Aharonovich, I, Tamir, S & Lifshitz, Y 2008, 'Growth of SiO(x) nanowires by laser ablation', NANOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 1-8.
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Amorphous SiOx nanowires (NWs) were synthesized using laser ablation of silicon-containing targets. The influence of various parameters such as target composition, substrate type, substrate temperature and carrier gas on the growth process was studied. The NWs were characterized using high resolution scanning and transmission electron microscopes (HRSEM and HRTEM) with their attachments: electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and energy electron loss spectroscopy (EELS). A metal catalyst was found essential for the NW growth. A growth temperature higher than 1000 ?C was necessary for the NW formation using an Ar-based carrier gas at 500 Torr. The use of Ar5%H2 instead of pure Ar resulted in a higher yield and longer NWs. Application of a diffusion barrier on top of the Si substrate guaranteed the availability of metal catalyst droplets on the surface, essential for the NW growth. Ni was found to be a better catalyst than Au in terms of the NW yield and length. Two alternative sequences for the evolution of the amorphous SiOx NWs were considered: (a) the formation of Si NWs first and their complete oxidation afterwards, which seems to be doubtful, (b) the direct formation of SiOx NWs, which is more likely to occur. The direct formation mechanism was proposed to advance in three stages: preferential adsorption of SiOx clusters on the catalyst surface first, a successive surface diffusion to the catalyst droplet lower hemisphere, and finally the formation and growth of the NW between the catalyst and the substrate.
Aharonovich, I, Zhou, C, Stacey, A, Treussart, F, Roch, J-F & Prawer, S 2008, 'Formation of color centers in nanodiamonds by plasma assisted diffusion of impurities from the growth substrate', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 93, no. 24, p. 243112.
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A technique to create nickel-related single color centers in individual nanodiamonds is demonstrated. The method involves implantation of nickel ions into a substrate onto which the diamond nanocrystals are subsequently grown by chemical vapor deposition
Ajami, K, Pitman, MR, Wilson, CH, Park, J, Menz, RI, Starr, AE, Cox, JH, Abbott, CA, Overall, CM & Gorrell, MD 2008, 'Corrigendum to “Stromal cell-derived factors 1α and 1β, inflammatory protein-10 and interferon-inducible T cell chemo-attractant are novel substrates of dipeptidyl peptidase 8” [FEBS Lett. 582 (2008) 819-825]', FEBS Letters, vol. 582, no. 7, pp. 1168-1168.
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Ajami, K, Pitman, MR, Wilson, CH, Park, J, Menz, RI, Starr, AE, Cox, JH, Abbott, CA, Overall, CM & Gorrell, MD 2008, 'Stromal cell-derived factors 1α and 1β, inflammatory protein-10 and interferon-inducible T cell chemo-attractant are novel substrates of dipeptidyl peptidase 8', FEBS Letters, vol. 582, no. 5, pp. 819-825.
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Andersson, CR, Helliwell, CA, Bagnall, DJ, Hughes, TP, Finnegan, EJ, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2008, 'The FLX Gene of Arabidopsis is required for FRI-dependent activation of FLC expression', PLANT AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 191-200.
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The Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) gene encodes a MADS box protein that acts as a dose-dependent repressor of flowering. Mutants and ecotypes with elevated expression of FLC are late flowering and vernalization responsive. In this study we describe
Apanasovich, TV, Ruppert, D, Lupton, JR, Popovic, N, Turner, ND, Chapkin, RS & Carroll, RJ 2008, 'Aberrant Crypt Foci and Semiparametric Modeling of Correlated Binary Data', Biometrics, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 490-500.
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Arulsamy, AD & Fronzi, M 2008, 'Length-dependent resistance model for a single-wall carbon nanotube', Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 74-79.
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Ashmore, J, Bishop, R, Craig, DC & Scudder, ML 2008, '2,3,10,11-Tetramethoxy-6,7,14,15-tetrahydro-6,14-methanocycloocta[1,2-b;5,6-b′]diquinoline', Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. o48-o48.
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Ashmore, J, Bishop, R, Craig, DC & Scudder, ML 2008, '5bα,6,7,13bα,14,15-Hexahydroacridino[4,3-c]acridine', Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, vol. 64, no. 6, pp. o1136-o1136.
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Ashmore, J, Bishop, R, Craig, DC & Scudder, ML 2008, 'Synthesis and inclusion properties of new nitrated C2− symmetric diquinoline hosts', CrystEngComm, vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 839-839.
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Ashmore, J, Bishop, R, Craig, DC & Scudder, ML 2008, 'The structural convergence of two aromatic inclusion host families', CrystEngComm, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 131-137.
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Asquith, KL, Ramshaw, HS, Hansbro, PM, Beagley, KW, Lopez, AF & Foster, PS 2008, 'The IL-3/IL-5/GM-CSF Common β Receptor Plays a Pivotal Role in the Regulation of Th2 Immunity and Allergic Airway Inflammation', The Journal of Immunology, vol. 180, no. 2, pp. 1199-1206.
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Abstract
The eosinophil is a central effector cell in allergic asthma. Differentiation and function of eosinophils are regulated by the CD4 Th2 cytokines IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF, which all signal through a common β receptor subunit (βc). Recent therapeutic approaches targeting IL-5 alone have not ablated tissue accumulation of eosinophils and have had limited effects on disease progression, suggesting important roles for IL-3 and GM-CSF. By using a mouse model of allergic airways inflammation, we show that allergen-induced expansion and accumulation of eosinophils in the lung are abolished in βc-deficient (βc−/−) mice. Moreover, βc deficiency resulted in inhibition of hallmark features of asthma, including airways hypersensitivity, mucus hypersecretion, and production of Ag-specific IgE. Surprisingly, we also identified a critical role for this receptor in regulating type 2 immunity. Th2 cells in the lung of allergen-challenged βc−/− mice were limited in their ability to proliferate, produce cytokines, and migrate to effector sites, which was attributed to reduced numbers of myeloid dendritic cells in the lung compartment. Thus, the βc plays a critical role in allergen-induced eosinophil expansion and infiltration and is pivotal in regulating molecules that promote both early and late phases of allergic inflammation, representing a novel target for therapy.
Ayeb, A & Notten, PHL 2008, 'The oxygen evolution kinetics in sealed rechargeable NiMH batteries', Electrochimica Acta, vol. 53, no. 19, pp. 5836-5847.
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Baggetto, L, Niessen, RAH, Roozeboom, F & Notten, PHL 2008, 'High Energy Density All-Solid-State Batteries: A Challenging Concept Towards 3D Integration', Advanced Functional Materials, vol. 18, no. 7, pp. 1057-1066.
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Rechargeable all-solid-state batteries will play a key role in many autonomous devices. Planar solid-state thin film batteries are rapidly emerging but reveal several drawbacks, such as a relatively low energy density and the use of highly reactive metallic lithium. In order to overcome these limitations a new 3D-integrated all-solid-state battery concept with significantly increased surface area is presented. By depositing the active battery materials into high-aspect ratio structures etched in, for example silicon, 3D-integrated all-solid-state batteries are calculated to reach a much higher energy density. Additionally, by adopting novel high-energy dense Li-intercalation materials the use of metallic Lithium can be avoided. Sputtered Ta, TaN and TiN films have been investigated as potential Li-diffusion barrier materials. TiN combines a very low response towards ionic Lithium and a high electronic conductivity. Additionally, thin film poly-Si anodes have been electrochemically characterized with respect to their thermodynamic and kinetic Li-intercalation properties and cycle life. The Butler-Vollmer relationship was successfully applied, indicating favorable electrochemical charge transfer kinetics and solid-state diffusion. Advantageously, these new Li-intercalation anode materials were found to combine an extremely high energy density with fast rate capability, enabling future 3D-integrated all-solid-state batteries. © 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
Baladandayuthapani, V, Mallick, BK & Carroll, RJ 2008, 'Correction', Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 515-515.
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Baladandayuthapani, V, Mallick, BK, Young Hong, M, Lupton, JR, Turner, ND & Carroll, RJ 2008, 'Bayesian Hierarchical Spatially Correlated Functional Data Analysis with Application to Colon Carcinogenesis', Biometrics, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 64-73.
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Barken, KB, Pamp, SJ, Yang, L, Gjermansen, M, Bertrand, JJ, Klausen, M, Givskov, M, Whitchurch, CB, Engel, JN & Tolker-Nielsen, T 2008, 'Roles of type IV pili, flagellum-mediated motility and extracellular DNA in the formation of mature multicellular structures in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms', ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 2331-2343.
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When grown as a biofilm in laboratory flow chambers Pseudomonas aeruginosa can develop mushroom-shaped multicellular structures consisting of distinct subpopulations in the cap and stalk portions. We have previously presented evidence that formation of the cap portion of the mushroom-shaped structures in P. aeruginosa biofilms occurs via bacterial migration and depends on type IV pili (Mol Microbiol 50: 61-68). In the present study we examine additional factors involved in the formation of this multicellular substructure. While pilA mutants, lacking type IV pili, are deficient in mushroom cap formation, pilH and chpA mutants, which are inactivated in the type IV pili-linked chemosensory system, showed only minor defects in cap formation. On the contrary, fliM mutants, which are non-flagellated, and cheY mutants, which are inactivated in the flagellum-linked chemotaxis system, were largely deficient in cap formation. Experiments involving DNase treatment of developing biofilms provided evidence that extracellular DNA plays a role in cap formation. Moreover, mutants that are deficient in quorum sensing-controlled DNA release formed microcolonies upon which wild-type bacteria could not form caps. These results constitute evidence that type IV pili, flagellum-mediated motility and quorum sensing-controlled DNA release are involved in the formation of mature multicellular structures in P. aeruginosa biofilms.
Barratt, J, Al Qassab, S, Reichel, MP & Ellis, JT 2008, 'The development and evaluation of a nested PCR assay for detection of Neospora caninum and Hammondia heydorni in feral mouse tissues', MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR PROBES, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 228-233.
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The development of a novel nested polymerase chain reaction is desribed and used for detecting the presence of Neospora caninum and Hammondai heydorni DNA in DNA extracted from feral rodent tissues.
Beard, JR, Earnest, A, Morgan, G, Chan, H, Summerhayes, R, Dunn, TM, Tomaska, NA & Ryan, L 2008, 'Socioeconomic disadvantage and acute coronary events - A spatiotemporal analysis', EPIDEMIOLOGY, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 485-492.
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Background: The associations between socioeconomic disadvantage and ischemic heart disease are not well understood. We explore the relationship between socioeconomic factors and acute coronary events using spatiotemporal analysis. Methods: We studied all deaths from acute myocardial infarction and hospital admissions for acute coronary syndrome and related revascularization procedures for the state of New South Wales, Australia, from 1996 through 2002. We used conditional autoregressive models to describe how characteristics of subjects place of residence (socioeconomic disadvantage, proportion of the population of indigenous background, and metropolitan versus nonmetropolitan area) influenced admissions and mortality. Results: There were 32,534 deaths due to acute myocardial infarction and 129,045 admissions for acute coronary syndrome. We found a relationship between increasing socioeconomic disadvantage and mortality (unadjusted relative risk for highest quartile of disadvantage relative to lowest 1.40; 95% confidence interval 1.271.54) as well as admissions (1.41; 1.28 1.55). After accounting for admission rates, socioeconomic disadvantage was associated with lower rates of angiography (0.75; 0.63 0.88) and interventional angiography (0.70; 0.560.85). After adjusting for socioeconomic disadvantage, areas with higher proportions of the population identified as indigenous had higher rates of admission and mortality, while residency in the state capital was associated with higher admission rates and more interventional angiography. After accounting for admission rates, the association of socioeconomic disadvantage with mortality was reduced.
Beavis, A, Dawson, M, Doble, P, Scolyer, RA, Bourne, R, Li, L-XL, Murali, R, Stretch, JR, Lean, CL, Uren, RF & Thompson, JF 2008, 'Confirmation of sentinel lymph node identity by analysis of fine-needle biopsy samples using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry', ANNALS OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 934-940.
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Background: The sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy technique is a reliable means of determining the tumor-harboring status of regional lymph nodes in melanoma patients. When technetium 99 m-labeled antimony trisulfide colloid ((99) Tc-m-Sb2S3) particles ar
Behnia, S, Akhshani, A, Mahmodi, H & Akhavan, A 2008, 'A novel algorithm for image encryption based on mixture of chaotic maps', Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 408-419.
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BEHNIA, S, AKHSHANI, A, MAHMODI, H & AKHAVAN, A 2008, 'CHAOTIC CRYPTOGRAPHIC SCHEME BASED ON COMPOSITION MAPS', International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, vol. 18, no. 01, pp. 251-261.
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In recent years, a growing number of cryptosystems based on chaos have been proposed. But most of them have encountered many problems such as small key space and weak security. In the present paper, a new kind of chaotic cryptosystem based on Composition of Trigonometric Chaotic Maps is proposed. These maps which are defined as ratios of polynomials of degree N, have interesting properties such as invariant measure, ergodicity, variable chaotic region with respect to the control parameters and ability to construct composition form of maps. We have used a composition of chaotic map to shuffle the position of image pixels. Another composition of chaotic map is used in diffusion process. According to the performed analysis, the introduced algorithm can satisfy the required performances such as high level security, large key space and the acceptable encryption speed.
Behnia, S, Akhshani, A, Mahmodi, H & Hobbenagi, H 2008, 'On the calculation of chaotic features for nonlinear time series', Chinese Journal of Physics, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 394-404.
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Recent developments in the theory of nonlinear dynamics have paved the way for analyzing signals generated from nonlinear biological systems. This study is aimed at investigating the application of nonlinear analysis in differentiating between patients and healthy persons, as well as in investigating the relation between ergodicity and stationarity in the dynamics of the heart. The nonlinear analysis in this work includes attractor reconstruction, estimation of the correlation dimension, calculation of the largest Lyapunov exponent, the approximate entropy, the sample entropy, and a Poincaré plot. Four groups of electrical cardiograph (ECG) signals have been investigated. Our results, obtained from clinical data, confirm the previous studies; this allows one to distinguish between a healthy group and a group of patients with more confidence than the standard methods for heart rate time series. Furthermore we extended our understanding of heart dynamics using entropies and a Poincaré plot along with the correlation dimension and the largest Lyapunov exponent. We have also obtained the results that stationarity and ergodicity are related to each other in heart dynamics. © 2008 THE PHYSICAL SOCIETY OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA.
Bermin, H, Buchen, P & Konstandatos, O 2008, 'Two Exotic Lookback Options', Applied Mathematical Finance, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 387-402.
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This paper formally analyses two exotic options with lookback features, referred to as extreme spread lookback options and look-barrier options, first introduced by Bermin. The holder of such options receives partial protection from large price movements in the underlying, but at roughly the cost of a plain vanilla contract. This is achieved by increasing the leverage through either floating the strike price (for the case of extreme spread options) or introducing a partial barrier window (for the case of look-barrier options). We show how to statically replicate the prices of these hybrid exotic derivatives with more elementary European binary options and their images, using new methods first introduced by Buchen and Konstandatos. These methods allow considerable simplification in the analysis, leading to closed-form representations in the Black-Scholes framework.
Bertinshaw, J, Kirkup, L, Phillips, M & Placido, F 2008, 'A system for supplying constant electrical power for postprocessing tin-doped indium oxide films', REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS, vol. 79, no. 7, pp. 1-3.
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Annealing tin doped indium oxide (ITO) thin films by self-heating shows potential for reducing the crystallization temperature required to optimize the optical and electrical properties of the films. It also shows promise as a cost effective method of studying the heat treatment process in situ. A computer based solution was developed to allow for a precise control over the annealing process. To anneal at a fixed temperature, a feedback loop senses changes in the resistance of the sample and adjusts the current across the load accordingly to ensure constant delivery of power to an ITO film
Bhosale, SV & Langford, SJ 2008, 'ChemInform Abstract: The Development of Yoctowells as a Basis for Modeling Biological Systems.', ChemInform, vol. 39, no. 14.
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Bhosale, SV, Bissett, MA, Forsyth, C, Langford, SJ, Neville, SM, Shapter, JG, Weeks, L & Woodward, CP 2008, 'Designing Functionalized Porphyrins Capable of Pseudo-2D Self-Assembly on Surfaces', Organic Letters, vol. 10, no. 14, pp. 2943-2946.
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Bhosale, SV, Chong, C, Forsyth, C, Langford, SJ & Woodward, CP 2008, 'ChemInform Abstract: Investigations of Rotamers in Diaxial Sn(IV)porphyrin Phenolates - Towards a Molecular Timepiece.', ChemInform, vol. 39, no. 45.
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Bhosale, SV, Chong, C, Forsyth, C, Langford, SJ & Woodward, CP 2008, 'Investigations of rotamers in diaxial Sn(IV)porphyrin phenolates—towards a molecular timepiece', Tetrahedron, vol. 64, no. 36, pp. 8394-8401.
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Bhosale, SV, Jani, CH & Langford, SJ 2008, 'ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of Naphthalene Diimides', ChemInform, vol. 39, no. 21.
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Bodas*, J, Ollendick, TH & Sovani, AV 2008, 'Test anxiety in Indian children: A cross-cultural perspective', Anxiety, Stress & Coping, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 387-404.
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The present investigation examined test anxiety in Indian children from a cross-cultural perspective. Test anxiety has been studied extensively in western countries but much less so in eastern countries. Furthermore, the cross-cultural research conducted in eastern countries possesses significant limitations and continues to possess a western bias. The present research attempted to advance cross-cultural research on test anxiety by adopting Berry's imposed etic-emic-derived etic methodology. Participants included 231 schoolchildren. Qualitative data were collected to examine culture-specific variables (emic considerations) using structured focus groups and open-ended questions. Next, quantitative data were collected using translated and adapted versions of Spielberger's Test Anxiety Inventory and the FRIEDBEN Test Anxiety Scale. Qualitative data indicated culture-specific elements of test anxiety in Indian youth, including the high stakes associated with exam performance and future schooling as well as the role of somatization and social derogation in the phenomenological experience of test anxiety. Although quantitative findings failed to confirm the importance of high-stakes environments on test anxiety, the importance of somatization and social derogation was substantiated. Ongoing desensitization to test anxiety and enhanced coping responses were proposed as possible explanations for the obtained relations. © 2008 Taylor & Francis.
Bojko, K, Roux, C & Reedy, BJ 2008, 'An Examination of the Sequence of Intersecting Lines Using Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectral Imaging', JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 1458-1467.
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Bosire, JO, Dahdouh-Guebas, F, Walton, M, Crona, BI, Lewis, RR, Field, C, Kairo, JG & Koedam, N 2008, 'Functionality of restored mangroves: A review', Aquatic Botany, vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 251-259.
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Widespread mangrove degradation Coupled with the increasing awareness of the importance of these coastal forests have spurred many attempts to restore mangroves but without concomitant assessment of recovery (or otherwise) at the ecosystem level in many areas. This paper reviews literature on the recovery of restored mangrove ecosystems using relevant functional indicators. While stand structure in mangrove stands is dependent on age, site conditions and silvicultural management, published data indicates that stem densities are higher in restored mangroves than comparable natural stands; the converse is true for basal area. Biomass increment rates have been found to be higher in younger stands than older stands (e.g. 12 t ha(-1) year(-1) for a 12 years plantation compared to 5.1 t ha(-1) year(-1) for a 80-year-old plantation). Disparities in patterns of tree species recruitment into the restored stands have been observed with some stands having linear recruitment rates with time (hence enhancing stand complexity), while some older stands completely lacked the understorey. Biodiversity assessments Suggest that some fauna species are more responsive to mangrove degradation (e.g. herbivorous crabs and mollusks in general), and thus mangrove restoration encourages the return of such species, in some cases to levels equivalent to those in comparable natural stands. The paper finally recommends various mangrove restoration pathways in a functional framework dependent on site conditions and emphasizes community involvement and ecosystem level monitoring as integral components of restoration projects
Boynton-Jarrett, R, Ryan, LM, Berkman, LF & Wright, RJ 2008, 'Cumulative Violence Exposure and Self-Rated Health: Longitudinal Study of Adolescents in the United States', PEDIATRICS, vol. 122, no. 5, pp. 961-970.
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Bradfield, L & McNally, GP 2008, 'Unblocking in Pavlovian fear conditioning.', Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 256-265.
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Brauner, P, Barash, M, Reshef, A & Michael, A 2008, 'Extraction of DNA from 8-year-old acid phosphatase test papers in a gang rape case', Journal of Forensic Identification, vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 671-681.
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In 1997, a woman reported being raped by two men. A positive result for the possible presence of semen by the acid phosphatase (AP) method was obtained on different areas of the woman's clothing. The filter papers used in those tests were retained. In 2005, the case was re-opened for investigation. Biological material eluted from the 8-year-old AP papers in this case contained intact sperm cells. Moreover, DNA, preferentially extracted from the AP papers, was demonstrated to be amplifiable by the AmpFISTR SGM Plus kit. The relevance of the profiling of AP papers to postconviction DNA testing is discussed.
Bruti Liberati, N, Martini, F, Piccardi, M & Platen, E 2008, 'A Hardware Generator of Multi-Point Distributed Random Numbers for Monte Carlo Simulation', Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 45-56.
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Monte Carlo simulation of weak approximation of stochastic differential equations constitutes an intensive computational task. In applications such as finance, for instance, to achieve 'real time' execution, as often required, one needs highly efficient implementations of the multi-point distributed random number generator underlying the simulations. In this paper, a fast and flexible dedicated hardware solution on a field programmable gate array is presented. A comparative performance analysis between a software-only and the poposed hardware solution demonstrated that the hardware solution is bottleneck-free, retains the flexibility of the software solution and significantly increases the computational efficiency. Moreover, simulations in Applications wuch as economics insurance, physics, population dynamics, epidemiology, structural mechanics, checmistry and biotechnology can benefit from the obtained speedups.
Bruti-Liberati, N & Platen, E 2008, 'Strong predictor-corrector Euler methods for stochastic differential equations', STOCHASTICS AND DYNAMICS, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 561-581.
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This paper introduces a new class of numerical schemes for the pathwise approximation of solutions of stochastic differential equations (SDEs). The proposed family of strong predictor-corrector Euler methods are designed to handle scenario simulation of solutions of SDEs. It has the potential to overcome some of the numerical instabilities that are often experienced when using the explicit Euler method. This is of importance, for instance, in finance where martingale dynamics arise for solutions of SDEs with multiplicative diffusion coefficients. Numerical experiments demonstrate the improved asymptotic stability properties of the new symmetric predictor-corrector Euler methods.
Burgess, JK, Lee, JH, Ge, Q, Ramsay, EE, Poniris, MH, Parmentier, J, Roth, M, Johnson, PRA, Hunt, NH, Black, JL & Ammit, AJ 2008, 'Dual ERK and phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase pathways control airway smooth muscle proliferation: Differences in asthma', Journal of Cellular Physiology, vol. 216, no. 3, pp. 673-679.
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Campbell, S, Botten, LC, McPhedran, RC & de Sterke, CM 2008, 'Modal method for classical diffraction by slanted lamellar gratings', JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA A-OPTICS IMAGE SCIENCE AND VISION, vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 2415-2426.
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We consider lamellar gratings made of dielectric or lossy materials used in classical diffraction mounts. We show how the modal diffraction formulation may be generalized to deal with slanted lamellar gratings and illustrate the accuracy and versatility
Cankurtaran, BO, Gale, JD & Ford, MJ 2008, 'First principles calculations using density matrix divide-and-conquer within the SIESTA methodology', JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER, vol. 20, no. 29, pp. 1-12.
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The density matrix divide-and-conquer technique for the solution of KohnSham density functional theory has been implemented within the framework of the SIESTA methodology. Implementation details are provided where the focus is on the scaling of the computation time and memory use, in both serial and parallel versions. We demonstrate the linear-scaling capabilities of the technique by providing ground state calculations of moderately large insulating, semiconducting and (near-) metallic systems. This linear-scaling technique has made it feasible to calculate the ground state properties of quantum systems consisting of tens of thousands of atoms with relatively modest computing resources. A comparison with the existing order-N functional minimization (KimMauriGalli) method is made between the insulating and semiconducting systems.
Carroll, RJ & Wang, Y 2008, 'Nonparametric variance estimation in the analysis of microarray data: a measurement error approach', Biometrika, vol. 95, no. 2, pp. 437-449.
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Castorina, A, Tiralongo, A, Cavallo, D, Loreto, C, Carnazza, ML, Iavicoli, S & D’Agata, V 2008, 'Expression profile of ErbB receptor’s family in human alveolar type 2-like cell line A549 exposed to hexavalent chromium', Toxicology in Vitro, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 541-547.
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Castorina, A, Tiralongo, A, Giunta, S, Carnazza, ML, Rasi, G & D'Agata, V 2008, 'PACAP and VIP prevent apoptosis in schwannoma cells', Brain Research, vol. 1241, pp. 29-35.
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Chefi, S, Madani, A, Boussetta, H, Roux, C & Hammou, A 2008, 'Electrical properties of Al-doped oxyapatites at intermediate temperature', Journal of Power Sources, vol. 177, no. 2, pp. 464-469.
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Chen, H, Hansen, MJ, Jones, JE, Vlahos, R, Anderson, GP & Morris, MJ 2008, 'Long-term cigarette smoke exposure increases uncoupling protein expression but reduces energy intake', Brain Research, vol. 1228, no. 4, pp. 81-88.
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The appetite suppressing effect of tobacco is a major driver of smoking behaviour; however few studies have addressed the effects of chronic cigarette smoke exposure (SE) on appetite, body weight and metabolic markers. We compared the effects of SE to equivalent food restriction (pair-fed, PF), against sham-exposure, on body weight, adiposity, cytokines, and levels of uncoupling proteins (UCP) and brain neuropeptide Y (NPY) in male Balb/C mice. SE rapidly induced anorexia, and after 12 weeks, SE and PF groups were lighter than control animals (23.9 ± 0.2, 25.5 ± 0.5, 26.8 ± 0.4 g respectively, P < 0.05). White fat (WAT) masses were reduced by both SE and PF. Plasma leptin and insulin were reduced in SE mice; insulin was further reduced by PF. Brown fat UCP1 and 3 mRNA were increased in SE animals relative to PF animals, possibly promoting thermogenesis. WAT mRNA expression of the inflammatory cytokine, TNF? was doubled by SE, while IL-6 was reduced by both PF and SE. Hypothalamic NPY content was increased by SE (89.3 ± 2.8 vs. 75.9 ± 2.4 ng control, P < 0.05), and more by PF (100.7 ± 3.4 ng, P < 0.05 compared to both groups), suggesting disinhibition due to reduced adipose derived leptin. In contrast to equivalent food restriction, cigarette smoke exposure reduced body weight and total hypothalamic NPY, and increased thermogenesis and markers of inflammation. The suppressed hypothalamic NPY and increased UCPs may contribute to the spontaneous hypophagia and extra weight loss in SE animals. These findings contribute to our understanding of weight loss in smoking-related lung disease, suggesting a greater impact than that due to anorexia alone.
Chen, H, Simar, D, Lambert, K, Mercier, J & Morris, MJ 2008, 'Maternal and Postnatal Overnutrition Differentially Impact Appetite Regulators and Fuel Metabolism', Endocrinology, vol. 149, no. 11, pp. 5348-5356.
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Maternal obesity is increasing, and it is known that the intrauterine experience programs fetal and newborn metabolism. However, the relative contributions of pre- or postnatal factors are unknown. We hypothesized that maternal overnutrition caused by long-term maternal obesity would exert a stronger detrimental impact than postnatal overnutrition on offspring metabolic homeostasis, with additional postnatal overnutrition exaggerating these alterations. Female Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to chow or high-fat cafeteria diet for 5 wk before mating and throughout gestation and lactation. On postnatal d 1, litters were adjusted to three per litter to induce postnatal overnutrition (vs. 12 in control). Hypothalamic appetite regulators neuropeptide Y and proopiomelanocortin, glucose transporter 4, and lipid metabolic markers were measured. At postnatal d 20, male pups born of obese dams, or those overnourished postnatally, were 42% heavier than controls; combining both interventions led to 80% greater body weight. Maternal obesity increased pup adiposity and led to glucose intolerance in offspring; these were exaggerated by additional postnatal overnutrition during lactation. Maternal obesity was also linked to hyperlipidemia in offspring and reduced hypothalamic neuropeptide Y and increased proopiomelanocortin mRNA expression. Postnatal overnutrition of offspring from obese dams amplified these hypothalamic changes. Both maternal and postnatal overnutrition reduced muscle glucose transporter 4. Adipose carnitine palmitoyl-transferase-1 and adipose triglyceride lipase mRNA was up-regulated only by postnatal overnutrition. Maternal overnutrition appears to alter central appetite circuits and promotes early-onset obesity; postnatal overnutrition interacted to cause peripheral lipid and glucose metabolic disorders, supporting the critical message to reduce early-life adverse nutritional impact.
Chen, Y-H, Chatterjee, N & Carroll, RJ 2008, 'Retrospective analysis of haplotype-based case-control studies under a flexible model for gene-environment association', Biostatistics, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 81-99.
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Chivers, WJ, Gladstone, W & Herbert, RD 2008, 'Spatial effects in an individual-based model of producer–herbivore interaction', Natural Resource Modeling, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 72-92.
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In this paper, we describe an individual-based model of the interaction between a producer and herbivore species. The interaction occurs in a 2-dimensional matrix of individual cells. The producer organism grows in the cells and the herbivores move between the cells, towards areas of high concentration of producer. Herbivores may die of starvation or they may reproduce asexually. The model is not built to represent a specific existing system but is a parsimonious generalized model of producer–herbivore interaction designed to test spatial effects. Although the model algorithm is kept simple—the herbivores have no learning or social behavior and have a minimal foraging strategy—the model displays some characteristics of real systems such as metapopulation behavior. We find significant effects on the herbivore and producer populations of the maximum move distance per step of the herbivores, the shape of the two-dimensional matrix, the quality of a corridor between patches habitable by the herbivores, and edge effects with fuzzy edges. The behavior of the model is comparable with empirical observations found in the literature, and we suggest that this simple model may be used to investigate the mechanism of these real effects. © 2008 Blackwell Publishing, Inc.
Cho, Y, Martinez, JG, Turner, ND, Taddeo, SS, Davidson, LA, Wang, N, Vannucci, M, Carroll, RJ, Chapkin, RS & Lupton, JR 2008, 'Fish oil and pectin may suppress colon carcinogenesis via inhibition of the MAPK and TGFβpathways', The FASEB Journal, vol. 22, no. S1.
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Choi, MJ, McBean, KE, Ng, PHR, McDonagh, AM, Maynard, PJ, Lennard, C & Roux, C 2008, 'An evaluation of nanostructured zinc oxide as a fluorescent powder for fingerprint detection', JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 732-737.
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Zinc oxide is evaluated as a fluorescent powder for the detection of fingermarks on non-porous surfaces. Pure and lithium-doped nanostructured zinc oxide powders were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The zinc oxide powders were applied to fresh and aged fingermarks deposited on non-porous surfaces such as glass, polyethylene and aluminium foil. Zinc oxide was found to produce clear fluorescent impressions of the latent fingermarks when illuminated with long-wave UV light
Choi, MJ, McDonagh, AM, Maynard, P & Roux, C 2008, 'Metal-containing nanoparticles and nano-structured particles in fingermark detection', Forensic Science International, vol. 179, no. 2-3, pp. 87-97.
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This article reviews the application of metal-containing nanoparticles and nano-structured particles to fingermark detection. This area of research is attracting significant interest as advances in nanoscience are being incorporated into the field of forensic fingermark detection. Although more research is needed before some of the techniques presented can be implemented in routine casework, nanotechnology is likely to play a major role in the future to deliver more selective and more sensitive ways to detect and enhance fingermarks.
Chotikadachanarong, K, Dheeranupattana, S, Jatisatienr, A, Jatisatienr, C, Pyne, SG, Ung, AT & Sastraruji, T 2008, 'Secondary compound production in root cultures of Stemona curtisii Hook. f', Planta Medica, vol. 74, no. 09.
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Clark, C, Ryan, L, Kawachi, I, Canner, MJ, Berkman, L & Wright, RJ 2008, 'Witnessing community violence in residential neighborhoods: A mental health hazard for urban women', JOURNAL OF URBAN HEALTH-BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, vol. 85, no. 1, pp. 22-38.
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We examined the prevalence and psychological correlates of witnessing community violence among women of low socioeconomic status living in urban neighborhoods in the northeastern United States. Three hundred eighty-six women receiving their health care at an urban community health center were sampled to assess their violence exposures. Women were asked to report the location and timing of their exposure to witnessing violent neighborhood events in which they were not participants. The Brief Symptoms Inventory was used to assess anxiety and depressive symptoms. Controlling for marital status, educational attainment, age, and intimate partner violence victimization, women who witnessed violent acts in their neighborhoods were twice as likely to experience depressive and anxiety symptoms compared to women who did not witness community violence. Central American-born women had particularly high exposures. We conclude that witnessing neighborhood violence is a pervasive experience in this urban cohort, and is associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms, even among women who are not direct participants in violence to which they are exposed. Community violence interventions must incorporate efforts to protect the mental health of adult women who witness events in their neighborhoods.
Cole, JN, Djordjevic, SP & Walker, MJ 2008, 'Isolation and Solubilization of Gram-Positive Bacterial Cell Wall-Associated Proteins', Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 425, pp. 295-311.
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Collier, CJ, Lavery, PS, Ralph, PJ & Masini, RJ 2008, 'Physiological characteristics of the seagrass Posidonia sinuosa along a depth-related gradient of light availability', MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES, vol. 353, pp. 65-79.
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Physiological plasticity has the capacity to prolong seagrass survival under reduced light conditions. However, when light is attenuated across a depth gradient, the relative importance of this over other mechanisms for tolerating long-term light reducti
Colville, A, Jones, P, Pablo, F, Krassoi, F, Hose, G & Lim, R 2008, 'Effects of chlorpyrifos on macroinvertebrate communities in coastal stream mesocosms', Ecotoxicology, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 173-180.
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This study measured the effects of a single pulse of chlorpyrifos at nominal concentrations of 1 and 10 mu g/l on the macroinvertebrate community structure of a coastal stream mesocosm system. Analysis of data using Principal Response Curves (PRC) and Monte Carlo tests showed significant changes in the treated stream mesocosms relative to that of the controls. These changes in the macroinvertebrate assemblages occurred within 6 h, and persisted for at least 124 days after dosing. Significant community-level effects were detected at the lowest concentration on days 2 and 16 post-dosing, giving a no-observed effect concentration (NOECcommunity) of 1.2 mu g/l (measured). The mayflies Atalophlebia sp. and Koorrnonga sp., Chironomidae and Acarina were all sensitive to chlorpyrifos and decreased in abundance in treated mesocosms after dosing. The fauna of these coastal stream mesocosms showed similar sensitivity to chlorpyrifos with that of other reported studies, but there was no evidence of recovery after 124 days.
Cooper, WA, Kohonen-Corish, MRJ, Chan, C, Kwun, SY, McCaughan, B, Kennedy, C, Sutherland, RL & Lee, C-S 2008, 'Prognostic significance of DNA repair proteins MLH1, MSH2 and MGMT expression in non-small-cell lung cancer and precursor lesions', Histopathology, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 613-622.
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Cooper, WA, Kohonen‐Corish, MRJ, Zhuang, L, McCaughan, B, Kennedy, C, Screaton, G, Sutherland, RL & Lee, C 2008, 'Role and prognostic significance of tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand death receptor DR5 in nonsmall‐cell lung cancer and precursor lesions', Cancer, vol. 113, no. 1, pp. 135-142.
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Cordwell, SJ, Len, ACL, Touma, RG, Scott, NE, Falconer, L, Jones, D, Connolly, A, Crossett, B & Djordjevic, SP 2008, 'Identification of membrane-associated proteins fromCampylobacter jejuni strains using complementary proteomics technologies', PROTEOMICS, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 122-139.
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Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of food- and water-borne illness world-wide. The membrane-associated proteome of a recent C. jejuni gastrointestinal isolate (JHH1) was generated by sodium carbonate precipitation and ultracentrifugation followed by 2-DE and MALDI-TOF MS as well as 2-DLC (strong cation exchange followed by RP chromatography) of trypsin digests coupled to MS/MS (2-DLC/MS/MS). 2-DE/MS identified 77 proteins, 44 of which were predicted membrane proteins, while 2-DLC/MS/MS identified 432 proteins, of which 206 were predicted to be membrane associated. A total of 453 unique proteins (27.4% of the C. jejuni theoretical proteome), including 187 bona fide membrane proteins were identified in this study. Membrane proteins were also compared between C. jejuni JHH1 and ATCC 700297 to identify factors potentially associated with increased gastrointestinal virulence. We identified 28 proteins that were significantly (>two-fold) more abundant in, or unique to, JHH1, including eight proteins involved in chemotaxis signal transduction and flagellar motility, the amino acid-binding surface antigens CjaA and CjaC, and four outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of unknown function (Cj0129c, Cj1031, Cj1279c, and Cj1721c). Immunoblotting using convalescent patient sera generated postgastrointestinal infection revealed 13 (JHH1) and 12 (ATCC 700297) immunoreactive proteins. These included flagellin (FlaA) and CadF as well as Omp18, Omp50, Cj1721c, PEB1A, PEB2, and PEB4A. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of membrane-associated proteins from C. jejuni.
Croak, BM, Pike, DA, Webb, JK & Shine, R 2008, 'Three-dimensional crevice structure affects retreat site selection by reptiles', ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR, vol. 76, pp. 1875-1884.
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When selecting retreat sites, rock-dwelling animals assess thermal and hydric properties of the rocks under which they shelter. Another obvious, but harder to measure, factor that may affect retreat site selection is the size and structure of the three-d
Crossley, MJ, Sheehan, CS, Khoury, T, Reimers, JR & Sintic, PJ 2008, 'Construction of building blocks for extended porphyrin arrays by nitration of porphyrin-2,3-diones and quinoxalino[2,3-b]porphyrins', NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 340-352.
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Nitration of metal(II) porphyrin-2,3-diones 3 - 5 and quinoxalino[2,3-b] porphyrins 13 - 15 with nitrogen dioxide gave a mixture of beta-pyrrolic functionalised nitro-porphyrin isomers in relative abundance of 7-nitro-> 12- nitro-> 8-nitro. The large selectivity for reaction at the 7-position over the adjacent 8-position (> 5 to 1 in the diones 3 - 5 and about 3 to 1 in the quinoxalinoporphyrins 13 - 15) is especially striking. This selectivity results mainly from electronic effects and is consistent with a mechanism involving a porphyrin pi-cation radical intermediate. A key step incorporated into the isomer separation sequence was to make use of the different chromatographic polarity of metalated compounds compared to unmetalated compounds coupled with the observation that introduction of a nitro group to the 7-position of free-base porphyrindione greatly increases its rate of metalation while introduction of the nitro group at the 12-position greatly decreases its rate of metalation, relative to the unsubstituted parent. Thus demetalation of zinc(II) nitro-porphyrin-dione isomers, which are difficult to separate, allows for highly selective remetalation of the 7-isomer and its very easy separation from the unmetalated 12-nitro-porphyrin-dione. These nitrated compounds are useful building blocks for more elaborate systems.
Crossman, LC, Castillo-Ramírez, S, McAnnula, C, Lozano, L, Vernikos, GS, Acosta, JL, Ghazoui, ZF, Hernández-González, I, Meakin, G, Walker, AW, Hynes, MF, Young, JPW, Downie, JA, Romero, D, Johnston, AWB, Dávila, G, Parkhill, J & González, V 2008, 'A Common Genomic Framework for a Diverse Assembly of Plasmids in the Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria', PLoS ONE, vol. 3, no. 7, pp. e2567-e2567.
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This work centres on the genomic comparisons of two closely-related nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacteria, Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae 3841 and Rhizobium etli CFN42. These strains maintain a stable genomic core that is also common to other rhizobia species plus a very variable and significant accessory component. The chromosomes are highly syntenic, whereas plasmids are related by fewer syntenic blocks and have mosaic structures. The pairs of plasmids p42f-pRL12, p42e-pRL11 and p42b-pRL9 as well large parts of p42c with pRL10 are shown to be similar, whereas the symbiotic plasmids (p42d and pRL10) are structurally unrelated and seem to follow distinct evolutionary paths. Even though purifying selection is acting on the whole genome, the accessory component is evolving more rapidly. This component is constituted largely for proteins for transport of diverse metabolites and elements of external origin. The present analysis allows us to conclude that a heterogeneous and quickly diversifying group of plasmids co-exists in a common genomic framework.
Danilov, D & Notten, PHL 2008, 'Mathematical modelling of ionic transport in the electrolyte of Li-ion batteries', Electrochimica Acta, vol. 53, no. 17, pp. 5569-5578.
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Darling, AE, Miklos, I & Ragan, MA 2008, 'Dynamics of Genome Rearrangement in Bacterial Populations', PLOS GENETICS, vol. 4, no. 7.
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Davila, YC & Wardle, GM 2008, 'Variation in native pollinators in the absence of honeybees: implications for reproductive success of an Australian generalist-pollinated herb Trachymene incisa (Apiaceae)', BOTANICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, vol. 156, no. 3, pp. 479-490.
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Davis, TE, Ollendick, TH & Nebel-Schwalm, M 2008, 'Intellectual Ability and Achievement in Anxiety-Disordered Children: A Clarification and Extension of the Literature', Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 43-51.
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Intellectual and achievement deficits associated with childhood anxiety disorders are of considerable controversy. Part of this controversy and inconsistency in findings appears related to methodological differences in studies: anxiety disorders are defined as occurring anywhere in the diagnostic profile (e.g., primary, secondary, or tertiary) in some studies whereas in other studies anxiety disorders are defined only when primary (excluding secondary or tertiary disorders). Results in the present study broadly parallel findings from the previous studies when the procedures inherent to each study are replicated. Through careful diagnostic assignment, it is shown that anxiety disorders are no more impairing than other psychiatric disorders in the present study. However, when compared to referred children without significant psychopathology, children with anxiety disorders show statistically and clinically significant impairment. Subsequent analyses do not suggest inattention mediates this effect. Discussion emphasizes the need to assess for and consider comorbidity in understanding these differences. © 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
Day, DM & Wallman, JF 2008, 'Effect of preservative solutions on preservation of Calliphora augur and Lucilia cuprina larvae (Diptera: Calliphoridae) with implications for post-mortem interval estimates', Forensic Science International, vol. 179, no. 1, pp. 1-10.
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de Burgh, MD, Langford, NK, Doherty, AC & Gilchrist, A 2008, 'Choice of measurement sets in qubit tomography', Physical Review A, vol. 78, no. 5.
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Demir, E, Coyne, KJ, Doblin, MA, Handy, SM & Hutchins, DA 2008, 'Assessment of microzooplankton grazing on Heterosigma akashiwo using a species-specific approach combining quantitative real-time PCR (QPCR) and dilution methods', MICROBIAL ECOLOGY, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 583-594.
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Delaware's Inland Bays (DIB) are subject to numerous mixed blooms of harmful raphidophytes each year, and Heterosigma akashiwo is one of the consistently occurring species. Often, Chattonella subsalsa, C. cf. verruculosa, and Fibrocapsa japonica co-occur
Demir, E, Coyne, KJ, Doblin, MA, Handy, SM & Hutchins, DA 2008, 'Assessment of microzooplankton grazing on Heterosigma akashiwo using a species-specific approach combining quantitative real-time PCR (QPCR) and dilution methods (vol 55, pg 583, 2008)', MICROBIAL ECOLOGY, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 581-582.
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Dennis, ES, Ellis, J, Green, A, Llewellyn, D, Morell, M, Tabe, L & Peacock, WJ 2008, 'Genetic contributions to agricultural sustainability', PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, vol. 363, no. 1491, pp. 591-609.
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The current tools of enquiry into the structure and operation of the plant genome have provided us with an understanding of plant development and function far beyond the state of knowledge that we had previously. We know about key genetic controls repres
Deplazes, E, van Bronswijk, W, Zhu, F, Barron, LD, Ma, S, Nafie, LA & Jalkanen, KJ 2008, 'A combined theoretical and experimental study of the structure and vibrational absorption, vibrational circular dichroism, Raman and Raman optical activity spectra of the L-histidine zwitterion', Theoretical Chemistry Accounts, vol. 119, no. 1-3, pp. 155-176.
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Doble, P, Hare, D, Austin, C, Dawson, M, Fryer, F, Svenningsson, P, Andren, P, Grimm, R, Zhang, X & Reedy, B 2008, 'Metal-Imaging Mass spectrometry (MIMS): A New Imaging Mass Spectrometry Technology to Determine the Distribution of Metal Ions in Tissue Samples', Journal of Proteomics & Bioinformatics, vol. S2, no. 01, pp. 053-054.
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Donnelly, S, Stack, CM, O'Neill, SM, Sayed, AA, Williams, DL & Dalton, JP 2008, 'Helminth 2-Cys peroxiredoxin drives Th2 responses through a mechanism involving alternatively activated macrophages', FASEB JOURNAL, vol. 22, no. 11, pp. 4022-4032.
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During helminth infections, alternatively activated macrophages (AAMacs) are key to promoting Th2 responses and suppressing Th1-driven inflammatory pathology. Th2 cytokines IL-4 and/or IL-13 are believed to be important in the induction and activation of
Dooley, AH, Golodets, VY, Rudolph, DJ & Sinel'shchikov, SD 2008, 'Non-Bernoulli systems with completely positive entropy', ERGODIC THEORY AND DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS, vol. 28, pp. 87-124.
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Dossou, KB, Botten, LC, McPhedran, RC, Poulton, CG, Asatryan, AA & de Sterke, CM 2008, 'Shallow defect states in two-dimensional photonic crystals', PHYSICAL REVIEW A, vol. 77, no. 6, pp. 1-17.
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We investigate localized defect states near the edge of a band gap in a two-dimensional photonic crystal. An asymptotic approach based on Green's functions leads to analytical results both for the frequency and for the spatial behavior of the defect states. In particular, we find a simple exponential law which relates the change in frequency of the defect states to the relative change in electrical energy of the Bloch modes on the band edge, and to the density of states in the photonic crystal. We find that the symmetries of the Bloch modes at band extrema play an important role in the manifestation and evolution of defect states. We confirm the analysis with numerical simulations based on the fictitious source superposition method.
Dufresne, A, Ostrowski, M, Scanlan, DJ, Garczarek, L, Mazard, S, Palenik, BP, Paulsen, IT, Tandeau de Marsac, N, Wincker, P, Dossat, C, Ferriera, S, Johnson, J, Post, AF, Hess, WR & Partensky, F 2008, 'Unravelling the genomic mosaic of a ubiquitous genus of marine cyanobacteria', Genome Biology, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. R90-R90.
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Duggin, IG, McCallum, SA & Bell, SD 2008, 'Chromosome replication dynamics in the archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 105, no. 43, pp. 16737-16742.
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The ``baby machine provides a means of generating synchronized cultures of minimally perturbed cells. We describe the use of this technique to establish the key cell-cycle parameters of hyperthermophilic archaea of the genus Sulfolobus. The 3 DNA replication origins of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius were mapped by 2D gel analysis to near 0 (oriC2), 579 (oriC1), and 1,197 kb (oriC3) on the 2,226-kb circular genome, and we present a direct demonstration of their activity within the first few minutes of a synchronous cell cycle. We also detected X-shaped DNA molecules at the origins in log-phase cells, but these were not directly associated with replication initiation or ongoing chromosome replication in synchronized cells. Whole-genome marker frequency analyses of both synchronous and log-phase cultures showed that origin utilization was close to 100% for all 3 origins per round of replication. However, oriC2 was activated slightly later on average compared with oriC1 and oriC3. The DNA replication forks moved bidirectionally away from each origin at 88 bp per second in synchronous culture. Analysis of the 3 Orc1/Cdc6 initiator proteins showed a uniformity of cellular abundance and origin binding throughout the cell cycle. In contrast, although levels of theMCMhelicase were constant across the cell cycle, its origin localization was regulated, because it was strongly enriched at all 3 origins in early S phase.
Duggin, IG, Wake, RG, Bell, SD & Hill, TM 2008, 'The replication fork trap and termination of chromosome replication', MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY, vol. 70, no. 6, pp. 1323-1333.
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Bacteria that have a circular chromosome with a bidirectional DNA replication origin are thought to utilize a `replication fork trap to control termination of replication. The fork trap is an arrangement of replication pause sites that ensures that the two replication forks fuse within the terminus region of the chromosome, approximately opposite the origin on the circular map. However, the biological significance of the replication fork trap has been mysterious, as its inactivation has no obvious consequence. Here we review the research that led to the replication fork trap theory, and we aim to integrate several recent findings that contribute towards an understanding of the physiological roles of the replication fork trap. Likely roles include the prevention of over-replication, and the optimization of post-replicative mechanisms of chromosome segregation, such as that involving FtsK in Escherichia coli.
Dunlop, RA, Dean, RT & Rodgers, KJ 2008, 'The impact of specific oxidized amino acids on protein turnover in J774 cells', BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL, vol. 410, no. 1, pp. 131-140.
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Oxidized protein deposition and accumulation have been implicated in the aetiology of a wide variety of age-related pathologies. Protein oxidation in vivo commonly results in the in situ modification of amino acid side chains, generating new oxidized ami
Duong, T, Cowling, A, Koch, I & Wand, MP 2008, 'Feature significance for multivariate kernel density estimation', Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, vol. 52, no. 9, pp. 4225-4242.
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Multivariate kernel density estimation provides information about structure in data. Feature significance is a technique for deciding whether featuressuch as local extremaare statistically significant. This paper proposes a framework for feature significance in d-dimensional data which combines kernel density derivative estimators and hypothesis tests for modal regions. For the gradient and curvature estimators distributional properties are given, and pointwise test statistics are derived. The hypothesis tests extend the two-dimensional feature significance ideas of Godtliebsen et al. [Godtliebsen, F., Marron, J.S., Chaudhuri, P., 2002. Significance in scale space for bivariate density estimation. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics 11, 121]. The theoretical framework is complemented by novel visualization for three-dimensional data. Applications to real data sets show that tests based on the kernel curvature estimators perform well in identifying modal regions. These results can be enhanced by corresponding tests with kernel gradient estimators.
Ellis, J, Miller, C, Quinn, H, Ryce, C & Reichel, MP 2008, 'Evaluation of recombinant proteins of Neospora caninum as vaccine candidates (in a mouse model)', VACCINE, vol. 26, no. 47, pp. 5989-5996.
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Abortion resulting from infections by the parasite Neospora caninum is a mojor cause of economic loss to both the dairy and beef industries of cattle-producing countries of the world. Vaccination as a means of preventing abortion and/or infection represents a viable control strategy; indeed a commercial vaccine is available in some countries, albeit of unlnown efficacy.
Fan, Y, Leslie, DS & Wand, MP 2008, 'Generalised linear mixed model analysis via sequential Monte Carlo sampling', Electronic Journal of Statistics, vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 6-938.
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We present a sequential Monte Carlo sampler algorithm for the Bayesian
analysis of generalised linear mixed models (GLMMs). These models support a
variety of interesting regression-type analyses, but performing inference is
often extremely difficult, even when using the Bayesian approach combined with
Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). The Sequential Monte Carlo sampler (SMC) is a
new and general method for producing samples from posterior distributions. In
this article we demonstrate use of the SMC method for performing inference for
GLMMs. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the method on both simulated and
real data, and find that sequential Monte Carlo is a competitive alternative to
the available MCMC techniques.
Feller, JM, Simpson, AM, Nelson, M, Swan, MA, O'Connell, PJ, Hawthorne, WJ, Tao, C & O'Brien, BA 2008, 'Growth-Promoting Effect of Rh(D) Antibody on Human Pancreatic Islet Cells', The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 93, no. 9, pp. 3560-3567.
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Context/Objective: Hyperinsulinism with islet cell hyperplasia is a frequent complication, of unknown cause, in hemolytic disease of the newborn, occurring in Rh(D)-positive infants of Rh-isoimmunized Rh(D)-negative mothers, but not in infants with other hemolytic disorders. We investigated the possibility that trans-placentally acquired anti-D Ig is the cause of both conditions.Design: Monolayer cultures of human islet cells were exposed to sera from Rh-isoimmunized mothers and newborns, where jaundice, hyperinsulinism, and hypoglycemia in the infant had ensued. Parallel cultures with anti-D, specific anti-D monoclonal antibodies, normal human Ig (15 μg/ml), and serum controls were also undertaken. Islet cell proliferation was determined by [3H]thymidine incorporation. Insulin storage and chronic and acute insulin secretion to glucose were analyzed by RIA. Rh(D) surface antigen expression was determined on islet cells by flow cytometric analysis.Results: Islet cell proliferation and insulin secretion were significantly greater in coculture with test sera (P < 0.01; n = 8) and with anti-D (P < 0.001; n = 8), compared with either controls or Ig. After 8 d of growth, the static incubation experiment showed a 3.5-fold response to glucose stimulus in all sera. Rh(D) antigen expression was detected on the islet cell surface by flow cytometry, and islet cell morphology was normal. Colocalization of the proliferation marker Ki67 with insulin by immunofluorescent staining further indicated that Rh(D) antibody promoted islet growth.Conclusions: The anti-Rh(D) islet cell proliferative effect generates neonatal hyperinsulinism in Rh isoimmunization. Anti-Rh(D) may have application for islet cell proliferation in diabetes mellitus treatment for Rh(D)-positive subjects. Further analysis is required.
Ferrari, P, Carroll, RJ, Gustafson, P & Riboli, E 2008, 'A Bayesian multilevel model for estimating the diet/disease relationship in a multicenter study with exposures measured with error: The EPIC study', Statistics in Medicine, vol. 27, no. 29, pp. 6037-6054.
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Fierro, AO, Leslie, LM, Mansell, ER & Straka, JM 2008, 'Numerical Simulations of the Microphysics and Electrification of the Weakly Electrified 9 February 1993 TOGA COARE Squall Line: Comparisons with Observations', Monthly Weather Review, vol. 136, no. 1, pp. 364-379.
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Abstract
A cloud scale model with a 12-class bulk microphysics scheme, including 10 ice phases and a 3D lightning parameterization, was used to investigate the electrical properties of a well-documented tropical squall line from the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE). Consistent with observations, the simulated maximum updraft speeds across the squall line seldom exceeded 10 m s−1, which was expected given the relatively shallow 30-dBZ echo tops that rarely extended above the top of the mixed-phase layer (−20°C isotherm). Enhanced warm rain processes caused most of the liquid water to precipitate near the gust front at lower levels (below 4 km AGL), which accounted for the small amounts of graupel and cloud water content present in the mixed-phase region and, consequently, for generally weak charging and electrification.
Most of the charge present in the squall line was generated within a few storm cells just behind the leading edge of the gust front that had sufficiently strong updraft speeds near the melting level to produce moderate values of graupel mixing ratio (>0.5 g kg−1). In contrast, the trailing stratiform region at the back of the line, which was mainly composed of ice crystals and snow particles, contained only weak net charge densities (<0.03 nC m−3). The spatial collocation of regions characterized by charge densities exceeding 0.01 nC m−3 and noninductive (NI) charging rates greater than 0.1 pC m−3 s−1 in this stratiform region suggests that NI charging is a plausible source for the majority of this charge, which was confined to discrete regions having small amounts of graupel (approximately 0.1–0.3 g kg−1) and cloud water content (CWC; ∼0.1 g m−3).
The simulated weak updraft speeds and shallow echo tops resulted in a system exhibiting little overall total lightning ac...
Figueira, WF, Booth, DJ & Gregson, MA 2008, 'Selective mortality of a coral reef damselfish: role of predator-competitor synergisms', OECOLOGIA, vol. 156, no. 1, pp. 215-226.
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Phenotypic variability within cohorts of juvenile organisms can serve as the basis for selective mortality. Previous studies have demonstrated the important role that predators play in this process but not the impact of competitors on selective predation
Finnegan, EJ & Dennis, ES 2008, 'Polycomb repression', Plant Signaling & Behavior, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 412-414.
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In our recent paper1 we suggested a molecular explanation for the long standing observation that plants need to be mitotically active to respond to a prolonged period of low temperatures by flowering early (vernalization).2 In Arabidopsis, vernalization is associated with the epigenetic repression of the floral repressor, FLC.3-5 FLC repression is established during the low temperature treatment and is marked by the loss of chromatin marks associated with active genes and the gain of histone H3 trimethyl-lysine 27 (K27me3) at the start of transcription/translation. 1 After the end of the cold treatment, this repressive modification spreads across FLC chromatin to mark the entire locus.1 In cells not undergoing mitosis, we found that FLC is repressed by low temperatures, but that this repression is only partially maintained. We concluded that DNA replication is not required for the initial response to low temperatures, but rather for the maintenance of this response. Here we discuss the implications of our observations in terms of the plasticity of chromatin modifications in plants. ©2008 Landes Bioscience.
Foley, M, Ton-That, C & Phillips, MR 2008, 'Cathodoluminescence inhomogeneity in ZnO nanorods', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 93, no. 24, pp. 1-3.
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Luminescence properties of vertically aligned, crystalline ZnO nanorods are studied by cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy and microscopy. Results show that luminescence characteristics vary dramatically with location on the nanorod as well as CL excitation depth. CL inhomogeneity is observed between the nanorod tip and sidewalls, accompanied by a variation in the chemical environment of surface oxygen ions as probed by photoemission spectroscopy. Our findings demonstrate that CL can provide useful information on the local optical properties of nanostructured materials, which is simply beyond the capability of other methods.
Ford, MJ, Hoft, RC, McDonagh, AM & Cortie, MB 2008, 'Rectification in donor-acceptor molecular junctions', JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER, vol. 20, no. 37.
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Forno, E, Onderdonk, AB, McCracken, J, Litonjua, AA, Laskey, D, Delaney, ML, DuBois, AM, Gold, DR, Ryan, LM, Weiss, ST & Celedón, JC 2008, 'Diversity of the gut microbiota and eczema in early life', Clinical and Molecular Allergy, vol. 6, no. 1.
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Abstract
Background
A modest number of prospective studies of the composition of the intestinal microbiota and eczema in early life have yielded conflicting results.
Objective
To examine the relationship between the bacterial diversity of the gut and the development of eczema in early life by methods other than stool culture.
Methods
Fecal samples were collected from 21 infants at 1 and 4 months of life. Nine infants were diagnosed with eczema by the age of 6 months (cases) and 12 infants were not (controls). After conducting denaturating gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of stool samples, we compared the microbial diversity of cases and controls using the number of electrophoretic bands and the Shannon index of diversity (H') as indicators.
Results
Control subjects had significantly greater fecal microbial diversity than children with eczema at ages 1 (mean H' for controls = 0.75 vs. 0.53 for cases, P = 0.01) and 4 months (mean H' for controls = 0.92 vs. 0.59 for cases, P = 0.02). The increase in diversity from 1 to 4 months of age was significant in controls (P = 0.04) but not in children who developed eczema by 6 months of age (P = 0.32).
Conclusion
Our findings suggest that reduced microbial diversity is associated with the development of eczema in early life.
Fotedar, R, Stark, D, Marriott, D, Ellis, J & Harkness, J 2008, 'Entamoeba moshkovskii infections in Sydney, Australia', EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY & INFECTIOUS DISEASES, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 133-137.
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Entamoeba moshkovskii is considered to be a free-living ameba which is morphologically similar, but biochemically and genetically different to Entamoeba histolyticca and Entamoeba dispar. However recent studies have suggested that E. moshkovskii may be a "potential" pathogen with infections giving rise to diarrhea and toehr intetinal disorders.
Fourment, M & Gibbs, MJ 2008, 'The VirusBanker database uses a Java program to allow flexible searching through Bunyaviridae sequences', BMC Bioinformatics, vol. 9, no. 1.
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Fourment, M & Gillings, MR 2008, 'A comparison of common programming languages used in bioinformatics', BMC Bioinformatics, vol. 9, no. 1.
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Fourment, M, Gibbs, AJ & Gibbs, MJ 2008, 'SWeBLAST: A Sliding Window Web-based BLAST tool for recombinant analysis', Journal of Virological Methods, vol. 152, no. 1-2, pp. 98-101.
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Fowler, AM, Leis, JM & Suthers, IM 2008, 'Onshore-offshore distribution and abundance of tuna larvae (Pisces: Scombridae: Thunnini) in near-reef waters of the Coral Sea', Fishery Bulletin, vol. 106, no. 4, pp. 405-416.
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The on-offshore distributions of tuna larvae in near-reef waters of the Coral Sea, near Lizard Island (14°30'S, 145°27'E), Australia, were investigated during four cruises from November 1984 to February 1985 to test the hypothesis that larvae of these oceanic fishes are found in highest abundance near coral reefs. Oblique bongo net tows were made in five on-offshore blocks in the Coral Sea, ranging from 0-18.5 km offshore of the outer reefs of the Great Barrier Reef, as well as inside the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon. The smallest individuals (<3.2 mm SL) of the genus Thunnus could not be identified to species, and are referred to as Thunnus spp. We found species-specific distributional patterns. Thunnus spp. and T. alalunga (albacore) larvae were most abundant (up to 68 larvae/100 m2) in near-reef (0-5.5 km offshore) waters, whereas Katsuwonus pelamis (skipjack tuna) larvae increased in abundance in the offshore direction (up to 228 larvae/100 m2, 11.1-18.5 km offshore). Larvae of T. albacares (yellowfin tuna) and Euthynnus affinis (kawakawa) were relatively rare throughout the study region, and the patterns of their distributions were inconclusive. Few larvae of any tuna species were found in the lagoon. Size-frequency distributions revealed a greater proportion of small larvae inshore compared to offshore for K. pelamis and T. albacares. The absence of significant differences in size-frequency distributions for other species and during the other cruises was most likely due to the low numbers of larvae. Larval distributions probably resulted from a combination of patterns of spawning and vertical distribution, combined with wind-driven onshore advection and downwelling on the seaward side of the outer reefs.
Freedman, LS, Midthune, D, Carroll, RJ & Kipnis, V 2008, 'A comparison of regression calibration, moment reconstruction and imputation for adjusting for covariate measurement error in regression', Statistics in Medicine, vol. 27, no. 25, pp. 5195-5216.
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Friedberg, R, Darling, AE & Yancopoulos, S 2008, 'Genome Rearrangement by the Double Cut and Join Operation', Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 452, pp. 385-416.
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The Double Cut and Join is an operation acting locally at four chromosomal positions without regard to chromosomal context. This chapter discusses its application and the resulting menu of operations for genomes consisting of arbitrary numbers of circular chromosomes, as well as for a general mix of linear and circular chromosomes. In the general case the menu includes: inversion, translocation, transposition, formation and absorption of circular intermediates, conversion between linear and circular chromosomes, block interchange, fission, and fusion. This chapter discusses the well-known edge graph and its dual, the adjacency graph, recently introduced by Bergeron et al. Step-by-step procedures are given for constructing and manipulating these graphs. Simple algorithms are given in the adjacency graph for computing the minimal DCJ distance between two genomes and finding a minimal sorting; and use of an online tool (Mauve) to generate synteny blocks and apply DCJ is described. © 2008 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
Friedberg, R, Darling, AE & Yancopoulos, S 2008, 'Genome rearrangement by the double cut and join operation.', Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.), vol. 452, pp. 385-416.
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The Double Cut and Join is an operation acting locally at four chromosomal positions without regard to chromosomal context. This chapter discusses its application and the resulting menu of operations for genomes consisting of arbitrary numbers of circular chromosomes, as well as for a general mix of linear and circular chromosomes. In the general case the menu includes: inversion, translocation, transposition, formation and absorption of circular intermediates, conversion between linear and circular chromosomes, block interchange, fission, and fusion. This chapter discusses the well-known edge graph and its dual, the adjacency graph, recently introduced by Bergeron et al. Step-by-step procedures are given for constructing and manipulating these graphs. Simple algorithms are given in the adjacency graph for computing the minimal DCJ distance between two genomes and finding a minimal sorting; and use of an online tool (Mauve) to generate synteny blocks and apply DCJ is described.
Fu, K-MC, Santori, C, Barclay, PE, Aharonovich, I, Prawer, S, Meyer, N, Holm, AM & Beausoleil, RG 2008, 'Coupling of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond to a GaP waveguide', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 93, no. 23.
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Fu, S & Lewis, J 2008, 'Novel automated extraction method for quantitative analysis of urinary 11-nor-Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH)', JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 292-297.
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An automated extraction method for extracting the major urinary metabolite of cannabis, 11-nor-?9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH) was developed on the four-probe Gilson ASPEC XL4? solid-phase extraction (SPE) system. The method works on liquid-liquid extraction principles but does not require the use of SPE cartridges. The limits of detection and quantitation and the upper limit of linearity (ULOL) of the developed method were found to be 1, 2, and 1500 ng/mL, respectively. There was no detectable carry over after 10,000 ng/mL analyte. For a batch of 76 samples, the process uses less than 100 mL methanol, 450 mL extracting solvent hexane/ethyl acetate (5:1, v/v) and 1 L rinsing solvent, 30% methanol in water. The automated extraction process takes 5 h to complete. Precision and accuracy of the method are comparable to both manual liquid-liquid extraction and automated SPE methods. The method has proven to be a simple, speedy, and economical alternative to the currently popular automated SPE method for the quantitative analysis of urinary THC-COOH.
Gentle, A & Smith, GB 2008, 'Dual metal-insulator and insulator-insulator switching in nanoscale and Al doped VO(2)', JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 1-5.
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Thin films of VO2 doped with aluminium, or with nanoscale grain sizes, have been produced. They display semiconductor resistive behaviour above the transition temperature T-c, but a metallic and plasmonic optical response. All samples optically switch ov
Gentle, A, Maaroof, A & Smith, G 2008, 'Temperature dependence of optical and transport properties in VO2 with high temperature anomalies', CURRENT APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 8, no. 3-4, pp. 229-232.
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Thermochromic VO2 is of interest for energy efficient glazing, and for fast telecommunications because it optically switches in the near IR. Despite extensive study several aspects of its apparently diverse behaviour have not been explained satisfactorily. The visible-NIR permittivity and dc electrical conductivity of high quality thin films of VO2, across the metal-insulator phase transition and well into the metallic phase to temperatures up to 100 °C above Tc are studied as a function of temperature and grain size. Experimental behaviour is partly explained with effective medium models, existing band structures and classical transport theory. Anomalies however include: unphysically fast relaxation rate, counter-intuitive and significant differences between optical and dc, and bulk and thin film parameters; and residual "non-metallic" features above the transition in highly oriented films. Residual, but transient high temperature d-electron singlet pairing on V dimers, which is sensitive to nanostructure, is examined as a source of some anomalies. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Gentle, AR & Smith, GB 2008, 'Five layer narrow band position variable filters for sharp colours and ultra low emittance', APPLIED PHYSICS B-LASERS AND OPTICS, vol. 92, no. 1, pp. 67-72.
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A simplified approach to creating narrow visible and near IR transmission bands with thin films is outlined utilising just five layers on glass, three of which are thin silver. These films have very high reflection at most wavelengths except for a narrow
George, S, Tushar, KV, Unnikrishn, KP, Hashim, KM & Balachandr, I 2008, 'Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. A Review', Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 146-156.
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Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. (Periplocaceae) is being used widely in Ayurvedic medicine. The history of its medicinal importance dates back to ancient times. The present review deals with studies undertaken in various aspects of this plant in the areas of morphology, anatomy, pharmacology, chemistry and ethnobotany along with medicinal uses. © 2008 Academic Journals Inc.
Gilman, EL, Ellison, J, Duke, NC & Field, C 2008, 'Threats to mangroves from climate change and adaptation options: A review', Aquatic Botany, vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 237-250.
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Mangrove ecosystems are threatened by climate change. We review the state of knowledge of mangrove Vulnerability and responses to predicted climate change and consider adaptation options. Based on available evidence, of all the climate change outcomes, relative sea-level rise may be the greatest threat to mangroves. Most mangrove sediment surface elevations are not keeping pace with sea-level rise, although longer term studies from a larger number of regions are needed. Rising sea-level will have the greatest impact oil mangroves experiencing net lowering in sediment elevation, where there is limited area for landward migration. The Pacific Islands mangroves have been demonstrated to be at high risk of substantial reductions. There is less certainly over other climate change outcomes and mangrove responses. More research is needed on assessment methods and standard indicators of change in response to effects from climate change, while regional monitoring networks are needed to observe these responses to enable educated adaptation. Adaptation measures can offset anticipated mangrove losses and improve resistance and resilience to climate change. Coastal planning can adapt to facilitate mangrove migration with sea-level rise. Management of activities within the catchment that affect long-term trends in the mangrove sediment elevation, better management of other stressors oil mangroves, rehabilitation of degraded mangrove areas, and increases in systems of strategically designed protected area networks that include mangroves and functionally linked ecosystems through representation, replication and refugia, are additional adaptation options.
Gladstone, W 2008, 'Towards conservation of a globally significant ecosystem: the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden', AQUATIC CONSERVATION-MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 1-5.
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The Red Sea and Gulf of Aden (RSGA) are renowned for their unique marine and coastal environments and species. An extreme pace of unmanaged development and a severe shortage of technical and conservation expertise threatened these globally important conservation values. Spurred to action, a period of intense activity in marine conservation, training and science by individual nations, the region, and the international donor community began in 1995. Many gains were made in marine environmental and resource management, however, this overview is con?ned to marine conservation. Marine conservation in the RSGA highlights the need for the most basic foundations to be laid by building political support and understanding, growing technical and management expertise, gathering relevant scienti?c information, and addressing the socioeconomic issues that threaten conservation values. The primary sources for much of the information presented here can be found in PERSGA (2006)
Glasner, JD, III, PG, Anderson, BD, Baumler, DJ, Biehl, BS, Burland, V, Cabot, EL, Darling, AE, Mau, B, Neeno-Eckwall, EC, Pot, D, Qiu, Y, Rissman, AI, Worzella, S, Zaremba, S, Fedorko, J, Hampton, T, Liss, P, Rusch, M, Shaker, M, Shaull, L, Shetty, P, Thotakura, S, Whitmore, J, Blattner, FR, Greene, JM & Perna, NT 2008, 'Enteropathogen Resource Integration Center (ERIC): bioinformatics support for research on biodefense-relevant enterobacteria', NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH, vol. 36, pp. D519-D523.
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Glenn, EP, Huete, AR, Nagler, PL & Nelson, SG 2008, 'Relationship between remotely-sensed vegetation indices, canopy attributes and plant physiological processes: What vegetation indices can and cannot tell us about the landscape', SENSORS, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 2136-2160.
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Vegetation indices (VIs) are among the oldest tools in remote sensing studies. Although many variations exist, most of them ratio the reflection of light in the red and NIR sections of the spectrum to separate the landscape into water, soil, and vegetation. Theoretical analyses and field studies have shown that VIs are near-linearly related to photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by a plant canopy, and therefore to light-dependent physiological processes, such as photosynthesis, occurring in the upper canopy. Practical studies have used time-series VIs to measure primary production and evapotranspiration, but these are limited in accuracy to that of the data used in ground truthing or calibrating the models used. VIs are also used to estimate a wide variety of other canopy attributes that are used in Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer (SVAT), Surface Energy Balance (SEB), and Global Climate Models (GCM). These attributes include fractional vegetation cover, leaf area index, roughness lengths for turbulent transfer, emissivity and albedo. However, VIs often exhibit only moderate, non-linear relationships to these canopy attributes, compromising the accuracy of the models. We use case studies to illustrate the use and misuse of VIs, and argue for using VIs most simply as a measurement of canopy light absorption rather than as a surrogate for detailed features of canopy architecture. Used this way, VIs are compatible with "Big Leaf" SVAT and GCMs that assume that canopy carbon and moisture fluxes have the same relative response to the environment as any single leaf, simplifying the task of modeling complex landscapes.
Glibert, PM, Azanza, R, Burford, M, Furuya, K, Abal, E, Al-Azri, A, Al-Yamani, F, Andersen, P, Anderson, DM, Beardall, J, Berg, GM, Brand, L, Bronk, D, Brookes, J, Burkholder, JM, Cembella, A, Cochlan, WP, Collier, JL, Collos, Y, Diaz, R, Doblin, M, Drennen, T, Dyhrman, S, Fukuyo, Y, Furnas, M, Galloway, J, Graneli, E, Ha, DV, Hallegraeff, G, Harrison, J, Harrison, PJ, Heil, CA, Heimann, K, Howarth, R, Jauzein, C, Kana, AA, Kana, TM, Kim, H, Kudela, R, Legrand, C, Mallin, M, Mulholland, M, Murray, S, O'Neil, J, Pitcher, G, Qi, Y, Rabalais, N, Raine, R, Seitzinger, S, Salomon, PS, Solomon, C, Stoecker, DK, Usup, G, Wilson, J, Yin, K, Zhou, M & Zhu, M 2008, 'Ocean urea fertilization for carbon credits poses high ecological risks', MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 1049-1056.
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The proposed plan for enrichment of the Sulu Sea, Philippines, a region of rich marine biodiversity, with thousands of tonnes of urea in order to stimulate algal blooms and sequester carbon is flawed for multiple reasons. Urea is preferentially used as a nitrogen source by some cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates, many of which are neutrally or positively buoyant. Biological pumps to the deep sea are classically leaky, and the inefficient burial of new biomass makes the estimation of a net loss of carbon from the atmosphere questionable at best. The potential for growth of toxic dinoflagellates is also high, as many grow well on urea and some even increase their toxicity when grown on urea. Many toxic dinoflagellates form cysts which can settle to the sediment and germinate in subsequent years, forming new blooms even without further fertilization. If large-scale blooms do occur, it is likely that they will contribute to hypoxia in the bottom waters upon decomposition. Lastly, urea production requires fossil fuel usage, further limiting the potential for net carbon sequestration. The environmental and economic impacts are potentially great and need to be rigorously assessed. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Gorrie, CA, Brown, J & Waite, PME 2008, 'Crash characteristics of older pedestrian fatalities: Dementia pathology may be related to 'at risk' traffic situations', ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 912-919.
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Older people are over represented among pedestrian casualties, and cognitive decline is an often cited possible contributory factor. Cognitive decline and dementia are intimately associated, however the role dementia might play in older pedestrian crashe
Gorrie, CA, Waite, PME & Rogers, LJ 2008, 'Correlations Between Hand Preference and Cortical Thickness in the Secondary Somatosensory (SII) Cortex of the Common Marmoset, Callithrix jacchus', BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE, vol. 122, no. 6, pp. 1343-1351.
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Cortical asymmetries are well established in humans for language and motor regions and correlate with handedness. Here the authors investigate structural differences in the hemispheres of left- and right-handed common marmosets using surface photography
Gou, X, Wang, G, Park, J, Liu, H & Yang, J 2008, 'Monodisperse hematite porous nanospheres: synthesis, characterization, and applications for gas sensors', NANOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 19, no. 12.
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Greene, RW 2008, 'Kids do well if they can', Phi Delta Kappan, vol. 90, no. 3, pp. 160-167.
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Viewing challenging behavior as the result of lagging skills (kids do well if they can) rather than as poor motivation (kids do well if they want to) has significant ramifications for how adults interact with kids with behavioral challenges and try to help them. A wide range of lagging skills can set the stage for challenging behavior. Challenging behavior usually occurs in response to predictable triggers, circumstances, or unsolved problems. Adults have a strong tendency to automatically apply consequences to challenging behavior. Whether of the natural or artificial variety, consequences do not teach lagging cognitive skills or help kids solve problems. The author holds copyright to this article; please contact the author regarding requests for additional distribution. © 2008 by Ross Greene.
Grills-Taquechel, AE, Ollendick, TH & Fisak, B 2008, 'Reexamination of the MASC factor structure and discriminant ability in a mixed clinical outpatient sample', Depression and Anxiety, vol. 25, no. 11, pp. 942-950.
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Anxiety problems in youth are common, suggesting the need for developmentally appropriate and psychometrically sound measures in this area. The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) was created with this goal in mind, but has yet to be examined with samples representative of youth typically seen in clinical settings. Two hundred and sixty-two outpatient youth with mixed clinical presentations completed the MASC, a measure that includes a total anxiety score, as well as subscale scores for social anxiety, harm avoidance, separation anxiety/panic, and physical symptoms of anxiety. Internal consistency, means, and factor structure were comparable to that reported previously. Model invariance was supported across gender, diagnosis, and age. The MASC total score significantly differentiated children who received anxiety disorder diagnoses from those who did not. The social anxiety subscale significantly predicted social phobia and the harm avoidance subscale significantly predicted generalized anxiety disorder. Further support was found for the MASC. However, caution should be exercised given mixed discriminant ability findings. That is, the MASC seems best suited as a screening instrument for anxiety and when used in conjunction with a multiple method/informant assessment approach. 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Gu, HY 2008, 'Computation of approximate alpha-points for large scale single machine scheduling problem', COMPUTERS & OPERATIONS RESEARCH, vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 3262-3275.
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This paper studies the linear programming (LP) relaxation of xjt-formulation of the single machine scheduling problem 1|rj|?wjCj. The Lagrangian relaxation approach is proposed to cope with the computational difficulties for large problems. Since it can still be time consuming if highly accurate LP relaxation is required, the effect of approximate solution is studied with respect to the a-point heuristic. A two-stage proximal bundle algorithm is designed for the computation of the approximate solution. Results of numerical experiments show the efficiency of the proposed algorithm for large problems
Gunawan, C, Breuer, M, Hauer, B, Rogers, PL & Rosche, B 2008, 'Improved (R)-phenylacetylcarbinol production with Candida utilis pyruvate decarboxylase at decreased organic to aqueous phase volume ratios', Biotechnology Letters, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 281-286.
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Gunning, SJ, Maggio, F, Windley, MJ, Valenzuela, SM, King, GF & Nicholson, GM 2008, 'The Janus-faced atracotoxins are specific blockers of invertebrate K(Ca) channels', FEBS JOURNAL, vol. 275, no. 16, pp. 4045-4059.
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The Janus-faced atracotoxins are a unique family of excitatory peptide toxins that contain a rare vicinal disulfide bridge. Although lethal to a wide range of invertebrates, their molecular target has remained enigmatic for almost a decade. We demonstrate here that these toxins are selective, high-affinity blockers of invertebrate calcium activated K+ (KCa) channels. J-ACTX-Hv1c, the prototypic member of this toxin family, selectively blocked KCa channels in cockroach unpaired dorsal median neurons with an IC50 of 2 nM, but it did not significantly affect a wide range of other voltage activated potassium (KV), calcium (CaV), or sodium (NaV) channel subtypes. J ACTX-Hv1c blocked heterologously expressed cockroach BKCa (pSlo) channels without a significant shift in the voltage-dependence of activation. However, the block was voltage-dependent, indicating that the toxin likely acts as a pore blocker rather than a gating modifier. The molecular basis of the insect selectivity of J-ACTX-Hv1c was established by its failure to significantly inhibit mouse mSlo currents (IC50 ~10 μM) and its lack of activity on rat dorsal root ganglion neuron IK(Ca). This study establishes the Janus-faced atracotoxins as valuable tools for the study of invertebrate KCa channels and suggests that KCa channels might be a potential insecticide target.
Ha, S, Sukhorukov, AA, Dossou, KB, Botten, LC, Lavrinenko, AV, Chigrin, DN & Kivshar, YS 2008, 'Dispersionless tunneling of slow light in antisymmetric photonic crystal couplers', OPTICS EXPRESS, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 1104-1114.
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We suggest a novel and general approach to the design of photonic-crystal directional couplers operating in the slow-light regime. We predict, based on a general symmetry analysis, that robust tunneling of slow-light pulses is possible between antisymmetrically coupled photonic crystal waveguides. We demonstrate, through Bloch mode frequencydomain and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations that, for all pulses with strongly reduced group velocities at the photonic band-gap edge, complete switching occurs at a fixed coupling length of just a few unit cells of the photonic crystal.
Han, X, Kennan, RM, Davies, JK, Reddacliff, LA, Dhungyel, OP, Whittington, RJ, Turnbull, L, Whitchurch, CB & Rood, JI 2008, 'Twitching motility is essential for virulence in Dichelobacter nodosus', JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, vol. 190, no. 9, pp. 3323-3335.
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Type W fimbriae are essential virulence factors of Dichelobacter nodosus, the principal causative agent of ovine foot rot. The fimA fimbrial subunit gene is required for virulence, but fimA mutants exhibit several phenotypic changes and it is not certain
Hansbro, NG, Horvat, JC, Wark, PA & Hansbro, PM 2008, 'Understanding the mechanisms of viral induced asthma: New therapeutic directions', Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol. 117, no. 3, pp. 313-353.
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Harel, M, Ben-Dov, E, Rasoulouniriana, D, Siboni, N, Kramarsky-Winter, E, Loya, Y, Barak, Z, Wiesman, Z & Kushmaro, A 2008, 'A new Thraustochytrid, strain Fng1, isolated from the surface mucus of the hermatypic coral Fungia granulosa', FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 378-387.
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Harris, N, Ford, MJ, Mulvaney, P & Cortie, MB 2008, 'Tunable infrared absorption by meta nanoparticles: The case for gold rods and shells', GOLD BULLETIN, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 5-14.
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Nanoparticles of elements such as Au, Al or Ag have optical extinction cross-sections that considerably surpass their geometric cross-sections at certain wavelengths of light. While the absorption and scattering maxima for nanospheres of these elements are relatively insensitive to particle diameter, the surface plasmon resonance of Au nanoshells and nanorods can be readily tuned from the visible into the infrared by changing the shape of the particle. Here we compare nanoshells and nanorods in terms of their ease of synthesis, their optical properties, and their longer term technological prospects as tunable plasmonic absorbers. While both particle types are now routinely prepared by wet chemistry, we submit that it is more convenient to prepare rods. Furthermore, the plasmon resonance and peak absorption efficiency in nanorods may be readily tuned into the infrared by an increase of their aspect ratio, whereas in nanoshells such tuning may require a decrease in shell thickness to problematic dimensions.
He, B, Luo, L, Hu, J & Gu, HY 2008, 'Smoothing algorithm for high speed machining at corner', Shanghai Jiaotong Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 83-86.
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Making feed speed smooth along the corner of two adjoining moves is the key measure to protect the machine tools and assure the machining quality and the efficiency of high speed machinery process. This paper presented an algorithm to make smooth the track and the velocity by adding adjoining moves vectors based on trapezoidal velocity profile. The algorithm is proposed for interpolating adjoining moves simultaneously according to the maximum distance decelerating to zero. This algorithm is verified to get good machining quality and velocity at the corner when high speed machining.
Hemming, MN, Peacock, WJ, Dennis, ES & Trevaskis, B 2008, 'Integration of seasonal flowering time responses in temperate cereals', Plant Signaling & Behavior, vol. 3, no. 8, pp. 601-602.
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Hemming, MN, Peacock, WJ, Dennis, ES & Trevaskis, B 2008, 'Low-temperature and daylength cues are integrated to regulate FLOWERING LOCUS T in barley', PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 147, no. 1, pp. 355-366.
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Interactions between flowering time genes were examined in a doubled haploid barley (Hordeum vulgare) population segregating for H. vulgare VERNALIZATION1 (HvVRN1), HvVRN2, and PHOTOPERIOD1 (PPD-H1). A deletion allele of HvVRN2 was associated with rapid inflorescence initiation and early flowering, but only in lines with an active allele of PPD-H1. In these lines, the floral promoter FLOWERING LOCUS T (HvFT1) was expressed at high levels without vernalization, and this preceded induction of HvVRN1. Lines with the deletion allele of HvVRN2 and the inactive ppd-H1 allele did not undergo rapid inflorescence initiation and were late flowering. These data suggest that HvVRN2 counteracts PPD-H1 to prevent flowering prior to vernalization. An allele of HvVRN1 that is expressed at high basal levels (HvVRN1-1) was associated with rapid inflorescence initiation regardless of HvVRN2 or PPD-H1 genotype. HvFT1 was expressed without vernalization in lines with the HvVRN1-1 allele and HvFT1 transcript levels were highest in lines with the active PPD-H1 allele; this correlated with rapid apex development postinflorescence initiation. Thus, expression of HvVRN1 promotes inflorescence initiation and up-regulates HvFT1. Analysis of HvVRN1 expression in different genetic backgrounds postvernalization showed that HvVRN2, HvFT1, and PPD-H1 are unlikely to play a role in low-temperature induction of HvVRN1. In a vernalization responsive barley, HvFT1 is not induced by low temperatures alone, but can be induced by long days following prolonged low-temperature treatment. We conclude that low-temperature and daylength flowering-response pathways are integrated to control expression of HvFT1 in barley, and that this might occur through regulation of HvVRN2 activity.
Henderson, DJ, Carroll, RJ & Li, Q 2008, 'Nonparametric estimation and testing of fixed effects panel data models', Journal of Econometrics, vol. 144, no. 1, pp. 257-275.
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Heness, G, Booth, N & Ben-Nissan, B 2008, 'Does Size Matter? - The Effect of Volume on the Compressive Strength of Open Cell Brittle Ceramics', Advanced Materials Research, vol. 41-42, pp. 221-226.
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This study investigates the effect of specimen volume on the compressive strength of
open cell brittle ceramics. A series of unconfined compression tests were carried out on specimens
ranging in volume. The crushing strength and apparent stiffness were measured and these results are
correlated with the volume of material stressed. It was found that as the volume of material tested
decreased the strength decreased.
Hennige, SJ, Smith, DJ, Perkins, R, Consalvey, M, Paterson, DM & Suggett, DJ 2008, 'Photoacclimation, growth and distribution of massive coral species in clear and turbid waters', Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 369, pp. 77-88.
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Massive coral species play a key role in coral reef ecosystems, adding significantly to physical integrity, long term stability and reef biodiversity. This study coupled the assessment of the distribution and abundance of 4 dominant massive coral species, Diploastrea heliopora, Favia speciosa, F. matthaii and Porites lutea, with investigations into species-specific photoacclimatory responses within the Wakatobi Marine National Park of southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, to determine the potential of photoacclimation to be a driver of biological success. For this, rapid light curves using pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) chlorophyll a fluorescence techniques were employed with additional manipulations to circumvent differences of light quality and absorption between species and across environmental gradients. P. lutea was examined over a range of depths and sites to determine patterns of photoacclimation, and all 4 species were assessed at a single depth between sites for which long-term data for coral community structure and growth existed. Light availability was more highly constrained with depth than between sites; consequently, photoacclimation patterns for P. lutea appeared greater with depth than across environmental gradients. All 4 species were found to differentially modify the extent of non-photochemical quenching to maintain a constant photochemical operating efficiency (qP). Therefore, our results suggest that these massive corals photoacclimate to ensure a constant light-dependent rate of reduction of the plastoquinone pool across growth environments.
Herbert, BR, Hill, C, Padula, MP, DSouza-Bassea, JM, Krockenberger, MB, Malik, R, Ngamskulrungroj, P, Chong, HS, Meyer, W, Harry, EJ & Carter, DA 2008, 'Fungal Lung Infection : Understanding Cryptococcus Gattii Infection and the Challenges of Mixed Proteomes', Journal of Proteomics & Bioinformatics, vol. S2, no. 01, pp. 097-098.
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Herok, GH, Millar, TJ, Anderton, PJ & Martin, DK 2008, 'Role of Chloride Channels in Regulating the Volume of Acinar Cells of the Rabbit Superior Lacrimal Gland', INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE, vol. 49, no. 12, pp. 5517-5525.
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PURPOSE. To characterize the outward chloride currents (Cl-OR) in single acinar cells isolated from the rabbit superior lacrimal gland (RSLG) to investigate the hypothesis that Cl-OR may have a role in regulating the volume of RSLG acini. METHODS. Cl-OR
Hill, R & Ralph, PJ 2008, 'Dark-induced reduction of the plastoquinone pool in zooxanthellae of scleractinian corals and implications for measurements of chlorophyll a fluorescence', SYMBIOSIS, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 45-56.
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Fluorometric measurements of maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) and fast induction curves (FICs) require coral samples to be dark-adapted (DA). Pathways causing dark-reduction of the plastoquinone (PQ) pool are shown here to be active in corals. Early morning sunlight and far-red light successfully increased Fv/Fm and lowered the O and J steps of FICs in corals that were darkened overnight. The thick-tissued massive coral, Cyphastrea serailia, was shown to be more prone to reduction of the PQ pool, with significant reductions in Fv/Fm occurring after 10 min of DA, and elevated J steps occurring within 200 s following a far-red flash. In thinner-tissued branching species, Pocillopora damicornis and Acropora nobilis, elevation of the J step also occurred within 200 s of DA, but a drop in Fv/Fm was only manifested after 30 min. Pre-exposure to far-red light is an effective and simple procedure to ensure determination of the true maximum quantum yield of Photosystem II (PSII) and accurate FICs which require a fully oxidised inter-system electron transport chain and open PSII reaction centres.
Hill, R & Ralph, PJ 2008, 'Impact of bleaching stress on the function of the oxygen evolving complex of zooxanthellae from scleractinian corals', JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 299-310.
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Global climate change is leading to the rise of ocean temperatures and is triggering mass coral bleaching events on reefs around the world. The expulsion of the symbiotic dinoflagellate algae is believed to occur as a result of damage to the photosynthetic apparatus of these symbionts, although the specific site of initial impact is yet to be conclusively resolved. Here, the sensitivity of the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) to bleaching stress was studied as well as its natural variation between seasons. The artificial electron donor, diphenyl carbazide (DPC), was added to cultured, freshly isolated and expelled (bleaching treatments only) zooxanthellae suspensions. Chl a fluorescence and oxygen production measurements showed that upon addition of DPC, no restoration of diminished photochemical efficiency occurred under control or bleaching conditions. This result was consistent between 12h and 5d bleaching treatments on Pocilloporadamicornis, indicating that the OEC is not the primary site of damage, and that zooxanthellae expulsion from the host is a nonselective process with respect to the functioning of the OEC. Further experiments measuring fast induction curves (FICs) revealed that in both summer and winter, the temperature when OEC function was lost occurred between 7°C and 14°C above the sea surface temperature. FIC and oxygen production measurements of P. damicornis during exposure to bleaching stress demonstrated that the thermotolerance of the OEC increased above the temperature of the bleaching treatment over a 4h period. This finding indicates that the OEC has the capacity to acclimate between seasons and remains functional at temperatures well above bleaching thresholds.
Hills, N, Hose, GC, Cantlay, AJ & Murray, BR 2008, 'Cave invertebrate assemblages differ between native and exotic leaf litter', AUSTRAL ECOLOGY, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 271-277.
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Allochtonous leaf litter is an important source of energy and nutrients for invertebrates in cave ecosystems. A change to the quality or quantity of litter entering caves has the potential to disrupt the structure and function of cave communities. In thi
Hoft, RC, Ford, MJ, Garcia-Suarez, VM & Lambert, CJ 2008, 'The effect of stretching thiyl- and ethynyl-Au molecular junctions', JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 1-9.
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We perform density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the stretching of Au(111)XAu(111) molecular junctions where X is either a thiyl or ethynyl biradical. The equilibrium geometries for the radicals adsorbing on the surface are first calculated and the radicals then placed in the junction geometry. The unit cell is stepwise increased in length and the geometry relaxed at each step. When stretching the ethynyl junction, a single gold atom is detached from the rest of the surface and the goldcarbon bond does not break. In contrast, the goldsulfur bond in the thiyl junction breaks without detaching any gold atoms. This behaviour can be attributed to the enhanced strength of the AuC interaction over the AuS interaction. In both junctions the conductance calculated using the non-equilibrium Green's function formalism (NEGF) decreases as the junction is stretched. After breakage of the AuS bond, the thiyl radical contains an unpaired electron on the sulfur atom and the system is in a spin doublet state. Transmission spectra were calculated for the spin-unpolarized case only; evaluation of the spin-polarized density of states suggests that an enhanced conductance for electrons of one spin type may be observed after the AuS bond is broken.
Hoile, R, Walsh, SJ & Bioterrorism, RC 2008, 'Erratum', Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 1499-1499.
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Hong, MY, Baladandayuthapani, V, Li, Y, Carroll, RJ, Turner, ND & Lupton, JR 2008, 'Coordinated p27 Kip1 expression as a function of distance between crypts ‐ Potential inter‐crypt signaling', The FASEB Journal, vol. 22, no. S1.
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Horton, NJ, Roberts, K, Ryan, L, Suglia, SF & Wright, RJ 2008, 'A maximum likelihood latent variable regression model for multiple informants', STATISTICS IN MEDICINE, vol. 27, no. 24, pp. 4992-5004.
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Studies pertaining to childhood psychopathology often incorporate information front multiple sources (or informants). For example. measurement Of Some factor of particular interest might be collected from parents, teachers Lis well as the children being
Howe, CJ, Barbrook, AC, Nisbet, RER, Lockhart, PJ & Larkum, AWD 2008, 'The origin of plastids', PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, vol. 363, no. 1504, pp. 2675-2685.
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It is generally accepted that plastids first arose by acquisition of photosynthetic prokaryotic endosymbionts by non-photosynthetic eukaryotic hosts. It is also accepted that photosynthetic eukaryotes were acquired on several occasions as endosymbionts by non-photosynthetic eukaryote hosts to form secondary plastids. In some lineages, secondary plastids were lost and new symbionts were acquired, to form tertiary plastids. Most recent work has been interpreted to indicate that primary plastids arose only once, referred to as a 'monophyletic' origin. We critically assess the evidence for this. We argue that the combination of Ockham's razor and poor taxon sampling will bias studies in favour of monophyly. We discuss possible concerns in phylogenetic reconstruction from sequence data. We argue that improved understanding of lineage-specific substitution processes is needed to assess the reliability of sequence-based trees. Improved understanding of the timing of the radiation of present-day cyanobacteria is also needed. We suggest that acquisition of plastids is better described as the result of a process rather than something occurring at a discrete time, and describe the 'shopping bag' model of plastid origin. We argue that dinoflagellates and other lineages provide evidence in support of this. © 2008 The Royal Society.
Howlett, C, Seini, M, Matthews, C, Dillon, B & Hauser, V 2008, 'Retaining Indigenous Students in Tertiary Education: Lessons from the Griffith School of Environment', The Australian Journal of Indigenous Education, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 18-27.
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Abstract
Low retention of Indigenous peoples in all Australian
universities has been identified as a problematic issue by
the Australian Federal government. Griffith University
(GU), Queensland, Australia, provided funding to examine
the factors affecting Indigenous retention in higher
education, with the aim of developing innovative
participation and retention strategies specifically for
Indigenous students. This paper focuses on research
conducted within the Griffith School of Environment that
questioned the possible links between the provision of
information to commencing Indigenous students and their
retention. It essentially examines to what extent current
university structures support Indigenous enrolments and
retention, via the information they receive upon enrolling.
From interviews conducted in an informal discussion format
with currently enrolled Indigenous students in the Griffith
School of Environment, critical deficiencies were
identified in the information Indigenous students receive
during the early transition phase of university entrance. A
key finding of this study, and which is the subject of
current research, was the support amongst the students for
the development of an Indigenised curriculum in science as
a strategy for improving the attraction and retention of
Indigenous students. This paper details the research
project and its findings.
Huete, AR, Restrepo-Coupe, N, Ratana, P, Didan, K, Saleska, SR, Ichii, K, Panuthai, S & Gamo, M 2008, 'Multiple site tower flux and remote sensing comparisons of tropical forest dynamics in Monsoon Asia', AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY, vol. 148, no. 5, pp. 748-760.
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The spatial and temporal dynamics of tropical forest functioning are poorly understood, partly attributed to a weak seasonality and high tree species diversity at the landscape scale. Recent neotropical rainforest studies with local tower flux measurements have revealed strong seasonal carbon fluxes that follow the availability of sunlight in intact forests, while in areas of forest disturbance, carbon fluxes more closely tracked seasonal water availability. These studies also showed a strong seasonal correspondence of satellite measures of greenness, using the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) with ecosystem carbon fluxes in both intact and disturbed forests, which may enable larger scale extension of tower flux measurements. In this study, we investigated the seasonal patterns and relationships of local site tower flux measures of gross primary productivity (Pg) with independent Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite greenness measures across three Monsoon Asia tropical forest types, encompassing drought-deciduous, dry evergreen, and humid evergreen secondary tropical forests. In contrast to neotropical forests, the tropical forests of Monsoon Asia are more extensively degraded and heterogeneous due to intense land use pressures, and therefore, may exhibit unique seasonal patterns of ecosystem fluxes that are more likely water-limited and drought-susceptible.
Huston, WM, Theodoropoulos, C, Mathews, SA & Timms, P 2008, 'Chlamydia trachomatis responds to heat shock, penicillin induced persistence, and IFN-gamma persistence by altering levels of the extracytoplasmic stress response protease HtrA', BMC Microbiology, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 190-190.
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Hutchison, JA, Bell, TDM, Ganguly, T, Ghiggino, KP, Langford, SJ, Lokan, NR & Paddon-Row, MN 2008, 'Photoinduced electron transfer dynamics in porphyrin donor dyads', Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, vol. 197, no. 2-3, pp. 220-225.
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Huttunen, J, Doble, P, Dawson, M, Roux, C & Robertson, J 2008, 'Physical evidence in drug intelligence, Part 2: discrimination of packaging tapes by colour', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 73-83.
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The authors have considered routine exploitation of physical evidence from seized shipments of illicit drugs for intelligence purposes. Part 1 of this series addressed the identification of polymer type within the adhesive pf packaging tapes and raised important issues with regard to how data should be collated in a databse as a basis for reliable drug intelligence. this article expands onthis topic by addressingt eh sue of colour for achieving the same aim. By using a relatively simple instrumental technique to analyse opaque 'brown' packaging tapes, it was found that colour was an effective way to discriminate between different adhesive tape samples. However, unitial results showed that the analysis of colour in packaging tapes was more complex than assigning seminsubjective names to particular hues (e.g. light brown, greenm brown etc). Instead, samples in the population often differed only slightly from one another and hence proved difficult to categorise. Thus, a database or analyst must avoid using such 'discrete' labels and instead make use of 'continuous' numerical data. Here, CIELab chromaticity coordinates were used to define representative colour spaces for each tape sample and these were then compared to determine whether two such volumes intersected. This process would decide whether or not the sampes could be discriminated. While several sets of data were compared, further work needs to be carried out into the consistency of colour within single rolls of tape or batches of tape.
Huynh, KN, Oliver, BG, Stelzer, S, Rawlinson, WD & Tovey, ER 2008, 'A new method for sampling and detection of exhaled respiratory virus aerosols', CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 93-95.
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We have developed a mask sampler for exhaled respiratory viruses. Among a group of 9 patients with cold symptoms who had virus-positive nasal mucus specimens, as analyzed by multiplexed polymerase chain reaction, virus-positive mask samples were obtained
Ip, KH, Stuart, BH, Ray, AS & Thomas, PS 2008, 'A spectroscopic investigation of the weathering of a heritage Sydney sandstone', SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART A-MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY, vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 1032-1035.
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Infrared spectroscopy has been employed in a study of the degradation of heritage Sydney sandstone used in St. Mary's Cathedral in Sydney, Australia. Spectra were used to characterise the clay components taken from weathered and unweathered sandstone blo
Ip, KH, Stuart, BH, Thomas, PS & Ray, AS 2008, 'Thermal characterization of the clay binder of heritage Sydney sandstones', JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY, vol. 92, no. 1, pp. 97-100.
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Thermal analysis has been employed in a study of the degradation of heritage Sydney sandstone used in St Mary's Cathedral in Sydney, Australia. TG and DSC have been used to characterise the clay components removed from weathered and unweathered sandstone. Two types of kaolin clays - kaolinite and its polymorph, dickite - have been identified. A higher amount of dickite present in the clay of weathered sandstone indicates that a kaolinite-to-dickite transformation occurs upon weathering. XRD hot stage analysis was also used to demonstrate the presence of a more thermally stable polymorph of the kaolinite.
Ismar, Matthews & Hauber 2008, 'Seaweed provisioning behaviour confers thermal benefit for nesting Australasian gannets (Morus serrator)', Behaviour, vol. 145, no. 12, pp. 1823-1837.
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Ito, K, Herbert, C, Siegle, JS, Vuppusetty, C, Hansbro, N, Thomas, PS, Foster, PS, Barnes, PJ & Kumar, RK 2008, 'Steroid-Resistant Neutrophilic Inflammation in a Mouse Model of an Acute Exacerbation of Asthma', American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 543-550.
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Neutrophilic inflammation in acute exacerbations of asthma tends to be resistant to treatment with glucocorticoids. This may be related to decreased activity and expression of histone deacetylase-2 (HDAC2), which down-regulates expression of proinflammatory genes via recruitment to the glucocorticoid receptor complex. We assessed airway inflammation and response to steroid treatment in a novel mouse model of an acute exacerbation of chronic asthma. Systemically sensitized mice received low-level challenge with aerosolized ovalbumin for 4 weeks, followed by a single moderate-level challenge to induce enhanced inflammation in distal airways. We assessed the effects of pre-treatment with dexamethasone on the accumulation of inflammatory cells in the airways, airway responsiveness to methacholine, expression and enzymatic activity of nuclear proteins including histone acetyl transferase (HAT) and HDAC2, and levels of transcripts for neutrophil chemoattractant and survival cytokines. Dexamethasone suppressed inflammation associated with eosinophil and T-lymphocyte recruitment, but did not prevent neutrophil accumulation or development of airway hyperresponsiveness. Increased activity of HAT was suppressed by steroid treatment, but the marked diminution of HDAC2 activity and increased activity of nuclear factor-κB were not reversed. Correspondingly, elevated expression of mRNA for TNF-α, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, IL-8, and p21waf were also not suppressed by dexamethasone. Levels of lipid peroxidation and protein nitration products were elevated in the acute exacerbation model. We conclude that impaired nuclear recruitment of HDAC2 could be an important mechanism of steroid resistance of the neutrophilic inflammation in exacerbations of asthma. Oxidative stress may contribute to decreased HDAC2 activity.
Jafari, F, Shokrzadeh, L, Hamidian, M, Salmanzadeh-Ahrabi, S & Zali, MR 2008, 'Acute diarrhea due to enteropathogenic bacteria in patients at hospitals in Tehran.', Jpn J Infect Dis, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 269-273.
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During a study examining causes of diarrhea from May 2004 to May 2005, 808 stool specimens were collected from patients with acute diarrhea in Tehran. Fecal samples were cultured and identified according to the standard biochemical methods. Molecular identification of enteropathogens was carried out by amplification of their virulence genes by polymerase chain reaction. A total of 369 (45.6%) bacterial pathogens were recovered from 808 patients as follows: Shigella spp., 155 (45.6%); diarrheagenic Escherichia coli 143 (38.8%); Salmonella spp., 51 (13.8%); and Campylobacter spp., 20 (5.4%). Most of the diarrheagenic E. coli were Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, with 64 (44.7%) isolates, followed by 47 (32.9%) enterotoxigenic E. coli isolates; among Shigella spp. isolates, 69 (44.5%) Shigella flexneri were predominant. The molecular diagnosis of enteropathogens yielded a more accurate characterization of the prevalence of diarrhea-causing bacterial strains in Iran. The present study revealed a high prevalence of Shigella and diarrheagenic E. coli as the predominant causes of bacterial diarrhea in this region of the world. These two types of bacteria should therefore be considered when designing preventive strategies for people living in Iran.
Jarrett, MA & Ollendick, TH 2008, 'A conceptual review of the comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and anxiety: Implications for future research and practice', Clinical Psychology Review, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 1266-1280.
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Although approximately 25% of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit an anxiety disorder, the comorbidity of ADHD and anxiety has been given less attention than comorbidity of ADHD and oppositional or conduct disorders. While it is true that comorbidity between ADHD and these externalizing disorders is more prevalent (approximately 50%), the comorbidity of ADHD and anxiety deserves careful scrutiny in its own right in as much as this comorbidity may have important implications for etiology, assessment, and treatment. The primary purpose of the current review is to examine the methodological and substantive reasons for the comorbidity of ADHD and anxiety. Methodological areas include definitional issues and informant characteristics, while substantive areas include genetics, temperament, neurobiological and neuropsychological functioning, family influences, and temporal relations between ADHD and anxiety. The study of the comorbidity of ADHD and anxiety will be advanced through a more precise phenotypic classification of ADHD and the integration of research in adjacent fields such as temperament and genetics with current research on the psychopathology of ADHD. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Jenkins, C, Samudrala, R, Geary, SJ & Djordjevic, SP 2008, 'Structural and Functional Characterization of an Organic Hydroperoxide Resistance Protein from Mycoplasma gallisepticum', Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 190, no. 6, pp. 2206-2216.
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ABSTRACT
As obligate parasites,
Mycoplasma
species are continuously exposed to oxidative damage due to host-generated peroxides and reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, the production of endogenous oxidants is believed to be a primary virulence mechanism of several Mollicute species, indicating that oxidative stress resistance is crucial to survival of these bacteria in the host milieu. Despite the abundance of oxidants at the site of infection, enzymes responsible for the detoxification of ROS have never been characterized in mycoplasmas. Here we characterize a homolog of the
ohr
(organic hydroperoxide resistance) family from
Mycoplasma gallisepticum
(encoding MGA1142). Unlike previously characterized
ohr
genes, the
mga1142
gene is not upregulated in response to oxidative stress but displays a novel pattern of expression. Both organic and inorganic peroxides can act as substrates for MGA1142, but they are degraded with various efficiencies. Furthermore, cumene hydroperoxide, an aromatic peroxide metabolized with high efficiency by other Ohr proteins, was shown to rapidly inactivate MGA1142, accounting for the sensitivity of
M. gallisepticum
cells to this compound. Comparative modeling of the MGA1142 quaternary structure revealed that the active site of this molecule has a relatively wide conformation. These data indicate that the natural substrate for MGA1142 differs from that for previously characterized Ohr proteins. Triton X-114 partitioning demonstrated that MGA1142 is located in both cytosol and membrane fractions, suggesting that in vivo this molecule plays a role in the detoxification of both ...
Jia, B, Norton, AH, Li, J, Rahmani, A, Asatryan, AA, Botten, LC & Gu, M 2008, 'Local observation of modes from three-dimensional woodpile photonic crystals with near-field microspectroscopy under supercontinuum illumination', OPTICS LETTERS, vol. 33, no. 10, pp. 1093-1095.
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A near-field microscope coupled with a near-infrared (NIR) supercontinuum source is developed and applied to characterize optical modes in a three-dimensional (3D) woodpile photonic crystal (PC) possessing a NIR partial bandgap. Spatially resolved near-field intensity distributions under different illumination wavelengths demonstrate that the electric fields preferentially dwell in the polymer rods or in the gaps between rods, respectively, for frequencies below or above the stop gap, as predicted by the 3D finite-difference time-domain modeling. Near-field microspectroscopy further reveals that the position-dependent band-edge effect plays an important role in PC-based all-optical integrated devices.
Jiang, Z, Huete, AR, Didan, K & Miura, T 2008, 'Development of a two-band enhanced vegetation index without a blue band', REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT, vol. 112, no. 10, pp. 3833-3845.
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The enhanced vegetation index (EVI) was developed as a standard satellite vegetation product for the Terra and Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometers (MODIS). EVI provides improved sensitivity in high biomass regions while minimizing soil and atmosphere influences, however, is limited to sensor systems designed with a blue band, in addition to the red and near-infrared bands, making it difficult to generate long-term EVI time series as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) counterpart. The purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate a 2-band EVI (EVI2), without a blue band, which has the best similarity with the 3-band EVI, particularly when atmospheric effects are insignificant and data quality is good. A linearity-adjustment factor ? is proposed and coupled with the soil-adjustment factor L used in the soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) to develop EVI2. A global land cover dataset of Terra MODIS data extracted over land community validation and FLUXNET test sites is used to develop the optimal parameter (L, ? and G) values in EVI2 equation and achieve the best similarity between EVI and EVI2. The similarity between the two indices is evaluated and demonstrated with temporal profiles of vegetation dynamics at local and global scales. Our results demonstrate that the differences between EVI and EVI2 are insignificant (within ± 0.02) over a very large sample of snow/ice-free land cover types, phenologies, and scales when atmospheric influences are insignificant, enabling EVI2 as an acceptable and accurate substitute of EVI. EVI2 can be used for sensors without a blue band, such as the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), and may reveal different vegetation dynamics in comparison with the current AVHRR NDVI dataset. However, cross-sensor continuity relationships for EVI2 remain to be studied.
Jimenez, IM, Kuehl, M, Larkum, AWD & Ralph, PJ 2008, 'Heat budget and thermal microenvironment of shallow-water corals: Do massive corals get warmer than branching corals?', LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1548-1561.
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Coral surface temperature was investigated with multiple temperature sensors mounted on hemispherical and branching corals under (a) artificial lighting and controlled flow; (b) natural sunlight and controlled flow; and (c) in situ conditions in a shallo
Kabakova, IV & Sukhorukov, AP 2008, 'Spatial switching of an optical signal in a defocusing photorefractive crystal', Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 3-5.
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The method of spatial switching of the propagation direction of an optical signal, based on the effect of signal wave reflection upon interaction with a high-power pump beam in bulk photorefractive media with defocusing nonlinearity has been considered for the first time. Criteria of signal reflection from a pump-induced optical inhomogeneity in a material are determined. Trajectories of the signal wave center are obtained for characteristic reflection parameters. © Allerton Press, Inc. 2008.
Kaiko, GE, Horvat, JC, Beagley, KW & Hansbro, PM 2008, 'Immunological decision-making: how does the immune system decide to mount a helper T-cell response?', Immunology, vol. 123, no. 3, pp. 326-338.
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Kaiko, GE, Phipps, S, Hickey, DK, Lam, CE, Hansbro, PM, Foster, PS & Beagley, KW 2008, 'Chlamydia muridarum Infection Subverts Dendritic Cell Function to Promote Th2 Immunity and Airways Hyperreactivity', The Journal of Immunology, vol. 180, no. 4, pp. 2225-2232.
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Abstract
There is strong epidemiological evidence that Chlamydia infection can lead to exacerbation of asthma. However, the mechanism(s) whereby chlamydial infection, which normally elicits a strong Th type 1 (Th1) immune response, can exacerbate asthma, a disease characterized by dominant Th type 2 (Th2) immune responses, remains unclear. In the present study, we show that Chlamydia muridarum infection of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) modulates the phenotype, cytokine secretion profile, and Ag-presenting capability of these BMDC. Chlamydia-infected BMDC express lower levels of CD80 and increased CD86 compared with noninfected BMDC. When infected with Chlamydia, BMDC secrete increased TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-13. OVA peptide-pulsed infected BMDC induced significant proliferation of transgenic CD4+ DO11.10 (D10) T cells, strongly inhibited IFN-γ secretion by D10 cells, and promoted a Th2 phenotype. Intratracheal transfer of infected, but not control noninfected, OVA peptide-pulsed BMDC to naive BALB/c mice, which had been i.v. infused with naive D10 T cells, resulted in increased levels of IL-10 and IL-13 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Recipients of these infected BMDC showed significant increases in airways resistance and decreased airways compliance compared with mice that had received noninfected BMDC, indicative of the development of airways hyperreactivity. Collectively, these data suggest that Chlamydia infection of DCs allows the pathogen to deviate the induced immune response from a protective Th1 to a nonprotective Th2 response that could permit ongoing chronic infection. In the setting of allergic airways inflammation, this infection may then contribute to exacerbation of the asthmatic phenotype.
Kalisvaart, WP & Notten, PHL 2008, 'Mechanical alloying and electrochemical hydrogen storage of Mg-based systems', Journal of Materials Research, vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 2179-2187.
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Results on mechanical alloying of binary and ternary Mg–Ti-based mixtures are reported. Using fine-powdered reactants and a process-control-agent, a mixture of two face-centered cubic compounds is obtained. Using a coarse Mg precursor without addition of a milling agent results in a hexagonal-solid solution of Ti in Mg due to a lower oxygen content in the Mg starting material. Upon introduction of Ni or Al as a third element, the amount of dissolved Ti decreases to form a nanocrystalline secondary phase. The electrochemical charging capacity of the hexagonal compounds is far superior to that of the cubic ones, whereas the discharge capacity is significantly increased only upon addition of Ni. The secondary TiNi phase acts as a rapid diffusion path for hydrogen, greatly improving the rate capability of the alloys. The reversible hydrogen storage capacity reaches values of up to 3.2 wt% at room temperature for (Mg0.75Ti0.25)0.90Ni0.10.
Kalisvaart, WP, Latroche, M, Cuevas, F & Notten, PHL 2008, 'In situ neutron diffraction study on Pd-doped Mg0.65Sc0.35 electrode material', Journal of Solid State Chemistry, vol. 181, no. 5, pp. 1141-1148.
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Kamal, MA, Qu, X, Yu, Q-S, Tweedie, D, Holloway, HW, Li, Y, Tan, Y & Greig, NH 2008, 'Tetrahydrofurobenzofuran cymserine, a potent butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor and experimental Alzheimer drug candidate, enzyme kinetic analysis', Journal of Neural Transmission, vol. 115, no. 6, pp. 889-898.
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Synaptic loss, particularly related to the forebrain cholinergic system, is considered to be an early event that leads to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and has led to the development of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChE-Is) as the mainstay of treatment fo
Karim, RZ, Scolyer, RA, Li, W, Yee, VSK, McKinnon, JG, Li, L-XL, Uren, RF, Lam, S, Beavis, A, Dawson, M, Doble, P, Hoon, DSB & Thompson, JF 2008, 'False negative sentinel lymph node biopsies in melanoma may result from deficiencies in nuclear medicine, surgery, or pathology', ANNALS OF SURGERY, vol. 247, no. 6, pp. 1003-1010.
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate a cohort of melanoma patients with false negative (FN) sentinel node (SN) biopsies (SNBs) to identify the reasons for the FN result. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: SNB is a highly efficient staging method in melanoma patients. However, with long-term follow-up FN SNB results of up to 25% have been reported. METHODS: Seventy-four SNs from 33 patients found to have had an FN SNB were analyzed by reviewing the lymphoscintigraphy, surgical data, and histopathology, and by assessing nodal tissue using multimarker real-time quantitative reverse transcription (qRT) polymerase chain reaction, and antimony concentration measurements (as a marker of "true" SN status) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. RESULTS: Nine SNs (12%) from 9 patients (27%) had evidence of melanoma on histopathologic review. Twelve SNs (16%) from 10 patients (30%) were qRT(+). Four of these 12 SNs were positive on histopathology review and 8 were negative. Four patients (12%) were upstaged by qRT. Sixteen patients had their SNB histology, lymphoscintigraphy, and surgical data reviewed. Identifiable causes of the FN SNBs were not found after review of all modalities in 4 patients. SNs from all 4 patients had antimony levels indicative of an SN. Of the SNs evaluable by qRT, 1 was qRT(+) and 7 SNs from 2 patients were qRT(-). CONCLUSIONS: An FN SN can occur because of deficiencies in nuclear medicine, surgery, or pathology. qRT can detect "occult" metastatic melanoma in SNs that have been identified as negative by histopathology. © 2008 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.
Kazandjian, A, Shepherd, VA, Rodriguez-Lanetty, M, Nordemeier, W, Larkum, AWD & Quinnell, RG 2008, 'Isolation of Symbiosomes and The Symbiosome Membrane Complex from The Zoanthid Zoanthus Robustus', Phycologia, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 294-306.
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The zoanthid Zoanthus robustus was used as a model organism to develop procedures for isolating pure symbiosomes and symbiosome membranes. The symbiosome is comprised of a zooxanthella (Symbiodinium sp.) cell that divides rarely and is separated from the host gastrodermal cytoplasm by a symbiosome multimembrane complex. Devising a method to isolate membranes at the interface between the symbiotic partners is a critical first step in characterising the molecular components involved in the metabolic trafficking necessary to sustain an effective symbiosis. After zoanthid gastrodermal cells were extracted, symbiosomes were released by mechanical disruption, recovered by centrifugation, and then purified using discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation. The material forming the membrane complex around symbiosomes proved highly resistant to disruption. Methods used to dissociate this interface from symbionts included (1) Triton X-100 detergent solubilisation, (2) osmotic shock with mechanical disruption, and (3) vigorous mechanical disruptions, where powerful shearing forces were used, combined with a series of sucrose density gradient centrifugation steps. The lipophilic styryl fluorochrome FM 1-43, at a concentration of 30 μM, selectively labelled the symbiosome membrane complex, both for isolated symbiosomes and those in hospite. Other cell membranes, including plasma membranes, endoplasmic reticulum, tonoplast, and organelle membranes, were not visibly labelled at this concentration. The selective labelling of the symbiosome membrane complex remained stable even after long exposure times (3 h). At 30 μM concentration, FM 1-43 also labelled symbiosome membrane fragments isolated using methods (1), (2) and (3). Method (3) proved to be the most effective in producing a fraction enriched in FM-143-labelled membrane material, which we call a symbiosome membrane complex. Transmission electron microscopy, together with confocal and conventional epifluorescence microsco...
K-CY, M 2008, 'Androgen therapy and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease', Vascular Health and Risk Management, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 11-21.
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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death in Western society today. There is a striking gender difference in CVD with men predisposed to earlier onset and more severe disease. Following the recent reevaluation and ongoing debate regarding the estrogen protection hypothesis, and given that androgen use and abuse is increasing in our society, the alternate view that androgens may promote CVD in men is assuming increasing importance. Whether androgens adversely affect CVD in either men or women remains a contentious issue within both the cardiovascular and endocrinological fraternities. This review draws from basic science, animal and clinical studies to outline our current understanding regarding androgen effects on atherosclerosis, the major CVD, and asks where future directions of atherosclerosis-related androgen research may lie. © 2008 Dove Medical Press Limited. All rights reserved.
Kealley, CS, Latella, BA, van Riessen, A, Elcombe, MM & Ben-Nissan, B 2008, 'Micro- and Nano-Indentation of a Hydroxyapatite-Carbon Nanotube Composite', JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 3936-3941.
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The mechanical properties of pure synthetic hydroxyapatite and hydroxyapatite-carbon nanotube composites were examined. Vickers microhardness and nanoindentation using a Berkovich tipped indenter were used to determine the hardness, fracture toughness an
Kim, H, Turner, ND, Taddeo, SS, Davidson, LA, Wang, N, Vannucci, M, Chapkin, RS, Carroll, RJ & Lupton, JR 2008, 'A fish oil/pectin diet beneficially altered gene profiles during radiation‐enhanced colon carcinogenesis', The FASEB Journal, vol. 22, no. S1.
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Kim, M, Cobbin, D & Zaslawski, C 2008, 'Traditional Chinese Medicine tongue inspection: An examination of the inter- and intrapractitioner reliability for specific tongue characteristics', JOURNAL OF ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 527-536.
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Aim: To examine the reliability of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) tongue inspection by evaluation of inter-and intrapractitioner agreement levels for specific tongue characteristics, achieved by a group of TCM practitioners. Method: Ten (10) realisti
King, NJ & Ollendick, TH 2008, 'The Elegant Psychosocial Intervention: A Heuristic Conceptual Framework for Clinicians and Researchers', Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, vol. 36, no. 03, pp. 253-261.
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Controlled efficacy/effectiveness trials throughout the world have reached a high standard from a methodological stance, but what do we regard as the ideal or elegant intervention in clinical psychology? This paper presents six key points as the gold standards of psychosocial interventions by which treatment efficacy/effectiveness research with children, adolescents and adults might be evaluated: (1) Theoretical rationale and conceptualization of clinical dysfunction; (2) Clear problem identification and target client group; (3) Program features such as realistic goal setting, flexibility, and time limited interventions; (4) Manual based treatments; (5) Research support including clinically significant outcomes; and (6) Acceptability/social validation of clients and society. Sound case formulation and therapeutic alliance are crucial to assessment-treatment interface. Finally, we discuss the usefulness of such a framework for mental health professionals and clinical-researchers. © 2008 British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies.
Knoops, HCM, Baggetto, L, Langereis, E, van de Sanden, MCM, Klootwijk, JH, Roozeboom, F, Niessen, RAH, Notten, PHL & Kessels, WMM 2008, 'Deposition of TiN and TaN by Remote Plasma ALD for Cu and Li Diffusion Barrier Applications', Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 155, no. 12, pp. G287-G287.
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Kreuzpaintner, W, Störmer, M, Lott, D, Solina, D & Schreyer, A 2008, 'Epitaxial growth of nickel on Si(100) by dc magnetron sputtering', Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 104, no. 11, pp. 114302-114302.
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The influence of the substrate temperature on the growth of highly textured Ni(111) and epitaxial Ni(200) with the relationships Ni [100] Si [110] and Ni (001) Si (001) on hydrogen terminated Si(100) wafer substrates by means of direct current magnetron sputtering is reported. In order to minimize crystal defect formation and to achieve a high quality epitaxial growth of Ni on Si, a two step deposition process was developed whereby different deposition conditions were used for an initial nickel seed layer and the remaining nickel film. The in-plane and out-of-plane structural properties of the films were investigated using x-ray scattering techniques, whereas magneto-optical Kerr effect and neutron reflectometry were used to confirm the magnetic nature of the epitaxially deposited nickel films. © 2008 American Institute of Physics.
Kuehl, M, Holst, G, Larkum, AWD & Ralph, PJ 2008, 'Imaging of oxygen dynamics within the endolithic algal community of the massive coral Porites lobata', JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 541-550.
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We used transparent planar oxygen optodes and a luminescence lifetime imaging system to map (at a pixel resolution of <200 ?m) the two-dimensional distribution of O2 within the skeleton of a Porites lobata colony. The O2 distribution was closely correlated to the distribution of the predominant endolithic microalga, Ostreobium quekettii Bornet et Flahault that formed a distinct green band inside the skeleton. Oxygen production followed the outline of the Ostreobium band, and photosynthetic O2 production was detected at only 0.2 ?mol photons m-2 · s-1, while saturation occurred at ?37 ?mol photons m-2 · s-1. Oxygen levels varied from ?60% to 0% air saturation in the illuminated section of the coral skeleton in comparison to the darkened section. The O2 production within the Ostreobium band was lower in the region below the upward facing surface of the coral and elevated on the sides. Oxygen consumption in darkness was also greatest within the Ostreobium zone, as well as in the white skeleton zone immediately below the corallites. The rate of O2 depletion was not constant within zones and between zones, showing pronounced heterogeneity in endolithic respiration. When the coral was placed in darkness after a period of illumination, O2 levels declined by 50% within 20 min and approached steady-state after 4050 min in darkness. Our study demonstrates the use of an important new tool in endolith photobiology and presents the first data of spatially resolved O2 concentration and its correlation to the physical structures and specific zones responsible for O2 production and consumption within the coral skeleton.
Kuo, FY, Dunsmuir, WTM, Sloan, IH, Wand, MP & Womersley, RS 2008, 'Quasi-Monte Carlo for Highly Structured Generalised Response Models', Methodology and Computing in Applied Probability, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 239-275.
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Highly structured generalised response models, such as generalised linear mixed models and generalised linear models for time series regression, have become an indispensable vehicle for data analysis and inference in many areas of application. However, their use in practice is hindered by high-dimensional intractable integrals. Quasi-Monte Carlo (QMC) is a dynamic research area in the general problem of high-dimensional numerical integration, although its potential for statistical applications is yet to be fully explored. We survey recent research in QMC, particularly lattice rules, and report on its application to highly structured generalised response models. New challenges for QMC are identified and new methodologies are developed. QMC methods are seen to provide significant improvements compared with ordinary Monte Carlo methods.
Labbate, M, Chowdhury, PR & Stokes, HW 2008, 'A class 1 integron present in a human commensal has a hybrid transposition module compared to Tn402: Evidence of interaction with mobile DNA from natural environments', JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, vol. 190, no. 15, pp. 5318-5327.
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In a survey of class 1 integrons from human stools, an unusual class 1 integron from a strain of Enterobacter cloacae was isolated and characterized in detail. Sequence analysis of a fosmid containing the class 1 integron revealed a complex set of transposons which included two Tn402-like transposons. One of these transposons, Tn6007, included a class 1 integron with two non-antibiotic-resistance-type gene cassettes and a complete transposition module. This tni module is a hybrid with a boundary within the res site compared to Tn402, implying that a site-specific recombination event generated either Tn6007 or Tn402. The second Tn402-like transposon, Tn6008, possesses neither a mer operon nor an integron, and most of its tni module has been deleted. Tn6007, Tn6008, and the 2,478 bases between them, collectively designated Tn6006, have transposed into a Tn5036/Tn3926-like transposon as a single unit. Tn6006, Tn6007, and Tn6008 could all transpose as discrete entities. Database analysis also revealed that a version of Tn6008 was present in the genome of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. Overall, the E. cloacae isolate further demonstrated that functional class 1 integrons/transposons are probably common in bacterial communities and have the potential to add substantially to the problem of multidrug-resistant nosocomial infections.
Lanyon, BP, Weinhold, TJ, Langford, NK, O’Brien, JL, Resch, KJ, Gilchrist, A & White, AG 2008, 'Manipulating Biphotonic Qutrits', Physical Review Letters, vol. 100, no. 6.
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Laroucau, K, Thierry, S, Vorimore, F, Blanco, K, Kaleta, E, Hoop, R, Magnino, S, Vanrompay, D, Sachse, K, Myers, GSA, Bavoil, PM, Vergnaud, G & Pourcel, C 2008, 'High resolution typing of Chlamydophila psittaci by multilocus VNTR analysis (MLVA)', Infection, Genetics and Evolution, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 171-181.
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Lawrence, FJ, Botten, LC, Dossou, KB & de Sterke, CM 2008, 'Antireflection coatings for two-dimensional photonic crystals using a rigorous impedance definition', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 93, no. 12, pp. 1-3.
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We show that no consistent scalar definition of impedance is generally possible for photonic crystals. Instead, we present a rigorous semianalytic matrix definition of impedance for square lattice photonic crystals, defined in terms of Bloch modes. We then apply our definition to design a range of multilayer photonic crystal antireflection coatings efficiently.
Ledovskikh, A, Danilov, D & Notten, PHL 2008, 'Equilibrium Kinetics of Chemisorption Processes', ChemPhysChem, vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 1040-1045.
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A new approach to describe the equilibrium kinetics of chemisorption is proposed. The description of the system is based on first-principles chemical reaction kinetics and statistical thermodynamics. The rate constants are described by using a novel way of activation energy characterization. General expressions for equilibrium gas pressure isotherms and forward/backward reaction rates are obtained as a function of surface coverage. A strong influence of attraction and repulsion interaction energies between the adsorbed species on the equilibrium kinetics is found. © 2008 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
Lee, BB, King, MT, Simpson, JM, Haran, MJ, Stockler, MR, Marial, O & Salkeld, G 2008, 'Validity, Responsiveness, and Minimal Important Difference for the SF-6D Health Utility Scale in a Spinal Cord Injured Population', Value in Health, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 680-688.
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Objective: To determine the feasibility, acceptability, discriminative validity, responsiveness, and minimal important difference (MID) of the SF-6D for people with spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods: A total of 305 people with SCI completed the SF-36 health status questionnaire at baseline and at subsequent occurrence of a urinary tract infection (UTI) or 6-month follow-up. Normative SF-36 data were obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. SF-36 scores were transformed to SF-6D utility values using Brazier's algorithm. We used UTI as the external criterion of clinically important change to determine responsiveness and two categories of the SF-36 transition question (somewhat worse and somewhat better) as the external criterion to determine the MID. Derived SF-12 responsiveness was also assessed. Results: The mean SF-6D values were: 0.68 (SD 0.21, n = 305) all patients; 0.66 (SD 0.19, n = 167) tetraplegia; 0.72 (SD 0.26, n = 138) paraplegia; 0.57 (SD 0.15, n = 138) with UTI. The Australian normative SF-6D mean value was 0.80 (SD 0.14, n = 18,005). The SF-6D was able to discriminate between SCI and the Australian normative sample (effect size [ES] = 0.86), tetraplegiaparaplegia (ES = 0.23), and it was responsive to UTI (ES = 0.86 SF-36 variant, ES = 0.92 SF-12 variant). The MID for respondents who reported being somewhat worse or somewhat better at follow-up was 0.03 (SD 0.17, n = 108/305), while the MID for only those who were somewhat worse was 0.10 (SD 0.14, n = 58). Conclusions: The content of the SF-6D is more appropriate than that of the SF-36 for this physically impaired population. The SF-6D has discriminative power and is responsive to clinically important change because of UTI. The MID is consistent with published estimates for other disease groups.
Lee, MW, Grillet, C, Poulton, CG, Monat, C, Smith, CL, Mägi, E, Freeman, D, Madden, S, Luther-Davies, B & Eggleton, BJ 2008, 'Characterizing photonic crystal waveguides with an expanded k-space evanescent coupling technique', Optics Express, vol. 16, no. 18, pp. 13800-13800.
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We demonstrate a direct, single measurement technique for characterizing the dispersion of a photonic crystal waveguide (PCWG) using a tapered fiber evanescent coupling method. A highly curved fiber taper is used to probe the Fabry-Perot spectrum of a cl
Leslie, LM, Buckley, BW & Leplastrier, M 2008, 'The Operational Impact of QuikSCAT Winds in Perth, Australia: Examples and Limitations', Weather and Forecasting, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 183-193.
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Abstract
The preparation of accurate operational weather forecasts and the timely issuance of severe marine weather and ocean warnings and advisories for major oceanic weather systems impacting both coastal areas and the open ocean are major forecasting problems facing the Australian Bureau of Meteorology’s Regional Forecast Centre (RFC) and its collocated Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (TCWC) in Perth, Western Australia. The region of responsibility for the Perth RFC is vast, covering a large portion of the southeast Indian and Southern Oceans, both of which are extremely data sparse, especially for near-surface marine wind data. Given that these coastline and open-ocean areas are subject to some of the world’s most intense tropical cyclones, rapidly intensifying midlatitude cyclones, and powerful cold fronts, there is now a heavy reliance upon NASA Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) data for both routine and severe weather warning forecasts.
The focus of this note is on the role of QuikSCAT data in the Perth RFC for the accurate and early detection of maritime severe weather systems, both tropical and extratropical. First, the role of QuikSCAT data is described, and then three cases are presented in which the QuikSCAT data were pivotal in providing forecast guidance. The cases are a severe tropical cyclone in its development phase off the northwest coast of Australia, a strong southeast Indian Ocean cold front, and an explosively developing midlatitude Southern Ocean cyclone. In each case, the Perth RFC would have been unable to provide early and high-quality operational forecast and warning guidance without the timely availability of the QuikSCAT surface wind data.
Leslie, LM, Leplastrier, M & Buckley, BW 2008, 'Estimating future trends in severe hailstorms over the Sydney Basin: A climate modelling study', Atmospheric Research, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 37-51.
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Leslie, LM, Wang, Y, Lee, D-K & Lamb, PJ 2008, 'Editorial: Special Issue on Regional Climate Studies', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 100, no. 1-4, pp. 1-1.
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Letnic, M, Webb, JK & Shine, R 2008, 'Invasive cane toads (Bufo marinus) cause mass mortality of freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus johnstoni) in tropical Australia', BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION, vol. 141, no. 7, pp. 1773-1782.
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Invasive species are frequently blamed for faunal declines, but there is little direct evidence about the pathways, magnitude and size-selectivity of mortality induced by invaders. Top predators are of particular interest in this context, because their removal can generate substantial cascades of secondary effects on community composition. Cane toads (Bufo marinus) are large South American anurans currently spreading rapidly through tropical Australia. Native predators that attempt to consume these highly toxic toads may die as a result. During surveys of the Victoria River in the semi-arid tropical region of the Northern Territory, we documented massive mortality of freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus johnstoni) at the toad invasion front. Dead crocodiles spanned a wide size range (0.6-2.1 m long) but with significant biases; intermediate-sized animals (0.6-1.5 m long) were more likely to be found dead. Population densities of crocodiles plummeted by as much as 77% following toad invasion, and population size-structures changed. The negative impacts of toads on crocodiles appear to be greater in these hot semi-arid landscapes than in cooler, higher rainfall areas where crocodiles have access to a wider prey base, and the toads are less prone to desiccation and can rehydrate in small, scattered water bodies rather than in the main river. Hence, the impact of cane toad invasion on this top predator may increase with increasing aridity.
Levings, RS, Djordjevic, SP & Hall, RM 2008, 'SGI2, a Relative of Salmonella Genomic Island SGI1 with an Independent Origin', Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol. 52, no. 7, pp. 2529-2537.
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ABSTRACT
Multiply antibiotic-resistant
Salmonella enterica
serovar Emek strains isolated in Australia and the United Kingdom had similar features, suggesting that they all belong to a single clone. These strains all contain SGI2 (formerly SGI1-J), an independently formed relative of
Salmonella
genomic island SGI1. In SGI2, the complex class 1 integron which includes all of the resistance genes is not located between
tnpR
(S027) and S044 as in SGI1 and SGI1 variants. Instead,
tnpR
was found to be adjacent to S044, and the integron is located 6.9 kb away, within S023. In both SGI1 and SGI2, the 25-bp inverted repeats that mark the outer ends of class 1 integrons are flanked by a 5-bp duplication of the target, indicating that incorporation of the integron was by transposition. A small number of differences between the sequences of the backbones of SGI1 and SGI2 were also found. Hence, a class 1 integron has entered two different variants of the SGI backbone to generate two distinct lineages. Despite this, the integron in SGI2 has a complex structure that is very similar to that of In104 in SGI1. Differences are in the cassette arrays and in the gene which encodes the chloramphenicol and florfenicol efflux protein. The CmlA9 protein, encoded by InEmek, is only 92.8% identical to FloRc (also a CmlA family protein) from SGI1. A variant form of SGI2, SGI2-A, which has lost the
tet
(G) and
cmlA9
resistance determinants, was found in one strain.
Lewis, JB, Taddeo, SS, McDonough, CM, Rooney, LW, Carroll, RJ & Turner, ND 2008, 'Sorghum bran varieties differentially influence endogenous antioxidant enzymes to protect against oxidative stress during colon carcinogenesis', The FASEB Journal, vol. 22, no. S1.
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Lewis, K, Valenzuela, SM & Ben-Nissan, B 2008, 'Changes in the Activity of Osteoblast Like Cells with Sol-Gel Derived Hydroxyapatite and Zirconia Nanocoatings', Key Engineering Materials, vol. 361-363, no. 1, pp. 633-636.
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When producing implant materials, achievement of optimal bioactivity and biocompatibility are essential. Nanocoatings can provide an efficient cost effective way to alter the interactions of the implant material with its destined “host” environment. Nanocoatings of sol-gel derived carbonated hydroxyapatite (HAp) and zirconia were produced in this study. The surfaces were characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and light microscopy. Cell adhesion, proliferation and viability, as well as expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP is an indicator of bone formation) were assessed as indicators of biocompatibility. Our results have shown that sol-gel derived nano crystalline HAp acts as an ideal surface for implant coatings.
Li, J, Toth, M, Tileli, V, Dunn, KA, Lobo, CJ & Thiel, BL 2008, 'Evolution of the nanostructure of deposits grown by electron beam induced deposition', Applied Physics Letters, vol. 93, no. 2, pp. 023130-023130.
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Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) was used to perform electron beam induced deposition (EBID) using a WF6 precursor. The deposits consist of WO3 nanocrystals embedded in an amorphous matrix. Oxide formation is attributed to residual oxidizers present in the ESEM chamber during EBID. Under conditions of fixed low electron flux, the WO3 grain size and the degree of deposit crystallinity increase with time. These changes correlate with the degree of electron energy deposition into the material during growth, indicating that electron beam induced modification of as-grown material is significant in controlling the nanostructure and functionality of materials fabricated by EBID. (C) 2008 American Institute of Physics.
Li, W, Cobbin, D & Zaslawski, C 2008, 'A comparison of effects on regional pressure pain threshold produced by deep needling of LI4 and LI11, individually and in combination', COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES IN MEDICINE, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 278-287.
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sites (acupoints and nonacupoints) across the body with an algometer. Interventions: The same manual acupuncture techniques were applied to four interventions of large intestine 4 (LI4) unilaterally; LI4 bilaterally; large intestine 11 (LI 11) unilaterally; and LI4 in conjunction with LI11, both unilaterally. Main outcome measures: (1) Percentage change in PPT from preintervention baseline measured at the 10 regional sites following every intervention; (2) participants' perceptions of pain; needling sensations; tension during, and anxiety prior to, each intervention; and changes in practitioner behaviour. Results: Following all four interventions, statistically significant increases in mean PPT were observed. These occurred at nine sites following the LI4 intervention either unilaterally or bilaterally; at six sites for LI11 intervention; and at five sites following the combined LI11 and LI4 intervention. These increases were significantly greater for the bilateral LI4 intervention than the unilateral LI4 intervention at only two sites (p < 0.02 and p < 0.0001). There were no statistically significant differences in the subjective perceptions among the four interventions. Conclusion: The enhanced effects on PPT by the bilateral compared with the unilateral intervention at LI4 although limited, do provide some support for the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) assumption that bilateral needling of the same point enhances the treatment effect. There was no support for the assumption that combined needling of points from the same channel should enhance the treatment effect and failure to obtain better effects by combined needling of points from the same channel could result from the interaction occurring during the combined needling. Crown Copyright © 2008.
Lima, LL, Alencar, MARC, Caetano, DP, Solli, DR & Hickmann, JM 2008, 'The effect of disorder on two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguides', Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 103, no. 12, pp. 123102-123102.
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The effects of disorder on the waveguiding properties of two-dimensional photonic crystals were studied. The guide was excited by a line source parallel to the cylinders, located close to the entry of the guide. The resulting field intensity and local density of states (LDOS) were calculated using a highly accurate multipole method. Quantitative results characterizing the effects of fabrication defects for a TM-polarized field were obtained by Monte Carlo simulation.
Liu, B, Ray, AS & Thomas, P 2008, 'Physical and mechanical properties of autoclaved alumina-silica rich industrial waste cement systems incorporating reactive magnesia', Concrete Forum, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 18-22.
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The utilisation of industrial waste products as supplementary cementitious materials to produce blended Portland cement has increased worldwide in recent years. This study aims to investigate physical and mechanisal properties of the addition of clay-brick waste and reactive magnesia (MgO) as a low-emmission alternative to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) binders in autoclaved calcium silicate based building products
Liu, H, Li, C, Cao, Q, Wu, YP & Holze, R 2008, 'Effects of heteroatoms on doped LiFePO(4)/C composites', JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE ELECTROCHEMISTRY, vol. 12, no. 7-8, pp. 1017-1020.
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A series of supervalent cation doped Li(1-x) M(0.01)Fe(0.99)PO(4)/C composites (M=Ti, Zr, V, Nb, and W) were synthesized by solid-state reaction. The effects of the heteroatoms were studied by X-ray diffraction, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance measurement. After doping, the lattice structure of LiFePO(4) is not destroyed and the reversibility of lithium ion intercalation and deintercalation is improved. The diffusion coefficient of lithium ions depends on the radius of the heteroatoms. As the radius of the heteroatom is larger, the diffusion coefficient increases.
Liu, H, Wang, G, Wang, J & Wexler, D 2008, 'Magnetite/carbon core-shell nanorods as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries', ELECTROCHEMISTRY COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 10, no. 12, pp. 1879-1882.
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Carbon coated magnetite (Fe3O4) core-shell nanorods were synthesized by a hydrothermal method using Fe2O3 nanorods as the precursor. Transmission electron spectroscopy (TEM) and high resolution TEM (HRTEM) analysis indicated that a carbon layer was coated on the surfaces of the individual Fe3O4 nanorods. The electrochemical properties of Fe3O4/carbon nanorods as anodes in lithium-ion cells were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, ac impedance spectroscopy, and galvanostatic charge/discharge techniques. The as-prepared Fe3O4/C core-shell nanorods show an initial lithium storage capacity of 1120 mAh/g and a reversible capacity of 394 mAh/g after 100 cycles, demonstrating better performance than that of the commercial graphite anode material.
Liu, H, Wang, GX, Wexler, D, Wang, JZ & Liu, HK 2008, 'Electrochemical performance of LiFePO4 cathode material coated with ZrO2 nanolayer', ELECTROCHEMISTRY COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 165-169.
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ZrO2 nanolayer coated LiFePO4 particles were successfully prepared by a chemical precipitation method. Nanolayer structured ZrO2 was found on the surface of LiFePO4 particles by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The coating does not affect the crystal structure of the LiFePO4 core, as determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) on individual particles. The ZrO2 coating can remarkably improve the electrochemical performance at high charge/discharge rate. This improvement may be due to the amelioration of the electrochemical dynamics on the LiFePO4 electrode/electrolyte interface resulting from the effects of the ZrO2 nanolayer coating.
Liu, H, Zhang, P, Li, GC, Wu, Q & Wu, YP 2008, 'LiFePO(4)/C composites from carbothermal reduction method', JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE ELECTROCHEMISTRY, vol. 12, no. 7-8, pp. 1011-1015.
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Using the cheap raw materials lithium carbonate, iron phosphate, and carbon, LiFePO4/C composite can be obtained from the carbothermal reduction method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) observations were used to investigate the structure and morphology of LiFePO4/C.
LIU, L 2008, 'Rescheduling Algorithm Based on Rolling Horizon Decomposition for a Dynamic Job Shop with Uncertain Arriving Time', Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, vol. 44, no. 05, pp. 68-68.
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The dynamic job shop scheduling with uncertain arriving time is studied,and the objective is to minimize total tardiness of all jobs.When rescheduling is frequent,the computational efficiency of the scheduling algorithm is necessarily high.Based on the rolling horizon decomposition,the critical operation set is denoted.A hybrid genetic algorithm is proposed to determine the critical operation set as well as optimizing total tardiness.The hybrid scheduler is used to convert the chromosome into partially feasible schedule,and the improved modified operation rule is used to determine the sequence of the remaining operations out of the chromosome.Then the fitness is evaluated by the objective value of the complete scheduling for the total operations to process.The simulation results of many instances show that the proposed algorithm significantly improves the computational efficiency compared with the genetic algorithm based on the complete operation set,and the performance of scheduling is satisfying
Liu, X, Tripathy, U, Bhosale, SV, Langford, SJ & Steer, RP 2008, 'Photophysics of Soret-Excited Tetrapyrroles in Solution. II. Effects of Perdeuteration, Substituent Nature and Position, and Macrocycle Structure and Conformation in Zinc(II) Porphyrins', The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, vol. 112, no. 38, pp. 8986-8998.
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Lloyd, MM, van Reyk, DM, Davies, MJ & Hawkins, CL 2008, 'Hypothiocyanous acid is a more potent inducer of apoptosis and protein thiol depletion in murine macrophage cells than hypochlorous acid or hypobromous acid', Biochemical Journal, vol. 414, no. 2, pp. 271-280.
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Hypohalous acids are generated by activated leucocytes, via the formation of H2O2 and the release of peroxidase enzymes (myeloperoxidase and eosinophil peroxidase). These species are important bactericidal agents, but HOCl (hypochlorous acid) and HOBr (hypobromous acid) have also been implicated in tissue damage in a number of inflammatory diseases. HOSCN (hypothiocyanous acid; cyanosulfenic acid) is a milder, more thiol-specific, oxidant than HOCl or HOBr and as such may be a more potent inducer of cellular dysfunction due to selective targeting of critical thiol residues on proteins. In the present study, HOCl and HOBr are shown to react rapidly with macrophage (J774A.1) cells, resulting in a greater extent of cell lysis compared with HOSCN. However, HOSCN induces apoptosis and necrosis with greater efficacy, and at lower concentrations, than HOCl or HOBr. Apoptosis occurs in conjunction with an increased release of cytochrome c into the cytosol, but no associated increase in caspase activity. Similarly, apoptosis is observed on treating the cells in the presence of a caspase inhibitor, suggesting that it is mediated by a caspase-independent pathway. HOSCN oxidized protein thiols more efficiently than either HOCl or HOBr. The greater efficacy of HOSCN in inducing apoptosis is attributed to selective damage to critical mitochondrial membrane protein thiol groups, resulting in increased permeability and subsequent leakage of cytochrome c into the cytosol. This induction of damage by HOSCN may be of critical importance in people with elevated levels of SCN− (thiocyanate ions) arising from cigarette smoking, and plays a role in the pathologies associated with this biological insult.
Lobach, I, Carroll, RJ, Spinka, C, Gail, MH & Chatterjee, N 2008, 'Haplotype‐Based Regression Analysis and Inference of Case–Control Studies with Unphased Genotypes and Measurement Errors in Environmental Exposures', Biometrics, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 673-684.
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Lobo, CJ, Toth, M, Wagner, R, Thiel, BL & Lysaght, M 2008, 'High resolution radially symmetric nanostructures from simultaneous electron beam induced etching and deposition', Nanotechnology, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 025303-025303.
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Lock, RL & Harry, EJ 2008, 'Cell-division inhibitors: new insights for future antibiotics', Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 324-338.
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The growing problem of antibiotic resistance has been exacerbated by the use of new drugs that are merely variants of older overused antibiotics. While it is naive to expect to restrain the spread of resistance without controlling antibacterial usage, the desperate need for drugs with novel targets has been recognized by health organizations, industry and academia alike. The wealth of knowledge available about the bacterial cell-division pathway has aided target-driven approaches to identify novel inhibitors. Here, we discuss the therapeutic potential of inhibiting bacterial cell division, and review the progress made in this exciting new area of antibacterial discovery.
Lock, RL & Harry, EJ 2008, 'Cell-division inhibitors: new insights for future antibiotics.', Nat Rev Drug Discov, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 324-338.
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The growing problem of antibiotic resistance has been exacerbated by the use of new drugs that are merely variants of older overused antibiotics. While it is naive to expect to restrain the spread of resistance without controlling antibacterial usage, the desperate need for drugs with novel targets has been recognized by health organizations, industry and academia alike. The wealth of knowledge available about the bacterial cell-division pathway has aided target-driven approaches to identify novel inhibitors. Here, we discuss the therapeutic potential of inhibiting bacterial cell division, and review the progress made in this exciting new area of antibacterial discovery.
Lord, MS, Modin, C, Foss, M, Duch, M, Simmons, A, Pedersen, FS, Besenbacher, F & Milthorpe, BK 2008, 'Extracellular matrix remodelling during cell adhesion monitored by the quartz crystal microbalance', BIOMATERIALS, vol. 29, no. 17, pp. 2581-2587.
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A cell's ability to remodel adsorbed protein layers on surfaces is influenced by the nature of the protein layer itself. Remodelling is often required to accomplish cellular adhesion and extracellular matrix formation which forms the basis for cell spreading, increased adhesion and expression of different phenotypes. The adhesion of NIH3T3 (EGFP) fibroblasts to serum protein (albumin or fibronectin) precoated tantalum (Ta) and oxidised polystyrene (PSox) surfaces was examined using the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) monitoring and fluorescence microscopy. The cells were either untreated or treated with cycloheximide to examine the contribution of endogenous protein production during cell adhesion to the QCM-D response over a period of 2 h. Following adsorption of albumin onto Ta and PSox there was no difference detected between the response to seeding untreated and cycloheximide treated cells. The QCM-D was able to detect differences in the untreated cellular responses to fibronectin versus serum precoated Ta and PSox substrates, while cycloheximide treatment of the cells produced the same QCM-D response for fibronectin and serum precoatings on each of the materials. This confirmed that the process of matrix remodelling by the cells is dependent on the underlying substrate and the preadsorbed proteins and that the QCM-D response is dominated by changes in the underlying protein layer. Changes in dissipation correspond to the development of the actin cytoskeleton as visualised by actin staining.
Luo, M, Luo, M-Z, Buzas, D, Finnegan, J, Helliwell, C, Dennis, ES, Peacock, WJ & Chaudhury, A 2008, 'UBIQUITIN-SPECIFIC PROTEASE 26 is required for seed development and the repression of PHERES1 in arabidopsis', GENETICS, vol. 180, no. 1, pp. 229-236.
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The Arabidopsis mutant Atubp26 initiates autonomous endosperm at a frequency of similar to 1% in the absence of fertilization and develops arrested seeds at a frequency of similar to 65% when self-pollinated. These phenotypes are similar to those of the
Maaroof, AL, Cortie, MB, Harris, N & Wieczorek, L 2008, 'Mie and Bragg Plasmons in Subwavelength Silver Semi-Shells', SMALL, vol. 4, no. 12, pp. 2292-2299.
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Macnamara, J 2008, 'INTERNET MEDIA AND THE PUBLIC SPHERE: THE 2007 AUSTRALIAN E-ELECTIONEERING EXPERIENCE', MEDIA INTERNATIONAL AUSTRALIA, vol. 129, no. 129, pp. 7-19.
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Internet media have come under increasing examination since the early 1990s within a number of theoretical frameworks, including their use and potential influence in the public sphere of political discourse. Increasing use of internet media was identified in the 2000 and 2004 US presidential elections, with the latter being described as 'a critical turning point'. However, the development of what,some call 'new media' or 'social media' based on Web 2.0 internet technology has overtaken many Endings of previous research. Some of the most popular Web 2.0-based media currently in use were developed after 2004. These technological changes, coinciding with declining television viewing and newspaper readership, suggest that new forms of internet media need ongoing critical review. This paper analyses findings join a study of internet media use in the 2007 Australian federal election and explores their implications in relation to the public sphere.
Macnamara, J 2008, 'Two-tier evaluation can help corporate', PRism OnLine PR Journal, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1-7.
Magusin, PCMM, Kalisvaart, WP, Notten, PHL & van Santen, RA 2008, 'Hydrogen sites and dynamics in light-weight hydrogen-storage material magnesium–scandium hydride investigated with 1H and 2H NMR', Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 456, no. 1-3, pp. 55-58.
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Magnesium transition-metal alloys are a novel class of light-weight hydrogen-storage materials. We have studied magnesium-scandium hydride with magic-angle-spinning 1H and 2H NMR. A new double-quantum NMR method with 45Sc recoupling reveals two types of deuterium with and without scandium neighbors. Their relative occurrence quantified with 2H-{45Sc} TRAPDOR NMR reflects a non-statistical Mg and Sc distribution over the crystal lattice. The deuteron exchange observed with two-dimensional NMR is consistent with Mg and Sc-rich sub-nanometer clusters. Deuterium motion is governed by a broad range of energy barriers without clear correlation to the underlying chemical heterogeneity. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Mahayni, A & Schlögl, E 2008, 'The Risk Management of Minimum Return Guarantees', BuR - Business Research, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 55-76.
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Contracts paying a guaranteed minimum rate of return and a fraction of a positive excess rate, which is specified relative to a benchmark portfolio, are closely related to unit-linked life-insurance products and can be considered as alternatives to direct investment in the underlying benchmark. They contain an embedded power option, and the key issue is the tractable and realistic hedging of this option, in order to rigorously justify valuation by arbitrage arguments and prevent the guarantees from becoming uncontrollable liabilities to the issuer. We show how to determine the contract parameters conservatively and implement robust risk-management strategies.
Maity, A, Apanasovich, TV & Carroll, RJ 2008, 'Estimation of population-level summaries in general semiparametric repeated measures regression models', IMS Collections, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 3-137.
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This paper considers a wide family of semiparametric repeated measures
regression models, in which the main interest is on estimating population-level
quantities such as mean, variance, probabilities etc. Examples of our framework
include generalized linear models for clustered/longitudinal data, among many
others. We derive plug-in kernel-based estimators of the population level
quantities and derive their asymptotic distribution. An example involving
estimation of the survival function of hemoglobin measures in the Kenya
hemoglobin study data is presented to demonstrate our methodology.
Malguth, E, Hoffmann, A & Phillips, MR 2008, 'Fe in III-V and II-VI semiconductors', PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI B-BASIC SOLID STATE PHYSICS, vol. 245, no. 3, pp. 455-480.
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Malguth, E, Hoffmann, A & Phillips, MR 2008, 'Structural and optical inhomogeneities of Fe doped GaN grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy', JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 104, no. 12.
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Marchenko, YV, Carroll, RJ, Lin, DY, Amos, CI & Gutierrez, RG 2008, 'Semiparametric Analysis of Case–control Genetic Data in the Presence of Environmental Factors', The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 305-333.
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In the past decade, many statistical methods have been proposed for the analysis of case–control genetic data with an emphasis on haplotype-based disease association studies. Most of the methodology has concentrated on the estimation of genetic (haplotype) main effects. Most methods accounted for environmental and gene–environment interaction effects by using prospective-type analyses that may lead to biased estimates when used with case–control data. Several recent publications addressed the issue of retrospective sampling in the analysis of case–control genetic data in the presence of environmental factors by developing efficient semiparametric statistical methods. This article describes the new Stata command haplologit, which implements efficient profile-likelihood semiparametric methods for fitting gene–environment models in the very important special cases of a rare disease, a single candidate gene in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, and independence of genetic and environmental factors.
Marquez, C, Labbate, M, Ingold, AJ, Chowdhury, PR, Ramirez, MS, Centron, D, Borthagaray, G & Stokes, HW 2008, 'Recovery of a Functional Class 2 Integron from an Escherichia coli Strain Mediating a Urinary Tract Infection', ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, vol. 52, no. 11, pp. 4153-4154.
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A class 2 integron was found in an Escherichia coli isolate mediating a urinary tract infection. Unlike other class 2 integrons from pathogens, the encoded IntI2 protein was functional. The integron possessed a dfrA14 cassette, and a second novel cassett
Marsh, DJ, Trahair, TN, Martin, JL, Chee, WY, Walker, J, Kirk, EP, Baxter, RC & Marshall, GM 2008, 'Rapamycin treatment for a child with germline PTEN mutation', Nature Clinical Practice Oncology, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 357-361.
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Martyn, AJ, Larkum, AWD, McConchie, R & Offord, CA 2008, 'Photoinhibition and changes in pigments associated with bract browning in waratahs (Telopea spp., Proteaceae)', JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE & BIOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 83, no. 3, pp. 367-373.
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The relationship between chronic or long-term photoinhibition, pigment changes, and bract browning in 'Fire and Brimstone', 'Olympic Flame' and 'Wirrimbirra White' waratahs [Telopea speciosissima (Smith) R.Br.] was investigated. Plants were grown under full sun, or under 50% shade-cloth over 2 years, with photoinhibition and pigment changes measured in the bracts and leaves at three stages of floral development (tight bud, juvenile open bud, and mature flower). Photoinhibition of waratah bracts was reduced by shading when applied either from flower initiation in late Summer, or from bud expansion in late Winter, until flower maturity in Spring. Outer bracts showed photoinhibition from the tight bud stage of flower development, and inner bracts from the juvenile open stage, while leaves were not affected. Photoinhibition, measured as pre-dawn photochemical efficiency (PE; Fv/Fm), declined in proportion to bract browning. Bracts on waratah plants kept under shade maintained higher chlorophyll, carotenoid, and anthocyanin levels than bracts exposed to full sun, and thus had a more intense flower colour. A significant decrease in bract pigmentation, combined with photoinhibition, indicates that photodamage occurs in bracts exposed to full sun. Leaf browning did not occur, and waratah leaves maintained a higher chlorophyll concentration than bracts in both full sun and shade conditions. Protection from photoinhibition was correlated with the level of UV-absorbing pigments.
McPhedran, RC, Zucker, IJ, Botten, LC & Nicorovici, N-AP 2008, 'On the Riemann property of angular lattice sums and the one-dimensional limit of two-dimensional lattice sums', PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES, vol. 464, no. 2100, pp. 3327-3352.
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We consider a general class of two-dimensional lattice sums consisting of complex powers s of inverse quadratic functions. We consider two cases, one where the quadratic function is negative definite and another more restricted case where it is positive
Midthune, D, Kipnis, V, Freedman, LS & Carroll, RJ 2008, 'Binary Regression in Truncated Samples, with Application to Comparing Dietary Instruments in a Large Prospective Study', Biometrics, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 289-298.
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MILLER, SHANEM & PLATEN, ECKHARD 2008, 'ANALYTIC PRICING OF CONTINGENT CLAIMS UNDER THE REAL-WORLD MEASURE', International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance, vol. 11, no. 08, pp. 841-867.
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This article derives a series of analytic formulae for various contingent claims under the real-world probability measure using the stylised minimal market model (SMMM). This model provides realistic dynamics for the growth optimal portfolio (GOP) as a well-diversified equity index. It captures both leptokurtic returns with correct tail properties and the leverage effect. Under the SMMM, the discounted GOP takes the form of a time-transformed squared Bessel process of dimension four. From this property, one finds that the SMMM possesses a special and interesting relationship to non-central chi-square random variables with zero degrees of freedom. The analytic formulae derived under the SMMM include options on the GOP, options on exchange prices and options on zero-coupon bonds. For options on zero-coupon bonds, analytic prices facilitate efficient calculation of interest rate caps and floors.
Milthorpe, BK 2008, 'Application of biomechanics to tissue engineering: A personal view', JOURNAL OF MECHANICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 153-160.
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Cellular biomechanics is an area of study that is receiving more attention as time progresses. The response of cells to their mechanical environment, including biomechanical stimuli, has far-reaching ramifications for the area of tissue engineering, especially for tissues designed to withstand mechanical loading (e.g. bone, cartilage, tendons and ligaments, and arteries). The effects of mechanical stimuli on cells are only recently being examined, and the potential role of mechanical stimuli in tissue engineering is still one that is largely ignored in the design of tissue engineering scaffolds. The relationship of mechanical properties of scaffolds or of mechanical stimuli to cell behavior is complex, but vital to the development of the field. Also, understanding the complex interplay of form and environment on cells involves an increase in our knowledge of how cells react to their total environment including mechanical stimuli and material properties. In order to improve tissue engineering outcomes, a nexus must be developed between the mechanical, biochemical, and biological studies of cellular behavior, in the context of extremely complex systems
Milton, RH, Abeti, R, Averaimo, S, DeBiasi, S, Vitellaro, L, Jiang, L, Curmi, PMG, Breit, SN, Duchen, MR & Mazzanti, M 2008, 'CLIC1 Function Is Required for -Amyloid-Induced Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species by Microglia', Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 28, no. 45, pp. 11488-11499.
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The Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain is characterized by plaques containing β-amyloid (Aβ) protein surrounded by astrocytes and reactive microglia. Activation of microglia by Aβ initiates production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the plasmalemmal NADPH oxidase; the resultant oxidative stress is thought to contribute to neurodegeneration in AD. We have previously shown that Aβ upregulates a chloride current mediated by the chloride intracellular channel 1 (CLIC1) protein in microglia. We now demonstrate that Aβ promotes the acute translocation of CLIC1 from the cytosol to the plasma membrane of microglia, where it mediates a chloride conductance. Both the Aβ induced Cl- conductance and ROS generation were prevented by pharmacological inhibition of CLIC1, by replacement of chloride with impermeant anions, by an anti-CLIC1 antibody and by suppression of CLIC1 expression using siRNA. Thus, the CLIC1-mediated Cl- conductance is required for Aβ-induced generation of neurotoxic ROS by microglia. Remarkably, CLIC1 activation is itself dependent on oxidation by ROS derived from the activated NADPH oxidase. We therefore propose that CLIC1 translocation from the cytosol to the plasma membrane, in response to redox modulation by NADPH oxidase-derived ROS, provides a feedforward mechanism that facilitates sustained microglial ROS generation by the NAPDH oxidase. Copyright © 2008 Society for Neuroscience.
Mirsalehian, A, Nakhjavani, F, Peymani, A, Jabalameli, F, Mirafshar, SM & Hamidian, M 2008, 'Frequency of extended spectrum β-Lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae in intensive care units', Tehran University Medical Journal, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 33-38.
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Background: The incidence of ESBL producing species have been steadily increased in recent years, resulting in limitation of infection control issues and therapeutic options.The purpose of this study was to evaluate prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae and also assess epidemiology ESBL producing strains isolated from patients admitted in ICUs. Methods: A total of one hundred fifty isolates were collected from urine, sputum, blood, wound and other clinical samples from patient admitted in ICU and then were identified by biochemical tests.All of the samples were screened by DAD method according to The NCCLS Guideline. The species that met NCCLS screening criteria was further tested for Clavulanic Acid effect by confirmatory method. Results: A total of one hundred fifty isolates,133(89.3%) were found to be resistant at least on of the indicators cephalosporin tested according to NCCLS Guideline. 121(80.6%) of the isolates were resistant to all the indicators tested.89(59.3) isolateds were confirmed as ESBL producers. The number of isolates ESBL producing was as follow: Klebsiella pneumoniae 33 (76.74%), E.coli 20 (60.60%), Enterobacter cloacae 8 (47.05%), Citrobacter diversus 6 (54.54%), Enterobacter aerogenes 7 (53.84%), Citrobacter freundii 4 (40%), Klebsiella oxytoca 6 (62.5%), Proteus mirabilis 4 (50%), Serratia marcescens 2 (40%), Proteus Volgaris 0%.All of the isolates sensitive to imipenem. Conclusion: The present study shows high prevalence of ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae from patients admitted in ICU.The increased rate of these species in most cases due to the administration of inadequate and irrational antimicrobial therapy.To overcome this problem, it needs to develop new antimicrobial agents, limiting the Unnecessary Use of antimicrobial and increasing compliance with infection control issues.
Mitrovic, SM, Chessman, BC, Davie, A, Avery, EL & Ryan, N 2008, 'Development of blooms of Cyclotella meneghiniana and Nitzschia spp. (Bacillariophyceae) in a shallow river and estimation of effective suppression flows', HYDROBIOLOGIA, vol. 596, no. 1, pp. 173-185.
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Diatom blooms in the middle reaches of the shallow, freshwater, Hunter River, Australia, are a frequent nuisance to river users. During a 4-year study, blooms of Cyclotella meneghiniana and Nitzschia spp. coincided with water temperatures above 23°C and flows below 400 Ml d-1 that lasted for more than 12 days. Redundancy analysis showed that water temperature was positively related, and antecedent flow was negatively related, to the abundance of both taxa. Addition experiments indicated that nutrients are seldom limiting to growth. It is suggested that a combination of faster growth rates at higher temperatures and longer retention times at low flows allows bloom populations to develop. Simulation modelling showed that flow regulation and water extraction have decreased flows in the river during summer, and consequently have probably increased the number of diatom blooms. Environmental flows have been provided to the river, but are not sufficient to prevent blooms. Discharges required for bloom suppression are described. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
Miu, J, Mitchell, AJ, Müller, M, Carter, SL, Manders, PM, McQuillan, JA, Saunders, BM, Ball, HJ, Lu, B, Campbell, IL & Hunt, NH 2008, 'Chemokine Gene Expression during Fatal Murine Cerebral Malaria and Protection Due to CXCR3 Deficiency', The Journal of Immunology, vol. 180, no. 2, pp. 1217-1230.
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Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) can be a fatal manifestation of Plasmodium falciparum infection. Using murine models of malaria, we found much greater up-regulation of a number of chemokine mRNAs, including those for CXCR3 and its ligands, in the brain during fatal murine CM (FMCM) than in a model of non-CM. Expression of CXCL9 and CXCL10 RNA was localized predominantly to the cerebral microvessels and in adjacent glial cells, while expression of CCL5 was restricted mainly to infiltrating lymphocytes. The majority of mice deficient in CXCR3 were found to be protected from FMCM, and this protection was associated with a reduction in the number of CD8+ T cells in brain vessels as well as reduced expression of perforin and FasL mRNA. Adoptive transfer of CD8+ cells from C57BL/6 mice with FMCM abrogated this protection in CXCR3−/− mice. Moreover, there were decreased mRNA levels for the proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and lymphotoxin-α in the brains of mice protected from FMCM. These data suggest a role for CXCR3 in the pathogenesis of FMCM through the recruitment and activation of pathogenic CD8+ T cells.
Mohamad, KY, Rekiki, A, Myers, G, Bavoil, PM & Rodolakis, A 2008, 'Identification and characterisation of coding tandem repeat variants inincAgene ofChlamydophila pecorum', Veterinary Research, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 56-56.
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Bacteria of the family Chlamydiaceae are obligate intracellular pathogens of human and animals. Chlamydophila pecorum is associated with different pathological conditions in ruminants, swine and koala. To characterize a coding tandem repeat (CTR) identified at the 3' end of incA gene of C. pecorum, 51 strains of different chlamydial species were examined. The CTR were observed in 18 of 18 tested C. pecorum isolates including symptomatic and asymptomatic animals from diverse geographical origins. The CTR were also found in two strains of C. abortus respectively isolated from faeces from a healthy ewe and from a goat belonging to asymptomatic herds, but were absent in C. abortus strains isolated from clinical disease specimens, and in tested strains of C. psittaci, C. caviae, C. felis and C. trachomatis. The number of CTR repeats is variable and encode several motifs that are rich in alanine and proline. The CTR-derived variable structure of incA, which encode the Chlamydiaceae-specific type III secreted inclusion membrane protein, IncA, may be involved in the adaptation of C. pecorum to its environment by allowing it to persist in the host cell. © 2008 INRA EDP Sciences.
Mokkapati, S, Wong-Leung, J, Tan, HH, Jagadish, C, McBean, KE & Phillips, MR 2008, 'Tuning the bandgap of InAs quantum dots by selective-area MOCVD', JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 41, no. 8, pp. 0-0.
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In-plane bandgap energy control of InAs quantum dots (QDs) grown on GaAs substrates is demonstrated using selective-area epitaxy. Transmission electron microscopy and cathodoluminescence are used for characterization of the selectively grown dots. A sing
Momtaz, S & Gladstone, W 2008, 'Ban on commercial fishing in the estuarine waters of New South Wales, Australia: Community consultation and social impacts', ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REVIEW, vol. 28, no. 2-3, pp. 214-225.
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In its effort to resolve the conflict between commercial and recreational fishers the New South Wales (NSW) government (NSW Fisheries) banned commercial fishing in the estuarine waters. The NSW Fisheries conducted a number of studies and held meetings with the affected communities including commercial fishers prior to the implementation of the ban. To investigate how community consultation played a role in the decision-making process especially as perceived by the commercial fishers and to determine actual social impacts of the ban on commercial fishers, in-depth interviews were conducted with the commercial fishers. This research reveals that despite the NSW Fisheries' consultations with commercial fishers prior to the closure, the latter were confused about various vital aspects of the decision. It further reveals that, the commercial fishers faced a number of significant changes as a result of this decision. We argue that a better decision-making process and outcome would have been possible through a meaningful consultation with the commercial fishers and a social impact assessment.
Moore, CP, Arnold, MD, Bones, PJ & Blaikie, RJ 2008, 'Image fidelity for single-layer and multi-layer silver superlenses', JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA A-OPTICS IMAGE SCIENCE AND VISION, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 911-918.
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In response to increasing interest in the area of subdiffraction-limited near-field imaging, the performance of several different realizable and theoretical superresolving silver-based lenses is simulated for a variety of different input object profiles. A computationally-efficient T-matrix technique is used to model the lenses, which consist of layers of silver with total width of 40 nm sandwiched between layers of polymethyl methacrylate and silicon dioxide. The lenses are exposed to nonperiodic bright- and dark-slit input patterns, with feature size varied between 1 nm and 2.5 µm. The performance of the lenses is characterized in terms of transfer function, contrast profile, error profile, and input-to-output correlation. It is shown that increasing the number of layers in a lens increases the lens' transmission coefficients at high spatial frequencies; however, this does not always lead to better imaging performance. The main reasons for this are lens-specific resonances that distort features at certain spatial frequencies, and the increased attenuation of the DC component of transmitted images, which reduces image fidelity, particularly for dark-line features. This suggests that, to achieve optimum results, the design of the superresolving lens system should take into account the characteristics of the images that it is expected to transmit
Morgan, SW & Phillips, MR 2008, 'High bandwidth secondary electron detection in variable pressure scanning electron microscopy using a Frisch grid', JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1-6.
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The bandwidth and contrast of secondary electron ( SE) images obtained using variable pressure scanning electron microscopy are enhanced when a grounded Frisch grid is placed between the SE detecting anode and the negatively biased stage. The improvement
Morris, MJ, Chen, H, Watts, R, Shulkes, A & Cameron-Smith, D 2008, 'Brain neuropeptide Y and CCK and peripheral adipokine receptors: temporal response in obesity induced by palatable diet', International Journal of Obesity, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 249-258.
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Objective: Palatable food disrupts normal appetite regulation, which may contribute to the etiology of obesity. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and cholecystokinin play critical roles in the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis, while adiponectin and carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) are important for insulin sensitivity and fatty acid oxidation. This study examined the impact of short- and long-term consumption of palatable high-fat diet (HFD) on these critical metabolic regulators. Methods: Male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to laboratory chow (12% fat), or cafeteria-style palatable HFD (32% fat) for 2 or 10 weeks. Body weight and food intake were monitored throughout. Plasma leptin, hypothalamic NPY and cholecystokinin, and mRNA expression of leptin, adiponectin, their receptors and CPT-1, in fat and muscles were measured. Results: Caloric intake of the palatable HFD group was 23 times greater than control, resulting in a 37% higher body weight. Fat mass was already increased at 2 weeks; plasma leptin concentrations were 2.4 and 9 times higher than control at 2 and 10 weeks, respectively. Plasma adiponectin was increased at 10 weeks. Muscle adiponectin receptor 1 was increased at 2 weeks, while CPT-1 mRNA was markedly upregulated by HFD at both time points. Hypothalamic NPY and cholecystokinin content were significantly decreased at 10 weeks. Conclusion: Palatable HFD induced hyperphagia, fat accumulation, increased adiponectin, leptin and muscle fatty acid oxidation, and reduced hypothalamic NPY and cholecystokinin. Our data suggest that the adaptive changes in hypothalamic NPY and muscle fatty acid oxidation are insufficient to reverse the progress of obesity and metabolic consequences induced by a palatable HFD.
Morton, JK, Gladstone, W, Hughes, JM & Stewart, J 2008, 'Comparison of the life histories of three co-occurring wrasses (Teleostei : Labridae) in coastal waters of south-eastern Australia', MARINE AND FRESHWATER RESEARCH, vol. 59, no. 7, pp. 560-574.
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Labrids are abundant on temperate rocky reefs yet their life histories are poorly known. Three co-occurring Australian labrids (Ophthalmolepis lineolatus, Notolabrus gymnogenis and Pictilabrus laticlavius) exhibited protogynous hermaphroditism typical of labrids. Juveniles reached sexual maturity at 184 mm total length (TL) (2.1 years) in O. lineolatus, 177 mm TL (1.8 years) in N. gymnogenis and <95 mm TL (<0.9 years) in P. laticlavius. Individuals were sexually active initial phase females until changing to a terminal phase male at 295 mm TL (5.2 years) in O. lineolatus, 273 mm TL (4.5 years) in N. gymnogenis and 138 mm TL (2.0 years) in P. laticlavius. The occurrence of males only at greater lengths and older ages suggests that O. lineolatus and N. gymnogenis are monandrous, whereas P. laticlavius appears to be diandrous. Reproduction was asynchronous among species with reproductive activity peaking in JanuaryMarch for O. lineolatus, AprilOctober for N. gymnogenis and OctoberDecember for P. laticlavius. Sectioned otoliths revealed that O. lineolatus and N. gymnogenis grew rapidly to 300 mm TL (6 years) and P. laticlavius to 180 mm TL (3 years). Longevity was at least 13.8, 9.6 and 4.8 years respectively. These life history data will aid management of these frequently harvested species.
Morton, JK, Platell, ME & Gladstone, W 2008, 'Differences in feeding ecology among three co-occurring species of wrasse (Teleostei : Labridae) on rocky reefs of temperate Australia', MARINE BIOLOGY, vol. 154, no. 3, pp. 577-592.
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The foraging behaviours and dietary compositions of three co-occurring labrids (Ophthalmolepis lineolatus, Notolabrus gymnogenis and Pictilabrus laticlavius), which are conspicuous on rocky reefs in temperate south-eastern Australia, were investigated between 2003 and 2005. SCUBA observations at two locations showed that the feeding intensity, and hence the associated effects of these fishes on rocky reef invertebrate prey, was temporally consistent. Relative differences in the contributions of ingested prey and use of different feeding microhabitats demonstrated that the feeding ecology differed significantly among the three species. Thus, O. lineolatus fed on proportionately higher volumes of polychaetes, polyplacophorans, marginellid gastropods (especially Austroginella sp.), bivalves and echinoids, which were sighted opportunistically in a wide selection of microhabitats, but particularly in sand/rubble. Ambush hunting was used regularly by smaller N. gymnogenis and all sizes of P. laticlavius to forage on amphipods, small decapods and small gastropods at algal bases or fronds and Diopatra dentata tubes. Amphipods were similarly important in the diet of smaller O. lineolatus.
Nantakomol, D, Chimma, P, Day, NP, Dondorp, AM, Combes, V, Krudsood, S, Looareesuwan, S, White, NJ, Pattanapanyasat, K & Chotivanich, K 2008, 'Quantitation of cell-derived microparticles in plasma using flow rate based calibration.', Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 146-153.
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Activation of vascular endothelium and blood cells can result in the formation of microparticles (MPs), which are membrane vesicles with a diameter < 1 microm which can play a pathogenetic role in a variety of infectious and other diseases. In this study, we validated a modified quantitative method called 'flow rate based calibration', to measure circulating MPs in plasma of healthy subjects and malaria patients using FACSCalibur flow cytometry. MPs counts obtained from 'flow rate based calibration' correlated closely with the standard method (R2 = 0.9, p = 0.001). The median (range) number of MPs in healthy subjects was 163/microl (81-375/microl). We demonstrated a flow rate based calibration for the quantitation of MPs in P. falciparum malaria-infected patients. The median (range) number of MPs was 2,051/microl (222-6,432/microl), n = 28 in patients with falciparum malaria. The number of MPs in plasma from patients with severe falciparum malaria was significantly higher than in uncomplicated falciparum malaria (2,567/microl (366-6,432/microl), n = 18 versus [1,947/microl (222-4,107/microl), n = 10, p < 0.01]. Cellular origin of MPs in malaria patients were mainly derived from red blood cells (35%), platelets (10%), and endothelial cells (5%). There was no significant correlation between the total number of MPs and parasitemia. Flow rate based calibration is a simple, reliable, reproducible method and more affordable to quantitate MPs.
Nedbal, L, Trtílek, M, Červený, J, Komárek, O & Pakrasi, HB 2008, 'A photobioreactor system for precision cultivation of photoautotrophic microorganisms and for high-content analysis of suspension dynamics', Biotechnology and Bioengineering, vol. 100, no. 5, pp. 902-910.
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Nelson, LA, Wallman, JF & Dowton, M 2008, 'Identification of forensically important Chrysomya (Diptera: Calliphoridae) species using the second ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS2)', Forensic Science International, vol. 177, no. 2-3, pp. 238-247.
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Nguyen, DV, şentürk, D & Carroll, RJ 2008, 'Covariate-adjusted linear mixed effects model with an application to longitudinal data', Journal of Nonparametric Statistics, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 459-481.
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Nissen, KE, Stuart, BH, Stevens, MG & Baker, AT 2008, 'Characterization of aminated poly(ethylene terephthalate) surfaces for biomedical applications', JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, vol. 107, no. 4, pp. 2394-2403.
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Aminated poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) surfaces were charcterised for their use as substrates for the attachment of biologically active molecules. Amines of different chain lengths, tetraethylenementamine, triehtylenetetra-amine (TTETA) and diethylenetriamine (DETA), were investogated. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to show that each amine introduced a comparable amoun tof nitrogen (5 atoms %) to the PET surface.
Nissen, KE, Stuart, BH, Stevens, MG & Baker, AT 2008, 'The tensile and tear properties of a biodegradable polyester film', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 190-199.
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The tensile and tear properties of a biodegradable polymer, Biomax (R), have been studied in order to assess this material in film applications. While the tensile strength of Biomax (R) was comparable to that of low-density polyethylene, the tear strengt
Notter, SJ, Stuart, BH, Dent, BB & Keegan, J 2008, 'Solid-phase extraction in combination with GC/MS for the quantification of free fatty acids in adipocere', EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF LIPID SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 110, no. 1, pp. 73-80.
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Current research investigating the effect of specific aquatic microenvironments on the formation of adipocere using domesticated pigs (Sus scrofa) has demonstrated the need for a fact and reliable method to separate and identify fatty acids present in adipocere
O'Brien, BA, Archer, NS, Simpson, AM, Torpy, FR & NasSif, NT 2008, 'Association of SLC11A1 promoter polymorphisms with the incidence of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases: A meta-analysis', JOURNAL OF AUTOIMMUNITY, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 42-51.
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Solute carrier family 11 member a1 (SLC11A1) exerts pleiotropic effects on macrophage function. Expression of SLC11A1 is regulated by a (GT)(n) microsatellite promoter repeat polymorphism of which nine alleles have been described. Enhanced activation of
Oliver, BGG, Lim, S, Wark, P, Laza-Stanca, V, King, N, Black, JL, Burgess, JK, Roth, M & Johnston, SL 2008, 'Rhinovirus exposure impairs immune responses to bacterial products in human alveolar macrophages', Thorax, vol. 63, no. 6, pp. 519-525.
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Background:Rhinovirus infection is responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality as the major cause of exacerbations of asthma, and is also known to induce exacerbations of cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Exacerbations of these diseases are also frequently associated with bacterial and atypical bacterial infection. Alveolar macrophages are the major immune cells in the airways and are important in defence against bacterial infections.Methods:The authors investigated whether rhinovirus modifies cytokine release, the pattern recognition receptor expression and phagocytosis by human alveolar macrophages in response to bacterial products.Results:Viable rhinovirus was detected in macrophages up to 3 days after exposure and viral RNA expression persisted for 10 days. Infectious but not UV inactivated rhinovirus increased tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin (IL)8 release by macrophages. In contrast, infectious rhinovirus impaired lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid induced TNFα and IL8 secretion by macrophages. Rhinovirus induced impairment of macrophage antibacterial immune responses did not involve IL10, prostaglandin E2 or downregulation of Toll-like receptor 2. Furthermore, the macrophage phagocytic response to labelled bacterial particles, but not to latex beads, was impaired.Conclusion:The authors have identified impairment of cytokine responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid by alveolar macrophages in response to infectious rhinovirus. Virus induced impairment of antibacterial host defence has important implications in the pathogenesis of exacerbations of respiratory diseases.
OLLENDICK, T, JARRETT, M, GRILLSTAQUECHEL, A, HOVEY, L & WOLFF, J 2008, 'Comorbidity as a predictor and moderator of treatment outcome in youth with anxiety, affective, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and oppositional/conduct disorders', Clinical Psychology Review, vol. 28, no. 8, pp. 1447-1471.
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In the present review, we examine one of the critical issues that have been raised about evidence-based treatments and their portability to real-world clinical settings: namely, the presence of comorbidity in the participants who have been treated in these studies and whether the presence of comorbidity predicts or moderates treatment outcomes. In doing so, we examine treatment outcomes for the four most commonly occurring childhood psychiatric disorders: Anxiety disorders, affective disorders, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)/conduct disorder (CD). For each of these disorders, we first review briefly the prevalence of comorbidity in epidemiological and clinical samples and then highlight the evidence-based treatments for these disorders. We next determine the effects of comorbidity on treatment outcomes for these disorders. For the most part, comorbidity in the treated samples is the rule, not the exception. However, the majority of studies have not explored whether comorbidity predicts or moderates treatment outcomes. For the not insignificant number of studies that have examined this issue, comorbidity has not been found to affect treatment outcomes. Notable exceptions are highlighted and recommendations for future research are presented. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Ollendick, TH & King, NJ 2008, 'Evidence-based treatments for children and adolescents with phobic and anxiety disorders: Issues and commentary', Psicologia Conductual, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 365-387.
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The movement to develop evidence-based assessment and treatment is of relatively recent origin; nonetheless, it has quickly revolutionized the field of mental health. This development has however been highly controversial and has served to divide the mental health professions. Three major issues associated with evidencebased treatment are examined: (a) some treatments have been shown to be more effective than others and, as a result, the 'Dodo Bird' effect (i.e., all treatments are equivalent) is no longer tenable, (b) use of treatment manuals might lead to mechanical, inflexible interventions that result in loss of creativity and innovation in the therapy enterprise, and (c) treatments shown to be effective in clinical research settings might not be applicable or transport to 'real-life' clinical practice settings. These issues are addressed and areas of rapprochement are explored. These are exciting times for the field of child and adolescent psychotherapy, and the various articles in this special issue attest to what we know and what we have yet to learn in treating anxiety disorders in youth.
Onishi, A, Thomas, PS, Stuart, BH, Guerbois, JP & Forbes, SL 2008, 'TG-MS analysis of the thermal decomposition of pig bone for forensic applications', JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY, vol. 92, no. 1, pp. 87-90.
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In order to investigate the potential of thermal analysis for the determination of post-mortem age, rib bone specimens were collected from the remains of a number of slaughtered pigs that were allowed to decompose in the Australian bush in a controlled site under a range of conditions for time periods ranging from 1 to 5 years. The bone specimens were cut in cross-section with the compact bone collected for analysis. TG-MS curves were collected by heating bone samples to 1100°C in an argon atmosphere. The TG-MS data showed significant differences for the pig bone specimens derived from the different environments and showed trends in peak size correlating with age. The reported data suggest that TG-MS has significant potential for the identification of origin as well as the ageing of skeletal remains in a forensic context.
Ormerod, JT, Wand, MP & Koch, I 2008, 'Penalised spline support vector classifiers: computational issues', Computational Statistics, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 623-641.
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We study computational issues for support vector classification with penalised spline kernels. We show that, compared with traditional kernels, computational times can be drastically reduced in large problems making such problems feasible for sample sizes as large as ~106. The optimisation technology known as interior point methods plays a central role. Penalised spline kernels are also shown to allow simple incorporation of low-dimensional structure such as additivity. This can aid both interpretability and performance.
Pablo, F, Krassoi, FR, Jones, PRF, Colville, AE, Hose, GC & Lim, RP 2008, 'Comparison of the fate and toxicity of chlorpyrifos - Laboratory versus a coastal mesocosm system', ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 219-229.
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The widespread use of chlorpyrifos for pest control in urban and rural environments poses a risk of contamination to aquatic environments via runoff, spray drift or spillage. The aim of this study was to assess the fate of chlorpyrifos and its toxicity t
Padoan, SA & Wand, MP 2008, 'Mixed model-based additive models for sample extremes', Statistics & Probability Letters, vol. 78, no. 17, pp. 2850-2858.
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We consider additive models fitting and inference when the response variable is a sample extreme. Non-linear covariate effects are handled using the mixed model representation of penalised splines. A fitting algorithm based on likelihood approximations is derived. The efficacy of the resulting methodology is demonstrated via application to simulated and real data.
Padula, M, Herbert, BR & Broady, KW 2008, 'Identification of Proteins, Enzymes and Potential Vaccine Candidates from the Aust Paralysis Tick, Ixodes Holocyclus Using 2D-PAGE and Equalizer Technology', Journal of Proteomics & Bioinformatics, vol. S2, no. 01, pp. 208-209.
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Palee, J, Dheeranupattana, S, Jatisatienr, A, Jatisatienr, C, Pyne, SG, Ung, AT & Sastraruji, T 2008, 'Effects of methyl jasmonate on alkaloid production in callus culture of Stemona curtisii Hook.f', Planta Medica, vol. 74, no. 09.
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Pandya, VB, Conway, RM & Conway, R 2008, 'A heart‐stopping orbital injury', Medical Journal of Australia, vol. 189, no. 7, pp. 410-410.
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Pankoui Mf, JB, Gouado, I, Fotso Kuat, H, Zambou, O, Grau, G, Combes, V & Amvam Zoll, PH 2008, 'Clinical Presentation, Haematological Indices and Management of Children with Severe and Uncomplicated Malaria in Douala, Cameroon', Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, vol. 11, no. 20, pp. 2401-2406.
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This study carried out from January to June 2007, was undertaken to describe the clinical presentation of childhood malaria in Douala, a meso-endemic area as far as malaria transmission is concerned. One hundred and seventy eight children were enrolled after informed consent of their parents. The sample characteristics were recorded and clinical as well as preliminary laboratory investigations were performed. Thirty eight children coming for vaccination and counselling was targeted to serve as control. According to the results obtained, cerebral malaria (CM) seems to be associated with young age, whilst Malaria anaemia (MA) was predominant among older children. Hyperpyrexia and hyperparasitaemia were high among CM patients and 11.1% of them died, however, no neurological squeal was noticed immediately after discharge on those who survived. Haemoglobin and glycaemia were low on MA and CM patients; these groups had low percentage in bed nets utilization as well. These results suggest that the clinical presentation of the disease differ with the geographic location and malaria disease features varies according to the severity. Such studies could contribute to the management of the disease. © 2008 Asian Network for Scientific Information.
Pauw, BR, Kalisvaart, WP, Tao, SX, Koper, MTM, Jansen, APJ & Notten, PHL 2008, 'Cubic MgH2 stabilized by alloying with transition metals: A density functional theory study', Acta Materialia, vol. 56, no. 13, pp. 2948-2954.
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Perchyonok, V, Tuck, K, Ryan, S, Langford, S & Hearn, M 2008, 'Facile and Selective Deallylations of Esters under ‘Aqueous’ Free-Radical Conditions', Synlett, vol. 2008, no. 8, pp. 1233-1235.
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Perchyonok, VT, Ryan, SJ, Langford, SJ, Hearn, MT & Tuck, KL 2008, 'ChemInform Abstract: Facile and Selective Deallylations of Esters under “Aqueous” Free-Radical Conditions.', ChemInform, vol. 39, no. 39.
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Perchyonok, VT, Tuck, KL, Langford, SJ & Hearn, MW 2008, 'ChemInform Abstract: On the Scope of Radical Reactions in Aqueous Media Utilizing Quaternary Ammonium Salts of Phosphinic Acids as Chiral and Achiral Hydrogen Donors.', ChemInform, vol. 39, no. 46.
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Perchyonok, VT, Tuck, KL, Langford, SJ & Hearn, MW 2008, 'On the scope of radical reactions in aqueous media utilizing quaternary ammonium salts of phosphinic acids as chiral and achiral hydrogen donors', Tetrahedron Letters, vol. 49, no. 32, pp. 4777-4779.
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Petrou, K, Doblin, MA, Smith, RA, Ralph, PJ, Shelly, K & Beardall, J 2008, 'State transitions and nonphotochemical quenching during a nutrient-induced fluorescence transient in phosphorus-starved Dunaliella tertiolecta', JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 1204-1211.
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Assessments of nutrient-limitation in microalgae using chl a fluorescence have revealed that nitrogen and phosphorus depletion can be detected as a change in chl a fluorescence signal when nutrient-starved algae are resupplied with the limiting nutrient.
Pfeiffer, RM, Carroll, RJ, Wheeler, W, Whitby, D & Mbulaiteye, S 2008, 'Combining assays for estimating prevalence of human herpesvirus 8 infection using multivariate mixture models', Biostatistics, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 137-151.
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Phipatanakul, W, Celedon, JC, Hoffman, EB, Abdulkerim, H, Ryan, LM & Gold, DR 2008, 'Mouse allergen exposure, wheeze and atopy in the first seven years of life', ALLERGY, vol. 63, no. 11, pp. 1512-1518.
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Background: Little is known about mouse allergen exposure in home environments and the development of wheezing, asthma and atopy in childhood. Objective: To examine the relation between mouse allergen exposure and wheezing, atopy, and asthma in the first 7 years of life. Methods: Prospective study of 498 children with parental history of allergy or asthma followed from birth to age 7 years, with longitudinal questionnaire ascertainment of reported mouse exposure and dust sample mouse urinary protein allergen levels measured at age 2-3 months. Results: Parental report of mouse exposure in the first year of life was associated with increased risk of transient wheeze and wheezing in early life. Current report of mouse exposure was also significantly associated with current wheeze throughout the first 7 years of life in the longitudinal analysis (P = 0.03 for overall relation of current mouse to current wheeze). However, early life mouse exposure did not predict asthma, eczema or allergic rhinitis at age 7 years. Exposure to detectable levels of mouse urinary protein in house dust samples collected at age 2-3 months was associated with a twofold increase in the odds of atopy (sensitization to >=1 allergen) at school age (95% confidence interval for odds ratio = 1.1-3.7; P = 0.03 in a multivariate analysis. Conclusions: Among children with parental history of asthma or allergies, current mouse exposure is associated with increased risk of wheeze during the first 7 years of life. Early mouse exposure was associated with early wheeze and atopy later in life.
Pissuwan, D, Valenzuela, SM & Cortie, MB 2008, 'Prospects for Gold Nanorod Particles in Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications', BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING REVIEWS, VOL 25, vol. 25, pp. 93-112.
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Rod-shaped gold nanoparticles ('nanorods') have recently attracted widespread attention due to their unique optical properties and facile synthesis. In particular, they can support a longtudinal surface plasmon, which results in suspensions of themhaving a strong extinction peak in the upper visible or near-infrared parts of the spectrum. The position of this peak can be readily tuned by controlling the shape of the rods. In addition, the surface of the nanorods can be functionalised by a very wide variety of molecules. This has led to interest in their use as selctive biomarkers in biodiagnostics or for selective targeting in photothermal therapeutics. Here we review the recent advances in the use of gold nanoparticles in these applications. additionally the information available regarding their biocompatibility in discussed.
Powter, DM & Gladstone, W 2008, 'Demographic analysis of the Port Jackson shark Heterodontus portusjacksoni in the coastal waters of eastern Australia', MARINE AND FRESHWATER RESEARCH, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 444-455.
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Demographic analyses are used to assess the status and vulnerability of elasmobranchs but their accuracy is often affected by limited basic biological information. Although the Port Jackson shark Heterodontus portusjacksoni (Meyer) is currently not considered at threat, there is insufficient data for eastern Australia to assess this rigorously. The present study determined vital demographic rates of adult and juvenile H. portusjacksoni at four locations on the central and southern coast of New South Wales, Australia from January 2002 to December 2005 using underwater visual census, tagrecapture and samples obtained from a commercial fishery. Natural mortality was low in adults (0.0630.074 year1) and juveniles (0.225 year1), but substantial at the embryonic stage (0.7830.896 year1). Adult growth rates (31.432.7 mm year1) were slightly less than that of juveniles (36.837.5 mm year1). Males at both stages grew slightly faster than females. However, H. portusjacksoni had slower growth rates than many other elasmobranch species. Having a low intrinsic rate of increase (r = 0.069 year1), long generation times (µ1 = 22.5 year) and a low rebound potential, adults are the stage with the greatest impact on population growth. Hence, their life history strategy makes them susceptible to serious decline under exploitation, and management should strive to maintain the adult reproductive stock as a priority.
Powter, DM & Gladstone, W 2008, 'Embryonic mortality and predation on egg capsules of the Port Jackson shark Heterodontus portusjacksoni (Meyer)', JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 573-584.
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Egg capsules of the Port Jackson shark Heterodontus portusjacksoni were examined during underwater visual census surveys at two sites in New South Wales, Australia, during the 20022005 reproductive seasons (austral winter). Embryonic mortality was high (0·7830·896 per annum) with the majority (99·2%) resulting from predation. The crested horn shark Heterodontus galeatus and common tent shell Astralium tentoriformis (Gastropoda, Turbinidae) were positively identified as egg predators. Gastropod predation was insignificant, accounting for only 2·0 and 2·1% of total mortality at Terrigal Haven and Dent Rock, respectively. Most capsules appeared to have been depredated by large predatory fishes with the eastern blue groper Achoerodus viridis (Labridae) and the black stingray Dasyatis thetidis (Dasyatidae) as possible candidate predators. The rate of embryonic mortality in H. portusjacksoni is higher than that reported for other oviparous elasmobranchs. This high level of mortality has significant consequences for the conservation and management of this species, especially when combined with an understanding of their low fecundity, late maturity and protracted reproductive life.
Powter, DM & Gladstone, W 2008, 'The reproductive biology and ecology of the Port Jackson shark Heterodontus portusjacksoni in the coastal waters of eastern Australia', JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY, vol. 72, no. 10, pp. 2615-2633.
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The reproductive biology and ecology of the Port Jackson shark Heterodontus portusjacksoni was investigated at three locations on the central and southern coast of New South Wales (NSW), Australia from January 2002 to December 2005 using underwater visual census surveys and samples obtained from a commercial fishery. Adults displayed sexual dimorphism in total length (LT) at sexual maturity, with males maturing between 762 and 772 mm LT and females between 902 and 905 mm LT. The mean ovarian fecundity was estimated at 16 offspring per female but was unrelated to female LT. Male gonado-somatic (IG) and hepato-somatic (IH) indices and female IG declined from July to November as did maximum ovarian follicle diameter and the diameter of the three largest follicles. Adults were absent from inshore reefs between December and July. Hence, H. portusjacksoni has a synchronous annual breeding season in NSW, which occurs between July and November (the austral winter to spring), with a peak in oviposition from August to October. Heterodontus portusjacksoni copulatory and ovipository behaviour are reported for the first time. Copulation was observed and involved oral grasping of the females pectoral fin by a single male, which wrapped his body around hers to insert one clasper. Ovipositing females appeared to search crevices in the reef prior to delivering a single capsule, which was washed into the crevice by water movement, with the female departing very soon after oviposition. This study represents the first rigorously quantitative analysis of H. portusjacksoni reproductive biology and ecology in NSW waters
Quante, T, Ng, YC, Ramsay, EE, Henness, S, Allen, JC, Parmentier, J, Ge, Q & Ammit, AJ 2008, 'Corticosteroids Reduce IL-6 in ASM Cells via Up-Regulation of MKP-1', American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 208-217.
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Ramaswamy, Y, Wu, C, Van Hummel, A, Combes, V, Grau, G & Zreiqat, H 2008, 'The responses of osteoblasts, osteoclasts and endothelial cells to zirconium modified calcium-silicate-based ceramic', Biomaterials, vol. 29, no. 33, pp. 4392-4402.
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Ramsay, HA & Leslie, LM 2008, 'The Effects of Complex Terrain on Severe Landfalling Tropical Cyclone Larry (2006) over Northeast Australia', Monthly Weather Review, vol. 136, no. 11, pp. 4334-4354.
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Abstract
The interaction between complex terrain and a landfalling tropical cyclone (TC) over northeastern Australia is investigated using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5). Severe TC Larry (in March 2006) made landfall over an area of steep coastal orography and caused extensive damage. The damage pattern suggested that the mountainous terrain had a large influence on the TC wind field, with highly variable damage across relatively small distances. The major aims in this study were to reproduce the observed features of TC Larry, including track, intensity, speed of movement, size, decay rate, and the three-dimensional wind field using realistic high-resolution terrain data and a nested grid with a horizontal spacing of 1 km for the finest domain (referred to as CTRL), and to assess how the above parameters change when the terrain height is set to zero (NOTOPOG). The TC track for CTRL, including the timing and location of landfall, was in close agreement with observation, with the model eye overlapping the location of the observed eye at landfall. Setting the terrain height to zero resulted in a more southerly track and a more intense storm at landfall. The orography in CTRL had a large impact on the TC’s 3D wind field, particularly in the boundary layer where locally very high wind speeds, up to 68 m s−1, coincided with topographic slopes and ridges. The orography also affected precipitation, with localized maxima in elevated regions matching observed rainfall rates. In contrast, the precipitation pattern for the NOTOPOG TC was more symmetric and rainfall totals decreased rapidly with distance from the storm’s center. Parameterized maximum surface wind gusts were located beneath strong boundary layer jets. Finally, small-scale banding features were evident in the surface wind field over land for the NOTOPOG TC, owing to the i...
Ramsay, HA, Leslie, LM, Lamb, PJ, Richman, MB & Leplastrier, M 2008, 'Interannual Variability of Tropical Cyclones in the Australian Region: Role of Large-Scale Environment', Journal of Climate, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 1083-1103.
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Abstract
This study investigates the role of large-scale environmental factors, notably sea surface temperature (SST), low-level relative vorticity, and deep-tropospheric vertical wind shear, in the interannual variability of November–April tropical cyclone (TC) activity in the Australian region. Extensive correlation analyses were carried out between TC frequency and intensity and the aforementioned large-scale parameters, using TC data for 1970–2006 from the official Australian TC dataset. Large correlations were found between the seasonal number of TCs and SST in the Niño-3.4 and Niño-4 regions. These correlations were greatest (−0.73) during August–October, immediately preceding the Australian TC season. The correlations remain almost unchanged for the July–September period and therefore can be viewed as potential seasonal predictors of the forthcoming TC season. In contrast, only weak correlations (<+0.37) were found with the local SST in the region north of Australia where many TCs originate; these were reduced almost to zero when the ENSO component of the SST was removed by partial correlation analysis. The annual frequency of TCs was found to be strongly correlated with 850-hPa relative vorticity and vertical shear of the zonal wind over the main genesis areas of the Australian region. Furthermore, correlations between the Niño SST and these two atmospheric parameters exhibited a strong link between the Australian region and the Niño-3.4 SST. A principal component analysis of the SST dataset revealed two main modes of Pacific Ocean SST variability that match very closely with the basinwide patterns of correlations between SST and TC frequencies. Finally, it is shown that the correlations can be increased markedly (e.g., from −0.73 to −0.80 for the August–October period) by a weighted combination of SST time series from weakly correlated regions.
Rasko, DA, Rosovitz, MJ, Myers, GSA, Mongodin, EF, Fricke, WF, Gajer, P, Crabtree, J, Sebaihia, M, Thomson, NR, Chaudhuri, R, Henderson, IR, Sperandio, V & Ravel, J 2008, 'The Pangenome Structure of Escherichia coli : Comparative Genomic Analysis of E. coli Commensal and Pathogenic Isolates', Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 190, no. 20, pp. 6881-6893.
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ABSTRACT
Whole-genome sequencing has been skewed toward bacterial pathogens as a consequence of the prioritization of medical and veterinary diseases. However, it is becoming clear that in order to accurately measure genetic variation within and between pathogenic groups, multiple isolates, as well as commensal species, must be sequenced. This study examined the pangenomic content of
Escherichia coli
. Six distinct
E. coli
pathovars can be distinguished using molecular or phenotypic markers, but only two of the six pathovars have been subjected to any genome sequencing previously. Thus, this report provides a seminal description of the genomic contents and unique features of three unsequenced pathovars, enterotoxigenic
E. coli
, enteropathogenic
E. coli
, and enteroaggregative
E. coli
. We also determined the first genome sequence of a human commensal
E. coli
isolate,
E. coli
HS, which will undoubtedly provide a new baseline from which workers can examine the evolution of pathogenic
E. coli
. Comparison of 17
E. coli
genomes, 8 of which are new, resulted in identification of ∼2,200 genes conserved in all isolates. We were also able to identify genes that were isolate and pathovar specific. Fewer pathovar-specific genes were identified than anticipated, suggesting that each isolate may have independently developed virulence capabilities. Pangenome calculations indicate that
E. coli
genomic diversity represent...
Rawling, T, Buchholz, F & McDonagh, AM 2008, 'Convenient Synthesis and Purification of [Bu4N]2[Ru(4-carboxy-4-carboxylate-2,2′-bipyridine)2(NCS)2]: a Landmark DSC Dye', Australian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 405-405.
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We present here a convenient synthesis of the landmark dye-sensitized solar cell dye [Bu4N]2[Ru(4-carboxy-4-carboxylate-2,2′-bipyridine)2(NCS)2] (N719). Key to this synthetic procedure is the protection of the carboxyl functionalities with iso-butyl ester groups. This strategy allows the use of silica chromatography to remove the less efficient S-bound isomers and significantly reduces the time and difficulty of the synthesis.
Rawling, T, McDonagh, AM & Colbran, SB 2008, 'Synthesis, electrochemistry and spectroscopic properties of ruthenium phthalocyanine and naphthalocyanine complexes with triphenylarsine ligands', Inorganica Chimica Acta, vol. 361, no. 1, pp. 49-55.
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The synthesis, electrochemistry and spectroscopic properties of [PcRu(AsPh3)2] (1) and [{(tBu)4Nc}Ru(AsPh3)2] (2), where Pc = phthalocyanine and Nc = naphthalocyanine are reported. These complexes are the first examples of metal phthalocyanine and naphthalocyanine complexes with axially-coordinated arsine ligands. The AsPh3 ligands readily dissociate in non-coordinating solvents with 2 showing more rapid dissociation. In cyclic voltammetry experiments, 1 displayed three macrocycle-centred redox processes; one reduction and two oxidation processes. One reduction and three oxidation processes were observed for 2. The reduction and first oxidation are assigned to macrocycle-centred processes. The UVVis spectra of both complexes recorded over time showed macrocycle-centred oxidation. The oxidation was hindered by removing dioxygen from the solvent or adding excess AsPh3.
Raymond, JJ, van Oorschot, RAH, Walsh, SJ & Roux, C 2008, 'Trace DNA analysis: Do you know what your neighbour is doing?', Forensic Science International: Genetics, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 19-28.
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Since 1997 the analysis of DNA recovered from handled objects or 'trace' DNA has become routine and is frequently demanded from crime scene examinations. However, this anlaysis often produces unpredictable results. The factors affecting the recovery of full profiles are numerous and include varying methods of collectiona nd analysis. Communication between forensic laboratories in Australia and New Zealand has been limited in the past due in some part to sheet distance. Because of its relatively small population and low number of forensic jurisdictions this region is in an excelllent position to provide a collective approach. However, the protocols training methods and research of each jurisdiction had not been widely exchanged. A survey was developed to benchmark the current practices involved in trace DNA analysis, aiming to provide information for training programs and research directions, and to identy factors contributing to the success or failure of the analysis.
Raymond, JJ, Walsh, SJ, van Oorschot, RAH, Gunn, PR, Evans, L & Roux, C 2008, 'Assessing trace DNA evidence from a residential burglary: Abundance, transfer and persistence', Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 442-443.
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Reddy, CRK, Gupta, MK, Mantri, VA & Jha, B 2008, 'Seaweed protoplasts: status, biotechnological perspectives and needs', Journal of Applied Phycology, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 619-632.
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Reddy, CRK, Jha, B, Fujita, Y & Ohno, M 2008, 'Seaweed micropropagation techniques and their potentials: an overview', Journal of Applied Phycology, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 609-617.
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Reichel, MP & Ellis, JT 2008, 'Re-evaluating the economics of neosporosis control', VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY, vol. 156, no. 3-4, pp. 361-362.
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Reimers, JR, Wallace, BB & Hush, NS 2008, 'Towards a comprehensive model for the electronic and vibrational structure of the Creutz-Taube ion', PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES, vol. 366, no. 1862, pp. 15-31.
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Since the synthesis of the Creutz-Taube ion, the nature of its charge localization has been of immense scientific interest, this molecule providing a model system for the understanding of the operation of biological photosynthetic and electron-transfer processes. However, recent work has shown that its nature remains an open question. Many systems of this type, including photosynthetic reaction centres, are of current research interest, and thereby the Creutz-Taube ion provides an important chemical paradigm: the key point of interest is the details of how such molecules behave. We lay the groundwork for the construction of a, comprehensive model for its chemical and spectroscopic properties. Advances are described in some of the required areas including: simulation of electronic absorption spectra; quantitative depiction of the large interaction of the ion's electronic description with solvent motions; and the physics of Ru-NH3 spectator-mode vibrations. We show that details of the solvent electron-phonon coupling are critical in the interpretation of the spectator-mode vibrations, as these strongly mix with solvent motions when 0.75 < 2J/lambda < 1. In this regime, a, double-well potential exists which does not support localized zero-point vibration, and many observed properties of the Creutz-Taube ion are shown to be consistent with the hypothesis that the ion has this character.
Ren, D, Leslie, LM & Karoly, D 2008, 'Landslide Risk Analysis using a New Constitutive Relationship for Granular Flow', Earth Interactions, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 1-16.
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AbstractIn this study, landslide potential is investigated, using a new constitutive relationship for granular flow in a numerical model. Unique to this study is an original relationship between soil moisture and the inertial number for soil particles. This numerical model can be applied to arbitrary soil slab profile configurations and to the analysis of natural disasters, such as mudslides, glacier creeping, avalanches, landslips, and other pyroclastic flows. Here the focus is on mudslides.The authors examine the effects of bed slope and soil slab thickness, soil layered profile configuration, soil moisture content, basal sliding, and the growth of vegetation, and show that increased soil moisture enhances instability primarily by decreasing soil strength, together with increasing loading. Moreover, clay soils generally require a smaller relative saturation than sandy soils for sliding to commence. For a stable configuration, such as a small slope and/or dry soil, the basal sliding is absorbed if the perturbation magnitude is small. However, large perturbations can trigger significant-scale mudslides by liquefying the soil slab.The role of vegetation depends on the wet soil thickness and the spacing between vegetation roots. The thinner the saturated soil layer, the slower the flow, giving the vegetation additional time to extract soil moisture and slow down the flow. By analyzing the effect of the root system on the stress distribution, it is shown that closer tree spacing increases the drag effects on the velocity field, provided that the root system is deeper than the shearing zone.Finally, the authors investigated a two-layer soil profile, namely, sand above clay. A significant stress jump occurs at the interface of the two media.
Ren, D, Leslie, LM & Karoly, DJ 2008, 'Sensitivity of an ecological model to soil moisture simulations from two different hydrological models', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 100, no. 1-4, pp. 87-99.
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Reuterskiöld, L, Öst, L-G & Ollendick, T 2008, 'Exploring Child and Parent Factors in the Diagnostic Agreement on the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule', Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 279-290.
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Rice, SA, McDougald, D, Givskov, M & Kjelleberg, S 2008, 'Detection and Inhibition of Bacterial Cell–Cell Communication', Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 431, pp. 55-68.
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Bacteria communicate with other members of their community through the secretion and perception of small chemical cues or signals. The recognition of a signal normally leads to the expression of a large suite of genes, which in some bacteria are involved in the regulation of virulence factors, and as a result, these signaling compounds are key regulatory factors in many disease processes. Thus, it is of interest when studying pathogens to understand the mechanisms used to control the expression of virulence genes so that strategies might be devised for the control of those pathogens. Clearly, the ability to interfere with this process of signaling represents a novel approach for the treatment of bacterial infections. There is a broad range of compounds that bacteria can use for signaling purposes, including fatty acids, peptides, N-acylated homoserine lactones, and the signals collectively called autoinducer 2 (AI-2). This chapter will focus on the latter two signaling systems as they are present in a range of medically relevant bacteria, and here we describe assays for determining whether an organism produces a particular signal and assays that can be used to identify inhibitors of the signaling cascade. Lastly, the signal detection and inhibition assays will be directly linked to the expression of virulence factors of specific pathogens. © Humana Press.
Robertson, M, Helliwell, CA & Dennis, ES 2008, 'Post-Translational Modifications of the Endogenous and Transgenic FLC Protein in Arabidopsis thaliana', PLANT AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 49, no. 12, pp. 1859-1866.
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FLC is a MADS box transcription factor that acts as a dosage-dependent repressor of flowering. We carried out a 2D gel analysis and showed that the majority of endogenous FLC and overexpressed FLC-FLAG proteins are post-translationally modified. The endogenous and transgenic proteins have different floral repressor activities; however, they have similar, if not the same, profiles of post-translational modifications. The protein modification profile was also not changed by vernalization treatment. The activities of other MADS box proteins have been shown to be affected by phosphorylation and we found that both the endogenous FLC and the transgenic FLC-FLAG protein are phosphorylated. When eight potential serine kinase target sites in FLC were changed to mimic phosphorylated residues, expression of the mutant FLC-FLAG protein led to early flowering, suggesting that the repressive function was abolished. When the same eight serine residues were changed to non-phosphorylatable residues, expression of the resulting protein gave the same weak flowering repression as overexpressed unmodified FLC-FLAG. The non-phosphorylatable variant of FLC-FLAG showed a similar spectrum of post-translational modifications to unmodified FLC-FLAG, indicating that modifications other than the predicted phosphorylations occur. Our data provide evidence for a post-translational regulation of FLC function.
Robinson, MW, Dalton, JP & Donnelly, S 2008, 'Helminth pathogen cathepsin proteases: it's a family affair', TRENDS IN BIOCHEMICAL SCIENCES, vol. 33, no. 12, pp. 601-608.
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Helminth pathogens express papain-like cysteine peptidases, termed cathepsins, which have important roles in virulence, including host entry, tissue migration and the suppression of host immune responses. The liver fluke Fasciola hepatica, an emerging human pathogen, expresses the largest cathepsin L cysteine protease family yet described. Recent phylogenetic, biochemical and structural studies indicate that this family contains five separate clades, which exhibit overlapping but distinct substrate specificities created by a process of gene duplication followed by subtle residue divergence within the protease active site. The developmentally regulated expression of these proteases correlates with the passage of the parasite through host tissues and its encounters with different host macromolecules.
Robinson, MW, Tort, JF, Lowther, J, Donnelly, SM, Wong, E, Xu, W, Stack, CM, Padula, M, Herbert, B & Dalton, JP 2008, 'Proteomics and phylogenetic analysis of the cathepsin L protease family of the helminth pathogen Fasciola hepatica', MOLECULAR & CELLULAR PROTEOMICS, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 1111-1123.
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Cathepsin L proteases secreted by the helminth pathogen Fasciola hepatica have functions in parasite virulence including tissue invasion and suppression of host immune responses. Using proteomics methods alongside phylogenetic studies we characterized th
Rodgers, KJ & Shiozawa, N 2008, 'Misincorporation of amino acid analogues into proteins by biosynthesis', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY & CELL BIOLOGY, vol. 40, no. 8, pp. 1452-1466.
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Despite astounding diversity in their structure and function, proteins are constructed from 22 protein or 'canonical' amino acids. Hundreds of amino acid analogues exist; many occur naturally in plants, some are synthetically produced or can be produced
Roff, G, Ulstrup, KE, Fine, M, Ralph, PJ & Hoegh-Guldberg, O 2008, 'Spatial heterogeneity of photosynthetic activity within diseased corals from the great barrier reef', JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 526-538.
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Morphological diagnosis and descriptions of seven disease-like syndromes affecting scleractinian corals were characterized from the southern Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Chl a fluorescence of PSII was measured using an Imaging-PAM (pulse amplitude modulated
Ross, ON, Moore, CM, Suggett, DJ, MacIntyre, HL & Geider, RJ 2008, 'A model of photosynthesis and photo-protection based on reaction center damage and repair', Limnology and Oceanography, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 1835-1852.
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Phytoplankton photosynthesis under the rapidly fluctuating irradiance which results from turbulent mixing through the vertical light gradient is poorly understood. Ship-based measurements often apply the fast repetition rate fluorescence (FRRF) technique in situ or in vivo to gauge the physiological state of the phytoplankton community and infer some of the physical properties of the water column (such as mixing time scales). We describe the development and validation of a model of photosynthetic electron turnover at photosystemII with consideration of downstream limitation, based on the redox state of photosystem II. We also include empirical formulations for slower processes such as photo-protection (from nonphotochemical quenching) and photo-inhibition. By confronting the simple model with laboratory data for Dunaliella tertiolecta, we were able to refine the model so that it faithfully produced rates of photosynthetic electron transfer determined by FRR fluorescence. Further, we were able to validate the model estimates of linear photosynthetic electron transfer rates against completely independent measurements obtained using 14C-bicarbonate assimilation in photosynthesis-light curves.
ROUX, C 2008, 'La communauté juive de Tarascon au XVe siècle', Revue des Études Juives, vol. 167, no. 3, pp. 511-569.
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Ryan, L 2008, 'Combining data from multiple sources, with applications to environmental risk assessment', STATISTICS IN MEDICINE, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 698-710.
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The classical statistical paradigm emphasizes the development and application of methods to account for sampling variability. Many modern day applications, however, require consideration of other sources of uncertainty that are not so easy to quantify. This paper presents a case study involving an assessment of the impact of in-utero methylmercury exposure on the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) of young children. We illustrate how familiar techniques such as hierarchical modeling, Bayesian methods and sensitivity analysis can be used to aid decision making in settings that involve substantial uncertainty
Ryan, NJ, Mitrovic, SM & Bowling, LC 2008, 'Temporal and spatial variability in the phytoplankton community of Myall Lakes, Australia, and influences of salinity', HYDROBIOLOGIA, vol. 608, no. 1, pp. 69-86.
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The variability in the phytoplankton communities of the Myall Lakes, a series of four interconnected coastal lakes on the lower north coast of New South Wales, was studied between 1999 and 2002. There was considerable spatial variability across the lake system. Bombah Broadwater experienced blooms of Anabaena in 1999 and early 2000, but these were replaced from late 2000 onwards by Chroococcus and a variety of eukaryotic taxa, particularly flagellates and diatoms. In comparison, the phytoplankton community of Myall Lake was dominated for much of the study period by Chroococcus, Merismopedia and chlorophyte taxa. The sites located midway between these two main lakes represent an ecotone, with elements of the phytoplanktonic flora of both main lakes being present. Changes in phytoplankton community composition in Bombah Broadwater occurred fairly frequently. In contrast, the phytoplankton community in Myall Lake changed little during the course of the study and can be considered as being at long-term equilibrium. The reasons for this lie in the morphology and hydrology of the lake system, which in turn create gradients in a number of physico-chemical water quality attributes. Bombah Broadwater is influenced by episodic and stochastic freshwater inflows from the upper Myall River catchment, and in times of drought by saline marine incursions via the lower Myall River. Myall Lake however represents a cul-de-sac, with only a small hydraulic connection to the remainder of the lake system. As it has little input from its small catchment, the limnological conditions within this lake remain relatively constant for long periods of time.
Sastraruji, T, Kotabin, N, Jatisatienr, C, Dheeranupattana, S, Pyne, SG & Ung, AT 2008, 'Phytochemical studies on Stemona plants: biological activities of some stemofoline alkaloids', Planta Medica, vol. 74, no. 09.
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Scheidl, T, Ursin, R, Kofler, J, Ramelow, S, Ma, X-S, Herbst, T, Ratschbacher, L, Fedrizzi, A, Langford, NK, Jennewein, T & Zeilinger, A 2008, 'Violation of local realism with freedom of choice', Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 107, no. 46, pp. 19708-19713.
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Bell's theorem shows that local realistic theories place strong restrictions
on observable correlations between different systems, giving rise to Bell's
inequality which can be violated in experiments using entangled quantum states.
Bell's theorem is based on the assumptions of realism, locality, and the
freedom to choose between measurement settings. In experimental tests,
'loopholes' arise which allow observed violations to still be explained by
local realistic theories. Violating Bell's inequality while simultaneously
closing all such loopholes is one of the most significant still open challenges
in fundamental physics today. In this paper, we present an experiment that
violates Bell's inequality while simultaneously closing the locality loophole
and addressing the freedom-of-choice loophole, also closing the latter within a
reasonable set of assumptions. We also explain that the locality and
freedom-of-choice loopholes can be closed only within non-determinism, i.e. in
the context of stochastic local realism.
Schmidt, T & Novikov, A 2008, 'A Structural Model with Unobserved Default Boundary', Applied Mathematical Finance, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 183-203.
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A firm-value model similar to the one proposed by Black and Cox (1976) is considered. Instead of assuming a constant and known default boundary, the default boundary is an unobserved stochastic process. Interestingly, this setup admits a default intensity, so the reduced form methodology can be applied.
Schulte, J & Vaseashta, A 2008, 'APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND POLLUTION, PART 1: SENSING, REMEDIATION, TOXICOLOGY, AND CONTROL', NANO, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 203-204.
Schulte, J & Vaseashta, A 2008, 'APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND POLLUTION, PART 2: MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT', NANO, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 311-312.
Schultz, TJ, Webb, JK & Christian, KA 2008, 'The physiological cost of pregnancy in a tropical viviparous snake', COPEIA, vol. 2008, no. 3, pp. 637-642.
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During pregnancy, the metabolic rate of females may Increase above basal levels to support metabolically active tissues and developing embryos. In mammals, this energetic cost of supporting the pregnancy (MCP) is an important component of reproductive effort, but less is known about the magnitude of this cost in ectothermic vertebrates. We estimated the metabolic cost of supporting pregnancy in a tropical viviparous snake, the Northern Death Adder, Acanthophis praelongus. We measured the metabolic rates of non-gravid and gravid females throughout gestation and following parturition. We also measured the oxygen consumption of a sample of neonates from each clutch within 24 h of birth. The metabolic rate of gravid females rose slowly during pregnancy, but was significantly elevated during the last three weeks of gestation. Considering the late term metabolism of gravid females as 100%, then the baseline metabolism of female Death Adders represented 36.6%, embryo metabolism accounted for 37.0%, and the cost of supporting the pregnancy was 26.4% of the total metabolic rate. Neonate metabolism during the first 24 h of birth was 2.9 times higher than the estimate for embryo metabolism. Thus, our results do not support the assumption that the metabolism of embryos (prior to birth) and neonates is similar in this species. Although gravid female Death Adders maintain high and constant body temperatures during late gestation, the energetic cost of supporting the pregnancy is only a minor component of the total reproductive effort for females of this species.
Schwartz, J, Coull, B, Laden, F & Ryan, L 2008, 'The effect of dose and timing of dose on the association between airborne particles and survival', ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES, vol. 116, no. 1, pp. 64-69.
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BACKGROUND: Understanding the shape of the concentration-response curve for particles is important for public health, and lack of such understanding was recently cited by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as a reason for not tightening the standards. Similarly, the delay between changes in exposure and changes in health is also important in public health decision making. We addressed these issues using an extended follow-up of the Harvard Six Cities Study. METHODS: Cox proportional hazards models were fit controlling for smoking, body mass index, and other covariates. Two approaches were used. First, we used penalized splines, which fit a flexible functional form to the concentration response to examine its shape, and chose the degrees of freedom for the curve based on Akaike's information criterion. Because the uncertainties around the resultant curve do not reflect the uncertainty in model choice, we also used model averaging as an alternative approach, where multiple models are fit explicitly and averaged, weighted by their probability of being correct given the data. We examined the lag relationship by model averaging across a range of unconstrained distributed lag models. RESULTS: We found that the concentration-response curve is linear, clearly continuing below the current U.S. standard of 15 mu g/m(3), and that the effects of changes in exposure on mortality are seen within two years. CONCLUSIONS: Reduction in particle concentrations below U.S. EPA standards would increase life expectancy.
Schwartz, TS, Murray, S & Seebacher, F 2008, 'Novel reptilian uncoupling proteins: molecular evolution and gene expression during cold acclimation', PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, vol. 275, no. 1637, pp. 979-985.
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Many animals upregulate metabolism in response to cold. Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) increase proton conductance across the mitochondrial membrane and can thereby alleviate damage from reactive oxygen species that may form as a result of metabolic upregulation. Our aim in this study was to determine whether reptiles (Crocodylus porosus) possess UCP genes. If so, we aimed to place reptilian UCP genes within a phylogenetic context and to determine whether the expression of UCP genes is increased during cold acclimation. We provide the first evidence that UCP2 and UCP3 genes are present in reptiles. Unlike in other vertebrates, UCP2 and UPC3 are expressed in liver and skeletal muscle of the crocodile, and both are upregulated in liver during cold acclimation but not in muscle. We identified two transcripts of UCP3, one of which produces a truncated protein similar to the UCP3S transcript in humans, and the resulting protein lacks the predicted nucleotide-binding regulatory domain. Our molecular phylogeny suggests that uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is ancestral and has been lost in archosaurs. In birds, UCP3 may have assumed a similar function as UCP1 in mammals, which has important ramifications for understanding endothermic heat production.
Seebacher, F & Murray, S 2008, 'Detecting environmental change: Transient receptor potential ion channels control thermoregulatory behaviour in reptiles', Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, vol. 150, no. 3, pp. S170-S170.
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Seng, TJ, Currey, N, Cooper, WA, Lee, C-S, Chan, C, Horvath, L, Sutherland, RL, Kennedy, C, McCaughan, B & Kohonen-Corish, MRJ 2008, 'DLEC1 and MLH1 promoter methylation are associated with poor prognosis in non-small cell lung carcinoma', British Journal of Cancer, vol. 99, no. 2, pp. 375-382.
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Sheldon, CC, Hills, MJ, Lister, C, Dean, C, Dennis, ES & Peacock, WJ 2008, 'Resetting of FLOWERING LOCUS C expression after epigenetic repression by vernalization', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 105, no. 6, pp. 2214-2219.
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The epigenetic repression of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) in winter-annual ecotypes of Arabidopsis by prolonged cold ensures that plants flower in spring and not during winter. Resetting of the FLC expression level in progeny is an important step in the life
Siboni, N, Ben Dov E, Sivan A & Kushmaro A 2008, 'Coral-associated ammonium oxidizing crenarchaeota and their role in the coral holobiont nitrogen cycle', Coral Reef Symp, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, 7-11 July, vol. Session number 8.
Siboni, N, Ben-Dov, E, Sivan, A & Kushmaro, A 2008, 'Global distribution and diversity of coral-associated Archaea and their possible role in the coral holobiont nitrogen cycle', ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, vol. 10, no. 11, pp. 2979-2990.
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Sihvola, A & Lapine, M 2008, 'Editorial', Metamaterials, vol. 2, no. 2-3, pp. 53-53.
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Simpson, AM 2008, 'Gene Therapy Reverse Diabetes', Australasian Science, vol. April, pp. 23-25.
Simpson, AM & O'Brien, BA 2008, 'Diabetes therapy by lentiviral hepatic insulin gene expression without transformation of liver. Reply to Elsner M, Jorns A, Lenzen S [letter]', DIABETOLOGIA, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 696-696.
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Sintic, PJ, E, W, Ou, Z, Shao, J, McDonald, JA, Cai, Z-L, Kadish, KM, Crossley, MJ & Reimers, JR 2008, 'Control of the site and potential of reduction and oxidation processes in pi-expanded quinoxalinoporphyrins', PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 515-527.
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Quinoxalino[2,3-b′]porphyrins are π-expanded porphyrins, having a quinoxaline fused to a β,β′-pyrrolic position of the porphyrin. They are used as components in systems proposed as 'molecular wires'. Knowledge of their redox properties is of value in the design of electron- or hole-conduction systems. In particular, the location of the charge density in the radical anions of quinoxalinoporphyrins can be modulated by peripheral functionalization. New theoretical treatments of electrochemical potentials are developed that identify the site of reduction in both the anions and the dianions of 33 quinoxalinoporphyrins. These molecules include free-base and metallated macrocycles substituted on the quinoxaline with electron-withdrawing groups (NO2, Cl, Br) and/or electron-donating groups (NH2, OCH3). Spectroelectrochemistry, density-functional theory calculations, and substituent-parameter models are used to verify the analysis. Five distinct patterns are observed for the locations of the first and second reductions; some of these patterns involve delocalized charges. Nitroquinoxalinoporphyrins with the nitro groups at the 5- and 6-quinoxaline positions are found to have quite different properties owing to distortions caused by peri interactions that force the nitro group of the 5-nitro regioisomer out of conjugation. Charge localization on the nitroquinoxaline fragment is found for some molecules, and this is attributed to ion-pairing with the 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium perchlorate electrolyte used, leading to the verified prediction that electron-paramagnetic resonance spectra of these molecules taken without the electrolyte yield delocalized anions. These properties enable the control of conduction through molecular wires synthesised from quinoxalinoporphyrins. © the Owner Societies.
Sintic, PJ, E, W, Ou, Z, Shao, J, McDonald, JA, Cai, Z-L, Kadish, KM, Crossley, MJ & Reimers, JR 2008, 'Control of the site and potential of reduction and oxidation processes in pi-expanded quinoxalinoporphyrins (vol 10, pg 268, 2008)', PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 10, no. 48, pp. 7328-7328.
Sintic, PJ, Wenbo, E, Ou, Z, Shao, J, McDonald, JA, Cai, ZL, Kadish, KM, Crossley, MJ & Reimers, JR 2008, 'Back matter', Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol. 10, no. 48, pp. 7324-7324.
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Sintic, PJ, Wenbo, E, Ou, Z, Shao, J, McDonald, JA, Cai, Z-L, Kadish, KM, Crossley, MJ & Reimers, JR 2008, 'Control of the site and potential of reduction and oxidation processes in pi-expanded quinoxalinoporphyrins', PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 515-527.
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Quinoxalino[2,3-b']porphyrins are pi-expanded porphyrins, having a quinoxaline fused to a beta,beta'-pyrrolic position of the porphyrin. They are used as components in systems proposed as 'molecular wires'. Knowledge of their redox properties is of value in the design of electron- or hole-conduction systems. In particular, the location of the charge density in the radical anions of quinoxalinoporphyrins can be modulated by peripheral functionalization. New theoretical treatments of electrochemical potentials are developed that identify the site of reduction in both the anions and the dianions of 33 quinoxalinoporphyrins. These molecules include free-base and metallated macrocycles substituted on the quinoxaline with electron- withdrawing groups ( NO(2), Cl, Br) and/or electron-donating groups ( NH(2), OCH(3)). Spectroelectrochemistry, density-functional theory calculations, and substituent-parameter models are used to verify the analysis. Five distinct patterns are observed for the locations of the first and second reductions; some of these patterns involve delocalized charges. Nitroquinoxalinoporphyrins with the nitro groups at the 5- and 6-quinoxaline positions are found to have quite different properties owing to distortions caused by peri interactions that force the nitro group of the 5- nitro regioisomer out of conjugation. Charge localization on the nitroquinoxaline fragment is found for some molecules, and this is attributed to ion-pairing with the 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium perchlorate electrolyte used, leading to the verified prediction that electron- paramagnetic resonance spectra of these molecules taken without the electrolyte yield delocalized anions. These properties enable the control of conduction through molecular wires synthesised from quinoxalinoporphyrins.
Smith, ADAC & Wand, MP 2008, 'Streamlined variance calculations for semiparametric mixed models', Statistics in Medicine, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 435-448.
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Semiparametric mixed model analysis benefits from variability estimates such as standard errors of effect estimates and variability bars to accompany curve estimates. We show how the underlying variance calculations can be done extremely efficiently compared with the direct naïve approach. These streamlined calculations are linear in the number of subjects, representing a two orders of magnitude improvement.
Smith, GB, Maaroof, AI & Cortie, MB 2008, 'Percolation in nanoporous gold and the principle of universality for two-dimensional to hyperdimensional networks', PHYSICAL REVIEW B, vol. 78, no. 16, pp. 1-1.
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Percolation in nanoporous gold can be achieved with as little as 8% by volume of gold. Samples of nanoporous gold of various morphologies are analyzed with a combination of electrical and optical data. Growing thin films and complex multiply connected th
Sotirchos, IM, Hudson, AL, Ellis, J & Davey, MW 2008, 'Thioredoxins of a parasitic nematode: Comparison of the 16- and 12-kDA thioredoxins from Haemonchus contortus', FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE, vol. 44, no. 12, pp. 2026-2033.
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Thioredoxins are a family of small proteins conserved through evolution, which are essential for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. The classic thioredoxin, identified in most species, is a 12-kDa protein with a Cys-Pro-Gly-Cys (CPGC) active site.
Speer, MS 2008, 'On the late twentieth century decrease in Australian east coast rainfall extremes', Atmospheric Science Letters, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 160-170.
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A change from negative to positive circulation anomalies over New South Wales (NSW) during the 1970s resulted in a decrease in east coastal low-pressure systems and accompanying rain. Negative pressure anomalies over eastern Australia, anomalous onshore low-level winds and larger NSW rainfall totals since 1950, occur in the cool phase of the IPO rather than the warm phase (post-1976). Larger NSW extreme annual rainfall totals occurred prior to 1977 and were characterized by negative mean sea level pressure (MSLP) anomalies over eastern Australia. In contrast, extreme annual rainfall totals from 1977 were smaller and characterized by positive MSLP anomalies. © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society.
Srinivasan, GV, Unnikrishnan, KP, Rema Shree, AB & Balachandran, I 2008, 'HPLC estimation of berberine in <i> Tinospora cordifolia</i> and <i> Tinospora sinensis</i>', Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 96-96.
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Stack, CM, Caffrey, CR, Donnelly, SM, Seshaadri, A, Lowther, J, Tort, JF, Collins, PR, Robinson, MW, Xu, W, McKerrow, JH, Craik, CS, Geiger, SR, Marion, R, Brinen, LS & Dalton, JP 2008, 'Structural and functional relationships in the virulence-associated cathepsin L proteases of the parasitic liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica', JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 283, no. 15, pp. 9896-9908.
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The helminth parasite Fasciola hepatica secretes cysteine proteases to facilitate tissue invasion, migration, and development within the mammalian host. The major proteases cathepsin L1 (FheCL1) and cathepsin L2 (FheCL2) were recombinantly produced and b
Stark, D, Phillips, O, Peckett, D, Munro, U, Marriott, D, Harkness, J & Ellis, J 2008, 'Gorillas are a host for Dientamoeba fragilis: An update on the life cycle and host distribution', VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY, vol. 151, no. 1, pp. 21-26.
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Dientamoeba fragilis is a gastrointestinal protozoan that has a workldwide distribution and is emerging as a common caise of diarrhea. As D. fragilis has a propensity to cause chronic illness with symptoms similar to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) it is not surprising that some patients with D. fragilis are misidagnosed as having IBS. In contrast to mosrt other pethogenic protozoa verylittle is known about its life ycle, epidemiology and mode of transmission. What role animal reservoirs play in the transmission pf this parasite s unknown.
Stark, D, van Hal, S, Fotedar, R, Butcher, A, Marriott, D, Ellis, J & Harkness, J 2008, 'Comparison of stool antigen detection kits to PCR for diagnosis of amebiasis', JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 1678-1681.
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The present study was conducted to compare two stool antigen detection kits with PCR for the diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica infections by using fecal specimens submitted to the Department of Microbiology at St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, and the Ins
Stelzer-Braid, S, Escott, R, Baleriola, C, Kirkland, P, Robertson, P, Catton, M & Rawlinson, WD 2008, 'Proficiency of Nucleic Acid Tests for Avian Influenza Viruses, Australasia', Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 1126-1128.
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Stelzer-Braid, S, Wong, B, Robertson, P, Lynch, GW, Laurie, K, Shaw, R, Barr, I, Selleck, PW, Baleriola, C, Escott, R, Katsoulotos, G & Rawlinson, WD 2008, 'A commercial ELISA detects high levels of human H5 antibody but cross-reacts with influenza A antibodies', Journal of Clinical Virology, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 241-243.
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Background and objectives: Commercial serological assays to determine influenza A H5N1 infection are available, although the accuracy and reproducibility of these are not reported in detail. This study aimed to assess the validity of a commercial ELISA H5 hemagglutinin (HA) antibody kit. Study design: A commercial ELISA for detection of antibodies towards influenza A H5 HA was evaluated using human sera from vaccinated individuals. The ELISA was used to screen 304 sera with elevated influenza A complement fixation titres collected between the period 1995-2007. Results and conclusions: The ELISA was found to be accurate for sera with high levels of anti-H5 antibodies, and would be useful in clinical settings where a rapid result is required. Thirteen of the stored sera were positive using the ELISA, but were confirmed as negative for H5N1 exposure using further serological tests. Absorption studies suggested that antibodies towards seasonal H3N2 and H1N1 influenza may cross-react with H5 antigen, giving false positive results with the ELISA. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Su, Y-C, Rolph, MS, Hansbro, NG, Mackay, CR & Sewell, WA 2008, 'Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Is Required for Bronchial Eosinophilia in a Murine Model of Allergic Airway Inflammation', The Journal of Immunology, vol. 180, no. 4, pp. 2600-2607.
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Abstract
GM-CSF plays an important role in inflammation by promoting the production, activation, and survival of granulocytes and macrophages. In this study, GM-CSF knockout (GM-CSF−/−) mice were used to investigate the role of GM-CSF in a model of allergic airway inflammation. In allergic GM-CSF−/− mice, eosinophil recruitment to the airways showed a striking pattern, with eosinophils present in perivascular areas, but almost completely absent in peribronchial areas, whereas in wild-type mice, eosinophil infiltration appeared in both areas. In the GM-CSF−/− mice, mucus production in the airways was also reduced, and eosinophil numbers were markedly reduced in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)3 fluid. IL-5 production was reduced in the lung tissue and BAL fluid of GM-CSF−/− mice, but IL-4 and IL-13 production, airway hyperresponsiveness, and serum IgE levels were not affected. The presence of eosinophils in perivascular but not peribronchial regions was suggestive of a cell migration defect in the airways of GM-CSF−/− mice. The CCR3 agonists CCL5 (RANTES) and CCL11 (eotaxin-1) were expressed at similar levels in GM-CSF−/− and wild-type mice. However, IFN-γ mRNA and protein were increased in the lung tissue and BAL fluid in GM-CSF−/− mice, as were mRNA levels of the IFN-γ-inducible chemokines CXCL9 (Mig), CXCL10 (IP-10), and CXCL11 (I-Tac). Interestingly, these IFN-γ-inducible chemokines are natural antagonists of CCR3, suggesting that their overproduction in GM-CSF−/− mice contributes to the lack of airway eosinophils. These findings demonstrate distinctive abnormalities to a model of allergic asthma in the absence of GM-CSF.
Suggett, DJ, Warner, ME, Smith, DJ, Davey, P, Hennige, S & Baker, NR 2008, 'PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE BYSYMBIODINIUM(PYRRHOPHYTA) PHYLOTYPES WITH DIFFERENT THERMAL TOLERANCES1', Journal of Phycology, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 948-956.
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Occurrences whereby cnidaria lose their symbiotic dinoflagellate microalgae (Symbiodinium spp.) are increasing in frequency and intensity. These socalled bleaching events are most often related to an increase in water temperature, which is thought to limit certain Symbiodinium phylotypes from effectively dissipating absorbed excitation energy that is otherwise used for photochemistry. Here, we examined photosynthetic characteristics and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, a possible signal involved in bleaching, from two Symbiodinium types (a thermally ``tolerant A1 and ``sensitive B1) representative of cnidariaSymbiodinium symbioses of reef-building Caribbean corals. Under steady-state growth at 26C, a higher efficiency of PSII photochemistry, rate of electron turnover, and rate of O2 production were observed for type A1 than for B1. The two types responded very differently to a period of elevated temperature (32C): type A1 increased light-driven O2 consumption but not the amount of H2O2 produced; in contrast, type B1 increased the amount of H2O2 produced without an increase in light-driven O2 consumption. Therefore, our results are consistent with previous suggestions that the thermal tolerance of Symbiodinium is related to adaptive constraints associated with photosynthesis and that sensitive phylotypes are more prone to H2O2 production. Understanding these adaptive differences in the genus Symbiodinium will be crucial if we are to interpret the response of symbiotic associations, including reef-building corals, to environmental change.
Suglia, SF, Ryan, L & Wright, RJ 2008, 'Creation of a Community Violence Exposure Scale: Accounting for What, Who, Where, and How Often', JOURNAL OF TRAUMATIC STRESS, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 479-486.
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Previous research has used the Rasch model, a method for obtaining a continuous scale from dichotomous survey items measuring a single latent construct, to create a scale of community violence exposure. The authors build upon previous work and describe the application of a Rasch model using the continuation ratio model to create an exposure to community violence (ETV) scale including event circumstance information previously shown to modify the impact of experienced events. They compare the Rasch ETV scale to a simpler sum ETV score, and estimate the effect of ETV on child posttraumatic stress symptoms. Incorporating detailed event circumstance information that is grounded in traumatic stress theory may reduce measurement error in the assessment of children's community violence exposure.
Suglia, SF, Ryan, L, Laden, F, Dockery, DW & Wright, RJ 2008, 'Violence exposure, a-chronic psychosocial stressor, and childhood lung function', PSYCHOSOMATIC MEDICINE, vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 160-169.
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Objective: Chronic psychosocial stressors, including violence, and neuropsychological and behavioral development in children as well as physiologic alterations that may lead to broader health effects. Methods: We studied the relationship between violence and childhood lung function in a prospective birth cohort of 313 urban children (age range = 6-7 years). Mothers reported on their child's lifetime exposure to community violence (ETV) and interparental conflict in the home (Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS)) within I year of the lung function assessment. Results: In linear regression analyses, adjusting for maternal education, child's age, race, birthweight, tobacco smoke exposure, and medical history, girls in the highest CTS verbal aggression tertile had a 5.5% (95% confidence interval (CI) = -9.6, -1.5) decrease in percent predicted forced expiratory volume (FEV,) and a 5.4% (95% CI = -9.7, -1.1) decrease in forced vital capacity (FVC) compared with girls in the lowest tertile. The CTS verbal aggression subscale was associated with lung function among boys in the same direction, albeit this was not statistically significant. Boys in the highest ETV tertile had a 3.4% (95% CI = -8.0, 1.1) lower FEV, and 5.3% lower FVC (95% Cl = -10.2, -0.4) compared with boys in the lowest tertile. The ETV score was not a significant predictor of girls' lung function. Conclusions: Interparental conflict, specifically verbal aggression, and ETV were associated with decreased childhood lung function independent of socioeconomic status, tobacco smoke exposure, birthweight, and respiratory illness history. Gender differences were noted based on the type of violence exposure, which may warrant further exploration.
Supansomboon, S, Maaroof, A & Cortie, MB 2008, ''Purple glory': The optical properties and technology of AuAl2 coatings', GOLD BULLETIN, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 296-304.
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"Purple glory": the optical properties and technology of AuAi2 coatings
Surkan, PJ, Kawachi, I, Ryan, LM, Berkman, LF, Vieira, C & Peterson, KE 2008, 'Maternal depressive symptoms, parenting self-efficacy, and child growth', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, vol. 98, no. 1, pp. 125-132.
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Objectives. We assessed whether maternal depressive symptoms and parenting self-efficacy were associated with child growth delay. Methods. We collected data from a random sample of 595 low-income mothers and their children aged 6 to 24 months in Teresina, Piauí, Brazil, including information on sociodemographic characteristics, mothers depressive symptoms and parenting self-efficacy, and childrens anthropometric characteristics. We used adjusted logistic regression models in our analyses. Results. Depressive symptoms among mothers were associated with 1.8 times higher odds (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1, 2.9) of short stature among children. Parenting self-efficacy was not associated with short stature, nor did it mediate or modify the relationship between depressive symptoms and short stature. Maternal depressive symptoms and self-efficacy were not related to child underweight. Conclusions. Our results showed that among low-income Brazilian families maternal depressive symptoms, but not self-efficacy, were associated with short stature in children aged 6 to 24 months after adjustment for known predictors of growth.
Swift, PD, Lawlor, R, Smith, GB & Gentle, A 2008, 'Rectangular-section mirror light pipes', SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS, vol. 92, no. 8, pp. 969-975.
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Using an integrated-ray approach an expression for the transmission of rectangular section mirror light pipe (MLP) has been derived for the case of collimated light input. The transmittance and the irradiance distribution at the exit aperture of rectangu
Szabo, M, Lepetit, B, Goss, R, Wilhelm, C, Mustardy, L & Garab, G 2008, 'Structurally flexible macro-organization of the pigment-protein complexes of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum', PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH, vol. 95, no. 2-3, pp. 237-245.
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By means of circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, we have characterized the organization of the photosynthetic complexes of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum at different levels of structural complexity: in intact cells, isolated thylakoid membranes and purified fucoxanthin chlorophyll protein (FCP) complexes. We found that the CD spectrum of whole cells was dominated by a large band at (+)698 nm, accompanied by a long tail from differential scattering, features typical for psi-type (polymerization or salt-induced) CD. The CD spectrum additionally contained intense (-)679 nm, (+)445 nm and (-)470 nm bands, which were also present in isolated thylakoid membranes and FCPs. While the latter two bands were evidently produced by excitonic interactions, the nature of the (-)679 nm band remained unclear. Electrochromic absorbance changes also revealed the existence of a CD-silent long-wavelength (~545 nm) absorbing fucoxanthin molecule with very high sensitivity to the transmembrane electrical field. In intact cells the main CD band at (+)698 nm appeared to be associated with the multilamellar organization of the thylakoid membranes. It was sensitive to the osmotic pressure and was selectively diminished at elevated temperatures and was capable of undergoing light-induced reversible changes.
Tan, YP, Giffard, PM, Barry, DG, Huston, WM & Turner, MS 2008, 'Random Mutagenesis Identifies Novel Genes Involved in the Secretion of Antimicrobial, Cell Wall-Lytic Enzymes by Lactococcus lactis', Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 74, no. 24, pp. 7490-7496.
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ABSTRACT
Lactococcus lactis
is a gram-positive bacterium that is widely used in the food industry and is therefore desirable as a candidate for the production and secretion of recombinant proteins. Previously, we generated a
L. lactis
strain that expressed and secreted the antimicrobial cell wall-lytic enzyme lysostaphin. To identify lactococcal gene products that affect the production of lysostaphin, we isolated and characterized mutants generated by random transposon mutagenesis that had altered lysostaphin activity. Out of 35,000 mutants screened, only one with no lysostaphin activity was identified, and it was found to contain an insertion in the lysostaphin expression cassette. Ten mutants with higher lysostaphin activity contained insertions in only four different genes, which encode an uncharacterized putative transmembrane protein (llmg_0609) (three mutants), an enzyme catalyzing the first step in peptidoglycan biosynthesis (
murA2
) (five mutants), a putative regulator of peptidoglycan modification (
trmA
) (one mutant), and an uncharacterized enzyme possibly involved in ubiquinone biosynthesis (llmg_2148) (one mutant). These mutants were found to secrete larger amounts of lysostaphin than the control strain (MG1363[
lss
]), and the greatest increase in secretion was 9.8- to 16.1-fold, for the llmg_0609 mutants. The lysostaphin-oversecreting llmg_0609,
murA2
, and
trmA
mutants were also found to secrete larger amounts of another cell wall-lytic enzyme (the
Listeria monocytogenes
bacteriophage endolysin Ply511) ...
Taylor, SR, Ung, AT & Pyne, SG 2008, 'ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Benzo[c]chromen-6-one via Novel Cyclic Aryl—Pd(II)—Ester Enolate Intermediates.', ChemInform, vol. 39, no. 6.
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Thomas, T, Evans, FF, Schleheck, D, Mai-Prochnow, A, Burke, C, Penesyan, A, Dalisay, DS, Stelzer-Braid, S, Saunders, N, Johnson, J, Ferriera, S, Kjelleberg, S & Egan, S 2008, 'Analysis of the Pseudoalteromonas tunicata Genome Reveals Properties of a Surface-Associated Life Style in the Marine Environment', PLOS ONE, vol. 3, no. 9.
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Thompson, FE, Kipnis, V, Midthune, D, Freedman, LS, Carroll, RJ, Subar, AF, Brown, CC, Butcher, MS, Mouw, T, Leitzmann, M & Schatzkin, A 2008, 'Performance of a food-frequency questionnaire in the US NIH–AARP (National Institutes of Health–American Association of Retired Persons) Diet and Health Study', Public Health Nutrition, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 183-195.
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AbstractObjectiveWe evaluated the performance of the food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) administered to participants in the US NIH–AARP (National Institutes of Health–American Association of Retired Persons) Diet and Health Study, a cohort of 566 404 persons living in the USA and aged 50–71 years at baseline in 1995.DesignThe 124-item FFQ was evaluated within a measurement error model using two non-consecutive 24-hour dietary recalls (24HRs) as the reference.SettingParticipants were from six states (California, Florida, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, North Carolina and Louisiana) and two metropolitan areas (Atlanta, Georgia and Detroit, Michigan).SubjectsA subgroup of the cohort consisting of 2053 individuals.ResultsFor the 26 nutrient constituents examined, estimated correlations with true intake (not energy-adjusted) ranged from 0.22 to 0.67, and attenuation factors ranged from 0.15 to 0.49. When adjusted for reported energy intake, performance improved; estimated correlations with true intake ranged from 0.36 to 0.76, and attenuation factors ranged from 0.24 to 0.68. These results compare favourably with those from other large prospective studies. However, previous biomarker-based studies suggest that, due to correlation of errors in FFQs and self-report reference instruments such as the 24HR, the correlations and attenuation factors observed in most calibration studies, including ours, tend to overestimate FFQ performa...
Ton-That, C, Foley, M & Phillips, MR 2008, 'Luminescent properties of ZnO nanowires and as-grown ensembles', NANOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 19, no. 41, pp. 1-5.
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Vertically aligned ZnO nanowires were synthesized on a sapphire (11 (2) over bar0) substrate by vapour deposition and their light-emitting properties were characterized using photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence spectroscopies. Besides the nanowires, there exists a mosaic ZnO film on the substrate surface. Comparison of the luminescent properties of the as-grown ensemble and the nanowires extracted from it shows that the mosaic film is the major source of the defect-related green emission while the nanowires possess highly crystalline quality with virtually no defects. Photoemission spectroscopy shows that the valence band states associated with O 2p from the as-grown sample are diminished compared with those from the extracted nanowires. These findings suggest that the green emission partly arises from oxygen vacancies located on the surface of the mosaic film.
Ton-That, C, Foley, M & Phillips, MR 2008, 'Luminescent properties of ZnO nanowires and as-grown ensembles.', Nanotechnology, vol. 19, no. 41, p. 415606.
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Vertically aligned ZnO nanowires were synthesized on a sapphire ([Formula: see text]) substrate by vapour deposition and their light-emitting properties were characterized using photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence spectroscopies. Besides the nanowires, there exists a mosaic ZnO film on the substrate surface. Comparison of the luminescent properties of the as-grown ensemble and the nanowires extracted from it shows that the mosaic film is the major source of the defect-related green emission while the nanowires possess highly crystalline quality with virtually no defects. Photoemission spectroscopy shows that the valence band states associated with O 2p from the as-grown sample are diminished compared with those from the extracted nanowires. These findings suggest that the green emission partly arises from oxygen vacancies located on the surface of the mosaic film.
Ton-That, C, Phillips, MR & Nguyen, T-P 2008, 'Blue shift in the luminescence spectra of MEH-PPV films containing ZnO nanoparticles', JOURNAL OF LUMINESCENCE, vol. 128, no. 12, pp. 2031-2034.
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Luminescence properties of nanocomposites consisting of ZnO nanoparticles in a conjugated polymer, poly [2-methoxy-5-(2?-ethyl hexyloxy)-phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV), were investigated. Photoluminescence measurements reveal a blue shift in the emission spectrum of MEH-PPV upon incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles into the polymer film while the emission is increasingly quenched with increasing ZnO concentration. In contrast, the structure of the polymer and its conjugation length are not affected by the presence of ZnO nanoparticles (up to 16 wt% ZnO) as revealed by Raman spectroscopy. The blue shift and photoluminescence quenching are explained by the separation of photogenerated electronhole pairs at the MEH-PPV/ZnO interface and the charging of the nanoparticles.
Ton-That, C, Phillips, MR, Foley, M, Moody, SJ & Stampfl, APJ 2008, 'Surface electronic properties of ZnO nanoparticles', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 92, no. 26, pp. 1-3.
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The surface electronic structure of ZnO nanoparticles has been studied with photoemission and x-ray absorption spectroscopies. Contrary to expectation, ZnO:Zn phosphor nanoparticles were found to contain a lower oxygen vacancy density on the surface than undoped ZnO counterparts, but oxygen vacancies are in different chemical environments. Cathodoluminescence shows intense green luminescence from the ZnO:Zn surface, while the undoped nanoparticles exhibit only the near-band-edge emission. The results indicate the roles of surface oxygen vacancies and their environment in the previously unexplained green luminescence from the ZnO:Zn material.
Ton-That, C, Stockton, G, Phillips, MR, Nguyen, T-P, Huang, CH & Cojocaru, A 2008, 'Luminescence properties of poly-(phenylene vinylene) derivatives', POLYMER INTERNATIONAL, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 496-501.
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BACKGROUND: Conjugated polymers, especially those of the poly(phenylene vinylene) (PPV) family, are promising candidates as emission material in fight-emitting devices. The aim of this work was to investigate the dependence of the luminescence properties
Treerat, P, Widmer, F, Middleton, PG, Iredell, J & George, AM 2008, 'In vitro interactions of tobramycin with various nonantibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cenocepacia', FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS, vol. 285, no. 1, pp. 40-50.
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia are the major pathogens that colonize the airway surface and cause progressive respiratory failure and high mortality, especially in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Tobramycin is the treatment of choice, but persistent usage enables the infectious organisms to activate defence mechanisms, making eradication rarely successful. Combinations of antibiotic and nonantibiotic compounds have been tested in vitro against P. aeruginosa and B. cepacia, but with mixed results. Sodium ions interfere with the bacterial tobramycin uptake system, but amiloride partially reverses this antagonism. In this pilot study, we extend previous findings of the effectiveness of tobramycin in combination with amiloride and other nonantibiotics against a P. aeruginosa type strain, and against four P. aeruginosa strains and one Burkholderia cenocepacia strain isolated from CF patients. Significantly, the four clinical P. aeruginosa strains were tobramycin resistant. We also find that Na+ and K+, but not Cl-, are the chief antagonists of tobramycin efficacy. These results suggest that chemotherapy for CF patients might not only be compromised by antibiotic-resistant pathogens alone, but by a lack of penetration of antibiotics caused either by bacterial biofilms or the high sodium flux in the CF lung, or by antagonistic effects of some drug combinations, any of which could allow the persistence of drug-susceptible bacteria.
Ulstrup, KE, Hill, R, van Oppen, MJH, Larkum, AWD & Ralph, PJ 2008, 'Seasonal variation in the photo-physiology of homogeneous and heterogeneous Symbiodinium consortia in two scleractinian corals', MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES, vol. 361, pp. 139-150.
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Seasonal variation in the composition of the algal endosymbiont community and photophysiology was determined in the corals Pocillopora damicornis,w hich show high local fidelity to one symbiont type (Symbiodinium C1) and Acropora valida, with a mixed Symbiodinium synbiont community, compromising members of both clades A and C. The relative abundances of Symbiodinium types varied overtime. A significant decline in symbiont densities in both coral species during the summer of 2005 coincided with a NOAA 'hotspot' warning for Heron Island. This also coincided with a relayiove increase in the presence and dominance of clade A in A. valida particularl in sun-adapted surfaces.
UNICOMB, LE, O'REILLY, LC, KIRK, MD, STAFFORD, RJ, SMITH, HV, BECKER, NG, PATEL, MS & GILBERT, GL 2008, 'Risk factors for infection withCampylobacter jejuni flaAgenotypes', Epidemiology and Infection, vol. 136, no. 11, pp. 1480-1491.
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SUMMARYWe aimed to exploreCampylobactergenotype-specific risk factors in Australia. Isolates collected prospectively from cases recruited into a case-control study were genotyped usingflaArestriction fragment-length polymorphism typing (flaAgenotyping). Exposure information for cases and controls was collected by telephone interview. Risk factors were examined for majorflaAgenotypes using logistic and multinomial regression. FiveflaAgenotypes accounted for 325 of 590 (55%) cases – flaA-6b (n=129),flaA-6 (n=70),flaA-10 (n=48),flaA-2 (n=43),flaA-131 (n=35). In Australia, infections due toflaA-10 andflaA-2 were found to be significantly associated with eating non-poultry meat (beef and ham, respectively) in both case-control and inter-genotype comparisons. All major genotypes apart fromflaA-10 were associated with chicken consumption in the case-control comparisons. Based on several clinical criteria, infections due toflaA-2 were more severe than those due to other genotypes. Thus genotype analysis may reveal genotype-specific niches and differences in virulence and transmission routes.
Unnikrishnan, KP, Raja, S & Balachandran, I 2008, 'A reverse phase HPLC-UV and HPTLC methods for determination of plumbagin inPlumbago indicaandPlumbago zeylanica', Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 70, no. 6, pp. 844-844.
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Vanamala, J, Glagolenko, A, Yang, P, Carroll, RJ, Murphy, ME, Newman, RA, Ford, JR, Braby, LA, Chapkin, RS, Turner, ND & Lupton, JR 2008, 'Dietary fish oil and pectin enhance colonocyte apoptosis in part through suppression of PPARδ/PGE 2 and elevation of PGE 3', Carcinogenesis, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 790-796.
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Varganov, SA, Gilbert, ATB, Deplazes, E & Gill, PMW 2008, 'Resolutions of the Coulomb operator', The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 128, no. 20, pp. 201104-201104.
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VERMEULEN, P, GRAAT, P, WONDERGEM, H & NOTTEN, P 2008, 'Crystal structures of MgyTi100−y thin film alloys in the as-deposited and hydrogenated state', International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 33, no. 20, pp. 5646-5650.
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Vermeulen, P, Wondergem, HJ, Graat, PCJ, Borsa, DM, Schreuders, H, Dam, B, Griessen, R & Notten, PHL 2008, 'In situ electrochemical XRD study of (de)hydrogenation of MgyTi100−y thin films', Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 18, no. 31, pp. 3680-3680.
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X-Ray diffraction and electrochemical (de)hydrogenation were performed in situ to monitor the symmetry of the unit cells of MgyTi 100-y thin film alloys (70 ≤ y ≤ 90 at.% Mg) along the pressure-composition isotherms at room temperature. The diffraction patterns show that the crystal structures of all as-deposited alloys have a hexagonal closed packed symmetry. Inserting hydrogen transforms the structure to a body centered tetragonal structure for Mg90Ti10, whereas the unit cells of Mg70Ti30 and Mg80Ti20 transform into a face centered cubic symmetry. The structural change of the hydrides along with the ability to rapidly (de)hydrogenate the films emphasize the influence of the symmetry of the host lattice on the hydrogen transport properties. The lattice spacings of the unit cell of Mg90Ti 10Hx as a function of hydrogen content do not change much in the phase transformation region, indicating that only the fractions of the phases change. Remarkably, the lattice spacings found for Mg70Ti 30Hx in the two phase coexistence region reveal that not only the fractions but also the Mg-to-Ti ratio of both phases continuously change. Evidently, there is a large spread in the thermodynamic stability of the available sites for hydrogen. Since the X-ray diffraction patterns rule out large scale segregation, the results imply a nanostructured alloy with Ti-poor and Ti-rich regions and illustrate that the Mg and Ti atoms in Mg 70Ti30 are not randomly distributed. © The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Verschueren, ARM, Notten, PHL, Schlangen, LJM, Strubbe, F, Beunis, F & Neyts, K 2008, 'Screening and Separation of Charges in Microscale Devices: Complete Planar Solution of the Poisson−Boltzmann Equation', The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 112, no. 41, pp. 13038-13050.
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The Poisson - Boltzmann (PB) equation is widely used to calculate the interaction between electric potential and the distribution of charged species. In the case of a symmetrical electrolyte in planar geometry, the Gouy - Chapman (GC) solution is generally presented as the analytical solution of the PB equation. However, we demonstrate here that this GC solution assumes the presence of a bulk region with zero electric field, which is not justified in microdevices. In order to extend the range of validity, we obtain here the complete numerical solution of the planar PB equation, supported with analytical approximations. For low applied voltages, it agrees with the GC solution. Here, the electric double layers fully absorb the applied voltage such that a region appears where the electric field is screened. For higher voltages (of order 1 V in microdevices), the solution of the PB equation shows a dramatically different behavior, in that the double layers can no longer absorb the complete applied voltage. Instead, a finite field remains throughout the device that leads to complete separation of the charged species. In this higher voltage regime, the double layer characteristics are no longer described by the usual Debye parameter k, and the ion concentration at the electrodes is intrinsically bound (even without assuming steric interactions). In addition, we have performed measurements of the electrode polarization current on a nonaqueous model electrolyte inside a microdevice. The experimental results are fully consistent with our calculations, for the complete concentration and voltage range of interest. © 2008 American Chemical Society.
Vijayakumar, R, Shivaramu, Ramamurthy, N & Ford, MJ 2008, 'Compton scattering study of electron momentum distribution in lithium fluoride using 662 keV gamma radiations', PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER, vol. 403, no. 23-24, pp. 4309-4313.
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Here we report the first ever 137Cs Compton spectroscopy study of lithium fluoride. The spherical average Compton profiles of lithium fluoride are deduced from Compton scattering measurements on poly crystalline sample at gamma ray energy of 662 keV. To compare the experimental data, we have computed the spherical average Compton profiles using self-consistent HartreeFock wave functions employed on linear combination of atomic orbital (HF-LCAO) approximation. The directional Compton profiles and their anisotropic effects are also calculated using the same HF-LCAO approximation. The experimental spherical average profiles are found to be in good agreement with the corresponding HF-LCAO calculations and in qualitative agreement with HartreeFock free atom values. The present experimental isotropic and calculated directional profiles are also compared with the available experimental isotropic and directional Compton profiles using 59.54 and 159 keV gamma-rays.
Wadsworth, KD, Rowland, SL, Harry, EJ & King, GF 2008, 'The divisomal protein DivIB contains multiple epitopes that mediate its recruitment to incipient division sites', Molecular Microbiology, vol. 67, no. 5, pp. 1143-1155.
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Bacterial cytokinesis is orchestrated by an assembly of essential cell division proteins that form a supramolecular structure known as the divisome. DivIB and its orthologue FtsQ are essential members of the divisome in Gram-positive and Gram-negative ba
Wallach, MG, Ashash, U, Michael, A & Smith, NC 2008, 'Field Application of a Subunit Vaccine against an Enteric Protozoan Disease', PLoS ONE, vol. 3, no. 12, pp. e3948-e3948.
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A subunit vaccine composed of purified antigens from the gametocytes of Eimeria maxima was used to stimulate the production and transfer of maternal antibodies between breeding hens and their hatchlings. The vaccine was injected into hens twice before they began laying eggs. Immunization had no adverse affects on egg laying or health of the hens and resulted in high antibody levels throughout the life of the hens. Progeny of immunized hens excreted significantly less oocysts of various species of Eimeria in their faeces than chicks from unvaccinated hens. Furthermore, the offspring of vaccinated hens developed stronger natural immunity to Eimeria, so that they were resistant to challenge infection even at 8 weeks of age, well after all maternal antibodies had left their circulation. Field trials were conducted in South Africa, Brazil and Thailand, involving at least 1 million progeny of vaccinated hens and at least 1 million positive control birds (raised on feed containing anticoccidial drugs or immunized with a live vaccine) in each country. Additionally, trials were carried out in Israel involving 60 million progeny of vaccinated hens and 112 million positive control birds. There were no significant differences in growth rate, feed conversion ratios or mortality in the offspring of vaccinated hens compared with the positive control chickens in any of these countries regardless of different management practices, different breeds of chickens or climate.
Wang, G, Gou, X, Horvat, J & Park, J 2008, 'Facile Synthesis and Characterization of Iron Oxide Semiconductor Nanowires for Gas Sensing Application', The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 112, no. 39, pp. 15220-15225.
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We report a facile and efficient synthesis technique for the preparation of iron oxide semiconductor nanowires in large quantity by using nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) as a chelating agent to form polymeric chains, followed by heat treatment. This technique can also be applied for preparing other transition metal oxide nanowires such as MnO2 nanowires and NiO nanowires. The as-prepared ?-Fe2O3 nanowires have exhibited a blue shift of bandgap, peculiar magnetic properties, and high sensitivities toward ethanol and acetic acid gases.
Wang, G, Yang, J, Park, J, Gou, X, Wang, B, Liu, H & Yao, J 2008, 'Facile synthesis and characterization of graphene nanosheets', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C, vol. 112, no. 22, pp. 8192-8195.
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Graphene nanosheets were produced in large quantity via a soft chemistry synthetic route involving graphite oxidation, ultrasonic exfoliation, and chemical reduction. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations show that graphene nanosheets were produced with sizes in the range of tens to hundreds of square nanometers and ripple-like corrugations. High resolution TEM (HRTEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) analysis confirmed the ordered graphite crystal structure of graphene nanosheets. The optical properties of graphene nanosheets were characterized by Raman spectroscopy
Wang, L, Smith, NA, Zhang, L, Dennis, ES, Waterhouse, PM, Unrau, PJ & Wang, M-B 2008, 'Synthesis of complementary RNA by RNA-dependent RNA polymerases in plant extracts is independent of an RNA primer', FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY, vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 1091-1099.
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RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDR) activities were readily detected in extracts from cauliflower and broccoli florets, Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh callus tissue and broccoli nuclei. The synthesis of complementary RNA (cRNA) was independent of a RNA primer, whether or not the primer contained a 30 terminal 20 -O-methyl group or was phosphorylated at the 50 terminus. cRNA synthesis in plant extracts was not affected by loss-of-function mutations in the DICER-LIKE (DCL) proteins DCL2, DCL3, and DCL4, indicating that RDRs function independently of these DCL proteins. A loss-of-function mutation in RDR1, RDR2 or RDR6 did not significantly reduce the amount of cRNA synthesis. This indicates that these RDRs did not account for the bulk RDR activities in plant extracts, and suggest that either the individual RDRs each contribute a fraction of polymerase activity or another RDR(s) is predominant in the plant extract.
Wang, M-B, Helliwell, CA, Wu, L-M, Waterhouse, PM, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2008, 'Hairpin RNAs derived from RNA polymerase II and polymerase III promoter-directed transgenes are processed differently in plants', RNA-A PUBLICATION OF THE RNA SOCIETY, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 903-913.
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RNA polymerase III (Pol III) as well as Pol II (35S) promoters are able to drive hairpin RNA ( hpRNA) expression and induce target gene silencing in plants. siRNAs of 21 nt are the predominant species in a 35S Pol II line, whereas 24- and/or 22-nucleotide (nt) siRNAs are produced by a Pol III line. The 35S line accumulated the loop of the hpRNA, in contrast to full-length hpRNA in the Pol III line. These suggest that Pol II and Pol III-transcribed hpRNAs are processed by different pathways. One Pol III transgene produced only 24- nt siRNAs but silenced the target gene efficiently, indicating that the 24- nt siRNAs can direct mRNA degradation; specific cleavage was confirmed by 59 rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Both Pol II- and Pol III-directed hpRNA transgenes induced cytosine methylation in the target DNA. The extent of methylation is not correlated with the level of 21-nt siRNAs, suggesting that they are not effective inducers of DNA methylation. The promoter of a U6 transgene was significantly methylated, whereas the promoter of the endogenous U6 gene was almost free of cytosine methylation, suggesting that endogenous sequences are more resistant to de novo DNA methylation than are transgene constructs.
Warren, SL, Ollendick, TH & Simmens, SJ 2008, 'Reliability and validity of the fear survey schedule for infants-preschoolers', Depression and Anxiety, vol. 25, no. 12, pp. E205-E207.
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The aim of this research was to examine the reliability and validity of a new questionnaire to measure fears in young children. One hundred and thirty-three parents of children 18 months to 5 years of age completed the Fear Survey Schedule for Infants - Preschoolers (FSSIP). Parents and other caregivers were interviewed and completed questionnaires concerning child fearfulness, and child fearful behavior was observed. The FSSIP demonstrated high internal consistency, low-to-moderate test-retest correlations over an average of 6 months, and good convergent and discriminant validity. With further research, the FSSIP could aid in the investigation of the duration and consequences of fears in young children. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Webb, JK & Shine, R 2008, 'Differential effects of an intense wildfire on survival of sympatric snakes', JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, vol. 72, no. 6, pp. 1394-1398.
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We analyzed 16 years of mark-recapture data to investigate whether a wildfire influenced survival of an arboreal ambush-forager (broad-headed snake [Hoplocephalus bungaroides]) and a terrestrial active forager (small-eyed snake Cryptophis nigrescens). We predicted that wildfire would cause direct mortality and reduce subsequent survival of both snake species. Contrary to this prediction, wildfire did not affect abundance of broad-headed snakes, but abundance of small-eyed snakes decreased by 48% after the wildfire. Estimated annual survival of small-eyed snakes was 37% lower after fire (s= 0.47, SE= 0.07) than before fire (s=0.74, SE = 0.05). Prescribed burning maybe a suitable tool for creating open habitat mosaics for the endangered broad-headed snake.
Webb, JK, Brown, GP, Child, T, Greenlees, MJ, phillips, BL & Shine, R 2008, 'A native dasyurid predator (common planigale, Planigale maculata) rapidly learns to avoid a toxic invader', AUSTRAL ECOLOGY, vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 821-829.
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Interactions between invasive species and native fauna afford a unique opportunity to examine interspecific encounters as they first occur, without the complications introduced by coevolution. In northern Australia, the continuing invasion of the highly toxic cane toad Bufo marinus poses a threat to many frog-eating predators. Can predators learn to distinguish the novel toxic prey item from native prey (and thus, avoid being poisoned), or are longer-term genetically based changes to attack behaviour needed before predators can coexist with toads? To predict the short-term impact of cane toads on native predators, we need to know the proportion of individuals that will attack toads, the proportion surviving the encounter, and whether surviving predators learn to avoid toads. We quantified these traits in a dasyurid (common planigale, Planigale maculata) that inhabits tropical floodplains across northern Australia. Although 90% of naive planigales attacked cane toads, 83% of these animals survived because they either rejected the toad unharmed, or killed and consumed the prey snout-first (thereby avoiding the toxin-laden parotoid glands). Most planigales showed one-trial learning and subsequently refused to attack cane toads for long time periods (up to 28 days). Toad-exposed planigales also avoided native frogs for up to 9 days, thereby providing an immediate benefit to native anurans. However, the predators gradually learnt to use chemical cues to discriminate between frogs and toads. Collectively, our results suggest that generalist predators can learn to distinguish and avoid novel toxic prey very rapidly - and hence, that small dasyurid predators can rapidly adapt to the cane toad invasion. Indeed, it may be feasible to teach especially vulnerable predators to avoid cane toads before the toads invade, by deploying low-toxicity baits that stimulate taste-aversion learning.
Webb, JK, Pike, DA & Shine, R 2008, 'Population ecology of the velvet gecko, Oedura lesueurii in south eastern Australia: Implications for the persistence of an endangered snake', AUSTRAL ECOLOGY, vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 839-847.
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Ecological specialization, such as major dependence upon a single-prey species, can render a predator taxon vulnerable to extinction. In such cases, understanding the population dynamics of that prey type is important for conserving the predator that relies upon it. In eastern Australia, the endangered broad-headed snake Hoplocephalus bungaroides feeds largely on velvet geckos (Oedura lesueurii). We studied growth, longevity and reproduction in a population of velvet geckos in Morton National Park in south-eastern Australia. We marked 458 individual geckos over a 3-year period (1992-1995) and made yearly visits to field sites from 1995-2006 to recapture marked individuals. Female geckos grew larger than males, and produced their first clutch at age 4 years. Males can mature at 2 years, but male-male combat for females probably forces males to delay reproduction until age 3 years. Females lay a single clutch of two eggs in communal nests in November, and up to 22 females deposited eggs in a single nest. Egg hatching success was high (100%), and juveniles had high survival (76%) during their first 6 months of life. Velvet geckos are long-lived, and the mean age of marked animals recaptured after 1995 was 6.1 years (males) and 8.4 years (females). Older females (7.5-9.5 years) were all gravid when last recaptured. Like other temperate-climate gekkonids, O. lesueurii has a 'slow' life history, and population viability could be threatened by any factors that increase egg or adult mortality. Two such factors - the removal of 'bush rocks' for urban gardens, and the overgrowth of rock outcrops by vegetation - could render small gecko populations vulnerable to extinction. In turn, the reliance of predatory broad-headed snakes on this slow-growing lizard species may increase its vulnerability to extinction.
Wenbo, E, Kadish, KM, Sintic, PJ, Khoury, T, Govenlock, LJ, Ou, Z, Shao, J, Ohkubo, K, Reimers, JR, Fukuzumi, S & Crossley, MJ 2008, 'Control of the orbital delocalization and implications for molecular rectification in the radical anions of porphyrins with coplanar 90 degrees and 180 degrees beta,beta '-fused extensions', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A, vol. 112, no. 3, pp. 556-570.
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Through-porphyrin electronic communication is investigated using "linear-type" and "corner-type" bis(quinoxalino)porphyrins in free-base form and their Zn-II, Cu-II, Ni-II, and Pd-II derivatives. These compounds are porphyrins with quinoxalines fused on opposite or adjacent beta,beta'-pyrrolic positions; they were synthesized from 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)-porphyrin-2,3,12,13- and -2,3,7,8-tetraone, respectively, by reaction with 1,2-phenylenediamine. The degree of electron spin delocalization into the fused rings in the pi-radical anions of the free-base and metal(II) bisquinoxalinoporphyrins was elucidated by electrochemistry, UV-vis absorption, and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra of the singly reduced species and density functional theory calculations. Hyperfine splitting patterns in the ESR spectra of the pi-radical anions show that symmetric molecules have delocalized electron spin, indicating, that significant inter-quinoxaline interactions are mediated through the central porphyrin unit, these interactions being sufficient to guarantee through-molecule conduction. However, when molecular symmetry is broken by tautomeric exchange of the inner nitrogen hydrogens in the free-base porphyrin with a corner-type quinoxaline substitution pattern, the pi-radical anion becomes confined so that one quinoxaline group is omitted from spin delocalization. This indicates the appearance of a unidirectional barrier to through-molecule conduction, suggesting a new motif for chemically controlled rectification.
West, PJ, Zareie, HM & McDonagh, AM 2008, 'Synthesis and characterization of anthracene-2,6-dithioacetate: a rigid, conjugated molecule for the formation of monolayers on gold', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, vol. 61, no. 10, pp. 758-761.
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The synthesis and characterization of a new photoswitchable anthracene compound, anthracene-2,6-dithioacetate, is presented. The compound dimerizes in solution on irradiation with UV light, and thin films can be formed on gold surfaces from both the monomer and photodimer.
White, TP, Botten, LC, de Sterke, CM, Dossou, KB & McPhedran, RC 2008, 'Efficient slow-light coupling in a photonic crystal waveguide without transition region', OPTICS LETTERS, vol. 33, no. 22, pp. 2644-2646.
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We consider the coupling into a slow mode that appears near an inflection point in the band structure of a photonic crystal waveguide. Remarkably, the coupling into this slow mode, which has a group index ng>1000, can be essentially perfect without any transition region. We show that this efficient coupling occurs thanks to an evanescent mode in the slow medium, which has appreciable amplitude and helps satisfy the boundary conditions but does not transport any energy.
Willcox, MDP, Zhu, H, Conibear, TCR, Hume, EBH, Givskov, M, Kjelleberg, S & Rice, SA 2008, 'Role of quorum sensing by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in microbial keratitis and cystic fibrosis', Microbiology, vol. 154, no. 8, pp. 2184-2194.
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Williams, DBG & Lawton, MC 2008, 'Highly atom efficient aluminium triflate catalysed acetal formation', Green Chemistry, vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 914-914.
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Williams, DBG & Pretorius, M 2008, 'Synthesis and evaluation of phosphine–N ligands in transition metal-catalysed CC bond forming reactions', Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, vol. 284, no. 1-2, pp. 77-84.
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Williams, DBG, Shaw, ML, Green, MJ & Holzapfel, CW 2008, 'Aluminum Triflate as a Highly Active and Efficient Nonprotic Cocatalyst in the Palladium-Catalyzed Methoxycarbonylation Reaction', Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 560-563.
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Wohlthat, S, Pauly, F & Reimers, JR 2008, 'The conduction properties of alpha,omega-diaminoalkanes and hydrazine bridging gold electrodes', CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 454, no. 4-6, pp. 284-288.
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The conduction properties of alpha,omega-diaminoalkanes and hydrazine bridging gold electrodes are investigated using density functional theory in combination with Green's function techniques and group theory. We show that more than 99% of the current at low bias is carried by one channel of A' symmetry whose form is invariant to both the alkane chain length and realistic changes of the injection energy. The total conductance decreases exponentially with a decay constant of 0.73 angstrom(-1) with increasing chain length while the calculated gold- amine contact resistance is ca. 150 k Omega.
Wohlthat, S, Pauly, F & Reimers, JR 2008, 'Two-dimensional, phenanthroline-based, extended pi-conjugated molecules for single-molecule conduction', JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER, vol. 20, no. 29, p. 295208.
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The conduction properties of phenanthroline-terminated, polycyclic extended pi-conjugated molecular wires are investigated using density functional theory (DFT) in combination with Green's function techniques and group theory. While these molecules could possibly be thought of as accessible graphene-like fragments, they are calculated to conduct poorly. The decay constant for their exponential decrease of conductance with length is in excess of 0.6 angstrom(-1) for the addition of internal fused quinoxaline groups and in excess of 0.9 angstrom(-1) for the addition of internal pyrazine-fused pyrene groups. Furthermore, while the bidentate phenanthroline connectors adhere strongly to gold, they are sometimes predicted to be less conductive than related monodentate connectors. Careful design is thus required for any graphene-like extended pi-system intended for single-molecule conduction applications.
Wolff, JC, Greene, RW & Ollendick, TH 2008, 'Differential Responses of Children with Varying Degrees of Reactive and Proactive Aggression to Two Forms of Psychosocial Treatment', Child & Family Behavior Therapy, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 37-50.
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This study examined differential treatment effects for children with varying degrees of reactive and proactive aggression who received one of two types of psychosocial treatments that were specifically designed to address the unique characteristics associated with these two subtypes of aggression. Forty-seven affectively dysregulated children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) participated in the study and were randomly but proportionately assigned to Collaborative Problem Solving (n = 28) or Parent Training (n = 19) treatment conditions. Results indicate a main effect for type of treatment, modest support for the moderating role of proactive aggression, and no support for reactive aggression as a moderator of treatment outcome. Implications for assessment and treatment of aggression are discussed. © 2008 by The Haworth Press.
Wressnig, A & Booth, DJ 2008, 'Patterns of seagrass biomass removal by two temperate Australian fishes (Monacanthidae)', MARINE AND FRESHWATER RESEARCH, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 408-417.
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Despite the global significance of nearshore seagrass beds, little is known of their trophodynamic processes. Herbivory by seagrass fishes is thought to be significant but some species previously suspected to be herbivores may be largely detritivorous. P
Wu, J, Wang, G, Jin, D, Yuan, J, Guan, Y & Piper, J 2008, 'Luminescent europium nanoparticles with a wide excitation range from UV to visible light for biolabeling and time-gated luminescence bioimaging', Chem. Commun., no. 3, pp. 365-367.
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Wuhrer, R, Moran, K & Phillips, MR 2008, 'Multi-Detector X-Ray Mapping and Generation of Correction Factor Images for Problem Solving', Microscopy and Microanalysis, vol. 14, no. S2, pp. 1108-1109.
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2008 in Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA, August 3 – August 7, 2008
Wynne, O, Horvat, J, Smith, R, Hansbro, P, Clifton, V & Hodgson, D 2008, '64. Impact of neonatal infection on adult hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor and mineralocorticoid receptor abundance', Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 19-19.
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Xia, L & Gu, HY 2008, 'SOM-based approach for addressing multi-criteria scheduling problems', Jisuanji Jicheng Zhizao Xitong/Computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems, CIMS, vol. 14, no. 4.
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To solve the posterior multi-criteria scheduling problems, a new method based on Self-Organization feature Map neural network (SOM) was presented to generate approximate Pareto boundaries. Firstly, Lagrange relaxation algorithm was applied to obtain several Pareto optima which were exploited to divide the search space into several domains. For each domain, two simultaneously running SOM were constructed to explore the remaining Pareto optima. According to the characteristics of multi-criteria scheduling, a new definition of neighbor for neural network training was proposed. Numerical experiments demonstrated the feasibility and the effectiveness of this algorithm.
Xie, M, Simpson, DG & Carroll, RJ 2008, 'Semiparametric analysis of heterogeneous data using varying-scale generalized linear models', JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION, vol. 103, no. 482, pp. 650-660.
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Yanetz, R, Carroll, RJ, Dodd, KW, Subar, AF, Schatzkin, A & Freedman, LS 2008, 'Using Biomarker Data to Adjust Estimates of the Distribution of Usual Intakes for Misreporting: Application to Energy Intake in the US Population', Journal of the American Dietetic Association, vol. 108, no. 3, pp. 455-464.
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Yang, J, Li, S, Li, ZW, McBean, K & Phillips, MR 2008, 'Origin of excitonic emission suppression in an individual ZnO nanobelt', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C, vol. 112, no. 27, pp. 10095-10099.
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The near band edge emissions of an individual ZnO nanobelt were investigated by cathodoluminescence spectroscopy, which has unique advantages in higher spatial resolution, orientation, and environmental independence over the conventional photoluminescenc
Yang, J, Wang, G, Liu, H, Park, J, Gou, X & Cheng, X 2008, 'Solvothermal synthesis and characterization of ZnSe nanoplates', JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH, vol. 310, no. 15, pp. 3645-3648.
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ZnSe nanoplates were synthesized by a solvothermal method using ethylenediamine (EN) as the liganding solvent. The crystal structures, morphologies and optical properties of the precursor and ZnSe products were systematically characterized. Results reveal that precursor ZnSe(en)1/2 with a layered structure was initially obtained through solvothermal synthesis, which can be converted into hexagonal wurtzite structured ZnSe by heat-treatment in Ar atmosphere. The as-prepared ZnSe was composed of stacked nanoplates. The field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) results reveal that every nanoplate was made up of plenty of tiny single crystals. The room temperature ultravioletvisible (UV/vis) measurements indicate that the bandgap of the obtained ZnSe is 2.7 eV and a large blue shift about 1.3 eV was observed in precursor ZnSe(en)1/2.
Yousef Mohamad, K, Rekiki, A, Myers, G, Bavoil, PM & Rodolakis, A 2008, 'Identification and characterisation of coding tandem repeat variants in incA gene of Chlamydophila pecorum.', Vet Res, vol. 39, no. 6, p. 56.
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Bacteria of the family Chlamydiaceae are obligate intracellular pathogens of human and animals. Chlamydophila pecorum is associated with different pathological conditions in ruminants, swine and koala. To characterize a coding tandem repeat (CTR) identified at the 3' end of incA gene of C. pecorum, 51 strains of different chlamydial species were examined. The CTR were observed in 18 of 18 tested C. pecorum isolates including symptomatic and asymptomatic animals from diverse geographical origins. The CTR were also found in two strains of C. abortus respectively isolated from faeces from a healthy ewe and from a goat belonging to asymptomatic herds, but were absent in C. abortus strains isolated from clinical disease specimens, and in tested strains of C. psittaci, C. caviae, C. felis and C. trachomatis. The number of CTR repeats is variable and encode several motifs that are rich in alanine and proline. The CTR-derived variable structure of incA, which encode the Chlamydiaceae-specific type III secreted inclusion membrane protein, IncA, may be involved in the adaptation of C. pecorum to its environment by allowing it to persist in the host cell.
Yousef Mohamad, K, Roche, SM, Myers, G, Bavoil, PM, Laroucau, K, Magnino, S, Laurent, S, Rasschaert, D & Rodolakis, A 2008, 'Preliminary phylogenetic identification of virulent Chlamydophila pecorum strains', Infection, Genetics and Evolution, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 764-771.
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Yunusa, IAM, Manoharan, V, DeSilva, DL, Eamus, D, Murray, BR & Nissanka, SP 2008, 'Growth and elemental accumulation by canola on soil amended with coal fly ash', JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 1263-1270.
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To explore the agronomic potential of an Australian coal fly ash, we conducted two glasshouse experiments in which we measured chlorophyll fluorescence, CO2 assimilation (A), transpiration, stomatal conductance, biomass accumulation, seed yield, and elem
Zareie, HM, Morgan, SW, Moghaddam, M, Maaroof, AI, Cortie, MB & Phillips, MR 2008, 'Nanocapacitive circuit elements', ACS NANO, vol. 2, no. 8, pp. 1615-1619.
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Natural lithography was used to prepare arrays of nanoscale capacitors on silicon. The capacitance was verified by a novel technique based on the interaction of a charged substrate with the electron beam of a scanning electron microscope. The nanocapacit
Zaslawski, CJ 2008, 'Acupuncture for Persistent Allergic Rhinitis', Australian Journal of Acupuncture and Chinese Medicine, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 56-56.
Zaslawski, CJ, Zheng, Z & Smith, C 2008, 'The Status and Future of Acupuncture Research:10 Years Post NIH Consensus Conference', Australian Journal of Acupuncture and Chinese Medicine, vol. 3, pp. 66-67.
Zhang, W-G & Wang, Y-L 2008, 'An analytic derivation of admissible efficient frontier with borrowing', European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 184, no. 1, pp. 229-243.
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Zheng, L, Wayper, PJ, Gibbs, AJ, Fourment, M, Rodoni, BC & Gibbs, MJ 2008, 'Accumulating Variation at Conserved Sites in Potyvirus Genomes Is Driven by Species Discovery and Affects Degenerate Primer Design', PLoS ONE, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. e1586-e1586.
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Zhou, J & Notten, PHL 2008, 'Studies on the degradation of Li-ion batteries by the use of microreference electrodes', Journal of Power Sources, vol. 177, no. 2, pp. 553-560.
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Zhou, L, Huang, JZ & Carroll, RJ 2008, 'Joint modelling of paired sparse functional data using principal components', Biometrika, vol. 95, no. 3, pp. 601-619.
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Zhou, L, Powell, CA, Li, W, Irey, M & Duan, Y 2008, 'Prophage-Mediated Dynamics of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ Populations, the Destructive Bacterial Pathogens of Citrus Huanglongbing', PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. e82248-e82248.
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Genome structure variation has profound impacts on phenotype in organisms ranging from microbes to humans, yet little is known about how natural selection acts on genome arrangement. Pathogenic bacteria such as Yersinia pestis, which causes bubonic and p
Zuo, Y, Gu, H & Xi, Y 2008, 'Study on constraint scheduling algorithm for job shop problems with multiple constraint machines', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION RESEARCH, vol. 46, no. 17, pp. 4785-4801.
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This paper focuses on a job-shop scheduling problem with multiple constraint machines (JSPMC). A constraint scheduling method for the JSPMC is proposed. It divides the machines in the shop into constraint and non-constraint machines based on a new identification method, and formulates a reduced problem only for constraint machines while replacing the operations of non-constraint machines with time lags. The constraint machines are scheduled explicitly by solving the reduced problem with an efficient heuristic, while the non-constraint machines are scheduled by the earliest operation due date (EODD) dispatching rule. Extensive computational results indicate that the proposed constraint scheduling algorithm can obtain a better trade-off between solution quality and computation time compared with various versions of the shifting bottleneck (SB) methods for the JSPMC.
Zwirglmaier, K, Jardillier, L, Ostrowski, M, Mazard, S, Garczarek, L, Vaulot, D, Not, F, Massana, R, Ulloa, O & Scanlan, DJ 2008, 'Global phylogeography of marine Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus reveals a distinct partitioning of lineages among oceanic biomes', Environmental Microbiology, vol. 0, no. 0, pp. 070928214009001-???.
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