeck, U, Krestnikov, IL, Hoffmann, A, Gelhausen, O, Phillips, MR, Alves, HR, Zeuner, A, Hofmann, DM & Meyer, BK 2004, 'Identification of bound exciton complexes in ZnO', PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI B-BASIC RESEARCH, vol. 241, no. 3, pp. 607-611.
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An identification of shallow bound exciton centers in ZnO is presented based on magneto-optical measurements and diffusion experiments. The thermalization behavior of the Zeeman split components confirms that the I4, I6, I8 and I9 exciton lines stem from donor bound exciton complexes. The results are supported by theoretical analysis of shallow bound exciton complexes revealing the 7 symmetry of the upper valence band. The presence of two-electron satellites related to the respective transitions is further evidence for the donor bound complexes and enabled the determination of donor binding energies. Hydrogen, aluminum, gallium and indium were identified to origin the I4, I6, I8 and I9 lines by doping, diffusion and annealing experiments combined with photoluminescence and secondary ion mass spectrometry.

Suggett, DJ, MacIntyre, HL & Geider, RJ 2004, 'Evaluation of biophysical and optical determinations of light absorption by photosystem II in phytoplankton', Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, vol. 2, no. 10, pp. 316-332.
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Fast repetition rate (FRR) fluorescence can provide highly resolved estimates of light absorption by photosystem II ( PSII), a variable that is critical to bio-optical determinations of phytoplankton productivity. We compared estimates of chlorophyll a -

Sunde, M, McGrath, KCY, Young, L, Matthews, JM, Chua, EL, Mackay, JP & Death, AK 2004, 'TC-1 Is a Novel Tumorigenic and Natively Disordered Protein Associated with Thyroid Cancer', Cancer Research, vol. 64, no. 8, pp. 2766-2773.
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Abstract A novel gene, thyroid cancer 1 (TC-1), was found recently to be overexpressed in thyroid cancer. TC-1 shows no homology to any of the known thyroid cancer-associated genes. We have produced stable transformants of normal thyroid cells that express the TC-1 gene, and these cells show increased proliferation rates and anchorage-independent growth in soft agar. Apoptosis rates also are decreased in the transformed cells. We also have expressed recombinant TC-1 protein and have undertaken a structural and functional characterization of the protein. The protein is monomeric and predominantly unstructured under conditions of physiologic salt and pH. This places it in the category of natively disordered proteins, a rapidly expanding group of proteins, many members of which play critical roles in cell regulation processes. We show that the protein can be phosphorylated by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C, and the activity of both of these kinases is up-regulated when cells are stably transfected with TC-1. These results suggest that overexpression of TC-1 may be important in thyroid carcinogenesis.

Thiel, BL, Toth, M & Craven, JP 2004, 'Charging Processes in Low Vacuum Scanning Electron Microscopy', Microscopy and Microanalysis, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 711-720.
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A framework is presented for understanding charging processes in low vacuum scanning electron microscopy. We consider the effects of electric fields generated above and below the specimen surface and their effects on various processes taking place in the system. These processes include the formation of an ionic space charge, field-enhanced electron emission, charge trapping and dissipation, and electron–ion recombination. The physical mechanisms behind each of these processes are discussed, as are the microscope operating conditions under which each process is most effective. Readily observable effects on gas gain curves, secondary electron images, and X-ray spectra are discussed.

Todd, CD, Zeng, P, Huete, AMR, Hoyos, ME & Polacco, JC 2004, 'Transcripts of MYB-like genes respond to phosphorous and nitrogen deprivation in Arabidopsis', Planta, vol. 219, no. 6, pp. 1003-1009.
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In Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., AtPhr2 and AtNsr1 encode proteins with MYB-like and α-helical domains. They resemble CrPsr1, a nuclear-localized MYB protein that is critical for acclimation to phosphorous (P) starvation in the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of the first unique exons indicated that AtPhr2 mRNA increased as early as 6 h after P deprivation (-P), whereas nitrogen deprivation (-N) had no effect. The AtNsr1 mRNA level increased exclusively under -N, an increase first noted by 2 days in -N. In spite of P- and N-specific effects on expression of AtPhr2 and AtNsr1 there appeared to be P-N cross-talk at the whole-plant level. Total non-secreted acid phosphatase activity increased under both -P and -N within 2 days of deprivation. Further, the pho2-1/pho2-1 mutant, reported to be a phosphate accumulator, showed no increase in AtPhr2 mRNA in response to -P and a 70% reduction in the response of AtNsr1 mRNA to -N. Consistent with this pattern, there was no increase in acid phosphatase activity in pho2-1/pho2-1 plants deprived of P or N. However, when deprived of P, pho2-1/pho2-1 plants accumulated much higher levels of nitrate. T-DNA disruption of AtNsr1 resulted in altered expression of at least one nitrate transporter (AtNRT2.5). Further evidence of cross-talk between N and P responses was altered expression of N-responsive genes in pho2-1/pho2-1. © Springer-Verlag 2004.

Trevaskis, B, Bagnall, DJ, Ellis, MH, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2004, 'MADS box genes control vernalization-induced flowering in cereals (vol 100, pg 13099, 2003)', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 101, no. 3, pp. 903-903.
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Venners, SA, Wang, XB, Chen, CZ, Wang, LH, Chen, DF, Guang, WW, Huang, AQ, Ryan, L, O'Connor, J, Lasley, B, Overstreet, J, Wilcox, A & Xu, XP 2004, 'Paternal smoking and pregnancy loss: A prospective study using a biomarker of pregnancy', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, vol. 159, no. 10, pp. 993-1001.
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Results of studies on paternal smoking and spontaneous abortions have been inconsistent. The authors examined the effect of paternal smoking on the risk of pregnancy loss in a prospective cohort of 526 newly married, nonsmoking, female textile workers in China between 1996 and 1998. Upon stopping contraception, subjects provided daily urine specimens and records of vaginal bleeding for up to 1 year or until clinical pregnancy. Daily urinary human chorionic gonadotropin was assayed to detect conception and early pregnancy losses, and pregnancies were followed to detect clinical spontaneous abortions. Subjects were grouped by the number of cigarettes that husbands reported smoking daily: nonsmokers (group 1, n = 216), fewer than 20 cigarettes (group 2, n = 239), and 20 or more cigarettes (group 3, n = 71). Compared with that for group 1, the adjusted odds ratio of early pregnancy loss of any conception for group 2 was 1.04 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.67, 1.63) and for group 3 was 1.81 (95% CI: 1.00, 3.29). The adjusted hazard ratio of conception for group 2 was 0.90 (95% CI: 0.70, 1.18) and for group 3 was 0.96 (95% CI: 0.66, 1.39), while the adjusted hazard ratio of clinical pregnancy for group 2 was 0.93 (95% CI: 0.72, 1.20) and for group 3 was 0.78 (95% CI: 0.55, 1.12). The authors conclude that heavy paternal smoking increased the risk of early pregnancy loss through maternal and/or paternal exposure.

Vodkin, LO, Khanna, A, Shealy, R, Clough, SJ, Gonzalez, DO, Philip, R, Zabala, G, Thibaud-Nissen, F, Sidarous, M, Strömvik, MV, Shoop, E, Schmidt, C, Retzel, E, Erpelding, J, Shoemaker, RC, Rodriguez-Huete, AM, Polacco, JC, Coryell, V, Keim, P, Gong, G, Liu, L, Pardinas, J & Schweitzer, P 2004, 'Microarrays for global expression constructed with a low redundancy set of 27,500 sequenced cDNAs representing an array of developmental stages and physiological conditions of the soybean plant', BMC Genomics, vol. 5, no. 1.
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Background: Microarrays are an important tool with which to examine coordinated gene expression. Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the most economically valuable crop species in the world food supply. In order to accelerate both gene discovery as well as hypothesis-driven research in soybean, global expression resources needed to be developed. The applications of microarray for determining patterns of expression in different tissues or during conditional treatments by dual labeling of the mRNAs are unlimited. In addition, discovery of the molecular basis of traits through examination of naturally occurring variation in hundreds of mutant lines could be enhanced by the construction and use of soybean cDNA microarrays. Results: We report the construction and analysis of a low redundancy 'unigene' set of 27,513 clones that represent a variety of soybean cDNA libraries made from a wide array of source tissue and organ systems, developmental stages, and stress or pathogen-challenged plants. The set was assembled from the 5′ sequence data of the cDNA clones using cluster analysis programs. The selected clones were then physically reracked and sequenced at the 3′ end. In order to increase gene discovery from immature cotyledon libraries that contain abundant mRNAs representing storage protein gene families, we utilized a high density filter normalization approach to preferentially select more weakly expressed cDNAs. All 27,513 cDNA inserts were amplified by polymerase chain reaction. The amplified products, along with some repetitively spotted control or 'choice' clones, were used to produce three 9,728-element microarrays that have been used to examine tissue specific gene expression and global expression in mutant isolines. Conclusions: Global expression studies will be greatly aided by the availability of the sequence-validated and low redundancy cDNA sets described in this report. These cDNAs and ESTs represent a wide array of developmental stages and physiological co...

Vonlaufen, N, Guetg, N, Naguleswaran, A, Muller, N, Bjorkman, C, Schares, G, von Blumroeder, D, Ellis, J & Hemphill, A 2004, 'In vitro induction of Neospora caninum bradyzoites in vero cells reveals differential antigen expression, localization, and host-cell recognition of tachyzoites and bradyzoites', INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 576-583.
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Waclawik, ER, Ford, MJ, Hale, PS, Shapter, JG & Voelcker, NH 2004, 'Liquid-crystal displays: Fabrication and measurement of a twisted nematic liquid-crystal cell', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION, vol. 81, no. 6, pp. 854-858.
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Examples of technologies that utilize the liquid crystalline phase of matter are not difficult to find. The liquid-crystal display is the most common application: twisted nematic liquid-crystal displays are found in digital wristwatches, microwave ovens, mobile phones, and video recorders. Worldwide, sales of flat-screen liquid-crystal displays have been projected to reach $47 billion in 2004 (1). With this in mind, intense efforts by researchers in industry and in academia continue to be made into the synthesis of new liquid-crystal compounds and the characterization of their properties (2). Applications of polymerizable liquid crystals have also been of great interest since the discovery of Kevlar and Nomex by Stephanie Kwolek at Du Pont. The casting of nanostructured and nanocomposite materials such as periodic mesoporous metals and metal alloys from lyotropic liquid crystals is another interesting materials science application of ordered mesophases (3, 4). Despite these advances, undergraduate chemistry students are still unlikely to encounter liquid crystals in the course of their experimental studies (5).

Wallace, BB & Reimers, JR 2004, 'Wavepacket propagation using time-sliced semiclassical initial value methods', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 121, no. 24, pp. 12208-12216.
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Wallace-Kunkel, C, Roux, C, Lennard, C & Stoilovic, M 2004, 'The detection and enhancement of latent fingermarks on porous surfaces - A aurvey', Journal of Forensic Identification, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 687-705.
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The most common reagents for fingerprint development on porous surfaces are ninhydrin and DFO. However, a large number of different reagent formulations are in use in fingerprint laboratories around the world. 1,2-Indanedione is also emerging as a potential reagent for the development of fingermarks on porous surfaces in routine casework. This situation prompted this study in which a survey was undertaken. The aims of the survey were two-fold: 1. Determine the type and frequency of use of fingerprint reagents applied to porous surfaces. 2. Determine the fingerprint community's awareness and experience with 1,2-indanedione. The fingerprint survey was sent to state police laboratories in Australia and New Zealand and to members of major fingerprint research groups and laboratories in the USA, UK, and Europe. Thirty-four responses were received from nine countries. These responses indicated a high degree of variability, in both the testing performed and the reagent formulations employed. Although only thirty-four agencies responded, some valuable insight into the lack of awareness and implementation of 1,2-indanedione is presented.

Walsh, CT, Pease, BC & Booth, DJ 2004, 'Variation in the sex ratio, size and age of longfinned eels within and among coastal catchments of southeastern Australia', JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY, vol. 64, no. 5, pp. 1297-1312.
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Walsh, CT, Pease, BC & Booth, DJ 2004, 'Variation in the sex ratio, size and age of longfinned eels within and among coastal catchments of south-eastern Australia', Journal of Fish Biology, vol. 64, no. 5, pp. 1297-1312.
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Longfinned eels Anguilla reinhardtii were captured by both fishery-dependent and independent sampling methods from three rivers in New South Wales, south-eastern Australia. Sex ratios, catch per unit effort and population age and total length structure were examined in three zones (fresh water and upper and lower tidal) in the Hacking, Hawkesbury and Clarence Rivers. Females were found in relatively high proportions in all zones, ranging from 97% in a freshwater (non-tidal) site down to 59% in a tidal site. Males were found primarily in tidal zones (only two of the 677 longfinned eels caught in non-tidal fresh water were males), with the greatest proportions being found in the brackish upper tidal areas. The mean number of fish captured per trap was higher in the fresh water and upper tidal zones than in the lower tidal zones. The mean ± s.e. age, 17·9 ± 0·3 years, and age range, 552 years for females were significantly higher than those of males 12·2 ± 0·4 years; range 522 years, which is typical of other anguillid species. Longfinned eels captured in fresh water were found be significantly larger and older than those in tidal zones due to the almost exclusive predominance of females

Walsh, SJ, Ribaux, O, Buckleton, JS, Ross, A & Roux, C 2004, 'DNA Profiling and Criminal Justice: A Contribution to a Changing Debate', Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 34-43.
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Forensic DNA profiling is now a routine feature of the criminal justice system in Australia. Its appliations in this context continue to increase. Technological advancements and the use of DNA databases have facilitated the uptake of biological evidence into criminal investigations. The development of DNA methodology has progressed through discernible phases thay have been paralleled by discussion amongst the legal community. The context of development and the associated debate has changed. It now encompasses broader issues, concerned less specifically with the technology itself and more with the most appropriate means for its use. To contribute more purposefully to this debate and to achieve the most meaningful outcomes from the criminal justice system, we must first understand more holistically the role that DNA evidence plays and the impact that it is capable of. This paper reviews aspects of the forensic and legal contexts of the use of DNA technology in the Justice system. This is a prelude to future research and a justification for the need for such research.

Wang, B, Zheng, XL, Michl, J, Foley, ET, Hersam, MC, Bilic, A, Crossley, MJ, Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2004, 'An azanorbornadiene anchor for molecular-level construction on silicon(100)', NANOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 324-332.
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Wang, GX, Bewlay, SL, Konstantinov, K, Liu, HK, Dou, SX & Ahn, J-H 2004, 'Physical and electrochemical properties of doped lithium iron phosphate electrodes', Electrochimica Acta, vol. 50, no. 2-3, pp. 443-447.
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Wang, J, Wang, GX, Chen, Y, Wang, CY & Liu, HK 2004, 'A novel cureless pure lead oxide plate for valve-regulated lead-acid batteries', Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, vol. 34, no. 11, pp. 1127-1133.
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Wang, MB, Bian, XY, Wu, LM, Liu, LX, Smith, NA, Isenegger, D, Wu, RM, Masuta, C, Vance, VB, Watson, JM, Rezaian, A, Dennis, ES & Waterhouse, PM 2004, 'On the role of RNA silencing in the pathogenicity and evolution of viroids and viral satellites', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 101, no. 9, pp. 3275-3280.
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Webb, JK 2004, 'Pregnancy decreases swimming performance of female northern death adders (Acanthophis praelongus)', COPEIA, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 357-363.
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Reduction in locomotor performance during pregnancy is a potential cost of reproduction for female lizards and snakes. Most previous studies have suggested that reduced locomotor performance is a direct result of carrying a physical burden (the clutch).

Webb, JK, Pringle, RM & Shine, R 2004, 'How do nocturnal snakes select diurnal retreat sites?', COPEIA, vol. 2004, no. 4, pp. 919-925.
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Theoretical and empirical studies of habitat selection suggest that reptiles should use "fixed" structural features (perch diameter, vegetation) or light intensity (sun and shade) to select thermally suitable microhabitats. But how do nocturnal species select thermally suitable diurnal retreat sites at night in the absence of visual cues? To investigate this question, we studied habitat selection by two sympatric nocturnal snakes, the endangered Broad-Headed Snake Hoplocephalus bungaroides and the common Small-Eyed Snake Cryptophis nigrescens. In the field, we investigated whether snakes selected diurnal retreat sites nonrandomly with respect to vegetation structure and rock temperature. In the laboratory, we offered snakes a choice between rocks with different crevice sizes, temperatures, and degree of shading. In the field, rocks used by snakes received significantly higher levels of incident radiation intensity (and therefore had higher temperatures) than random rocks but had similar levels of canopy cover. This apparent paradox reflects differences in the position of canopy gaps relative to the path of the sun, the most important determinant of a rock's diurnal temperature profile. In the laboratory, snakes chose rocks with narrow crevices but did not discriminate between shaded and exposed rocks. Snakes consistently chose hot rocks over cold rocks, even though the nocturnal temperature difference between the two retreat sites was less than 4 C. Our results show that these nocturnal snakes use a fixed structural cue (crevice size) to select potential retreat sites but then use a temporally variable cue (substrate temperature) to choose among potential retreat sites.

Weeks, SW, Sander, GC, Braddock, RD & Matthews, CJ 2004, 'Saturated and Unsaturated Water Flow in Inclined Porous Media', Environmental Modeling & Assessment, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 91-102.
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This paper considers the two-dimensional saturated and unsaturated flow of water through inclined porous media, namely a waste dump or hill slope. Since the partial differential equation governing this water flow transforms from being parabolic to elliptic as the water flow varies from unsaturated to saturated, an iterative, finite differencing scheme is used to develop a numerical solution. The model can be used to investigate the effects that hill slope angle, depth of soil cover and hilltop width have on water accumulation in the dump and the time required for saturation to occur at different areas in the dump domain. The accuracy and reliability of the computer based solution is tested for two different boundary conditions - (1) no flow on all boundaries (i.e., the internal redistribution of soil moisture to steady state) and (2) a constant rainfall flux on the dump surface. Numerical studies then show the effects of changing the hill slope angle, depth of layer, and dump geometry on the flow characteristics in the dump.

Whitchurch, CB, Leech, AJ, Young, MD, Kennedy, D, Sargent, JL, Bertrand, JJ, Semmler, ABT, Mellick, AS, Martin, PR, Alm, RA, Hobbs, M, Beatson, SA, Huang, B, Nguyen, L, Commolli, JC, Engel, JN, Darzins, A & Mattick, JS 2004, 'Characterization of a complex chemosensory signal transduction system which controls twitching motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa', MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 873-893.
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Virulence of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa involves the coordinate expression of a wide range of virulence factors including type IV pili which are required for colonization of host tissues and are associated with a form of surface tr

White, TP, Botten, LC, de Sterke, CM, McPhedran, RC, Asatryan, AA & Langtry, TN 2004, 'Bloch mode scattering matrix methods for modeling extended photonic crystal structures. II. Applications', PHYSICAL REVIEW E, vol. 70, no. 5, pp. 1-10.
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The Bloch mode scattering matrix method is applied to several photonic crystal waveguide structures and devices, including waveguide dislocations, a Fabry-Perot resonator, a folded directional coupler, and a Y-junction design. The method is an efficient tool for calcuating the properties of extended photonic crystal (PC) devices, in particular whenthe device consists of a small number of distict photonic crystal structures, or for long propagation lengths through uniform PC waveguides. The physical insight provided by the method i sused to derive simple, semianalytic models that allow fast and efficient calculations of complex photonic crystal structures. We discuss the situations in which such simplifications can be made and provide examples.

White, TP, Botten, LC, de Sterke, CM, McPhedran, RC, Asatryan, AA & Langtry, TN 2004, 'Bloch mode scattering matrix methods for modeling extended photonic crystal structures. II. Applications.', Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys, vol. 70, no. 5 Pt 2, p. 056607.
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The Bloch mode scattering matrix method is applied to several photonic crystal waveguide structures and devices, including waveguide dislocations, a Fabry-Pérot resonator, a folded directional coupler, and a Y-junction design. The method is an efficient tool for calculating the properties of extended photonic crystal (PC) devices, in particular when the device consists of a small number of distinct photonic crystal structures, or for long propagation lengths through uniform PC waveguides. The physical insight provided by the method is used to derive simple, semianalytic models that allow fast and efficient calculations of complex photonic crystal structures. We discuss the situations in which such simplifications can be made and provide examples.

White, TP, de Sterke, CM, McPhedran, RC, Huang, T & Botten, LC 2004, 'Recirculation-enhanced switching in photonic crystal Mach-Zehnder interferometers', OPTICS EXPRESS, vol. 12, no. 13, pp. 3035-3045.
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We show that Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) formed from waveguides in a perfectly reflecting cladding can display manifestly different transmission characteristics to conventional MZIs due to mode recirculation and resonant reflection. Understanding and exploiting this behavior, rather than avoiding it, may lead to improved performance of photonic crystal (PC) based MZIs, for which cladding radiation is forbidden for frequencies within a photonic bandgap. Mode recirculation in such devices can result in a significantly sharper switching response than in conventional interferometers. A simple and accurate analytic model is presented and we propose specific PC structures with both high and low refractive index backgrounds that display these properties.

Williams, DBG & Blann, K 2004, 'Highly Functionalised Cyclobutanols by Samarium(II) Iodide Induced Radical Cyclisations of Carbohydrate-Derived Unsaturated Ketones', European Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol. 2004, no. 15, pp. 3286-3291.
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Williams, DBG & Evans, SJ 2004, 'Use of palladium-mediated allylic substitution reactions in the synthesis of 2,5-disubstituted-2,5-dihydrofurans', Tetrahedron Letters, vol. 45, no. 39, pp. 7189-7192.
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Williams, DF, Howlett, CR, Milthorpe, B & O'Donnell, MM 2004, 'Special Issue - Focus on biomaterials science in Australia', BIOMATERIALS, vol. 25, no. 20, pp. 4859-4859.
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Witcombe, DM, Ferguson, DJP, Belli, SI, Wallach, MG & Smith, NC 2004, 'Eimeria maxima TRAP family protein EmTFP250: subcellular localisation and induction of immune responses by immunisation with a recombinant C-terminal derivative', International Journal for Parasitology, vol. 34, no. 7, pp. 861-872.
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Wood, BR, Langford, SJ, Cooke, BM, Lim, J, Glenister, FK, Duriska, M, Unthank, JK & McNaughton, D 2004, 'Resonance Raman Spectroscopy Reveals New Insight into the Electronic Structure of β-Hematin and Malaria Pigment', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 126, no. 30, pp. 9233-9239.
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Wright, RJ, Finn, P, Contreras, JP, Cohen, S, Wright, RO, Staudenmayer, J, Wand, M, Perkins, D, Weiss, ST & Gold, DR 2004, 'Chronic caregiver stress and IgE expression, allergen-induced proliferation, and cytokine profiles in a birth cohort predisposed to atopy', Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 113, no. 6, pp. 1051-1057.
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Wu, QH, De Silva, L, Arnold, M, Hodgkinson, IJ & Takeuchi, E 2004, 'All-silicon polarizing filters for near-infrared wavelengths', JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 95, no. 1, pp. 402-404.
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We discuss the design and fabrication of optical filters that are transparent to a preferred linear polarization, but are partially or substantially reflective to the orthogonal linear polarization. The filters are fabricated by depositing thin films of form-birefringent silicon onto silicon wafers using the serial bideposition method. Characteristic curves that are presented for the in-plane principal refractive indices np and ns of the porous films as functions of vapor impingement angle facilitate critical aspects of the filter design. These include matching of a p principal index and an s principal index for films deposited at different angles, and realization of p and s principal indices that satisfy the antireflection condition for the silicon substrate in air.

Xia, L & Leslie, LM 2004, 'A GIS framework for Traffic Emission Information System', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 87, no. 1-3, pp. 153-160.
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Xu, XD, Stevens, M & Cortie, MB 2004, 'In situ precipitation of gold nanoparticles onto glass for potential architectural applications', CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS, vol. 16, no. 11, pp. 2259-2266.
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The optical properties of in situ depositied gold nanoparticle coatings are investigated for potential application in architectural glass. It is found that the optical properties of the coating canbe controlled by the pH of the deposition solution. At a pH of 5.1, the color of the coatings develops from pink, through violet, to blue in transmission. This is due to a plasmon resonance peak at 520 nm from isolated particles, and one at about 700nm due to near-field dipole interactions, with an intermediate zone of the coexistence of the two, which produces the violet color. HOwever, the two peaks do not coexist in the spectra of coatings produced at pH 8.0 or 10.0, with the peak due to the 520nm resonance being swamped by the development of the resonance due to particle-particle interactions. In all cases the 700 nm peak could be broadened and red-shifted by increasing the deposition time. The reasons for these differences are explored and are shown to be attributable to the smalle, more aggregated morphology of nanoparticles precipitated at the higher pHs. The wavelength of maximum plasmon resonance is examined as a function of the volume fraction of nanoparticles. Significant deviations from the wellpknown Genzel-Martin analytical model are observed. The reasons for deviation of themodel are discussed. FInally, it is shown how coatings that are blue or blue-gray in transmission canve obtained by exploiting this deviation. Such coatings may be more suitable for architectural application than the conventional pink-hued coatings obtained with aolloidal gold nanoparticles.

Zeppel, MJB, Murray, BR, Barton, C & Eamus, D 2004, 'Seasonal responses of xylem sap velocity to VPD and solar radiation during drought in a stand of native trees in temperate Australia', FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 461-470.
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Xylem sap velocity of two dominant tree species, Eucalyptus crebra F. Muell and Callitris glaucophylla J. Thopson & LAS Johnson, in a native remnant forest of eastern Australia was measured in winter and summer during a rpolonged (> 12 months) and extensive drought. The influence of vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and solar radiation levels onthe velocity of sap was determined. Pronounced hysteresis in sap velocity was observed in both species as a function of VPD and solar radiation. However the rotation of the hysteresis curve was clockwise for the response of sap velocity to VPD but anti-clockwise in the response of sap bvelocity to radiation levels. A possible reason for this difference is discussed. The degree of hysteresis (area bounded by the curve) was larger for the VPD response than the response to solar radiation and also varied with season. A simple linear model was able to predict sap velocity from knowledge of VPD and solar radiation in winter and summer. The consistent presence of hysteresis in the response to sap velocity to VPD and solar radiation suggests that large temporal and spatial models of vegetation water use may require soem provision for the different responses of sap velocity, and hence water use, to VPD and solar radiation, between morninga nd afternoon and between seasons.

Zheng, Q, Milthorpe, BK & Jones, AS 2004, 'Direct neural network application for automated cell recognition', CYTOMETRY PART A, vol. 57A, no. 1, pp. 1-9.
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Background Automated cell recognition from histologic images is a very complex task. Traditionally, the image is segmented by some methods chosen to suit the image type, the objects are measured, and then a classifier is used to determine cell type from the object's measurements. Different classifiers have been used with reasonable success, including neural networks working with data from morphometric analysis. Methods Image data of cells were input directly into neural networks to determine the feasibility of direct classification by using pixel intensity information. Several types of neural network and their ability to work with cells in a complex patterned background were assessed for a variety of images and cell types and for the accuracy of classification. Results Inflammatory cells from animal biomaterial implants in rabbit paravertebral muscle were imaged in histologic sections. Simple, three-layer, fully connected, back-propagation neural networks and four-layer networks with two layers of a shared-weights neural network were most successful at classifying the cells from the images, with 97% and 98% correct recognition rates, respectively. Conclusions The high accuracy recognition rate shows the potential for direct classification of visual image pixel data by neural networks.

Zhou, J & Notten, PHL 2004, 'Development of Reliable Lithium Microreference Electrodes for Long-Term In Situ Studies of Lithium-Based Battery Systems', Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 151, no. 12, pp. A2173-A2173.
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An in situ method to prepare lithium microreference electrodes has been developed. The microreference electrodes are made by electrochemical deposition of metallic lithium from both the positive and negative electrodes onto a copper wire positioned in-between the two Li-based battery electrodes. The stability of these microreference electrodes was found to be dependent on the deposition current density and the thickness of the metallic lithium layer. A current density of 0.2 mA/cm2 and a lithium layer thickness of 4 μm were shown to be the most favorable deposition condition. When the potential of the electrodes eventually starts to degrade due to "consumption" of the deposit, the microreference electrodes can advantageously be recovered by lithium redeposition. The redeposited electrodes were verified to be as stable as the freshly prepared electrodes. The validity of the microreference electrode was confirmed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The microreference electrodes were employed to monitor the electrode potentials during prolonged cycling. The as-obtained potential plots of both the positive and negative electrodes are present in this paper. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.

Zhu, H, Bandara, R, Conibear, TCR, Thuruthyil, SJ, Rice, SA, Kjelleberg, S, Givskov, M & Willcox, MDP 2004, 'Pseudomonas aeruginosawithLasIQuorum-Sensing Deficiency during Corneal Infection', Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 1897-1897.
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Zhu, QH, Ramm, K, Shivakkumar, R, Dennis, ES & Upadhyaya, NM 2004, 'The ANTHER INDEHISCENCE1 gene encoding a single MYB domain protein is involved in anther development in rice', PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 135, no. 3, pp. 1514-1525.
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Asatryan, AA, Botten, LC, McPhedran, RC, De Sterke, CM, Langtry, T & Nicorovici, NA 1970, 'Conductance of photons and anderson localization of light', OSA Trends in Optics and Photonics Series, pp. 989-990.
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The conductance properties of photons in disordered two-dimensional photonic crystals is calculated using exact multipole expansions technique. The Landauer's two-terminal formula is used to calculate the average of the conductance, its variance and the probability density distribution. © 2003 Optical Society of America.

Asatryan, AA, Botten, LC, McPhedran, RC, de Sterke, CM, Langtry, T & Nicorovici, NA 1970, 'Conductance of photons and Anderson localization of light', Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/International Quantum Electronics Conference and Photonic Applications Systems Technologies, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/International Quantum Electronics Conference and Photonic Applications Systems Technologies, Optical Society of America, San Francisco, USA, pp. 860-861.
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Conductance properties of photons in disordered two-dimensional photonic crystals is calculated using exact multipole expansions technique. The Landauers two-terminal formula is used to calculate average of the conductance, its variance and the probability density distribution.

Belli, SI, Ferguson, DJ, Luxford, C, Davies, MJ, Wallach, M, Finger, A & Smith, NC 1970, 'The molecular basis of the poultry coccidiosis vaccine, Coxabic', Proceedings of the 53rd Western Poultry Disease Conference, Proceedings of the 53rd Western Poultry Disease Conference, pp. 68-70.

Ben-Nissan, B 1970, 'Nanobioceramics', Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Nanotechnology Forum 2003, Oz Nano 03, World Scientific, Cairns, Australia, pp. 139-142.
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Recent advances in the fundmental understanding of cell and molecular biology, tissue engineering, targeted drug delievry, would healing and other biomedical processes, together with the development of new enabling technologies such as micro, nanoscale, and bio-inspired fabrication and surface modification methods, have the potential to drive the design and development of new biomateirlas useful for medical applications at an unprecedented rate. The current focus is ont he production of new nanobioceramics relevant to a broad range of applications such as implantable surface modified devices for better hard and soft tissue attachment, increased bioactivity, tissue regeneration and engineering, cancer treatment, drug delivery and gene therapies, treatment of bacterial and viral infections, delievery of oxygen to damaged tissues, imaging, materials fr minimally invasive surgery and most promising of all nanorobotics, nanobiosensors and nanodevices for wide range of biomedical applications.

Ben-Nissan, B, Milev, A, Vago, R, Conway, M & Diwan, AD 1970, 'Sol-Gel Derived Nano-Coated Coralline Hydroxyapatite for Load Bearing Applications', Key Engineering Materials, International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine, Trans Tech Publications, Ltd., Portugal, pp. 301-304.
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Berry, K, Ferguson, J, Cobbin, DM, Zaslawski, CJ, Walsh, SP & Meier, PC 1970, 'Acupuncture: Panacea or Placebo? An examination of the effectiveness of acupuncture as an adjunct to existing alcohol and other drug (AOD) programs', 15th International Conference on the Reduction of Drug Related Harm.

Berry, K, Ferguson, J, Cobbin, DM, Zaslawski, CJ, Walsh, SP & Meier, PC 1970, 'An Examination of the Effectiveness of Acupuncture as an adjunct to existing alcohol and other drug treatment programs', WFAS World Conference on Acupuncture.

Berry, K, Ferguson, J, Cobbin, DM, Zaslawski, CJ, Walsh, SP & Meier, PC 1970, 'An Examination of the effectiveness of acupuncture as an adjunct to existing alcohol and other drug treatment programs', UTS Royal Norht Shore Hospital 21st Annual Scientific Research Conference.

Botten, LC, Asatryan, AA, Nicorovici, NA, McPhedran, RC & de Sterke, CM 1970, 'Impedance models of photon conductance in photonic crystals', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers, ACOFT/AOS, ACOFT, Canberra, Australia, pp. 1-3.
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We consider the photonic analogue of electron conductance and develop a model of conductance in photonic crystal (PC) waveguides. In turn, we demonstrate the close relationship between PC and metal waveguides and go on to develop an impedance formulation for propagation in PC waveguides. We also discuss the effects of disorder.

Botten, LC, Asatryan, AA, White, TP, McPhedran, RC, De Sterke, CM & Langtry, TN 1970, 'Modelling of extended photonic crystal devices using scattering matrix techniques', PIERS 2004 - Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium, Extended Papers Proceedings, pp. 13-16.
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A rigorous semi-analytic approach to the modelling of coupling, guiding and propagation in complex microstructures embedded in photonic crystals is presented. The method, based on Bloch modes and generalized Fresnel coefficients, is outlined and a variety of applications of the design tool are presented.

Botten, LC, de Sterke, CM, Asatryan, AA, White, TP & McPhedran, RC 1970, 'Symmetry of modes in coupled photonic crystal waveguides', ACOFT/AOS '04, ACOFT, Austrlian National University, Canberra, Australia, pp. 1-3.

Chiarella, C, Schlogl, E & Sklibosios Nikitopoulos, C 1970, 'A Markovian Defaultable Term Structure Model with State Dependent Volatilities', CREDIT 2003 Conference on Dependence Modelling for Credit Portfolios, --, Venice, Italy.

Choi, AH, Conway, RC & Ben-Nissan, B 1970, 'Finite Element Analysis of Ceramic Dental Implants Incorporated into the Human Mandible', Key Engineering Materials, International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine, Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Portugal, pp. 707-710.
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Three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) was used to evaluate the influence of the design of dental implants on distortion and stresses (the maximum and minimum principal, and Von Mises) acting in the dental implant and the surrounding osseous structures during clenching. The model geometry was derived from physical measurements taken of an average size human mandible. Implants of various lengths and root configurations were embedded into the first molar region of the right mandible. Four dental implant materials have been selected for this analysis: Titanium-aluminum-vanadium (Ti-6Al-4V), cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (Co-Cr-Mo), alumina, and zirconia. All of the materials used in this analysis were idealized as homogeneous, isotropic and linear elastic. The complete model 3D-model was completed using STRAND7 and consists of 700 solid elements and 3738 nodes. The results indicated that the stresses acting in the implants are determined by several factors such as implant length, root configurations, and the implant material.

Choi, AH, Conway, RC & Ben-Nissan, B 1970, 'Three-dimensional finite element analysis of the human mandible: Stress and distortions within ceramic and metal dental implants', Transactions - 7th World Biomaterials Congress, p. 821.
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The influence of implant length and rot configuration on the distribution of stress and distortion acting in the dental implants during clenching was investigated by using three-dimensional finite element analysis. A dry human mandible was used to define the geometry of the model. The mandible was cast in a polyester resin and cross-sectioned into 28 sections. The distribution of displacements around the dental implants was slightly higher with the 12 mm implants. The results show that compressive stress acting on the 8 and 12 mm implants increases as the root taper angle increases.

Christensen, M & Platen, E 1970, 'A General Benchmark Model for Stochastic Jump Sizes', CMA National Research Symposium on Levy Process Theory and its Applications in Finance, -, Canberra, Australia.
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This paper extends the benchmark framework of Platen (2002) by introducing a sequence of incomplete markets, having uncertainty driven by a Wiener process and a marked point process. By introducing an idealized market, in which all relevant economical variables are observed, but may not all be traded, a generalized growth optimal portfolio (GOP) is obtained and calculated explicitly. The problem of determining the GOP is solved in a general setting which extends existing treatments and provides a clear link to the market prices of risk. The connection between traded securities, arbitrage and market incompleteness is analyzed. This provides a framework for analyzing the degree of incompleteness associated with jump processes, a problem well-known from insurance and credit risk modeling. By staying under the empirical measure, the resulting benchmark model has potential advantages for various applications in finance and insurance.

Cook, L 1970, 'Discussion on the meeting on ‘The 2001 census and beyond’', Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), Oxford University Press (OUP), pp. 229-248.
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Cortie, M, Holliday, R, Laguna, A, Nieuwenhuys, B & Thompson, D 1970, 'NEWS BREIF', Applied Catalysis A: General, Elsevier BV, pp. N1-N11.
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A report on "Gold2003: Highlights of this International Conference on the Science, Technology, and Industrial Applications of Gold" held on 9/28/2003-10/1/2003 in Vancouver, Canada, introducing the four principal themes of the conference, i.e., gold catalysis, chemistry, materials, and nanotechnology, covers papers on commercial aspects of gold applications, including fuel cell systems, pollution and emission control, chemical processing, and development of new coatings; gold as a novel catalyst in the 21st century, including applications in pollutant emission control, production of hydrogen for energy applications, e.g., fuel cells, and conversion of propylene to propylene oxide; gold as an active catalyst in CO oxidation, selective hydrogenation of acrolein to allyl alcohol and of crotonaldehyde to crotyl alcohol; photocatalytic hydrogen production from methanol; NH3 oxidation; and development of fuel systems, including use of gold in the generation and purification of hydrogen as well as in the fuel cell itself, with potential applications on generators, cars and buses, industrial vehicles, and small portable power suppliers.

Cortie, MB, Van Der Lingen, E & Patrick, G 1970, 'Catalysis and capacitance on nano-structured gold particles and sponges', Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Nanotechnology Forum 2003, Asia Pacific Nanotechnology Forum, World Scientific, Cairns, Australia, pp. 79-82.
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In the present paper we descrbe the catalytic properties and electrolytic double-layer capacitance of nano-structured, mesoporous gold sponges. These materials are effective catalysts for CO oxidation and for the selective catalytic conversion of NOx. The possible application of mesoporous gold in electric double layer capacitors is premised on its high durface area, corrosion resistance and excellent electrical conductivity. The niche, if any exists, would be in high-efficiency, and high-power density ultra-capacitors for top-end consumer appliances

Darling, AE, Mau, B, Craven, M & Perna, NT 1970, 'Multiple alignment of rearranged genomes', Proceedings. 2004 IEEE Computational Systems Bioinformatics Conference, 2004. CSB 2004., Proceedings. 2004 IEEE Computational Systems Bioinformatics Conference, 2004. CSB 2004., IEEE, Stanford, CA, pp. 738-739.
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The nature of large-scale evolutionary processes that shape genomes over time fundamentally differs from the forces governing local evolution within individual genes. Large-scale events such as horizontal transfer, genome re-arrangements, gene duplicatio

De Sterke, CM, White, TP, McPhedran, RC, Asatryan, AA & Botten, LC 1970, 'Modal symmetry for coupled photonic crystal waveguides', OSA Trends in Optics and Photonics Series, pp. 847-848.
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The symmetry properties of the modes of coupled waveguides in two-dimensional photonic crystals are investigated. We find that, in contrast to conventional waveguides, the fundamental mode can be either even or odd. © 2003 Optical Society of America.

Death, AK, McGrath, KC, Handelsman, DJ & Celermajer, DS 1970, 'Androgens exert novel genomic and nongenomic effects on human endothelial cells: Implications for the gender differences in atherosclerosis', CIRCULATION, 77th Scientific Meeting of the American-Heart-Association, LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS, New Orleans, LA, pp. 252-252.

Deller, CA, Smith, GB & Franklin, JB 1970, 'Uniform white light distribution with low loss from coloured LEDs using polymer doped polymer mixing rods.', FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE LIGHTING, SPIE Annual Meeting: Optical Systems Engineering, SPIE, Denver, USA, pp. 231-240.
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Didan, K, Huete, A & ieee 1970, 'Analysis of the global vegetation dynamic metrics using MODIS vegetation index and land cover products', IGARSS 2004: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-7, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IEEE, Anchorage, AK, pp. 2058-2061.

Ferreira, LG, Ferreira, ME, Ferreira, NC, Sano, EE, de Jesus, ET, Huete, AR & ieee 1970, 'Evaluation of MODIS vegetation indices and change thresholds for the monitoring of the Brazilian Cerrado', IGARSS 2004: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-7, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IEEE, Anchorage, AK, pp. 4340-4343.

Forbes, SL, Stuart, BH & Dent, BB 1970, 'Detection of adipocere in grave soils using GCMS', Forensic Analysis 2004, Forensic Analysis 2004, Lincoln.

Freude, W, Poulton, C, Koos, C, Brosi, J, Glockler, F, Jin Wang, Chakam, G-A & Fujii, M 1970, 'Design and fabrication of nanophotonic devices', Proceedings of 2004 6th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (IEEE Cat. No.04EX804), 2004 6th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks, IEEE, Wroclaw, POLAND, pp. 4-9.
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Friolo, KH, Ray, AS, Stuart, BH & Thomas, P 1970, 'Degradation of historic sandstone buildings of Sydney', Proceedings of the 7th Australasian Masonry Conference, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, pp. 420-427.

Friolo, KH, Ray, AS, Stuart, BH & Thomas, P 1970, 'Thermal analysis of yellow block sandstones in Sydney's heritage buildings', 13th International Congress on Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry Book of Abstracts, 13th International Congress on Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Sardinia.

Frishling, V & Schlogl, E 1970, 'Credit derivatives pricing models: Overview and firm value models', Sydney financial mathematics workshop, Sydney Financial Mathematics Workshop, -, Sydney, Australia.

Gelhausen, O, Malguth, E, Phillips, M, Goldys, EM, Strassburg, M, Hoffmann, AV, Graf, T, Gjukic, M & Stutzmann, M 1970, 'Optical Properties of Mn -doped GaN', Proceedings MRS Fall Meeting, Materials Research Society, Materials Research Society, Materials Research Society, Boston, MA, USA, pp. 569-574.

Godlewski, M, Wojtowicz, T, Goldys, EM, Phillips, MR, Czernecki, R, Prystawko, P, Leszczynski, M, Perlin, P, Grzegory, I, Porowski, S, Böttcher, T, Figge, S & Hommel, D 1970, 'In-depth and in-plane profiling of light emission properties from semiconductor-based heterostructures', Opto-Electronics Review, 4th International Conference on Solid State Crystals/7th Polish Conference on Crystal Growth, POLISH ACAD SCIENCES, Zakopane Koscielisko, POLAND, pp. 353-359.
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Cathodoluminescence (CL) technique is applied for evaluation of in-depth and in-plane variations of light emission from semiconductor heterostructures, including laser diode structures. Light emission properties of heteroepitaxial and homoepitaxial structures are studied. We demonstrate possibility of in-depth profiling of complicated multi quantum well structures, which allows us to evaluate light emission characteristics from different regions of, e.g., laser structures. Due to this property of the CL, we can evaluate interconnections between structural quality of the samples and light emission characteristics. Stimulated emission under electron beam pumping is achieved in a conventional CL set up for selected heterostructures. Threshold currents for stimulated emission are evaluated from the CL investigations. We demonstrate that potential fluctuations are not fully screened in the active regions of laser structures, even at large excitation densities.

Gorrie, CA, Rodrigue, ML, Duflou, J, Sachdev, P & Waite, PME 1970, 'Older pedestrian fatalities: Assessment of dementia related neuropathology', JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA, 22nd Annual National-Neurotrauma-Society Symposium, MARY ANN LIEBERT INC, San Diego, CA, pp. 1314-1314.

Heath, DP & Platen, E 1970, 'Local volatility function models under a benchmark approach.', Daiwa International Workshop on Financial Engineering, Daiwa International Workshop on Financial Engineering, DAIWA, Tokyo/ Kyoto, Japan.

Hodgkinson, IJ, De Silva, L, Murray, P, Wu, QH, Arnold, M & Leader, JP 1970, 'Modeling optical reflectance from chiral micro-mirrors embedded in Manuka beetles', NANOMODELING, Nanomodeling, SPIE, Denver, USA, pp. 15-23.
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Hodgkinson, IJ, Wu, QH, Arnold, M & De Silva, L 1970, 'Biaxial thin-film coated-plate polarizing beam splitters for use at 45-degrees', Optical Interference Coatings, Optical Interference Coatings, OSA.
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Hodgkinson, IJ, Wu, QH, De Silva, L & Arnold, M 1970, 'Threaded-chiral media: reflectors for elliptically polarized light', COMPLEX MEDIUMS V: LIGHT AND COMPLEXITY, Complex Mediums V: Light and Complexity, SPIE, Denver, USA, pp. 47-56.
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Huete, A, Didan, K & ieee 1970, 'MODIS seasonal and inter-annual responses of semiarid ecosystems to drought in the southwest USA', IGARSS 2004: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-7, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IEEE, Anchorage, AK, pp. 1538-1541.

Ip, K, Ray, AS, Stuart, BH & Thomas, P 1970, 'Degradation of historic sandstone buildings of Sydney', Proceedings of the 7th Australasian Masonry Conference, Australian Masonary Conference, University of Newcastle, Australia, pp. 420-427.

Jones, A, Gladstone, W & Hacking, N 1970, 'Sandy-Beach Ecosystems and Climate Change: Potential Ecological Consequences and Management Implications', Proceedings of Coast to Coast 2004, Department of Primary Industries Water and Environment, Hobart.

Kazakov, V, Schlogl, E & Schlogl, L 1970, 'Gram-charlier expansions, edgeworth expansions and multivariate distributions implied by options prices.', 3rd National symposium on financial mathematics, 3rd National symposium on financial mathematics, -, Melbourne, Australia.

Kelly, L, Platen, E & Sorensen, M 1970, 'Estimation for discretely observed diffusions using transform functions.', National symposium on probability and its applications, National Symposium on Probability and its Applications, -, Canberra, Australia.

Knowles, WR, Thiel, BL, Toth, M, Schroemges, RPM, Scholtz, JJ, van Veen, G, Elders, M & Donald, AM 1970, 'Design of a Two-Stage Gas Amplification Secondary Electron Detector for Imaging Insulating Samples at the sub-1 nm Scale', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), pp. 1060-1061.
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.

Konstandatos, O 1970, 'A new method for pricing double barriers', National Symposium on Financial Mathematics, Melbourne, Australia.

Konstandatos, O 1970, 'Maximising your payoff', Quantitative Methods in Finance 2004 Conference, Sydney, Australia.

Konstandatos, O 1970, 'Pricing double barriers', Seminar Presentation, School of Finance and Economics, University of Technology, Sydney, Sydney, Australia.

Kuritsyn, D, Kozanecki, A, Przybylińska, H & Jantsch, W 1970, 'Energy transfer to Er ³⁺ ions in silicon‐rich‐silicon oxide: efficiency limitations', physica status solidi (c), Wiley, pp. 229-232.
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Zinc oxide nano-particles (25 nm) have been investigated by cathodoluminescence spectroscopy (300 nm-1700 nm) at 80 K and 300 K following thermal annealing in high purity H2/N2, N2, O2 and Ar gaseous atmospheres. The intensity of the ZnO near band edge peak was significantly increased after heat treatment in hydrogen. Conversely, thermal annealing in the other gas types decreased this emission. This effect is attributed to hydrogen passivation of competitive non-radiative defect centers, most likely bulk zinc vacancy centers. The appearance of a strong green emission centered at 2.4 eV following thermal annealing in all gas atmospheres is ascribed to the formation of bulk oxygen vacancy defects. A strong red shift of the near band edge emission with increasing beam current at 300 K is accredited to electron beam heating rather than to an increase in the carrier density. Electron beam heating is evidenced by the occurrence of a strong black body emission in the near infrared spectral region. © 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Langtry, T, Botten, LC, Asatryan, AA, Byrne, MA & Bourgeois, A 1970, 'Localisation and disorder in the design of 2D photonic crystal devices', ANZIAM Journal - 11th Biennial Computational Techniques and Applications Conference: CTAC-2003, Computational Techniques and Applications Conference, Cambridge University Press, Sydney, Australia, pp. 744-758.
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Photonic crystals are meta-materials that can inhibit the propagation of light in all directions for specific wavelength ranges. Material or structural defects can be introduced into the crystal to cause localised modes, providing the ability to mould the flow of light on the wavelength scale and allowing the development of miniaturised, integrated photonic devices. For this reason, photonic crystals will likely be key building blocks for future micro-optical and communication technology. In this paper, we examine the Bloch mode modelling of 2D photonic crystal structures with application to the analysis of photonic crystal waveguides and their susceptibility to disorder, which provides a framework for studying fabrication tolerances in realistic devices.

Liberati, NB & Platen, E 1970, 'On the efficiency of simplified weak Taylor schemes for Monte Carlo simulation in finance', COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE - ICCS 2004, PROCEEDINGS, International Conference on Computational Science, Springer-Verlag, Wroclaw, Poland, pp. 771-778.

Linton, OB, Mammen, E, Lin, X & Carroll, RJ 1970, 'Correlation and Marginal Longitudinal Kernel Nonparametric Regression', PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND SEATTLE SYMPOSIUM IN BIOSTATISTICS, 2nd Seattle Symposium in Biostatistics - Analysis of Correlated Data, Springer New York, Seattle, WA, pp. 23-33.
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Lott, D, Solina, D, Almokhtar, M, Mibu, K, Schmidt, W & Schreyer, A 1970, 'Modifications of the spin density wave of Cr in Fe/Cr multilayers by insertion of Sn studied by neutron diffraction', Physica B: Condensed Matter, Elsevier BV, pp. E245-E248.
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Recently, the magnetic properties of chromium in Fe/Cr multilayers were studied with Mössbauer spectroscopy by inserting a tin monolayer in the chromium. Complementary neutron-diffraction studies on Fe/Cr(t) and Fe/Cr(t/2)/ Sn(2 Å)/Cr(t/2) multilayers with t = 80 and 160 Å are presented here. The Fe/Cr multilayers behave as previously observed, however the samples with tin deviate from these trends. These deviations are more prominent in the Fe/Cr/ Sn/Cr multilayer with t= 80 Å. Instead of an incommensurate to commensurate spin-density-wave (SDW) transition with increasing temperature (T) as seen without tin, a dominant commensurate component is observed at low T transforming to an incommensurate phase at higher T. The general SDW behaviour of chromium in Fe/Cr multilayers seems to be changed significantly by the insertion of Sn, allowing the tailoring of magnetic properties of Fe/Cr systems in a new way. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Maclurcan, D, Ford, M, Cortie, MB & Ghosh, D 1970, 'Medical Nanotechnology and Developing Nations', Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Nanotechnology Forum 2003, Oz Nano, World Scientific Publishing Co, Cairns, Australia, pp. 165-172.

Meier, PC 1970, 'Integrating Complementary Medicine', UTS Royal North Shore Hosptial Science Conference.

Meier, PC, Rogers, C & Cobbin, DM 1970, 'Reporting TCM Morbidity', WFAS World Conference on Acupuncture, Gold Coast.

Milev, AS, Kannangara, GK, Ben-Nissan, B & Wilson, MA 1970, 'Template directed synthesis of nanosized bone-like apatite', Oz Nano 03 Proceeding of the Aisa Pacific Nanotechnology FOrum 2003, Oz Nano, World Scientific, Cairns, Australia, pp. 87-92.

Mitchell, RA, Nguyen, HT, Thornton, BS, Hung, WT, Lee, W, Rickard, M & ieee 1970, 'Mammogram object detection using dendronic image analysis', PROCEEDINGS OF THE 26TH ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY, VOLS 1-7, Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, San Francisco, USA, pp. 1763-1765.
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Breast cancer can be treated with better patient outcomes and significantly lower costs if detected early. Using the spatial dendronic structure, image masks can be obtained, showing regions in the mammogram image corresponding to the breast and lead marker. The technique is robust to noise and placement of the breast within the image. The technique not only reduces the size of the region to be analysed, but also provides the dendronic structure of the breast in which stealth-like masses can be found more easily.

Mokkapati, S, Lever, P, Tan, HH, Jagadish, C, McBean, KE & Phillips, MR 1970, 'Selective Area Epitaxy of InGaAs Quantum Dots for Optoelectronic Device Integration', Conference on Optoelectronic and Microelectronic Materials and Devices, 2004., 2004 Conference on Optoelectronic and Microelectronic Materials and Devices. Proceedings, IEEE, Univ Queensland, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA, pp. 273-275.
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Notten, PHL, Ouwerkerk, M, van Hal, H, Beelen, D, Keur, W, Zhou, J & Feil, H 1970, 'High energy density strategies: from hydride-forming materials research to battery integration', Journal of Power Sources, Elsevier BV, pp. 45-54.
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Two different strategies are outlined to develop both high energy density and space-efficient batteries, including the most widely applied rechargeable nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) and Li-ion batteries. The hydrogen storage capacity of fluorite-structured Mg-containing compounds are shown to have a reversible electrochemical storage capacity of more than four times that of the commonly used MischMetal-based AB5 compounds in NiMH, i.e. 1500mAh/g (5.6wt.%). The formation of octahedral sites within the crystal lattice is argued to be very crucial for the improved kinetics of hydrogen absorption and desorption. It is shown that the fluorite-structure can be conserved with both precious Sc and the less expensive Ti up to a Mg content of 80at.%. Both thermodynamic and kinetic data are presented in relation to the materials composition. In addition, the development of preshaped batteries, as the first step to battery integration, has contributed to a much higher level of design freedom for portable electronic equipment. The manufacturing process of preshaped batteries will be described together with their electrochemical characteristics. Advantageously, the mechanical stability is provided locally by polymer rivets, allowing to get rid of heavy metallic casings and to make use of a much wider range of battery shapes. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Phillips, MR & McBean, KE 1970, 'In-situ Evaluation of Post Growth Treatments on the Cathodoluminescence Properties of Fluorescent Nano-particles in the Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Microscopy & Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), Savannah, USA, pp. 1064-1065.
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.

Platen, E 1970, 'A benchmark framework for risk management', STOCHASTIC PROCESSES AND APPLICATIONS TO MATHEMATICAL FINANCE, International Symposium on "Stochastic Processes and Applications to Mathematical Finance", World Scientific, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan, pp. 305-335.
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Platen, E 1970, 'Diversified Portfolios with Jumps in a Benchmark Framework', Quantitative Methods in Finance 2002 Conference, Quantitative Methods in Finance 2002 Conference, Sydney.
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This paper considers diversifed portfolios in a sequence of jump diffusion market models. Conditions for the approximation of the growth optimal portfolio (GOP) by diversified portfolios are provided. Under realistic assumptions, it is shown that diversified portfolios approximate the GOP without requiring any major model specifications. This provides a basis for systematic use of diversified stock indices as proxies for the GOP in derivative pricing, risk management and portfolio optimization.

PLATEN, E 1970, 'MODELING THE VOLATILITY AND EXPECTED VALUE OF A DIVERSIFIED WORLD INDEX', International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance, Quantitative Methods in Finance, --, Sydney, pp. 511-529.
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This paper considers a diversified world stock index in a continuous financial market with the growth optimal portfolio (GOP) as reference unit or benchmark. Diversified broadly based indices and portfolios, which include major world stock market indices, are shown to approximate the GOP. It is demonstrated that a key financial quantity is the trend of a world index. It turns out that it can be directly observed since the expected increments of the index equal four times those of the quadratic variation of its square root. Using a world stock index as approximation of the discounted GOP it is shown that, in reality, the trend of the discounted GOP does not vary greatly in the long term. This leads for a diversified world index to a natural model, where the index is a transformed square root process of dimension four. The squared index volatility appears then as the inverse of the square root process. This feature explains most of the properties of an index and its volatility.

Platen, E 1970, 'Modelling the volatility and expected value of a diversified world index.', International workshop on mathematical finance and insurance, International Workshop on Mathematical Finance and Insurance, -, Huang Shan, China.

Platen, E 1970, 'Numerical solution of stochastic differential equations', Workshop on mathematical methods in finance, Workshop on Mathematical Methods in Finance, -, Melbourne, Australia.

Platen, E 1970, 'Pricing and hedging for incomplete jump diffusion benchmark models', Mathematics of Finance: Proceedings of an AMS-IMS-SIAM Joint Summer Research Conference on Mathematics of Finance, AMS-IMS-SIAM Joint Summer Research Conference on Mathematics of Finance, American Mathematical Society, Snowbird, Utah, USA, pp. 287-301.

Ralph, TC, Langford, NK, Bell, TB, O'Brien, JL, Pryde, GL, White, AG & Milburn, GJ 1970, 'Investigation of two qubit quantum gates in linear optics', SPIE Proceedings, Optical Science and Technology, SPIE's 48th Annual Meeting, SPIE, pp. 161-170.
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We discuss progress towards implementing two qubit quantum gates in optics. We review the operation of an optical quantum gate which performs all the operations of a control-NOT (CNOT) gate in the coincidence basis with two, unentangled photons as the input and discuss its implementation.

Ratana, P, Huete, A & ieee 1970, 'Seasonal dynamics of native and converted cerrado physiognomies with MODIS data', IGARSS 2004: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-7, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IEEE, Anchorage, AK, pp. 4336-4339.

Reimers, JR, Solomon, GC & Hush, NS 1970, 'Advantages of the use of semiempirical methods in molecular electronics.', ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society, AMER CHEMICAL SOC, Anaheim, CA, pp. U1028-U1028.

Roest, R, Eberhardt, AW, Latella, BA, Wuhrer, R & Ben-Nissan, B 1970, 'Adhesion of sol-gel derived zirconia nano-coatings on surface treated titanium', BIOCERAMICS, VOL 16, Bioceramics 16, Trans Tech Publications, Portugal, pp. 455-458.

Salih, A, Larkum, A, Cronin, T, Wiedenmann, J, Szymczak, R & Cox, G 1970, 'Biological properties of coral GFP-type proteins provide clues for engineering novel optical probes and biosensors.', GENETICALLY ENGINEERED AND OPTICAL PROBES FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS II, pp. 61-72.
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In recent years, a variety of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)-like pigments have been discovered from corals and other marine organisms. They are widely used to expand the range of available GFP-type proteins in imaging applications, such as in vivo markers for gene expression and protein localization studies, FRET-based (Förster resonance energy transfer) multicolor imaging and biosensors. They have known diverse optical and biochemical properties but their in vivo spectral properties and biological function in marine organisms is only beginning to be understood We have investigated their spectral diversity, optical properties and cellular microstructure in corals of the Great Barrier Reef with the aim of elucidating their photo-biological function/s as well as to identify novel proteins suitable for GFP-based technologies. We found numerous spectral variants, with emissions covering almost the full range of the visible spectrum. Many of these GFP-like proteins, especially in corals from the more extreme habitats, such as sun-exposed shallows or in deep water, showed a range of light-related spectral characteristics: high photostability, spectral tuning for energy transfer and dynamic photo-induced transformation properties. Intra-cellularly they were organized into spectral donor-acceptor pairs or even arrays, tuned for FRET. Coral color proteins thus offer an exciting potential to expand the use of the available GFPs in bio-imaging applications and as a basis for improved protein engineering.

Sanders, LM, Henderson, CE, Hong, MY, Barhoumi, R, Burghardt, RC, Wang, N, Spinka, CM, Carroll, RJ, Turner, ND, Chapkin, RS & Lupton, JR 1970, 'An Increase in Reactive Oxygen Species by Dietary Fish Oil Coupled with the Attenuation of Antioxidant Defenses by Dietary Pectin Enhances Rat Colonocyte Apoptosis', The Journal of Nutrition, Experimental Biology 2002 Annual Meeting, Elsevier BV, NEW ORLEANS, LA, pp. 3233-3238.
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Schelm, S & Smith, GB 1970, 'Field profiles for spherical conductive nanoparticles and metallic-shell/dielectric-core nano-composites', NANOMODELING, SPIE Annual Meeting: Nanotechnology & Organic Materials, SPIE, Denver, USA, pp. 160-169.
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Schlogl, E 1970, 'Advance credit risk measurement and modelling techniques for effective portfolio credit risk management', Risk magazine workshop, Risk magazine workshop, -, Hong Kong, China.

Schlogl, E 1970, 'Default correlation modelling', Sydney financial mathematics workshop, Sydney financial mathematics workshop, -, Sydney, Australia.

Schlogl, E 1970, 'Factor distribution and correlations implied by market quotes for synthetic CDO tranches', -, Quantitative methods in finance 2004 conference, -, Sydney, Australia.

Schlogl, E 1970, 'Modelling default correlation for portfolio credit risk', Derivatives and risk management, Derivatives and risk mamagement, -, Sydney, Australia.

Schlogl, E 1970, 'Understanding the key issues and concerns in modelling portfolio credit risk', Credit risk forum 2004, Credit risk forum 2004, -, Sydney, Australia.

Seymour, JR & Mitchell, JG 1970, 'Microscale distributions of bacterioplankton and virus-like particles assessed using flow cytometry', United States.

Shapter, JG, Hale, P, Maddox, LM, Ford, MJ & Waclawik, ER 1970, 'Teaching Undergraduates Nanotechnology', MRS Proceedings, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, pp. 6-16.
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AbstractOne of the first nanotechnology undergraduate degrees in the world was established at Flinders University in 2000. In this paper we present our experience of developing and delivering this degree in a climate where “traditional” physical sciences are under considerable strain. We will discuss the motivation for this initiative, structure of the established course and educational issues relating to its development.

Smith, GB, Maaroof, AI, Allan, RS, Schelm, S, Anstis, GR & Cortie, MB 1970, 'Optical response of nanostructured metal/dielectric composites and multilayers', COMPLEX MEDIUMS V: LIGHT AND COMPLEXITY, Complex Mediums V: Light & Complexity, International Society for Optical Engneering, Colorado, USA, pp. 192-205.
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The homogeneous optical response in conducting nanostructured layers, and in insulating layers containing dense arrays of self assembled conducting nanoparticles separated by organic linkers, is examined experimentally through their effective complex indices (n*, k*). Classical effective medium models, modified to account for the 3-phase nanostructure, are shown to explain (n*, k*) in dense particulate systems but not inhomogeneous layers with macroscopic conductance for which a different approach to homogenisation is discussed. (n*, k*) data on thin granular metal films, thin mesoporous gold, and on thin metal layers containing ordered arrays of voids, is linked to properties of the surface plasmon states which span the nanostructured film. Coupling between evanescent waves at either surface counterbalanced by electron scattering losses must be considered. Virtual bound states for resonant photons result, with the associated transit delay leading to a large rise in n* in many nanostructures. Overcoating n-Ag with alumina is shown to alter (n*, k*) through its impact on the SP coupling. In contrast to classical optical homogenisation, effective indices depend on film thickness. Supporting high resolution SEM images are presented.

Stokes, DJ, Baker, FS & Toth, M 1970, 'Raising the Pressure: Realizing Room Temperature/High Humidity Applications in ESEM', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), pp. 1074-1075.
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.

Thiel, BL, Toth, M & Craven, JP 1970, 'Charging processes in low vacuum scanning electron microscopy', MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS, Topical Conference on Microbeam Characterization of Nonconductive Materials, CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, McGill Univ, Dept Min, Met & Mat Engn, Montreal, CANADA, pp. 711-720.
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Thiel, BL, Toth, M, Schroemges, RPM, Scholtz, JJ, van Veen, G & Knowles, WR 1970, 'A Two-Stage Gas Amplification Secondary Electron Detector for Ultra-High Resolution Imaging', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), pp. 1058-1059.
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.

Toth, M & Baker, FS 1970, 'Secondary Electron Imaging at Gas Pressures in Excess of 15 torr', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), pp. 1062-1063.
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.

Wang, B, Xi, Y & Gu, H 1970, 'Rolling horizon heuristic for single-machine scheduling problem', Proceedings of the World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation (WCICA), pp. 2872-2876.
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A kind of rolling horizon heuristic for the scheduling problems with globally known information was presented. Under the heuristic the scheduling problems were addressed by using a series of locally scheduling instead of a single globally off-line scheduling. At each decision time, a subproblem based on a job subset was particularly defined and the sizes of sub-problems were limited. The sub-problem for locally scheduling was solved and then a portion of the solution was implemented. While the decision time was being put forward, global schedule was being realized step by step. Usually it is hard to analyze the global performance of rolling horizon procedures due to heuristic. However, a terminal penalty function was appended to the objective function of sub-problems to make the local objective consistent with the global one. Global performances of rolling horizon procedures can be analyzed to an extent. Several conclusions were drawn out about the global performance of the new rolling horizon procedures. The procedural global performance is getting better and better from one decision time to another and the performance of the initial schedule is an upper bound for that of the ultimately realized schedule.

White, R, Phillips, MR, Thomas, P, Wuhrer, R & Dredge, P 1970, 'Interactions Between Pigments in 19th and Early 20th Century Oil Paintings - In Situ Studies Using the Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Microscopy and Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), Savannah, USA, pp. 132-133.
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.

White, TP, de Sterke, CM, McPhedran, RC, Botten, LC & Huang, TH 1970, 'Photonic crystal based Mach-Zehnder interferometer', ACOFT/AOS '04, ACOFT, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia, pp. 1-3.

Wuhrer, R, Moran, K, Huggett, P, Phillips, MR & Ben-Nissan, B 1970, 'X-Ray Mapping and Electron Back-Scattered Diffraction of Phases in Welded Materials', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Microscopy & Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), Savannah, USA, pp. 916-917.
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.

Wuhrer, R, Phillips, MR, Mason, K, Roux, C, Maniago, JR & Hales, S 1970, 'GSR Analysis in the Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Microscopy & Microanalysis, Oxford University Press (OUP), Savannah, USA, pp. 1362-1363.
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.

Zinder, Y & Singh, G 1970, 'Preemptive scheduling on parallel processors with due dates', Proceedings of the International Symposium on Scheduling 2004, International Symposium on Scheduling, Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, Japan, pp. 100-103.

Burchett, M, Wood, R, Orwell, RL, Tarran, J, Torpy, FR & Alquezar, R Horticulture Australia 2004, Potted-Plants Substantially Improve Office Air Quality, pp. 1-48, Sydney, Australia.

Wood, R, Burchett, M, Alquezar, R, Orwell, RL, Tarran, J & Torpy, FR The Nursery Papers, Nursery and Garden Industry Australia 2004, Using pot plants to clean indoor air, pp. 1-4, Sydney, Australia.
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Polluted indoor air, air contaminated by Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), are a major cause of headaches, nausea, concentration loss and other `building-related illnesses. Previous laboratory research by the Plants and Environmental Quality Group at the University of Technology, Sydney (UTS) has shown that the `pot plant system (plants-and-potting-mix combination) can daily eliminate several times the Australian maximum exposure concentrations of the common VOCs benzene and n-hexane.

Barrett, PM & Ollendick, TH 2004, 'Handbook of Interventions that Work with Children and Adolescents', Wiley, pp. xiii-xiv.
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Breymann, W, Kelly, L & Platen, E 2004, 'Intraday Empirical Analysis and Modeling of Diversified World Stock Indices'.
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This paper proposes an approach to the intraday analysis of diversified world stock accumulation indices. The growth optimal portfolio (GOP) is used as reference unit or benchmark in a continuous financial market model. Diversified portfolios, covering the world stock market, are constructed and shown to approximate the GOP, providing the basis for a range of financial applications. The normalized GOP is modeled as a time transformed square root process of dimension four. Its dynamics are empirically verified for several world stock indices. Furthermore, the evolution of the transformed time is modeled as the integral over a rapidly evolving mean-reverting market activity process with deterministic volatility. The empirical findings suggest a rather simple and robust model for a world stock index that reflects the historical evolution, by using only a few readily observable parameters.

Bruti Liberati, N & Platen, E 2004, 'On the efficiency of simplified weak Taylor schemes for Monte Carlo simulation in finance (QFRC paper #114)'.

Chiarella, C, Schlogl, E & Nikitopoulos Sklibosios, C 2004, 'A Markovian defaultable term structure model with state dependent volatilities (QFRC paper #135)'.

Christensen, MM & Platen, E 2004, 'A general benchmark model for stochastic jump sizes', Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney.
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Research Paper Number: 139 Abstract: This paper extends the benchmark framework of Platen (2002) by introducing a sequence of incomplete markets, having uncertainty driven by a Wiener process and a marked point process. By introducing an idealized market, in which all relevant economical variables are observed, but may not all be traded, a generalized growth optimal portfolio (GOP) is obtained and calculated explicitly. The problem of determining the GOP is solved in a general setting which extends existing treatments and provides a clear link to the market prices of risk. The connection between traded securities, arbitrage and market incompleteness is analyzed. This provides a framework for analyzing the degree of incompleteness associated with jump processes, a problem well-known from insurance and credit risk modeling. By staying under the empirical measure, the resulting benchmark model has potential advantages for various applications in finance and insurance.

Heath, D & Platen, E 2004, 'Understanding the Implied Volatility Surface for Options on a Diversified Index'.
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This paper describes a two-factor model for a diversifed index that attempts to explain both the leverage effect and the implied volatility skews that are characteristic of index options. Our formulation is based on an analysis of the growth optimal portfolio and a corresponding random market activity time where the discounted growth optimal portfolio is expressed as a time transformed squared Bessel process of dimension four. It turns out that for this index model an equivalent risk neutral martingale measure does not exist because the corresponding Radon-Nikodym derivative process is a strict local martingale. However, a consistent pricing and hedging framework is established by using the benchmark approach. The proposed model,which includes a random initial condition for market activity, generates implied volatility surfaces for European call and put options that are typically observed in real markets. The paper also examines the price differences of binary options for the proposed model and their Black-Scholes counterparts.

Kelly, L, Platen, E & Sorensen, M 2004, 'Estimation for discretely observed diffusions using transform functions'.

Miller, S & Platen, E 2004, 'Two-factor model for low interest rate regimes (QFRC paper #130)'.

Platen, E 2004, 'A benchmark approach to finance (QFRC paper #138)'.

Platen, E 2004, 'Capital asset pricing for markets with intensity based jumps', Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney.
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Research Paper Number: 143 Abstract: This paper proposes a unified framework for portfolio optimization, derivative pricing, modeling and risk measurement in financial markets with security price processes that exhibit intensity based jumps. It is based on the natural assumption that investors prefer more for less, in the sense that for two given portfolios with the same variance of its increments, the one with the higher expected increment is preferred. If one additionally assumes that the market together with its monetary authority acts to maximize the long term growth of the market portfolio, then this portfolio exhibits a very particular dynamics. In a market without jumps the resulting dynamics equals that of the growth optimal portfolio (GOP). Conditions are formulated under which the well-known capital asset pricing model is generalized for markets with intensity based jumps. Furthermore, the Markowitz efficient frontier and the Sharpe ratio are recovered in this continuous time setting. In this paper the numeraire for derivative pricing is chosen to be the GOP. Primary security account prices, when expressed in units of the GOP, turn out to be supermartingales. In the proposed framework an equivalent risk neutral martingale measure need not exist. Fair derivative prices are obtained as conditional expectations of future payoff structures under the real world probability measure. The concept of fair pricing is shown to generalize the classical risk neutral and the actuarial net present value pricing methodologies.

Platen, E 2004, 'Diversified portfolios with jumps in a benchmark framework (QFRC paper #129)'.

Platen, E, West, J & Breymann, W 2004, 'An Intraday Empirical Analysis of Electricity Price Behaviour', Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney.
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This paper proposes an approach to the intraday analysis of the dynamics of electricity prices. The Growth Optimal Portfolio (GOP) is used as a reference unit in a continuous financial electricity price model. A diversified global portfolio in the form of a market capitalisation weighted index approximates the GOP. The GOP, measured in units of electricity, is normalised and then modeled as a time transformed square root process of dimension four. The dynamics of the resulting process is empirically verified. Intraday spot electricity prices from the US and Australian markets are used for this analysis. The empirical findings identify a simple but realistic model for examining the volatile behaviours of electricity prices. The proposed model reflects the historical price evolution reasonably well by using a only a few robust but readily observable parameters. The evolution of the tranformed times is modeled via a rapidly evolving market activity. A periodic, ergodic process with deterministic volatility is used to model market activity.