Aharonovich, I, Tamir, S & Lifshitz, Y 2008, 'Growth of SiO(x) nanowires by laser ablation', Nanotechnology, vol. 19, pp. 1-8.
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Amorphous SiOx nanowires (NWs) were synthesized using laser ablation of silicon-containing targets. The influence of various parameters such as target composition, substrate type, substrate temperature and carrier gas on the growth process was studied. The NWs were characterized using high resolution scanning and transmission electron microscopes (HRSEM and HRTEM) with their attachments: electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and energy electron loss spectroscopy (EELS). A metal catalyst was found essential for the NW growth. A growth temperature higher than 1000 ?C was necessary for the NW formation using an Ar-based carrier gas at 500 Torr. The use of Ar5%H2 instead of pure Ar resulted in a higher yield and longer NWs. Application of a diffusion barrier on top of the Si substrate guaranteed the availability of metal catalyst droplets on the surface, essential for the NW growth. Ni was found to be a better catalyst than Au in terms of the NW yield and length. Two alternative sequences for the evolution of the amorphous SiOx NWs were considered: (a) the formation of Si NWs first and their complete oxidation afterwards, which seems to be doubtful, (b) the direct formation of SiOx NWs, which is more likely to occur. The direct formation mechanism was proposed to advance in three stages: preferential adsorption of SiOx clusters on the catalyst surface first, a successive surface diffusion to the catalyst droplet lower hemisphere, and finally the formation and growth of the NW between the catalyst and the substrate.
Aharonovich, I, Zhou, C, Stacey, A, Treussart, F, Roch, J & Prawer, S 2008, 'Formation of color centers in nanodiamonds by plasma assisted diffusion of impurities from the growth substrate', Applied Physics Letters, vol. 93, no. 24, p. 243112.
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A technique to create nickel-related single color centers in individual nanodiamonds is demonstrated. The method involves implantation of nickel ions into a substrate onto which the diamond nanocrystals are subsequently grown by chemical vapor deposition
Andersson, C, Helliwell, C, Bagnall, D, Hughes, T, Finnegan, E, Peacock, J & Dennis, ES 2008, 'The FLX Gene of Arabidopsis is required for FRI-dependent activation of FLC expression', Plant And Cell Physiology, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 191-200.
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The Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) gene encodes a MADS box protein that acts as a dose-dependent repressor of flowering. Mutants and ecotypes with elevated expression of FLC are late flowering and vernalization responsive. In this study we describe
Apanasovich, TV, Ruppert, D, Lupton, JR, Popovic, N, Turner, ND, Chapkin, RS & Carroll, RJ 2008, 'Aberrant crypt foci and semiparametric modeling of correlated binary data', BIOMETRICS, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 490-500.
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Arulsamy, AD & Fronzi, M 2008, 'Length-dependent resistance model for a single-wall carbon nanotube', PHYSICA E-LOW-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS & NANOSTRUCTURES, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 74-79.
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Ashmore, J, Bishop, R, Craig, DC & Scudder, ML 2008, '2,3,10,11-tetramethoxy-6,7,14,15-tetrahydro-6,14-methanocycloocta[1,2-b;5,6-b ']diquinoline', ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION E-STRUCTURE REPORTS ONLINE, vol. 64, pp. O48-U2922.
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Ashmore, J, Bishop, R, Craig, DC & Scudder, ML 2008, '5b alpha,6,7,13b alpha,14,15-hexahydroacridino[4,3-c]acridine', ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION E-STRUCTURE REPORTS ONLINE, vol. 64, pp. O1136-U2681.
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Ashmore, J, Bishop, R, Craig, DC & Scudder, ML 2008, 'Synthesis and inclusion properties of new nitrated C-2(-) symmetric diquinoline hosts', CRYSTENGCOMM, vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 839-845.
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Ashmore, J, Bishop, R, Craig, DC & Scudder, ML 2008, 'The structural convergence of two aromatic inclusion host families', CRYSTENGCOMM, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 131-137.
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Asquith, KL, Ramshaw, HS, Hansbro, PM, Beagley, KW, Lopez, AF & Foster, PS 2008, 'The IL-3/IL-5/GM-CSF common beta receptor plays a pivotal role in the regulation of Th2 immunity and allergic airway inflammation', JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY, vol. 180, no. 2, pp. 1199-1206.
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Baladandayuthapani, V, Mallick, BK & Carroll, RJ 2008, 'Spatially adaptive Bayesian penalized regression splines (P-splines) (vol 14, pg 378, 2005)', JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL AND GRAPHICAL STATISTICS, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 515-515.
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Baladandayuthapani, V, Mallick, BK, Hong, MY, Lupton, JR, Turner, ND & Carroll, RJ 2008, 'Bayesian hierarchical spatially correlated functional data analysis with application to colon carcinogenesis', BIOMETRICS, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 64-73.
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Barken, K, Pamp, S, Yang, L, Gjermansen, M, Bertrand, JJ, Klausen, M, Givskov, M, Whitchurch, CB, Engel, JN & Tolker-Nielsen, T 2008, 'Roles of type IV pili, flagellum-mediated motility and extracellular DNA in the formation of mature multicellular structures in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms', Environmental Microbiology, vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 2331-2343.
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When grown as a biofilm in laboratory flow chambers Pseudomonas aeruginosa can develop mushroom-shaped multicellular structures consisting of distinct subpopulations in the cap and stalk portions. We have previously presented evidence that formation of the cap portion of the mushroom-shaped structures in P. aeruginosa biofilms occurs via bacterial migration and depends on type IV pili (Mol Microbiol 50: 61-68). In the present study we examine additional factors involved in the formation of this multicellular substructure. While pilA mutants, lacking type IV pili, are deficient in mushroom cap formation, pilH and chpA mutants, which are inactivated in the type IV pili-linked chemosensory system, showed only minor defects in cap formation. On the contrary, fliM mutants, which are non-flagellated, and cheY mutants, which are inactivated in the flagellum-linked chemotaxis system, were largely deficient in cap formation. Experiments involving DNase treatment of developing biofilms provided evidence that extracellular DNA plays a role in cap formation. Moreover, mutants that are deficient in quorum sensing-controlled DNA release formed microcolonies upon which wild-type bacteria could not form caps. These results constitute evidence that type IV pili, flagellum-mediated motility and quorum sensing-controlled DNA release are involved in the formation of mature multicellular structures in P. aeruginosa biofilms.
Barratt, JL, Al-Qassab, SE, Reichel, MP & Ellis, JT 2008, 'The development and evaluation of a nested PCR assay for detection of Neospora caninum and Hammondia heydorni in feral mouse tissues', Molecular & Cellular Probes, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 228-233.
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The development of a novel nested polymerase chain reaction is desribed and used for detecting the presence of Neospora caninum and Hammondai heydorni DNA in DNA extracted from feral rodent tissues.
Beard, J, Earnest, A, Morgan, G, Chan, H, Summerhayes, R, Dunn, T, Tomaska, N & Ryan, LM 2008, 'Socioeconomic Disadvantage And Acute Coronary Events - A Spatiotemporal Analysis', Epidemiology, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 485-492.
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Background: The associations between socioeconomic disadvantage and ischemic heart disease are not well understood. We explore the relationship between socioeconomic factors and acute coronary events using spatiotemporal analysis. Methods: We studied all deaths from acute myocardial infarction and hospital admissions for acute coronary syndrome and related revascularization procedures for the state of New South Wales, Australia, from 1996 through 2002. We used conditional autoregressive models to describe how characteristics of subjects place of residence (socioeconomic disadvantage, proportion of the population of indigenous background, and metropolitan versus nonmetropolitan area) influenced admissions and mortality. Results: There were 32,534 deaths due to acute myocardial infarction and 129,045 admissions for acute coronary syndrome. We found a relationship between increasing socioeconomic disadvantage and mortality (unadjusted relative risk for highest quartile of disadvantage relative to lowest 1.40; 95% confidence interval 1.271.54) as well as admissions (1.41; 1.28 1.55). After accounting for admission rates, socioeconomic disadvantage was associated with lower rates of angiography (0.75; 0.63 0.88) and interventional angiography (0.70; 0.560.85). After adjusting for socioeconomic disadvantage, areas with higher proportions of the population identified as indigenous had higher rates of admission and mortality, while residency in the state capital was associated with higher admission rates and more interventional angiography. After accounting for admission rates, the association of socioeconomic disadvantage with mortality was reduced.
Beavis, AB, Dawson, M, Doble, PA, Scolyer, RA, Bourne, R, Li, L, Murali, R, Stretch, JR, Lean, CL, Uren, RF & Thompson, JF 2008, 'Confirmation of sentinel lymph node identity by analysis of fine-needle biopsy samples using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry', Annals Of Surgical Oncology, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 934-940.
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Background: The sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy technique is a reliable means of determining the tumor-harboring status of regional lymph nodes in melanoma patients. When technetium 99 m-labeled antimony trisulfide colloid ((99) Tc-m-Sb2S3) particles ar
Benninger, LA, Carter, DO & Forbes, SL 2008, 'The biochemical alteration of soil beneath a decomposing carcass', Forensic Science International, vol. 180, no. 2-3, pp. 70-75.
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The processes associated with cadaver decomposition in outdoor settings, particularly those that occur during the extended Postmortem interval (>30 days) are poorly understood. Thus, few methods are currently available to accurately estimate the extended
Bertinshaw, JJ, Kirkup, L, Phillips, M & Placido, F 2008, 'A system for supplying constant electrical power for postprocessing tin-doped indium oxide films', Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 79, pp. 1-3.
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Annealing tin doped indium oxide (ITO) thin films by self-heating shows potential for reducing the crystallization temperature required to optimize the optical and electrical properties of the films. It also shows promise as a cost effective method of studying the heat treatment process in situ. A computer based solution was developed to allow for a precise control over the annealing process. To anneal at a fixed temperature, a feedback loop senses changes in the resistance of the sample and adjusts the current across the load accordingly to ensure constant delivery of power to an ITO film
Bodas, J, Ollendick, TH & Sovani, AV 2008, 'Test anxiety in Indian children: A cross-cultural perspective', Anxiety, Stress and Coping, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 387-404.
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The present investigation examined test anxiety in Indian children from a cross-cultural perspective. Test anxiety has been studied extensively in western countries but much less so in eastern countries. Furthermore, the cross-cultural research conducted in eastern countries possesses significant limitations and continues to possess a western bias. The present research attempted to advance cross-cultural research on test anxiety by adopting Berry's imposed etic-emic-derived etic methodology. Participants included 231 schoolchildren. Qualitative data were collected to examine culture-specific variables (emic considerations) using structured focus groups and open-ended questions. Next, quantitative data were collected using translated and adapted versions of Spielberger's Test Anxiety Inventory and the FRIEDBEN Test Anxiety Scale. Qualitative data indicated culture-specific elements of test anxiety in Indian youth, including the high stakes associated with exam performance and future schooling as well as the role of somatization and social derogation in the phenomenological experience of test anxiety. Although quantitative findings failed to confirm the importance of high-stakes environments on test anxiety, the importance of somatization and social derogation was substantiated. Ongoing desensitization to test anxiety and enhanced coping responses were proposed as possible explanations for the obtained relations. © 2008 Taylor & Francis.
Bojko, KL, Roux, CP & Reedy, BJ 2008, 'An examination of the sequence of intersecting lines using attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared spectral imaging', Journal of Forensic Science, vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 1458-1467.
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Borovkov, K & Novikov, A 2008, 'On exit times of Levy-driven Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes', Statistics & Probability Letters, vol. 78, no. 12, pp. 1517-1525.
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We prove two martingale identities which involve exit times of Levy-driven Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes. Using these identities we find an explicit formula for the Laplace transform of the exit time under the assumption that positive jumps of the Levy process are exponentially distributed. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Bosire, JO, Dahdouh-Guebas, F, Walton, M, Crona, BI, Lewis, RR, Field, C, Kairo, JG & Koedam, N 2008, 'Functionality of restored mangroves: A review', Aquatic Botany, vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 251-259.
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Widespread mangrove degradation Coupled with the increasing awareness of the importance of these coastal forests have spurred many attempts to restore mangroves but without concomitant assessment of recovery (or otherwise) at the ecosystem level in many areas. This paper reviews literature on the recovery of restored mangrove ecosystems using relevant functional indicators. While stand structure in mangrove stands is dependent on age, site conditions and silvicultural management, published data indicates that stem densities are higher in restored mangroves than comparable natural stands; the converse is true for basal area. Biomass increment rates have been found to be higher in younger stands than older stands (e.g. 12 t ha(-1) year(-1) for a 12 years plantation compared to 5.1 t ha(-1) year(-1) for a 80-year-old plantation). Disparities in patterns of tree species recruitment into the restored stands have been observed with some stands having linear recruitment rates with time (hence enhancing stand complexity), while some older stands completely lacked the understorey. Biodiversity assessments Suggest that some fauna species are more responsive to mangrove degradation (e.g. herbivorous crabs and mollusks in general), and thus mangrove restoration encourages the return of such species, in some cases to levels equivalent to those in comparable natural stands. The paper finally recommends various mangrove restoration pathways in a functional framework dependent on site conditions and emphasizes community involvement and ecosystem level monitoring as integral components of restoration projects
Boynton-jarrett, R, Ryan, LM, Berkman, L & Wright, R 2008, 'Cumulative Violence Exposure And Self-rated Health: Longitudinal Study Of Adolescents In The United States', Pediatrics, vol. 122, no. 5, pp. 961-970.
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Bradfield, L & McNally, GP 2008, 'Unblocking in Pavlovian fear conditioning', JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY-ANIMAL BEHAVIORAL PROCESSES, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 256-265.
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Bradley, D, Williams, G & Lawton, MC 2008, 'Highly atom efficient aluminium triflate catalysed acetal formation', GREEN CHEMISTRY, vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 914-917.
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Bradley, D, Williams, G, Shaw, ML, Green, MJ & Holzapfel, CW 2008, 'Aluminum triflate as a highly active and efficient nonprotic cocatalyst in the palladium-catalyzed methoxycarbonylation reaction', ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 560-563.
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Brauner, P, Barash, M, Reshef, A & Michael, A 2008, 'Extraction of DNA from 8-year-old acid phosphatase test papers in a gang rape case', Journal of Forensic Identification, vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 671-681.
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In 1997, a woman reported being raped by two men. A positive result for the possible presence of semen by the acid phosphatase (AP) method was obtained on different areas of the woman's clothing. The filter papers used in those tests were retained. In 2005, the case was re-opened for investigation. Biological material eluted from the 8-year-old AP papers in this case contained intact sperm cells. Moreover, DNA, preferentially extracted from the AP papers, was demonstrated to be amplifiable by the AmpFISTR SGM Plus kit. The relevance of the profiling of AP papers to postconviction DNA testing is discussed.
Bruti Liberati, N & Platen, E 2008, 'Strong Predictor-Corrector Euler Methods for Stochastic Differential Equations', Stochastics and Dynamics, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 561-581.
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This paper introduces a new class of numerical schemes for the pathwise approximation of solutions of stochastic differential equations (SDEs). The proposed family of strong predictor-corrector Euler methods are designed to handle scenario simulation of solutions of SDEs. It has the potential to overcome some of the numerical instabilities that are often experienced when using the explicit Euler method. This is of importance, for instance, in finance where martingale dynamics arise for solutions of SDEs with multiplicative diffusion coefficients. Numerical experiments demonstrate the improved asymptotic stability properties of the new symmetric predictor-corrector Euler methods.
Bruti Liberati, N, Martini, F, Piccardi, M & Platen, E 2008, 'A Hardware Generator of Multi-Point Distributed Random Numbers for Monte Carlo Simulation', Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 45-56.
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Monte Carlo simulation of weak approximation of stochastic differential equations constitutes an intensive computational task. In applications such as finance, for instance, to achieve "real time" execution, as often required, one needs highly efficient implementations of the multi-point distributed random number generator underlying the simulations. In this paper, a fast and flexible dedicated hardware solution on a field programmable gate array is presented. A comparative performance analysis between a software-only and the poposed hardware solution demonstrated that the hardware solution is bottleneck-free, retains the flexibility of the software solution and significantly increases the computational efficiency. Moreover, simulations in Applications wuch as economics insurance, physics, population dynamics, epidemiology, structural mechanics, checmistry and biotechnology can benefit from the obtained speedups.
Burgess, JK, Lee, JH, Ge, Q, Ramsay, EE, Poniris, MH, Parmentier, J, Roth, M, Johnson, PRA, Hunt, NH, Black, JL & Ammit, AJ 2008, 'Dual ERK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways control airway smooth muscle proliferation: Differences in asthma', JOURNAL OF CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 216, no. 3, pp. 673-679.
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Campbell, S, Botten, LC, McPhedran, RC & de Sterke, CM 2008, 'Modal method for classical diffraction by slanted lamellar gratings', Journal Of The Optical Society Of America A-Optics Image Science And Vision, vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 2415-2426.
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We consider lamellar gratings made of dielectric or lossy materials used in classical diffraction mounts. We show how the modal diffraction formulation may be generalized to deal with slanted lamellar gratings and illustrate the accuracy and versatility
Cankurtaran, BO, Gale, JD & Ford, M 2008, 'First principles calculations using density matrix divide-and-conquer within the SIESTA methodology', Journal Of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol. 20, no. 29, pp. 1-12.
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The density matrix divide-and-conquer technique for the solution of KohnSham density functional theory has been implemented within the framework of the SIESTA methodology. Implementation details are provided where the focus is on the scaling of the computation time and memory use, in both serial and parallel versions. We demonstrate the linear-scaling capabilities of the technique by providing ground state calculations of moderately large insulating, semiconducting and (near-) metallic systems. This linear-scaling technique has made it feasible to calculate the ground state properties of quantum systems consisting of tens of thousands of atoms with relatively modest computing resources. A comparison with the existing order-N functional minimization (KimMauriGalli) method is made between the insulating and semiconducting systems.
Carroll, RJ & Wang, Y 2008, 'Nonparametric variance estimation in the analysis of microarray data: a measurement error approach', BIOMETRIKA, vol. 95, no. 2, pp. 437-449.
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Case, RJ, Labbate, M & Kjelleberg, SL 2008, 'AHL-driven quorum sensing circuits: their frequency and function among the Proteobacteria', ISME Journal, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 345-349.
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It is now apparent that bacteria utilize regulatory systems called quorum sensing (QS) to sense their population density. Such systems are dependant on the production of signaling molecules that activate specific genes when the signal reaches a critical threshold concentration. Such QS-regulated genes produce phenotypes that require coordinate behavior to convey competitive advantage to the population (such as biofilm formation and pathogenesis). The best-characterized QS system is that driven by acylated homoserine lactone (AHL) molecules.
Castorina, A, Tiralongo, A, Cavallo, D, Loreto, C, Carnazza, ML, Iavicoli, S & D'Agata, V 2008, 'Expression profile of ErbB receptor's family in human alveolar type 2-like cell line A549 exposed. to hexavalent chromium', TOXICOLOGY IN VITRO, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 541-547.
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Castorina, A, Tiralongo, A, Giunta, S, Carnazza, ML, Rasi, G & D'Agata, V 2008, 'PACAP and VIP prevent apoptosis in schwannoma cells', BRAIN RESEARCH, vol. 1241, pp. 29-35.
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Chaumet, PC, Belkebir, K & Rahmani, A 2008, 'Coupled-dipole method in time domain', Optics Express, vol. 16, no. 25, pp. 20157-20165.
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We present a time-domain formulation of electrodynamics based on the self-consistent derivation of the electromagnetic field in a linear, dispersive, lossy object via the coupled dipole method.
Chefi, S, Madani, A, Boussetta, H, Roux, C & Hammou, A 2008, 'Electrical properties of Al-doped oxyapatites at intermediate temperature', JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES, vol. 177, no. 2, pp. 464-469.
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Chen, H, Hansen, M, Jones, JE, Vlahos, R & Morris, M 2008, 'Long-term cigarette smoke exposure increases uncoupling protein expression but reduces energy intake', Brain Research, vol. 1228, no. 4, pp. 81-88.
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The appetite suppressing effect of tobacco is a major driver of smoking behaviour; however few studies have addressed the effects of chronic cigarette smoke exposure (SE) on appetite, body weight and metabolic markers. We compared the effects of SE to equivalent food restriction (pair-fed, PF), against sham-exposure, on body weight, adiposity, cytokines, and levels of uncoupling proteins (UCP) and brain neuropeptide Y (NPY) in male Balb/C mice. SE rapidly induced anorexia, and after 12 weeks, SE and PF groups were lighter than control animals (23.9 ± 0.2, 25.5 ± 0.5, 26.8 ± 0.4 g respectively, P < 0.05). White fat (WAT) masses were reduced by both SE and PF. Plasma leptin and insulin were reduced in SE mice; insulin was further reduced by PF. Brown fat UCP1 and 3 mRNA were increased in SE animals relative to PF animals, possibly promoting thermogenesis. WAT mRNA expression of the inflammatory cytokine, TNF? was doubled by SE, while IL-6 was reduced by both PF and SE. Hypothalamic NPY content was increased by SE (89.3 ± 2.8 vs. 75.9 ± 2.4 ng control, P < 0.05), and more by PF (100.7 ± 3.4 ng, P < 0.05 compared to both groups), suggesting disinhibition due to reduced adipose derived leptin. In contrast to equivalent food restriction, cigarette smoke exposure reduced body weight and total hypothalamic NPY, and increased thermogenesis and markers of inflammation. The suppressed hypothalamic NPY and increased UCPs may contribute to the spontaneous hypophagia and extra weight loss in SE animals. These findings contribute to our understanding of weight loss in smoking-related lung disease, suggesting a greater impact than that due to anorexia alone.
Chen, H, Simar, D, Lambert, K, Mercier, J & Morris, M 2008, 'Maternal and postnatal overnutrition differentially impact appetite regulators and fuel metabolism', Endocrinology, vol. 149, no. 11, pp. 5348-5356.
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Maternal obesity is increasing, and it is known that the intrauterine experience programs fetal and newborn metabolism. However, the relative contributions of pre- or postnatal factors are unknown. We hypothesized that maternal overnutrition caused by long-term maternal obesity would exert a stronger detrimental impact than postnatal overnutrition on offspring metabolic homeostasis, with additional postnatal overnutrition exaggerating these alterations. Female Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to chow or high-fat cafeteria diet for 5 wk before mating and throughout gestation and lactation. On postnatal d 1, litters were adjusted to three per litter to induce postnatal overnutrition (vs. 12 in control). Hypothalamic appetite regulators neuropeptide Y and proopiomelanocortin, glucose transporter 4, and lipid metabolic markers were measured. At postnatal d 20, male pups born of obese dams, or those overnourished postnatally, were 42% heavier than controls; combining both interventions led to 80% greater body weight. Maternal obesity increased pup adiposity and led to glucose intolerance in offspring; these were exaggerated by additional postnatal overnutrition during lactation. Maternal obesity was also linked to hyperlipidemia in offspring and reduced hypothalamic neuropeptide Y and increased proopiomelanocortin mRNA expression. Postnatal overnutrition of offspring from obese dams amplified these hypothalamic changes. Both maternal and postnatal overnutrition reduced muscle glucose transporter 4. Adipose carnitine palmitoyl-transferase-1 and adipose triglyceride lipase mRNA was up-regulated only by postnatal overnutrition. Maternal overnutrition appears to alter central appetite circuits and promotes early-onset obesity; postnatal overnutrition interacted to cause peripheral lipid and glucose metabolic disorders, supporting the critical message to reduce early-life adverse nutritional impact.
Chen, Y-H, Chatterjee, N & Carroll, RJ 2008, 'Retrospective analysis of haplotype-based case-control studies under a flexible model for gene-environment association', BIOSTATISTICS, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 81-99.
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Chivers, WJ, Gladstone, W & Herbert, RD 2008, 'Spatial effects in an individual-based model of the interaction of species at different trophic levels', Natural Resource Modeling, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 72-92.
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In this paper, we describe an individual-based model of the interaction between a producer and herbivore species. The interaction occurs in a 2-dimensional matrix of individual cells. The producer organism grows in the cells and the herbivores move between the cells, towards areas of high concentration of producer. Herbivores may die of starvation or they may reproduce asexually. The model is not built to represent a specific existing system but is a parsimonious generalized model of producerherbivore interaction designed to test spatial effects.
Choi, M, McBean, KE, McDonagh, AM, Maynard, PJ, Lennard, CJ & Roux, CP 2008, 'An evaluation of nanostructured zinc oxide as a fluorescent powder for fingerprint detection', Journal of Materials Science, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 732-737.
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Zinc oxide is evaluated as a fluorescent powder for the detection of fingermarks on non-porous surfaces. Pure and lithium-doped nanostructured zinc oxide powders were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The zinc oxide powders were applied to fresh and aged fingermarks deposited on non-porous surfaces such as glass, polyethylene and aluminium foil. Zinc oxide was found to produce clear fluorescent impressions of the latent fingermarks when illuminated with long-wave UV light
Choi, M, McDonagh, AM, Maynard, PJ & Roux, CP 2008, 'Metal-containing Nanoparticles and Nano-structured Particles in Fingermark Detection', Forensic Science International, vol. 179, no. 2-3, pp. 87-97.
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This article reviews the application of metal-containing nanoparticles and nano-structured particles to fingermark detection. This area of research is attracting significant interest as advances in nanoscience are being incorporated into the field of forensic fingermark detection. Although more research is needed before some of the techniques presented can be implemented in routine casework, nanotechnology is likely to play a major role in the future to deliver more selective and more sensitive ways to detect and enhance fingermarks.
Clark, C, Ryan, LM, Kawachi, I, Canner, M, Berkman, L & Wright, R 2008, 'Witnessing Community Violence In Residential Neighborhoods: A Mental Health Hazard For Urban Women', Journal Of Urban Health-bulletin Of The New York Academy Of Medicine, vol. 85, no. 1, pp. 22-38.
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We examined the prevalence and psychological correlates of witnessing community violence among women of low socioeconomic status living in urban neighborhoods in the northeastern United States. Three hundred eighty-six women receiving their health care at an urban community health center were sampled to assess their violence exposures. Women were asked to report the location and timing of their exposure to witnessing violent neighborhood events in which they were not participants. The Brief Symptoms Inventory was used to assess anxiety and depressive symptoms. Controlling for marital status, educational attainment, age, and intimate partner violence victimization, women who witnessed violent acts in their neighborhoods were twice as likely to experience depressive and anxiety symptoms compared to women who did not witness community violence. Central American-born women had particularly high exposures. We conclude that witnessing neighborhood violence is a pervasive experience in this urban cohort, and is associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms, even among women who are not direct participants in violence to which they are exposed. Community violence interventions must incorporate efforts to protect the mental health of adult women who witness events in their neighborhoods.
Collier, C, Lavery, P, Ralph, PJ & Masini, R 2008, 'Physiological characteristics of the seagrass Posidonia sinuosa along a depth-related gradient of light availability', Marine Ecology-Progress Series, vol. 353, pp. 65-79.
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Physiological plasticity has the capacity to prolong seagrass survival under reduced light conditions. However, when light is attenuated across a depth gradient, the relative importance of this over other mechanisms for tolerating long-term light reducti
Colville, AE, Jones, PM, Pablo, F, Krassoi, R, Hose, GC & Lim, RP 2008, 'Effects of chlorpyrifos on macroinvertebrate communities in coastal stream mesocosms', Ecotoxicology, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 173-180.
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This study measured the effects of a single pulse of chlorpyrifos at nominal concentrations of 1 and 10 mu g/l on the macroinvertebrate community structure of a coastal stream mesocosm system. Analysis of data using Principal Response Curves (PRC) and Monte Carlo tests showed significant changes in the treated stream mesocosms relative to that of the controls. These changes in the macroinvertebrate assemblages occurred within 6 h, and persisted for at least 124 days after dosing. Significant community-level effects were detected at the lowest concentration on days 2 and 16 post-dosing, giving a no-observed effect concentration (NOECcommunity) of 1.2 mu g/l (measured). The mayflies Atalophlebia sp. and Koorrnonga sp., Chironomidae and Acarina were all sensitive to chlorpyrifos and decreased in abundance in treated mesocosms after dosing. The fauna of these coastal stream mesocosms showed similar sensitivity to chlorpyrifos with that of other reported studies, but there was no evidence of recovery after 124 days.
Cooper, WA, Kohonen-Corish, MRJ, Chan, C, Kwun, SY, McCaughan, B, Kennedy, C, Sutherland, RL & Lee, C-S 2008, 'Prognostic significance of DNA repair proteins MLH1, MSH2 and MGMT expression in non-small-cell lung cancer and precursor lesions', HISTOPATHOLOGY, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 613-622.
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Cooper, WA, Kohonen-Corish, MRJ, Zhuang, L, McCaughan, B, Kennedy, C, Screaton, G, Sutherland, RL & Lee, C-S 2008, 'Role and prognostic significance of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand death receptor DR5 in nonsmall-cell lung cancer and precursor lesions', CANCER, vol. 113, no. 1, pp. 135-142.
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Cordwell, SJ, Len, AC, Touma, RG, Scott, NE, Falconer, L, Jones, D, Connolly, AM, Crossett, B & Djordjevic, SP 2008, 'Identification of membrane-associated proteins from Campylobacter jejuni strains using complementary proteomics technologies', Proteomics, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 122-139.
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Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of food- and water-borne illness world-wide. The membrane-associated proteome of a recent C. jejuni gastrointestinal isolate (JHH1) was generated by sodium carbonate precipitation and ultracentrifugation followed by 2-DE and MALDI-TOF MS as well as 2-DLC (strong cation exchange followed by RP chromatography) of trypsin digests coupled to MS/MS (2-DLC/MS/MS). 2-DE/MS identified 77 proteins, 44 of which were predicted membrane proteins, while 2-DLC/MS/MS identified 432 proteins, of which 206 were predicted to be membrane associated. A total of 453 unique proteins (27.4% of the C. jejuni theoretical proteome), including 187 bona fide membrane proteins were identified in this study. Membrane proteins were also compared between C. jejuni JHH1 and ATCC 700297 to identify factors potentially associated with increased gastrointestinal virulence. We identified 28 proteins that were significantly (>two-fold) more abundant in, or unique to, JHH1, including eight proteins involved in chemotaxis signal transduction and flagellar motility, the amino acid-binding surface antigens CjaA and CjaC, and four outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of unknown function (Cj0129c, Cj1031, Cj1279c, and Cj1721c). Immunoblotting using convalescent patient sera generated postgastrointestinal infection revealed 13 (JHH1) and 12 (ATCC 700297) immunoreactive proteins. These included flagellin (FlaA) and CadF as well as Omp18, Omp50, Cj1721c, PEB1A, PEB2, and PEB4A. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of membrane-associated proteins from C. jejuni.
Croak, B, Pike, DA, Webb, JK & Shine, R 2008, 'Three-dimensional crevice structure affects retreat site selection by reptiles', Animal Behaviour, vol. 76, pp. 1875-1884.
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When selecting retreat sites, rock-dwelling animals assess thermal and hydric properties of the rocks under which they shelter. Another obvious, but harder to measure, factor that may affect retreat site selection is the size and structure of the three-d
Crossley, M, Sheehan, C, Khoury, T, Reimers, JR & Sintic, P 2008, 'Construction Of Building Blocks For Extended Porphyrin Arrays By Nitration Of Porphyrin-2,3-Diones And Quinoxalino[2,3-B]Porphyrins', New Journal of Chemistry, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 340-352.
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Nitration of metal(II) porphyrin-2,3-diones 3 - 5 and quinoxalino[2,3-b] porphyrins 13 - 15 with nitrogen dioxide gave a mixture of beta-pyrrolic functionalised nitro-porphyrin isomers in relative abundance of 7-nitro-> 12- nitro-> 8-nitro. The large selectivity for reaction at the 7-position over the adjacent 8-position (> 5 to 1 in the diones 3 - 5 and about 3 to 1 in the quinoxalinoporphyrins 13 - 15) is especially striking. This selectivity results mainly from electronic effects and is consistent with a mechanism involving a porphyrin pi-cation radical intermediate. A key step incorporated into the isomer separation sequence was to make use of the different chromatographic polarity of metalated compounds compared to unmetalated compounds coupled with the observation that introduction of a nitro group to the 7-position of free-base porphyrindione greatly increases its rate of metalation while introduction of the nitro group at the 12-position greatly decreases its rate of metalation, relative to the unsubstituted parent. Thus demetalation of zinc(II) nitro-porphyrin-dione isomers, which are difficult to separate, allows for highly selective remetalation of the 7-isomer and its very easy separation from the unmetalated 12-nitro-porphyrin-dione. These nitrated compounds are useful building blocks for more elaborate systems.
Crossman, LC, Castillo-Ramírez, S, McAnnula, C, Lozano, L, Vernikos, GS, Acosta, JL, Ghazoui, ZF, Hernández-González, I, Meakin, G, Walker, AW, Hynes, MF, Young, JPW, Downie, JA, Romero, D, Johnston, AWB, Dávila, G, Parkhill, J & González, V 2008, 'A common genomic framework for a diverse assembly of plasmids in the symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria.', PLoS One, vol. 3, no. 7, pp. e2567-e2567.
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This work centres on the genomic comparisons of two closely-related nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacteria, Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae 3841 and Rhizobium etli CFN42. These strains maintain a stable genomic core that is also common to other rhizobia species plus a very variable and significant accessory component. The chromosomes are highly syntenic, whereas plasmids are related by fewer syntenic blocks and have mosaic structures. The pairs of plasmids p42f-pRL12, p42e-pRL11 and p42b-pRL9 as well large parts of p42c with pRL10 are shown to be similar, whereas the symbiotic plasmids (p42d and pRL10) are structurally unrelated and seem to follow distinct evolutionary paths. Even though purifying selection is acting on the whole genome, the accessory component is evolving more rapidly. This component is constituted largely for proteins for transport of diverse metabolites and elements of external origin. The present analysis allows us to conclude that a heterogeneous and quickly diversifying group of plasmids co-exists in a common genomic framework.
Darling, AE, Miklos, I & Ragan, M 2008, 'Dynamics Of Genome Rearrangement In Bacterial Populations', PLoS Genetics, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 1-16.
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Genome structure variation has profound impacts on phenotype in organisms ranging from microbes to humans, yet little is known about how natural selection acts on genome arrangement. Pathogenic bacteria such as Yersinia pestis, which causes bubonic and p
Darling, AE, Miklos, I & Ragan, MA 2008, 'Dynamics of Genome Rearrangement in Bacterial Populations', PLOS GENETICS, vol. 4, no. 7.
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Davila, YC & Wardle, GM 2008, 'Variation in native pollinators in the absence of honeybees: implications for reproductive success of an Australian generalist-pollinated herb Trachymene incisa (Apiaceae)', BOTANICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, vol. 156, no. 3, pp. 479-490.
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Davis, TE, Ollendick, TH & Nebel-Schwalm, M 2008, 'Intellectual ability and achievement in anxiety-disordered children: A clarification and extension of the literature', Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 43-51.
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Intellectual and achievement deficits associated with childhood anxiety disorders are of considerable controversy. Part of this controversy and inconsistency in findings appears related to methodological differences in studies: anxiety disorders are defined as occurring anywhere in the diagnostic profile (e.g., primary, secondary, or tertiary) in some studies whereas in other studies anxiety disorders are defined only when primary (excluding secondary or tertiary disorders). Results in the present study broadly parallel findings from the previous studies when the procedures inherent to each study are replicated. Through careful diagnostic assignment, it is shown that anxiety disorders are no more impairing than other psychiatric disorders in the present study. However, when compared to referred children without significant psychopathology, children with anxiety disorders show statistically and clinically significant impairment. Subsequent analyses do not suggest inattention mediates this effect. Discussion emphasizes the need to assess for and consider comorbidity in understanding these differences. © 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
Day, DM & Wallman, JE 2008, 'Effect of preservative solutions on preservation of Calliphora augur and Lucilia cuprina larvae (Diptera : Calliphoridae) with implications for post-mortem interval estimates', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, vol. 179, no. 1, pp. 1-10.
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de Burgh, MD, Langford, NK, Doherty, AC & Gilchrist, A 2008, 'Choice of measurement sets in qubit tomography', PHYSICAL REVIEW A, vol. 78, no. 5.
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Demir, E, Coyne, K, Doblin, MA, Handy, S & Hutchins, DA 2008, 'Assessment of microzooplankton grazing on Heterosigma akashiwo using a species-specific approach combining quantitative real-time PCR (QPCR) and dilution methods', Microbial Ecology, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 583-594.
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Delaware's Inland Bays (DIB) are subject to numerous mixed blooms of harmful raphidophytes each year, and Heterosigma akashiwo is one of the consistently occurring species. Often, Chattonella subsalsa, C. cf. verruculosa, and Fibrocapsa japonica co-occur
Demir, E, Coyne, KJ, Doblin, MA, Handy, SM & Hutchins, DA 2008, 'Assessment of microzooplankton grazing on Heterosigma akashiwo using a species-specific approach combining quantitative real-time PCR (QPCR) and dilution methods (vol 55, pg 583, 2008)', MICROBIAL ECOLOGY, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 581-582.
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Dennis, ES, Ellis, J, Green, A, Llewellyn, D, Morell, M, Tabe, L & Peacock, J 2008, 'Genetic contributions to agricultural sustainability', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, vol. 363, no. 1491, pp. 591-609.
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The current tools of enquiry into the structure and operation of the plant genome have provided us with an understanding of plant development and function far beyond the state of knowledge that we had previously. We know about key genetic controls repres
Deplazes, E, van Bronswijk, W, Zhu, F, Barron, LD, Ma, S, Nafie, LA & Jalkanen, KJ 2008, 'A combined theoretical and experimental study of the structure and vibrational absorption, vibrational circular dichroism, Raman and Raman optical activity spectra of the L-histidine zwitterion', THEORETICAL CHEMISTRY ACCOUNTS, vol. 119, no. 1-3, pp. 155-176.
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Doble, P, Hare, D, Austin, C, Dawson, M, Fryer, F, Svenningsson, P, Andren, P, Grimm, R, Zhang, X & Reedy, B 2008, 'Metal-Imaging Mass spectrometry (MIMS): A New Imaging Mass Spectrometry Technology to Determine the Distribution of Metal Ions in Tissue Samples', Journal of Proteomics & Bioinformatics, vol. S2, no. 01, pp. 053-054.
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Donnelly, SM, Stack, CM, O'Neill, SA, Sayed, AA, Williams, DL & Dalton, JP 2008, 'Helminth 2-Cys peroxiredoxin drives Th2 responses through a mechanism involving alternatively activated macrophages', FASEB Journal, vol. 22, no. 11, pp. 4022-4032.
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During helminth infections, alternatively activated macrophages (AAMacs) are key to promoting Th2 responses and suppressing Th1-driven inflammatory pathology. Th2 cytokines IL-4 and/or IL-13 are believed to be important in the induction and activation of
Dooley, AH, Golodets, VY, Rudolph, DJ & Sinel'shchikov, SD 2008, 'Non-Bernoulli systems with completely positive entropy', ERGODIC THEORY AND DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS, vol. 28, pp. 87-124.
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Dossou, KB, Botten, LC, McPhedran, RC, Poulton, CG, Asatryan, AA & de Sterke, CM 2008, 'Shallow defect states in two-dimensional photonic crystals', Physical Review A, vol. 77, no. 6, pp. 1-17.
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We investigate localized defect states near the edge of a band gap in a two-dimensional photonic crystal. An asymptotic approach based on Green's functions leads to analytical results both for the frequency and for the spatial behavior of the defect states. In particular, we find a simple exponential law which relates the change in frequency of the defect states to the relative change in electrical energy of the Bloch modes on the band edge, and to the density of states in the photonic crystal. We find that the symmetries of the Bloch modes at band extrema play an important role in the manifestation and evolution of defect states. We confirm the analysis with numerical simulations based on the fictitious source superposition method.
Dufresne, A, Ostrowski, M, Scanlan, DJ, Garczarek, L, Mazard, S, Palenik, BP, Paulsen, IT, de Marsac, NT, Wincker, P, Dossat, C, Ferriera, S, Johnson, J, Post, AF, Hess, WR & Partensky, F 2008, 'Unraveling the genomic mosaic of a ubiquitous genus of marine cyanobacteria', GENOME BIOLOGY, vol. 9, no. 5.
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Duggin, IG, McCallum, SA & Bell, SD 2008, 'Chromosome replication dynamics in the archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 105, no. 43, pp. 16737-16742.
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The ``baby machine provides a means of generating synchronized cultures of minimally perturbed cells. We describe the use of this technique to establish the key cell-cycle parameters of hyperthermophilic archaea of the genus Sulfolobus. The 3 DNA replication origins of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius were mapped by 2D gel analysis to near 0 (oriC2), 579 (oriC1), and 1,197 kb (oriC3) on the 2,226-kb circular genome, and we present a direct demonstration of their activity within the first few minutes of a synchronous cell cycle. We also detected X-shaped DNA molecules at the origins in log-phase cells, but these were not directly associated with replication initiation or ongoing chromosome replication in synchronized cells. Whole-genome marker frequency analyses of both synchronous and log-phase cultures showed that origin utilization was close to 100% for all 3 origins per round of replication. However, oriC2 was activated slightly later on average compared with oriC1 and oriC3. The DNA replication forks moved bidirectionally away from each origin at 88 bp per second in synchronous culture. Analysis of the 3 Orc1/Cdc6 initiator proteins showed a uniformity of cellular abundance and origin binding throughout the cell cycle. In contrast, although levels of theMCMhelicase were constant across the cell cycle, its origin localization was regulated, because it was strongly enriched at all 3 origins in early S phase.
Duggin, IG, Wake, RG, Bell, SD & Hill, TM 2008, 'The replication fork trap and termination of chromosome replication', Molecular Microbiology, vol. 70, no. 6, pp. 1323-1333.
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Bacteria that have a circular chromosome with a bidirectional DNA replication origin are thought to utilize a `replication fork trap to control termination of replication. The fork trap is an arrangement of replication pause sites that ensures that the two replication forks fuse within the terminus region of the chromosome, approximately opposite the origin on the circular map. However, the biological significance of the replication fork trap has been mysterious, as its inactivation has no obvious consequence. Here we review the research that led to the replication fork trap theory, and we aim to integrate several recent findings that contribute towards an understanding of the physiological roles of the replication fork trap. Likely roles include the prevention of over-replication, and the optimization of post-replicative mechanisms of chromosome segregation, such as that involving FtsK in Escherichia coli.
Dunlop, RA, Dean, R & Rodgers, K 2008, 'The impact of specific oxidized amino acids on protein turnover in J774 cells', Biochemical Journal, vol. 410, no. 1, pp. 131-140.
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Oxidized protein deposition and accumulation have been implicated in the aetiology of a wide variety of age-related pathologies. Protein oxidation in vivo commonly results in the in situ modification of amino acid side chains, generating new oxidized ami
Duong, T, Cowling, A, Koch, I & Wand, M 2008, 'Feature significance for multivariate kernel density estimation', Computational Statistics and Data Analysis, vol. 52, no. 9, pp. 4225-4242.
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Multivariate kernel density estimation provides information about structure in data. Feature significance is a technique for deciding whether featuressuch as local extremaare statistically significant. This paper proposes a framework for feature significance in d-dimensional data which combines kernel density derivative estimators and hypothesis tests for modal regions. For the gradient and curvature estimators distributional properties are given, and pointwise test statistics are derived. The hypothesis tests extend the two-dimensional feature significance ideas of Godtliebsen et al. [Godtliebsen, F., Marron, J.S., Chaudhuri, P., 2002. Significance in scale space for bivariate density estimation. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics 11, 121]. The theoretical framework is complemented by novel visualization for three-dimensional data. Applications to real data sets show that tests based on the kernel curvature estimators perform well in identifying modal regions. These results can be enhanced by corresponding tests with kernel gradient estimators.
Elder, M, Kambites, M & Ostheimer, G 2008, 'On groups and counter automata', International Journal of Algebra and Computation, vol. 18, pp. 1345-1364.
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Ellis, JT, Miller, CM, Quinn, HE, Ryce, C & Reichel, MP 2008, 'Evaluation of recombinant proteins of Neospora caninum as vaccine candidates (in a mouse model)', Vaccine, vol. 26, no. 47, pp. 5989-5996.
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Abortion resulting from infections by the parasite Neospora caninum is a mojor cause of economic loss to both the dairy and beef industries of cattle-producing countries of the world. Vaccination as a means of preventing abortion and/or infection represents a viable control strategy; indeed a commercial vaccine is available in some countries, albeit of unlnown efficacy.
Escoubas, P, Quinton, L & Nicholson, GM 2008, 'Venomics: unraveling the complexity of animal venoms with mass spectrometry', Journal of Mass Spectrometry, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 279-295.
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Animal venoms and toxins are now recognized as major sources of bioactive molecules that may be tomorrowâs new drug leads. Their complexity and their potential as drug sources have been demonstrated by application of modern analytical technologies, which have revealed venoms to be vast peptide combinatorial libraries. Structural aswell as pharmacological diversity is immense, andmass spectrometry is now one of the major investigative tools for the structural investigation of venom components. Recent advances in its use in the study of venom and toxins are reviewed. The application of mass spectrometry techniques to peptide toxin sequence determination by de novo sequencing is discussed in detail, in the light of the search for novel analgesic drugs. We also present the combined application of LC-MALDI separation with mass fingerprinting and ISD fragmentation for the determination of structural and pharmacological classes of peptides in complex spider venoms. This approach now serves as the basis for the full investigation of complex spider venom proteomes, in combination with cDNA analysis.
Fan, Y, Leslie, DS & Wand, M 2008, 'Generalised linear mixed model analysis via sequential Monte Carlo sampling', Electronic Journal of Statistics, vol. 2, pp. 916-938.
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We present a sequential Monte Carlo sampler algorithm for the Bayesian analysis of generalised linear mixed models (GLMMs). These models support a variety of interesting regression-type analyses, but performing inference is often extremely difficult, even when using the Bayesian approach combined with Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). The Sequential Monte Carlo sampler (SMC) is a new and general method for producing samples from posterior distributions. In this article we demonstrate use of the SMC method for performing inference for GLMMs. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the method on both simulated and real data, and find that sequential Monte Carlo is a competitive alternative to the available MCMC techniques.
Fang, Q, Ma, L, Yu, Q, Malone, RW, Saseendran, SA & Ahuja, LR 2008, 'Modeling nitrogen and water management effects in a wheat-maize double-cropping system', Journal of Environmental Quality, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 2232-2242.
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Excessive N and water use in agriculture causes environmental degradation and can potentially jeopardize the sustainability of the system. A field study was conducted from 2000 to 2002 to study the effects of four N treatments (0, 100, 200, and 300 kg N ha1 per crop) on a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) double cropping system under 70 ± 15% field capacity in the North China Plain (NCP). The root zone water quality model (RZWQM), with the crop estimation through resource and environment synthesis (CERES) plant growth modules incorporated, was evaluated for its simulation of crop production, soil water, and N leaching in the double cropping system. Soil water content, biomass, and grain yield were better simulated with normalized root mean square errors (NRMSE, RMSE divided by mean observed value) from 0.11 to 0.15 than soil NO3N and plant N uptake that had NRMSE from 0.19 to 0.43 across these treatments. The long-term simulation with historical weather data showed that, at 200 kg N ha1 per crop application rate, auto-irrigation triggered at 50% of the field capacity and recharged to 60% field capacity in the 0- to 50-cm soil profile were adequate for obtaining acceptable yield levels in this intensified double cropping system. Results also showed potential savings of more than 30% of the current N application rates per crop from 300 to 200 kg N ha1, which could reduce about 60% of the N leaching without compromising crop yields.
Feller, JM, Simpson, AM, Nelson, M, Swan, MA, O'Connell, PJ, Hawthorne, WJ, Tao, CZ & O'Brien, B 2008, 'Growth-promoting effect of Rh(D) antibody on human pancreatic islet cells', Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 93, no. 9, pp. 3560-3567.
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Context/Objective: Hyperinsulinism with islet cell hyperplasia is a frequent complication, of unknown cause, in hemolytic disease of the newborn, occurring in Rh(D)-positive infants of Rh-isoimmunized Rh(D)-negative mothers, but not in infants with other hemolytic disorders. We investigated the possibility that trans-placentally acquired anti-D Ig is the cause of both conditions. Design: Monolayer cultures of human islet cells were exposed to sera from Rh-isoimmunized mothers and newborns, where jaundice, hyperinsulinism, and hypoglycemia in the infant had ensued. Parallel cultures with anti-D, specific anti-D monoclonal antibodies, normal human Ig (15 μg/ml), and serum controls were also undertaken. Islet cell proliferation was determined by [ 3H]thymidine incorporation. Insulin storage and chronic and acute insulin secretion to glucose were analyzed by RIA. Rh(D) surface antigen expression was determined on islet cells by flow cytometric analysis. Results: Islet cell proliferation and insulin secretion were significantly greater in coculture with test sera (P < 0.01; n = 8) and with anti-D (P < 0.001; n = 8), compared with either controls or Ig. After 8 d of growth, the static incubation experiment showed a 3.5-fold response to glucose stimulus in all sera. Rh(D) antigen expression was detected on the islet cell surface by flow cytometry, and islet cell morphology was normal. Colocalization of the proliferation marker Ki67 with insulin by immunofluorescent staining further indicated that Rh(D) antibody promoted islet growth. Conclusions: The anti-Rh(D) islet cell proliferative effect generates neonatal hyperinsulinism in Rh isoimmunization. Anti-Rh(D) may have application for islet cell proliferation in diabetes mellitus treatment for Rh(D)-positive subjects. Further analysis is required. Copyright © 2008 by The Endocrine Society.
Ferrari, P, Carroll, RJ, Gustafson, P & Riboli, E 2008, 'A Bayesian multilevel model for estimating the diet/disease relationship in a multicenter study with exposures measured with error: The EPIC study', STATISTICS IN MEDICINE, vol. 27, no. 29, pp. 6037-6054.
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Fierro, AO, Leslie, LM, Mansell, ER & Straka, JM 2008, 'Numerical simulations of the microphysics and electrification of the weakly electrified 9 February 1993 TOGA COARE squall line: Comparisons with observations', MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW, vol. 136, no. 1, pp. 364-379.
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Figueira, WF, Booth, DJ & Gregson, MA 2008, 'Selective mortality of a coral reef damselfish: role of predator-competitor synergisms', Oecologia, vol. 156, no. 1, pp. 215-226.
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Phenotypic variability within cohorts of juvenile organisms can serve as the basis for selective mortality. Previous studies have demonstrated the important role that predators play in this process but not the impact of competitors on selective predation
Finnegan, EJ & Dennis, ES 2008, 'Polycomb repression: It's all in the balance', Plant Signaling and Behavior, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 412-414.
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In our recent paper1 we suggested a molecular explanation for the long standing observation that plants need to be mitotically active to respond to a prolonged period of low temperatures by flowering early (vernalization).2 In Arabidopsis, vernalization is associated with the epigenetic repression of the floral repressor, FLC.3-5 FLC repression is established during the low temperature treatment and is marked by the loss of chromatin marks associated with active genes and the gain of histone H3 trimethyl-lysine 27 (K27me3) at the start of transcription/translation. 1 After the end of the cold treatment, this repressive modification spreads across FLC chromatin to mark the entire locus.1 In cells not undergoing mitosis, we found that FLC is repressed by low temperatures, but that this repression is only partially maintained. We concluded that DNA replication is not required for the initial response to low temperatures, but rather for the maintenance of this response. Here we discuss the implications of our observations in terms of the plasticity of chromatin modifications in plants. ©2008 Landes Bioscience.
Foley, M, Ton-That, C & Phillips, M 2008, 'Cathodoluminescence Inhomogeneity In ZnO Nanorods', Applied Physics Letters, vol. 93, no. 24, pp. 1-3.
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Luminescence properties of vertically aligned, crystalline ZnO nanorods are studied by cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy and microscopy. Results show that luminescence characteristics vary dramatically with location on the nanorod as well as CL excitation depth. CL inhomogeneity is observed between the nanorod tip and sidewalls, accompanied by a variation in the chemical environment of surface oxygen ions as probed by photoemission spectroscopy. Our findings demonstrate that CL can provide useful information on the local optical properties of nanostructured materials, which is simply beyond the capability of other methods.
Ford, M, Hoft, RC, McDonagh, AM & Cortie, MB 2008, 'Rectification in Donor-Acceptor Molecular Junctions', Journal Of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol. 20, no. 37, pp. 1-8.
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We perform density functional theory (DFT) calculations on molecular junctions consisting of a single molecule between two Au(111) electrodes. The molecules consist of an alkane or aryl bridge connecting acceptor, donor or thiol endgroups in various combinations. The molecular geometries are optimized and wavefunctions and eigenstates of the junction calculated using the DFT method, and then the electron transport properties for the junction are calculated within the non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) formalism. The currentvoltage or i(V) characteristics for the various molecules are then compared. Rectification is observed for these molecules, particularly for the donorbridgeacceptor case where the bridge is an alkane, with rectification being in the same direction as the original findings of Aviram and Ratner (1974 Chem. Phys. Lett. 29 27783), at least for relatively large negative and positive applied bias. However, at smaller bias rectification is in the opposite direction and is attributed to the lowest unoccupied orbital associated with the acceptor group.
Ford, MJ, Hoft, RC, McDonagh, AM & Cortie, MB 2008, 'Rectification in donor-acceptor molecular junctions', JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER, vol. 20, no. 37.
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Forno, E, Onderdonk, AB, McCracken, J, Litonjua, AA, Laskey, D, Delaney, ML, DuBois, AM, Gold, DR, Ryan, LM, Weiss, ST & Celedón, JC 2008, 'Diversity of the gut microbiota and eczema in early life', Clinical and Molecular Allergy, vol. 6.
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Background: A modest number of prospective studies of the composition of the intestinal microbiota and eczema in early life have yielded conflicting results. Objective: To examine the relationship between the bacterial diversity of the gut and the development of eczema in early life by methods other than stool culture. Methods: Fecal samples were collected from 21 infants at 1 and 4 months of life. Nine infants were diagnosed with eczema by the age of 6 months (cases) and 12 infants were not (controls). After conducting denaturating gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of stool samples, we compared the microbial diversity of cases and controls using the number of electrophoretic bands and the Shannon index of diversity (H') as indicators. Results: Control subjects had significantly greater fecal microbial diversity than children with eczema at ages 1 (mean H' for controls = 0.75 vs. 0.53 for cases, P = 0.01) and 4 months (mean H' for controls = 0.92 vs. 0.59 for cases, P = 0.02). The increase in diversity from 1 to 4 months of age was significant in controls (P = 0.04) but not in children who developed eczema by 6 months of age (P = 0.32). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that reduced microbial diversity is associated with the development of eczema in early life. © 2008 Forno et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
Fotedar, R, Stark, DJ, Marriott, DJ, Ellis, JT & Harkness, JL 2008, 'Entamoeba moshkovskii infections in Sydney, Australia', European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 133-137.
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Entamoeba moshkovskii is considered to be a free-living ameba which is morphologically similar, but biochemically and genetically different to Entamoeba histolyticca and Entamoeba dispar. However recent studies have suggested that E. moshkovskii may be a "potential" pathogen with infections giving rise to diarrhea and toehr intetinal disorders.
Fourment, M & Gibbs, MJ 2008, 'The VirusBanker database uses a Java program to allow flexible searching through Bunyaviridae sequences', BMC BIOINFORMATICS, vol. 9.
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Fourment, M & Gillings, MR 2008, 'A comparison of common programming languages used in bioinformatics', BMC BIOINFORMATICS, vol. 9.
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Fourment, M, Gibbs, AJ & Gibbs, MJ 2008, 'SWeBLAST: A sliding window web-based BLAST tool for recombinant analysis', JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS, vol. 152, no. 1-2, pp. 98-101.
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Fowler, A, Leis, J & Suthers, I 2008, 'Onshore-offshore distribution and abundance of tuna larvae (Pisces: Scombridae: Thunnini) in near-reef waters of the Coral Sea', Fishery Bulletin, vol. 106, no. 4, pp. 405-416.
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The on-offshore distributions of tuna larvae in near-reef waters of the Coral Sea, near Lizard Island (14 degrees 30'S, 145 degrees 27'E), Australia, were investigated during four cruises from November 1984 to February 1985 to test the hypothesis that la
Freedman, LS, Midthune, D, Carroll, RJ & Kipnis, V 2008, 'A comparison of regression calibration, moment reconstruction and imputation for adjusting for covariate measurement error in regression', STATISTICS IN MEDICINE, vol. 27, no. 25, pp. 5195-5216.
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Friedberg, R, Darling, AE & Yancopoulos, S 2008, 'Genome rearrangement by the double cut and join operation', Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 452, pp. 385-416.
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The Double Cut and Join is an operation acting locally at four chromosomal positions without regard to chromosomal context. This chapter discusses its application and the resulting menu of operations for genomes consisting of arbitrary numbers of circular chromosomes, as well as for a general mix of linear and circular chromosomes. In the general case the menu includes: inversion, translocation, transposition, formation and absorption of circular intermediates, conversion between linear and circular chromosomes, block interchange, fission, and fusion. This chapter discusses the well-known edge graph and its dual, the adjacency graph, recently introduced by Bergeron et al. Step-by-step procedures are given for constructing and manipulating these graphs. Simple algorithms are given in the adjacency graph for computing the minimal DCJ distance between two genomes and finding a minimal sorting; and use of an online tool (Mauve) to generate synteny blocks and apply DCJ is described. © 2008 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
Friedberg, R, Darling, AE & Yancopoulos, S 2008, 'Genome rearrangement by the double cut and join operation.', Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.), vol. 452, pp. 385-416.
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The Double Cut and Join is an operation acting locally at four chromosomal positions without regard to chromosomal context. This chapter discusses its application and the resulting menu of operations for genomes consisting of arbitrary numbers of circular chromosomes, as well as for a general mix of linear and circular chromosomes. In the general case the menu includes: inversion, translocation, transposition, formation and absorption of circular intermediates, conversion between linear and circular chromosomes, block interchange, fission, and fusion. This chapter discusses the well-known edge graph and its dual, the adjacency graph, recently introduced by Bergeron et al. Step-by-step procedures are given for constructing and manipulating these graphs. Simple algorithms are given in the adjacency graph for computing the minimal DCJ distance between two genomes and finding a minimal sorting; and use of an online tool (Mauve) to generate synteny blocks and apply DCJ is described.
Fu, K-MC, Santori, C, Barclay, PE, Aharonovich, I, Prawer, S, Meyer, N, Holm, AM & Beausoleil, RG 2008, 'Coupling of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond to a GaP waveguide', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 93, no. 23.
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Fu, S & Lewis, JM 2008, 'Novel automated extraction method for quantitative analysis of urinary 11-nor-Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH)', Journal Of Analytical Toxicology, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 292-297.
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An automated extraction method for extracting the major urinary metabolite of cannabis, 11-nor-?9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH) was developed on the four-probe Gilson ASPEC XL4? solid-phase extraction (SPE) system. The method works on liquid-liquid extraction principles but does not require the use of SPE cartridges. The limits of detection and quantitation and the upper limit of linearity (ULOL) of the developed method were found to be 1, 2, and 1500 ng/mL, respectively. There was no detectable carry over after 10,000 ng/mL analyte. For a batch of 76 samples, the process uses less than 100 mL methanol, 450 mL extracting solvent hexane/ethyl acetate (5:1, v/v) and 1 L rinsing solvent, 30% methanol in water. The automated extraction process takes 5 h to complete. Precision and accuracy of the method are comparable to both manual liquid-liquid extraction and automated SPE methods. The method has proven to be a simple, speedy, and economical alternative to the currently popular automated SPE method for the quantitative analysis of urinary THC-COOH.
Gao, F, Wang, G & Zhang, C 2008, 'Strong photon-mixing of terahertz waves in semiconductor quantum wells induced by Rashba spin-orbit coupling', NANOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 19, no. 46.
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Gardin, S, Bordas, F, Letartre, X, Seasall, C, Rahmani, A, Bozio, R & Viktorovitch, P 2008, 'Microlasers based on effective index confined slow light modes in photonic crystal waveguides', Optics Express, vol. 16, no. 9, pp. 6331-6339.
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We present the design, theory and experimental implementation of a low modal volume microlaser based on a line-defect 2D-photonic crystal waveguide. The lateral confinement of low-group velocity modes is controlled by the post-processing of 1 to 3?m wide PMMA strips on top of two dimensional photonic crystal waveguides. Modal volume around 1.3 (?/n)3 can be achieved using this scheme. We use this concept to fabricate microlaser devices from an InP-based heterostructure including InAs0.65P0.35 quantum wells emitting around 1550nm and bonded onto a fused silica wafer. We observe stable, room-temperature laser operation with an effective lasing threshold around 0.5mW.
Gentle, AR & Smith, G 2008, 'Dual metal-insulator and insulator-insulator switching in nanoscale and Al doped VO2', Journal Of Physics D-Applied Physics, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 1-5.
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Thin films of VO2 doped with aluminium, or with nanoscale grain sizes, have been produced. They display semiconductor resistive behaviour above the transition temperature T-c, but a metallic and plasmonic optical response. All samples optically switch ov
Gentle, AR & Smith, G 2008, 'Five layer narrow band position variable filters for sharp colours and ultra low emittance', Applied Physics B-Lasers And Optics, vol. 92, no. 1, pp. 67-72.
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A simplified approach to creating narrow visible and near IR transmission bands with thin films is outlined utilising just five layers on glass, three of which are thin silver. These films have very high reflection at most wavelengths except for a narrow
Gentle, AR, Maaroof, AI & Smith, G 2008, 'Temperature dependence of optical and transport properties in VO2 with high temperature anomalies', Current Applied Physics, vol. 8, no. 3-4, pp. 229-232.
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Thermochromic VO2 is of interest for energy efficient glazing, and for fast telecommunications because it optically switches in the near IR. Despite extensive study several aspects of its apparently diverse behaviour have not been explained satisfactorily. The visible-NIR permittivity and dc electrical conductivity of high quality thin films of VO2, across the metal-insulator phase transition and well into the metallic phase to temperatures up to 100 °C above Tc are studied as a function of temperature and grain size. Experimental behaviour is partly explained with effective medium models, existing band structures and classical transport theory. Anomalies however include: unphysically fast relaxation rate, counter-intuitive and significant differences between optical and dc, and bulk and thin film parameters; and residual "non-metallic" features above the transition in highly oriented films. Residual, but transient high temperature d-electron singlet pairing on V dimers, which is sensitive to nanostructure, is examined as a source of some anomalies. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
George, S, Tushar, KV, Unnikrishnan, KP, Hashim, KM & Balachandran, I 2008, 'Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. A review', Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 146-156.
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Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. (Periplocaceae) is being used widely in Ayurvedic medicine. The history of its medicinal importance dates back to ancient times. The present review deals with studies undertaken in various aspects of this plant in the areas of morphology, anatomy, pharmacology, chemistry and ethnobotany along with medicinal uses. © 2008 Academic Journals Inc.
Gilbert, PM, Azanza, R, Burford, MA, Furuya, K, Abal, E, Al-Azri, A, Al-Yamani, F, Andersen, P, Anderson, DM, Beardall, J, Berg, GM, Brand, L, Bronk, D, Brookes, J, Burkholder, JM, Cembella, A, Cochlan, WP, Collier, JL, Collos, Y, Diaz, R, Doblin, MA, Drennen, T, Dyhrman, S, Fukuyo, Y, Furnas, M, Galloway, J, Graneli, E, Ha, D, Hallegraeff, GM, Harrison, J, Harrison, P, Heil, CA, Heimann, K, Howarth, R, Jauzein, M, Kana, AA, Kana, TM, Kim, H, Kudela, R, Legrand, C, Mallin, M, Mulholland, M, Murray, SA, O'Neil, J, Pitcher, G, Qi, Y, Rabalais, N, Raine, R, Seitzinger, S, Salomon, PS, Solomon, C, Stoecker, DK, Usup, G, Wilson, J, Yin, K, Zhou, M & Zhu, M 2008, 'Ocean urea fertilization for carbon credits poses high ecological risks', Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 1049-1056.
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The proposed plan for enrichment of the Sulu Sea, Philippines, a region of rich marine biodiversity, with thousands of tonnes of urea in order to stimulate algal blooms and sequester carbon is flawed for multiple reasons. Urea is preferentially used as a nitrogen source by some cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates, many of which are neutrally or positively buoyant. Biological pumps to the deep sea are classically leaky, and the inefficient burial of new biomass makes the estimation of a net loss of carbon from the atmosphere questionable at best. The potential for growth of toxic dinoflagellates is also high, as many grow well on urea and some even increase their toxicity when grown on urea. Many toxic dinoflagellates form cysts which can settle to the sediment and germinate in subsequent years, forming new blooms even without further fertilization. If large-scale blooms do occur, it is likely that they will contribute to hypoxia in the bottom waters upon decomposition. Lastly, urea production requires fossil fuel usage, further limiting the potential for net carbon sequestration. The environmental and economic impacts are potentially great and need to be rigorously assessed. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Gillings, M, Boucher, Y, Labbate, M, Holmes, AJ, Krishnan, S, Holley, MP & Stokes, H 2008, 'The Evolution of Class 1 Integrons and the Rise of Antibiotic Resistance', Journal Of Bacteriology, vol. 190, no. 14, pp. 5095-5100.
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Class 1 integrons are central players in the worldwide problem of antibiotic resistance, because they can capture and express diverse resistance genes. In addition, they are often embedded in promiscuous plasmids and transposons, facilitating their lateral transfer into a wide range of pathogens. Understanding the origin of these elements is important for the practical control of antibiotic resistance and for exploring how lateral gene transfer can seriously impact on, and be impacted by, human activities. We now show that class 1 integrons can be found on the chromosomes of nonpathogenic soil and freshwater Betaproteobacteria. Here they exhibit structural and sequence diversity, an absence of antibiotic resistance genes, and a phylogenetic signature of lateral transfer. Some examples are almost identical to the core of the class 1 integrons now found in pathogens, leading us to conclude that environmental Betaproteobacteria were the original source of these genetic elements. Because these elements appear to be readily mobilized, their lateral transfer into human commensals and pathogens was inevitable, especially given that Betaproteobacteria carrying class 1 integrons are common in natural environments that intersect with the human food chain. The strong selection pressure imposed by the human use of antimicrobial compounds then ensured their fixation and global spread into new species.
Gilman, E, Ellison, J, Duke, NC & Field, C 2008, 'Threats to mangroves from climate change and adaptation options: A review', Aquatic Botany, vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 237-250.
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Mangrove ecosystems are threatened by climate change. We review the state of knowledge of mangrove Vulnerability and responses to predicted climate change and consider adaptation options. Based on available evidence, of all the climate change outcomes, relative sea-level rise may be the greatest threat to mangroves. Most mangrove sediment surface elevations are not keeping pace with sea-level rise, although longer term studies from a larger number of regions are needed. Rising sea-level will have the greatest impact oil mangroves experiencing net lowering in sediment elevation, where there is limited area for landward migration. The Pacific Islands mangroves have been demonstrated to be at high risk of substantial reductions. There is less certainly over other climate change outcomes and mangrove responses. More research is needed on assessment methods and standard indicators of change in response to effects from climate change, while regional monitoring networks are needed to observe these responses to enable educated adaptation. Adaptation measures can offset anticipated mangrove losses and improve resistance and resilience to climate change. Coastal planning can adapt to facilitate mangrove migration with sea-level rise. Management of activities within the catchment that affect long-term trends in the mangrove sediment elevation, better management of other stressors oil mangroves, rehabilitation of degraded mangrove areas, and increases in systems of strategically designed protected area networks that include mangroves and functionally linked ecosystems through representation, replication and refugia, are additional adaptation options.
Gladstone, W 2008, 'Towards conservation of a globally significant ecosystem: the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden', Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 1-5.
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The Red Sea and Gulf of Aden (RSGA) are renowned for their unique marine and coastal environments and species. An extreme pace of unmanaged development and a severe shortage of technical and conservation expertise threatened these globally important conservation values. Spurred to action, a period of intense activity in marine conservation, training and science by individual nations, the region, and the international donor community began in 1995. Many gains were made in marine environmental and resource management, however, this overview is con?ned to marine conservation. Marine conservation in the RSGA highlights the need for the most basic foundations to be laid by building political support and understanding, growing technical and management expertise, gathering relevant scienti?c information, and addressing the socioeconomic issues that threaten conservation values. The primary sources for much of the information presented here can be found in PERSGA (2006)
Glasner, JD, Plunkett, G, Anderson, BD, Baumler, DJ, Biehl, BS, Burland, V, Cabot, EL, Darling, AE, Mau, B, Neeno-Eckwall, EC, Pot, D, Qiu, Y, Rissman, AI, Worzella, S, Zaremba, S, Fedorko, J, Hampton, T, Liss, P, Rusch, M, Shaker, M, Shaull, L, Shetty, P, Thotakura, S, Whitmore, J, Blattner, FR, Greene, JM & Perna, NT 2008, 'Enteropathogen Resource Integration Center (ERIC): bioinformatics support for research on biodefense-relevant enterobacteria', NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH, vol. 36, pp. D519-D523.
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Glenn, E, Huete, A, Nagler, PL & Nelson, SG 2008, 'Relationship Between Remotely-sensed Vegetation Indices, Canopy Attributes and Plant Physiological Processes: What Vegetation Indices Can and Cannot Tell Us About the Landscape', Sensors, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 2136-2160.
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Vegetation indices (VIs) are among the oldest tools in remote sensing studies. Although many variations exist, most of them ratio the reflection of light in the red and NIR sections of the spectrum to separate the landscape into water, soil, and vegetation. Theoretical analyses and field studies have shown that VIs are near-linearly related to photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by a plant canopy, and therefore to light-dependent physiological processes, such as photosynthesis, occurring in the upper canopy. Practical studies have used time-series VIs to measure primary production and evapotranspiration, but these are limited in accuracy to that of the data used in ground truthing or calibrating the models used. VIs are also used to estimate a wide variety of other canopy attributes that are used in Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer (SVAT), Surface Energy Balance (SEB), and Global Climate Models (GCM). These attributes include fractional vegetation cover, leaf area index, roughness lengths for turbulent transfer, emissivity and albedo. However, VIs often exhibit only moderate, non-linear relationships to these canopy attributes, compromising the accuracy of the models. We use case studies to illustrate the use and misuse of VIs, and argue for using VIs most simply as a measurement of canopy light absorption rather than as a surrogate for detailed features of canopy architecture. Used this way, VIs are compatible with "Big Leaf" SVAT and GCMs that assume that canopy carbon and moisture fluxes have the same relative response to the environment as any single leaf, simplifying the task of modeling complex landscapes.
Goh, F, Irvine, K, Lovelace, E, Donnelly, SM, Jones, MK, Brion, K, Hume, D, Kotze, A, Dalton, JP, Ingham, A & Sweet, M 2008, 'Selective induction of the Notch ligand Jagged-1 in macrophages by soluble egg antigen from Schistosoma mansoni involves ERK signalling', Immunology, vol. 127, no. 3, pp. 326-337.
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Soluble egg antigen (SEA) from the helminth Schistosoma mansoni promotes T helper type 2 (Th2) responses by modulating antigen-presenting cell function. The Jagged/Notch pathway has recently been implicated in driving Th2 development. We show here that SEA rapidly up-regulated mRNA and protein expression of the Notch ligand Jagged-1 in both murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) and human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDMs). Another potential Th2-promoting factor, interleukin (IL)-33, was not transcriptionally induced by SEA in BMMs. Up-regulation of Jagged-1 mRNA by SEA was also apparent in conventional dendritic cells (DCs), although the effect was less striking than in BMMs. Conversely, SEA-pulsed DCs, but not BMMs, promoted IL-4 production upon T-cell activation, suggesting that Jagged-1 induction alone is insufficient for instructing Th2 development. A comparison of the responses initiated in BMMs by SEA and the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) revealed common activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK-1/2) and p38 phosphorylation, as well as induction of Jagged-1 mRNA. However, only LPS triggered I kappa B degradation, phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (Jnk) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (Stat1) Tyr701, and IL-33 and IL-12p40 mRNA up-regulation. Inducible gene expression was modified by the presence of the macrophage growth factor colony-stimulating factor (CSF)-1, which inhibited Jagged-1 induction by SEA and LPS, but enhanced LPS-induced IL-12p40 expression. Unlike LPS, SEA robustly activated signalling in HEK293 cells expressing either Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) or TLR4/MD2. Pharmacological inhibition of the ERK-1/2 pathway impaired SEA- and LPS-inducible Jagged-1 expression in BMMs. Taken together, our data suggest that Jagged-1 is an ERK-dependent target of TLR signalling that has a macrophage-specific function in the response to SEA.
Gorrie, C, Brown, JS & Waite, P 2008, 'Crash characteristics of older pedestrian fatalities: Dementia pathology may be related to 'at risk' traffic situations', Accident Analysis and Prevention, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 912-919.
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Older people are over represented among pedestrian casualties, and cognitive decline is an often cited possible contributory factor. Cognitive decline and dementia are intimately associated, however the role dementia might play in older pedestrian crashe
Gorrie, C, Waite, P & Rogers, L 2008, 'Correlations between hand preference and cortical thickness in the secondary somatosensory (SII) cortex of the common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus', Behavioral Neuroscience, vol. 122, no. 6, pp. 1343-1351.
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Cortical asymmetries are well established in humans for language and motor regions and correlate with handedness. Here the authors investigate structural differences in the hemispheres of left- and right-handed common marmosets using surface photography
Gou, X, Wang, G, Kong, X, Wexler, D, Horvat, J, Yang, J & Park, J 2008, 'Flutelike Porous Hematite Nanorods and Branched Nanostructures: Synthesis, Characterisation and Application for Gas-Sensing', Chemistry: A European Journal, vol. 14, no. 19, pp. 5996-6002.
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Flute-like porous ?-Fe2O3 nanorods and branched nanostructures such as pentapods and hexapods were prepared through dehydration and recrystallisation of hydrothermally synthesised ?-FeOOH precursor. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM and selected area electron diffraction analyses reveal that the nanorods, which grow along the [110] direction, have nearly hollow cavities and porous walls with a pore size of 2050 nm. The hexapods have six symmetric arms with a diameter of 6080 nm and length of 400900 nm. The growth direction of the arms in the hexapod-like nanostructure is also along the [110] direction, and there is a dihedral angle of 69.5o between adjacent arms. These unique iron oxide nanostructures offer the first opportunity to investigate their magnetic and gas sensing properties. The nanostructures exhibited unusual magnetic behaviour, with two different Morin temperatures under field-cooled and zero-field-cooled conditions, owing to their shape anisotropy and magnetocrystalline anisotropy. Furthermore, the ?-Fe2O3 nanostructures show much better sensing performance towards ethanol than that of the previously reported polycrystalline nanotubes. In addition, the ?-Fe2O3 nanostructure based sensor can selectively detect formaldehyde and acetic acid among other toxic, corrosive and irritant vapours at a low working temperature with rapid response, high sensitivity and good stability.
Gou, X, Wang, G, Park, J, Liu, H & Yang, J 2008, 'Monodisperse hematite porous nanospheres: synthesis, characterization, and applications for gas sensors', NANOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 19, no. 12.
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Gou, X, Wang, G, Yang, J, Park, J & Wexler, D 2008, 'Chemical synthesis, characterisation and gas sensing performance of copper oxide nanoribbons', Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 965-969.
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Single crystalline copper oxide nanoribbons were synthesized via a surfactant-assisted hydrothermal route. The resulting CuO nanoribbons contain substantial amounts of nanorings and nanoloops. High resolution TEM analysis identified CuO nanoribbons growing along the [010] direction. CuO nanoribbons exhibited excellent sensing performance towards formaldehyde and ethanol vapours with rapid response and high sensitivity at low operating temperatures. We found that the loading of a small amount of Au or Pt nanoparticles on the surface of CuO nanoribbons can effectively enhance and functionalize the gas sensing performance of CuO nanoribbons.
Greene, RW 2008, 'Kids do well if they can', Phi Delta Kappan, vol. 90, no. 3, pp. 160-167.
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Viewing challenging behavior as the result of lagging skills (kids do well if they can) rather than as poor motivation (kids do well if they want to) has significant ramifications for how adults interact with kids with behavioral challenges and try to help them. A wide range of lagging skills can set the stage for challenging behavior. Challenging behavior usually occurs in response to predictable triggers, circumstances, or unsolved problems. Adults have a strong tendency to automatically apply consequences to challenging behavior. Whether of the natural or artificial variety, consequences do not teach lagging cognitive skills or help kids solve problems. The author holds copyright to this article; please contact the author regarding requests for additional distribution. © 2008 by Ross Greene.
Grills-Taquechel, AE, Ollendick, TH & Fisak, B 2008, 'Reexamination of the MASC factor structure and discriminant ability in a mixed clinical outpatient sample.', Depression and anxiety, vol. 25, no. 11, pp. 942-950.
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Anxiety problems in youth are common, suggesting the need for developmentally appropriate and psychometrically sound measures in this area. The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) was created with this goal in mind, but has yet to be examined with samples representative of youth typically seen in clinical settings. Two hundred and sixty-two outpatient youth with mixed clinical presentations completed the MASC, a measure that includes a total anxiety score, as well as subscale scores for social anxiety, harm avoidance, separation anxiety/panic, and physical symptoms of anxiety. Internal consistency, means, and factor structure were comparable to that reported previously. Model invariance was supported across gender, diagnosis, and age. The MASC total score significantly differentiated children who received anxiety disorder diagnoses from those who did not. The social anxiety subscale significantly predicted social phobia and the harm avoidance subscale significantly predicted generalized anxiety disorder. Further support was found for the MASC. However, caution should be exercised given mixed discriminant ability findings. That is, the MASC seems best suited as a screening instrument for anxiety and when used in conjunction with a multiple method/informant assessment approach. 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Gu, H 2008, 'Computation of approximate alpha-points for large scale single machine scheduling problem', Computers & Operations Research, vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 3262-3275.
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This paper studies the linear programming (LP) relaxation of xjt-formulation of the single machine scheduling problem 1|rj|?wjCj. The Lagrangian relaxation approach is proposed to cope with the computational difficulties for large problems. Since it can still be time consuming if highly accurate LP relaxation is required, the effect of approximate solution is studied with respect to the a-point heuristic. A two-stage proximal bundle algorithm is designed for the computation of the approximate solution. Results of numerical experiments show the efficiency of the proposed algorithm for large problems
Gunawan, C, Breuer, M, Hauer, B, Rogers, PL & Rosche, B 2008, 'Improved (R)-phenylacetylcarbinol production with Candida utilis pyruvate decarboxylase at decreased organic to aqueous phase volume ratios', BIOTECHNOLOGY LETTERS, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 281-286.
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Gunning, SJ, Maggio, FJ, Windley, MJ, Valenzuela, S, King, GF & Nicholson, GM 2008, 'The Janus-faced atracotoxins are specific blockers of invertebrate K(Ca) channels', FEBS Journal, vol. 275, no. 16, pp. 4045-4059.
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The Janus-faced atracotoxins are a unique family of excitatory peptide toxins that contain a rare vicinal disulfide bridge. Although lethal to a wide range of invertebrates, their molecular target has remained enigmatic for almost a decade. We demonstrate here that these toxins are selective, high-affinity blockers of invertebrate calcium activated K+ (KCa) channels. J-ACTX-Hv1c, the prototypic member of this toxin family, selectively blocked KCa channels in cockroach unpaired dorsal median neurons with an IC50 of 2 nM, but it did not significantly affect a wide range of other voltage activated potassium (KV), calcium (CaV), or sodium (NaV) channel subtypes. J ACTX-Hv1c blocked heterologously expressed cockroach BKCa (pSlo) channels without a significant shift in the voltage-dependence of activation. However, the block was voltage-dependent, indicating that the toxin likely acts as a pore blocker rather than a gating modifier. The molecular basis of the insect selectivity of J-ACTX-Hv1c was established by its failure to significantly inhibit mouse mSlo currents (IC50 ~10 μM) and its lack of activity on rat dorsal root ganglion neuron IK(Ca). This study establishes the Janus-faced atracotoxins as valuable tools for the study of invertebrate KCa channels and suggests that KCa channels might be a potential insecticide target.
Ha, S, Sukhorukov, AA, Dossou, KB, Botten, LC, Lavrinenko, AV, Chigrin, DN & Kivshar, YS 2008, 'Dispersionless tunneling of slow light in antisymmetric photonic crystal couplers', Optics Express, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 1104-1114.
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We suggest a novel and general approach to the design of photonic-crystal directional couplers operating in the slow-light regime. We predict, based on a general symmetry analysis, that robust tunneling of slow-light pulses is possible between antisymmetrically coupled photonic crystal waveguides. We demonstrate, through Bloch mode frequencydomain and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations that, for all pulses with strongly reduced group velocities at the photonic band-gap edge, complete switching occurs at a fixed coupling length of just a few unit cells of the photonic crystal.
Han, X, Kennan, RM, Davies, JK, Reddacliff, LA, Dhungyel, OP, Whittington, RJ, Turnbull, L, Whitchurch, CB & Rood, JI 2008, 'Twitching Motility Is Essential For Virulence In Dichelobacter Nodosus', Journal Of Bacteriology, vol. 190, no. 9, pp. 3323-3335.
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Type W fimbriae are essential virulence factors of Dichelobacter nodosus, the principal causative agent of ovine foot rot. The fimA fimbrial subunit gene is required for virulence, but fimA mutants exhibit several phenotypic changes and it is not certain
Hansbro, NG, Horvat, JC, Wark, PA & Hansbro, PM 2008, 'Understanding the mechanisms of viral induced asthma: New therapeutic directions', PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, vol. 117, no. 3, pp. 313-353.
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Hardle, WK, Kleinow, T, Korostelev, A, Logeay, C & Platen, E 2008, 'Semiparametric Diffusion Estimation and application to a Stock Market Index', Quantitative Finance, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 81-92.
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The analysis of diffusion processes in financial models is crucially dependent on the form of the drift and diffusion coefficient functions. A new model for a stock market index process is proposed in which the index is decomposed into an average growth process and an ergodic diffusion. The ergodic diffusion part of the model is not directly observable. A methodology is developed for estimating and testing the coefficient functions of this unobserved diffusion process. The estimation is based on the observations of the index process and uses semiparametric and non-parametric techniques. The testing is performed via the wild bootstrap resampling technique. The method is illustrated on S&P 500 index data.
Harel, M, Ben-Dov, E, Rasoulouniriana, D, Siboni, N, Kramarsky-Winter, E, Loya, Y, Barak, Z, Wiesman, Z & Kushmaro, A 2008, 'A new Thraustochytrid, strain Fng1, isolated from the surface mucus of the hermatypic coral Fungia granulosa', FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 378-387.
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Harris, N, Ford, M, Mulvaney, P & Cortie, MB 2008, 'Tunable infrared absorption by metal nanoparticles: The case for gold rods and shells', Gold Bulletin, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 5-14.
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Nanoparticles of elements such as Au, Al or Ag have optical extinction cross-sections that considerably surpass their geometric cross-sections at certain wavelengths of light. While the absorption and scattering maxima for nanospheres of these elements are relatively insensitive to particle diameter, the surface plasmon resonance of Au nanoshells and nanorods can be readily tuned from the visible into the infrared by changing the shape of the particle. Here we compare nanoshells and nanorods in terms of their ease of synthesis, their optical properties, and their longer term technological prospects as tunable plasmonic absorbers. While both particle types are now routinely prepared by wet chemistry, we submit that it is more convenient to prepare rods. Furthermore, the plasmon resonance and peak absorption efficiency in nanorods may be readily tuned into the infrared by an increase of their aspect ratio, whereas in nanoshells such tuning may require a decrease in shell thickness to problematic dimensions.
He, B, Luo, L, Hu, J & Gu, HY 2008, 'Smoothing algorithm for high speed machining at corner', Shanghai Jiaotong Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 83-86.
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Making feed speed smooth along the corner of two adjoining moves is the key measure to protect the machine tools and assure the machining quality and the efficiency of high speed machinery process. This paper presented an algorithm to make smooth the track and the velocity by adding adjoining moves vectors based on trapezoidal velocity profile. The algorithm is proposed for interpolating adjoining moves simultaneously according to the maximum distance decelerating to zero. This algorithm is verified to get good machining quality and velocity at the corner when high speed machining.
Hemming, M, Peacock, J, Dennis, ES & Trevaskis, B 2008, 'Low-temperature and daylength cues are integrated to regulate FLOWERING LOCUS T in barley', Plant Physiology, vol. 147, no. 1, pp. 355-366.
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Interactions between flowering time genes were examined in a doubled haploid barley (Hordeum vulgare) population segregating for H. vulgare VERNALIZATION1 (HvVRN1), HvVRN2, and PHOTOPERIOD1 (PPD-H1). A deletion allele of HvVRN2 was associated with rapid inflorescence initiation and early flowering, but only in lines with an active allele of PPD-H1. In these lines, the floral promoter FLOWERING LOCUS T (HvFT1) was expressed at high levels without vernalization, and this preceded induction of HvVRN1. Lines with the deletion allele of HvVRN2 and the inactive ppd-H1 allele did not undergo rapid inflorescence initiation and were late flowering. These data suggest that HvVRN2 counteracts PPD-H1 to prevent flowering prior to vernalization. An allele of HvVRN1 that is expressed at high basal levels (HvVRN1-1) was associated with rapid inflorescence initiation regardless of HvVRN2 or PPD-H1 genotype. HvFT1 was expressed without vernalization in lines with the HvVRN1-1 allele and HvFT1 transcript levels were highest in lines with the active PPD-H1 allele; this correlated with rapid apex development postinflorescence initiation. Thus, expression of HvVRN1 promotes inflorescence initiation and up-regulates HvFT1. Analysis of HvVRN1 expression in different genetic backgrounds postvernalization showed that HvVRN2, HvFT1, and PPD-H1 are unlikely to play a role in low-temperature induction of HvVRN1. In a vernalization responsive barley, HvFT1 is not induced by low temperatures alone, but can be induced by long days following prolonged low-temperature treatment. We conclude that low-temperature and daylength flowering-response pathways are integrated to control expression of HvFT1 in barley, and that this might occur through regulation of HvVRN2 activity.
Hemming, MN, Peacock, WJ, Dennis, ES & Trevaskis, B 2008, 'Integration of seasonal flowering time responses in temperate cereals', PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR, vol. 3, no. 8, pp. 601-602.
Henderson, DJ, Carroll, RJ & Li, Q 2008, 'Nonparametric estimation and testing of fixed effects panel data models', JOURNAL OF ECONOMETRICS, vol. 144, no. 1, pp. 257-275.
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Heness, GL, Booth, NG & Ben-Nissan, B 2008, 'Does size matter? the effect of volume on the compressive strength of open cell brittle ceramics', Advanced Materials Research, vol. 41-42, pp. 221-226.
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This study investigates the effect of specimen volume o the compressive strenmgth of open cell brittle ceramics. A siries of unconfined compression tests were carried out on specimens ranging in volume. The crushing strength and apparent stiffness were measured and these results are correlated with the volume of material stressed. It was found that as the volume of material tested decreased the strength decreased.
Hennige, SJ, Smith, DJ, Perkins, R, Consalvey, M, Paterson, DM & Suggett, DJ 2008, 'Photoacclimation, growth and distribution of massive coral species in clear and turbid waters', Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 369, pp. 77-88.
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Massive coral species play a key role in coral reef ecosystems, adding significantly to physical integrity, long term stability and reef biodiversity. This study coupled the assessment of the distribution and abundance of 4 dominant massive coral species, Diploastrea heliopora, Favia speciosa, F. matthaii and Porites lutea, with investigations into species-specific photoacclimatory responses within the Wakatobi Marine National Park of southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, to determine the potential of photoacclimation to be a driver of biological success. For this, rapid light curves using pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) chlorophyll a fluorescence techniques were employed with additional manipulations to circumvent differences of light quality and absorption between species and across environmental gradients. P. lutea was examined over a range of depths and sites to determine patterns of photoacclimation, and all 4 species were assessed at a single depth between sites for which long-term data for coral community structure and growth existed. Light availability was more highly constrained with depth than between sites; consequently, photoacclimation patterns for P. lutea appeared greater with depth than across environmental gradients. All 4 species were found to differentially modify the extent of non-photochemical quenching to maintain a constant photochemical operating efficiency (qP). Therefore, our results suggest that these massive corals photoacclimate to ensure a constant light-dependent rate of reduction of the plastoquinone pool across growth environments.
Herbert, BR, Hill, C, Padula, MP, DSouza-Bassea, JM, Krockenberger, MB, Malik, R, Ngamskulrungroj, P, Chong, HS, Meyer, W, Harry, EJ & Carter, DA 2008, 'Fungal Lung Infection : Understanding Cryptococcus Gattii Infection and the Challenges of Mixed Proteomes', Journal of Proteomics & Bioinformatics, vol. S2, no. 01, pp. 097-098.
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Herzig, V, Khalife, A, Chong, Y, Isbister, GK, Currie, BJ, Churchill, TB, Horner, S, Escoubas, P, Nicholson, GM & Hodgson, WC 2008, 'Intersexual variations in Northern (Missulena pruinosa) and Eastern (M. bradleyi) mouse spider venom', Toxicon, vol. 51, pp. 1167-1177.
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Venoms of both sexes of Australian Northern (Missulena pruinosa) and Eastern (Missulena bradleyi) mouse spiders were studied in order to determine intersexual variations in venom yield, composition and bioactivity. Females of both species yielded more venom than males. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry data further indicate a substantial degree of intersexual variation in the venom composition of both species. In a cricket (Acheta domestica) acute toxicity assay, only small intersexual differences were observed, but M. bradleyi venom was found to be considerably more potent than M. pruinosa venom. In the chick biventer cervicis nerveâmuscle preparation, male but not female M. bradleyi venom induced large and sustained muscle contractions with fasciculation and decreased twitch height that could be reversed by CSL funnel-web spider antivenom. In contrast, venoms of both sexes of M. pruinosa did not induce signiï¬cant effects in the chick biventer cervicis nerveâmuscle preparation. We therefore conclude that female M. bradleyi venom and venoms from male and female M. pruinosa appear to contain few, if any, orthologs of d-missulenatoxin-Mb1a, the toxin responsible for the effects of male M. bradleyi venom in vertebrates. These ï¬ndings are consistent with clinical reports that mouse spiders, particularly species other than male M. bradleyi, do not appear to be a major medical problem in humans.
Hill, R & Ralph, PJ 2008, 'Dark-induced reduction of the plastoquinone pool in zooxanthellae of scleractinian corals and implications for measurements of chlorophyll a fluorescence', Symbiosis, vol. 46, pp. 45-56.
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Fluorometric measurements of maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) and fast induction curves (FICs) require coral samples to be dark-adapted (DA). Pathways causing dark-reduction of the plastoquinone (PQ) pool are shown here to be active in corals. Early morning sunlight and far-red light successfully increased Fv/Fm and lowered the O and J steps of FICs in corals that were darkened overnight. The thick-tissued massive coral, Cyphastrea serailia, was shown to be more prone to reduction of the PQ pool, with significant reductions in Fv/Fm occurring after 10 min of DA, and elevated J steps occurring within 200 s following a far-red flash. In thinner-tissued branching species, Pocillopora damicornis and Acropora nobilis, elevation of the J step also occurred within 200 s of DA, but a drop in Fv/Fm was only manifested after 30 min. Pre-exposure to far-red light is an effective and simple procedure to ensure determination of the true maximum quantum yield of Photosystem II (PSII) and accurate FICs which require a fully oxidised inter-system electron transport chain and open PSII reaction centres.
Hill, R & Ralph, PJ 2008, 'Impact of bleaching stress on the function of the oxygen evolving complex of zooxanthellae from scleractinian corals', Journal of Phycology, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 299-310.
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Global climate change is leading to the rise of ocean temperatures and is triggering mass coral bleaching events on reefs around the world. The expulsion of the symbiotic dinoflagellate algae is believed to occur as a result of damage to the photosynthetic apparatus of these symbionts, although the specific site of initial impact is yet to be conclusively resolved. Here, the sensitivity of the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) to bleaching stress was studied as well as its natural variation between seasons. The artificial electron donor, diphenyl carbazide (DPC), was added to cultured, freshly isolated and expelled (bleaching treatments only) zooxanthellae suspensions. Chl a fluorescence and oxygen production measurements showed that upon addition of DPC, no restoration of diminished photochemical efficiency occurred under control or bleaching conditions. This result was consistent between 12h and 5d bleaching treatments on Pocilloporadamicornis, indicating that the OEC is not the primary site of damage, and that zooxanthellae expulsion from the host is a nonselective process with respect to the functioning of the OEC. Further experiments measuring fast induction curves (FICs) revealed that in both summer and winter, the temperature when OEC function was lost occurred between 7°C and 14°C above the sea surface temperature. FIC and oxygen production measurements of P. damicornis during exposure to bleaching stress demonstrated that the thermotolerance of the OEC increased above the temperature of the bleaching treatment over a 4h period. This finding indicates that the OEC has the capacity to acclimate between seasons and remains functional at temperatures well above bleaching thresholds.
Hills, N, Hose, GC, Cantlay, AJ & Murray, B 2008, 'Cave invertebrate assemblages differ between native and exotic leaf litter', Austral Ecology, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 271-277.
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Allochtonous leaf litter is an important source of energy and nutrients for invertebrates in cave ecosystems. A change to the quality or quantity of litter entering caves has the potential to disrupt the structure and function of cave communities. In thi
Hobbs, JA, Choat, JH, Robbins, WD, Ayling, AM, van Herwerden, L & Feary, DA 2008, 'Unique fish assemblages at world's southernmost oceanic coral reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Tasman Sea, Australia', Coral Reefs, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 15-15.
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Located in the northern Tasman Sea, 600 km east of Australia, Elizabeth (2956¢S, 15905¢E.) and Middleton Reefs (2927¢S, 15907¢E) form the southernmost oceanic platform coral reefs in the world (Oxley et al. 2004). Previous surveys indicated an unusual ?sh fauna at these reefs (Australian Museum 1992; Oxley et al. 2004). Further detailed underwater surveys of the ?sh fauna conducted in February 2006 and 2007 con?rmed that the combination of geographic location, isolation and the convergence of tropical and temperate waters have produced a unique ?sh assemblage comprising tropical, temperate and endemic species
Hoft, RC, Ford, M, Garcia-Suarez, VM, Lambert, CJ & Cortie, MB 2008, 'The effect of stretching thiyl and ethynyl-Au molecular junctions', Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 1-9.
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We perform density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the stretching of Au(111)XAu(111) molecular junctions where X is either a thiyl or ethynyl biradical. The equilibrium geometries for the radicals adsorbing on the surface are first calculated and the radicals then placed in the junction geometry. The unit cell is stepwise increased in length and the geometry relaxed at each step. When stretching the ethynyl junction, a single gold atom is detached from the rest of the surface and the goldcarbon bond does not break. In contrast, the goldsulfur bond in the thiyl junction breaks without detaching any gold atoms. This behaviour can be attributed to the enhanced strength of the AuC interaction over the AuS interaction. In both junctions the conductance calculated using the non-equilibrium Green's function formalism (NEGF) decreases as the junction is stretched. After breakage of the AuS bond, the thiyl radical contains an unpaired electron on the sulfur atom and the system is in a spin doublet state. Transmission spectra were calculated for the spin-unpolarized case only; evaluation of the spin-polarized density of states suggests that an enhanced conductance for electrons of one spin type may be observed after the AuS bond is broken.
Hoile, R, Walsh, SJ & Bioterrorism, RC 2008, 'Bioterrorism: processing contaminated evidence, the effects of formaldehyde gas on the recovery of latent fingermarks (vol 52, pg 1097, 2007)', JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 1499-1499.
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Horton, N, Roberts, K, Ryan, LM, Suglia, S & Wright, R 2008, 'A maximum likelihood latent variable regression model for multiple informants', Statistics in Medicine, vol. 27, pp. 4992-5004.
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Studies pertaining to childhood psychopathology often incorporate information front multiple sources (or informants). For example. measurement Of Some factor of particular interest might be collected from parents, teachers Lis well as the children being
Hosking, FJ, Sterne, JA, Smith, GD & Green, PJ 2008, 'Inference from genome-wide association studies using a novel Markov model', Genetic Epidemiology, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 497-504.
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In this paper we propose a Bayesian modeling approach to the analysis of genome-wide association studies based on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data. Our latent seed model combines various aspects of k-means clustering, hidden Markov models (HMMs)
Howe, CJ, Barbrook, AC, Nisbet, RER, Lockhart, PJ & Larkum, AWD 2008, 'The origin of plastids', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol. 363, no. 1504, pp. 2675-2685.
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It is generally accepted that plastids first arose by acquisition of photosynthetic prokaryotic endosymbionts by non-photosynthetic eukaryotic hosts. It is also accepted that photosynthetic eukaryotes were acquired on several occasions as endosymbionts by non-photosynthetic eukaryote hosts to form secondary plastids. In some lineages, secondary plastids were lost and new symbionts were acquired, to form tertiary plastids. Most recent work has been interpreted to indicate that primary plastids arose only once, referred to as a 'monophyletic' origin. We critically assess the evidence for this. We argue that the combination of Ockham's razor and poor taxon sampling will bias studies in favour of monophyly. We discuss possible concerns in phylogenetic reconstruction from sequence data. We argue that improved understanding of lineage-specific substitution processes is needed to assess the reliability of sequence-based trees. Improved understanding of the timing of the radiation of present-day cyanobacteria is also needed. We suggest that acquisition of plastids is better described as the result of a process rather than something occurring at a discrete time, and describe the 'shopping bag' model of plastid origin. We argue that dinoflagellates and other lineages provide evidence in support of this. © 2008 The Royal Society.
Howlett, C, Seini, M, Matthews, C, Dillon, B & Hauser, V 2008, 'Retaining Indigenous Students in Tertiary Education: Lessons from the Griffith School of Environment', Australian Journal of Indigenous Education, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 18-27.
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Low retention of Indigenous peoples in all Australian universities has been identified as a problematic issue by the Australian Federal government. Griffith University (GU), Queensland, Australia, provided funding to examine the factors affecting Indigenous retention in higher education, with the aim of developing innovative participation and retention strategies specifically for Indigenous students. This paper focuses on research conducted within the Griffith School of Environment that questioned the possible links between the provision of information to commencing Indigenous students and their retention. It essentially examines to what extent current university structures support Indigenous enrolments and retention, via the information they receive upon enrolling. From interviews conducted in an informal discussion format with currently enrolled Indigenous students in the Griffith School of Environment, critical deficiencies were identified in the information Indigenous students receive during the early transition phase of university entrance. A key finding of this study, and which is the subject of current research, was the support amongst the students for the development of an Indigenised curriculum in science as a strategy for improving the attraction and retention of Indigenous students. This paper details the research project and its findings. © 2008, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
Huete, A, Restrepo Coupe, N, Ratana, P, Didan, K, Saleska, SR, Ichii, K, Panuthai, S & Gamo, M 2008, 'Multiple site tower flux and remote sensing comparisons of tropical forest dynamics in Monsoon Asia', Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol. 148, no. 5, pp. 748-760.
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The spatial and temporal dynamics of tropical forest functioning are poorly understood, partly attributed to a weak seasonality and high tree species diversity at the landscape scale. Recent neotropical rainforest studies with local tower flux measurements have revealed strong seasonal carbon fluxes that follow the availability of sunlight in intact forests, while in areas of forest disturbance, carbon fluxes more closely tracked seasonal water availability. These studies also showed a strong seasonal correspondence of satellite measures of greenness, using the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) with ecosystem carbon fluxes in both intact and disturbed forests, which may enable larger scale extension of tower flux measurements. In this study, we investigated the seasonal patterns and relationships of local site tower flux measures of gross primary productivity (Pg) with independent Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite greenness measures across three Monsoon Asia tropical forest types, encompassing drought-deciduous, dry evergreen, and humid evergreen secondary tropical forests. In contrast to neotropical forests, the tropical forests of Monsoon Asia are more extensively degraded and heterogeneous due to intense land use pressures, and therefore, may exhibit unique seasonal patterns of ecosystem fluxes that are more likely water-limited and drought-susceptible.
Hurn, M, Green, PJ & Al-awadhi, F 2008, 'A Bayesian hierarchical model for photometric red shifts', Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C: Applied Statistics, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 487-504.
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The Sloan digital sky survey is an extremely large astronomical survey that is conducted with the intention of mapping more than a quarter of the sky. Among the data that it is generating are spectroscopic and photometric measurements, both containing in
Huston, WM, Naylor, J, Cianciotto, NP, Jennings, MP & McEwan, AG 2008, 'Functional analysis of the multi-copper oxidase from Legionella pneumophila', MICROBES AND INFECTION, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 497-503.
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Huston, WM, Theodoropoulos, C, Mathews, SA & Timms, P 2008, 'Chlamydia trachomatis responds to heat shock, penicillin induced persistence, and IFN-gamma persistence by altering levels of the extracytoplasmic stress response protease HtrA', BMC MICROBIOLOGY, vol. 8.
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huttunen, J, Doble, PA, Dawson, M, Roux, CP & Robertson, J 2008, 'Physical evidence in drug intelligence, Part 2: discrimination of packaging tapes by colour', Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 73-83.
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The authors have considered routine exploitation of physical evidence from seized shipments of illicit drugs for intelligence purposes. Part 1 of this series addressed the identification of polymer type within the adhesive pf packaging tapes and raised important issues with regard to how data should be collated in a databse as a basis for reliable drug intelligence. this article expands onthis topic by addressingt eh sue of colour for achieving the same aim. By using a relatively simple instrumental technique to analyse opaque 'brown' packaging tapes, it was found that colour was an effective way to discriminate between different adhesive tape samples. However, unitial results showed that the analysis of colour in packaging tapes was more complex than assigning seminsubjective names to particular hues (e.g. light brown, greenm brown etc). Instead, samples in the population often differed only slightly from one another and hence proved difficult to categorise. Thus, a database or analyst must avoid using such 'discrete' labels and instead make use of 'continuous' numerical data. Here, CIELab chromaticity coordinates were used to define representative colour spaces for each tape sample and these were then compared to determine whether two such volumes intersected. This process would decide whether or not the sampes could be discriminated. While several sets of data were compared, further work needs to be carried out into the consistency of colour within single rolls of tape or batches of tape.
Huynh, K, Oliver, BG, Stelzer, S, Rawlinson, W & Tovey, E 2008, 'A new method for sampling and detection of exhaled respiratory virus aerosols', Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 93-95.
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We have developed a mask sampler for exhaled respiratory viruses. Among a group of 9 patients with cold symptoms who had virus-positive nasal mucus specimens, as analyzed by multiplexed polymerase chain reaction, virus-positive mask samples were obtained
Ip, K, Stuart, BH, Ray, AS & Thomas, P 2008, 'A spectroscopic investigation of the weathering of a heritage Sydney sandstone', Spectrochimica Acta Part A-Molecular And Biomolecular Spectroscopy, vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 1032-1035.
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Infrared spectroscopy has been employed in a study of the degradation of heritage Sydney sandstone used in St. Mary's Cathedral in Sydney, Australia. Spectra were used to characterise the clay components taken from weathered and unweathered sandstone blo
Ip, K, Stuart, BH, Thomas, P & Ray, AS 2008, 'Thermal characterization of the clay binder of heritage Sydney sandstones', Journal Of Thermal Analysis And Calorimetry, vol. 92, no. 1, pp. 97-100.
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Thermal analysis has been employed in a study of the degradation of heritage Sydney sandstone used in St Mary's Cathedral in Sydney, Australia. TG and DSC have been used to characterise the clay components removed from weathered and unweathered sandstone. Two types of kaolin clays - kaolinite and its polymorph, dickite - have been identified. A higher amount of dickite present in the clay of weathered sandstone indicates that a kaolinite-to-dickite transformation occurs upon weathering. XRD hot stage analysis was also used to demonstrate the presence of a more thermally stable polymorph of the kaolinite.
Islam, H, Wuhrer, R, Berkahn, MB, Cornell, BA, Valenzuela, S & Martin, DK 2008, 'Nanostructured TiN Thin films suitable for medical applications', Materials forum, vol. 32, pp. 129-136.
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Titanium nitride thin films are widely used in biomedical implants because of thier biocompatibility, good mechanical properties and high corrosion resistance. Titanium nitride (TiN) thin films on silicon and glass substrates were prepared using a dc megnetron sputtering system under condition of systematically varying the nitrogen pressure and titanium megnetron power.
Ito, K, Herbert, C, Siegle, JS, Vuppusetty, C, Hansbro, N, Thomas, PS, Foster, PS, Barnes, PJ & Kumar, RK 2008, 'Steroid-resistant neutrophilic inflammation in a mouse model of an acute exacerbation of asthma', American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 543-550.
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Neutrophilic inflammation in acute exacerbations of asthma tends to be resistant to treatment with glucocorticoids. This may be related to decreased activity and expression of histone deacetylase-2 (HDAC2), which down-regulates expression of proinflammatory genes via recruitment to the glucocorticoid receptor complex. We assessed airway inflammation and response to steroid treatment in a novel mouse model of an acute exacerbation of chronic asthma. Systemically sensitized mice received low-level challenge with aerosolized ovalbumin for 4 weeks, followed by a single moderate-level challenge to induce enhanced inflammation in distal airways. We assessed the effects of pre-treatment with dexamethasone on the accumulation of inflammatory cells in the airways, airway responsiveness to methacholine, expression and enzymatic activity of nuclear proteins including histone acetyl transferase (HAT) and HDAC2, and levels of transcripts for neutrophil chemoattractant and survival cytokines. Dexamethasone suppressed inflammation associated with eosinophil and T-lymphocyte recruitment, but did not prevent neutrophil accumulation or development of airway hyperresponsiveness. Increased activity of HAT was suppressed by steroid treatment, but the marked diminution of HDAC2 activity and increased activity of nuclear factor-κB were not reversed. Correspondingly, elevated expression of mRNA for TNF-α, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, IL-8, and p21waf were also not suppressed by dexamethasone. Levels of lipid peroxidation and protein nitration products were elevated in the acute exacerbation model. We conclude that impaired nuclear recruitment of HDAC2 could be an important mechanism of steroid resistance of the neutrophilic inflammation in exacerbations of asthma. Oxidative stress may contribute to decreased HDAC2 activity.
Jafari, F, Shokrzadeh, L, Hamidian, M, Salmanzadeh-Ahrabi, S & Zali, MR 2008, 'Acute diarrhea due to enteropathogenic bacteria in patients at hospitals in Tehran', JAPANESE JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 269-273.
Jap, B, Lal, S, Fischer, P & Bekiaris, E 2008, 'Using EEG spectral components to assess algorithms for detecting fatigue', Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 2352-2359.
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Fatigue is a constant occupational hazard for drivers and it greatly reduces efficiency and performance when one persists in continuing the current activity. Studies have investigated various physiological associations with fatigue to try to identify fatigue indicators. The current study assessed the four electroencephalography (EEG) activities, delta (?), theta (?), alpha (?) and beta (?), during a monotonous driving session in 52 subjects (36 males and 16 females). Performance of four algorithms, which were: algorithm (i) (? + ?)/?, algorithm (ii) ?/?, algorithm (iii) (? + ?)/(? + ?), and algorithm (iv) ?/?, were also assessed as possible indicators for fatigue detection. Results showed stable delta and theta activities over time, a slight decrease of alpha activity, and a significant decrease of beta activity (p < 0.05). All four algorithms showed an increase in the ratio of slow wave to fast wave EEG activities over time. Algorithm (i) (? + ?)/? showed a larger increase. The results have implications for detecting fatigue.
Jarrett, MA & Ollendick, TH 2008, 'A conceptual review of the comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and anxiety: Implications for future research and practice', Clinical Psychology Review, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 1266-1280.
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Although approximately 25% of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit an anxiety disorder, the comorbidity of ADHD and anxiety has been given less attention than comorbidity of ADHD and oppositional or conduct disorders. While it is true that comorbidity between ADHD and these externalizing disorders is more prevalent (approximately 50%), the comorbidity of ADHD and anxiety deserves careful scrutiny in its own right in as much as this comorbidity may have important implications for etiology, assessment, and treatment. The primary purpose of the current review is to examine the methodological and substantive reasons for the comorbidity of ADHD and anxiety. Methodological areas include definitional issues and informant characteristics, while substantive areas include genetics, temperament, neurobiological and neuropsychological functioning, family influences, and temporal relations between ADHD and anxiety. The study of the comorbidity of ADHD and anxiety will be advanced through a more precise phenotypic classification of ADHD and the integration of research in adjacent fields such as temperament and genetics with current research on the psychopathology of ADHD. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Jenkins, C, Samudrala, R, Geary, S & Djordjevic, SP 2008, 'Structural and Functional characterization of an organic hydroperoxide resistance protein from Mycoplasma gallisepticum', Journal Of Bacteriology, vol. 190, no. 6, pp. 2206-2216.
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As obligate parasites, Mycoplasma species are continuously exposed to oxidative damage due to host-generated peroxides and reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, the production of endogenous oxidants is believed to be a primary virulence mechanism of several Mollicute species, indicating that oxidative stress resistance is crucial to survival of these bacteria in the host milieu. Despite the abundance of oxidants at the site of infection, enzymes responsible for the detoxification of ROS have never been characterized in mycoplasmas. Here we characterize a homolog of the ohr (organic hydroperoxide resistance) family from Mycoplasma gallisepticum (encoding MGA1142). Unlike previously characterized ohr genes, the mga1142 gene is not upregulated in response to oxidative stress but displays a novel pattern of expression. Both organic and inorganic peroxides can act as substrates for MGA1142, but they are degraded with various efficiencies. Furthermore, cumene hydroperoxide, an aromatic peroxide metabolized with high efficiency by other Ohr proteins, was shown to rapidly inactivate MGA1142, accounting for the sensitivity of M. gallisepticum cells to this compound. Comparative modeling of the MGA1142 quaternary structure revealed that the active site of this molecule has a relatively wide conformation. These data indicate that the natural substrate for MGA1142 differs from that for previously characterized Ohr proteins. Triton X-114 partitioning demonstrated that MGA1142 is located in both cytosol and membrane fractions, suggesting that in vivo this molecule plays a role in the detoxification of both endogenous and exogenous peroxides. A model describing how MGA1142 is likely to be oriented in the cell membrane is presented.
Jia, B, Norton, AH, Li, J, Rahmani, A, Asatryan, AA, Botten, LC & Gu, M 2008, 'Local observation of modes from three-dimensional woodpile photonic crystals with near-field microspectroscopy under supercontinuum illumination', Optics Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp. 1093-1095.
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A near-field microscope coupled with a near-infrared (NIR) supercontinuum source is developed and applied to characterize optical modes in a three-dimensional (3D) woodpile photonic crystal (PC) possessing a NIR partial bandgap. Spatially resolved near-field intensity distributions under different illumination wavelengths demonstrate that the electric fields preferentially dwell in the polymer rods or in the gaps between rods, respectively, for frequencies below or above the stop gap, as predicted by the 3D finite-difference time-domain modeling. Near-field microspectroscopy further reveals that the position-dependent band-edge effect plays an important role in PC-based all-optical integrated devices.
Jiang, J, Zhang, Y, Wegehenkel, M, Yu, Q & Xia, J 2008, 'Estimation of soil water content and evapotranspiration from irrigated cropland on the North China Plain', Journal Of Plant Nutrition And Soil Science-Zeitschrift Fur Pflanzenernahrung Und Bodenkunde Journal Of ..., vol. 171, no. 5, pp. 751-761.
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For nearly 30 y, cropland on the North China Plain (NCP) has been irrigated primarily by pumping groundwater with no sustainable management strategy. This has caused a continuous decline of the water table. A sustainable groundwater management and irrigation strategy must be established in order to prevent further decline of the water table; to do this, one must quantify soil water content and daily rates of deep percolation and locate evapotranspiration from irrigated cropland. For that purpose, we developed a three-layer soil-water balance (SWB) model based on an approach described by Kendy et al. (2003). In this model, the unsaturated soil zone is divided into three layers: a surface active layer, a middle active soil layer, and a lowest passive soil layer. The middle and the lowest layers dynamically change with the development of crop rooting depth. A simple "tipping bucket" routine and an exponential equation are used to redistribute soil water in the three soil layers. The actual evapotranspiration estimated is partitioned into soil evaporation and crop transpiration using a dual crop coefficient reference approach. At first, the model was calibrated using data obtained from five deficiently irrigated field plots located at an experimental site in the NCP between 1998 and 2003. Then, the model was validated by comparing estimated soil water contents with measured ones at three other plots with nondeficient irrigation.
Jiang, Z, Huete, A, Didan, K & Miura, T 2008, 'Development of a two-band enhanced vegetation index without a blue band', Remote Sensing Of Environment, vol. 112, no. 10, pp. 3833-3845.
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The enhanced vegetation index (EVI) was developed as a standard satellite vegetation product for the Terra and Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometers (MODIS). EVI provides improved sensitivity in high biomass regions while minimizing soil and atmosphere influences, however, is limited to sensor systems designed with a blue band, in addition to the red and near-infrared bands, making it difficult to generate long-term EVI time series as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) counterpart. The purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate a 2-band EVI (EVI2), without a blue band, which has the best similarity with the 3-band EVI, particularly when atmospheric effects are insignificant and data quality is good. A linearity-adjustment factor ? is proposed and coupled with the soil-adjustment factor L used in the soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) to develop EVI2. A global land cover dataset of Terra MODIS data extracted over land community validation and FLUXNET test sites is used to develop the optimal parameter (L, ? and G) values in EVI2 equation and achieve the best similarity between EVI and EVI2. The similarity between the two indices is evaluated and demonstrated with temporal profiles of vegetation dynamics at local and global scales. Our results demonstrate that the differences between EVI and EVI2 are insignificant (within ± 0.02) over a very large sample of snow/ice-free land cover types, phenologies, and scales when atmospheric influences are insignificant, enabling EVI2 as an acceptable and accurate substitute of EVI. EVI2 can be used for sensors without a blue band, such as the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), and may reveal different vegetation dynamics in comparison with the current AVHRR NDVI dataset. However, cross-sensor continuity relationships for EVI2 remain to be studied.
Jimenez Denness, IM, Kuhl, M, Larkum, A & Ralph, PJ 2008, 'Heat budget and thermal microenvironment of shallow-water corals: Do massive corals get warmer than branching corals?', Limnology And Oceanography, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1548-1561.
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Coral surface temperature was investigated with multiple temperature sensors mounted on hemispherical and branching corals under (a) artificial lighting and controlled flow; (b) natural sunlight and controlled flow; and (c) in situ conditions in a shallo
Kabakova, IV & Sukhorukov, AP 2008, 'Spatial switching of an optical signal in a defocusing photorefractive crystal', Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 3-5.
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The method of spatial switching of the propagation direction of an optical signal, based on the effect of signal wave reflection upon interaction with a high-power pump beam in bulk photorefractive media with defocusing nonlinearity has been considered for the first time. Criteria of signal reflection from a pump-induced optical inhomogeneity in a material are determined. Trajectories of the signal wave center are obtained for characteristic reflection parameters. © Allerton Press, Inc. 2008.
Kaiko, GE, Horvat, JC, Beagley, KW & Hansbro, PM 2008, 'Immunological decision-making: how does the immune system decide to mount a helper T-cell response?', IMMUNOLOGY, vol. 123, no. 3, pp. 326-338.
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Kaiko, GE, Phipps, S, Hickey, DK, Lam, CE, Hansbro, PM, Foster, PS & Beagley, KW 2008, 'Chlamydia muridarum infection subverts dendritic cell function to promote Th2 immunity and airways hyperreactivity', JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY, vol. 180, no. 4, pp. 2225-2232.
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Kamal, M, Qu, X, Yu, Q, Tweedie, D, Holloway, H, Li, Y, Tan, Y & Greig, N 2008, 'Tetrahydrofurobenzofuran cymserine, a potent butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor and experimental Alzheimer drug candidate, enzyme kinetic analysis', Journal Of Neural Transmission, vol. 115, no. 6, pp. 889-898.
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Synaptic loss, particularly related to the forebrain cholinergic system, is considered to be an early event that leads to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and has led to the development of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChE-Is) as the mainstay of treatment fo
Karim, RZ, Scolyer, RA, Li, W, McKinnon, J, Li, L, Uren, RF, Lam, S, Beavis, AB, Dawson, M, Doble, PA, Hoon, DS & Thompson, JF 2008, 'False negative sentinel lymph node biopsies in melanoma may result from deficiencies in nuclear medicine, surgery, or pathology', Annals of Surgery, vol. 247, no. 6, pp. 1003-1010.
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate a cohort of melanoma patients with false negative (FN) sentinel node (SN) biopsies (SNBs) to identify the reasons for the FN result. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: SNB is a highly efficient staging method in melanoma patients. However, with long-term follow-up FN SNB results of up to 25% have been reported. METHODS: Seventy-four SNs from 33 patients found to have had an FN SNB were analyzed by reviewing the lymphoscintigraphy, surgical data, and histopathology, and by assessing nodal tissue using multimarker real-time quantitative reverse transcription (qRT) polymerase chain reaction, and antimony concentration measurements (as a marker of "true" SN status) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. RESULTS: Nine SNs (12%) from 9 patients (27%) had evidence of melanoma on histopathologic review. Twelve SNs (16%) from 10 patients (30%) were qRT(+). Four of these 12 SNs were positive on histopathology review and 8 were negative. Four patients (12%) were upstaged by qRT. Sixteen patients had their SNB histology, lymphoscintigraphy, and surgical data reviewed. Identifiable causes of the FN SNBs were not found after review of all modalities in 4 patients. SNs from all 4 patients had antimony levels indicative of an SN. Of the SNs evaluable by qRT, 1 was qRT(+) and 7 SNs from 2 patients were qRT(-). CONCLUSIONS: An FN SN can occur because of deficiencies in nuclear medicine, surgery, or pathology. qRT can detect "occult" metastatic melanoma in SNs that have been identified as negative by histopathology. © 2008 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.
Kazandjian, A, Shepherd, VA, Rodriguez-Lanetty, M, Nordemeier, W, Larkum, AWD & Quinnell, RG 2008, 'Isolation of symbiosomes and the symbiosome membrane complex from the zoanthid Zoanthus robustus', Phycologia, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 294-306.
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The zoanthid Zoanthus robustus was used as a model organism to develop procedures for isolating pure symbiosomes and symbiosome membranes. The symbiosome is comprised of a zooxanthella (Symbiodinium sp.) cell that divides rarely and is separated from the host gastrodermal cytoplasm by a symbiosome multimembrane complex. Devising a method to isolate membranes at the interface between the symbiotic partners is a critical first step in characterising the molecular components involved in the metabolic trafficking necessary to sustain an effective symbiosis. After zoanthid gastrodermal cells were extracted, symbiosomes were released by mechanical disruption, recovered by centrifugation, and then purified using discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation. The material forming the membrane complex around symbiosomes proved highly resistant to disruption. Methods used to dissociate this interface from symbionts included (1) Triton X-100 detergent solubilisation, (2) osmotic shock with mechanical disruption, and (3) vigorous mechanical disruptions, where powerful shearing forces were used, combined with a series of sucrose density gradient centrifugation steps. The lipophilic styryl fluorochrome FM 1-43, at a concentration of 30 μM, selectively labelled the symbiosome membrane complex, both for isolated symbiosomes and those in hospite. Other cell membranes, including plasma membranes, endoplasmic reticulum, tonoplast, and organelle membranes, were not visibly labelled at this concentration. The selective labelling of the symbiosome membrane complex remained stable even after long exposure times (3 h). At 30 μM concentration, FM 1-43 also labelled symbiosome membrane fragments isolated using methods (1), (2) and (3). Method (3) proved to be the most effective in producing a fraction enriched in FM-143-labelled membrane material, which we call a symbiosome membrane complex. Transmission electron microscopy, together with confocal and conventional epifluorescence microsco...
Kealley, CS, Latella, BA, Van Riessen, A, Elcombe, M & Ben-Nissan, B 2008, 'Micro- and Nano-Indentation of a Hydroxyapatite-Carbon Nanotube Composite', Journal of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 3936-3941.
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The mechanical properties of pure synthetic hydroxyapatite and hydroxyapatite-carbon nanotube composites were examined. Vickers microhardness and nanoindentation using a Berkovich tipped indenter were used to determine the hardness, fracture toughness an
Kim, M, Cobbin, DM & Zaslawski, CJ 2008, 'Traditional Chinese medicine tongue inspection: an examination of the inter and intrapractitioner reliability for specific tongue charactersitics', Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 527-536.
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Aim: To examine the reliability of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) tongue inspection by evaluation of inter-and intrapractitioner agreement levels for specific tongue characteristics, achieved by a group of TCM practitioners. Method: Ten (10) realisti
King, GF, Gentz, MC, Escoubas, P & Nicholson, GM 2008, 'A rational nomenclature for naming peptide toxins from spiders and other venomous animals', Toxicon, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 264-276.
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Molecular toxinology research was initially driven by an interest in the small subset of animal toxins that are lethal to humans. However, the realization that many venomous creatures possess a complex repertoire of bioactive peptide toxins with potential pharmaceutical and agrochemical applications has led to an explosion in the number of new peptide toxins being discovered and characterized. Unfortunately, this increased awareness of peptide toxin diversity has not been matched by the development of a generic nomenclature that enables these toxins to be rationally classified, catalogued, and compared. In this article, we introduce a rational nomenclature that can be applied to the naming of peptide toxins from spiders and other venomous animals.
King, GK, Escoubas, P & Nicholson, GM 2008, 'Peptide toxins that selectively target insect NaV and CaV channels', Channels, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 100-116.
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Numerous metazoans express venoms for the purpose of defense, competitor deterrence, or prey capture. Peptide neurotoxins are particularly well represented in the venoms of arachnids, cnidarians and mollusks and these toxins often possess high affinity and specificity for particular classes of ion channels. Some of these toxins have become the defining pharmacology for certainvertebrate ion channel subtypes. Unfortunately, due to differences in the structure, pharmacology, and ion selectivity of insect voltage-gated sodium (NaV) and calcium (CaV) channels compared with their vertebrate counterparts, these peptide toxins have proven less useful for the characterization of insect ion channels. Despite these disparities in channel structure and function, the armament of peptide toxins that specifically modulate the activity of insect ion channels is slowly expanding. This review focuses on insect-selective peptide toxins and their utility for the study of insect NaV and CaV channels. The high affinity and selectivity of some of these neurotoxins means that they have the potential to become the defining pharmacology for specific subtypes of insect ion channels. In addition, it might be possible to exploit the phyletic specificity of these toxins as the basis for rational development of novel classes of ion channel insecticides.
King, NJ & Ollendick, TH 2008, 'The elegant psychosocial intervention: A heuristic conceptual framework for clinicians and researchers', Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 253-261.
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Controlled efficacy/effectiveness trials throughout the world have reached a high standard from a methodological stance, but what do we regard as the ideal or elegant intervention in clinical psychology? This paper presents six key points as the gold standards of psychosocial interventions by which treatment efficacy/effectiveness research with children, adolescents and adults might be evaluated: (1) Theoretical rationale and conceptualization of clinical dysfunction; (2) Clear problem identification and target client group; (3) Program features such as realistic goal setting, flexibility, and time limited interventions; (4) Manual based treatments; (5) Research support including clinically significant outcomes; and (6) Acceptability/social validation of clients and society. Sound case formulation and therapeutic alliance are crucial to assessment-treatment interface. Finally, we discuss the usefulness of such a framework for mental health professionals and clinical-researchers. © 2008 British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies.
Kreuzpaintner, W, Störmer, M, Lott, D, Solina, D & Schreyer, A 2008, 'Epitaxial growth of nickel on Si(100) by dc magnetron sputtering', Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 104, no. 11.
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The influence of the substrate temperature on the growth of highly textured Ni(111) and epitaxial Ni(200) with the relationships Ni [100] Si [110] and Ni (001) Si (001) on hydrogen terminated Si(100) wafer substrates by means of direct current magnetron sputtering is reported. In order to minimize crystal defect formation and to achieve a high quality epitaxial growth of Ni on Si, a two step deposition process was developed whereby different deposition conditions were used for an initial nickel seed layer and the remaining nickel film. The in-plane and out-of-plane structural properties of the films were investigated using x-ray scattering techniques, whereas magneto-optical Kerr effect and neutron reflectometry were used to confirm the magnetic nature of the epitaxially deposited nickel films. © 2008 American Institute of Physics.
Kuhl, M, Holst, G, Larkum, A & Ralph, PJ 2008, 'Imaging of oxygen dynamics within the endolithic algal community of the massive coral porites lobata', Journal of Phycology, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 541-550.
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We used transparent planar oxygen optodes and a luminescence lifetime imaging system to map (at a pixel resolution of <200 ?m) the two-dimensional distribution of O2 within the skeleton of a Porites lobata colony. The O2 distribution was closely correlated to the distribution of the predominant endolithic microalga, Ostreobium quekettii Bornet et Flahault that formed a distinct green band inside the skeleton. Oxygen production followed the outline of the Ostreobium band, and photosynthetic O2 production was detected at only 0.2 ?mol photons m-2 · s-1, while saturation occurred at ?37 ?mol photons m-2 · s-1. Oxygen levels varied from ?60% to 0% air saturation in the illuminated section of the coral skeleton in comparison to the darkened section. The O2 production within the Ostreobium band was lower in the region below the upward facing surface of the coral and elevated on the sides. Oxygen consumption in darkness was also greatest within the Ostreobium zone, as well as in the white skeleton zone immediately below the corallites. The rate of O2 depletion was not constant within zones and between zones, showing pronounced heterogeneity in endolithic respiration. When the coral was placed in darkness after a period of illumination, O2 levels declined by 50% within 20 min and approached steady-state after 4050 min in darkness. Our study demonstrates the use of an important new tool in endolith photobiology and presents the first data of spatially resolved O2 concentration and its correlation to the physical structures and specific zones responsible for O2 production and consumption within the coral skeleton.
Kuo, FY, Dunsmuir, WT, Sloan, IH, Wand, M & Womersley, RS 2008, 'Quasi-Monte Carlo for highly structured generalised response models', Methodology and Computing in Applied Probability, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 239-275.
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Highly structured generalised response models, such as generalised linear mixed models and generalised linear models for time series regression, have become an indispensable vehicle for data analysis and inference in many areas of application. However, their use in practice is hindered by high-dimensional intractable integrals. Quasi-Monte Carlo (QMC) is a dynamic research area in the general problem of high-dimensional numerical integration, although its potential for statistical applications is yet to be fully explored. We survey recent research in QMC, particularly lattice rules, and report on its application to highly structured generalised response models. New challenges for QMC are identified and new methodologies are developed. QMC methods are seen to provide significant improvements compared with ordinary Monte Carlo methods.
Labbate, M, Roy Chowdhury, P & Stokes, H 2008, 'A Class 1 Integron Present in a Human Commensal Has a Hybrid Transposition Module Compared to Tn402: Evidence of Interaction with Mobile DNA from Natural Environments', Journal Of Bacteriology, vol. 190, no. 15, pp. 5318-5327.
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In a survey of class 1 integrons from human stools, an unusual class 1 integron from a strain of Enterobacter cloacae was isolated and characterized in detail. Sequence analysis of a fosmid containing the class 1 integron revealed a complex set of transposons which included two Tn402-like transposons. One of these transposons, Tn6007, included a class 1 integron with two non-antibiotic-resistance-type gene cassettes and a complete transposition module. This tni module is a hybrid with a boundary within the res site compared to Tn402, implying that a site-specific recombination event generated either Tn6007 or Tn402. The second Tn402-like transposon, Tn6008, possesses neither a mer operon nor an integron, and most of its tni module has been deleted. Tn6007, Tn6008, and the 2,478 bases between them, collectively designated Tn6006, have transposed into a Tn5036/Tn3926-like transposon as a single unit. Tn6006, Tn6007, and Tn6008 could all transpose as discrete entities. Database analysis also revealed that a version of Tn6008 was present in the genome of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. Overall, the E. cloacae isolate further demonstrated that functional class 1 integrons/transposons are probably common in bacterial communities and have the potential to add substantially to the problem of multidrug-resistant nosocomial infections.
Lanyon, BP, Weinhold, TJ, Langford, NK, O'Brien, JL, Resch, KJ, Gilchrist, A & White, AG 2008, 'Manipulating biphotonic qutrits', PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, vol. 100, no. 6.
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Laroucau, K, Thierry, S, Vorimore, F, Blanco, K, Kaleta, E, Hoop, R, Magnino, S, Vanrompay, D, Sachse, K, Myers, GSA, Bavoil, PM, Vergnaud, G & Pourcel, C 2008, 'High resolution typing of Chlamydophila psittaci by multilocus VNTR analysis (MLVA)', INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 171-181.
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Lawrence, FJ, Botten, LC, Dossou, KB & de Sterke, CM 2008, 'Antireflection coatings for two-dimensional photonic crystals using a rigorous impedance definition', Applied Physics Letters, vol. 93, no. 12, pp. 1-3.
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We show that no consistent scalar definition of impedance is generally possible for photonic crystals. Instead, we present a rigorous semianalytic matrix definition of impedance for square lattice photonic crystals, defined in terms of Bloch modes. We then apply our definition to design a range of multilayer photonic crystal antireflection coatings efficiently.
Lee, AJ, Rahmani, A, Dawes, J, Marshall, GD & Withford, M 2008, 'Point-by-point inscription of narrow-band gratings in polymer ridge waveguides', Applied Physics A, vol. 90, pp. 273-276.
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We report the point-by-point inscription of gratings in lithographically fabricated polymer ridge waveguides using direct-write laser processing. This device exhibited narrow-band-pass spectral features of ?0.8 nm full-width-half-maximum, suitable for wavelength division multiplexing applications.
Lee, M, Grillet, C, Poulton, CG, Monat, C, Smith, C, Magi, E, Freeman, D, Madden, S, Luther-Davies, B & Eggleton, BJ 2008, 'Characterizing photonic crystal waveguides with an expanded k-space evanescent coupling technique', Optics Express, vol. 16, no. 18, pp. 13800-13808.
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We demonstrate a direct, single measurement technique for characterizing the dispersion of a photonic crystal waveguide (PCWG) using a tapered fiber evanescent coupling method. A highly curved fiber taper is used to probe the Fabry-Perot spectrum of a cl
Leslie, LM, Buckley, BW & Leplastrier, M 2008, 'The operational impact of QuikSCAT winds in Perth, Australia: Examples and limitations', WEATHER AND FORECASTING, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 183-193.
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Leslie, LM, Leplastrier, M & Buckley, BW 2008, 'Estimating future trends in severe hailstorms over the Sydney Basin: A climate modelling study', ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 37-51.
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Leslie, LM, Wang, Y, Lee, D-K & Lamb, PJ 2008, 'Editorial: Special issue on regional climate studies', METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS, vol. 100, no. 1-4, pp. X-X.
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Letnic, M, Webb, JK & Shine, R 2008, 'Invasive cane toads (Bufo marinus) cause mass mortality of freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus johnstoni) in tropical Australia', Biological Conservation, vol. 141, no. 7, pp. 1773-1782.
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Invasive species are frequently blamed for faunal declines, but there is little direct evidence about the pathways, magnitude and size-selectivity of mortality induced by invaders. Top predators are of particular interest in this context, because their removal can generate substantial cascades of secondary effects on community composition. Cane toads (Bufo marinus) are large South American anurans currently spreading rapidly through tropical Australia. Native predators that attempt to consume these highly toxic toads may die as a result. During surveys of the Victoria River in the semi-arid tropical region of the Northern Territory, we documented massive mortality of freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus johnstoni) at the toad invasion front. Dead crocodiles spanned a wide size range (0.6-2.1 m long) but with significant biases; intermediate-sized animals (0.6-1.5 m long) were more likely to be found dead. Population densities of crocodiles plummeted by as much as 77% following toad invasion, and population size-structures changed. The negative impacts of toads on crocodiles appear to be greater in these hot semi-arid landscapes than in cooler, higher rainfall areas where crocodiles have access to a wider prey base, and the toads are less prone to desiccation and can rehydrate in small, scattered water bodies rather than in the main river. Hence, the impact of cane toad invasion on this top predator may increase with increasing aridity.
Levings, RS, Djordjevic, SP & Hall, RM 2008, 'SGI2, a relative of Salmonnella Genomic Island SGI1 with an independent origin', Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, vol. 52, no. 7, pp. 2529-2537.
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Multiply antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Emek strains isolated in Australia and the United Kingdom had similar features, suggesting that they all belong to a single clone. These strains all contain SGI2 (formerly SGI1-J), an independently formed relative of Salmonella genomic island SGI1. In SGI2, the complex class 1 integron which includes all of the resistance genes is not located between tnpR (S027) and S044 as in SGI1 and SGI1 variants. Instead, tnpR was found to be adjacent to S044, and the integron is located 6.9 kb away, within S023. In both SGI1 and SGI2, the 25-bp inverted repeats that mark the outer ends of class 1 integrons are flanked by a 5-bp duplication of the target, indicating that incorporation of the integron was by transposition. A small number of differences between the sequences of the backbones of SGI1 and SGI2 were also found. Hence, a class 1 integron has entered two different variants of the SGI backbone to generate two distinct lineages. Despite this, the integron in SGI2 has a complex structure that is very similar to that of In104 in SGI1. Differences are in the cassette arrays and in the gene which encodes the chloramphenicol and florfenicol efflux protein. The CmlA9 protein, encoded by InEmek, is only 92.8% identical to FloRc (also a CmlA family protein) from SGI1. A variant form of SGI2, SGI2-A, which has lost the tet(G) and cmlA9 resistance determinants, was found in one strain.
Lewis, KC, Valenzuela, S & Ben-Nissan, B 2008, 'Changes in the Activity of Osteoblast Like Cells with Sol-Gel Derived Hydroxyapatite and Zirconia Nanocoatings', Key Engineering Materials, vol. 361-363, no. 1, pp. 633-636.
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When producing implant materials, achievement of optimal bioactivity and biocompatibility are essential. Nanocoatings can provide an efficient cost effective way to alter the interactions of the implant material with its destined host environment. Nanocoatings of sol-gel derived carbonated hydroxyapatite (HAp) and zirconia were produced in this study. The surfaces were characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and light microscopy. Cell adhesion, proliferation and viability, as well as expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP is an indicator of bone formation) were assessed as indicators of biocompatibility. Our results have shown that sol-gel derived nano crystalline HAp acts as an ideal surface for implant coatings.
Li, J, Tong, X, Yu, Q, Dong, Y & Peng, C 2008, 'Micrometerological measurements of nitrous oxide exchange in a cropland', Atmospheric Environment, vol. 42, no. 29, pp. 6992-7001.
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N2O fluxes in a wheat/maize rotation system were measured using flux gradient methods combined with gas chromatograph (GC) technique. The mean precision of two repeated GC analyses for N2O concentration achieved to 0.270.46 ppbv, which could resolve N2O concentration differences in a low range of 0.390.65 ppbv. To maximize measurable N2O concentration differences, gradient measurements were conducted only after fertilization or under low wind conditions. During observation period, N2O flux ranged from 4.41 to 4.84 mgN2Om2 h1 for maize field, and from 2.82 to 3.59 mgN2Om2 h1 for wheat field. When gradient observation changed from two layers to four layers, the temporal variation of N2O flux reduced but the mean value changed less. Many negative N2O fluxes were found in maize and wheat fields even after fertilization. Nearly all of them were caused by negative N2O concentration differences. During four days observation in maize field, a mean N2O flux of 0.75 mgN2Om2 h1 was found in the daytime and could not be simply attributed to the temporal variation of N2O flux. N2O flux determined by the aerodynamic method (Fa) and the Bowen ratio/energy balance method (Fb) were in a good agreement and statistically significant. The ratio of Fa to Fb increased linearly with energy balance ratio (EBR) obtained by the aerodynamic method in the daytime when EBR is larger than 0.3. It is the first time to give a quantitative description for the impact of energy closure on N2O flux, and show a possible way to improve the data quality under the condition of poor energy balance.
Li, J, Toth, M, Tileli, V, Dunn, KA, Lobo, CJ & Thiel, BL 2008, 'Evolution of the nanostructure of deposits grown by electron beam induced deposition', Applied Physics Letters, vol. 93, pp. 023130-023130.
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Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) was used to perform electron beam induced deposition (EBID) using a WF6 precursor. The deposits consist of WO3 nanocrystals embedded in an amorphous matrix. Oxide formation is attributed to residual oxidizers present in the ESEM chamber during EBID. Under conditions of fixed low electron flux, the WO3 grain size and the degree of deposit crystallinity increase with time. These changes correlate with the degree of electron energy deposition into the material during growth, indicating that electron beam induced modification of as-grown material is significant in controlling the nanostructure and functionality of materials fabricated by EBID. (C) 2008 American Institute of Physics.
Li, L, Malone, RW, Kasper, TC, Jaynes, DB, Saseendran, SA, Thorp, KR, Yu, Q & Ahuja, LR 2008, 'Winter cover crop effects on nitrate leaching in subsurface drainage as simulated by RZWQM-DSSAT', American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 1575-1583.
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Planting winter cover crops such as winter rye (Secale cereale L.) after corn and soybean harvest is one of the more promising practices to reduce nitrate loss to streams from tile drainage systems without negatively affecting production. Because availability of replicated tile-drained field data is limited and because use of cover crops to reduce nitrate loss has only been tested over a few years with limited environmental and management conditions, estimating the impacts of cover crops under the range of expected conditions is difficult. If properly tested against observed data, models can objectively estimate the relative effects of different weather conditions and agronomic practices (e.g., various N fertilizer application rates in conjunction with winter cover crops). In this study, an optimized winter wheat cover crop growth component was integrated into the calibrated RZWQM-DSSAT hybrid model, and then we compared the observed and simulated effects of a winter cover crop on nitrate leaching losses in subsurface drainage water for a corn-soybean rotation with N fertilizer application rates over 225 kg N ha-1 in corn years.
Li, L, McMaster, G, Yu, Q & Du, J 2008, 'Simulating winter wheat development response to temperature: modifying Malo's exponential sine equation', Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 274-281.
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Predicting crop developmental events is fundamental to simulation models and crop management decisions. Many approaches to predict developmental events have been developed, however, most only simulate the mean time for reaching a developmental event. An exponential sine equation developed by Malo [Malo, J.E., 2002. Modelling unimodal flowering phenology with exponential sine equation. Funct. Ecol. 16, 413418] to predict flower number over time was modified to incorporate the response of crop development rate to temperature. The revised model (ExpSine model) uses the base, optimum, and maximum cardinal temperatures specific to a crop or genotype. Most model parameters were estimated from the literature, and four of the five model parameters have physiological significance. Model evaluation for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was based on two controlled environment studies from the literature and two field experiments conducted in the North China Plain (NCP) and the Tibet Plateau (TPC).
Li, W, Cobbin, DM & Zaslawski, CJ 2008, 'A comparison of effects on regional pressure pain threshold produced by deep needling of LI4 and LI11, individually and in combination', Complementary Therapies In Medicine, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 278-287.
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sites (acupoints and nonacupoints) across the body with an algometer. Interventions: The same manual acupuncture techniques were applied to four interventions of large intestine 4 (LI4) unilaterally; LI4 bilaterally; large intestine 11 (LI 11) unilaterally; and LI4 in conjunction with LI11, both unilaterally. Main outcome measures: (1) Percentage change in PPT from preintervention baseline measured at the 10 regional sites following every intervention; (2) participants' perceptions of pain; needling sensations; tension during, and anxiety prior to, each intervention; and changes in practitioner behaviour. Results: Following all four interventions, statistically significant increases in mean PPT were observed. These occurred at nine sites following the LI4 intervention either unilaterally or bilaterally; at six sites for LI11 intervention; and at five sites following the combined LI11 and LI4 intervention. These increases were significantly greater for the bilateral LI4 intervention than the unilateral LI4 intervention at only two sites (p < 0.02 and p < 0.0001). There were no statistically significant differences in the subjective perceptions among the four interventions. Conclusion: The enhanced effects on PPT by the bilateral compared with the unilateral intervention at LI4 although limited, do provide some support for the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) assumption that bilateral needling of the same point enhances the treatment effect. There was no support for the assumption that combined needling of points from the same channel should enhance the treatment effect and failure to obtain better effects by combined needling of points from the same channel could result from the interaction occurring during the combined needling. Crown Copyright © 2008.
Liu, B, Ray, AS & Thomas, P 2008, 'Physical and mechanical properties of autoclaved alumina-silica rich industrial waste cement systems incorporating reactive magnesia', Concrete Forum, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 18-22.
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The utilisation of industrial waste products as supplementary cementitious materials to produce blended Portland cement has increased worldwide in recent years. This study aims to investigate physical and mechanisal properties of the addition of clay-brick waste and reactive magnesia (MgO) as a low-emmission alternative to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) binders in autoclaved calcium silicate based building products
Liu, H, Li, C, Cao, Q, Wu, YP & Holze, R 2008, 'Effects of heteroatoms on doped LiFePO4/C composites', Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, vol. 12, pp. 1017-1020.
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A series of supervalent cation doped Li(1-x) M(0.01)Fe(0.99)PO(4)/C composites (M=Ti, Zr, V, Nb, and W) were synthesized by solid-state reaction. The effects of the heteroatoms were studied by X-ray diffraction, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance measurement. After doping, the lattice structure of LiFePO(4) is not destroyed and the reversibility of lithium ion intercalation and deintercalation is improved. The diffusion coefficient of lithium ions depends on the radius of the heteroatoms. As the radius of the heteroatom is larger, the diffusion coefficient increases.
Liu, H, Wang, G, Wang, J & Wexler, D 2008, 'Magnetite/carbon core-shell nanorods as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries', Electrochemistry Communications, vol. 10, no. 12, pp. 1879-1882.
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Carbon coated magnetite (Fe3O4) core-shell nanorods were synthesized by a hydrothermal method using Fe2O3 nanorods as the precursor. Transmission electron spectroscopy (TEM) and high resolution TEM (HRTEM) analysis indicated that a carbon layer was coated on the surfaces of the individual Fe3O4 nanorods. The electrochemical properties of Fe3O4/carbon nanorods as anodes in lithium-ion cells were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, ac impedance spectroscopy, and galvanostatic charge/discharge techniques. The as-prepared Fe3O4/C core-shell nanorods show an initial lithium storage capacity of 1120 mAh/g and a reversible capacity of 394 mAh/g after 100 cycles, demonstrating better performance than that of the commercial graphite anode material.
Liu, H, Wang, G, Wexler, D, Wang, JZ & Liu, H 2008, 'Electrochemical performance of LiFePO4 cathode material coated with ZrO2 nanolayer', Electrochemistry Communications, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 165-169.
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ZrO2 nanolayer coated LiFePO4 particles were successfully prepared by a chemical precipitation method. Nanolayer structured ZrO2 was found on the surface of LiFePO4 particles by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The coating does not affect the crystal structure of the LiFePO4 core, as determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) on individual particles. The ZrO2 coating can remarkably improve the electrochemical performance at high charge/discharge rate. This improvement may be due to the amelioration of the electrochemical dynamics on the LiFePO4 electrode/electrolyte interface resulting from the effects of the ZrO2 nanolayer coating.
Liu, H, Zhang, P, Li, GC, Wu, HQ & Wu, YP 2008, 'LiFePO4/C composites from carbothermal reduction method', Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, vol. 12, pp. 1011-1015.
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Using the cheap raw materials lithium carbonate, iron phosphate, and carbon, LiFePO4/C composite can be obtained from the carbothermal reduction method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) observations were used to investigate the structure and morphology of LiFePO4/C.
Liu, L, Gu, H & Xi, Y 2008, 'Rescheduling Algorithm Based on Rolling Horizon Decomposition for a Dynamic Job Shop with Uncertain Arriving Time', Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 68-75.
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The dynamic job shop scheduling with uncertain arriving time is studied,and the objective is to minimize total tardiness of all jobs.When rescheduling is frequent,the computational efficiency of the scheduling algorithm is necessarily high.Based on the rolling horizon decomposition,the critical operation set is denoted.A hybrid genetic algorithm is proposed to determine the critical operation set as well as optimizing total tardiness.The hybrid scheduler is used to convert the chromosome into partially feasible schedule,and the improved modified operation rule is used to determine the sequence of the remaining operations out of the chromosome.Then the fitness is evaluated by the objective value of the complete scheduling for the total operations to process.The simulation results of many instances show that the proposed algorithm significantly improves the computational efficiency compared with the genetic algorithm based on the complete operation set,and the performance of scheduling is satisfying
Lloyd, MM, Van Reyk, DM, Davies, MJ & Hawkins, CL 2008, 'Hypothiocyanous acid is a more potent inducer of apoptosis and protein thiol depletion in murine macrophage cells than hypochlorous acid or hypobromous acid', Biochemical Journal, vol. 414, pp. 271-280.
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Hypohalous acids are generated by activated leucocytes, via the formation of H2O2 and the release of peroxidase enzymes (myeloperoxidase and eosinophil peroxidase). These species are important bactericidal agents, but HOCI (hypoclorous acid) and HOBr (hypobromous acid) have also bee implicated in tissue damage in a number of inflammatory diseases. HOSCN (hypothiocyanous acid; cyanosulfenic acid) us a milder more thiol-specific, oxidant than HOCI or HOBr and as such may be a more potent inducer of cellular dysfunction due to selective targerting of critical thiol residues on proteins. In the present study, HOCI and HOBr are shown to react rapidly with macrophage (J774A.1) cells, resulting in a greater extent if cell lysis compared with HOSCN. However, HOSCN induces apoptosis and necrosis with greater efficacy and at lower concentrations, than HOCI or HOBr.
Lobach, I, Carroll, RJ, Spinka, C, Gail, MH & Chatterjee, N 2008, 'Haplotype-based regression analysis and inference of case-control studies with unphased genotypes and measurement errors in environmental exposures', BIOMETRICS, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 673-684.
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Lobo, CJ, Toth, M, Wagner, R, Thiel, BL & Lysaght, M 2008, 'High resolution radially symmetric nanostructures from simultaneous electron beam induced etching and deposition', Nanotechnology, vol. 19, pp. 025303-025303.
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Electron beam induced etching (EBIE) and deposition (EBID) are promising fabrication techniques in which an electron beam is used to dissociate surface-adsorbed precursor molecules to achieve etching or deposition. Spatial resolution is normally limited by the electron flux distribution at the substrate surface. Here we present simultaneous EBIE and EBID (EBIED) as a method for surpassing this resolution limit by using adsorbate depletion to induce etching and deposition in adjacent regions within the electron flux profile. Our simulation results indicate the possibility of growth control of radially symmetric nanostructures at the sub-1 nm length scale on bulk substrates. The technique is well suited to the fabrication of ring-shaped nanostructures such as those employed in plasmonics, sensing devices, magneto-optics and magnetoelectronics.
Lobo, CJ, Toth, M, Wagner, R, Thiel, BL & Lysaght, M 2008, 'High resolution radially symmetric nanostructures from simultaneous electron beam induced etching and deposition', Nanotechnology, vol. 19, pp. 025303-025303.
Lock, RL & Harry, EJ 2008, 'Cell-division inhibitors: new insights for future antibiotics.', Nature reviews. Drug discovery, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 324-338.
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The growing problem of antibiotic resistance has been exacerbated by the use of new drugs that are merely variants of older overused antibiotics. While it is naive to expect to restrain the spread of resistance without controlling antibacterial usage, the desperate need for drugs with novel targets has been recognized by health organizations, industry and academia alike. The wealth of knowledge available about the bacterial cell-division pathway has aided target-driven approaches to identify novel inhibitors. Here, we discuss the therapeutic potential of inhibiting bacterial cell division, and review the progress made in this exciting new area of antibacterial discovery.
Lock, RL & Harry, L 2008, 'Cell-division inhibitors: new insights for future antibiotics', Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, vol. 7, no. April, pp. 324-338.
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The growing problem of antibiotic resistance has been exacerbated by the use of new drugs that are merely variants of older overused antibiotics. While it is naive to expect to restrain the spread of resistance without controlling antibacterial usage, the desperate need for drugs with novel targets has been recognized by health organizations, industry and academia alike. The wealth of knowledge available about the bacterial cell-division pathway has aided target-driven approaches to identify novel inhibitors. Here, we discuss the therapeutic potential of inhibiting bacterial cell division, and review the progress made in this exciting new area of antibacterial discovery.
Lord, MS, Modin, C, Foss, M, Duch, M, Simmons, A, Pedersen, FS, Besenbacher, F & Milthorpe, BK 2008, 'Extracellular matrix remodelling during cell adhesion as monitored by the quartz crystal microbalance', Biomaterials, vol. 29, no. 17, pp. 2581-2587.
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A cell's ability to remodel adsorbed protein layers on surfaces is influenced by the nature of the protein layer itself. Remodelling is often required to accomplish cellular adhesion and extracellular matrix formation which forms the basis for cell spreading, increased adhesion and expression of different phenotypes. The adhesion of NIH3T3 (EGFP) fibroblasts to serum protein (albumin or fibronectin) precoated tantalum (Ta) and oxidised polystyrene (PSox) surfaces was examined using the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) monitoring and fluorescence microscopy. The cells were either untreated or treated with cycloheximide to examine the contribution of endogenous protein production during cell adhesion to the QCM-D response over a period of 2 h. Following adsorption of albumin onto Ta and PSox there was no difference detected between the response to seeding untreated and cycloheximide treated cells. The QCM-D was able to detect differences in the untreated cellular responses to fibronectin versus serum precoated Ta and PSox substrates, while cycloheximide treatment of the cells produced the same QCM-D response for fibronectin and serum precoatings on each of the materials. This confirmed that the process of matrix remodelling by the cells is dependent on the underlying substrate and the preadsorbed proteins and that the QCM-D response is dominated by changes in the underlying protein layer. Changes in dissipation correspond to the development of the actin cytoskeleton as visualised by actin staining.
Lord, MS, Pasqui, D, Barbucci, R & Milthorpe, BK 2008, 'Protein Adsorption on Derivatives of Hyaluronan', Macromolecular Symposia, vol. 266, no. 1, pp. 17-22.
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Serum protein adsorption and fibroblast cell adhesion on photo reactive hyaluronic acid (Hyal-N3) and its sulfated derivative (HyalS-N3) was analysed using a combination of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and cell adhesion assays. There was no significant differences in the amount of protein adsorbed onto the two polymers, however proteins were found to be more loosely bound to HyalS-N3 compared with Hyal-N3. Approximately 17% and 31% of the fibronectin interacting with Hyal-N3 and HyalS-N3 respectively was found to be irreversibly bound after rinsing with MilliQ water, SDS and urea. Proteins were exposed to the polymers before cell adhesion was monitored for a period of 2 hours in serum free conditions. Minimal cell adhesion was observed on albumin-coated materials as well as serum precoated Hyal-N3. Precoating the materials with fibronectin enhanced cell adhesion, although HyalS-N3 experienced higher levels of cell adhesion than Hyal-N3 and similar results were found for the serum precoated materials.
Lu, P, Yu, Q, Wang, E, Liu, J & Xu, S 2008, 'Effects of climatic variation and warming on rice development across South China', Climate Research, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 79-88.
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Rice Oryza sativa L. development-and also its response to climatic change - is mainly determined by temperature and photoperiod. An experiment was conducted to study the influence of meteorological factors on growth and development of hybrid rice in Sout
Luo, M, Luo, M, Buzas, D, Finnegan, J, Helliwell, C, Dennis, ES, Peacock, J & Chaudhury, A 2008, 'UBIQUITIN-SPECIFIC PROTEASE 26 is required for seed development and the repression of PHERES1 in arabidopsis', Genetics, vol. 180, no. 1, pp. 229-236.
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The Arabidopsis mutant Atubp26 initiates autonomous endosperm at a frequency of similar to 1% in the absence of fertilization and develops arrested seeds at a frequency of similar to 65% when self-pollinated. These phenotypes are similar to those of the
Macnamara, J 2008, 'Internet media and the public sphere: The 2007 Australian e-electioneering experience', Media International Australia incorporating Culture & Policy, vol. 129, no. November, pp. 7-19.
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Internet media have come under increasing examination since the early 1990s within a number of theoretical frameworks, including their use and potential influence in the public sphere of political discourse. Increasing use of internet media was identified in the 2000 and 2004 US presidential elections, with the latter being described as 'a critical turning point'. However, the development of what,some call 'new media' or 'social media' based on Web 2.0 internet technology has overtaken many Endings of previous research. Some of the most popular Web 2.0-based media currently in use were developed after 2004. These technological changes, coinciding with declining television viewing and newspaper readership, suggest that new forms of internet media need ongoing critical review. This paper analyses findings join a study of internet media use in the 2007 Australian federal election and explores their implications in relation to the public sphere.
Macnamara, J 2008, 'Two-tier evaluation can help corporate', PRism OnLine PR Journal, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1-7.
MacNamara, S, Bersani, AM, Burrage, K & Sidje, RB 2008, 'Stochastic chemical kinetics and the total quasi-steady-state assumption: Application to the stochastic simulation algorithm and chemical master equation', Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 129, no. 9.
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Recently the application of the quasi-steady-state approximation (QSSA) to the stochastic simulation algorithm (SSA) was suggested for the purpose of speeding up stochastic simulations of chemical systems that involve both relatively fast and slow chemical reactions [Rao and Arkin, J. Chem. Phys. 118, 4999 (2003)] and further work has led to the nested and slow-scale SSA. Improved numerical efficiency is obtained by respecting the vastly different time scales characterizing the system and then by advancing only the slow reactions exactly, based on a suitable approximation to the fast reactions. We considerably extend these works by applying the QSSA to numerical methods for the direct solution of the chemical master equation (CME) and, in particular, to the finite state projection algorithm [Munsky and Khammash, J. Chem. Phys. 124, 044104 (2006)], in conjunction with Krylov methods. In addition, we point out some important connections to the literature on the (deterministic) total QSSA (tQSSA) and place the stochastic analogue of the QSSA within the more general framework of aggregation of Markov processes. We demonstrate the new methods on four examples: Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics, double phosphorylation, the Goldbeter-Koshland switch, and the mitogen activated protein kinase cascade. Overall, we report dramatic improvements by applying the tQSSA to the CME solver. © 2008 American Institute of Physics.
Mahayni, AB & Schlogl, E 2008, 'The Risk Management of Minimum Return Guarantees', BuR - Business Research, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 55-76.
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Contracts paying a guaranteed minimum rate of return and a fraction of a positive excess rate, which is specified relative to a benchmark portfolio, are closely related to unit-linked life-insurance products and can be considered as alternatives to direct investment in the underlying benchmark. They contain an embedded power option, and the key issue is the tractable and realistic hedging of this option, in order to rigorously justify valuation by arbitrage arguments and prevent the guarantees from becoming uncontrollable liabilities to the issuer. We show how to determine the contract parameters conservatively and implement robust risk-management strategies.
Maity, A, Apanasovich, TV & Carroll, RJ 2008, 'Estimation of population-level summaries in general semiparametric repeated measures regression models', pp. 123-137.
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Malguth, E, Hoffmann, A & Phillips, MR 2008, 'Structural and optical inhomogeneities of Fe doped GaN grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy', JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 104, no. 12.
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Malguth, E, Hoffmann, AV & Phillips, M 2008, 'Fe in III-V and II-VI semiconductors', Physica Status Solidi B - Basic Research, vol. 245, no. 3, pp. 455-480.
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Marchenko, YV, Carroll, RJ, Lin, DY, Amos, CI & Gutierrez, RG 2008, 'Semiparametric analysis of case-control genetic data in the presence of environmental factors', STATA JOURNAL, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 305-333.
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Marquez, C, Labbate, M, Ingold, AJ, Roy Chowdhury, P, Ramirez, MS, Centron, D, Borthagaray, G & Stokes, H 2008, 'Recovery of a functional class 2 integron from an Escherichia coli strain mediating a urinary tract infection', Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy, vol. 52, no. 11, pp. 4153-4154.
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A class 2 integron was found in an Escherichia coli isolate mediating a urinary tract infection. Unlike other class 2 integrons from pathogens, the encoded IntI2 protein was functional. The integron possessed a dfrA14 cassette, and a second novel cassett
Marquez, C, Labbate, M, Raymondo, C, Fernandez, J, Gestal, AM, Holley, MP, Borthagaray, G & Stokes, H 2008, 'Urinary Tract Infections in a South American Population: Dynamic Spread of Class 1 Integrons and Multidrug Resistance by Homologous and Site-Specific Recombination', Journal Of Clinical Microbiology, vol. 46, no. 10, pp. 3417-3425.
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One hundred four bacterial strains mediating urinary tract infections in separate individuals from a Uruguayan community were isolated. Forty-six strains conferred a multidrug resistance phenotype. All 104 strains were examined for the presence of class 1, 2, and 3 integrons. Class 1 integrons were found in 21 isolates across four distinct bacterial genera. A large class 1 integron in a Klebsiella pneumoniae strain was fully sequenced and was 29,093 bp in length. This integron probably arose by homologous recombination since it was embedded in a hybrid Tn21-like transposon backbone which comprised a Tn5036-like tnp transposition module at the IRi integron end and a Tn21 mer module at the IRt integron end. The parent integron/transposon that contributed the Tn5036 module was not related to Tn1696 since the integron insertion points in the transposon backbones were 16 bases apart. Examination of the other 20 class 1 integron-containing strains revealed further evidence of genetic exchange. This included a strain that possessed a Tn5036 module at the IRt end but not at the IRi end and another that possessed a tnp module beyond IRi that was a hybrid of Tn21 and Tn5051 and that is presumed to have arisen by site-specific recombination. This study highlights the ability of different genetic elements to act cooperatively to spread and rearrange antibiotic resistance in a community.
Marsh, DJ, Trahair, TN, Martin, JL, Chee, WY, Walker, J, Kirk, EP, Baxter, RC & Marshall, GM 2008, 'Rapamycin treatment for a child with germline PTEN mutation', NATURE CLINICAL PRACTICE ONCOLOGY, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 357-361.
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Martyn, AJ, Larkum, AWD, McConchie, R & Offord, CA 2008, 'Photoinhibition and changes in pigments associated with bract browning in waratahs (Telopea spp., Proteaceae)', Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, vol. 83, no. 3, pp. 367-373.
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The relationship between chronic or long-term photoinhibition, pigment changes, and bract browning in 'Fire and Brimstone', 'Olympic Flame' and 'Wirrimbirra White' waratahs [Telopea speciosissima (Smith) R.Br.] was investigated. Plants were grown under full sun, or under 50% shade-cloth over 2 years, with photoinhibition and pigment changes measured in the bracts and leaves at three stages of floral development (tight bud, juvenile open bud, and mature flower). Photoinhibition of waratah bracts was reduced by shading when applied either from flower initiation in late Summer, or from bud expansion in late Winter, until flower maturity in Spring. Outer bracts showed photoinhibition from the tight bud stage of flower development, and inner bracts from the juvenile open stage, while leaves were not affected. Photoinhibition, measured as pre-dawn photochemical efficiency (PE; Fv/Fm), declined in proportion to bract browning. Bracts on waratah plants kept under shade maintained higher chlorophyll, carotenoid, and anthocyanin levels than bracts exposed to full sun, and thus had a more intense flower colour. A significant decrease in bract pigmentation, combined with photoinhibition, indicates that photodamage occurs in bracts exposed to full sun. Leaf browning did not occur, and waratah leaves maintained a higher chlorophyll concentration than bracts in both full sun and shade conditions. Protection from photoinhibition was correlated with the level of UV-absorbing pigments.
Matthews, JL, Ismar, SMH & Hauber, ME 2008, 'Seaweed provisioning behaviour confers thermal benefit for nesting Australasian gannets (Morus serrator)', BEHAVIOUR, vol. 145, pp. 1823-1837.
McDonald, MM, Dulai, S, Godfrey, C, Amanat, N, Sztynda, T & Little, DG 2008, 'Bolus or weekly zoledronic acid administration does not delay endochondral fracture repair but weekly dosing enhances delays in hard callus remodeling', Bone, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 653-662.
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Introduction: It has been widely assumed that osteoclasts play a pivotal role during the entire process of fracture healing. Bisphosphonates (Bps) are anti-catabolic agents commonly used to treat metabolic bone diseases including osteoporosis, minimizing
McGrath, KC, Mcrobb, L & Heather, AK 2008, 'Androgen therapy and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease', Vascular Health and Risk Management, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 11-21.
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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death in Western society today. There is a striking gender difference in CVD with men predisposed to earlier onset and more severe disease. Following the recent reevaluation and ongoing debate regarding the estrogen protection hypothesis, and given that androgen use and abuse is increasing in our society, the alternate view that androgens may promote CVD in men is assuming increasing importance. Whether androgens adversely affect CVD in either men or women remains a contentious issue within both the cardiovascular and endocrinological fraternities. This review draws from basic science, animal and clinical studies to outline our current understanding regarding androgen effects on atherosclerosis, the major CVD, and asks where future directions of atherosclerosis-related androgen research may lie
McGrath, KCY, McRobb, LS & Heather, AK 2008, 'Androgen therapy and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease', Vascular Health and Risk Management, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 11-21.
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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death in Western society today. There is a striking gender difference in CVD with men predisposed to earlier onset and more severe disease. Following the recent reevaluation and ongoing debate regarding the estrogen protection hypothesis, and given that androgen use and abuse is increasing in our society, the alternate view that androgens may promote CVD in men is assuming increasing importance. Whether androgens adversely affect CVD in either men or women remains a contentious issue within both the cardiovascular and endocrinological fraternities. This review draws from basic science, animal and clinical studies to outline our current understanding regarding androgen effects on atherosclerosis, the major CVD, and asks where future directions of atherosclerosis-related androgen research may lie. © 2008 Dove Medical Press Limited. All rights reserved.
McPhedran, RC, Zucker, I, Botten, LC & Nicorovici, NA 2008, 'On the Riemann property of angular lattice sums and the one-dimensional limit of two-dimensional lattice sums', Proceedings Of The Royal Society A-Mathematical Physical And Engineering Sciences, vol. 464, no. 2100, pp. 3327-3352.
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We consider a general class of two-dimensional lattice sums consisting of complex powers s of inverse quadratic functions. We consider two cases, one where the quadratic function is negative definite and another more restricted case where it is positive
Meyer-Rochow, GY, Smith, JM, Marsh, DJ, Robinson, BG, Sidhu, SB & Benn, DE 2008, 'QS297. Denaturing High Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Detection of Germline Mutations in Phaeochromocytoma', Journal of Surgical Research, vol. 144, no. 2, pp. 385-385.
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Midthune, D, Kipnis, V, Freedman, LS & Carroll, RJ 2008, 'Binary regression in truncated samples, with application to comparing dietary instruments in a large prospective study', BIOMETRICS, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 289-298.
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Miller, S & Platen, E 2008, 'Analytic pricing of contingent claims under the real-world measure', International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance, vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 841-867.
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This article derives a series of analytic formulae for various contingent claims under the real-world probability measure using the stylised minimal market model (SMMM). This model provides realistic dynamics for the growth optimal portfolio (GOP) as a well-diversified equity index. It captures both leptokurtic returns with correct tail properties and the leverage effect. Under the SMMM, the discounted GOP takes the form of a time-transformed squared Bessel process of dimension four. From this property, one finds that the SMMM possesses a special and interesting relationship to non-central chi-square random variables with zero degrees of freedom. The analytic formulae derived under the SMMM include options on the GOP, options on exchange prices and options on zero-coupon bonds. For options on zero-coupon bonds, analytic prices facilitate efficient calculation of interest rate caps and floors.
MILLER, SM & PLATEN, E 2008, 'ANALYTIC PRICING OF CONTINGENT CLAIMS UNDER THE REAL-WORLD MEASURE', vol. 11, no. 08, pp. 841-867.
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This article derives a series of analytic formulae for various contingent claims under the real-world probability measure using the stylised minimal market model (SMMM). This model provides realistic dynamics for the growth optimal portfolio (GOP) as a well-diversified equity index. It captures both leptokurtic returns with correct tail properties and the leverage effect. Under the SMMM, the discounted GOP takes the form of a time-transformed squared Bessel process of dimension four. From this property, one finds that the SMMM possesses a special and interesting relationship to non-central chi-square random variables with zero degrees of freedom. The analytic formulae derived under the SMMM include options on the GOP, options on exchange prices and options on zero-coupon bonds. For options on zero-coupon bonds, analytic prices facilitate efficient calculation of interest rate caps and floors.
Milthorpe, BK 2008, 'Application of biomechanics to tissue engineering: a personal view', Journal of Mechanics in Medicine & Biology, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 153-160.
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Cellular biomechanics is an area of study that is receiving more attention as time progresses. The response of cells to their mechanical environment, including biomechanical stimuli, has far-reaching ramifications for the area of tissue engineering, especially for tissues designed to withstand mechanical loading (e.g. bone, cartilage, tendons and ligaments, and arteries). The effects of mechanical stimuli on cells are only recently being examined, and the potential role of mechanical stimuli in tissue engineering is still one that is largely ignored in the design of tissue engineering scaffolds. The relationship of mechanical properties of scaffolds or of mechanical stimuli to cell behavior is complex, but vital to the development of the field. Also, understanding the complex interplay of form and environment on cells involves an increase in our knowledge of how cells react to their total environment including mechanical stimuli and material properties. In order to improve tissue engineering outcomes, a nexus must be developed between the mechanical, biochemical, and biological studies of cellular behavior, in the context of extremely complex systems
Mirsalehian, A, Nakhjavani, F, Peymani, A, Jabalameli, F, Mirafshar, SM & Hamidian, M 2008, 'Frequency of extended spectrum β-Lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae in intensive care units', Tehran University Medical Journal, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 33-38.
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© 2008, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved. Background: The incidence of ESBL producing species have been steadily increased in recent years, resulting in limitation of infection control issues and therapeutic options.The purpose of this study was to evaluate prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae and also assess epidemiology ESBL producing strains isolated from patients admitted in ICUs. Methods: A total of one hundred fifty isolates were collected from urine, sputum, blood, wound and other clinical samples from patient admitted in ICU and then were identified by biochemical tests.All of the samples were screened by DAD method according to The NCCLS Guideline. The species that met NCCLS screening criteria was further tested for Clavulanic Acid effect by confirmatory method. Results: A total of one hundred fifty isolates,133(89.3%) were found to be resistant at least on of the indicators cephalosporin tested according to NCCLS Guideline. 121(80.6%) of the isolates were resistant to all the indicators tested.89(59.3) isolateds were confirmed as ESBL producers. The number of isolates ESBL producing was as follow: Klebsiella pneumoniae 33 (76.74%), E.coli 20 (60.60%), Enterobacter cloacae 8 (47.05%), Citrobacter diversus 6 (54.54%), Enterobacter aerogenes 7 (53.84%), Citrobacter freundii 4 (40%), Klebsiella oxytoca 6 (62.5%), Proteus mirabilis 4 (50%), Serratia marcescens 2 (40%), Proteus Volgaris 0%.All of the isolates sensitive to imipenem. Conclusion: The present study shows high prevalence of ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae from patients admitted in ICU.The increased rate of these species in most cases due to the administration of inadequate and irrational antimicrobial therapy.To overcome this problem, it needs to develop new antimicrobial agents, limiting the Unnecessary Use of antimicrobial and increasing compliance with infection control issues.
Mitrovic, S, Chessman, B, Davie, AW, Avery, EL & Ryan, N 2008, 'Development of blooms of Cyclotella meneghiniana and Nitzschia spp. (Bacillariophyceae) in a shallow river and estimation of effective suppression flows', Hydrobiologia, vol. 596, no. 1, pp. 173-185.
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Diatom blooms in the middle reaches of the shallow, freshwater, Hunter River, Australia, are a frequent nuisance to river users. During a 4-year study, blooms of Cyclotella meneghiniana and Nitzschia spp. coincided with water temperatures above 23°C and flows below 400 Ml d-1 that lasted for more than 12 days. Redundancy analysis showed that water temperature was positively related, and antecedent flow was negatively related, to the abundance of both taxa. Addition experiments indicated that nutrients are seldom limiting to growth. It is suggested that a combination of faster growth rates at higher temperatures and longer retention times at low flows allows bloom populations to develop. Simulation modelling showed that flow regulation and water extraction have decreased flows in the river during summer, and consequently have probably increased the number of diatom blooms. Environmental flows have been provided to the river, but are not sufficient to prevent blooms. Discharges required for bloom suppression are described. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
Miu, J, Mitchell, AJ, Mueller, M, Carter, SL, Manders, PM, McQuillan, JA, Saunders, BM, Ball, HJ, Lu, B, Campbell, LL & Hunt, NH 2008, 'Chemokine gene expression during fatal murine cerebral malaria and protection due to CXCR3 deficiency', JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY, vol. 180, no. 2, pp. 1217-1230.
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Mohamad, KY, Rekiki, A, Myers, G, Bavoil, PM & Rodolakis, A 2008, 'Identification and characterisation of coding tandem repeat variants in incA gene of Chlamydophila pecorum', Veterinary Research, vol. 39, no. 6.
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Bacteria of the family Chlamydiaceae are obligate intracellular pathogens of human and animals. Chlamydophila pecorum is associated with different pathological conditions in ruminants, swine and koala. To characterize a coding tandem repeat (CTR) identified at the 3' end of incA gene of C. pecorum, 51 strains of different chlamydial species were examined. The CTR were observed in 18 of 18 tested C. pecorum isolates including symptomatic and asymptomatic animals from diverse geographical origins. The CTR were also found in two strains of C. abortus respectively isolated from faeces from a healthy ewe and from a goat belonging to asymptomatic herds, but were absent in C. abortus strains isolated from clinical disease specimens, and in tested strains of C. psittaci, C. caviae, C. felis and C. trachomatis. The number of CTR repeats is variable and encode several motifs that are rich in alanine and proline. The CTR-derived variable structure of incA, which encode the Chlamydiaceae-specific type III secreted inclusion membrane protein, IncA, may be involved in the adaptation of C. pecorum to its environment by allowing it to persist in the host cell. © 2008 INRA EDP Sciences.
Mohamad, KY, Roche, SM, Myers, G, Bavoil, PM, Laroucau, K, Magnino, S, Laurent, S, Rasschaert, D & Rodolakis, A 2008, 'Preliminary phylogenetic identification of virulent Chlamydophila pecorum strains', INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 764-771.
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Mokkapati, S, Wong-Leung, J, Tan, HH, Jagadish, C, McBean, KE & Phillips, M 2008, 'Tuning the bandgap of InAs quantum dots by selective-area MOCVD', Journal Of Physics D-Applied Physics, vol. 41, no. 8, pp. 0-0.
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In-plane bandgap energy control of InAs quantum dots (QDs) grown on GaAs substrates is demonstrated using selective-area epitaxy. Transmission electron microscopy and cathodoluminescence are used for characterization of the selectively grown dots. A sing
Momtaz, S & Gladstone, W 2008, 'Ban on commercial fishing in the estuarine waters of New South Wales, Australia: Community consultation and social impacts', Environmental Impact Assessment Review, vol. 28, no. 2-3, pp. 214-225.
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In its effort to resolve the conflict between commercial and recreational fishers the New South Wales (NSW) government (NSW Fisheries) banned commercial fishing in the estuarine waters. The NSW Fisheries conducted a number of studies and held meetings with the affected communities including commercial fishers prior to the implementation of the ban. To investigate how community consultation played a role in the decision-making process especially as perceived by the commercial fishers and to determine actual social impacts of the ban on commercial fishers, in-depth interviews were conducted with the commercial fishers. This research reveals that despite the NSW Fisheries' consultations with commercial fishers prior to the closure, the latter were confused about various vital aspects of the decision. It further reveals that, the commercial fishers faced a number of significant changes as a result of this decision. We argue that a better decision-making process and outcome would have been possible through a meaningful consultation with the commercial fishers and a social impact assessment.
Moore, CP, Arnold, MD, Bones, PJ & Blaikie, RJ 2008, 'Image Fidelity for Single- and Multi-Layer Silver Superlenses', Journal of the Optical Society of America A: Optics Image Science and Vision, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 911-918.
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In response to increasing interest in the area of subdiffraction-limited near-field imaging, the performance of several different realizable and theoretical superresolving silver-based lenses is simulated for a variety of different input object profiles. A computationally-efficient T-matrix technique is used to model the lenses, which consist of layers of silver with total width of 40 nm sandwiched between layers of polymethyl methacrylate and silicon dioxide. The lenses are exposed to nonperiodic bright- and dark-slit input patterns, with feature size varied between 1 nm and 2.5 µm. The performance of the lenses is characterized in terms of transfer function, contrast profile, error profile, and input-to-output correlation. It is shown that increasing the number of layers in a lens increases the lens' transmission coefficients at high spatial frequencies; however, this does not always lead to better imaging performance. The main reasons for this are lens-specific resonances that distort features at certain spatial frequencies, and the increased attenuation of the DC component of transmitted images, which reduces image fidelity, particularly for dark-line features. This suggests that, to achieve optimum results, the design of the superresolving lens system should take into account the characteristics of the images that it is expected to transmit
Morgan, SW & Phillips, M 2008, 'High bandwidth secondary electron detection in variable pressure scanning electron microscopy using a Frisch grid', Journal Of Physics D-Applied Physics, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1-6.
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The bandwidth and contrast of secondary electron ( SE) images obtained using variable pressure scanning electron microscopy are enhanced when a grounded Frisch grid is placed between the SE detecting anode and the negatively biased stage. The improvement
Morris, MJ, Chen, H, Watts, R, Shulkes, A & Cameron-Smith, D 2008, 'Brain neuropeptide Y and CCK, and peripheral adipokine receptors: temporal response to palatable diet induced obesity.', International Journal of Obesity, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 249-258.
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Objective: Palatable food disrupts normal appetite regulation, which may contribute to the etiology of obesity. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and cholecystokinin play critical roles in the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis, while adiponectin and carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) are important for insulin sensitivity and fatty acid oxidation. This study examined the impact of short- and long-term consumption of palatable high-fat diet (HFD) on these critical metabolic regulators. Methods: Male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to laboratory chow (12% fat), or cafeteria-style palatable HFD (32% fat) for 2 or 10 weeks. Body weight and food intake were monitored throughout. Plasma leptin, hypothalamic NPY and cholecystokinin, and mRNA expression of leptin, adiponectin, their receptors and CPT-1, in fat and muscles were measured. Results: Caloric intake of the palatable HFD group was 23 times greater than control, resulting in a 37% higher body weight. Fat mass was already increased at 2 weeks; plasma leptin concentrations were 2.4 and 9 times higher than control at 2 and 10 weeks, respectively. Plasma adiponectin was increased at 10 weeks. Muscle adiponectin receptor 1 was increased at 2 weeks, while CPT-1 mRNA was markedly upregulated by HFD at both time points. Hypothalamic NPY and cholecystokinin content were significantly decreased at 10 weeks. Conclusion: Palatable HFD induced hyperphagia, fat accumulation, increased adiponectin, leptin and muscle fatty acid oxidation, and reduced hypothalamic NPY and cholecystokinin. Our data suggest that the adaptive changes in hypothalamic NPY and muscle fatty acid oxidation are insufficient to reverse the progress of obesity and metabolic consequences induced by a palatable HFD.
Morton, JK, Gladstone, W, Hughes, JM & Stewart, J 2008, 'Comparison of the life histories of three co-occurring wrasses (Teleostei: Labridae) in coastal waters of south-eastern Australia', Marine and Freshwater Research, vol. 59, no. 7, pp. 560-574.
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Labrids are abundant on temperate rocky reefs yet their life histories are poorly known. Three co-occurring Australian labrids (Ophthalmolepis lineolatus, Notolabrus gymnogenis and Pictilabrus laticlavius) exhibited protogynous hermaphroditism typical of labrids. Juveniles reached sexual maturity at 184 mm total length (TL) (2.1 years) in O. lineolatus, 177 mm TL (1.8 years) in N. gymnogenis and <95 mm TL (<0.9 years) in P. laticlavius. Individuals were sexually active initial phase females until changing to a terminal phase male at 295 mm TL (5.2 years) in O. lineolatus, 273 mm TL (4.5 years) in N. gymnogenis and 138 mm TL (2.0 years) in P. laticlavius. The occurrence of males only at greater lengths and older ages suggests that O. lineolatus and N. gymnogenis are monandrous, whereas P. laticlavius appears to be diandrous. Reproduction was asynchronous among species with reproductive activity peaking in JanuaryMarch for O. lineolatus, AprilOctober for N. gymnogenis and OctoberDecember for P. laticlavius. Sectioned otoliths revealed that O. lineolatus and N. gymnogenis grew rapidly to 300 mm TL (6 years) and P. laticlavius to 180 mm TL (3 years). Longevity was at least 13.8, 9.6 and 4.8 years respectively. These life history data will aid management of these frequently harvested species.
Morton, JK, Platell, ME & Gladstone, W 2008, 'Differences in feeding ecology among three co-occurring species of wrasse (Teleostei: Labridae) on rocky reefs of temperate Australia', Marine Biology, vol. 154, no. 3, pp. 577-592.
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The foraging behaviours and dietary compositions of three co-occurring labrids (Ophthalmolepis lineolatus, Notolabrus gymnogenis and Pictilabrus laticlavius), which are conspicuous on rocky reefs in temperate south-eastern Australia, were investigated between 2003 and 2005. SCUBA observations at two locations showed that the feeding intensity, and hence the associated effects of these fishes on rocky reef invertebrate prey, was temporally consistent. Relative differences in the contributions of ingested prey and use of different feeding microhabitats demonstrated that the feeding ecology differed significantly among the three species. Thus, O. lineolatus fed on proportionately higher volumes of polychaetes, polyplacophorans, marginellid gastropods (especially Austroginella sp.), bivalves and echinoids, which were sighted opportunistically in a wide selection of microhabitats, but particularly in sand/rubble. Ambush hunting was used regularly by smaller N. gymnogenis and all sizes of P. laticlavius to forage on amphipods, small decapods and small gastropods at algal bases or fronds and Diopatra dentata tubes. Amphipods were similarly important in the diet of smaller O. lineolatus.
Nantakomol, D, Chimma, P, Day, NP, Dondorp, AM, Combes, V, Krudsood, S, Looareesuwan, S, White, NJ, Pattanapanyasat, K & Chotivanich, K 2008, 'Quantitation of cell-derived microparticles in plasma using flow rate based calibration', Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 146-153.
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Activation of vascular endothelium and blood cells can result in the formation of microparticles (MPs), which are membrane vesicles with a diameter < 1 μm which can play a pathogenetic role in a variety of infectious and other diseases. In this study, we validated a modified quantitative method called "flow rate based calibration", to measure circulating MPs in plasma of healthy subjects and malaria patients using FACSCalibur flow cytometry. MPs counts obtained from "flow rate based calibration" correlated closely with the standard method (R2=0.9, p=0.001). The median (range) number of MPs in healthy subjects was 163/μl (81-375/μl). We demonstrated a flow rate based calibration for the quantitation of MPs in P. falciparum malaria-infected patients. The median (range) number of MPs was 2,051/μl (222-6,432/μl), n=28 in patients with falciparum malaria. The number of MPs in plasma from patients with severe falciparum malaria was significantly higher than in uncomplicated falciparum malaria (2,567/μl (366-6,432/μl), n=18 versus [1,947/μl (222-4,107/μl), n=10, p<0.01]. Cellular origin of MPs in malaria patients were mainly derived from red blood cells (35%), platelets (10%), and endothelial cells (5%). There was no significant correlation between the total number of MPs and parasitemia. Flow rate based calibration is a simple, reliable, reproducible method and more affordable to quantitate MPs.
Nelson, LA, Wallman, JF & Dowton, M 2008, 'Identification of forensically important Chrysomya (Diptera : Calliphoridae) species using the second ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS2)', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, vol. 177, no. 2-3, pp. 238-247.
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Nguyen, DV, Senturk, D & Carroll, RJ 2008, 'Covariate-adjusted linear mixed effects model with an application to longitudinal data', JOURNAL OF NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICS, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 459-481.
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Nissen, KE, Stuart, BH, Stevens, MG & Baker, T 2008, 'Characterisation of aminated poly(ethylene terephthalate) surfaces for biomedical applications', Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 107, no. 4, pp. 2394-2403.
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Aminated poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) surfaces were charcterised for their use as substrates for the attachment of biologically active molecules. Amines of different chain lengths, tetraethylenementamine, triehtylenetetra-amine (TTETA) and diethylenetriamine (DETA), were investogated. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to show that each amine introduced a comparable amoun tof nitrogen (5 atoms %) to the PET surface.
Nissen, KE, Stuart, BH, Stevens, MG & Baker, T 2008, 'The tensile and tear properties of a biodegradable polyester film', International Journal Of Polymer Analysis And Characterization, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 190-199.
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The tensile and tear properties of a biodegradable polymer, Biomax (R), have been studied in order to assess this material in film applications. While the tensile strength of Biomax (R) was comparable to that of low-density polyethylene, the tear strengt
Notter, SJ, Stuart, BH, Dent, BB & Keegan, J 2008, 'Solid-phase extraction in combination with GC/MS for the quantification of free fatty acids in adipocere', European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, vol. 110, no. 1, pp. 73-80.
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Current research investigating the effect of specific aquatic microenvironments on the formation of adipocere using domesticated pigs (Sus scrofa) has demonstrated the need for a fact and reliable method to separate and identify fatty acids present in adipocere
Novikov, A & Kordzakhia, N 2008, 'Martingales and first passage times of AR(1) sequences', Stochastics. An International Journal of Probability and Stochastic Processes, vol. 80, no. 2-3, pp. 197-210.
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Using the martingale approach we find sufficient conditions for exponential boundedness of first passage times over a level for ergodic first order autoregressive sequences.
O'Brien, B, Archer, NS, Simpson, AM, Torpy, FR & Nassif, N 2008, 'Association of SLC11A1 promoter polymorphisms with the incidence of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases: A meta-analysis', Journal Of Autoimmunity, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 42-51.
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Solute carrier family 11 member a1 (SLC11A1) exerts pleiotropic effects on macrophage function. Expression of SLC11A1 is regulated by a (GT)(n) microsatellite promoter repeat polymorphism of which nine alleles have been described. Enhanced activation of
Oliver, BG, Lim, S, Wark, P, Laza-Stanca, V, King, N, Black, JL, Burgess, J, Roth, M & Johnston, SL 2008, 'Rhinovirus exposure impairs immune responses to bacterial products in human alveolar macrophages', Thorax, vol. 63, no. 6, pp. 519-525.
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Background: Rhinovirus infection is responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality as the major cause of exacerbations of asthma, and is also known to induce exacerbations of cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Exacerbations of these diseases are also frequently associated with bacterial and atypical bacterial infection. Alveolar macrophages are the major immune cells in the airways and are important in defence against bacterial infections. Methods: The authors investigated whether rhinovirus modifies cytokine release, the pattern recognition receptor expression and phagocytosis by human alveolar macrophages in response to bacterial products. Results: Viable rhinovirus was detected in macrophages up to 3 days after exposure and viral RNA expression persisted for 10 days. Infectious but not UV inactivated rhinovirus increased tumour necrosis factor a (TNFa) and interleukin (IL)8 release by macrophages. In contrast, infectious rhinovirus impaired lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid induced TNFa and IL8 secretion by macrophages. Rhinovirus induced impairment of macrophage antibacterial immune responses did not involve IL10, prostaglandin E2 or downregulation of Toll-like receptor 2. Furthermore, the macrophage phagocytic response to labelled bacterial particles, but not to latex beads, was impaired. Conclusion: The authors have identified impairment of cytokine responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid by alveolar macrophages in response to infectious rhinovirus. Virus induced impairment of antibacterial host defence has important implications in the pathogenesis of exacerbations of respiratory diseases.
Ollendick, TH & King, NJ 2008, 'Evidence-based treatments for children and adolescents with phobic and anxiety disorders: Issues and commentary', Psicologia Conductual, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 365-387.
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The movement to develop evidence-based assessment and treatment is of relatively recent origin; nonetheless, it has quickly revolutionized the field of mental health. This development has however been highly controversial and has served to divide the mental health professions. Three major issues associated with evidencebased treatment are examined: (a) some treatments have been shown to be more effective than others and, as a result, the "Dodo Bird" effect (i.e., all treatments are equivalent) is no longer tenable, (b) use of treatment manuals might lead to mechanical, inflexible interventions that result in loss of creativity and innovation in the therapy enterprise, and (c) treatments shown to be effective in clinical research settings might not be applicable or transport to "real-life" clinical practice settings. These issues are addressed and areas of rapprochement are explored. These are exciting times for the field of child and adolescent psychotherapy, and the various articles in this special issue attest to what we know and what we have yet to learn in treating anxiety disorders in youth.
Ollendick, TH, Jarrett, MA, Grills-Taquechel, AE, Hovey, LD & Wolff, JC 2008, 'Comorbidity as a predictor and moderator of treatment outcome in youth with anxiety, affective, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and oppositional/conduct disorders', Clinical Psychology Review, vol. 28, no. 8, pp. 1447-1471.
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In the present review, we examine one of the critical issues that have been raised about evidence-based treatments and their portability to real-world clinical settings: namely, the presence of comorbidity in the participants who have been treated in these studies and whether the presence of comorbidity predicts or moderates treatment outcomes. In doing so, we examine treatment outcomes for the four most commonly occurring childhood psychiatric disorders: Anxiety disorders, affective disorders, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)/conduct disorder (CD). For each of these disorders, we first review briefly the prevalence of comorbidity in epidemiological and clinical samples and then highlight the evidence-based treatments for these disorders. We next determine the effects of comorbidity on treatment outcomes for these disorders. For the most part, comorbidity in the treated samples is the rule, not the exception. However, the majority of studies have not explored whether comorbidity predicts or moderates treatment outcomes. For the not insignificant number of studies that have examined this issue, comorbidity has not been found to affect treatment outcomes. Notable exceptions are highlighted and recommendations for future research are presented. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Onishi, A, Thomas, P, Stuart, BH, Guerbois, JL & Forbes, SL 2008, 'TG-MS analysis of the thermal decomposition of pig bone for forensic applications', Journal Of Thermal Analysis And Calorimetry, vol. 92, no. 1, pp. 87-90.
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In order to investigate the potential of thermal analysis for the determination of post-mortem age, rib bone specimens were collected from the remains of a number of slaughtered pigs that were allowed to decompose in the Australian bush in a controlled site under a range of conditions for time periods ranging from 1 to 5 years. The bone specimens were cut in cross-section with the compact bone collected for analysis. TG-MS curves were collected by heating bone samples to 1100°C in an argon atmosphere. The TG-MS data showed significant differences for the pig bone specimens derived from the different environments and showed trends in peak size correlating with age. The reported data suggest that TG-MS has significant potential for the identification of origin as well as the ageing of skeletal remains in a forensic context.
Ormerod, JT, Wand, M & Koch, I 2008, 'Penalised spline support vector classifiers: computational issues', Computational Statistics, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 623-641.
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We study computational issues for support vector classification with penalised spline kernels. We show that, compared with traditional kernels, computational times can be drastically reduced in large problems making such problems feasible for sample sizes as large as ~106. The optimisation technology known as interior point methods plays a central role. Penalised spline kernels are also shown to allow simple incorporation of low-dimensional structure such as additivity. This can aid both interpretability and performance.
Pablo, F, Krassoi, R, Jones, PR, Colville, AE, Hose, GC & Lim, RP 2008, 'Comparison of the fate and toxicity of chlorpyrifos - Laboratory versus a coastal mesocosm system', Ecotoxicology And Environmental Safety, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 219-229.
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The widespread use of chlorpyrifos for pest control in urban and rural environments poses a risk of contamination to aquatic environments via runoff, spray drift or spillage. The aim of this study was to assess the fate of chlorpyrifos and its toxicity t
Padoan, SA & Wand, M 2008, 'Mixed model-based additive models for sample extremes', Statistics & Probability Letters, vol. 78, no. 17, pp. 2850-2858.
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We consider additive models fitting and inference when the response variable is a sample extreme. Non-linear covariate effects are handled using the mixed model representation of penalised splines. A fitting algorithm based on likelihood approximations is derived. The efficacy of the resulting methodology is demonstrated via application to simulated and real data.
Padula, M, Herbert, BR & Broady, KW 2008, 'Identification of Proteins, Enzymes and Potential Vaccine Candidates from the Aust Paralysis Tick, Ixodes Holocyclus Using 2D-PAGE and Equalizer Technology', Journal of Proteomics & Bioinformatics, vol. S2, no. 01, pp. 208-209.
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Pankoui Mfonkeu, JB, Gouado, I, Fotso Kuate, H, Zambou, O, Grau, G, Combes, V & Amvam Zollo, PH 2008, 'Chnical presentation, haematological indices and management of children with severe and uncomplicated malaria in Douala, Cameroon', Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, vol. 11, no. 20, pp. 2401-2406.
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This study carried out from January to June 2007, was undertaken to describe the clinical presentation of childhood malaria in Douala, a meso-endemic area as far as malaria transmission is concerned. One hundred and seventy eight children were enrolled after informed consent of their parents. The sample characteristics were recorded and clinical as well as preliminary laboratory investigations were performed. Thirty eight children coming for vaccination and counselling was targeted to serve as control. According to the results obtained, cerebral malaria (CM) seems to be associated with young age, whilst Malaria anaemia (MA) was predominant among older children. Hyperpyrexia and hyperparasitaemia were high among CM patients and 11.1% of them died, however, no neurological squeal was noticed immediately after discharge on those who survived. Haemoglobin and glycaemia were low on MA and CM patients; these groups had low percentage in bed nets utilization as well. These results suggest that the clinical presentation of the disease differ with the geographic location and malaria disease features varies according to the severity. Such studies could contribute to the management of the disease. © 2008 Asian Network for Scientific Information.
Park, MS, Kang, YM, Kim, JH, Wang, G, Dou, SX & Liu, H 2008, 'Effects of low-temperature carbon encapsulation on the electrochemical performance of SnO2 nanopowders', Carbon, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 35-40.
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arbon encapsulated SnO2 composites were prepared by a thermal evaporation and decomposition of malic acid (C4H6O5) at low temperature to demonstrate their potential use for application in lithium ion batteries. The solution-based chemical approach was effective for coating amorphous C layers on the surface of SnO2 nanopowders without significant oxygen reduction. The desirable crystalline structure and oxygen stoichiometry of SnO2 were maintained, while amorphous C homogeneously encapsulated SnO2 nanopowders. The strong enhancement on the anodic reversible capacity and cyclic performance was discussed for the C-encapsulated SnO2 composites. It is expected that the low-temperature processing can be a new general route for preparing composites with C from economic point of view.
Park, MS, Kang, YM, Wang, G, Dou, SX & Liu, H 2008, 'The effect of morphological modification on the electrochemical properties of SnO2 nanomaterials', Advanced Functional Materials, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 455-461.
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The electrochemical performances of 1D SnO2 nanomaterials, nanotubes, nanowires, and nanopowders, are compared to define the most favorable morphology when SnO2 nanomaterials are adopted as the electrode material for lithium-ion batteries. Changes in the morphology of SnO2 are closely related with its electrochemical performance. Some SnO2 nanomaterials feature not only an increased energy density but also enhanced Li+ transfer. The correlation between the morphological characteristics and the electrochemical properties of SnO2 nanomaterials is discussed. The interesting electrochemical results obtained here on SnO2 nanomaterials indicate the possibility of designing and fabricating attractive nanostructured materials for lithium-ion batteries.
Paz-Pellat, F, Bolanos-Gonzalez, M, Palacios-Velez, E, Palacios-Sanchez, LA, Martinez-Menes, M & Huete, A 2008, 'OPTIMIZATION OF THE SPECTRAL VEGETATION INDEX NDVIcp', AGROCIENCIA, vol. 42, no. 8, pp. 925-937.
Petrou, K, Doblin, MA, Smith, RA, Ralph, PJ, Shelly, K & Beardall, J 2008, 'State transitions and nonphotochemical quenching during a nutrient-induced fluorescence transient in phosphorus-starved Dunaliella tertiolecta', Journal of Phycology, vol. 44, pp. 1204-1211.
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Assessments of nutrient-limitation in microalgae using chl a fluorescence have revealed that nitrogen and phosphorus depletion can be detected as a change in chl a fluorescence signal when nutrient-starved algae are resupplied with the limiting nutrient.
Pfeiffer, RM, Carroll, RJ, Wheeler, W, Whitby, D & Mbulaiteye, S 2008, 'Combining assays for estimating prevalence of human herpesvirus 8 infection using multivariate mixture models', BIOSTATISTICS, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 137-151.
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Phipatanakul, W, Celedon, J, Hoffman, E, Abdulkerim, H, Ryan, LM & Gold, D 2008, 'Mouse Allergen Exposure, Wheeze And Atopy In The First Seven Years Of Life', Allergy, vol. 63, no. 11, pp. 1512-1518.
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Background: Little is known about mouse allergen exposure in home environments and the development of wheezing, asthma and atopy in childhood. Objective: To examine the relation between mouse allergen exposure and wheezing, atopy, and asthma in the first 7 years of life. Methods: Prospective study of 498 children with parental history of allergy or asthma followed from birth to age 7 years, with longitudinal questionnaire ascertainment of reported mouse exposure and dust sample mouse urinary protein allergen levels measured at age 2-3 months. Results: Parental report of mouse exposure in the first year of life was associated with increased risk of transient wheeze and wheezing in early life. Current report of mouse exposure was also significantly associated with current wheeze throughout the first 7 years of life in the longitudinal analysis (P = 0.03 for overall relation of current mouse to current wheeze). However, early life mouse exposure did not predict asthma, eczema or allergic rhinitis at age 7 years. Exposure to detectable levels of mouse urinary protein in house dust samples collected at age 2-3 months was associated with a twofold increase in the odds of atopy (sensitization to >=1 allergen) at school age (95% confidence interval for odds ratio = 1.1-3.7; P = 0.03 in a multivariate analysis. Conclusions: Among children with parental history of asthma or allergies, current mouse exposure is associated with increased risk of wheeze during the first 7 years of life. Early mouse exposure was associated with early wheeze and atopy later in life.
Platen, E & Rendek, RJ 2008, 'Empirical evidence on Student-t log-returns of diversified world stock indices', Journal of Statistical Theory and Practice, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 233-251.
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The aim of this paper is to document some empirical facts related to log-returns of diversified workld stock indices when these are denominated in different currencies. Motivated by eaarlier results we jave obtained the estimated distribution of log-returns for a range of world sotckindices over long observation periods. We expand previous studies bya pplying the maximum likelihood ration test to the large class of generalised hyperbolic distributions and investigate the log-returns ofa variety of diversified world stock indices in different currency denominations.
Powter, DM & Gladstone, W 2008, 'Demographic analysis of the Port Jackson shark Heterodontus portusjacksoni in the coastal waters of eastern Australia', Marine and Freshwater Research, vol. 59, pp. 444-455.
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Demographic analyses are used to assess the status and vulnerability of elasmobranchs but their accuracy is often affected by limited basic biological information. Although the Port Jackson shark Heterodontus portusjacksoni (Meyer) is currently not considered at threat, there is insufficient data for eastern Australia to assess this rigorously. The present study determined vital demographic rates of adult and juvenile H. portusjacksoni at four locations on the central and southern coast of New South Wales, Australia from January 2002 to December 2005 using underwater visual census, tagrecapture and samples obtained from a commercial fishery. Natural mortality was low in adults (0.0630.074 year1) and juveniles (0.225 year1), but substantial at the embryonic stage (0.7830.896 year1). Adult growth rates (31.432.7 mm year1) were slightly less than that of juveniles (36.837.5 mm year1). Males at both stages grew slightly faster than females. However, H. portusjacksoni had slower growth rates than many other elasmobranch species. Having a low intrinsic rate of increase (r = 0.069 year1), long generation times (µ1 = 22.5 year) and a low rebound potential, adults are the stage with the greatest impact on population growth. Hence, their life history strategy makes them susceptible to serious decline under exploitation, and management should strive to maintain the adult reproductive stock as a priority.
Powter, DM & Gladstone, W 2008, 'Embryonic mortality and predation on egg capsules of the Port Jackson shark Heterodontus portusjacksoni (Meyer)', Journal Of Fish Biology, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 573-584.
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Egg capsules of the Port Jackson shark Heterodontus portusjacksoni were examined during underwater visual census surveys at two sites in New South Wales, Australia, during the 20022005 reproductive seasons (austral winter). Embryonic mortality was high (0·7830·896 per annum) with the majority (99·2%) resulting from predation. The crested horn shark Heterodontus galeatus and common tent shell Astralium tentoriformis (Gastropoda, Turbinidae) were positively identified as egg predators. Gastropod predation was insignificant, accounting for only 2·0 and 2·1% of total mortality at Terrigal Haven and Dent Rock, respectively. Most capsules appeared to have been depredated by large predatory fishes with the eastern blue groper Achoerodus viridis (Labridae) and the black stingray Dasyatis thetidis (Dasyatidae) as possible candidate predators. The rate of embryonic mortality in H. portusjacksoni is higher than that reported for other oviparous elasmobranchs. This high level of mortality has significant consequences for the conservation and management of this species, especially when combined with an understanding of their low fecundity, late maturity and protracted reproductive life.
Powter, DM & Gladstone, W 2008, 'Habitat preferences of Port Jackson Sharks, Heterodontus portusjacksoni, in the coastal waters of Eastern Australia', Proceedings Of The Linnean Society Of New South Wales, vol. 129, pp. 151-165.
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The habitat preferences of juvenile and adult Heterodontus portusjacksoni and ovipositing females were determined from three locations on the central and southern coast of New South Wales. Adults use shallow coastal rocky reefs in July-November for mating and oviposition, whilst juveniles occupy a seagrass nursery in a large coastal embayment. The sand/reef interface on the lee side of reefs was preferred by both sexes, probably as a refuge against strong water movements. Adult females also preferred rocky gutters when available, possibly as a male avoidance strategy. Preferred oviposition sites were narrow, shallow crevices (single capsules) or deep, narrow crevices (multiple capsules) which afforded protection against mechanical dislocation and/or predation. Juveniles exhibited a strong preference for the seagrass bed edge within a shallow nursery area. The visual complexity of this habitat combined with the juvenile's disruptive colouration may provide a refuge from predation, whilst proximity to the seagrass may provide ease of access for foraging. At a large scale, juveniles preferred areas of moderate slope within the nursery that provided protection from strong water movement. This study highlights the need for quantitative studies addressing habitat preferences and a consideration of use-specific factors to fully understand the selection of habitat by elasmobranchs
Powter, DM & Gladstone, W 2008, 'The reproductive biology and ecology of the Port Jackson shark Heterodontus portusjacksoni in the coastal waters of eastern Australia', Journal Of Fish Biology, vol. 72, no. 10, pp. 2615-2633.
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The reproductive biology and ecology of the Port Jackson shark Heterodontus portusjacksoni was investigated at three locations on the central and southern coast of New South Wales (NSW), Australia from January 2002 to December 2005 using underwater visual census surveys and samples obtained from a commercial fishery. Adults displayed sexual dimorphism in total length (LT) at sexual maturity, with males maturing between 762 and 772 mm LT and females between 902 and 905 mm LT. The mean ovarian fecundity was estimated at 16 offspring per female but was unrelated to female LT. Male gonado-somatic (IG) and hepato-somatic (IH) indices and female IG declined from July to November as did maximum ovarian follicle diameter and the diameter of the three largest follicles. Adults were absent from inshore reefs between December and July. Hence, H. portusjacksoni has a synchronous annual breeding season in NSW, which occurs between July and November (the austral winter to spring), with a peak in oviposition from August to October. Heterodontus portusjacksoni copulatory and ovipository behaviour are reported for the first time. Copulation was observed and involved oral grasping of the females pectoral fin by a single male, which wrapped his body around hers to insert one clasper. Ovipositing females appeared to search crevices in the reef prior to delivering a single capsule, which was washed into the crevice by water movement, with the female departing very soon after oviposition. This study represents the first rigorously quantitative analysis of H. portusjacksoni reproductive biology and ecology in NSW waters
Prasil, O, Suggett, DJ, Cullen, JJ, Babin, M & Govindjee, D 2008, 'Aquafluo 2007: chlorophyll fluorescence in aquatic sciences, an international conference held in Nové Hrady', Photosynthesis Research, vol. 95, no. 1, pp. 111-115.
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Qin, Z, Ouyang, Y, Su, G, Yu, Q, Li, J, Zhang, J & Wu, Z 2008, 'Characterization of CO(2) and water vapor fluxes in a summer maize field with wavelet analysis', Ecological Modelling, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 397-409.
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Knowledge of water vapor and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes in agricultural lands is crucial to estimate carbon and water cycles as well as to investigate global warming potentials. In this study, the continuous wavelet transform technique along with cross-wavelet and wavelet coherence methods was applied to characterize half-hourly CO2 flux (Fc) and water vapor (LE) flux data obtained with the eddy covariance technique in a summer maize field located in the North China Plain. Our motivation was to highlight the multiple time scale properties and to exam the possible connections between the flux exchanges and the concurrent micro- meteorological variations. Results show that both Fc and LE could be characterized by the wavelet coefficients for the time scale ranged from 60110 days. Peaks of CO2 exchange were corresponded to the in-phase trough points of water vapor flux exchange rates on the 110 day, 64 day and 32 day time scales. Intra-seasonal oscillations in both water and CO2 flux exchanges were associated with the patterns of photosynthetically active radiation, air temperature, vapor pressure deficient, and precipitation. Our study also showed that wavelet transforms had prospect in making a physical explanation of the temporal structure of the flux exchanges between the crop biosphere and atmosphere in response to ambient variables. This study suggests that cross-wavelet analysis and wavelet coherence could be powerful methods for probing the dynamical relationship between the flux exchange and the dominant modes of climate variability.
Quante, T, Ng, YC, Ramsay, EE, Henness, S, Allen, JC, Parmentier, J, Ge, Q & Ammit, AJ 2008, 'Corticosteroids reduce IL-6 in ASM cells via up-regulation of MKP-1', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 208-217.
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Ramaswamy, Y, Wu, C, Van Hummel, A, Combes, V, Grau, G & Zreiqat, H 2008, 'The responses of osteoblasts, osteoclasts and endothelial cells to zirconium modified calcium-silicate-based ceramic', BIOMATERIALS, vol. 29, no. 33, pp. 4392-4402.
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Ramsay, HA & Leslie, LM 2008, 'The Effects of Complex Terrain on Severe Landfalling Tropical Cyclone Larry (2006) over Northeast Australia', MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW, vol. 136, no. 11, pp. 4334-4354.
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Ramsay, HA, Leslie, LM, Lamb, PJ, Richman, MB & Leplastrier, M 2008, 'Interannual variability of tropical cyclones in the Australian region: Role of large-scale environment', JOURNAL OF CLIMATE, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 1083-1103.
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Ranjbartoreh, A, Wang, G, Arani, AG & Loghman, A 2008, 'Comparative consideration of axial stability of single- and double- walled carbon nanotube and its inner and outer tubes', Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostru..., vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 202-208.
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he variations of critical axial forces for the inner and outer tubes of the double-walled carbon nanotube (DWCNT) in different buckling modes are studied in this paper. The effects of growth in the radius, length, and aspect ratio (length/radius) on the stability of a DWCNT and its inner and outer tubes are also considered, while the effects of the surrounding elastic medium on the outer tube and the van der Waals forces between two adjacent tubes are taken into account. Comparison between the DWCNT as a whole, its outer tube, inner tube, and single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) indicates that the critical axial force of the inner tube of a DWCNT is almost two times more than the critical axial force of a SWCNT, showing the positive effect of the van der Waals interaction on the inner tube, DWCNT surrounded by an elastic medium has greater axial stability than DWCNT, without the surrounding elastic medium. This study demonstrates that the critical axial force of DWCNT is larger than for SWCNT, and it rises as the radius and aspect ratio increase.
Rasko, DA, Rosovitz, MJ, Myers, GSA, Mongodin, EF, Fricke, WF, Gajer, P, Crabtree, J, Sebaihia, M, Thomson, NR, Chaudhuri, R, Henderson, IR, Sperandio, V & Ravel, J 2008, 'The pangenome structure of Escherichia coli: Comparative genomic analysis of E-coli commensal and pathogenic isolates', JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, vol. 190, no. 20, pp. 6881-6893.
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Rawling, T, Buchholz, F & McDonagh, AM 2008, 'Convenient synthesis and purification of [Bu4N](2)[Ru(4-carboxy-4-carboxylate-2,2 '-bipyridine)(2)(NCS)(2)]: a landmark DSC dye', Australian Journal Of Chemistry, vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 405-408.
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We present here a convenient synthesis of the landmark dye-sensitized solar cell dye [Bu4N](2)[Ru(4-carboxy-4-carboxylate-2,2'-bipyridine)(2)(NCS)(2)] (N719). Key to this synthetic procedure is the protection of the carboxyl functionalities with iso-buty
Rawling, T, McDonagh, AM & Colbran, SB 2008, 'Synthesis, Electrochemistry and Spectroscopic Properties of Ruthenium Phthalocyanine and Naphthalocyanine Complexes with Triphenylarsine Ligands', Inorganic Chimica Acta, vol. 361, pp. 49-55.
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The synthesis, electrochemistry and spectroscopic properties of [PcRu(AsPh3)2] (1) and [{(tBu)4Nc}Ru(AsPh3)2] (2), where Pc = phthalocyanine and Nc = naphthalocyanine are reported. These complexes are the first examples of metal phthalocyanine and naphthalocyanine complexes with axially-coordinated arsine ligands. The AsPh3 ligands readily dissociate in non-coordinating solvents with 2 showing more rapid dissociation. In cyclic voltammetry experiments, 1 displayed three macrocycle-centred redox processes; one reduction and two oxidation processes. One reduction and three oxidation processes were observed for 2. The reduction and first oxidation are assigned to macrocycle-centred processes. The UVVis spectra of both complexes recorded over time showed macrocycle-centred oxidation. The oxidation was hindered by removing dioxygen from the solvent or adding excess AsPh3.
Raymond, JJ, Van Oorschot, R, Walsh, SJ & Roux, CP 2008, 'Do you know what your neighbour is doing?. A multi-jurisdictional survey', Forensic Science International: Genetics, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 19-28.
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Since 1997 the analysis of DNA recovered from handled objects or 'trace' DNA has become routine and is frequently demanded from crime scene examinations. However, this anlaysis often produces unpredictable results. The factors affecting the recovery of full profiles are numerous and include varying methods of collectiona nd analysis. Communication between forensic laboratories in Australia and New Zealand has been limited in the past due in some part to sheet distance. Because of its relatively small population and low number of forensic jurisdictions this region is in an excelllent position to provide a collective approach. However, the protocols training methods and research of each jurisdiction had not been widely exchanged. A survey was developed to benchmark the current practices involved in trace DNA analysis, aiming to provide information for training programs and research directions, and to identy factors contributing to the success or failure of the analysis.
Raymond, JJ, Walsh, SJ, Van Oorschot, R, Gunn, PR, Evans, L & Roux, CP 2008, 'Assessing trace DNA evidence from a residential burglary: abundance, transfer and persistence', Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 442-443.
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Reddy, CRK, Gupta, MK, Mantri, VA & Jha, B 2008, 'Seaweed protoplasts: status, biotechnological perspectives and needs', JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 619-632.
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Reichel, MP & Ellis, JT 2008, 'Re-evaluating the economics of neosporosis control', Veterinary Parasitology, vol. 156, pp. 361-362.
Reimers, JR, Wallace, B & Hush, N 2008, 'Towards A Comprehensive Model For The Electronic And Vibrational Structure Of The Creutz-Taube Ion', Royal Society of London. Philosophical Transactions A. Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol. 366, no. 1862, pp. 15-31.
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Since the synthesis of the Creutz-Taube ion, the nature of its charge localization has been of immense scientific interest, this molecule providing a model system for the understanding of the operation of biological photosynthetic and electron-transfer processes. However, recent work has shown that its nature remains an open question. Many systems of this type, including photosynthetic reaction centres, are of current research interest, and thereby the Creutz-Taube ion provides an important chemical paradigm: the key point of interest is the details of how such molecules behave. We lay the groundwork for the construction of a, comprehensive model for its chemical and spectroscopic properties. Advances are described in some of the required areas including: simulation of electronic absorption spectra; quantitative depiction of the large interaction of the ion's electronic description with solvent motions; and the physics of Ru-NH3 spectator-mode vibrations. We show that details of the solvent electron-phonon coupling are critical in the interpretation of the spectator-mode vibrations, as these strongly mix with solvent motions when 0.75 < 2J/lambda < 1. In this regime, a, double-well potential exists which does not support localized zero-point vibration, and many observed properties of the Creutz-Taube ion are shown to be consistent with the hypothesis that the ion has this character.
Ren, D, Leslie, LM & Karoly, D 2008, 'Landslide Risk Analysis using a New Constitutive Relationship for Granular flow', EARTH INTERACTIONS, vol. 12.
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Ren, D, Leslie, LM & Karoly, DJ 2008, 'Sensitivity of an ecological model to soil moisture simulations from two different hydrological models', METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS, vol. 100, no. 1-4, pp. 87-99.
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Reuterskiold, L, Ost, L-G & Ollendick, T 2008, 'Exploring Child and Parent Factors in the Diagnostic Agreement on the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule', JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 279-290.
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Robertson, M, Helliwell, C & Dennis, ES 2008, 'Post-Translational Modifications of the Endogenous and Transgenic FLC Protein in Arabidopsis thaliana', Plant And Cell Physiology, vol. 49, no. 12, pp. 1859-1866.
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FLC is a MADS box transcription factor that acts as a dosage-dependent repressor of flowering. We carried out a 2D gel analysis and showed that the majority of endogenous FLC and overexpressed FLC-FLAG proteins are post-translationally modified. The endogenous and transgenic proteins have different floral repressor activities; however, they have similar, if not the same, profiles of post-translational modifications. The protein modification profile was also not changed by vernalization treatment. The activities of other MADS box proteins have been shown to be affected by phosphorylation and we found that both the endogenous FLC and the transgenic FLC-FLAG protein are phosphorylated. When eight potential serine kinase target sites in FLC were changed to mimic phosphorylated residues, expression of the mutant FLC-FLAG protein led to early flowering, suggesting that the repressive function was abolished. When the same eight serine residues were changed to non-phosphorylatable residues, expression of the resulting protein gave the same weak flowering repression as overexpressed unmodified FLC-FLAG. The non-phosphorylatable variant of FLC-FLAG showed a similar spectrum of post-translational modifications to unmodified FLC-FLAG, indicating that modifications other than the predicted phosphorylations occur. Our data provide evidence for a post-translational regulation of FLC function.
Robinson, MW, Dalton, JP & Donnelly, SM 2008, 'Helminth pathogen cathepsin proteases: it's a family affair.', Trends in Biochemical Sciences, vol. 33, no. 12, pp. 601-608.
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Helminth pathogens express papain-like cysteine peptidases, termed cathepsins, which have important roles in virulence, including host entry, tissue migration and the suppression of host immune responses. The liver fluke Fasciola hepatica, an emerging human pathogen, expresses the largest cathepsin L cysteine protease family yet described. Recent phylogenetic, biochemical and structural studies indicate that this family contains five separate clades, which exhibit overlapping but distinct substrate specificities created by a process of gene duplication followed by subtle residue divergence within the protease active site. The developmentally regulated expression of these proteases correlates with the passage of the parasite through host tissues and its encounters with different host macromolecules.
Robinson, MW, Tort, JF, Lowther, J, Donnelly, SM, Wong, E, Xu, W, Stack, CM, Padula, M, Herbert, BR & Dalton, JP 2008, 'Proteomics and phylogenetic analysis of the cathepsin L protease family of the helminth pathogen Fasciola hepatica', Molecular & Cellular Proteomics, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 1111-1123.
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Cathepsin L proteases secreted by the helminth pathogen Fasciola hepatica have functions in parasite virulence including tissue invasion and suppression of host immune responses. Using proteomics methods alongside phylogenetic studies we characterized th
Rodgers, K & Shiozawa, N 2008, 'Misincorporation of amino acid analogues into proteins by biosynthesis', International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, vol. 40, no. 8, pp. 1452-1466.
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Despite astounding diversity in their structure and function, proteins are constructed from 22 protein or 'canonical' amino acids. Hundreds of amino acid analogues exist; many occur naturally in plants, some are synthetically produced or can be produced
Rodgers, KJ, Watkins, DJ, Miller, AL, Chan, PY, Karanam, S, Brissette, WH, Long, CJ & Jackson, CL 2008, 'Destabilizing role of cathepsin S in murine atherosclerotic plaques (vol 26, pg 851, 2006)', ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY, vol. 28, no. 5.
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Roff, G, Ulstrup, K, Fine, M, Ralph, PJ & Hoegh-Guldberg, O 2008, 'Spatial heterogeneity of photosynthetic activity within diseased corals from the great barrier reef', Journal Of Phycology, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 526-538.
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Morphological diagnosis and descriptions of seven disease-like syndromes affecting scleractinian corals were characterized from the southern Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Chl a fluorescence of PSII was measured using an Imaging-PAM (pulse amplitude modulated
Ross, ON, Moore, CM, Suggett, DJ, MacIntyre, HL & Geider, RJ 2008, 'A model of photosynthesis and photo-protection based on reaction center damage and repair', Limnology and Oceanography, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 1835-1852.
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Phytoplankton photosynthesis under the rapidly fluctuating irradiance which results from turbulent mixing through the vertical light gradient is poorly understood. Ship-based measurements often apply the fast repetition rate fluorescence (FRRF) technique in situ or in vivo to gauge the physiological state of the phytoplankton community and infer some of the physical properties of the water column (such as mixing time scales). We describe the development and validation of a model of photosynthetic electron turnover at photosystemII with consideration of downstream limitation, based on the redox state of photosystem II. We also include empirical formulations for slower processes such as photo-protection (from nonphotochemical quenching) and photo-inhibition. By confronting the simple model with laboratory data for Dunaliella tertiolecta, we were able to refine the model so that it faithfully produced rates of photosynthetic electron transfer determined by FRR fluorescence. Further, we were able to validate the model estimates of linear photosynthetic electron transfer rates against completely independent measurements obtained using 14C-bicarbonate assimilation in photosynthesis-light curves.
Roux, C 2008, 'The Tarascon Jewish community in the XVth century', REVUE DES ETUDES JUIVES, vol. 167, no. 3-4, pp. 511-569.
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Ryan, LM 2008, 'Combining data from multiple sources, with applications to environmental risk assessment', Statistics in Medicine, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 698-710.
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The classical statistical paradigm emphasizes the development and application of methods to account for sampling variability. Many modern day applications, however, require consideration of other sources of uncertainty that are not so easy to quantify. This paper presents a case study involving an assessment of the impact of in-utero methylmercury exposure on the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) of young children. We illustrate how familiar techniques such as hierarchical modeling, Bayesian methods and sensitivity analysis can be used to aid decision making in settings that involve substantial uncertainty
Ryan, N, Mitrovic, S & Bowling, LC 2008, 'Temporal and spatial variability in the phytoplankton community of Myall Lakes, Australia and influences of salinity', Hydrobiologia, vol. 608, no. 1, pp. 69-86.
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The variability in the phytoplankton communities of the Myall Lakes, a series of four interconnected coastal lakes on the lower north coast of New South Wales, was studied between 1999 and 2002. There was considerable spatial variability across the lake system. Bombah Broadwater experienced blooms of Anabaena in 1999 and early 2000, but these were replaced from late 2000 onwards by Chroococcus and a variety of eukaryotic taxa, particularly flagellates and diatoms. In comparison, the phytoplankton community of Myall Lake was dominated for much of the study period by Chroococcus, Merismopedia and chlorophyte taxa. The sites located midway between these two main lakes represent an ecotone, with elements of the phytoplanktonic flora of both main lakes being present. Changes in phytoplankton community composition in Bombah Broadwater occurred fairly frequently. In contrast, the phytoplankton community in Myall Lake changed little during the course of the study and can be considered as being at long-term equilibrium. The reasons for this lie in the morphology and hydrology of the lake system, which in turn create gradients in a number of physico-chemical water quality attributes. Bombah Broadwater is influenced by episodic and stochastic freshwater inflows from the upper Myall River catchment, and in times of drought by saline marine incursions via the lower Myall River. Myall Lake however represents a cul-de-sac, with only a small hydraulic connection to the remainder of the lake system. As it has little input from its small catchment, the limnological conditions within this lake remain relatively constant for long periods of time.
Salama, J, Aumeer-Donovan, SB, Lennard, CJ & Roux, CP 2008, 'Evaluation of the fingermark reagent oil red O as a possible replacement for physical developer', Journal of Forensic Identification, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 203-237.
Schmidt, MA, Prill Sempere, LN, Tyagi, HK, Poulton, CG & Russell, PS 2008, 'Waveguiding and Plasmon Resonances in Two-Dimensional Photonic Lattices of Gold and Silver Nanowires', Physical Review B, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 1-4.
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We report the fabrication of triangular lattices of parallel gold and silver nanowires of high optical quality, with diameters down to 500 nm and length-to-diameter ratios as high as 100,000. The nanowires are supported by a silica glass matrix and are disposed around a central solid glass core, i.e., a missing nanowire. These cm-long structures make it possible to trap light within an array of nanowires and characterize the plasmon resonances that form at specific optical frequencies. Such nanowire arrays have many potential applications, e.g., to imaging on the sub-wavelength scale.
Schmidt, T & Novikov, A 2008, 'A Structural Model with Unobserved Default Boundary', Applied Mathematical Finance, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 183-203.
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A firm-value model similar to the one proposed by Black and Cox (1976) is considered. Instead of assuming a constant and known default boundary, the default boundary is an unobserved stochastic process. Interestingly, this setup admits a default intensity, so the reduced form methodology can be applied.
Schulte, J & Vaseashta, A 2008, 'Applications of Nanotechnologies in Environmental Protection and Pollution, Part 2: Materials Characterization and development', NANO, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 311-312.
Schulte, J & Vaseashta, A 2008, 'Applications of Nanotechnologies in Environmental Protection and Pollution, Part1: Sensing, Remediation, Toxicology and Control', NANO, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 203-204.
SCHULTE, J & VASEASHTA, A 2008, 'GUEST EDITORIAL — APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND POLLUTION, PART 1: SENSING, REMEDIATION, TOXICOLOGY, AND CONTROL', Nano, vol. 03, no. 04, pp. 203-204.
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SCHULTE, J & VASEASHTA, A 2008, 'GUEST EDITORIAL — APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND POLLUTION, PART 2: MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT', Nano, vol. 03, no. 05, pp. 311-312.
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Schultz, TJ, Webb, JK & Christian, KA 2008, 'The physiological cost of pregnancy in a tropical viviparous snake', Copeia, vol. 2008, no. 3, pp. 637-642.
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During pregnancy, the metabolic rate of females may Increase above basal levels to support metabolically active tissues and developing embryos. In mammals, this energetic cost of supporting the pregnancy (MCP) is an important component of reproductive effort, but less is known about the magnitude of this cost in ectothermic vertebrates. We estimated the metabolic cost of supporting pregnancy in a tropical viviparous snake, the Northern Death Adder, Acanthophis praelongus. We measured the metabolic rates of non-gravid and gravid females throughout gestation and following parturition. We also measured the oxygen consumption of a sample of neonates from each clutch within 24 h of birth. The metabolic rate of gravid females rose slowly during pregnancy, but was significantly elevated during the last three weeks of gestation. Considering the late term metabolism of gravid females as 100%, then the baseline metabolism of female Death Adders represented 36.6%, embryo metabolism accounted for 37.0%, and the cost of supporting the pregnancy was 26.4% of the total metabolic rate. Neonate metabolism during the first 24 h of birth was 2.9 times higher than the estimate for embryo metabolism. Thus, our results do not support the assumption that the metabolism of embryos (prior to birth) and neonates is similar in this species. Although gravid female Death Adders maintain high and constant body temperatures during late gestation, the energetic cost of supporting the pregnancy is only a minor component of the total reproductive effort for females of this species.
Schwartz, J, Coull, B, Laden, F & Ryan, LM 2008, 'The Effect Of Dose And Timing Of Dose On The Association Between Airborne Particles And Survival', Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 116, no. 1, pp. 64-69.
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BACKGROUND: Understanding the shape of the concentration-response curve for particles is important for public health, and lack of such understanding was recently cited by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as a reason for not tightening the standards. Similarly, the delay between changes in exposure and changes in health is also important in public health decision making. We addressed these issues using an extended follow-up of the Harvard Six Cities Study. METHODS: Cox proportional hazards models were fit controlling for smoking, body mass index, and other covariates. Two approaches were used. First, we used penalized splines, which fit a flexible functional form to the concentration response to examine its shape, and chose the degrees of freedom for the curve based on Akaike's information criterion. Because the uncertainties around the resultant curve do not reflect the uncertainty in model choice, we also used model averaging as an alternative approach, where multiple models are fit explicitly and averaged, weighted by their probability of being correct given the data. We examined the lag relationship by model averaging across a range of unconstrained distributed lag models. RESULTS: We found that the concentration-response curve is linear, clearly continuing below the current U.S. standard of 15 mu g/m(3), and that the effects of changes in exposure on mortality are seen within two years. CONCLUSIONS: Reduction in particle concentrations below U.S. EPA standards would increase life expectancy.
Schwartz, TS, Murray, SA & Seebacher, F 2008, 'Novel reptilian uncoupling proteins: molecular evolution and gene expression during cold acclimation', Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences, vol. 275, no. 1637, pp. 979-985.
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Many animals upregulate metabolism in response to cold. Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) increase proton conductance across the mitochondrial membrane and can thereby alleviate damage from reactive oxygen species that may form as a result of metabolic upregulation. Our aim in this study was to determine whether reptiles (Crocodylus porosus) possess UCP genes. If so, we aimed to place reptilian UCP genes within a phylogenetic context and to determine whether the expression of UCP genes is increased during cold acclimation. We provide the first evidence that UCP2 and UCP3 genes are present in reptiles. Unlike in other vertebrates, UCP2 and UPC3 are expressed in liver and skeletal muscle of the crocodile, and both are upregulated in liver during cold acclimation but not in muscle. We identified two transcripts of UCP3, one of which produces a truncated protein similar to the UCP3S transcript in humans, and the resulting protein lacks the predicted nucleotide-binding regulatory domain. Our molecular phylogeny suggests that uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is ancestral and has been lost in archosaurs. In birds, UCP3 may have assumed a similar function as UCP1 in mammals, which has important ramifications for understanding endothermic heat production.
Seng, TJ, Currey, N, Cooper, WA, Lee, C-S, Chan, C, Horvath, L, Sutherland, RL, Kennedy, C, McCaughan, B & Kohonen-Corish, MRJ 2008, 'DLEC1 and MLH1 promoter methylation are associated with poor prognosis in non-small cell lung carcinoma', BRITISH JOURNAL OF CANCER, vol. 99, no. 2, pp. 375-382.
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Seymour, JR, Ahmed, T, Marcos, M & Stocker, R 2008, 'A microfluidic chemotaxis assay to study microbial behavior in diffusing nutrient patches', Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, vol. 6, pp. 477-488.
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The nutrient environment experienced by planktonic microorganisms is patchy at spatiotemporal scales commensurate with their motility and the efficiency with which chemotactic microbes can exploit this heterogeneous seascape influences trophodynamics and nutrient cycling rates in aquatic environments.
Seymour, JR, Seuront, L, Doubell, MJ & Mitchel, JG 2008, 'Mesoscale and microscale spatial variability of bacteria and viruses during a Phaeocystis globosa bloom in the Eastern English Channel', Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol. 80, no. 4, pp. 589-597.
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Sampling was conducted within inshore and offshore sites, characterized by highly dissimilar hydrodynamic and hydrobiological conditions, in the Eastern English Channel. The eutrophic inshore site was dominated by the influence of a dense bloom of the Prymnesiophyceae phytoplankton species Phaeocystis globosa, while the offshore site was characterized by more oceanic conditions. Within each site the microscale distributions of chlorophyll a and several flow cytometrically-defined subpopulations of heterotrophic bacteria and viruses were measured at a spatial resolution of 5 cm. The inshore site was characterized by comparatively high levels of microscale spatial variability, with concentrations of chlorophyll a, heterotrophic bacteria, and viruses varying by 8, 11 and 3.5-fold respectively across distances of several centimeters. Within the offshore site, microscale distributions of chlorophyll a and bacteria were markedly less variable than within the inshore site, although viruses exhibited slightly higher levels of heterogeneity. Significant mesoscale variability was also observed when mean microbial parameters were compared between the inshore and offshore sites. However, when the extent of change (max/min and coefficient of variation) was compared between meso- and microscales, the variability observed at the microscale, particularly in the inshore site, was substantially greater. This pattern suggests that microscale processes associated with Phaeocystis globosa bloom dynamics can generate heterogeneity amongst microbial communities to a greater degree than large scale oceanographic discontinuities.
Shanmukaraj, D, Wang, G, Liu, HK & Murugan, R 2008, 'Synthesis and characterization of SrBi4Ti4O15 ferroelectric filler based composite polymer electrolytes for lithium ion batteries', Polymer Bulletin, vol. 60, pp. 351-361.
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Composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs) based on poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) (Mol.Wt ~ 6 x 105) complexed with LiN(CF3SO2)2 lithium salt and SrBi4Ti4O15 ferroelectric ceramic filler have been prepared as films. Citrate gel technique and conventional solid state technique were employed for the synthesis of the ferroelectric fillers in order to study the effect of particle size of the filler on ionic conductivity of the polymer electrolyte. Characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and temperature dependant DC conductivity studies were taken for the prepared polymer composite electrolytes. The broadening of DTA endotherms on addition of ceramic fillers to the polymer salt complex indicated the reduction in crystallinity. An enhancement in conductivity was observed with the addition of SrBi4Ti4O15 as filler to the (PEO)8-LiN(CF3SO2)2 polymer salt complexes. Among the investigated samples (PEO)8-LiN(CF3SO2)2 +10 wt% SrBi4Ti4O15 (citrate gel) polymer composite exhibits a maximum conductivity.
Shanmukaraj, D, Wang, G, Murugan, R & Liu, H 2008, 'Electrochemical studies on LiFe1-xCoxPO4/carbon composite cathode materials synthesized by citrate gel technique for lithium-ion batteries', Materials Science and Engineering B: Solid State M..., vol. 149, no. 1, pp. 93-98.
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LiFePO4/carbon and LiFe1-xCoxPO4/carbon (x = 0.02, 0.04, 0.08 and 0.1) composite cathode materials were synthesized by citrate gel technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to study the phase and morphology of un-doped and Co doped lithium iron phosphate/carbon composites. The SEM images revealed that the particles were agglomerated and the particle sizes were almost homogeneously distributed. The particle size was found to be between 200 and 300 nm from transmission electron microscopy. Cyclic voltammetric studies were taken to investigate the electrochemical performance of the prepared composite materials. The high intensity of the anodic and cathodic peaks indicates that Li-ions and electrons were participating actively in redox reactions due to the carbon coating. Charge/discharge studies carried out on a CR2032 coin cell revealed that the carbon coated LiFePO4/carbon composite exhibited an improved discharge capacity of 157 mAh/g at low rates. We found that cobalt doping does not have a favourable effect on the electrochemical performance of lithium iron phosphate cathode materials.
Shanmukaraj, D, Wang, G, Murugan, R & Liu, H 2008, 'Ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability of poly(methylmethacrylate)-poly(ethylene oxide) blend-ceramic fillers composites', Journal Of Physics And Chemistry Of Solids, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 243-248.
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The role of inorganic ceramic fillers namely nanosized Al2O3 (1525 nm) and TiO2 (1014 nm) and ferroelectric filler SrBi4Ti4O15 (SBT CIT) (0.5 ?m) synthesized by citrate gel technique (CIT) on the ionic conductivity and electrochemical properties of polymer blend 15 wt% PMMA+PEO8:LiClO4+2 wt% EC/PC electrolytes were investigated. Enhancement in conductivity was obtained with a maximum of 0.72×10-5 S cm-1 at 21 °C for 2 wt% of SrBi4Ti4O15 (SBT CIT) composite polymer electrolyte. The lithium-ion transport number and the electrochemical stability of the composite polymer electrolytes at ambient temperature were analyzed. An enhancement in electrochemical stability was observed for polymer composites containing 2 wt% of SrBi4Ti4O15 (SBT CIT) as fillers.
Sheldon, CC, Hills, M, Lister, C, Dean, C, Dennis, ES & Peacock, J 2008, 'Resetting of FLOWERING LOCUS C expression after epigenetic repression by vernalization', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 105, no. 6, pp. 2214-2219.
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The epigenetic repression of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) in winter-annual ecotypes of Arabidopsis by prolonged cold ensures that plants flower in spring and not during winter. Resetting of the FLC expression level in progeny is an important step in the life
Siboni, N, Ben Dov E, Sivan A & Kushmaro A 2008, 'Coral-associated ammonium oxidizing crenarchaeota and their role in the coral holobiont nitrogen cycle', Coral Reef Symp, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, 7-11 July, vol. Session number 8.
Siboni, N, Ben-Dov, E, Sivan, A & Kushmaro, A 2008, 'Global distribution and diversity of coral-associated Archaea and their possible role in the coral holobiont nitrogen cycle', ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, vol. 10, no. 11, pp. 2979-2990.
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Sihvola, A & Lapine, M 2008, 'Editorial', Metamaterials, vol. 2, no. 2-3, p. 53.
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Simpson, AM 2008, 'Gene Therapy Reverse Diabetes', Australasian Science, vol. April, pp. 23-25.
Simpson, AM & O'Brien, B 2008, 'Diabetes therapy by lentiviral hepatic insulin gene expression without transofrmation of liver. Reply to Elsner M, Jorns A, Lenzen S (letter)', Diabetologia, vol. 51, pp. 696-696.
Sintic, P, E, W, Ou, Z, Shao, J, Mcdonald, J, Cai, Z, Kadish, K, Crossley, M & Reimers, JR 2008, 'Control Of The Site And Potential Of Reduction And Oxidation Processes In Pi-Expanded Quinoxalinoporphyrins', Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 515-527.
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Quinoxalino[2,3-b']porphyrins are pi-expanded porphyrins, having a quinoxaline fused to a beta,beta'-pyrrolic position of the porphyrin. They are used as components in systems proposed as 'molecular wires'. Knowledge of their redox properties is of value in the design of electron- or hole-conduction systems. In particular, the location of the charge density in the radical anions of quinoxalinoporphyrins can be modulated by peripheral functionalization. New theoretical treatments of electrochemical potentials are developed that identify the site of reduction in both the anions and the dianions of 33 quinoxalinoporphyrins. These molecules include free-base and metallated macrocycles substituted on the quinoxaline with electron- withdrawing groups ( NO(2), Cl, Br) and/or electron-donating groups ( NH(2), OCH(3)). Spectroelectrochemistry, density-functional theory calculations, and substituent-parameter models are used to verify the analysis. Five distinct patterns are observed for the locations of the first and second reductions; some of these patterns involve delocalized charges. Nitroquinoxalinoporphyrins with the nitro groups at the 5- and 6-quinoxaline positions are found to have quite different properties owing to distortions caused by peri interactions that force the nitro group of the 5- nitro regioisomer out of conjugation. Charge localization on the nitroquinoxaline fragment is found for some molecules, and this is attributed to ion-pairing with the 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium perchlorate electrolyte used, leading to the verified prediction that electron- paramagnetic resonance spectra of these molecules taken without the electrolyte yield delocalized anions. These properties enable the control of conduction through molecular wires synthesised from quinoxalinoporphyrins.
Sintic, PJ, E, W, Ou, Z, Shao, J, McDonald, JA, Cai, ZL, Kadish, KM, Crossley, MJ & Reimers, JR 2008, 'Control of the site and potential of reduction and oxidation processes in π-expanded quinoxalinoporphyrins', Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 515-527.
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Quinoxalino[2,3-b′]porphyrins are π-expanded porphyrins, having a quinoxaline fused to a β,β′-pyrrolic position of the porphyrin. They are used as components in systems proposed as 'molecular wires'. Knowledge of their redox properties is of value in the design of electron- or hole-conduction systems. In particular, the location of the charge density in the radical anions of quinoxalinoporphyrins can be modulated by peripheral functionalization. New theoretical treatments of electrochemical potentials are developed that identify the site of reduction in both the anions and the dianions of 33 quinoxalinoporphyrins. These molecules include free-base and metallated macrocycles substituted on the quinoxaline with electron-withdrawing groups (NO2, Cl, Br) and/or electron-donating groups (NH2, OCH3). Spectroelectrochemistry, density-functional theory calculations, and substituent-parameter models are used to verify the analysis. Five distinct patterns are observed for the locations of the first and second reductions; some of these patterns involve delocalized charges. Nitroquinoxalinoporphyrins with the nitro groups at the 5- and 6-quinoxaline positions are found to have quite different properties owing to distortions caused by peri interactions that force the nitro group of the 5-nitro regioisomer out of conjugation. Charge localization on the nitroquinoxaline fragment is found for some molecules, and this is attributed to ion-pairing with the 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium perchlorate electrolyte used, leading to the verified prediction that electron-paramagnetic resonance spectra of these molecules taken without the electrolyte yield delocalized anions. These properties enable the control of conduction through molecular wires synthesised from quinoxalinoporphyrins. © the Owner Societies.
Sintic, PJ, E, W, Ou, Z, Shao, J, McDonald, JA, Cai, Z-L, Kadish, KM, Crossley, MJ & Reimers, JR 2008, 'Control of the site and potential of reduction and oxidation processes in pi-expanded quinoxalinoporphyrins (vol 10, pg 268, 2008)', PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 10, no. 48, pp. 7328-7328.
Sintic, PJ, Wenbo, E, Ou, Z, Shao, J, McDonald, JA, Cai, ZL, Kadish, KM, Crossley, MJ & Reimers, JR 2008, 'Control of the site and potential of reduction and oxidation processes in π-expanded quinoxalinoporphyrins (Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics (2008) 10, (268-280) DOI: 10.1039/b711320j)', Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol. 10, no. 48, p. 7328.
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Smallwood, AG, Thomas, P & Ray, AS 2008, 'Characterisation of the dehydration of Australian sedimentary and volcanic precious opal by thermal methods', Journal Of Thermal Analysis And Calorimetry, vol. 92, no. 1, pp. 91-95.
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Smallwood, AG, Thomas, P & Ray, AS 2008, 'Comparative analysis of sedimentary and volcanic precious opals from Australia', Journal of Australasian Ceramic Society, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 17-22.
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Precious opal is Australia's national gemstone with Australian opal fields providing 90% of world production. The sedimentary geological environment associated with Cretaceous sediments of the Great Artesian Basin is the source of most precious opals in Australia. The deposit of precious opal at Tintenbar in northern NSW is the only kwnon commercial occurrence of precious opal in volcanic environment in Australia. Differences in silica structure of opal previously classified by x-ray diffraction (XRD) in the 1960's by Jones and Segnit identified three types of opal structure - amorphous opal-A, opal-CT with a porrly crystalline intergrowth cristobalite and tridymite and opal-C shwoing the cristibalite structure.
Smith, AD & Wand, M 2008, 'Streamlined variance calculations for semiparametric mixed models', Statistics in Medicine, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 435-448.
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Semiparametric mixed model analysis benefits from variability estimates such as standard errors of effect estimates and variability bars to accompany curve estimates. We show how the underlying variance calculations can be done extremely efficiently compared with the direct naïve approach. These streamlined calculations are linear in the number of subjects, representing a two orders of magnitude improvement.
Smith, G, Maaroof, AI & Cortie, MB 2008, 'Percolation in nanoporous gold and the principle of universality for two-dimensional to hyperdimensional networks', Physical Review B, vol. 78, no. 16, pp. 1-1.
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Percolation in nanoporous gold can be achieved with as little as 8% by volume of gold. Samples of nanoporous gold of various morphologies are analyzed with a combination of electrical and optical data. Growing thin films and complex multiply connected th
Sotirchos, IM, Hudson, AL, Ellis, JT & Davey, MW 2008, 'Thioredoxins of a parasitic nematode: Comparison of the 16- and 12-kDA thioredoxins from Haemonchus contortus', Free Radical Biology And Medicine, vol. 44, no. 12, pp. 2026-2033.
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Thioredoxins are a family of small proteins conserved through evolution, which are essential for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. The classic thioredoxin, identified in most species, is a 12-kDa protein with a Cys-Pro-Gly-Cys (CPGC) active site.
Speer, MS 2008, 'On the late twentieth century decrease in Australian east coast rainfall extremes', Atmospheric Science Letters, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 160-170.
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A change from negative to positive circulation anomalies over New South Wales (NSW) during the 1970s resulted in a decrease in east coastal low-pressure systems and accompanying rain. Negative pressure anomalies over eastern Australia, anomalous onshore low-level winds and larger NSW rainfall totals since 1950, occur in the cool phase of the IPO rather than the warm phase (post-1976). Larger NSW extreme annual rainfall totals occurred prior to 1977 and were characterized by negative mean sea level pressure (MSLP) anomalies over eastern Australia. In contrast, extreme annual rainfall totals from 1977 were smaller and characterized by positive MSLP anomalies. © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society.
Srinivasan, GV, Unnikrishnan, KP, Shree, ABR & Balachandran, I 2008, 'HPLC Estimation of berberine in Tinospora cordifolia and Tinospora sinensis', INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 96-U21.
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Stack, CM, Caffrey, C, Donnelly, SM, Seshaadri, A, Lowther, J, Tort, JF, Collins, PR, Robinson, MW, Xu, W, Mckerrow, J, Craik, C, Geiger, S, Marion, R, Brinen, L & Dalton, JP 2008, 'Structural and functional relationships in the virulence-associated cathepsin L proteases of the parasitic liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica', Journal Of Biological Chemistry, vol. 283, no. 15, pp. 9896-9908.
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The helminth parasite Fasciola hepatica secretes cysteine proteases to facilitate tissue invasion, migration, and development within the mammalian host. The major proteases cathepsin L1 (FheCL1) and cathepsin L2 (FheCL2) were recombinantly produced and b
Stark, DJ, Phillips, O, Peckett, D, Munro, UH, Marriott, DJ, Harkness, JL & Ellis, JT 2008, 'Gorillas are a host for Dientamoeba fragilis: an update on the life cycle and host distribution', Veterinary Parasitology, vol. 151, no. 1, pp. 21-26.
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Dientamoeba fragilis is a gastrointestinal protozoan that has a workldwide distribution and is emerging as a common caise of diarrhea. As D. fragilis has a propensity to cause chronic illness with symptoms similar to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) it is not surprising that some patients with D. fragilis are misidagnosed as having IBS. In contrast to mosrt other pethogenic protozoa verylittle is known about its life ycle, epidemiology and mode of transmission. What role animal reservoirs play in the transmission pf this parasite s unknown.
Stark, DJ, Van Hal, SJ, Fotedar, R, Butcher, A, Marriott, DJ, Ellis, JT & Harkness, JL 2008, 'Comparison of stool antigen detection kits to PCR for diagnosis of amebiasis', Journal Of Clinical Microbiology, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 1678-1681.
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The present study was conducted to compare two stool antigen detection kits with PCR for the diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica infections by using fecal specimens submitted to the Department of Microbiology at St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, and the Ins
Stelzer-Braid, S, Escott, R, Baleriola, C, Kirkland, P, Robertson, P, Catton, M & Rawlinson, WD 2008, 'Proficiency of nucleic acid tests for avian influenza viruses, Australasia', EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES, vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 1126-1131.
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Stelzer-Braid, S, Wong, BB, Robertson, P, Lynch, GW, Laurie, K, Shaw, R, Barr, I, Selleck, PW, Baleriola, C, Escott, R, Katsoulotos, G & Rawlinson, WD 2008, 'A commercial ELISA detects high levels of human H5 antibody but cross-reacts with influenza A antibodies', Journal of Clinical Virology, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 241-243.
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Background and objectives: Commercial serological assays to determine influenza A H5N1 infection are available, although the accuracy and reproducibility of these are not reported in detail. This study aimed to assess the validity of a commercial ELISA H5 hemagglutinin (HA) antibody kit. Study design: A commercial ELISA for detection of antibodies towards influenza A H5 HA was evaluated using human sera from vaccinated individuals. The ELISA was used to screen 304 sera with elevated influenza A complement fixation titres collected between the period 1995-2007. Results and conclusions: The ELISA was found to be accurate for sera with high levels of anti-H5 antibodies, and would be useful in clinical settings where a rapid result is required. Thirteen of the stored sera were positive using the ELISA, but were confirmed as negative for H5N1 exposure using further serological tests. Absorption studies suggested that antibodies towards seasonal H3N2 and H1N1 influenza may cross-react with H5 antigen, giving false positive results with the ELISA. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Stocker, R, Seymour, JR, Samadani, A, Hunt, D & Polz, M 2008, 'Rapid chemotactic response enables marine bacteria to exploit ephemeral microscale nutrient patches.', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 105, no. 11, pp. 4209-4214.
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Because ocean water is typically resource-poor, bacteria may gain significant growth advantages if they can exploit the ephemeral nutrient patches originating from numerous, small sources. Although this interaction has been proposed to enhance biogeochemical transformation rates in the ocean, it remains questionable whether bacteria are able to efficiently use patches before physical mechanisms dissipate them. Here we show that the rapid chemotactic response of the marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis substantially enhances its ability to exploit nutrient patches before they dissipate. We investigated two types of patches important in the ocean: nutrient pulses and nutrient plumes, generated for example from lysed algae and sinking organic particles, respectively. We used microfluidic devices to create patches with environmentally realistic dimensions and dynamics. The accumulation of P. haloplanktis in response to a nutrient pulse led to formation of bacterial hot spots within tens of seconds, resulting in a 10-fold higher nutrient exposure for the fastest 20% of the population compared with nonmotile cells.
Stokes, NL, McDonagh, AM & Cortie, MB 2008, 'Preparation of Nanoscale Gold Structures by Nanolithography', Gold Bulletin, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 310-320.
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Gold is the material of first choice for the realisation of a large number of interesting nanoscale devices and structures due to its unique chemical and optical properties. However, conventional photolithographic processes cannot be used to manufacture such tiny structures in gold (or any other material) due to limitations imposed by the diffraction of light. New methods of lithography have been developed to overcome this limitation. In this article we review these new nanolithographic techniques, describe how they have been used to produce nanoscale precious metal artefacts, and briefly survey some of the existing and potential applications for these structures.
Su, Y-C, Rolph, MS, Hansbro, NG, Mackay, CR & Sewell, WA 2008, 'Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor is required for bronchial eosinophilia in a murine model of allergic airway inflammation', JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY, vol. 180, no. 4, pp. 2600-2607.
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Sudhakar Raja, S, Unnikrishnan, KP, George, S, Remashree, AB, Udayan, PS, Tushar, KV & Balachandran, I 2008, 'Variation in vasicine content and pharmacognostic characters of morphotypes of Adhatoda zeylanica Medic', Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 61-68.
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As part of the gene bank activity of CMPR many collections of Adhatoda zeylanica Medic. were made from varying agroecological regions in South India. These collections could be grouped into four morphotypes based on growth habits and other morphological characters. These four morphotypes were evaluated for their chemical and pharmacognostical characters and significant differences among the morphotypes were noticed. Among quality characters vasicine content, fingerprint profiles, stomatal index, leaf architecture and venation pattern showed significant variation indicating the predominance of additive gene effects. A reverse phase HPLC method for the quantitative determination of vasicine in the morphotypes was developed based on which variation in the vasicine content was observed. Thin layer chromatographic analysis showed variation in the chemical composition of these morphotypes. These studies indicated variability in the chemical composition and pharmacognostic characters among the morphotypes of A. zeylanica. Two of the morphotypes containing significantly higher vasicine indicated the presence of chemical diversity, providing adequate scope for selection of superior chemotypes having high therapeutic value and economic benefit. © 2008 Academic Journals Inc.
Suggett, DJ, Warner, ME, Smith, DJ, Davey, P, Hennige, S & Baker, NR 2008, 'Photosynthesis and production of hydrogen peroxide by Symbiodinium (Pyrrhophyta) phylotypes with different thermal tolerances', Journal Of Phycology, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 948-956.
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Occurrences whereby cnidaria lose their symbiotic dinoflagellate microalgae (Symbiodinium spp.) are increasing in frequency and intensity. These socalled bleaching events are most often related to an increase in water temperature, which is thought to limit certain Symbiodinium phylotypes from effectively dissipating absorbed excitation energy that is otherwise used for photochemistry. Here, we examined photosynthetic characteristics and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, a possible signal involved in bleaching, from two Symbiodinium types (a thermally ``tolerant A1 and ``sensitive B1) representative of cnidariaSymbiodinium symbioses of reef-building Caribbean corals. Under steady-state growth at 26C, a higher efficiency of PSII photochemistry, rate of electron turnover, and rate of O2 production were observed for type A1 than for B1. The two types responded very differently to a period of elevated temperature (32C): type A1 increased light-driven O2 consumption but not the amount of H2O2 produced; in contrast, type B1 increased the amount of H2O2 produced without an increase in light-driven O2 consumption. Therefore, our results are consistent with previous suggestions that the thermal tolerance of Symbiodinium is related to adaptive constraints associated with photosynthesis and that sensitive phylotypes are more prone to H2O2 production. Understanding these adaptive differences in the genus Symbiodinium will be crucial if we are to interpret the response of symbiotic associations, including reef-building corals, to environmental change.
Suglia, S, Ryan, LM & Wright, R 2008, 'Creation Of A Community Violence Exposure Scale: Accounting For What, Who, Where, And How Often', Journal of Traumatic Stress, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 479-486.
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Previous research has used the Rasch model, a method for obtaining a continuous scale from dichotomous survey items measuring a single latent construct, to create a scale of community violence exposure. The authors build upon previous work and describe the application of a Rasch model using the continuation ratio model to create an exposure to community violence (ETV) scale including event circumstance information previously shown to modify the impact of experienced events. They compare the Rasch ETV scale to a simpler sum ETV score, and estimate the effect of ETV on child posttraumatic stress symptoms. Incorporating detailed event circumstance information that is grounded in traumatic stress theory may reduce measurement error in the assessment of children's community violence exposure.
Suglia, S, Ryan, LM, Laden, F, Dockery, D & Wright, R 2008, 'Violence Exposure, A-chronic Psychosocial Stressor, And Childhood Lung Function', Psychosomatic Medicine, vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 160-169.
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Objective: Chronic psychosocial stressors, including violence, and neuropsychological and behavioral development in children as well as physiologic alterations that may lead to broader health effects. Methods: We studied the relationship between violence and childhood lung function in a prospective birth cohort of 313 urban children (age range = 6-7 years). Mothers reported on their child's lifetime exposure to community violence (ETV) and interparental conflict in the home (Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS)) within I year of the lung function assessment. Results: In linear regression analyses, adjusting for maternal education, child's age, race, birthweight, tobacco smoke exposure, and medical history, girls in the highest CTS verbal aggression tertile had a 5.5% (95% confidence interval (CI) = -9.6, -1.5) decrease in percent predicted forced expiratory volume (FEV,) and a 5.4% (95% CI = -9.7, -1.1) decrease in forced vital capacity (FVC) compared with girls in the lowest tertile. The CTS verbal aggression subscale was associated with lung function among boys in the same direction, albeit this was not statistically significant. Boys in the highest ETV tertile had a 3.4% (95% CI = -8.0, 1.1) lower FEV, and 5.3% lower FVC (95% Cl = -10.2, -0.4) compared with boys in the lowest tertile. The ETV score was not a significant predictor of girls' lung function. Conclusions: Interparental conflict, specifically verbal aggression, and ETV were associated with decreased childhood lung function independent of socioeconomic status, tobacco smoke exposure, birthweight, and respiratory illness history. Gender differences were noted based on the type of violence exposure, which may warrant further exploration.
Supansomboon, S, Maaroof, AI & Cortie, MB 2008, '"Purple glory": The optical properties and technology of AuAl2 coatings', Gold Bulletin, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 296-304.
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"Purple glory": the optical properties and technology of AuAi2 coatings
Surkan, P, Kawachi, I, Ryan, LM, Berkman, L, Vieira, C & Peterson, K 2008, 'Maternal Depressive Symptoms, Parenting Self-efficacy, And Child Growth', American Journal of Public Health, vol. 98, no. 1, pp. 125-132.
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Objectives. We assessed whether maternal depressive symptoms and parenting self-efficacy were associated with child growth delay. Methods. We collected data from a random sample of 595 low-income mothers and their children aged 6 to 24 months in Teresina, Piauí, Brazil, including information on sociodemographic characteristics, mothers depressive symptoms and parenting self-efficacy, and childrens anthropometric characteristics. We used adjusted logistic regression models in our analyses. Results. Depressive symptoms among mothers were associated with 1.8 times higher odds (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1, 2.9) of short stature among children. Parenting self-efficacy was not associated with short stature, nor did it mediate or modify the relationship between depressive symptoms and short stature. Maternal depressive symptoms and self-efficacy were not related to child underweight. Conclusions. Our results showed that among low-income Brazilian families maternal depressive symptoms, but not self-efficacy, were associated with short stature in children aged 6 to 24 months after adjustment for known predictors of growth.
Sutherland, DL 2008, 'Surface-associated diatoms from marine habitats at Cape Evans, Antarctica, including the first record of living Eunotogramma marginopunctatum', POLAR BIOLOGY, vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 879-888.
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Swift, PD, Lawlor, R, Smith, G & Gentle, AR 2008, 'Rectangular-section mirror light pipes', Solar Energy Materials And Solar Cells, vol. 92, no. 8, pp. 969-975.
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Using an integrated-ray approach an expression for the transmission of rectangular section mirror light pipe (MLP) has been derived for the case of collimated light input. The transmittance and the irradiance distribution at the exit aperture of rectangu
Szabo, M, Lepetit, B, Goss, R, Wilhelm, C, Mustardy, L & Garab, G 2008, 'Structurally flexible macro-organization of the pigment-protein complexes of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum', Photosynthesis Research, vol. 95, no. 2-3, pp. 237-245.
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By means of circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, we have characterized the organization of the photosynthetic complexes of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum at different levels of structural complexity: in intact cells, isolated thylakoid membranes and purified fucoxanthin chlorophyll protein (FCP) complexes. We found that the CD spectrum of whole cells was dominated by a large band at (+)698 nm, accompanied by a long tail from differential scattering, features typical for psi-type (polymerization or salt-induced) CD. The CD spectrum additionally contained intense (-)679 nm, (+)445 nm and (-)470 nm bands, which were also present in isolated thylakoid membranes and FCPs. While the latter two bands were evidently produced by excitonic interactions, the nature of the (-)679 nm band remained unclear. Electrochromic absorbance changes also revealed the existence of a CD-silent long-wavelength (~545 nm) absorbing fucoxanthin molecule with very high sensitivity to the transmembrane electrical field. In intact cells the main CD band at (+)698 nm appeared to be associated with the multilamellar organization of the thylakoid membranes. It was sensitive to the osmotic pressure and was selectively diminished at elevated temperatures and was capable of undergoing light-induced reversible changes.
Tan, YP, Giffard, PM, Barry, DG, Huston, WM & Turner, MS 2008, 'Random Mutagenesis Identifies Novel Genes Involved in the Secretion of Antimicrobial, Cell Wall-Lytic Enzymes by Lactococcus lactis', APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, vol. 74, no. 24, pp. 7490-7496.
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Thomas, P, Smallwood, AG, Ray, AS, Briscoe, BJ & Parsonage, D 2008, 'Nanoindentation hardness of banded Australian sedimentary opal', Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol. 41, no. 7, pp. 1-6.
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Nanoindentation hardness data in continuous stiffness mode are reported for banded potch and play of colour opals sourced from Lightning Ridge in New South Wales and Andamooka in South Australia. Despite the significant visible heterogeneities observed and the significant differences in origin and microstructures, as observed by SEM, and subtle differences in the elemental distributions between bands within specimens, little difference was observed in the mechanical properties. Specimens were found to be mechanically homogeneous and values of the hardness and moduli were found to be similar between samples. The creep behaviour of the specimens was also observed to be similar. It was concluded that the similarities in mechanical properties were due to the similarities in the silica morphology of the specimens, formed in similar geological environments, as differences in microstructure and trace element distribution were found not to significantly influence the observed bulk mechanical properties
Thomas, T, Evans, FF, Schleheck, D, Mai-Prochnow, A, Burke, C, Penesyan, A, Dalisay, DS, Stelzer-Braid, S, Saunders, N, Johnson, J, Ferriera, S, Kjelleberg, S & Egan, S 2008, 'Analysis of the Pseudoalteromonas tunicata Genome Reveals Properties of a Surface-Associated Life Style in the Marine Environment', PLOS ONE, vol. 3, no. 9.
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Thompson, FE, Kipnis, V, Midthune, D, Freedman, LS, Carroll, RJ, Subar, AF, Brown, CC, Butcher, MS, Mouw, T, Leitzmann, M & Schatzkin, A 2008, 'Performance of a food-frequency questionnaire in the USNIH-AARP (National Institutes of Health-American Association of Retired Persons) Diet and Health Study', PUBLIC HEALTH NUTRITION, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 183-195.
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Ton-That, C, Foley, M & Phillips, M 2008, 'Luminescent properties of ZnO nanowires and as-grown ensembles', Nanotechnology, vol. 19, no. 41, pp. 1-5.
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Vertically aligned ZnO nanowires were synthesized on a sapphire (11 (2) over bar0) substrate by vapour deposition and their light-emitting properties were characterized using photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence spectroscopies. Besides the nanowires, there exists a mosaic ZnO film on the substrate surface. Comparison of the luminescent properties of the as-grown ensemble and the nanowires extracted from it shows that the mosaic film is the major source of the defect-related green emission while the nanowires possess highly crystalline quality with virtually no defects. Photoemission spectroscopy shows that the valence band states associated with O 2p from the as-grown sample are diminished compared with those from the extracted nanowires. These findings suggest that the green emission partly arises from oxygen vacancies located on the surface of the mosaic film.
Ton-That, C, Foley, M & Phillips, MR 2008, 'Luminescent properties of ZnO nanowires and as-grown ensembles.', Nanotechnology, vol. 19, no. 41, p. 415606.
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Vertically aligned ZnO nanowires were synthesized on a sapphire ([Formula: see text]) substrate by vapour deposition and their light-emitting properties were characterized using photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence spectroscopies. Besides the nanowires, there exists a mosaic ZnO film on the substrate surface. Comparison of the luminescent properties of the as-grown ensemble and the nanowires extracted from it shows that the mosaic film is the major source of the defect-related green emission while the nanowires possess highly crystalline quality with virtually no defects. Photoemission spectroscopy shows that the valence band states associated with O 2p from the as-grown sample are diminished compared with those from the extracted nanowires. These findings suggest that the green emission partly arises from oxygen vacancies located on the surface of the mosaic film.
Ton-That, C, Phillips, M & Nguyen, T 2008, 'Blue shift in the luminescence spectra of MEH-PPV films containing ZnO nanoparticles', Journal Of Luminescence, vol. 128, no. 12, pp. 2031-2034.
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Luminescence properties of nanocomposites consisting of ZnO nanoparticles in a conjugated polymer, poly [2-methoxy-5-(2?-ethyl hexyloxy)-phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV), were investigated. Photoluminescence measurements reveal a blue shift in the emission spectrum of MEH-PPV upon incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles into the polymer film while the emission is increasingly quenched with increasing ZnO concentration. In contrast, the structure of the polymer and its conjugation length are not affected by the presence of ZnO nanoparticles (up to 16 wt% ZnO) as revealed by Raman spectroscopy. The blue shift and photoluminescence quenching are explained by the separation of photogenerated electronhole pairs at the MEH-PPV/ZnO interface and the charging of the nanoparticles.
Ton-That, C, Phillips, M, Foley, M, Moody, SJ & Stampfl, A 2008, 'Surface electronic properties of ZnO nanoparticles', Applied Physics Letters, vol. 92, no. 26, pp. 1-3.
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The surface electronic structure of ZnO nanoparticles has been studied with photoemission and x-ray absorption spectroscopies. Contrary to expectation, ZnO:Zn phosphor nanoparticles were found to contain a lower oxygen vacancy density on the surface than undoped ZnO counterparts, but oxygen vacancies are in different chemical environments. Cathodoluminescence shows intense green luminescence from the ZnO:Zn surface, while the undoped nanoparticles exhibit only the near-band-edge emission. The results indicate the roles of surface oxygen vacancies and their environment in the previously unexplained green luminescence from the ZnO:Zn material.
Ton-That, C, Stockton, G, Phillips, M, Nguyen, T, Huang, C & Cojocaru, A 2008, 'Luminescence properties of poly- (phenylene vinylene) derivatives', Polymer International, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 496-501.
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BACKGROUND: Conjugated polymers, especially those of the poly(phenylene vinylene) (PPV) family, are promising candidates as emission material in fight-emitting devices. The aim of this work was to investigate the dependence of the luminescence properties
Treerat, P, Widmer, F, Middleton, P, Iredell, J & George, AM 2008, 'In vitro interactions of tobramycin with various nonantibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cenocepacia', FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol. 285, no. 1, pp. 40-50.
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia are the major pathogens that colonize the airway surface and cause progressive respiratory failure and high mortality, especially in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Tobramycin is the treatment of choice, but persistent usage enables the infectious organisms to activate defence mechanisms, making eradication rarely successful. Combinations of antibiotic and nonantibiotic compounds have been tested in vitro against P. aeruginosa and B. cepacia, but with mixed results. Sodium ions interfere with the bacterial tobramycin uptake system, but amiloride partially reverses this antagonism. In this pilot study, we extend previous findings of the effectiveness of tobramycin in combination with amiloride and other nonantibiotics against a P. aeruginosa type strain, and against four P. aeruginosa strains and one Burkholderia cenocepacia strain isolated from CF patients. Significantly, the four clinical P. aeruginosa strains were tobramycin resistant. We also find that Na+ and K+, but not Cl-, are the chief antagonists of tobramycin efficacy. These results suggest that chemotherapy for CF patients might not only be compromised by antibiotic-resistant pathogens alone, but by a lack of penetration of antibiotics caused either by bacterial biofilms or the high sodium flux in the CF lung, or by antagonistic effects of some drug combinations, any of which could allow the persistence of drug-susceptible bacteria.
Ulstrup, K, Hill, R, van Oppen, MJ, Larkum, A & Ralph, PJ 2008, 'Seasonal variation in the photo-physiology of homogeneous and heterogeneous Symbiodinium consortia in two scleractinian corals', Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 361, pp. 139-150.
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Seasonal variation in the composition of the algal endosymbiont community and photophysiology was determined in the corals Pocillopora damicornis,w hich show high local fidelity to one symbiont type (Symbiodinium C1) and Acropora valida, with a mixed Symbiodinium synbiont community, compromising members of both clades A and C. The relative abundances of Symbiodinium types varied overtime. A significant decline in symbiont densities in both coral species during the summer of 2005 coincided with a NOAA 'hotspot' warning for Heron Island. This also coincided with a relayiove increase in the presence and dominance of clade A in A. valida particularl in sun-adapted surfaces.
Unicomb, LE, O'Reilly, LC, Kirk, D, Stafford, RJ, Smith, HV, Becker, NG, Patel, MS, Gilbert, GL, Study Gropu, AC & Djordjevic, SP 2008, 'Risk factors for infection with Campylobacter jejuni flaA genotypes', Epidemiology and Infection, vol. 136, pp. 1480-1491.
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We aimed to explore Campylobacter genotype-specific risk factors in Australia. Isolates collected prospectively from cases recruited into a case-control study were genotyped using flaA restriction fragment-length polymorphism typing (flaA genotyping). Exposure information for cases and controls was collected by telephone interview. Risk factors were examined for major flaA genotypes using logistic and multinomial regression. Five flaA genotypes accounted for 325 of 590 (55%) cases flaA-6b (n=129), flaA-6 (n=70), flaA-10 (n=48), flaA-2 (n=43), flaA-131 (n=35). In Australia, infections due to flaA-10 and flaA-2 were found to be significantly associated with eating non-poultry meat (beef and ham, respectively) in both case-control and inter-genotype comparisons. All major genotypes apart from flaA-10 were associated with chicken consumption in the case-control comparisons. Based on several clinical criteria, infections due to flaA-2 were more severe than those due to other genotypes. Thus genotype analysis may reveal genotype-specific niches and differences in virulence and transmission routes.
Unnikrishnan, KP, Raja, SS & Balachandran, I 2008, 'A Reverse Phase HPLC-UV and HPTLC Methods for Determination of Plumbagin in Plumbago indica and Plumbago zeylanica', INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, vol. 70, no. 6, pp. 844-847.
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Vanamala, J, Glagolenko, A, Yang, P, Carroll, RJ, Murphy, ME, Newman, RA, Ford, JR, Braby, LA, Chapkin, RS, Turner, ND & Lupton, JR 2008, 'Dietary fish oil and pectin enhance colonocyte apoptosis in part through suppression of PPAR delta/PGE(2) and elevation of PGE(3)', CARCINOGENESIS, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 790-796.
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Varganov, SA, Gilbert, ATB, Deplazes, E & Gill, PMW 2008, 'Resolutions of the Coulomb operator', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 128, no. 20.
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Vijayakumar, R, Shivaramu, G, Ramamurthy, N & Ford, M 2008, 'Compton scattering study of electron momentum distribution in lithium fluoride using 662 keV gamma radiations', Physica B: Condensed Matter, vol. 403, no. 23-24, pp. 4309-4313.
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Here we report the first ever 137Cs Compton spectroscopy study of lithium fluoride. The spherical average Compton profiles of lithium fluoride are deduced from Compton scattering measurements on poly crystalline sample at gamma ray energy of 662 keV. To compare the experimental data, we have computed the spherical average Compton profiles using self-consistent HartreeFock wave functions employed on linear combination of atomic orbital (HF-LCAO) approximation. The directional Compton profiles and their anisotropic effects are also calculated using the same HF-LCAO approximation. The experimental spherical average profiles are found to be in good agreement with the corresponding HF-LCAO calculations and in qualitative agreement with HartreeFock free atom values. The present experimental isotropic and calculated directional profiles are also compared with the available experimental isotropic and directional Compton profiles using 59.54 and 159 keV gamma-rays.
Voss, SC, Forbes, SL & Dadour, IR 2008, 'Decomposition and insect succession on cadavers inside a vehicle environment', Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 22-32.
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This study presents differences in rate of decomposition and insect succession between exposed carcasses on the soil surface and those enclosed within a vehicle following carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. This study provides baseline data outlining the decomposition patterns of a carcass enclosed within a vehicle following CO poisoning in Western Australia. Understanding how variations in decomposition situations impact on the rate of decomposition and patterns of insect succession is essential to obtaining an accurate estimate of minimum post-mortem interval (PMI).
Wadsworth, KD, Rowland, SL, Harry, L & King, GF 2008, 'The divisomal protein DivIB contains multiple epitopes that mediate its recruitment to incipient division sites', Molecular Microbiology, vol. 67, no. 5, pp. 1143-1155.
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Bacterial cytokinesis is orchestrated by an assembly of essential cell division proteins that form a supramolecular structure known as the divisome. DivIB and its orthologue FtsQ are essential members of the divisome in Gram-positive and Gram-negative ba
Wallach, AD, Shanas, U, Mumcuoglu, KY & Inbar, M 2008, 'Ectoparasites on reintroduced Roe Deer capreolus capreolus in Israel', Journal of Wildlife Diseases, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 693-696.
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The ectoparasite fauna of reintroduced roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) was surveyed in a Mediterranean forest in Israel. Ectoparasites were collected from four female hand-reared deer during 2004 and 2005. Seasonality, predilection sites of infestation, and the apparent effect of the parasites are presented. This is the first study of roe deer parasites in the East Mediterranean. The ectoparasite fauna included three hippoboscid fly (Lipoptena capreoli, Hippobosca equina, and Hippobosca longipennis ), four tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Rhipicephalus turanicus, Rhipicephalus kohlsi, and Hyalomma marginatum), and one unidentified trombiculid mite species. For most of these ectoparasites, this is the first record on roe deer. All ectoparasite species were documented in Israel prior to the reintroduction program; exotic ectoparasites were not detected. © Wildlife Disease Association 2008.
Wallach, M, Ashash, U, Michael, A & Smith, NC 2008, 'Field application of a subunit vaccine against an enteric protozoan disease', PLoS ONE, vol. 3, no. 12, pp. 1-7.
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A subunit vaccine composed of purified antigens from the gametocytes of Eimeria maxima was used to stimulate the production and transfer of maternal antibodies between breeding hens and their hatchlings. The vaccine was injected into hens twice before they began laying eggs. Immunization had no adverse affects on egg laying or health of the hens and resulted in high antibody levels throughout the life of the hens. Progeny of immunized hens excreted significantly less oocysts of various species of Eimeria in their faeces than chicks from unvaccinated hens. Furthermore, the offspring of vaccinated hens developed stronger natural immunity to Eimeria, so that they were resistant to challenge infection even at 8 weeks of age, well after all maternal antibodies had left their circulation. Field trials were conducted in South Africa, Brazil and Thailand, involving at least 1 million progeny of vaccinated hens and at least 1 million positive control birds (raised on feed containing anticoccidial drugs or immunized with a live vaccine) in each country. Additionally, trials were carried out in Israel involving 60 million progeny of vaccinated hens and 112 million positive control birds. There were no significant differences in growth rate, feed conversion ratios or mortality in the offspring of vaccinated hens compared with the positive control chickens in any of these countries regardless of different management practices, different breeds of chickens or climate.
Walsh, SJ, Buckleton, JS, Ribaux, O, Roux, CP & Raymond, T 2008, 'Comparing the growth effectiveness of forensic DNA databases', Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 667-668.
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Wand, M & Ormerod, JT 2008, 'On semiparametric regression with O'Sullivan penalised splines', Australian & New Zealand Journal of Statistics, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 179-198.
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An exposition on the use of O'Sullivan penalized splines in contemporary semiparametric regression, including mixed model and Bayesian formulations, is presented. O'Sullivan penalized splines are similar to P-splines, but have the advantage of being a direct generalization of smoothing splines. Exact expressions for the O'Sullivan penalty matrix are obtained. Comparisons between the two types of splines reveal that O'Sullivan penalized splines more closely mimic the natural boundary behaviour of smoothing splines. Implementation in modern computing environments such asMatlab,r andbugs is discussed.
Wang, E, Cresswell, H, Yu, Q & Verburg, K 2008, 'Summer forage cropping as an effective way to control deep drainage in south-eastern Australia - A simulation study', Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, vol. 125, no. 1-4, pp. 127-136.
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Excessive drainage of water beyond the root zone of agricultural plants is complicit in causing extensive dryland salinity in southern Australia. Opportunistically sowing summer forage crops within winter cereal rotations could be a flexible means of red
Wang, E, Yu, Q, Wu, D & Xia, J 2008, 'Climate, agricultural production and hydrological balance in the North China Plain', International Journal of Climatology, vol. 28, no. 14, pp. 1959-1970.
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The North China Plain (NCP) is the largest agricultural production area in China. The extensive use of groundwater for irrigation agriculture under variable climatic conditions has resulted in the rapid decline of the groundwater table especially in area
Wang, G, Gou, X, Horvat, J & Park, J 2008, 'Facile synthesis and characterization of iron oxide semiconductor nanowires for gas sensing application', Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 112, no. 39, pp. 15220-15225.
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We report a facile and efficient synthesis technique for the preparation of iron oxide semiconductor nanowires in large quantity by using nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) as a chelating agent to form polymeric chains, followed by heat treatment. This technique can also be applied for preparing other transition metal oxide nanowires such as MnO2 nanowires and NiO nanowires. The as-prepared ?-Fe2O3 nanowires have exhibited a blue shift of bandgap, peculiar magnetic properties, and high sensitivities toward ethanol and acetic acid gases.
Wang, G, Park, J, Kong, X, Wilson, PR, Chen, Z & Ahn, J 2008, 'Facile Synthesis and Characterization of Gallium Oxide (-Ga2O3) 1D Nanostructures: Nanowires, Nanoribbons, and Nanosheets', Crystal Growth and Design, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 1940-1944.
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?-Ga 2O 3 one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures including nanowires, nanoribbons and nanosheets were synthesized via a combined carbon thermal reduction and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) approach. All of these nanostructures consist of single-crystalline monoclinic structure, which has been confirmed via high-resolution TEM and electron diffraction analysis. We obtained ?-Ga 2O 3 nanowires at high temperature zone, nanosheets, and nanoribbons at medium temperature zone at low-pressure environments. We found that ?-Ga 2O 3 nanowires and nanoribbons have diversified different growth directions. The optical properties of ?-Ga 2O 3 nanowires and nanoribbons from UV-vis spectra show that the bandgaps are red-shifted by 0.13 eV
Wang, G, Park, JS, Park, MS & Gou, X 2008, 'Synthesis and high gas sensitivity of tin oxide nanotubes', Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol. 131, no. 1, pp. 313-317.
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Semiconductor tin oxide (SnO2) nanotubes have been synthesised in bulk quantities using a solgel template (AAO membrane) synthetic technique. The morphology and crystal structure of SnO2 nanotubes were characterised by a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The as-prepared SnO2 nanotubes are polycrystalline with an outer diameter of 200 nm, an inner diameter of about 150 nm and a length extending to tens of micrometers. SnO2 nanotube sensors exhibited high sensitivity towards ethanol gas.
Wang, G, Yang, J, Park, J, Gou, X, Wang, B, Liu, H & Yao, J 2008, 'Facile synthesis and characterization of Graphene nanosheets', Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 112, no. 22, pp. 8192-8195.
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Graphene nanosheets were produced in large quantity via a soft chemistry synthetic route involving graphite oxidation, ultrasonic exfoliation, and chemical reduction. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations show that graphene nanosheets were produced with sizes in the range of tens to hundreds of square nanometers and ripple-like corrugations. High resolution TEM (HRTEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) analysis confirmed the ordered graphite crystal structure of graphene nanosheets. The optical properties of graphene nanosheets were characterized by Raman spectroscopy
Wang, J, Chou, SL, Chen, J, Chew, SY, Wang, G, Konstantinov, K, Wu, J, Dou, SX & Liu, H 2008, 'Paper-like free-standing polypyrrole and polypyrrole-LiFePO4 composite films for flexible and bendable rechargeable battery', Electrochemistry Communications, vol. 10, no. 11, pp. 1781-1784.
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y flexible, paper-like, free-standing polypyrrole and polypyrroleLiFePO4 composite films were prepared using the electropolymerization method. The films are soft, lightweight, mechanically robust and highly electrically conductivity. The electrochemical behavior of the free-standing films was examined against lithium counter electrode. The electrochemical performance of the free-standing pure PPy electrode was improved by incorporating the most promising cathode material, LiFePO4, into the PPy films. The cell with PPyLiFePO4 composite film had a higher discharge capacity beyond 50 cycles (80 mA h/g) than that of the cell with pure PPy (60 mA h/g). The free-standing films can be used as electrode materials to satisfy the new market demand for flexible and bendable batteries that are suitable for the various types of design and power needs of soft portable electronic
Wang, J, Yu, Q, Pan, XB, Yin, H & Zhang, YQ 2008, 'A review on water, heat and CO2 fluxes simulation models', Shengtai Xuebao/ Acta Ecologica Sinica, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 2843-2853.
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Accurate modeling of water, heat and carbon dioxide fluxes is of importance in understanding the energy and mass exchange processes between land surface and atmosphere. This paper focuses on the advance in processes-based water, heat and CO2 fluxes simulation model and reviews the development of statistic, integrated and remote sensing-based models for estimating water, heat and carbon dioxide fluxes in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. The reviewed statistic models included models that estimate water and heat fluxes based on temperature, humidity and radiation, and models that simulate carbon dioxide flux based on climatic factors, evapotranspiration and light use efficiency. Reviewed processes-based models covered the big-leaf model, two-source model, multi-source model and multi-layer models for water and heat transfer as well as leaf-level to canopy level models for carbon dioxide flux. Integrated models included biophysical, biochemical and biogeographic models. The statistic models are applied widely in directing the simulation of water, heat and CO2 fluxes at large-scale level because of simple form and because the required data are obtained easily. While the process-based models describe the physical and physiological processes of water, heat and CO2 flux transfer accurately and have been the foundation of large-scale integrated models. The future development of flux models is to integrate various method and technology for multi-scale network measuring and large-scale mechanism modeling.
Wang, L, Smith, N, Zhang, L, Dennis, ES, Waterhouse, P, Unrau, P & Wang, M 2008, 'Synthesis of complementary RNA by RNA-dependent RNA polymerases in plant extracts is independent of an RNA primer', FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY, vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 1091-1099.
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RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDR) activities were readily detected in extracts from cauliflower and broccoli florets, Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh callus tissue and broccoli nuclei. The synthesis of complementary RNA (cRNA) was independent of a RNA primer, whether or not the primer contained a 30 terminal 20 -O-methyl group or was phosphorylated at the 50 terminus. cRNA synthesis in plant extracts was not affected by loss-of-function mutations in the DICER-LIKE (DCL) proteins DCL2, DCL3, and DCL4, indicating that RDRs function independently of these DCL proteins. A loss-of-function mutation in RDR1, RDR2 or RDR6 did not significantly reduce the amount of cRNA synthesis. This indicates that these RDRs did not account for the bulk RDR activities in plant extracts, and suggest that either the individual RDRs each contribute a fraction of polymerase activity or another RDR(s) is predominant in the plant extract.
Wang, M, Helliwell, C, Wu, L, Waterhouse, P, Peacock, J & Dennis, ES 2008, 'Hairpin RNAs derived from RNA polymerase II and polymerase III promoter-directed transgenes are processed differently in plants', RNA-A PUBLICATION OF THE RNA SOCIETY, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 903-913.
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RNA polymerase III (Pol III) as well as Pol II (35S) promoters are able to drive hairpin RNA ( hpRNA) expression and induce target gene silencing in plants. siRNAs of 21 nt are the predominant species in a 35S Pol II line, whereas 24- and/or 22-nucleotide (nt) siRNAs are produced by a Pol III line. The 35S line accumulated the loop of the hpRNA, in contrast to full-length hpRNA in the Pol III line. These suggest that Pol II and Pol III-transcribed hpRNAs are processed by different pathways. One Pol III transgene produced only 24- nt siRNAs but silenced the target gene efficiently, indicating that the 24- nt siRNAs can direct mRNA degradation; specific cleavage was confirmed by 59 rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Both Pol II- and Pol III-directed hpRNA transgenes induced cytosine methylation in the target DNA. The extent of methylation is not correlated with the level of 21-nt siRNAs, suggesting that they are not effective inducers of DNA methylation. The promoter of a U6 transgene was significantly methylated, whereas the promoter of the endogenous U6 gene was almost free of cytosine methylation, suggesting that endogenous sequences are more resistant to de novo DNA methylation than are transgene constructs.
Warren, SL, Ollendick, TH & Simmens, SJ 2008, 'Reliability and validity of the fear survey schedule for infants - Preschoolers', Depression and Anxiety, vol. 25, no. 12.
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The aim of this research was to examine the reliability and validity of a new questionnaire to measure fears in young children. One hundred and thirty-three parents of children 18 months to 5 years of age completed the Fear Survey Schedule for Infants - Preschoolers (FSSIP). Parents and other caregivers were interviewed and completed questionnaires concerning child fearfulness, and child fearful behavior was observed. The FSSIP demonstrated high internal consistency, low-to-moderate test-retest correlations over an average of 6 months, and good convergent and discriminant validity. With further research, the FSSIP could aid in the investigation of the duration and consequences of fears in young children. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Watson, CJ & Forbes, SL 2008, 'An investigation of the vegetation associated with grave sites in southern Ontario', Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, vol. 41, pp. 199-207.
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Botanical evidence may be used in forensic investigations to estimate postmortem interval (PMI) of decomposed remains, to link a suspect to a crime scene, and to track distribution of plant-based illicit substances. A recent application of botanical evidence to forensic science is for the potential identification of clandestine grave locations. The burial of pig carcasses for a decomposition study in southern Ontario provided the opportunity to investigate the botanical species associated with grave sites in this region. This study investigated the differences in vegetation structure and species composition on grave sites in an environment that was dominated by weed flora. Differences in botanical species between grave sites and undisturbed areas were identified and highlighted the potential of these species to be used as grave indicators. Further studies are recommended to investigate the effect of seasonal variation, land use type, and inter- and intra-year variations.
Webb, JK & Shine, R 2008, 'Differential effects of an intense wildfire on survival of sympatric snakes', Journal Of Wildlife Management, vol. 72, no. 6, pp. 1394-1398.
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We analyzed 16 years of mark-recapture data to investigate whether a wildfire influenced survival of an arboreal ambush-forager (broad-headed snake [Hoplocephalus bungaroides]) and a terrestrial active forager (small-eyed snake Cryptophis nigrescens). We predicted that wildfire would cause direct mortality and reduce subsequent survival of both snake species. Contrary to this prediction, wildfire did not affect abundance of broad-headed snakes, but abundance of small-eyed snakes decreased by 48% after the wildfire. Estimated annual survival of small-eyed snakes was 37% lower after fire (s= 0.47, SE= 0.07) than before fire (s=0.74, SE = 0.05). Prescribed burning maybe a suitable tool for creating open habitat mosaics for the endangered broad-headed snake.
Webb, JK, Brown, GP, Child, T, Greenlees, MJ, Phillips, BL & Shine, R 2008, 'A native dasyurid predator (common planigale, Planigale maculata) rapidly learns to avoid a toxic invader', Austral Ecology, vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 821-829.
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Interactions between invasive species and native fauna afford a unique opportunity to examine interspecific encounters as they first occur, without the complications introduced by coevolution. In northern Australia, the continuing invasion of the highly toxic cane toad Bufo marinus poses a threat to many frog-eating predators. Can predators learn to distinguish the novel toxic prey item from native prey (and thus, avoid being poisoned), or are longer-term genetically based changes to attack behaviour needed before predators can coexist with toads? To predict the short-term impact of cane toads on native predators, we need to know the proportion of individuals that will attack toads, the proportion surviving the encounter, and whether surviving predators learn to avoid toads. We quantified these traits in a dasyurid (common planigale, Planigale maculata) that inhabits tropical floodplains across northern Australia. Although 90% of naive planigales attacked cane toads, 83% of these animals survived because they either rejected the toad unharmed, or killed and consumed the prey snout-first (thereby avoiding the toxin-laden parotoid glands). Most planigales showed one-trial learning and subsequently refused to attack cane toads for long time periods (up to 28 days). Toad-exposed planigales also avoided native frogs for up to 9 days, thereby providing an immediate benefit to native anurans. However, the predators gradually learnt to use chemical cues to discriminate between frogs and toads. Collectively, our results suggest that generalist predators can learn to distinguish and avoid novel toxic prey very rapidly - and hence, that small dasyurid predators can rapidly adapt to the cane toad invasion. Indeed, it may be feasible to teach especially vulnerable predators to avoid cane toads before the toads invade, by deploying low-toxicity baits that stimulate taste-aversion learning.
Webb, JK, Pike, DA & Shine, R 2008, 'Population ecology of the velvet gecko, Oedura lesueurii in south eastern Australia: Implications for the persistence of an endangered snake', Austral Ecology, vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 839-847.
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Ecological specialization, such as major dependence upon a single-prey species, can render a predator taxon vulnerable to extinction. In such cases, understanding the population dynamics of that prey type is important for conserving the predator that relies upon it. In eastern Australia, the endangered broad-headed snake Hoplocephalus bungaroides feeds largely on velvet geckos (Oedura lesueurii). We studied growth, longevity and reproduction in a population of velvet geckos in Morton National Park in south-eastern Australia. We marked 458 individual geckos over a 3-year period (1992-1995) and made yearly visits to field sites from 1995-2006 to recapture marked individuals. Female geckos grew larger than males, and produced their first clutch at age 4 years. Males can mature at 2 years, but male-male combat for females probably forces males to delay reproduction until age 3 years. Females lay a single clutch of two eggs in communal nests in November, and up to 22 females deposited eggs in a single nest. Egg hatching success was high (100%), and juveniles had high survival (76%) during their first 6 months of life. Velvet geckos are long-lived, and the mean age of marked animals recaptured after 1995 was 6.1 years (males) and 8.4 years (females). Older females (7.5-9.5 years) were all gravid when last recaptured. Like other temperate-climate gekkonids, O. lesueurii has a 'slow' life history, and population viability could be threatened by any factors that increase egg or adult mortality. Two such factors - the removal of 'bush rocks' for urban gardens, and the overgrowth of rock outcrops by vegetation - could render small gecko populations vulnerable to extinction. In turn, the reliance of predatory broad-headed snakes on this slow-growing lizard species may increase its vulnerability to extinction.
Wenbo, E, Kadish, K, Sintic, P, Khoury, T, Govenlock, L, Ou, Z, Shao, J, Ohkubo, K, Reimers, JR, Fukuzumi, S & Crossley, M 2008, 'Control Of The Orbital Delocalization And Implications For Molecular Rectification In The Radical Anions Of Porphyrins With Coplanar 90 Degrees And 180 Degrees Beta,Beta '-Fused Extensions', Journal of Physical Chemistry A, vol. 112, no. 3, pp. 556-570.
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Through-porphyrin electronic communication is investigated using "linear-type" and "corner-type" bis(quinoxalino)porphyrins in free-base form and their Zn-II, Cu-II, Ni-II, and Pd-II derivatives. These compounds are porphyrins with quinoxalines fused on opposite or adjacent beta,beta'-pyrrolic positions; they were synthesized from 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)-porphyrin-2,3,12,13- and -2,3,7,8-tetraone, respectively, by reaction with 1,2-phenylenediamine. The degree of electron spin delocalization into the fused rings in the pi-radical anions of the free-base and metal(II) bisquinoxalinoporphyrins was elucidated by electrochemistry, UV-vis absorption, and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra of the singly reduced species and density functional theory calculations. Hyperfine splitting patterns in the ESR spectra of the pi-radical anions show that symmetric molecules have delocalized electron spin, indicating, that significant inter-quinoxaline interactions are mediated through the central porphyrin unit, these interactions being sufficient to guarantee through-molecule conduction. However, when molecular symmetry is broken by tautomeric exchange of the inner nitrogen hydrogens in the free-base porphyrin with a corner-type quinoxaline substitution pattern, the pi-radical anion becomes confined so that one quinoxaline group is omitted from spin delocalization. This indicates the appearance of a unidirectional barrier to through-molecule conduction, suggesting a new motif for chemically controlled rectification.
West, PJ, Zareie, HM & McDonagh, AM 2008, 'Synthesis and characterization of anthracene-2,6-dithioacetate: a rigid, conjugated molecule for the formation of monolayers on gold', Australian Journal Of Chemistry, vol. 61, no. 10, pp. 758-761.
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The synthesis and characterization of a new photoswitchable anthracene compound, anthracene-2,6-dithioacetate, is presented. The compound dimerizes in solution on irradiation with UV light, and thin films can be formed on gold surfaces from both the monomer and photodimer.
White, TP, Botten, LC, de Sterke, CM, Dossou, KB & McPhedran, RC 2008, 'Efficient slow-light coupling in a photonic crystal waveguide without transition region', Optics Letters, vol. 33, no. 22, pp. 2644-2646.
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We consider the coupling into a slow mode that appears near an inflection point in the band structure of a photonic crystal waveguide. Remarkably, the coupling into this slow mode, which has a group index ng>1000, can be essentially perfect without any transition region. We show that this efficient coupling occurs thanks to an evanescent mode in the slow medium, which has appreciable amplitude and helps satisfy the boundary conditions but does not transport any energy.
Willcox, MDP, Zhu, H, Conibear, TCR, Hume, EBH, Givskov, M, Kjelleberg, S & Rice, SA 2008, 'Role of quorum sensing by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in microbial keratitis and cystic fibrosis', MICROBIOLOGY-SGM, vol. 154, pp. 2184-2194.
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Williams, DBG & Pretorius, M 2008, 'Synthesis and evaluation of phosphine-N ligands in transition metal-catalysed C-C bond forming reactions', JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR CATALYSIS A-CHEMICAL, vol. 284, no. 1-2, pp. 77-84.
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Wohlthat, S, Pauly, F & Reimers, JR 2008, 'The Conduction Properties Of Alpha,Omega-Diaminoalkanes And Hydrazine Bridging Gold Electrodes', Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 454, no. 4-6, pp. 284-288.
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The conduction properties of alpha,omega-diaminoalkanes and hydrazine bridging gold electrodes are investigated using density functional theory in combination with Green's function techniques and group theory. We show that more than 99% of the current at low bias is carried by one channel of A' symmetry whose form is invariant to both the alkane chain length and realistic changes of the injection energy. The total conductance decreases exponentially with a decay constant of 0.73 angstrom(-1) with increasing chain length while the calculated gold- amine contact resistance is ca. 150 k Omega.
Wohlthat, S, Pauly, F & Reimers, JR 2008, 'Two-Dimensional, Phenanthroline-Based, Extended Pi-Conjugated Molecules For Single-Molecule Conduction', Journal Of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol. 20, no. 29, p. 295208.
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The conduction properties of phenanthroline-terminated, polycyclic extended pi-conjugated molecular wires are investigated using density functional theory (DFT) in combination with Green's function techniques and group theory. While these molecules could possibly be thought of as accessible graphene-like fragments, they are calculated to conduct poorly. The decay constant for their exponential decrease of conductance with length is in excess of 0.6 angstrom(-1) for the addition of internal fused quinoxaline groups and in excess of 0.9 angstrom(-1) for the addition of internal pyrazine-fused pyrene groups. Furthermore, while the bidentate phenanthroline connectors adhere strongly to gold, they are sometimes predicted to be less conductive than related monodentate connectors. Careful design is thus required for any graphene-like extended pi-system intended for single-molecule conduction applications.
Wolff, JC, Greene, RW & Ollendick, TH 2008, 'Differential responses of children with varying degrees of reactive and proactive aggression to two forms of psychosocial treatment', Child and Family Behavior Therapy, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 37-50.
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This study examined differential treatment effects for children with varying degrees of reactive and proactive aggression who received one of two types of psychosocial treatments that were specifically designed to address the unique characteristics associated with these two subtypes of aggression. Forty-seven affectively dysregulated children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) participated in the study and were randomly but proportionately assigned to Collaborative Problem Solving (n = 28) or Parent Training (n = 19) treatment conditions. Results indicate a main effect for type of treatment, modest support for the moderating role of proactive aggression, and no support for reactive aggression as a moderator of treatment outcome. Implications for assessment and treatment of aggression are discussed. © 2008 by The Haworth Press.
Wressnig, A & Booth, DJ 2008, 'Patterns of seagrass biomass removal by two temperate Australian fishes (Monacanthidae)', Marine And Freshwater Research, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 408-417.
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Despite the global significance of nearshore seagrass beds, little is known of their trophodynamic processes. Herbivory by seagrass fishes is thought to be significant but some species previously suspected to be herbivores may be largely detritivorous. P
Wu, D, Yu, Q, Wang, E & Hengsdijk, H 2008, 'Impact of spatial-temporal variations of climatic variables on summer maize yield in North China Plain', International Journal Of Plant Production, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 71-88.
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Summer maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the dominant crops in the North China Plain (NCP). Its growth is greatly influenced by the spatial-temporal variation of climatic variables, especially solar radiation, temperature and rainfall. The WOFOST (version 7.
Wu, J, Wang, G, Jin, D, Yuan, J, Guan, Y & Piper, J 2008, 'Luminescent europium nanoparticles with a wide excitation range from UV to visible light for biolabeling and time-gated luminescence bioimaging', CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS, no. 3, pp. 365-367.
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Wuhrer, R, Moran, K & Phillips, M 2008, 'Multi-Detector X-Ray Mapping and Generation of Correction Factor Images for Problem Solving', Microscopy & Microanalysis, vol. 14, no. S2, pp. 1108-1109.
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X-ray mapping with Silicon Drift detectors (SDDs) and multi-EDS detector systems has become an invaluable analysis technique because the time to perform an x-ray map is reduced considerably. Live x-ray imaging can now been performed with so much data collected in a matter of minutes. The use of multi-EDS detector systems has made this form of mapping even quicker and has also given users the ability to map minor and trace elements very accurately. How the data is collected and summed with multi-EDS detectors is very critical for accurate quantitative x-ray mapping (QXRM).
Wynne, O, Horvat, J, Smith, R, Hansbro, P, Clifton, V & Hodgson, D 2008, '64. Impact of neonatal infection on adult hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor and mineralocorticoid receptor abundance', Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 19-19.
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Xia, L & Gu, HY 2008, 'SOM-based approach for addressing multi-criteria scheduling problems', Jisuanji Jicheng Zhizao Xitong/Computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems, CIMS, vol. 14, no. 4.
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To solve the posterior multi-criteria scheduling problems, a new method based on Self-Organization feature Map neural network (SOM) was presented to generate approximate Pareto boundaries. Firstly, Lagrange relaxation algorithm was applied to obtain several Pareto optima which were exploited to divide the search space into several domains. For each domain, two simultaneously running SOM were constructed to explore the remaining Pareto optima. According to the characteristics of multi-criteria scheduling, a new definition of neighbor for neural network training was proposed. Numerical experiments demonstrated the feasibility and the effectiveness of this algorithm.
Xie, M, Simpson, DG & Carroll, RJ 2008, 'Semiparametric analysis of heterogeneous data using varying-scale generalized linear models', JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION, vol. 103, no. 482, pp. 650-660.
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Xu, X-X, Li, L & Zheng, Y-F 2008, 'Preparation and surface modification of magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical applications', Cailiao Kexue yu Gongyi/Material Science and Technology, vol. 16, pp. 562-568.
Yanetz, R, Carroll, RJ, Dodd, KW, Subar, AF, Schatzkin, A & Freedman, LS 2008, 'Using biomarker data to adjust estimates of the distribution of usual intakes for misreporting: Application to energy intake in the US population', JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION, vol. 108, no. 3, pp. 455-464.
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Yang, J, Li, SS, Li, ZW, McBean, KE & Phillips, M 2008, 'Origin of excitonic emission suppression in an individual ZnO nanobelt', Journal Of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 112, no. 27, pp. 10095-10099.
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The near band edge emissions of an individual ZnO nanobelt were investigated by cathodoluminescence spectroscopy, which has unique advantages in higher spatial resolution, orientation, and environmental independence over the conventional photoluminescenc
Yang, J, Wang, G, Liu, H, Park, J, Gou, X & Cheng, X 2008, 'Solvothermal synthesis and characterization of ZnSe nanoplates', Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 310, no. 15, pp. 3645-3648.
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ZnSe nanoplates were synthesized by a solvothermal method using ethylenediamine (EN) as the liganding solvent. The crystal structures, morphologies and optical properties of the precursor and ZnSe products were systematically characterized. Results reveal that precursor ZnSe(en)1/2 with a layered structure was initially obtained through solvothermal synthesis, which can be converted into hexagonal wurtzite structured ZnSe by heat-treatment in Ar atmosphere. The as-prepared ZnSe was composed of stacked nanoplates. The field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) results reveal that every nanoplate was made up of plenty of tiny single crystals. The room temperature ultravioletvisible (UV/vis) measurements indicate that the bandgap of the obtained ZnSe is 2.7 eV and a large blue shift about 1.3 eV was observed in precursor ZnSe(en)1/2.
Ye, ZP & Yu, Q 2008, 'A coupled model of stomatal conductance and photosynthesis for winter wheat', Photosynthetica, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 637-640.
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The model couples stomatal conductance (g s) and net photosynthetic rate (P N) describing not only part of the curve up to and including saturation irradiance (I max), but also the range above the saturation irradiance. Maximum stomatal conductance (g smax) and I max can be calculated by the coupled model. For winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) the fitted results showed that maximum P N (P max) at 600 µmol mol-1 was more than at 350 µmol mol-1 under the same leaf temperature, which can not be explained by the stomatal closure at high CO2 concentration because g smax at 600 µmol mol-1 was less than at 350 µmol mol-1. The irradiance-response curves for winter wheat had similar tendency, e.g. at 25 °C and 350 µmol mol-1 both P N and g s almost synchronously reached the maximum values at about 1 600 µmol m-2 s-1. At 25 °C and 600 µmol mol-1 the I max corresponding to P max and g smax was 2 080 and 1 575 µmol m-2 s-1, respectively.
Yousef Mohamad, K, Rekiki, A, Myers, G, Bavoil, PM & Rodolakis, A 2008, 'Identification and characterisation of coding tandem repeat variants in incA gene of Chlamydophila pecorum.', Veterinary research, vol. 39, no. 6, p. 56.
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Bacteria of the family Chlamydiaceae are obligate intracellular pathogens of human and animals. Chlamydophila pecorum is associated with different pathological conditions in ruminants, swine and koala. To characterize a coding tandem repeat (CTR) identified at the 3' end of incA gene of C. pecorum, 51 strains of different chlamydial species were examined. The CTR were observed in 18 of 18 tested C. pecorum isolates including symptomatic and asymptomatic animals from diverse geographical origins. The CTR were also found in two strains of C. abortus respectively isolated from faeces from a healthy ewe and from a goat belonging to asymptomatic herds, but were absent in C. abortus strains isolated from clinical disease specimens, and in tested strains of C. psittaci, C. caviae, C. felis and C. trachomatis. The number of CTR repeats is variable and encode several motifs that are rich in alanine and proline. The CTR-derived variable structure of incA, which encode the Chlamydiaceae-specific type III secreted inclusion membrane protein, IncA, may be involved in the adaptation of C. pecorum to its environment by allowing it to persist in the host cell.
Yu, Q, Wang, E & Smith, CJ 2008, 'A modelling investigation into the economic and environmental values of "perfect" climate forecasts for wheat production under contrasting rainfall condition', International Journal of Climatology, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 255-266.
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With increased investment in improving climate forecasting techniques, it is essential to find ways of quantifying the maximum benefit of climate forecasts for a given industry. This paper describes an approach to quantify the value of perfect climate forecasts to direct nitrogen management in a wheat-cropping system at two Australian locations with contrasting annual rainfall. For annual wheat-cropping systems, and compared with the N management based on optimal N rate derived from long-term climatic conditions, N management based on perfect climate forecasts can lead to an average benefit of $ 65.2/ha/year at Walbundrie (annual rainfall 560.0 mm) and $ 66.5/ha/year at Wanbi (annual rainfall 314.5 mm). Generally, the economic benefit is highest in extreme (wet and dry) years and lowest in normal years. At the high rainfall site Walbundrie, where average N-application rate is high, the maximum yearly benefit was from significant saving through reduction in N application in driest years. At the low rainfall site Wanbi, where average N rates are low, the highest benefit was from both yield increases in the wettest years and saving of management and fertilizer cost in the driest years. Such optimized nitrogen management has little impact on excess drainage, but it can have significant impact on reduction of excess nitrogen, especially in high rainfall areas. An excess N reduction of 1314 kg N/ha at Wanbi and 1538 kg N/ha at Walbundrie can be achieved in 114 years. The significant reduction in N excess at Walbundrie may have profound environmental implications.
Yunusa, IA, Veeragathipillai, M, DeSilva, L, Eamus, D, Murray, B & Nissanka, S 2008, 'Growth and elemental accumulation by canola on soil amended with coal fly ash', Journal Of Environmental Quality, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 1263-1270.
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To explore the agronomic potential of an Australian coal fly ash, we conducted two glasshouse experiments in which we measured chlorophyll fluorescence, CO2 assimilation (A), transpiration, stomatal conductance, biomass accumulation, seed yield, and elem
Zareie, HM, Morgan, SW, Moghaddam, M, Maaroof, AI, Cortie, MB & Phillips, M 2008, 'Nanocapacitive circuit elements', ACS Nano, vol. 2, no. 8, pp. 1615-1619.
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Natural lithography was used to prepare arrays of nanoscale capacitors on silicon. The capacitance was verified by a novel technique based on the interaction of a charged substrate with the electron beam of a scanning electron microscope. The nanocapacit
Zaslawski, CJ 2008, 'Acupuncture for Persistent Allergic Rhinitis', Australian Journal of Acupuncture and Chinese Medicine, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 56-56.
Zaslawski, CJ 2008, 'Blood Stasis: China's Classical Concept in Modern Medicine', Australian Journal of Acupuncture and Chinese Medicine, vol. 3.
Zaslawski, CJ 2008, 'Book Review- Correcting the Errors in the Forest of Nedicine', Australian Journal of Acupuncture and Chinese medicine, vol. 3.
Zaslawski, CJ, Zheng, Z & Smith, C 2008, 'The Status and Future of Acupuncture Research:10 Years Post NIH Consensus Conference', Australian Journal of Acupuncture and Chinese Medicine, vol. 3, pp. 66-67.
Zhang, DY, Ma, ZF, Wang, G, Chen, J, Wallace, GC & Liu, H 2008, 'Preparation of low loading Pt/C catalyst by carbon xerogel method for ethanol electrooxidation', Catalysis Letters, vol. 122, no. 1-2, pp. 111-114.
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Low platium loading Pt/C catalyst was prepared by direct Pt-embedded carbon xerogel method. The Pt content of the as-prepared Pt/C is about 4.32 wt% and has a typical polycrystalline phase. Textural and structural characteristics of the catalysts were characterized by XRD, EDS and BET. Pt-embedded in carbon xerogel increases the specific surface area and pore volume of the X-Pt/C during carbon gelation and the carbonization process. Electrochemical characteristics of the catalysts for ethanol electrooxidation were measured. The results indicated that the as-prepared 4.32 wt% Pt/C has higher mass current density in ethanol electrooxidation as compared to the 20 wt% Pt/C. This may be due to the high roughness of the Pt surface that is formed during the carbon gelation and carbonization process.
Zhang, W-G & Wang, Y-L 2008, 'An analytic derivation of admissible efficient frontier with borrowing', European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 184, no. 1, pp. 229-243.
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Zhang, Y, Yu, Q, Jiang, J & Tang, Y 2008, 'Calibration of Terra/MODIS gross primary production over an irrigated cropland on the North China Plain and an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau', Global Change Biology, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 757-767.
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This paper evaluated the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) gross primary production (GPP) product (MOD17) by using estimated GPP from eddy-covariance flux measurements over an irrigated winter wheat and maize double-cropping field on
Zheng, L, Wayper, PJ, Gibbs, AJ, Fourment, M, Rodoni, BC & Gibbs, MJ 2008, 'Accumulating Variation at Conserved Sites in Potyvirus Genomes Is Driven by Species Discovery and Affects Degenerate Primer Design', PLOS ONE, vol. 3, no. 2.
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Zhou, L, Huang, JZ & Carroll, RJ 2008, 'Joint modelling of paired sparse functional data using principal components', BIOMETRIKA, vol. 95, no. 3, pp. 601-619.
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Zhu, H, Tu, L, Jin, S, Xu, L, Tan, J, Deng, F & Zhang, X 2008, 'Analysis of genes differentially expressed during initial cellular dedifferentiation in cotton', CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN, vol. 53, no. 23, pp. 3666-3676.
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Zuo, Y, Gu, H & Xi, Y 2008, 'Study on constraint scheduling algorithm for job shop problems with multiple constraint machines', International Journal Of Production Research, vol. 46, no. 17, pp. 4785-4801.
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This paper focuses on a job-shop scheduling problem with multiple constraint machines (JSPMC). A constraint scheduling method for the JSPMC is proposed. It divides the machines in the shop into constraint and non-constraint machines based on a new identification method, and formulates a reduced problem only for constraint machines while replacing the operations of non-constraint machines with time lags. The constraint machines are scheduled explicitly by solving the reduced problem with an efficient heuristic, while the non-constraint machines are scheduled by the earliest operation due date (EODD) dispatching rule. Extensive computational results indicate that the proposed constraint scheduling algorithm can obtain a better trade-off between solution quality and computation time compared with various versions of the shifting bottleneck (SB) methods for the JSPMC.
Zwirglmaier, K, Jardillier, L, Ostrowski, M, Mazard, S, Garczarek, L, Vaulot, D, Not, F, Massana, R, Ulloa, O & Scanlan, DJ 2008, 'Global phylogeography of marine Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus reveals a distinct partitioning of lineages among oceanic biomes', ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 147-161.
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Asatryan, AA 2008, 'Local density of states of metamaterial photonic crystal', Australian Insitute of Physics 18th National Congress, Australian Insitute of Physics, Adelaide, pp. 171-174.
Asatryan, AA, Botten, LC, Byrne, M, Freilikher, VD, Gredeskul, S, Shadrivov, I, McPhedran, RC & Kivshar, YS 2008, 'The effects of metamaterials on Anderson Localization', Lasers and Electro-Optics, 2008 and 2008 Conference on Quantum Electronics and Laser Science - CLEO/QELS 2008, Conference On Lasers And Electro-Optics & Quantum Electronics And Laser Science Conference, Optical Society of America, San Jose, pp. 573-577.
Asatryan, AA, Botten, LC, Byrne, MA, Freilikher, VD, Gredeskul, SA, Shadrivov, LV, McPhedran, RC & Kivshar, YS 2008, 'The effect of metamaterials on Anderson localisation', 2008 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS & QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-9, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2008), IEEE, San Jose, CA, pp. 3387-+.
Barratt, J, Al-Qassab, S, Reichel, M & Ellis, J 2008, 'The development and evaluation of a nested PCR assay for detection of Neospora caninum and Hammondia heydorni in feral mouse tissues', ASP & ARC/NHMRC Research Network for Parasitology Annual Conference, Adelaide, Australia.
Barratt, JOEL, Stark, D, Van Hal, S, Ellis, JOHN, Marriott, D & Harkness, J 2008, 'Limited genetic diversity among genotypes of Entercytozoon bieneusi strains isolated from HIV-infected patients from Sydney, Australia', ASP & ARC/NHMRC Research Network for Parasitology Annual Conference, Adelaide, Australia.
Ben-Nissan, B 2008, 'Improvement of strength and bioactivity in nanocoated coralline hydroxyapatite for bone graft applications', 1st Asian biomaterials congress, Asian Biomaterials Congress, Japan, pp. 30-30.
Blacklow, BJ, Escoubas, P & Nicholson, GM 2008, 'Characterisation of the presynaptic phospholipase A2 neurotoxin complex, β-acanthoxin, from the venom of the common death adder (Acanthophis antarcticus)', 8th Asia-Pacific Congress on Animal, Plant & Microbial Toxins, Hanoi and Halong Bay, Vietnam.
Bruti Liberati, N, Nikitopoulos Sklibosios, C & Platen, E 2008, 'Monte-Carlo simulations of alternative defaultable term structure models', Bachelier Finance Society 5th World Congress, London, UK.
Chen, M, Donohoe, K, Crossett, B, Schliep, MT & Larkum, A 2007, 'Molecular basis of antenna system adaptation in a Chl d- containing organism', Photosynthesis. Energy from the Sun: 14th International Congress on Photosynthesis, 14th International Congress on Photosynthesis, Springer, Glasgow, pp. 243-246.
Chotikadachanaron, K, Dheeranupattana, S, Jatisatienr, A, Jatisatienr, C, Pyne, SG, Ung, AT & Sastraruji, T 2008, 'Secondary compound production in root cultures of Stemona curtisii Hook. f', PLANTA MEDICA, pp. 1166-1166.
Cortie, M 2008, 'Rainbow's end: Gold-themed papers at the 2008 International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology', Gold Bulletin, p. 209.
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Coupland, MP, Gardner, AP & Carmody Jones, G 2008, 'Mathematics for Engineering Education: What Students Say', Proceedings of the 31st MERGA Conference: Navigating Currents and Charting Directions, MERGA Conference, Mathematics Education Research Group of Australasia, Brisbane, pp. 139-146.
Daniel, R, Sanchez, JJ, Nassif, N, Hernandez, A & Walsh, SJ 2008, 'SNPs associated with physical traits: A valuable tool for the inference of biogeographical ancestry', Forensics Science International Supplemt Series - Proceedings of the 22nd International ISFG Congress, International Society for Forensic Genetics Congress, Elsevier, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp. 538-540.
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Sixteen autosomal SNPs were selected to differentiate major populations in Australia. A SNP multiplex assay was developed for the inference of biogeographical ancestry.
Datta, S, Sharkey, JR, Carroll, RJ & Wu, G 2008, 'Dietary intakes of nutritionally nonessential amino acids among homebound older adults', FASEB JOURNAL, FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL.
De Sterke, CM, White, TP, Botten, LC, Dossou, KB & McPhedran, RC 2008, 'Efficient light coupling into slow photonic crystal modes mediated by evanescent modes', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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We show that light can be very efficiently coupled into slow photonic crystal modes mediated by evanescent modes and without a transition region. Though evanescent modes don't carry energy, they affect the interface boundary conditions. © 2008 Optical Society of America.
De Sterke, CM, White, TP, Botten, LC, Dossou, KB & McPhedran, RC 2008, 'Efficient light coupling into slow photonic crystal modes mediated by evanescent modes', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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We show that light can be very efficiently coupled into slow photonic crystal modes mediated by evanescent modes and without a transition region. Though evanescent modes don't carry energy, they affect the interface boundary conditions. © 2008 Optical Society of America.
Deviese, T, Ribechini, E, Colombini, M, Regert, M, Stuart, BH, Castex, D & Farago-Szekeres, B 2008, 'From natural substances to funeral rituals: chemical characterisation and alteration pathways of various materials preserved in tombs from the end of the Roman Empire', 37th International Symposium on Archaeometry Book of Abstracts, 37th International Symposium on Archaeometry, Siena.
Deviese, T, Ribechini, E, Colombini, M, Regert, M, Stuart, BH, Castex, D & Farago-Szekeres, B 2009, 'Physical-chemistry and funeral archaeology: Study of rituals in important tombs located in the Roman Empire (Naintre, Anche and Rome)', Bulletins et Memoires de la Societe d'Anthropologie de Paris, Societe d'Anthropologie de Paris 150 ans Colloque International, Societe d'Anthropologie de Paris, Paris.
Dossou, KB, Botten, LC, Mahmoodian, S, McPhedran, RC, Poulton, CG, Asatryan, AA & de Sterke, CM 2008, 'Modes of composite defects in 2D photonic crystals', Joint Conference Of The Opto-Electronics And Communications Conference 2008 And The Australian Conference On Optical Fibre Technology, Vols 1 And 2, OECC/ACOFT, IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-2.
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We demonstrate the existence of a class of defects in 2D photonic crystals, for which the eigenstates depend only on the defect geometry, and not on details Re photonic crystal parameters or defect size.
Dossou, KB, Botten, LC, Mahmoodian, S, McPhedran, RC, Poulton, CG, Asatryan, AA & de Sterke, CM 2008, 'Modes of composite defects in 2D photonic crystals', 2008 JOINT CONFERENCE OF THE OPTO-ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE AND THE AUSTRALIAN CONFERENCE ON OPTICAL FIBRE TECHNOLOGY, VOLS 1 AND 2, Joint Conference of the Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference/Australian Conference on Optical Fiber Technology, IEEE, Sydney, AUSTRALIA, pp. 297-+.
Dossou, KB, Botten, LC, Poulton, CG, McPhedran, RC, Asatryan, AA & de Sterke, CM 2008, 'Evolution of defect states in 2D Photonic Crystals', 2008 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS & QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-9, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2008), IEEE, San Jose, CA, pp. 2423-+.
Dossou, KB, Botten, LC, Poulton, CG, McPhedran, RC, Asatryan, AA & De Sterke, CM 2008, 'Evolution of defect states in 2D photonic crystals', 2008 Conference on Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, CLEO/QELS.
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We study the evolution of defect states from the band-edges of a 2D photonic crystal. A simple exponential relation is derived for the dispersion of the state, and we investigate the connection with Bloch modes. © 2008 Optical Society of America.
Dossou, KB, Botten, LC, Poulton, CG, McPhedran, RC, Asatryan, AA & De Sterke, CM 2008, 'Evolution of defect states in 2D Photonic crystals', Conference on Quantum Electronics and Laser Science (QELS) - Technical Digest Series.
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We study the evolution of defect states from the band-edges of a 2D photonic crystal. A simple exponential relation is derived for the dispersion of the state, and we investigate the connection with Bloch modes. © 2008 Optical Society of America.
Dossou, KB, Botten, LC, Poulton, CG, McPhedran, RC, Asatryan, AA & de Sterke, CM 2008, 'Evolution of defect states in 2D photonic crystals', CLEO/QELS 2008 (Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Conference on Quantum Electronics and Laser Science), CLEO/QELS 2008 (Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Conference on Quantum Electronics and Laser Science), IEEE, San Jose, CA; USA, pp. 1-2.
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We study the evolution of defect states from the band-edges of a 2D photonic crystal. A simple exponential relation is derived for the dispersion of the state, and we investigate the connection with Bloch modes.
Doubell, MJ, Seuront, L, Seymour, JR, Yamazaki, H & Mitchell, JG 2008, 'Microscale structure of a phytoplankton bloom.', Japan.
Dowd, AR 2008, 'Optical and Structural Characterisation of Vanadium Dioxide Thin Films and Nanoparticles for Novel Optical Applications.', IUMRS-ICEM 2008 | COMMAD 2008, A-MRS, Sydney, Australia.
Dowd, AR & Armstrong, NG 2008, 'Optimised presentation of nanoparticle size analysis data using Bayesian methods', Proceedings of the ACMM-20 and IUMAS-IV, 20th Australian Conference on Microscopy and Microanalysis, Australian Microscopy and Microanalysis Society Inc, Perth WA, pp. 355-355.
Dowd, AR, Armstrong, NG, Ton-That, C, Johansson, B & Phillips, M 2008, 'Cathodoluminescence for High Resolution Non-Destructive Luminescence Depth Profiling.', IUMRS-ICEM 2008 | COMMAD 2008, A-MRS, Sydney, Australia.
Dowd, AR, Lewis, RA, Maaroof, AI, Gentle, AR & Smith, G 2008, 'Temperature dependence of infrared optical properties of vanadium dioxide', AIP 18th National Congress, AIP, Adelaide, SA.
Duthoit, CJ, Sztynda, T, Lal, S, Jap, B & Agbinya, JI 2008, 'Optical Flow Image Analysis of Facial Expressions of Human Emotion - Forensic Applications', Proceedings e-Forensics, e-Forensics, e-Forensics, Adelaide, Australia, pp. 1-6.
Edgar, JA, Zareie, HM, Blaber, MG, Dowd, AR & Cortie, MB 2008, 'Synthesis of hollow gold nanoparticles and rings using silver templates', International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, ICONN 2008, IEEE International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, IEEE, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 36-39.
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Gold nanoshells have gained attention recently due to their versatile optical properties. In particular, their spectrally selective extinction has been exploited for experimental medical applications, functional coatings and contrast enhancement for analytical techniques. Here we discuss nanoshells and the formation of gold nanorings by the galvanic replacement of Ag nanosphere template particles. Hollow Au/Ag nanoshells can be converted to nanorings upon addition of excess HAuCl4. Nanorings present a distinct particle geometry, with optical properties exhibiting characteristics of both nanorods and nanoshells.
Gentle, AR, Smith, GB & Maaroof, AI 2008, 'Frequency and percolation dependence of the observed phase transition in nanostructured and doped VO2 thin films', NANOSTRUCTURED THIN FILMS, Conference on Nanostructured Thin Films, SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, San Diego, CA.
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Hart, JE, Ryan, L, Dockery, DW, Smith, TJ, Garshick, E & Laden, F 2008, 'Long-Term Ambient Multipollutant Exposures and Mortality', EPIDEMIOLOGY, 20th Annual Conference of the International-Society-for-Environmental-Epidemiology, LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS, Pasadena, CA, pp. S333-S333.
Hart, JE, Yanosky, JD, Puett, RC, Ryan, L, Dockery, DW, Smith, TJ, Garshick, E & Laden, F 2008, 'Spatial Modeling of Air Pollution 1985-2000 in the Continental US', EPIDEMIOLOGY, 20th Annual Conference of the International-Society-for-Environmental-Epidemiology, LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS, Pasadena, CA, pp. S332-S333.
Hill, M, McGrath, KC, Celermajer, DS, Handelsman, DJ & Heather, AK 2008, 'Testosterone has gender-specific effects on atherosclerotic plaque formation mediated by local tissue androgen activation.', Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology Annual Conference, American Heart Association, pp. E83-E83.
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Hulley, H & Platen, E 2007, 'Laplace transform identities for diffusions, with applications to rebates and barrier options', Banach Centre Publications: Advances in Mathematics of Finance, General AMaMeF Conference and Banach Centre Conference, Polska Akademia Nauk, Bedlewo, Poland, pp. 139-157.
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Using a simple integral identity, we derive general expressions for the Laplace transform of the transition density of the process, if killing or reflecting boundaries are specified. We also obtain a number of useful expressions for the Laplace transforms of some functions of first-passage times for the diffusion. These results are applied to the special case of squared Bessel processes with killing or reflecting boundaries. In particular, we demonstrate how the above-mentioned integral identity enables us to derive the transition density of a squared Bessel process killed at the origin, without the need to invert a Laplace transform. Finally, as an application, we consider the problem of pricing barrier options on an index described by the minimal market model.
Hunt, DE, Seymour, JR, Wildschutte, HS, Stocker, R, Veneziano, D & Polz, ME 2008, 'Microscale clustering of bacteria around eukaryotes in the coastal ocean', United States.
Ip, KH, Stuart, BH, Thomas, PS & Ray, AS 2007, 'Thermal characterization of the clay binder of heritage Sydney sandstones', JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY, 8th Mediterranean Conference on Calorimetry and Thermal Analysis, SPRINGER, Palermo, ITALY, pp. 97-100.
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Jeffries, TC, Newton, K, Leterme, S, Seymour, JR, Dinsdale, E, Roudnew, B, Smith, R, Seuront, L & Mitchell, JG 2008, 'Functional metagenomic profiling of microbial and viral communities in sediment along a naturally occurring salinity gradient', Cairns, Australia.
Jin, D, Ferrari, B, Leif, R, Yang, S, Vallarino, LM, WilliamS, J & Piper, J 2008, 'UV LED excited time-gated luminescence flow cytometry: Evaluation for rare-event particle counting', IMAGING, MANIPULATION, AND ANALYSIS OF BIOMOLECULES, CELLS, AND TISSUES VI, Conference on Imaging, Manipulation and Analysis of Biomolecules, Cells, and Tissues VI, SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, San Jose, CA.
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Kaparakis, M, Turnbull, L, Carneiro, L, Firth, S, Coleman, HA, Parkington, HC, Le Bourhis, L, Karrar, A, Viala, J, Mak, J, Hutton, M, Davies, JK, Philpott, D, Girardin, S, Whitchurch, CB & Ferrero, RL 2008, 'Bacterial outer membrane vesicles: A new mechanism for NOD1-dependent responses in epithelial cells', HELICOBACTER, pp. 394-394.
Lanyon, BP, Weinhold, TJ, Langford, NK, Barbieri, M, De Almeida, MP, Gilchrist, A, James, DFV & White, AG 2008, 'Photonic quantum computing: shor's algorithm and the road to fault-tolerance', Conference on Quantum Electronics and Laser Science (QELS) - Technical Digest Series.
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Lawrence, F, Botten, LC, Dossou, KB & de Sterke, CM 2008, 'Impedance of photonic crystals', 2008 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS & QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-9, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2008), IEEE, San Jose, CA, pp. 2419-+.
Lawrence, F, Botten, LC, Dossou, KB & De Sterke, CM 2008, 'Impedance of photonic crystals', 2008 Conference on Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, CLEO/QELS.
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we show how the concept of impedance can be defined rigorously in terms of Bloch modes for photonic crystal applications and then exploit this to accurately and efficiently design multilayer antireflection coatings for photonic crystals. © 2008 Optical Society of America.
Lawrence', F, Botten, LC, Dossou, KB & De Sterke, CM 2008, 'Impedance of photonic crystals', Conference on Quantum Electronics and Laser Science (QELS) - Technical Digest Series.
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We show how the concept o impedance can be defined rigorous y in terms of Bloch modes for photonic crystal applications and then exploit this to accurately and efficiently design multilayer antireflection coatings for photonic crystals. © 2008 Optical Society of America.
Lawrence, FJ, Botten, LC, Dossou, KB & C. Martijn de Sterke 2008, 'Impedance of photonic crystals', 2008 Joint Conference of the Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference and the Australian Conference On Optical Fibre Technology, OECC/ACOFT 2008.
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We show how the concept of impedance can be defined rigorously in terms of Bloch modes for photonic crystal applications and then exploit this to accurately and efficiently design multilayer anti-reflection coatings for photonic crystals.
Lawrence, FJ, Botten, LC, Dossou, KB & de Sterke, CM 2008, 'Impedance of photonic crystals', 2008 JOINT CONFERENCE OF THE OPTO-ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE AND THE AUSTRALIAN CONFERENCE ON OPTICAL FIBRE TECHNOLOGY, VOLS 1 AND 2, Joint Conference of the Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference/Australian Conference on Optical Fiber Technology, IEEE, Sydney, AUSTRALIA, pp. 89-+.
Le Gac, G, Rahmani, A, Seassal, C, Picard, E, Hadji, E & Callard, S 2008, 'Active Near-Field Optical Microscopy', 2008 CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS & QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-9, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2008), IEEE, San Jose, CA, pp. 2123-+.
Le Gac, G, Rahmani, A, Seassal, C, Picard, E, Hadji, E & Callard, S 2008, 'Active near-field optical microscopy', 2008 Conference on Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, CLEO/QELS.
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Near-field probe was used to tune the resonance wavelength of a linear cavity. Theoritical and experimental study are presented to show the effect of the probe material on the cavity resonance. ©2008 IEEE.
Le Gac, G, Rahmani, A, Seassal, C, Picard, E, Hadji, E & Callard, S 2008, 'Active near-field optical microscopy', Conference on Quantum Electronics and Laser Science (QELS) - Technical Digest Series.
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Near-field probe was used to tune the resonance wavelength of a linear cavity. Theoritical and experimental study are presented to show the effect of the probe material on the cavity resonance. © 2008 IEEE.
Le Gac, G, Rahmani, A, Seassal, C, Picard, E, Hadji, E & Callard, S 2008, 'Active Near-Field Optical Microscopy', 2008 Conference On Lasers And Electro-Optics & Quantum Electronics And Laser Science Conference, Conference On Lasers And Electro-Optics & Quantum Electronics And Laser Science Conference, IEEE, San Jose, USA, pp. 1-2.
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Near-field probe was used to tune the resonance wavelength of a linear cavity. Theoritical and experimental study are presented to show the effect of the probe material on the cavity resonance
Leif, RC, Jin, D, Piper, J, Vallarino, LM, Williams, JW, Yang, S & Zucker, RM 2008, 'Calibration beads containing luminescent lanthanide ion complexes', IMAGING, MANIPULATION, AND ANALYSIS OF BIOMOLECULES, CELLS, AND TISSUES VI, Conference on Imaging, Manipulation and Analysis of Biomolecules, Cells, and Tissues VI, SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, San Jose, CA.
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Lewis, K, Valenzuela, SM & Ben-Nissan, B 2008, 'Sol-gel derived hydroxyapatite and zirconia nanocoatings, and the effect on the activity of osteoblast like cells', 8th World Biomaterials Congress 2008, p. 567.
Little, MJ, Ferreira, WA, Madio, B, Belato, Y, Orts, DJ, Zaharenko, AJ & Nicholson, GM 2008, 'Phyla-selective actions of sea anemone toxins from Bunodosoma caissarum on insect sodium channel gating and kinetics', 8th Asia-Pacific Congress on Animal, Plant & Microbial Toxins, Hanoi and Halong Bay, Vietnam.
Liu, J, Cankurtaran, BO, Wuhrer, R & Cortie, MB 2008, 'Fabrication of double nano-cup assemblies and their anomalous plasmon absorption', COMMAD '08 Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Optoelectronic and Microelectronic Materials and Devices, COMMAD, IEEE, Sydney, pp. 228-231.
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Double-cup assemblies of nanoscale gold semi-shells have been synthesized using a combination of thermal evaporation and chemical etching. The optical extinction of these structures peaked at 740 nm, but there was also evidence of additional extinction maxima at 560, 940 and 1110 nm. Numerical simulations of the optical properties revealed that the extinction was due mainly to scattering rather than to absorption In contrast, the extinction in simple single-shell nanocups was strongly absorptive in nature. Multiple plasmon resonances were identified in the double-cup structures, including an interesting quadrupole resonance in which oscillations of the inner and outer shells should operate 180deg out-of-phase.
Macnamara, J 2008, 'E-Electioneering: Use of new media in the 2007 Australian federal election', Power and Place: Refereed Proceedings of the Australian and New Zealand Communication Association Conference 2008, Australian New Zealand Communications Association Annual Conference, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand, pp. 1-21.
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Like the 2007-2008 US presidential primaries, the 2007 Australian federal election was described as 'the YouTube election' and an 'internet election' (Media Monitors, 2008). This followed studies of use of what are termed 'new media' for political communication in a number of campaigns including the 2000 US presidential election (Bentivegna, 2002, p. 50) and the 2004 US presidential election which was described as 'a critical turning point' (Xenos and Moy, 2007, p. 704). However, the development of web 2.01 internet media, expanding broadband, and other changes have overtaken many findings of previous research. Some of the most popular new media currently in use were 'invented' post-2004. The rapid rate of technological and social change makes new media research particularly time-bound and indicates that ongoing empirical studies and analysis are needed. This paper contributes to understanding of how new media are used in political communication and how they influence the public sphere (Habermas, 1989, 2006), particularly looking at public interaction and participation (Carpentier, 2007) which have been identified as key features of web 2.0 media and as requirements of an active public sphere, based on findings of a study conducted by the Australian Centre for Public Communication at the University of Technology Sydney during the 2007 Australian federal election.
Mahmoodian, S, Dossou, KB, McPhedran, RC, Botten, LC & deSterkel, CM 2008, 'The Role of Dimensionality and Dispersion for Defects in Photonic Crystals', 2008 JOINT CONFERENCE OF THE OPTO-ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE AND THE AUSTRALIAN CONFERENCE ON OPTICAL FIBRE TECHNOLOGY, VOLS 1 AND 2, Joint Conference of the Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference/Australian Conference on Optical Fiber Technology, IEEE, Sydney, AUSTRALIA, pp. 299-+.
Marcon, F, Purtell, LA, Escoubas, P, Graudins, A & Nicholson, GM 2008, 'Isolation and pharmacological characterisation of a presynaptic neurotoxin from the venom of the Australian copperhead (Austrelaps superbus)', 8th Asia-Pacific Congress on Animal, Plant & Microbial Toxins, Hanoi and Halong Bay, Vietnam.
Marks, B, Steel, MJ & Rahmani, A 2008, 'Modelling time reversal experiments in the optical domain', 2008 Joint Conference Of The Opto-Electronics And Communications Conference And The Australian Conference On Optical Fibre Technology, Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology, IEEE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-2.
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We present a rigorous numerical study of the sub-wavelength focusing of electromagnetic waves using a time-reversal mirror, and show that the diffraction limit can be overcome in the optical domain.
Marks, B, Steel, MJ & Rahmani, A 2008, 'Modelling time reversal experiments in the optical domain', 2008 JOINT CONFERENCE OF THE OPTO-ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE AND THE AUSTRALIAN CONFERENCE ON OPTICAL FIBRE TECHNOLOGY, VOLS 1 AND 2, Joint Conference of the Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference/Australian Conference on Optical Fiber Technology, IEEE, Sydney, AUSTRALIA, pp. 293-+.
Marshall, G, Jovanovic, N, Kan, D, Fuerbach, A, Asatryan, A, Botten, L & Withford, M 2007, 'Ultrafast laser direct-writing of Bragg-glass photonic devices', AOE 2007: ASIA OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION & OPTOELECTRONIC EXPOSITION & CONFERENCE, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, Asia Optical Fiber Communication and Optoelectronic Exposition and Conference, AOE, Shanghai, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 99-99.
Martelli, C, Canning, J, Reimers, JR, Sintic, M, Stocks, D & Crossley, MJ 2008, 'Molecular Electronics inside Optical Fibres', 2008 JOINT CONFERENCE OF THE OPTO-ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE AND THE AUSTRALIAN CONFERENCE ON OPTICAL FIBRE TECHNOLOGY, VOLS 1 AND 2, Joint Conference of the Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference/Australian Conference on Optical Fiber Technology, IEEE, Sydney, AUSTRALIA, pp. 361-+.
Meier, PC, Rogers, C & Craig, AR 2008, 'Acupuncture and major depressive disorder: is pattern differentiation necessary', AACMA Annual Conference, Sydney.
Milthorpe, B, Lord, M & Simmons, A 2008, 'Cell-material interactions from modeling QCM-D data', 8th World Biomaterials Congress 2008, p. 1236.
Moheimani, F, van Reyk, DM & Davies, MJ 2008, 'Do glucose and reactive aldehydes modulate the removal of glycated proteins by proteasomes?', ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY, 9th Annual Conference on Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS, Atlanta, GA, pp. E100-E100.
Moore, CP, Arnold, MD, Bones, PJ & Blaikie, RJ 2008, 'Analysis and Comparison of Simulation Techniques for Silver Superlenses', 2008 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY, International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, IEEE, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA, pp. 210-213.
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Moore, CP, Arnold, MD, Bones, PJ & Blaikie, RJ 2008, 'Simulation and characterisation of silver superlenses', 2008 International Conference on Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, IEEE, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 210-213.
Newton, K, Jeffries, TC, Seymour, JR, Leterme, S, Mitchell, JG & Seuront, L 2008, 'Microbial abundance and diversity along a salinity gradient.', Cairns, Australia.
Nicholson, GM, Gunning, SJ, Maggio, FJ, Windley, MJ, Valenzuela, S & King, GF 2009, 'Identifying novel insecticide targets using insect-specific spider toxins', 3rd International Congress on Natural Peptides to Drugs, Zermatt, Switzerland.
Nicholson, GM, Yamaji, N, Little, MJ, Nishio, H, Billen, B, Villegas, E, Nishiuichi, Y, Tytgat, J & Corzo, G 2008, 'Synthesis, solution structure and pharmacological profile of Magi 4, a spider δ-toxin that slows inactivation of specific voltage-gated sodium channel subtypes in insects and mammals', 8th Asia-Pacific Congress on Animal, Plant & Microbial Toxins, Hanoi and Halong Bay, Vietnam.
Nikitopoulos Sklibosios, C, Bruti Liberati, N, Platen, E & Schlogl, E 2008, 'Real-world pricing for defaultable term structure models', Bachelier Finance Society 5th World Congress, London, UK.
Palee, J, Dheeranupattana, S, Jatisatienr, A, Jatisatienr, C, Pyne, SG, Ung, AT & Sastraruji, T 2008, 'Effects of methyl jasmonate on alkaloid production in callus culture of Stemona curtisii Hook.f', PLANTA MEDICA, pp. 1162-1162.
Patten, NL, Seymour, JR, Seuront, L, Harrison, P & Mitchell, JG 2008, 'Prokaryotic and viral abundances between different coral reef micro-habitats', Cairns, Australia.
Peng, T & Schlogl, E 2008, 'Dynamic default correlation models: Binomial lattices, cross entropy and perfect match', Bachelier Finance Society 5th World Congress, Lindon, UK.
Peng, T & Schlogl, E 2008, 'Dynamic default correlation models: Binomial lattices, cross entropy and perfect match', Seminar, Lehman Brothers Investment Bank, London, UK.
Platen, E 2008, 'A Benchmark Approach to Finance', Mathematics in Finance Conference, Cape Town, South Africa.
Platen, E 2008, 'A benchmark approach to quantitative finance', Summer School: Risk Theory and Related Fields, European Mathematical Society, Bedlewo, Poland.
Platen, E 2008, 'A Unifying Approach to Asset Pricing', International Conference on Price, Liquidity and Credit Risks, Konstanz, Germany.
Platen, E 2008, 'Conditions for Martingales with Applications in Finance', Conference on Stochastic Analysis, Random Fields and Applications, Ascona, Switzerland.
Platen, E 2008, 'Honest Times in Financial Modelling', Monash-Ritsumeikan Symposium on Probability and Related Fields, Melbourne, Australia.
Platen, E 2008, 'Law of the Minimal Price', Workshop on Mathematics in Finance, Cape Town, South Africa.
Platen, E 2008, 'Numerical solution of stochastic differential equations', Workshop at Third International Conference on Mathematics in Finance, Kruger National Park, South Africa.
Platen, E 2008, 'On Interest Rate Term Structure Modelling Under the Benchmark Approach', Third International Conference on Mathematics in Finance, Kruger National Park, South Africa.
Platen, E 2008, 'Portfolio Optimization Under Partial Information', Seminar Paper, Boston University, Boston, USA.
Platen, E 2008, 'Properties of a Diversified World Stock Index', Seminar Presentation, Princeton University, New York, USA.
Platen, E 2008, 'The Law of the Minimal Price', Seminar Presentation, Columbia University, New York, USA.
Platen, E 2008, 'The Law of the Minimal Price', Frankfurt MathFinance Conference 2008, Frankfurt, Germany.
Platen, E 2008, 'The Law of the Minimal Price', Seminar Paper, University of Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, USA.
Platen, E 2008, 'The Law of the Minimal Price', The 3rd General AMaMeF Conference - Advances in Mathematical Finance, Pitesti, Romania.
Platen, E 2008, 'Valuing Guaranteed Minimum Death Benefit Options', Quantitative Methods in Finance 2008 Conference, Sydney, Australia.
Prill Sempere, LN, Schmidt, M, Tyagi, HK, Poulton, CG & Russell, PS 2008, 'Metal nanowire arrays in photonic crystal fibers', Winter Topical Meeting Series, 2008 IEEE/LEOS, IEEE/LEOS Winter Topical Meeting Series, IEEE/LEOS, Sorrento, Italy, pp. 206-207.
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Metallic nanowire arrays are created by pumping molten metal into the hollow channels of silica glass PCF. Measurements show that, at certain wavelengths, the core-guided light couples to leaky surface plasmon modes on the nanowires.
Rahman, HU, Gentle, A, Gauja, E & Ramer, R 2008, 'Characterisation of Dielectric Properties of PECVD Silicon Nitride for RF MEMS Applications', INMIC: 2008 INTERNATIONAL MULTITOPIC CONFERENCE, 12th IEEE International Multitopic Conference, IEEE, Bahria Univ, Karachi, PAKISTAN, pp. 91-+.
Rahman, HU, Gentle, A, Gauja, E & Ramer, R 2008, 'Characterization and optimisation of PECVD silicon nitride as dielectric layer for rf MEMS using reflectance measurements', ISAPE 2008 - The 8th International Symposium on Antennas, Propagation and EM Theory Proceedings, pp. 500-503.
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Synthesis of Silicon Nitride thin films is important in the semiconductor industry. The properties of the films make them valuable for oxidation masks, protection and passivation barrier layers, etch stop layer and inter level insulators. In the present study, we prepared silicon nitride films with different refractive index. We used various conditions of PECVD atmosphere with the purpose of obtaining high quality near stoichiometric films. Different deposition routines were employed, including variable flow ratio of silane and ammonia on to a silicon substrate. The quality and stoichiometry of the film was investigated using reflectance measurements of the films. Measured process parameters were the deposition rate, film thickness, refractive index, breakdown voltage, dielectric constant, surface morphology and film composition. The thickness of the film was measured by using AFM, DEKTAK and ellipsometer measurements. Fitting of reflectance spectra with WVASE ellipsometric software provided us with optical constants for silicon nitride and allowed analysis of the films. A Bruggeman effective medium approximation was utilized to model the refractive index of the films. Reflective measurements were carried out in the range 210nm-2500nm. © 2008 IEEE.
Rahman, HU, Gentle, A, Gauja, E & Ramer, R 2008, 'Characterization and Optimisation of PECVD Silicon Nitride as Dielectric Layer for RF MEMS Using Reflectance Measurements', ISAPE 2008: THE 8TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ANTENNAS, PROPAGATION AND EM THEORY, PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-3, 8th International Symposium on Antennas, Propagation and EM Theory, IEEE, Kunming, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 498-501.
Raja, S, Thomas, P, Stuart, BH & O'Brien, C 2008, 'Thermal analysis of bones in forensic applications', International Association of Forensic Sciences 18th Triennial Meeting Book of Abstracts, 18th Meeting of the International Association of Forensic Sciences, New Orleans.
Ramaswamy, Y, Wu, C, Combes, V, Grau, G & Zreiqat, H 2008, 'In-vitro study of human osteoblasts, osteoclasts and endothelial cells on the titanium modified calcium silicate ceramics', 8th World Biomaterials Congress 2008, p. 2047.
Roberts, T, Barratt, J, Stark, D, van hal, S, Ellis, J, Marriott, D & Harkness, J 2008, 'Limited genetic diversity among genotypes of Entercytozoon bieneusi strains isolated from HIV-infected patients from Sydney, Australia', The Australian Society for Microbiology scientific meeting & exhibition, Sydney, Australia.
Sastraruji, T, Kotabin, N, Jatisatienr, C, Dheeranupattana, S, Pyne, SG & Ung, AT 2008, 'Phytochemical studies on Stemona plants: biological activities of some stemofoline alkaloids', PLANTA MEDICA, pp. 985-985.
Schliep, MT, Chen, M, Larkum, A & Quinnell, R 2007, 'The function of MgDVP in a chlorophyll d-containing organism', Photosynthesis. Energy from the Sun 14th International Congress on Photosynthesis, 14th International Congress on Photosynthesis, Springer, Glasgow, pp. 1125-1128.
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Schlogl, E 2008, 'Design patterns and objects in monte carlo simulation', Quantitative Methods in Finance 2008 Conference, Sydney, Australia.
Schlogl, E 2008, 'Option pricing where assets follow a Gram-Charlier density of arbitrary order', Bachelier Finance Society 5th World Congress, London, UK.
Schlogl, E 2008, 'Option Pricing where Assets Follow a Gram-Charlier Density of Arbitrary Order', Seminar, Lehman Brothers Investment Bank, London, UK.
Schlogl, E 2008, 'Option pricing where the underlying assets follow a Gram/Charlier density of arbitrary order', Third International Conference on Mathematics in Finance, Kruger National Park, South Africa.
Schwefel, HG, Poulton, CG & Wang, LJ 2008, 'Numerically efficient multipole method for photonic molecules', Proceedings of 2008 10th Anniversary International Conference On Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON) vol 4, ICTON, IEEE/LEOS, Athens, Greece, pp. 230-233.
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A novel and numerically efficient multipole formulation for the calculation of resonances of photonic molecules is presented. Photonic molecules are often modeled as two dimensional coupled dielectric disks. We use the multipole expansion of the individual fields and formulate the boundary conditions in terms of a generalized eigenvalue problem. The complex root search is simplified by studying the flow of the eigenvalues, where we argue that the motion of the eigenvalues in the complex plane is analytic with respect to a two parameter family. Based on this analytic behavior we present a numerical algorithm to compute a range of photonic molecule resonances and field distributions using only two diagonalizations.
Simpson, AM, Tao, C, Lawandi, J, Swan, MA & O'Brien, BA 2008, 'Physiological insulin secretion from a novel human insulin-secreting liver cell line: Melligen cells', DIABETES, 67th Annual Meeting of the American-Diabetes-Association, AMER DIABETES ASSOC, San Francicso, CA, pp. A88-A88.
Smallwood, AG, Thomas, P & Ray, AS 2008, 'The thermophysical porperties of Australian Opal', 9th International Congress for Applied Mineralogy, International Congress foe Applied mineralogy, Australasian Institute of Mining & Metallurgy, Brisbane, Australia, pp. 557-560.
Smith, GB & Lakhtakia, A 2008, 'Proceedings of SPIE - Nanostructured Thin Films: Introduction', Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering.
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Stewart, L, Marshall, GD, Dawes, J, Withford, M & Rahmani, A 2007, 'Self-assembly around curved surfaces', Photonics: Design, Technology, And Packaging Iii Book Series: Proceedings Of The Society Of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE), SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, Canberra, Australia, pp. 1-9.
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We present a parametric study of self-assembled photonic crystal growth as a function of radius of curvature. To do this, we used a combination of microscope slides, glass capillaries and optical fibres as substrates to grow the self-assembled films on. Microscope and SEM images, as well as broadband transmission spectra were used to characterise the crystal, and the effect the changing surface curvature had on the crystal quality. Limitations for fabricating the crystals on highly curved surfaces willbe presented.
Stocker, R & Seymour, JR 2008, 'Ecological implications of chemotactic motility', Lucca (Barga), Italy.
Stocker, R & Seymour, JR 2008, 'Patchiness in the microbial world: insights from microfluidic studies.', United States.
Stocker, R, Seymour, JR & Marcos, M 2008, 'Microbial life in the ocean.', New Orleans, LA.
Sukhorukov, AA, Ha, S, Dossou, KB, Botten, LC, Lavrinenko, AV, Chigrin, DN & Kivshar, YS 2008, 'Photonic crystal couplers for slow light', ADVANCES IN SLOW AND FAST LIGHT, Conference on Advances in Slow and Fast Light, SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, San Jose, CA.
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Syaifudin, ARM, Mukhopadhyay, SC & Jayasundera, KP 2008, 'Electromagnetic Interaction of Planar Interdigital Sensors with Chemicals Contaminated in Seafood', PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SENSING TECHNOLOGY, 3rd International Conference on Sensing Technology, IEEE, Natl Cheng Kung Univ, Tainan, TAIWAN, pp. 620-+.
Tan, Y & Qu, X 2008, 'RNA oligonucleotides improve metabolic syndrome by targeting retinol binding protein 4 gene in high fat fed mice.', 44th The European Association for the Study of Diabetes., Rome, Italy.
Treangen, TJ, Darling, AE, Ragan, MA & Messeguer, X 2008, 'Gapped extension for local multiple alignment of interspersed DNA repeats', Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), pp. 74-86.
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The identification of homologous DNA is a fundamental building block of comparative genomic and molecular evolution studies. To date, pairwise local sequence alignment methods have been the prevailing technique to identify homologous nucleotides. However, existing methods that identify and align all homologous nucleotides in one or more genomes have suffered poor scalability and limited accuracy. We propose a novel method that couples a gapped extension heuristic with a previously described efficient filtration method for local multiple alignment. During gapped extension, we use the MUSCLE implementation of progressive multiple alignment with iterative refinement. The resulting gapped extensions potentially contain alignments of unrelated sequence. We detect and remove such undesirable alignments using a hidden Markov model to predict the posterior probability of homology. The HMM emission frequencies for nucleotide substitutions can be derived from any strand/species-symmetric nucleotide substitution matrix, and we have developed a method to adapt an arbitrary substitution matrix (i.e. HOXD) to organisms with different G+C content. We evaluate the performance of our method and previous approaches on a hybrid dataset of real genomic DNA with simulated interspersed repeats. Our method outperforms existing methods in terms of sensitivity, positive predictive value, and localizing boundaries of homology. The described methods have been implemented in the free, open-source procrastAligner software, available from: http://alggen.lsi.upc.es/recerca/align/ procrastination © 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Vessalas, K, Ray, AS, Thomas, P, Joyce, PA & Haggman, J 2008, 'Characterisation of Portland cement blended with pitchstone fines aiding carbon dioxide emission reduction', 9th International Congress for Applied Mineralogy, International Congress for Applied Mineralogy, Australasian institute of mining & Metallurgy, Brisbane, pp. 255-258.
Walsh, SP & King, E 2008, 'Clinical Pulse Diagnosis: Issues of reliability and validity', Book of Abstracts, AACMAC 2008: Australasian Acupuncture & Chinese Medicine Annual Conference, Australian Acupuncture and Chinese Medicine Association, Star City Sydney Hotel and Casino, Darling Harbour, Sydney, Australia, pp. 19-19.
Wilson, KG & Ralph, PJ 2008, 'A comparison of the effects of Tapis crude oil and dispersed crude oil on subtidal Zostera capricorni', International Oil Spill Conference - IOSC 2008, Proceedings, pp. 859-864.
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Windley, MJ, Escoubas, P, Valenzuela, S & Nicholson, GM 2008, 'Characterisation of a family of insect-selective neurotoxins isolated from the African tarantula, Eucratoscelus longiceps', 8th Asia-Pacific Congress on Animal, Plant & Microbial Toxins, Hanoi and Halong Bay, Vietnam.
Wood, RA, Orwell, RL, Tarran, J, Torpy, F & Burchett, M 2004, 'Indoor plants: Improving the indoor environment for health, well-being and productivity', PROCEEDINGS OF THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL PEOPLE-PLANT SYMPOSIUM ON EXPLORING THERAPEUTIC POWERS OF FLOWERS, GREENERY AND NATURE, 8th International People-Plant Symposium on Exploring Therapeutic Powers of Flowers, Greenery and Nature, INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE, Awaji, JAPAN, pp. 151-156.
Yamaji, N, Little, MJ, Nishio, H, Billen, B, Villegas, E, Nishiuichi, Y, Tytgat, J, Nicholson, GM & Corzo, G 2008, 'Structural and pharmacological profile of Magi 4, a peptide toxin from the venom of the hexathelid spider Macrothele gigas', 16th European Congress on Animal, Plant and Microbial Toxins, Leuven, Belgium.
Zaslawski, C, Walsh, S, Deare, J & James, J 2016, 'Referral practices and the Australian Chinese medicine profession: Report on AACMA survey', Book of Abstracts, AACMAC 2008: Australasian Acupuncture and cghinese Medicine Annual Conference, Star City Sydney Hotel and Casino, Darling Harbour, Sydney, Australia, pp. 15-15.
Zaslawski, CJ 2007, 'The influence of cross-cultural research ethics on Chinese medicine clinical trial design', Complementary Therapies In medicine, Authenticity, best practice, and the evidence mosaic The challenge of integrating traditional East Asian medicines into Western Health Care, Elsevier, University of Westminster, London, UK, pp. 115-115.
Zhang, F, Lidbury, B, Schulte, J, Bridgeman, A, Yates, B & Rodger, J 2008, 'Language difficulties in first year Science', Proceedings of the Assessment in Science Teaching and Learning Symposium, Assessment in Science Teaching and Learning Symposium, UniServe, Sydney, pp. 159-164.
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A key goal of the study entitled ‘A cross-disciplinary approach to language support for first year students in the
science disciplines’, funded by the Carrick Institute for Learning and Teaching in Higher Education, is to examine the
role of language in the learning of science by first-year university students. The disciplines involved are Physics,
Chemistry and Biology. This national project also aims to transfer active learning skills, which are widely used in
language teaching, to the teaching of science in first year. The paper discusses the background to the study, reports on
some of the preliminary results on the language difficulties faced by first year student cohorts in science from data
collected in 2008, and describes the framework we have established for the organization and delivery of first year science
courses to be implemented in semester one 2009.
