Publications

Barrett, PM & Ollendick, TH 2007, Preface.
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Stuart, BH 2007, Analytical Techniques in Materials Conservation, 1, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK.
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This book will introduce the reader to the wide variety of analytical techniques that are employed by those working on the conservation of materials. An introduction to each technique is provided with explanations of how data may be obtained and interpreted. Examples and case studies will be included to illustrate how each technique is used in practice. The fields studied include: inorganic materials, polymers, biomaterials and metals. Clear examples of data analysis feature, designed to assist the reader in their choice of analytical method.

Stuart, BH 2007, Polymer Analysis.
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This book introduces the techniques used for the analysis of polymers. It covers the main aspects of polymer science and technology; identification, polymerization, molecular weight, structure, surface properties, degradation and mechanical properties. Clear explanations of each analytical technique; Describes the application of techniques to the study of polymers; Encourages learning through numerous self-assessment questions and answers; Structured for flexible learning.

Britton, WJ, Fernando, SL, Saunders, BM, Sluyter, R & Wiley, JS 2007, 'The genetic control of susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis' in Decoding the Genomic Control of Immune Reactions, pp. 79-92.
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© Novartis Foundation 2007. All rights reserved. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the most successful human pathogens, surviving in latent foci of infection in one third of humanity, yet causing lung necrosis in sufficient individuals to ensure its transmission. Each stage of the host response to M. tuberculosis is under genetic control, including the initial encounter with mycobacteria by macrophages, epithelial cells and dendritic cells in the lung, induction of the inductive T cell response, and killing by activated macrophages within granulomas. Although environmental factors are important determinants of progression to disease, there is a genetic component underlying susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB), the basis of which may vary in different populations. Recent studies using a variety of methods have defined a number of susceptibility alleles for the development of active TB. Many of these influence macrophage responses to mycobacteria. We have studied the influence of loss of function polymorphisms in the human P2X7 gene on the capacity of macrophages to kill M. tuberculosis. Activation of the P2X7 receptor, an ATP-gated Ca2+ channel, leads to the formation of pores, the activation of phospholipase D, and the induction of apoptosis with death of the infecting mycobacteria. Macrophages from subjects who are heterozygote, homozygote or compound heterozygote for these polymorphisms fail to undergo apoptosis and show partial or complete inhibition of mycobacterial killing. One of these non-functioning polymorphisms was significantly associated with increased susceptibility to TB disease, particularly extrapulmonary disease, in two unrelated cohorts of TB patients. Insights into the genetic regulation of susceptibility to human TB may identify novel methods for controlling latent M. tuberculosis and reducing the burden of tuberculosis.

Choi, H & Speer, MS 2007, 'Influences of secondary chemical gas processes on PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations over the Korean Coast' in Advances in Geosciences: Volume 9: Solid Earth (SE), Ocean Science (OS) and Atmospheric Science (AS), pp. 209-224.
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An aerosol sampler was installed at Kangnung city in the east coast of Korea to measure mass concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 covering particle diameter sizes ranging from 300 ηm to 20µm from February 14 to 16, 2005. The concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 showed a high morning (09:00 LST) and afternoon (17:00 LST) concentration and a low concentration around midday (12:00 LST). First maximum concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 occurred at 20:00 LST. Secondary maximum concentrations were detected at 01:00 LST, February 15. The distribution of CO and NOx concentrations showed a similar diurnal distribution to those of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1, except for the morning of February 14. The first and secondary maximum concentrations of NOx occurred at the same times as those of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1. This implies that the increase in NOx and CO emissions from road vehicles and combustion gases from boilers in residential areas can contribute substantially to the increase in PM concentration. As a result of a typical daytime westerly wind regime over Korea, the rotor action of a lee-side easterly breeze transports PM from Kangnung toward the mountains, which is then recycled toward Kangnung in the westerly airflow at night. Some PM from Wonju city upwind on the western side can also contribute significantly to the secondary maximum at Kangnang city on the eastern or lee side.

Combes, V, Grau, GE & Lou, JN 2007, 'The endothelium in cerebral malaria: Both a target cell and a major player' in Endothelial Biomedicine, pp. 1303-1310.
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© Cambridge University Press 2007 and 2009. On a global scale, malaria still represents a major problem of public health, principally because of its two major complications, cerebral malaria (CM) and severe malarial anemia. The disease manifestations apparent during that stage of the malaria parasite lifecycle when it is circulating within host erythrocytes are a result of complex host–parasite interactions. In man, most of the pathology is due to Plasmodium falciparum. In the case of CM, the microcirculation, and in particular the endothelium, appears to be pivotal in the interplay between infected erythrocytes (IEs), host immune cells, and host tissues. We focus here on the cerebral syndrome, but the endothelium also has a central role in other aspects of malarial pathology; these have been reviewed recently elsewhere (1). For example, severe malaria may be complicated by pulmonary edema, the cause of which is still unknown. It shares many features with the adult acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Rehydration may predispose patients with severe malaria to develop pulmonary edema, although it is by no means a prerequisite. Indeed, evidence suggests that an increase in the lung capillary permeability – as distinct from simple intravascular volume overload – may be at the origin of this complication. Acute or chronic renal insufficiency is another common complication of severe malaria, and is often lethal. It occurs in adults and older children. The mechanisms leading to the acute tubular necrosis are not fully understood. A cytoadherence of IEs in glomerular capillaries sometimes can be observed, but is never as prominent as in the brain. Renal pathology in malaria often presents as a more chronic pathology, most notably with glomerulonephritis associated with deposits of immune complexes (2–5).

Greene, RW, Ablon, JS, Goring, JC, Fazio, V & Morse, LR 2007, 'Treatment of Oppositional Defiant Disorder in Children and Adolescents' in Handbook of Interventions that Work with Children and Adolescents: Prevention and Treatment, pp. 369-393.
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Harrison, P & Booth, DJ 2007, 'Coral Reefs: naturally dynamic and increasingly disturbed ecosystems' in Connell, SD & Gillanders, BM (eds), Marine Ecology, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, pp. 316-377.
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Authors PL Harrison and DJ Booth

Kuhl, M, Chen, M & Larkum, A 2007, 'Biology of the Chlorophyll D-Containing Cyanobacterium Acaryochloris Marina' in Seckbach, J (ed), Algae and Cyanobacteria in Extreme Environments, Springer, Netherlands, pp. 101-123.
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Oxygenic phototrophs (cyanobacteria, algae and higher plants) primarily absorb solar energy in the visible spectral (400700 nm) region by use of various chlorophylls, while anoxygenic phototrophs are bacteria, which can absorb infrared wavelengths (>7001100 nm) by use of different bacteriochlorophylls (Overmann and Garcia-Pichel, 2004). Each of the groups also has a variety of characteristic antenna pigments and other accessory pigments that can enhance light capture and/or provide protection against excess actinic light and UV-radiation in specific habitats. However, amongst these broadly defined groups there are outlier organisms exhibiting atypical photopigmentation

Murray, B, Dickman, CR, Robson, TC, Haythornthwaite, A, Cantlay, AJ, Dowsett, NS & Hills, N 2007, 'Effects of exotic plants in native vegetation on species richness and abundance of birds.' in Lunney, D (ed), Pest or guest : the zoology of overabundance, Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Mosman, N.S.W, pp. 216-221.
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We reviewed published, quantitative studies examining the effects of exotic plants in native vegetation on the species richness and abundance of birds and mammals. We asked whether the incursion of exotic plants into native vegetation has led to consistent declines, increases or no changes in bird and mammal species richness and abundance. Bird species richness and abundance tended not to be lower in sites with exotic plants (exotic sites) compared with sites without exotic plants (native sites). However, there are some reported cases of declines in richness, and declines and increases in abundance of birds in exotic sites. While there is not enough evidence to generate broad patterns in relation to species richness of mammals in exotic sites, abundances of individual mammal species demonstrated idiosyncratic responses (either increases, decreases, or no changes) to the incursion of exotic plants. Any differences observed in species richness and abundance of birds and mammals between exotic and native sites are probably due to habitat modifications by exotic plants resulting in changes to vegetation that is important for foraging, protection, and reproduction of the vertebrates. Importantly, our review found no published, quantitative evidence that the incursion of exotic plants into native vegetation leads to the over-abundance of any bird or mammal species. Nevertheless, the results of our review must be viewed as preliminary findings: there is still much to be done to untangle the complex ecological effects of exotic plants on birds and mammals in native vegetation.

Murray, SA 2007, 'Phylogenetics, molecular biology and ecological impacts of a group of highly unusual protists' in Seckbach, J (ed), Algae and Cyanobacteria in Extreme Environments, Springer, Netherlands, pp. 125-140.

Ollendick, TH & King, NJ 2007, 'Empirically Supported Treatments for Children and Adolescents: Advances Toward Evidence-Based Practice' in Handbook of Interventions that Work with Children and Adolescents: Prevention and Treatment, pp. 1-25.
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Ollendick, TH, Davis, TE & Muris, P 2007, 'Treatment of Specific Phobia in Children and Adolescents' in Handbook of Interventions that Work with Children and Adolescents: Prevention and Treatment, pp. 273-299.
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Prade, H & Subrahmanian, VS 2007, 'Preface' in Scalable Uncertainty Management: First International Conference, SUM 2007, Washington, DC, USA, October 10-12, 2007, Proceedings.

Rice, SA, McDougald, SD & Givskov, M 2007, 'Detection and inhibition of bacterial cell-cell communication' in Bacterial pathogenesis: methods and protocols, Humana Press Inc, Totowa, NJ, pp. 55-68.

Schelm, S & Smith, GB 2007, 'Self assembled gold nanoparticles with organic linkers' in Nanotechnology in Biology and Medicine, CRC Press.

Seligman, LD, Goza, AB & Ollendick, TH 2007, 'Treatment of Depression in Children and Adolescents' in Handbook of Interventions that Work with Children and Adolescents: Prevention and Treatment, pp. 301-328.
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Seuront, L, Lacheze, C, Doubell, MJ, Seymour, JR, Van Dongen-Vogels, V, Newton, K, Alderkamp, AC & Mitchell, JG 2007, 'The influence of Phaeocystis globosa on microscale spatial patterns of chlorophyll a and bulk-phase seawater viscosity' in Phaeocystis, Major Link in the Biogeochemical Cycling of Climate-Relevant Elements, pp. 173-188.
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A two-dimensional microscale (5 cm resolution) sampler was used over the course of a phytoplankton spring bloom dominated by Phaeocystis globosa to investigate the structural properties of chlorophyll a and seawater excess viscosity distributions. The microscale distribution patterns of chlorophyll a and excess viscosity were never uniform nor random. Instead they exhibited different types and levels of aggregated spatial patterns that were related to the dynamics of the bloom. The chlorophyll a and seawater viscosity correlation patterns were also controlled by the dynamics of the bloom with positive and negative correlations before and after the formation of foam in the turbulent surf zone. The ecological relevance and implications of the observed patchiness and biologically induced increase in seawater viscosity are discussed and the combination of the enlarged colonial form and mucus secretion is suggested as a competitive advantage of P. globosa in highly turbulent environments where this species flourishes. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

Smith, G 2007, 'Combining energy efficiency with aesthetic appeal using advanced optical materials' in Choudhury, PK & Singh, ON (eds), Frontiers in Optical Technology: Materials and Devices, Nova Science Publishers Inc., New York, USA, pp. 125-158.
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Energy efficiency in interior spaces concerns supply of lighting needs and maximising thermal comfort, with minimum use of electrical power fom the grid and of fossil fuels. It is relevant to all classes of buildings. and also. to transport. The world is faced with two apparently conflicting demands right now. A rapid growth in demand for better living standards and lifestyles, and an urgent need to cut greenhollse gas emissions. If this "conflict" can be eliminated or softened. then the process of scaling back our negative impact on the environment will accelerate. If it cannot, all living standards are at risk in the long term. Such a changeover, in common with past technology driven shifts in human activity, will also generate wide ranging opportunities tor economic growth in all regions of the world. There is much new science needed to optimise these technologies. and optics is playing a central role. Examples of two science based systems for better use of natural lighting are in fig. I.

Stuart, BH 2007, 'Infrared Spectroscopy' in Seidel, A (ed), Kirk-Othmer Concise Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 5th ed., Vol. 1, John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, pp. 1335-1339.

Valenzuela, S 2007, 'Liposome techniques for synthesis of biomimetic lipid membranes' in Ferrari, M & Martin, D (eds), Nanobiotechnology of biomimetic membranes, Springer, New York, USA, pp. 75-87.
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The lipid bilayer is the universal basis for cell membrane structure. Historically, the formation of this bilayer into a closed, spherical vesicle, essentially a microscopic sac, resulted in the creation of a boundary separating the internal environment (lumen) from the external environment. This very basic vesicle structure with its semipermeable properties, has formed the basis for the development of life on earth as we know it.The term used to describe these closed spherical structures is a liposome. These bilayer vesicles form spontaneously when phospholipids (containing 2 hydrocarbon chains and a hydrophilic polar head group) are exposed to an aqueous environment. This was first demonstrated in 1965 by Bangham and his colleagues! who were studying the diffusion of univalent ions across what they described as "spontaneonsly formed liquid crystals of lecithin". They reported that ions diffused across these artificial membranes in a manner highly analogous to that observed in biological membranes.

Wang, G 2007, 'Layer and spinel structure cathode materials' in Zhang, SS (ed), Advanced Materials and Methods for Lithium-Ion Batteries, Transworld Research Network, India, pp. 23-48.

Webb, JS, Taylor, M, Rice, SA, Thomas, T, Rao, D, McDougald, D & Kjelleberg, S 2007, 'Biofilms on living surfaces' in Hurst, CJ, Crawford, RL, Garland, JL, Lipson, DA, Mills, AL & Stetzenbach, LD (eds), Manual of Environmental Microbiology, pp. 563-574.

., AVR, ., KPU, ., KMH, ., IB & ., KVM 2007, 'Studies on Morphological and Phytochemical Variability of Different Populations of Tribulus terrestris', International Journal of Plant Breeding and Genetics, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 95-100.
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A Rice, S & Kjelleberg, S 2007, 'The slippery business of slime control', Microbiology Australia, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 118-118.
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What do that scummy feeling on your teeth in the morning, corrosion of oil and gas pipelines, and the slick film building up on the mystery food in the back of your refrigerator have in common? They are all manifestations of microbial slime, which is the result of bacteria growing as a community on a surface held together in an extracellular matrix. These are more commonly referred to as biofilms, which we constantly encounter in everyday life. Bacteria seem to favour growing as biofilms because this provides a range of distinct advantages, including better access to nutrients that partition to surfaces, protection from external stresses such as UV and inhibitors produced by competing microorganisms, and resistance to protozoan grazing that is otherwise one of the main mortality factors for bacteria.

Aharonovich, I, Lifshitz, Y & Tamir, S 2007, 'Growth mechanisms of amorphous SiOx nanowires', Applied Physics Letters, vol. 90, no. 26, p. 263109.
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Amorphous SiOx nanowires (NWs) 10-50 nm thick and tens of microns long were grown by laser ablation of silicon containing targets onto different substrates held at elevated temperatures. The influence of the growth parameters on the NWs growth and struct

Akbari-Nakhjavani, F, Mirsalchian, A, Hamidian, M, Kazemi, B, Mirafshar, M, Jabal, AF, Pajand, O & Peymani, A 2007, 'Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Escherichia coli strains isolated from urinary tract infections to fluoroquinolones and detection of gyrA mutations in resistant strains', DARU-JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 94-99.

Ammit, AJ, Moir, LM, Oliver, BG, Hughes, JM, Alkhouri, H, Ge, Q, Burgess, JK, Black, JL & Roth, M 2007, 'Effect of IL-6 trans-signaling on the pro-remodeling phenotype of airway smooth muscle', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 292, no. 1, pp. L199-L206.
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Armstrong, NG, Hoft, RC, McDonagh, AM, Cortie, MB & Ford, M 2007, 'Exploring The Performance Of Molecular Rectifiers Limitations And Factors Affecting Molecular Rectification', Nano Letters, vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 3018-3022.
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There has been significant work investigating the use of molecules as nanoscale rectifiers in so-called molecular electronics. However, less attention has been paid to optimizing the design parameters of molecular rectifiers or to their inherent limitati

Arnold, MD & Blaikie, RJ 2007, 'Subwavelength Optical Imaging Of Evanescent Fields Using Reflections From Plasmonic Slabs', Optics Express, vol. 15, no. 18, pp. 11542-11552.
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Reflection can significantly improve the quality of subwavelength near-field images, which is explained by appropriate interference between forward and reflected waves. Plasmonic slabs may form approximate super-mirrors. This paper develops general theor

Asatryan, AA, Botten, LC & Byrne, MA 2007, 'Evidence of a mobility edge for photons in two dimensions', PHYSICAL REVIEW E, vol. 75, no. 1.
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Asatryan, AA, Botten, LC, Byrne, M, Freilikher, VD, Gredeskul, S, Shadrivov, I & McPhedran, RC 2007, 'Suppression Of Anderson Localization In Disordered Metamaterials', Physical Review Letters, vol. 99, no. 19, pp. 0-0.
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We study wave propagation in mixed, 1D disordered stacks of alternating right- and left-handed layers and reveal that the introduction of metamaterials substantially suppresses Anderson localization. At long wavelengths, the localization length in mixed

Asatryan, AA, Botten, LC, Nicorovici, NA, McPhedran, RC & de Sterke, CM 2007, 'Tailoring The Enhanced Frequency Shift In Two-dimensional Photonic Clusters', Physica B: Condensed Matter, vol. 394, no. 2, pp. 213-216.
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The frequency shift of sources embedded in a two-dimensional photonic cluster composed of circular cylinders is considered and the effects of cluster shape and orientation are investigated. It is found that by carefully tailoring the shape of the cluster

Ashhurst-Smith, C, Hall, ST, Walker, P, Stuart, J, Hansbro, PM & Blackwell, CC 2007, 'Isolation of Alloiococcus otitidis from Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australian children with chronic otitis media with effusion', FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 163-170.
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Ashmore, J, Bishop, R, Craig, DC & Scudder, ML 2007, 'Chlorine-influenced changes in the molecular inclusion and packing properties of a diquinoline host', CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 47-55.
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Axelrad, DA, Bellinger, DC, Ryan, LM & Woodruff, TJ 2007, 'Dose-response relationship of prenatal mercury exposure and IQ: an integrative analysis of epidemiologic data', Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 115, no. 4, pp. 609-615.
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BACKGROUND: Prenatal exposure to mercury has been associated with adverse childhood neurologic outcomes in epidemiologic studies. Dose-response information for this relationship is useful for estimating benefits of reduced mercury exposure. OBJECTIVES: We estimated a dose-response relationship between maternal mercury body burden and subsequent childhood decrements in intelligence quotient (IQ), using a Bayesian hierarchical model to integrate data from three epidemiologic studies. METHODS: Inputs to the model consist of dose-response coefficients from studies conducted in the Faroe Islands, New Zealand, and the Seychelles Islands. IQ coefficients were available from previous work for the latter two studies, and a coefficient for the Faroe Islands study was estimated from three IQ subtests. Other tests of cognition/achievement were included in the hierarchical model to obtain more accurate estimates of study-to-study and end point-to-end point variability. RESULTS: We find a central estimate of -0.18 IQ points (95% confidence interval, -0.378 to -0.009) for each parts per million increase of maternal hair mercury, similar to the estimates for both the Faroe Islands and Seychelles studies, and lower in magnitude than the estimate for the New Zealand study. Sensitivity analyses produce similar results, with the IQ coefficient central estimate ranging from -0.13 to -0.25. CONCLUSIONS: IQ is a useful end point for estimating neurodevelopmental effects, but may not fully represent cognitive deficits associated with mercury exposure, and does not represent deficits related to attention and motor skills. Nevertheless, the integrated IQ coefficient provides a more robust description of the dose-response relationship for prenatal mercury exposure and cognitive functioning than results of any single study.

Baker, AC, Murray, B & Hose, GC 2007, 'Relating pine-litter intrusion to plant-community structure in native eucalypt woodland adjacent to Pinus radiata (Pinaceae) plantations', Australian Journal Of Botany, vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 521-532.
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Radiata pine ( Pinus radiata D. Don) plantations are often found in close proximity to vegetation set aside for biodiversity conservation. We examined the intrusive effects of radiata pine beyond the confines of plantations by quantifying the penetration

Bhargava, A & Cortie, MB 2007, 'Prospects for light-activated nano-devices based on shape-memory polymers', Journal of Nanophotonics, vol. 1, pp. 1-13.
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The recent development of new types of light-activated, conformation-changing polymers has stimulated much interest. These 'smart' materials offer new functionalities and may enable diverse novel devices. One possible application of these substances may be in optically-driven nanoscale actuators, especially in the case of devices in which a plasmon resonance in a precious-metal nanostructure is actively modulated. A one-way or two-way shape memory effect is possible, however, application at the nanoscale will necessitate certain design changes. Nanoscale devices based on these materials could conceivably be used for drug-release or to switch the spectral selectivity of a coating.

Biro, P, Post, JR & Booth, DJ 2007, 'Mechanisms for climate-induced mortality of fish populations in whole-lake experiments', Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America, vol. 104, no. 23, pp. 9715-9719.
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The effects of climate change on plant and animal populations are widespread and documented for many species in many areas of the world. However, projections of climate impacts will require a better mechanistic understanding of ecological and behavioral responses to climate change and climate variation. For vertebrate animals, there is an absence of whole-system manipulative experiments that express natural variation in predator and prey behaviours. Here we investigate the effect of elevated water temperature on the physiology, behaviour, growth and survival of fish populations in a multiple whole-lake experiment by using 17 lake-years of data collected over 2 years with differing average temperatures. We found that elevated temperatures un excess of the optimum reduced the scope for growth through reduced maximum consumption and increased metabolosm in young rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Increased metabolism at high temperatures resulted in increased feeding activity (consumption) by individuals to compensate and maintain growth rates similar to thaty oberserved at cooler (optimum) temperatures. However, greater feeding activity rates resulted in greater vulnerability to predators that reduced survival to only half of the cooler year. Our work therefore, identifies temperature-dependent physiology and compensatory feeding behaviour as proximate mechanisms for substantial climate-induced mortality in fish pu=opulations at the scale of entire populations and wtaer bodies.

Bishop, M, Kelaher, BP, Alquezar, R, York, PH, Ralph, PJ & Skilbeck, G 2007, 'Trophic cul-de-sac, Pyrazus ebeninus, limits trophic transfer through an estuarine detritus-based food web', OIKOS, vol. 116, no. 3, pp. 427-438.
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The importance to food-webs of trophic cul-de-sacs, species that channel energy flow away from higher trophic levels, is seldom considered outside of the pelagic systems in which they were first identified. On intertidal mudflats, inputs of detritus from saltmarshes, macroalgae or microphytobenthos are generally regarded as a major structuring force underpinning food-webs and there has been no consideration of trophic cul-de-sacs to date. A fully orthogonal three-factor experiment manipulating the density of the abundant gastropod, Pyrazus ebeninus, detritus and macrobenthic predators on a Sydney mudflat revealed large deleterious effects of the gastropod, irrespective of detrital loading or the presence of predators. Two months after experimental manipulation, the standing-stock of microphytobenthos in plots with high (44 per m(2)) densities of P. ebeninus was 20% less than in plots with low (4 per m(2)) densities. Increasing densities of P. ebeninus from low to high halved the abundance of macroinvertebrates and the average number of species. In contrast, the addition of detritus had differing effects on microphytobenthos (positively affected) and macroinvertebrates (negatively affected). Over the two-months of our experiment, no predatory mortality of P. ebeninus was observed and high densities of P. ebeninus decreased impacts of predators on macroinvertebrate abundances. Given that the dynamics of southeast Australian mudflats are driven more by disturbance than seasonality in predators and their interactions with prey, it is likely that Pyrazus would be similarly resistant to predation and have negative effects on benthic assemblages at other times of the year, outside of our study period. Thus, in reducing microphytobenthos and the abundance and species richness of macrofauna, high abundances of the detritivore P. ebeninus may severely limit the flow of energy up the food chain to commercially-important species.

Blaber, MG, Arnold, MD, Harris, N, Ford, M & Cortie, MB 2007, 'Plasmon Absorption In Nanospheres: A Comparison Of Sodium, Potassium, Aluminium, Silver And Gold', Physica B: Condensed Matter, vol. 394, no. 2, pp. 184-187.
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The optical absorption for nanospheres made from Na, K, At, Ag and An are compared as a precursor to choosing the ideal metal for use in a negative permittivity (NP) near-field superlens. The relationship between optical absorption of the metal nanospher

Bobryshev, YV, Killingsworth, MC, Huynh, TG, Lord, RS, Grabs, AJ & Valenzuela, S 2007, 'Are calcifying matrix vesicles in atherosclerotic lesions of cellular origin?', Basic Research in Cardiology, vol. 102, no. 2, pp. 133-143.
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Over recent years, the role of matrix vesicles in the initial stages of arterial calcification has been recognised. Matrix calcifying vesicles have been isolated from atherosclerotic arteries and the biochemical composition of calcified vesicles has been studied. No Studies have yet been carried out to examine the fine structure of matrix vesicles in order to visualise the features of the consequent stages of their cacification in arteries. In the present work, a high resolution ultrastructural analysis has been employed and the study revealed that matrix vesicles in human atherosclerotic lesions are heterogeneous with two main types which we classified. Type I calcified vesicles were presented by vesicles surrounded by two electron-dense layers and these vesicles were dound to be resistant to the calcification process in atherosclerotic lesions in situ. Type II matrix vesicles were presnted by vesicles surrounded by several electron-dense layers and these vesicles were dound to represent calcifying vesicles in atherosclerotic lesions. To test the hypothesis that calcification of matrix vesicles surrounded by multilayer sheets may occur simply as a physiochemical process, independently from the cell regulation, we produced multilamellar liposomes and induced their calfcification in vitro in a manner similar to that ocurring in matrix vesicles in atherosclerotic lesions in situ.

Bolanos-Gonzalez, MA, Paz-Pellat, F, Palacios-Velez, E, Mejia-Saenz, E & Huete, A 2007, 'Modelation of the sun-sensor geometry effects in the vegetation reflectance', AGROCIENCIA, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 527-537.

Booth, D, Provan, J & Maggs, CA 2007, 'Molecular approaches to the study of invasive seaweeds', BOTANICA MARINA, vol. 50, no. 5-6, pp. 385-396.
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Booth, DJ, Figueira, WF, Gregson, MA & Beretta, G 2007, 'Occurrence of tropical fishes in temperate southeastern Australia: role of the East Australian Current', Estuarine Coastal And Shelf Science, vol. 72, no. 1-2, pp. 102-114.
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Dispersal of larval propagules is the major mechanism facilitating connectivity of marine populations. However, only a fraction of larvae settle in suitable habitat. For coral reef fishes, many larvae are advected away from coral reefs, often despite strong behavioural mechanisms (including swimming), and some may travel long distances away from the tropics. Here we document the occurrence of tropical reef fishes along the southeast coast of Australia between 2003 and 2005 and evaluate the role of the East Australian Current (EAC) in driving this pattern. In total we observed 47 species of tropical fishes from 11 families during the summer recruitment season (January to May) at locations spanning most of the length of the New South Wales coast (28° S37.5° S latitude, not, vert, similar1700 km from the southern end of the Great Barrier Reef). Southern locations tended to have reduced richness and density relative to northern ones. In general, the southward extent of distribution of the most commonly observed species was well explained by their planktonic larval durations. Recruitment events tended to be much more episodic in Merimbula (37° S) than Sydney (34° S), but there was little evidence for interannual similarity in the spatial patterns of recruitment of individual species with exception of the numerical dominance of Abudefduf vaigiensis and Abudefduf sexfasciatus (Pomacentridae) at the Sydney location and of Chaetodon auriga and Chaetodon flavirostris (Chaetodontidae) at the Merimbula location. Despite strong evidence for the role of the EAC in the transport of these species at a coastal scale, we found little evidence that individual recruitment events were correlated with local increases in water temperature that would be associated with EAC ingress.

Bordas, F, Steel, MJ, Seassal, C & Rahmani, A 2007, 'Confinement of Band-Edge Modes in a Photonic Crystal Slab', Optics Express, vol. 15, no. 17, pp. 10890-10902.
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We study the confinement of low group velocity band-edge modes in a photonic crystal slab. We use a rigorous, three dimensional, finite-difference time-domain method to compute the electromagnetic properties of the modes of the photonic structures. We show that by combining a defect mode approach with the high-density of states associated with bandedge modes, one can design compact, fabrication-tolerant, high-Q photonic microcavities. The electromagnetic confinement properties of these cavities can foster enhanced radiation dynamics and should be well suited for ultralow-threshold microlasers and cavity quantum electrodynamics.

Bosman, M, Keast, VJ, Watanabe, M, Maaroof, AI & Cortie, MB 2007, 'Mapping Surface Plasmons at the Nanometre Scale with an Electron Beam', Nanotechnology, vol. 18, no. 16, pp. 1-5.
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The optical response from metal nanoparticles and nanostructures is dominated by surface plasmon generation and is critically dependent on the local structure and geometry. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS0, combined with recent developments in spectrum imaging and data processing, has been used obserne the energy and distribution of surface plasmons excited by fast electrons. The energy of the plasmon responses is consistent with the optical response and with calculations. For gold and silver rods and ellipsoids, longitudinal, transverse and distinct cluster modes were readily identified and mapped. The spatial resolution of the presneted maps is one order of magnitude better than that achievable with scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM)-based techniques.

Botten, LC, Asatryan, AA, Nicorovici, NA, McPhedran, RC & de Sterke, CM 2007, 'Generalisation of the transfer matrix formulation of the theory of electron and photon conductance', Physica B: Condensed Matter, vol. 394, no. 2, pp. 320-324.
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The usual technique for calculating the mesoscopic conductance of materials is based on Pichard's transfer matrix method [J.L. Pichard, Thesis, University of Paris, Orsay, 1984]. The essential ideas of the theory of conductance for electronic systems also extend to electromagnetic systems such as waveguides and photonic devices. In the standard formulation of Pichard's treatment, there is an explicit assumption that thenumber of channels (or 'leads) in the input and output media is identical. In this paper, we extend the theory to handle the general situation when the input and output media may support different numbers of (propagating) channels, as is needed to study the photon conductance of semi-infinite waveguides. We show that the pivotal conclusions of Pichard's original derivation,including the existence of the key polar decomposition ofthe transfer matrix, continue to hold even though the premise on thwihc the original formulation was based (i.e. that the matrices involved are square and invertible) no longer hold. We also demonstrate this generalisation by calculating the conductance ladder for a photonic crystal waveguide terminated in free space.

Boucher, Y, Labbate, M, Koenig, JE & Stokes, H 2007, 'Integrons: mobilizable platforms promoting genetic diversity in bacteria', Trends In Microbiology, vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 301-309.
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Integrons facilitate the capture of potentially adaptive exogenous genetic material by their host genomes. It is now clear that integrons are not limited to the clinical contexts in which they were originally discovered because not, vert, similar10% of bacterial genomes that have been partially or completely sequenced harbour this genetic element. This wealth of sequence information has revealed that integrons are not only much more phylogenetically diverse than previously thought but also more mobilizable, with many integrons having been subjected to frequent lateral gene transfer throughout their evolutionary history. This indicates that the genetic characteristics that make integrons such efficient vectors for the spread of antibiotic resistance genes have been associated with these elements since their earliest origins. Here, we give an overview of the structural and phylogenetic diversity of integrons and describe evolutionary events that have contributed to the success of these genetic elements.

Britton, WJ, Fernando, SL, Saunders, BM, Sluyter, R & Wiley, JS 2007, 'The genetic control of susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis', Novartis Foundation Symposium, vol. 281, pp. 79-89.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the most successful human pathogens, surviving in latent foci of infection in one third of humanity, yet causing lung necrosis in sufficient individuals to ensure its transmission. Each stage of the host response to M. tuberculosis is under genetic control, including the initial encounter with mycobacteria by macrophages, epithelial cells and dendritic cells in the lung, induction of the inductive T cell response, and killing by activated macrophages within granulomas. Although environmental factors are important determinants of progression to disease, there is a genetic component underlying susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB), the basis of which may vary in different populations. Recent studies using a variety of methods have defi ned a number of susceptibility alleles for the development of active TB. Many of these influence macrophage responses to mycobacteria. We have studied the influence of loss of function polymorphisms in the human P2X7 gene on the capacity of macrophages to kill M. tuberculosis. Activation of the P2X7 receptor, an ATP-gated Ca2+ channel, leads to the formation of pores, the activation of phospholipase D, and the induction of apoptosis with death of the infecting mycobacteria. Macrophages from subjects who are heterozygote, homozygote or compound heterozygote for these polymorphisms fail to undergo apoptosis and show partial or complete inhibition of mycobacterial killing. One of these non-functioning polymorphisms was significantly associated with increased susceptibility to TB disease, particularly extrapulmonary disease, in two unrelated cohorts of TB patients. Insights into the genetic regulation of susceptibility to human TB may identify novel methods for controlling latent M. tuberculosis and reducing the burden of tuberculosis. Copyright © Novartis Foundation 2007.

Brown, B, Rashid, I, Van Reyk, DM & Davies, MJ 2007, 'Glycation of low-density lipoprotein results in the time- dependent accumulation of cholesteryl esters and apolipoprotein B-100 protein in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages', FEBS Journal, vol. 274, no. 6, pp. 1530-1540.
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Nonenzymatic covalent binding (glycation) of reactive aldehydes (from glucose or metabolic processes) to low-density lipoproteins has been previously shown to result in lipid accumulation in a murine macrophage cell line. The formation of such lipid-laden cells is a hallmark of atherosclerosis. In this study, we characterize lipid accumulation in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages, which are cells of immediate relevance to human atherosclerosis, on exposure to low-density lipoprotein glycated using methylglyoxal or glycolaldehyde. The time course of cellular uptake of low-density lipoprotein-derived lipids and protein has been characterized, together with the subsequent turnover of the modified apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB) protein. Cholesterol and cholesteryl ester accumulation occurs within 24 h of exposure to glycated low-density lipoprotein, and increases in a time-dependent manner. Higher cellular cholesteryl ester levels were detected with glycolaldehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein than with methylglyoxal-modified low-density lipoprotein. Uptake was significantly decreased by fucoidin (an inhibitor of scavenger receptor SR-A) and a mAb to CD36.

Bruti Liberati, N & Platen, E 2007, 'Approximation of Jump Diffusions in Finance and Economics', Computational Economics, vol. 29, no. 3-4, pp. 283-312.
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In finance and economics the key dynamics are often specified via stochastic differential equations (SDEs) of jump-diffusion type. The class of jump-diffusion SDEs that admits explicit solutions is rather limited. Consequently, discrete time approximations are required. In this paper we give a survey of strong and weak numerical schemes for SDEs with jumps. Strong schemes provide pathwise approximations and therefore can be employed in scenario analysis, filtering or hedge simulation. Weak schemes are appropriate for problems such as derivative pricing or the evaluation of risk measures and expected utilities. Here only an approximation of the probability distribution of the jump-diffusion process is needed. As a framework for applications of these methods in finance and economics we use the benchmark approach. Strong approximation methods are illustrated by scenario simulations. Numerical results on the pricing of options on an index are presented using weak approximation methods.

Bruti Liberati, N & Platen, E 2007, 'Strong Approximations of Stochastic Differential Equations with Jumps', Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, vol. 205, no. 2, pp. 982-1001.
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This paper is a survey of strong discrete time approximations of jump-diffusion processes described by stochastic differential equations (SDEs). It also presents new results on strong discrete time approximations for the specific case of pure jump SDEs. Strong approximations based on jump-adapted time discretizations, which produce no discretization error in the case of pure jump processes, are analyzed. The computational complexity of these approximations is proportional to the jump intensity. By exploiting a stochastic expansion for pure jump processes, higher order discrete time approximations, whose computational complexity is not dependent on the jump intensity, are proposed. For the specific case of pure jump SDEs, the strong order of convergence of strong Taylor schemes is established under weaker conditions than those currently known in the literature.

Buckley, BW, Leslie, LM, Leplastrier, M & Qi, L 2007, 'The active tropical cyclone season of 2005-2006 over Northwest Australia: Operational model performance and high resolution case studies', METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS, vol. 97, no. 1-4, pp. 69-91.
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Buckley, BW, Leslie, LM, Sullivan, W, Leplastrier, M & Qi, L 2007, 'A rare East Indian Ocean autumn season tropical cut-off low: impacts and a high-resolution modelling study', METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS, vol. 96, no. 1-2, pp. 61-84.
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Burke, C, Thomas, T, Egan, S & Kjelleberg, S 2007, 'The use of functional genomics for the identification of a gene cluster encoding for the biosynthesis of an antifungal tambjamine in the marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas tunicata', ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 814-818.
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Byrt, C, Platten, J, Spielmeyer, W, James, R, Lagudah, E, Dennis, ES, Tester, M & Munns, R 2007, 'HKT1;5-like cation transporters linked to Na+ exclusion loci in wheat, Nax2 and Kna1', PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 143, no. 4, pp. 1918-1928.
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Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) has a greater ability to exclude Na+ from its leaves and is more salt tolerant than durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum [Desf.]). A novel durum wheat, Line 149, was found to contain a major gene for Na+ exclusio

Byrt, CS, Platten, JD, Spielmeyer, W, James, RA, Lagudah, ES, Dennis, ES, Tester, M & Munns, R 2007, 'HKT1;5-like cation transporters linked to Na+ exclusion loci in wheat, Nax2 and Kna1', PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 143, no. 4, pp. 1918-1928.
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Cafe, P, Larsen, A, Yang, W, Bilic, A, Blake, I, Crossley, M, Zhang, J, Wackerbarth, H, Ulstrup, J & Reimers, JR 2007, 'Chemisorbed And Physisorbed Structures For 1,10-Phenanthroline And Dipyrido[3,2-A : 2 ',3 '-C]Phenazine On Au(111)', Journal Of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 111, no. 46, pp. 17285-17296.
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Cai, Z & Reimers, JR 2007, 'The Lowest Singlet (N,Pi*) And (Pi,Pi*) Excited States Of The Hydrogen-Bonded Complex Between Water And Pyrazine', Journal Of Physical Chemistry A, vol. 111, no. 5, pp. 954-962.
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Cai, Z, Lopez, P, Reimers, JR, Cui, Q & Elstner, M 2007, 'Application Of The Computationally Efficient Self-Consistent-Charge Density-Functional Tight-Binding Method To Magnesium-Containing Molecules', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A, vol. 111, no. 26, pp. 5743-5750.
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Camnpbell, S, Botten, LC, de Sterke, CM & McPhedran, RC 2007, 'Fresnel Formulation For Multi-element Lamellar Diffraction Gratings In Conical Mountings', Waves In Random And Complex Media, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 455-475.
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A formulation of the modal method for multi-element dielectric lamellar diffraction gratings is presented. It combines the conventional semi-analytic Kronig-Penny formulation with a Fresnel scattering matrix approach to the solution of the diffraction pr

Carpenter, RJ, Jordan, GJ, Leigh, A & Brodribb, TJ 2007, 'Giant cuticular pores in Eidothea zoexylocarya (Proteaceae) leaves', American Journal of Botany, vol. 94, no. 8, pp. 1282-1288.
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Ubiquitous, large diameter pores have not previously been adequately demonstrated to occur in leaf cuticles. Here we show conclusively that such structures occur in Eidothea zoexylocarya, a rainforest tree species of Proteaceae restricted to the Australian Wet Tropics. The pores are abundant, large-diameter apertures (~1 µm), that extend perpendicularly most of the way through the cuticle from the inside. They occur on both sides of the leaf, but are absent from the cuticle associated with stomatal complexes on the abaxial side. No such pores were found in any other species, including the only other species of Eidothea, E. hardeniana from New South Wales, and other species that have previously been purported to possess cuticular pores. To determine whether these pores made the cuticles more leaky to water vapor, we measured astomatous cuticular conductances to water vapor for E. zoexylocarya and seven other Proteaceae species of the Wet Tropics. Cuticular conductance for E. zoexylocarya was relatively low, indicating that the prominent pores do not increase conductance. The function of the pores is currently obscure, but the presence of both pores and an adaxial hypodermis in E. zoexylocarya but not E. hardeniana suggests evolution in response to greater environmental stresses in the tropics.

Carroll, RJ & Maity, A 2007, 'Nonparametric inference with generalized likelihood ratio tests', TEST, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 456-458.
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Carroll, RJ, Delaigle, A & Hall, P 2007, 'Non-parametric regression estimation from data contaminated by a mixture of Berkson and classical errors', JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY SERIES B-STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY, vol. 69, pp. 859-878.
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Celedon, J, Milton, D, Ramsey, C, Litonjua, A, Ryan, LM, Platts-mills, T & Gold, D 2007, 'Exposure To Dust Mite Allergen And Endotoxin In Early Life And Asthma And Atopy In Childhood', Journal Of Allergy And Clinical Immunology, vol. 120, no. 1, pp. 144-149.
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Background: There has been no longitudinal study of the relation between concurrent exposure to dust mite allergen and endotoxin in early life and asthma and atopy at school age. Objectives: To examine the relation between exposure to dust mite allergen and endotoxin at age 2 to 3 months and asthma, wheeze, and atopy in high-risk children. Methods: Birth cohort study of 440 children with parental history of atopy in the Boston metropolitan area. Results: In multivariate analyses, early exposure to high levels of dust mite allergen (>= 10 mu g/g) was associated with increased risks of asthma at age 7 years (odds ratio [OR], 3.0; 95% CI, 1.1-7.9) and late-onset wheeze (OR, 5.0; 95% Cl, 1.5-16.4). Exposure to endotoxin levels above the lowest quartile at age 2 to 3 months was associated with reduced odds of atopy at school age (OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.2-0.9). In contrast with its inverse association with atopy, endotoxin exposure in early life was associated with an increased risk of any wheeze between ages I and 7 years that did not change significantly with time (hazard ratio for each quartile increment in endotoxin levels, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.07-1.43). Conclusion: Among children at risk of atopy, early exposure to high levels of dust mite allergen is associated with increased risks of asthma and late-onset wheeze. In these children, endotoxin exposure is associated with a reduced risk of atopy but an increased risk of wheeze. Clinical implications: Early endotoxin exposure may be a protective factor against atopy but a risk factor for wheeze in high-risk children.

Chalasani, R, Poole-Warren, LA, Conway, RM & Ben-Nissan, B 2007, 'Porous Orbital Implants In Enucleation: A Systematic Review', Survey Of Ophthalmology, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 145-155.
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Orbital implants have been used for cosmesis following surgical removal of the eyeball, or enucleation, for over a century. Implant design has progressed significantly in recent years with the use of porous devices, with the theoretical advantages of red

Chase, J, Donaldson, L, Duflou, J & Gorrie, C 2007, 'Safety restraint injuries in fatal motor vehicle collisions', Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 258-263.
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The presence of an apparent seat belt mark (SBM) on a car crash occupant is often used as evidence for use of a seat belt at the time of the crash and, conversely, the lack of a SBM is used as an indication that no seat belt was used. This study examined whether there are clear indications of seat belt use to be found at autopsy and evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of apparent SBM and whether the use of a seat belt and seating location affects the type and severity of injuries sustained. Information on the type of injuries sustained and seatbelt use was retrieved from autopsy reports and police reports, respectively, for cases of fatal motor vehicle collisions occurring in Sydney, Australia over a 5-year period. In this study, a SBM was only found on restrained occupants. The proportion of restrained occupants with evidence of a SBM was 36% (sensitivity), whilst unrestrained occupants showed no evidence of a SBM (100% specificity). A SBM was also found to reliably reflect the seating position of the occupant. We conclude that restrained occupants can be expected to show evidence of the seat belt in just over one third of cases and that the absence of a SBM is not necessarily an indication that no seat belt was used. Spurious SBM is very unlikely to be present if the occupant was unrestrained. © 2007 Humana Press Inc.

Chen, H & Morris, M 2007, 'Maternal smoking - a contributor to the obesity epidemic?', Obesity Research & Clinical Practice, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 155-163.
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The prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide, and the rising number of obese children and adolescents is of particular concern. In humans, smoking is a predisposing factor for abdominal obesity, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Maternal smoking is associated with preterm birth and low birth weight. On the other hand, the incidence of obesity is higher in children and adults born of smoking mothers. Disorders in eating behaviour, reduced physical activity, and increased risk of hypertension and nicotine addiction have been observed in the offspring of smoking mothers. Evidence from animal and human studies suggests that intrauterine smoke exposure may alter peripheral and central mediators involved in the regulation of appetite and energy metabolism. Smoking cessation during pregnancy is desirable to improve health outcomes in offspring.

Chen, H, Hansen, M, Jones, JE, Vlahos, R, Anderson, G & Morris, M 2007, 'Detrimental metabolic effects of combining long term cigarette smoke exposure and high-fat diet in mice', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM, vol. 293, no. 6, pp. 1564-1571.
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Obesity and cigarette smoking are both important risk factors for insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Smoking reduces appetite, which makes many people reluctant to quit. Few studies have documented the metabolic impact of combined smoke exposure (se) and high-fat-diet (HFD). Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a powerful hypothalamic feeding stimulator that promotes obesity. We investigated how chronic se affects caloric intake, adiposity, plasma hormones, inflammatory mediators, and hypothalamic NPY peptide in animals fed a palatable HFD. Balb/c mice (5 wk old, male) were exposed to smoke (2 cigarettes, twice/day, 6 days/wk, for 7 wk) with or without HFD. Sham-exposed mice were handled similarly without se. Plasma leptin, hypothalamic NPY, and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) mRNA were measured. HFD induced a 2.3-fold increase in caloric intake, increased adiposity, and glucose in both sham and se cohorts. Smoke exposure decreased caloric intake by 23%, with reduced body weight in both dietary groups. Fat mass and glucose were reduced only by se in the chow-fed animals. ATGL mRNA was reduced by HFD in se animals. Total hypothalamic NPY was reduced by HFD, but only in sham-exposed animals; se increased arcuate NPY. We conclude that although se ameliorated hyperphagia and reversed the weight gain associated with HFD, it failed to reverse fat accumulation and hyperglycemia. The reduced ATGL mRNA expression induced by combined HFD and se may contribute to fat retention. Our data support a powerful health message that smoking in the presence of an unhealthy Western diet increases metabolic disorders and fat accumulation.

Chen, H, Hansen, M, Jones, JE, Vlahos, R, Bozinovski, S, Anderson, G & Morris, M 2007, 'Regulation of hypothalamic NPY by diet and smoking', Peptides, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 384-389.
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Appetite is regulated by a number of hypothalamic neuropeptides including neuropeptide Y (NPY), a powerful feeding stimulator that responds to feeding status, and drugs such as nicotine and cannabis. There is debate regarding the extent of the influence of obesity on hypothalamic NPY. We measured hypothalamic NPY in male SpragueDawley rats after short or long term exposure to cafeteria-style high fat diet (32% energy as fat) or laboratory chow (12% fat). Caloric intake and body weight were increased in the high fat diet group, and brown fat and white fat masses were significantly increased after 2 weeks. Hypothalamic NPY concentration was only significantly decreased after long term consumption of the high fat diet. Nicotine decreases food intake and body weight, with conflicting effects on hypothalamic NPY reported. Body weight, plasma hormones and brain NPY were investigated in male Balb/c mice exposed to cigarette smoke for 4 days, 4 and 12 weeks. Food intake was significantly decreased by smoke exposure (2.32 ± 0.03 g/24 h versus 2.71 ± 0.04 g/24 h in control mice (non-smoke exposed) at 12 weeks). Relative to control mice, smoke exposure led to greater weight loss, while pair-feeding the equivalent amount of chow caused an intermediate weight loss. Chronic smoke exposure, but not pair-feeding, was associated with decreased hypothalamic NPY concentration, suggesting an inhibitory effect of cigarette smoking on brain NPY levels. Thus, consumption of a high fat diet and smoke exposure reprogram hypothalamic NPY. Reduced NPY may contribute to the anorexic effect of smoke exposure.

Chen, ZJ, Scheffler, BE, Dennis, E, Triplett, BA, Zhang, T, Guo, W, Chen, X, Stelly, DM, Rabinowicz, PD, Town, CD, Arioli, T, Brubaker, C, Cantrell, RG, Lacape, J-M, Ulloa, M, Chee, P, Gingle, AR, Haigler, CH, Percy, R, Saha, S, Wilkins, T, Wright, RJ, Van Deynze, A, Zhu, Y, Yu, S, Abdurakhmonov, I, Katageri, I, Kumar, PA, Mehboob-ur-Rahman, Zafar, Y, Yu, JZ, Kohel, RJ, Wendel, JF & Paterson, AH 2007, 'Toward Sequencing cotton (Gossypium) Genomes', PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 145, no. 4, pp. 1303-1310.
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Chiarella, C, Nikitopoulos Sklibosios, C & Schlogl, E 2007, 'A Control Variate Method for Monte Carlo Simulations of Heath-Jarrow-Morton Models with Jumps', Applied Mathematical Finance, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 365-399.
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This paper examines the pricing of interest rate derivatives when the interest rate dynamics experience infrequent jump shocks modelled as a Poisson process. The pricing framework adapted was developed by Chiarella and Nikitopoulos to provide an extension of the Heath, Jarrow and Morton model to jump-diffusions and achieves Markovian structures under certain volatility specifications. Fourier Transform solutions for the price of a bond option under deterministic volatility specifications are derived and a control variate numerical method is developed under a more general state dependent volatility structure, a case in which closed form solutions are generally not possible. In doing so, a novel perspective is provided on control variate methods by going outside a given complex model to a simpler more tractable setting to provide the control variates.

Chiarella, C, Nikitopoulos Sklibosios, C & Schlogl, E 2007, 'A Markovian Defaultable Term Structure Model with State Dependent Volatilities', International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 155-202.
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The defaultable forward rate is modelled as a jump diffusion process within the Schonbucher [26,27] general Heath, Jarrow and Morton [20] framework where jumps in the defaultable term structure fd(t, T) cause jumps and defaults to the defaultable bond prices Pd(t, T). Within this framework, we investigate an appropriate forward rate volatility structure that results in Markovian defaultable spot rate dynamics. In particular, we consider state dependent Wiener volatility functions and time dependent Poisson volatility functions. The corresponding term structures of interest rates are expressed as finite dimensional affine realizations in terms of benchmark defaultable forward rates In addition, we extend this model to incorporate stochastic spreads by allowing jump intensities to follow a square-root diffusion process. In that case the dynamics become non-Markovian and to restore path independence we propose either an approximate Markovian scheme or, alternatively, constant Poisson volatility functions. We also conduct some numerical simulations to gauge the effect of the stochastic intensity and the distributional implications of various volatility specifications.

Chivers, WJ, Herbert, RD & Gladstone, W 2007, 'Within-generational and diversity-dependent effects in an individual-based model of predator-prey interaction', Natural Resource Modeling, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 405-413.
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In this paper we report the use of an individual-based model of predator-prey interaction to explore the effects of within generational and `between generational updating of a system level variable. We also report the importance of diversity within the simulated populations. Our findings support those of Grimm and Uchmánski [1994] in regard to the importance of the timing of system level variables, and support Grimm and Uchmañski and others in regard to the importance of the level of diversity across the population. The significance of these findings is emphasized by the fundamental differences between our model and that of Grimm and Uchmánski in regard to the assumptions made about resource flow in the system.

Choi, AH & Ben-Nissan, B 2007, 'Sol-gel Production Of Bioactive Nanocoatings For Medical Applications. Part II: Current Research And Development', Nanomedicine, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 51-61.
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Over the years, the use of hydroxyapatite as coatings for medical devices and drug-delivery systems has gone through a revolution - from being a rarity to being an absolute necessity. Without these coatings, many medical implants and devices would never

Choi, M, Smoother, T, Martin, AA, McDonagh, AM, Maynard, PJ, Lennard, CJ & Roux, CP 2007, 'Fluorescent TiO2 powders prepared using a new perylene diimide dye: Applications in latent fingermark detection', Forensic Science International, vol. 173, no. 2, pp. 154-160.
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A new, highly fluorescent dye was synthesised using oleylamine combined with a perylene dianhydride compound. The new dye was characterised by H-1 NMR, UV-vis spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy as well as quantum yield. The dye was absorbed onto

Chong, Y, Hayes, JL, Sollod, B, Wen, S, Wilson, D, Hains, PG, Hodgson, WC, Broady, KW, King, GK & Nicholson, GM 2007, 'The omega-atracotoxins: selective blockers of insect M-LVA and HVA calcium channels', Biochemical Pharmacology, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 623-638.
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The w-atracotoxins (w-ACTX) are a family of arthropod-selective peptide neurotoxins from Australian funnel-web spider venoms (Hexathelidae: Atracinae) that are candidates for development as biopesticides. We isolated a 37-residue insect-selective neurotoxin, w-ACTX-Ar1a, from the venom of the Sydney funnel-web spider Atrax robustus, with high homology to several previously characterized members of the w-ACTX-1 family. The peptide induced potent excitatory symptoms, followed by flaccid paralysis leading to death, in acute toxicity tests in house crickets. Using isolated smooth and skeletal nerve-muscle preparations, the toxin was shown to lack overt vertebrate toxicity at concentrations up to 1 mM. To further characterize the target of the w-ACTXs, voltage-clamp analysis using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique was undertaken using cockroach dorsal unpaired median neurons. It is shown here for the first time that w-ACTX-Ar1a, and its homolog w-ACTX-Hv1a from Hadronyche versuta, reversibly block both midâlow- (M-LVA) and high-voltage-activated (HVA) insect calcium channel (Cav) currents. This block occurred in the absence of alterations in the voltage-dependence of Cav channel activation, and was voltage-independent, suggesting that w-ACTX-1 family toxins are pore blockers rather than gating modifiers. At a concentration of 1 mM w-ACTX-Ar1a failed to significantly affect global Kv channel currents. However, 1 mM w-ACTX-Ar1a caused a modest 18% block of insect Nav channel currents, similar to the minor block of Nav channels reported for other insect Cav channel blockers such as w-agatoxin IVA. These findings validate both M-LVA and HVA Cav channels as potential targets for insecticides

Chou, J, Ben-Nissan, B, Choi, AH, Wuhrer, R & Green, D 2007, 'Conversion of coral sand to calcium phosphate for biomedical applications', Journal of the Australasian Ceramic Society, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 44-48.
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Coral sand grains were analysed using simultaneous differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTA/TGA) Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). These techniques were performed to confirm the characteristics and properties as well as the composition of the coral sand grains. Imaging of the full surface topography were conducted inthe ESEM. After characterisation coral sand grains were treated for impurities and organic materials were subsequently removed. The materials were then converted to calcium phosphates utilising hydrothermal treatment. The results have shown that the coral sand grains were composed of calcium carbonate with a network of uniform inner porous structure. The ESEM has provided valuable information through the imaging of the samples which in turn allowed a comparison of the pore sizes before and after the hydrothermal treatment. The current study shows that the coral sand to be a promising source of converted calcium carbonate to calium phosphates for biomedical applications.

Chowdhury, HA & Cortie, MB 2007, 'Thermal Stresses And Cracking In Absorptive Solar Glazing', Construction And Building Materials, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 464-468.
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The emerging popularity of absorptive, as opposed to reflective, solar glazing coatings on windows has generated renewed interest in thermally induced cracking of glass structures. Here we analyse the stresses on glass coated with absorptive solar glazin

Christensen, MM & Platen, E 2007, 'Sharpe Ratio Maximization and Expected Utility When Asset Prices Have Jumps', International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 1339-1364.
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Christian, K, Webb, JK, Schultz, T & Green, B 2007, 'Effects of seasonal variation in prey abundance on field metabolism, water flux, and activity of a tropical ambush foraging snake', Physiological And Biochemical Zoology, vol. 80, no. 5, pp. 522-533.
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The responses of animals to seasonal food shortages can have important consequences for population dynamics and the structure and function of food webs. We investigated how an ambush foraging snake, the northern death adder Acanthophis praelongus, respon

Claeskens, G & Carroll, RJ 2007, 'An asymptotic theory for model selection inference in general semiparametric problems', BIOMETRIKA, vol. 94, no. 2, pp. 249-265.
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Clark, D, Ryan, LM & Lucas, F 2007, 'A Multi-state Piecewise Exponential Model Of Hospital Outcomes After Injury', Journal of Applied Statistics, vol. 34, no. 10, pp. 1225-1239.
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To allow more accurate prediction of hospital length of stay (LOS) after serious injury or illness, a multi-state model is proposed, in which transitions from the hospitalized state to three possible outcome states (home, long-term care, or death) are assumed to follow constant rates for each of a limited number of time periods. This results in a piecewise exponential (PWE) model for each outcome. Transition rates may be affected by time-varying covariates, which can be estimated from a reference database using standard statistical software and Poisson regression. A PWE model combining the three outcomes allows prediction of LOS. Records of 259,941 injured patients from the US Nationwide Inpatient Sample were used to create such a multi-state PWE model with four time periods. Hospital mortality and LOS for patient subgroups were calculated from this model, and time-varying covariate effects were estimated. Early mortality was increased by anatomic injury severity or penetrating mechanism, but these effects diminished with time; age and male sex remained strong predictors of mortality in all time periods. Rates of discharge home decreased steadily with time, while rates of transfer to long-term care peaked at five days. Predicted and observed LOS and mortality were similar for multiple subgroups. Conceptual background and methods of calculation are discussed and demonstrated. Multi-state PWE models may be useful to describe hospital outcomes, especially when many patients are not discharged home.

Cole, JN, Aquilina, JA, Hains, PG, Henningham, A, Sriprakash, KS, Caparon, MG, Nizet, V, Kotb, M, Cordwell, SJ, Djordjevic, SP & Walker, MJ 2007, 'Role of group A Streptococcus HtrA in the maturation of SpeB protease', Proteomics, vol. 7, no. 24, pp. 4488-4498.
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The serine protease HtrA (DegP) of the human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus; GAS) is localized to the ExPortal secretory microdomain and is reportedly essential for the maturation of cysteine protease SpeB. Here we utilize HSC5 (M5 serotype) and the in-frame isogenic mutant HSC5?htrA to determine whether HtrA contributes to the maturation of other GAS virulence determinants. Mutanolysin cell wall extracts and secreted proteins were arrayed by 2-DE and identified by MALDI-TOF PMF analysis. HSC5?htrA had elevated levels of cell wall-associated M protein, whilst the supernatant had higher concentrations of M protein fragments and a reduced amount of mature SpeB protease, compared to wild-type. Western blot analysis and protease assays revealed a delay in the maturation of SpeB in the HSC5?htrA supernatant. HtrA was unable to directly process SpeB zymogen to the active form in vitro. We therefore conclude that HtrA plays an indirect role in the maturation of cysteine protease SpeB.

Cole, JN, Djordjevic, SP & Walker, M 2007, 'Isolation and solubilization of Gram-Positive bacterial cell wall-associated proteins', Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 425, pp. 295-311.

Collier, C, Lavery, P, Masini, R & Ralph, PJ 2007, 'Morphological, growth and meadow characteristics of the seagrass Posidonia sinuosa along a depth-related gradient of light availability', Marine Ecology: Progress Series, vol. 337, pp. 103-115.
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Morphological and growth characteristics of the meadow-forming seagrass Posidonia sinuosa (Cambridge et Kuo), were measured along a depth-related gradient of light to infer its response to long-term differences in light availability. Morphometric measurements were carried out at 6 depths between 1.6 and 9.0 m in summer and winter at Cockburn Sound and summer only at Warnbro Sound in south-western Australia. The minimum light requirement for P. sinuosa of 8.5% sub-surface light was among the lower range reported for seagrasses. Its slow growth rate (0.5?1.5 mgdry shoot?1 d?1), relative to similarly sized species, may contribute to the low light requirements of this species. Shoot density, leaf area index and biomass showed pronounced and consistent differences among depths (up to 88-fold reduction of above-ground biomass from shallow to deep sites). At the deeper sites, the reduced shoot density probably reduces respiratory demand and alleviates self-shading. Morphological differences (leaf length, width and thickness and number of leaves per shoot) did not follow a clear and consistent trend with depth. Despite a 70% reduction in light availability at the canopy level between the shallowest and deepest sites, leaf growth rate was unaffected by depth during summer, and in winter differed between only a few depths. We propose that the reduction in shoot density partially alleviates the effects of self-shading and permits comparable leaf growth rates across the depth range. These results suggest that for interpreting long-term responses to light availability, shoot density is the most sensitive of the morphological characteristics measured here.

Connan, H, Ray, AS & Thomas, P 2007, 'Autoclaved Lime-Colloidal Silica Slurries and Formation of Tobermorite', Journal of the Australian Ceramics Society, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 150-153.

Connan, H, Ray, AS, Thomas, P & Guerbois, JL 2007, 'Effect of autoclaving temperature on calcium silicate-based building products containing clay-brick waste', Journal Of Thermal Analysis And Calorimetry, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 115-119.
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The utilisation of fired clay-brick waste is of interest in the manufacture of building products due to both socio-economic and technological reasons. Autoclaving is an established process for manufacturing calcium silicate-based building products that affords rapid strength development. Clay-brick waste represents a source of alternative silica, whcih is more reactive than conventionally used silica and also cntains alumina. This paper presents data on the effect of lowering the autoclaving temperature from commonly practised 180 to 170 degrees C on OPC-quartz blends conatining clay-brick fines as direct replacement of quartz at 4.3, 8.6 and 12.9 mass percentages. The hydration products of autoclaved OPC-quartz blends with clay-brick fines were characterised using simultaneous DTA-TG inc ombination with other methods.

Cortie, MB 2007, 'Gold 2006 - Welcome And Introduction', Materials Science And Engineering B-solid State Materials For Advanced Technology, vol. 140, no. 3, pp. 137-137.
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Cortie, MB & Ford, M 2007, 'A Plasmon-induced Current Loop In Gold Semi-shells', Nanotechnology, vol. 18, no. 23, pp. 1-6.
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We perform a computational investigation of the optical properties of nanoscale gold semi-shells and show how additional plasmon resonances develop as the shape is successively mutated from nanoshell to nano-cup, half-shell and finally to nano-cap. The e

Cortie, MB, Dowd, A, Harris, N & Ford, MJ 2007, 'Core-shell nanoparticles with self-regulating plasmonic functionality', PHYSICAL REVIEW B, vol. 75, no. 11.
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Cortie, MB, Harris, N & Ford, M 2007, 'Plasmonic heating and its possible exploitation in nanolithography', Physica B: Condensed Matter, vol. 394, no. 2, pp. 188-192.
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Gold nanoparticles manifest one or more plasmon resonances, resulting in enhanced absorption and scattering of light at the resonant frequencies. The absorbed light is converted to heat. Here we analyze how the resulting localized heat generation might be exploited to generate nanoscale polymer artifacts

Cortie, MB, Maaroof, AI, Stokes, NL & Mortari, A 2007, 'Mesoporous Gold Sponge', Australian Journal Of Chemistry, vol. 60, no. 7, pp. 524-527.
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Mesoporous gold sponge may be prepared by the removal of aluminium from AuAl2 by an alkaline leach. The resulting material has nanosclae pores and channels, with a high specific surface area that can be exploited in electrochemical applications. For example, the material may serve as the basis of a more sensitive capacitive sensor or biosensor, as an electrode material for a high efficiency ultracapacitor as the semi-transparent current collector in a dye sensitized photovoltaic cell, or as the lithium storage electrode in a lithium ion cell. The properties of the sponge may be controlled by varying its density, pore suze distribution fctors which are in turn controlled by the microstructure of the precursor compound and the conditions of deposition.

Craddock, MJ & Lennox, KA 2007, 'Lie group symmetries as integral transforms of fundamental solutions', Journal Of Differential Equations, vol. 232, no. 2, pp. 652-674.
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We obtain fundamental solutions for PDEs of the form u(t) = sigma x(gamma)u(xx) + f(x)u(x) - mu x(r)u by showing that if the symmetry group of the PDE is nontrivial, it contains a standard integral transform of the fundamental solution. We show that in this case the problem of finding a fundamental solution can be reduced to inverting a Laplace rtansform or some other classical transform.

Crainiceanu, CM, Ruppert, D, Carroll, RJ, Joshi, A & Goodner, B 2007, 'Spatially adaptive Bayesian penalized splines with heteroscedastic errors', JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL AND GRAPHICAL STATISTICS, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 265-288.
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Curiel, D, Ohkubo, K, Reimers, JR, Fukuzumi, S & Crossley, M 2007, 'Photoinduced Electron Transfer In A Beta,Beta '-Pyrrolic Fused Ferrocene-(Zinc Porphyrin)-Fullerene', Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol. 9, no. 38, pp. 5260-5266.
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Dang, L, Seale, JP & Qu, X 2007, 'Effects Of Hypocrellin A On Expression Of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor And Endothelin-1 In Human Umbilical Endothelial Cells', American Journal Of Chinese Medicine, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 713-723.
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Increased endothelin-1 (ET-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and activation of protein kinase C (PKC) are co-contributors to endothelial hyperpermeability in diabetes. Several lines of evidence have suggested a hypothesis that activation of s

Darling, AE, Treangen, TJ, Messeguer, X & Perna, NT 2007, 'Analyzing patterns of microbial evolution using the mauve genome alignment system', Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 396, pp. 135-152.
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During the course of evolution, genomes can undergo large-scale mutation events such as rearrangement and lateral transfer. Such mutations can result in significant variations in gene order and gene content among otherwise closely related organisms. The Mauve genome alignment system can successfully identify such rearrangement and lateral transfer events in comparisons of multiple microbial genomes even under high levels of recombination. This chapter outlines the main features of Mauve and provides examples that describe how to use Mauve to conduct a rigorous multiple genome comparison and study evolutionary patterns. © Humana Press Inc.

Darling, AE, Treangen, TJ, Messeguer, X & Perna, NT 2007, 'Analyzing patterns of microbial evolution using the mauve genome alignment system.', Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.), vol. 396, pp. 135-152.
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During the course of evolution, genomes can undergo large-scale mutation events such as rearrangement and lateral transfer. Such mutations can result in significant variations in gene order and gene content among otherwise closely related organisms. The Mauve genome alignment system can successfully identify such rearrangement and lateral transfer events in comparisons of multiple microbial genomes even under high levels of recombination. This chapter outlines the main features of Mauve and provides examples that describe how to use Mauve to conduct a rigorous multiple genome comparison and study evolutionary patterns.

Dastoor, P, Mcneill, C, Frohne, H, Foster, C, Dean, B, Fell, C, Belcher, W, Canipbell, W, Officer, D, Blake, I, Thordarson, P, Crossley, M, Hush, N & Reimers, JR 2007, 'Understanding And Improving Solid-State Polymer/C-60-Fullerene Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells Using Ternary Porphyrin Blends', Journal Of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 111, no. 42, pp. 15415-15426.
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Davila, YC & Wardle, GM 2007, 'Bee boys and fly girls: Do pollinators prefer male or female umbels in protandrous parsnip, Trachymene incisa (Apiaceae)?', AUSTRAL ECOLOGY, vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 798-807.
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de Sterke, CM, Walker, J, Dossou, KB & Botten, LC 2007, 'Efficient Slow Light Coupling Into Photonic Crystals', Optics Express, vol. 15, no. 17, pp. 10984-10990.
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We study light coupling between two photonic crystal wave-guides, one of which supports slow light. We show theoretically that a short photonic crystal waveguide between the two that need to be coupled, can lead to a vanishingly small reflectivity. The d

Dennis, ES & Peacock, WJ 2007, 'Epigenetic regulation of flowering', CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 520-527.
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Djordjevic, SP, Unicomb, LE, Adamson, PJ, Mickan, L, Rios, R & Study Gropu, AC 2007, 'Clonal complexes of Campylobacer jejuni identified by multilocus sequence typing are reliably predicted by restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses of the flaA gene', Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 102-108.
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Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) has provided important new insights into the population structure of Campylobacter jejuni and is rapidly becoming the gold standard for typing this species. However, the methodology is comparatively costly and slow to perform for the routine surveillance testing of large numbers of isolates required by public health laboratories. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the flaA gene (RFLP-flaA) and sequencing of the variable region in the fla locus (SVR-fla) were compared to MLST to determine if a low cost alternative could be found that reliably predicts clonal lineage (as determined by MLST). An isolate of C. jejuni from each of 153 patients from New South Wales, Australia, collected sequentially over a period of 30 months from 1999 to 2001 and comprising 40 sequence types (ST) from 15 clonal complexes (CC) was examined. Of 15 CC, 12 were represented by more than one isolate and a predominant RFLP-flaA type was found for 10 (83%). Of these, seven (70%) correctly predicted the predominant MLST CC with a probability of >0.8. Of 40 STs detected, 19 were reported for the first time, 9 of which were represented by more than one isolate. Eight of these were represented by a single RFLP-flaA type. Only two of eight major SVR-fla types were able to predict CC with a probability of >0.8, indicating that flaA-RFLP is a more reliable predictor of CC than SVR-fla and thus offers an alternative to MLST for use in routine surveillance.

Doblin, MA, Coyne, K, Rinta-kanto, J, Wilhelm, S & Dobbs, FC 2007, 'Dynamics and short-term survival of toxic cyanobacteria species in ballast water from NOBOB vessels transiting the Great Lakes - implications for HAB invasions', Harmful Algae, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 519-530.
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We measured the presence, viability and potential toxicity of cyanobacteria in ships' ballast tanks during three domestic voyages through the North American Great Lakes. Using molecular methods, the toxin-producing forms of Microcystis and Anabaena were monitored in ballast water after ships' ballast tanks were filled at their first port of call, and at subsequent ports as ships transited the Great Lakes. Microcystis weas detected in ballast water at intermidiate and final ports of call in all three experiemnts, but the presence of Anabaena was more variable, suggesting low abundance or patchy distribution in ballast tanks. Both species were detected in ballast water up to 11 days old. Detection of the mucrocystin synthetase gene, mcyE, in ballst tanks indicated entrained cells were capable of producing mycrocystin, and further analyses of RNA indicated the toxin was being expressed by Microcystis, even after 11 days in dark transit. These data demonstrate within-basin transport and delivery of planktonic harmful algal bllom (HAB) species to distant ports in the world's largest freshwater resevoir, with potential implications for drinking water quality. These implications are discussed with respect to management of microbial invasions and the fate of introduced phytoplankton in their receiving environment.

Dooley, AH & Mortiss, G 2007, 'The critical dimensions of Hamachi shifts', TOHOKU MATHEMATICAL JOURNAL, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 57-66.
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Dooley, AH & Raffoul, RW 2007, 'Matrix coefficients and coadjoint orbits of compact Lie groups', PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY, vol. 135, no. 8, pp. 2567-2571.
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Dossou, KB, Botten, LC, Wilcox, S, McPhedran, RC, de Sterke, CM, Nicorovici, NA & Asatryan, AA 2007, 'Exact modelling of generalised defect modes in photonic crystal structures', Physica B: Condensed Matter, vol. 394, no. 2, pp. 330-334.
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An exact theory for modelling modes of generalised defects in 2D photonic crystals (PCs) with a genuinely infinite cladding is presented. The approach builds on our fictitious source superposition method for simple defects and permits an elegant extension allowing the modelling of arbitrary defects. Numerical results that demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the extended method are presented. We also use the method to study the evolution of the mode generated by varying the refractive index of a single defect cylynder and find significant differences between the behaviour of defects in rod-type and hole-type PCs.

Dossou, KB, McPhedran, RC, Botten, LC, Asatryan, AA & de Sterke, CM 2007, 'Gap-edge asymptotics of defect modes in two-dimensional photonic crystals', Optics Express, vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 4753-4762.
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We consider defect modes created in complete gaps of 2D photonic crystals by perturbing the dielectric constant in some region. We study their evolution from a band edge with increasing perturbation using an asymptotic method that approximates the Green function by its dominant componenet wich is associated with the bulk mode at the band edge. From this, we derive a simple exponential law which links the frequency difference between the defect mode andthe band edge to the relative change in the electric energy. We rpesent numerical results which deminstrate the accuracy of the exponential law, for TE and TM polarizations, hexagonal and square arrays and in each of the first and second band gaps.

Drake, L, Doblin, MA & Dobbs, FC 2007, 'Potential microbial bioinvasions via ships' ballast water, sediment, and biofilm', Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 55, no. 7-9, pp. 333-341.
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A prominent vector of aquatic invasive species to coastal regions is the discharge of water, sediments and biofilm from ships' ballast-water tanks. During eight years of studying ships arriving to the lower Chesapeake Bay, we developed an undertsnading of th mechanisms by which invasive microorganisms might arrive to the region via ships. Within a given ship, habitats included ballast water, unpumpable water and sediment (collectively known as residuals) and biofilms formed on internal surfaces of ballast-water tanks. We sampled 69 vessels arriving from foreign and domestic ports, largely from Western Europe and Mediterranean region and the US East and Gulf coasts. All habitats contained bacteria and viruses. By extrapolating the measured concentration of a microbial metric to the estimated volume of ballast water, biofilm or residual sediment and water within an average vessel, we calculated the potential total number of microorganisms contained by each habitat, thus creating a hierarchy of risk of delivery. The estimated concentration of microorganisms was greatest in ballast water >> sediment and water residuals >> biofilms. From these results, it is clear microorganisms may be transported within ships ina varierty of ways. Using temperature tolerence as a measure of survivability and the temperature difference between ballst-water samples and the water into which the ballast water was discharged, we estimated 56% of microorganisms could survive in the lower Bay. Extrapolated delivery and survival of microorganisms to thePort of Hampton Roads in lower Chesapeake Bay shows on the order of 10 20 microorganisms are discharged annually into the region.

Dubey, S, Croak, B, Pike, DA, Webb, JK & Shine, R 2007, 'Phylogeography and dispersal in the velvet gecko (Oedura lesueurii), and potential implications for conservation of an endangered snake (Hoplocephalus bungaroides)', BMC Evolutionary Biology, vol. 7.

Duke, NC, Meynecke, JO, Dittman, S, Ellison, AM, Anger, K, Berger, U, Cannicci, S, Diele, K, Ewel, KC, Field, C, Koedam, N, Lee, SY, Marchand, C, Nordhaus, I & Dahdouh-Guebas, F 2007, 'A world without mangroves?', Science, vol. 317, no. 5834, pp. 41-42.
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At a meeting of world mangrove experts held last year in Australia, it was unanimously agreed that we face the prospect of a world deprived of the services offered by mangrove ecosystems, perhaps within the next 100 years. Mangrove forests once covered more than 200,000 km2 of sheltered tropical and subtropical coastlines (1). They are disappearing worldwide by 1 to 2% per year, a rate greater than or equal to declines in adjacent coral reefs or tropical rainforests (2-5). Losses are occurring in almost every country that has mangroves, and rates continue to rise more rapidly in developing countries, where >90% of the world's mangroves are located. The veracity and detail of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization data (2) on which these observations are based may be arguable, but mangrove losses during the last quarter century range consistently between 35 and 86%. As mangrove areas are becoming smaller or fragmented, their long-term survival is at great risk, and essential ecosystem services may be lost.

Earnest, A, Morgan, G, Mengersen, K, Ryan, LM, Summerhayes, R & Beardall, J 2007, 'Evaluating the effect of neighbourhood weight matrices on smoothing properties of Conditional Autoregressive (CAR) models', International Journal of Health Geographics, vol. 6, no. 54.

Earp, AA, Smith, G & Franklin, J 2007, 'Simplified BRDF Of A Non-lambertian Diffuse Surface', Lighting Research and Technology, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 265-281.
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For real diffuse surfaces, the bi-directional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) is non-Lambertian, and may require a more complex model in ray tracing simulations. The BRDF of a diffuse white surface is studied at multiple angles of incidence, and

Fang, Q, Chen, Y, Yu, Q, Zhu, Q, Li, Q & Yu, S 2007, 'Much improved irrigation use efficiency in an intensive wheat-maize double cropping system in the North China Plain', Journal of integrative plant biology, vol. 49, no. 10, pp. 1517-1526.
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Crop yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in a wheat-maize double cropping system are influenced by short and uneven rainfalls in the North China Plain (NCP). A 2-year experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of irrigation on soil water balance, crop yield and WUE to improve irrigation use efficiency in the cropping system. Soil water depletion (SWS) by crop generally decreased with the increase of irrigation and rainfall, while SWS for the whole rotation was relatively stable among these irrigation treatments. High irrigations in wheat season increased initial soil moisture and SWS for subsequent maize especially in the drought season. Initial soil water influenced mainly by the irrigation and rainfall in the previous crop season, is essential to high yield in such cropping systems. Grain yield decreased prior to evapotranspiration (ET) when ET reached about 300mm for wheat, while maize showed various WUEs with similar seasonal ET. For whole rotation, WUE declined when ET exceeded about 650mm. These results indicate great potential for improving irrigation use efficiency in such wheat-maize cropping system in the NCP. Based on the present results, reasonable irrigation schedules according to different annual rainfall conditions are presented for such a cropping system.

Fernando, SL, Saunders, BM, Sluyter, R, Skarratt, KK, Goldberg, H, Marks, GB, Wiley, JS & Britton, WJ 2007, 'A polymorphism in the P2X(7) gene increases susceptibility to extrapulmonary tuberculosis', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE, vol. 175, no. 4, pp. 360-366.
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Ferreira, NC, Ferreira, LG, Huete, A & Ferreira, ME 2007, 'An operational deforestation mapping system using MODIS data and spatial context analysis', International journal of remote sensing, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 47-62.
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The Brazilian Amazon has the world's highest absolute rate of forest loss, currently averaging nearly 2 million hectares per year. In this study, we present a near-real-time automated deforestation mapping system for the Brazilian Amazon based on the analysis of spatial context information and MODIS Vegetation Index products and implemented on an ArcGIS 9.0 platform. This system, already validated and operational, was developed as part of the Integrated Warning Deforestation System for the Amazon (SIAD), an initiative of the Brazilian government within the scope of the Amazon Protection System (SIPAM), which also comprises: (1) a spatial information module, aimed at the assessment of the causes and impacts of the deforested areas; (2) a prediction module, indicative of deforestation trends; and (3) a data and information gateway based on map server technology.

Fierro, AO, Leslie, L, Mansell, E, Straka, J, MacGorman, D & Ziegler, C 2007, 'A high-resolution simulation of microphysics and electrification in an idealized hurricane-like vortex', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 98, no. 1-2, pp. 13-33.
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Cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning bursts in the eyewall of mature tropical cyclones (TCs) are believed to be good indicators of imminent intensification of these systems. While numerous well-documented observational cases exist in the literature, no modeling studies of the electrification processes within TCs have previously been conducted. At present, little is known about the evolution of charge regions and lightning activity in mature TCs. Towards this goal, a numerical cloud model featuring a 12-class bulk microphysics scheme with electrification and lightning processes is utilized to investigate the evolution of the microphysics fields and subsequent electrical activity in an idealized hurricane-like vortex. Preliminary results show that the highest total lightning flash rates (CG plus intracloud) are primarily found within the eyewall where updraft speeds tend to be larger than elsewhere in the TC, though rarely exceeding 10 m s-1. Smaller total flash rates are also found within the strongest cells forming the outer bands, where updraft speeds sometimes reach 15 m s-1. As expected, these two regions of the storm are generally characterized by moderate total graupel mixing ratio (≥0.5 g kg-1) and moderate cloud water content (≥0.2 g m-3). When the model uses the Saunders and Peck non-inductive (NI) charging scheme and moderate inductive charging settings, the inner eyewall region exhibits a complex charge structure. However, the charge regions involved in lightning can be described as a normal tripole charge structure in the eyewall, while a normal dipole is observed in the outer eyewall stratiform region and in the strongest cells forming the outer rainbands. The charges forming the normal dipole in the outer eyewall are generated within the eyewall via NI charging in the mixed-phase region at mid-levels (near the -10°C isotherm) and later, are ejected radially outward by the storm's intense circulation. © Springer-Verlag 2007.

Finnegan, E & Dennis, ES 2007, 'Vernal ization-induced trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 27 at FLC is not maintainedin mitotically quiescent cells', CURRENT BIOLOGY, vol. 17, no. 22, pp. 1978-1983.
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Vernalization promotes flowering in Arabidopsis through epigenetic repression of the floral repressor, FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) [1-3]. Vernalization, like other polycomb-mediated repression events [4], occurs in two stages; FLCrepression is established at

Finnegan, EJ, Bond, DM, Sheldon, CC, Helliwell, CA, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2007, 'Epigenetic basis of responses to the environment - insights from flowering plants', EARLY HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, vol. 83, pp. S31-S31.
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Flerchinger, GN & Yu, Q 2007, 'Simplified expressions for radiation scattering in canopies with ellipsoidal leaf angle distributions', Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol. 144, no. 3-4, pp. 230-235.
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The ability to simulate the surface energy balance and microclimate within a plant canopy is contingent upon accurate simulation of radiation exchange within the canopy. Accurate radiation simulations require some assumption of leaf angle distribution to compute transmissivity, reflection and scattering of radiation. The ellipsoidal leaf angle density function can very closely approximate real plant canopies but requires complex integrations for different combinations of leaf area index, incident radiation angle, and density function. This paper presents close approximations (R2 > 0.99) to compute the transmissivity and scattering functions for elliptical leaf angle distributions that can be more easily implemented into simulation models.

Ford, M, Soule, DBBJ & Cortie, MB 2007, 'Stability of the tetrahedral motif for small gold clusters in the size range 16-24 atoms', Materials Science and Engineering B: Solid State Materials for Advanced Technology, vol. 140, no. 3, pp. 177-181.
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The tetrahedral 20-atom gold cluster is surprisingly stable, and is believed to be the ground state structure as evidenced both by ab initio calculations [1-3] and experiment [3]. This sturcture is very orderd, has no internal atoms and is essentially a small section of fcc-bulk gold cut along four intersecting close-packed (111) planes. We have previously shown that it is at least 0.5eV more stable than the tetrahedral structure represents a deep minimum in the potential energy surface that is isolated from its isomers, gives rise to a well-defined melting point with a melting temperature comparable to bulk gold [4].

Fotedar, R, Stark, DJ, Beebe, NW, Marriott, DJ, Ellis, JT & Harkness, JL 2007, 'Laboratory diagnostic techniques for Entamoeba species', Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 511-532.
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The genus Entamoeba contains many species, six of which (Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar, Entamoeba moshkovskii, Entamoeba polecki, Entamoeba coli and Entamoeba hartmanni) reside in the human intestinal lumen. Entmoeba histolytica is the onl species definitely associated with pathological sequelae in humnas; the others are considered non-pathogenic (31,57). Although recent studies highlight the recovery of E. dispar and E. moshkovskii from patients with gastrointestinal symptoms (52, 73, 130, 189, 201), there is sitll no definitive evidence of a causa link between the presence of these two species and the symptoms of the host.

Fotedar, R, Stark, DJ, Beebe, NW, Marriott, DJ, Ellis, JT & Harkness, JL 2007, 'PCR Detection of Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar, and Entamoeba moshkovskii in Stool Samples from Sydney, Australia', Journal Of Clinical Microbiology, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 1035-1037.
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This study investigated the presence of Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar, and Entamoeba moshkovskii in stool samples from a patient population in Sydney, Australia. Stool samples were tested by microscopy and PCR. Five patients were found with E. histolytica infections, while E. dispar and E. moshkovskii were observed in 63 (70.8%) and 55 (61.8%) patients, respectively, by PCR. This is the first study in Australia using molecular techniques to determine the presence of E. histolytica, E. dispar, and E. moshkovskii.

Friedrichs, S & Schulte, J 2007, 'Environmental, health and safety aspects of nanotechnology - implications for the R&D in (small) companies', Science And Technology Of Advanced Materials, vol. 8, no. 1-2, pp. 12-18.
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The growth of nanotechnology has led to an unprecedented research and development effort in both the public and the private sectors; world wide, an increasing number of laboratories, fabrication and manufacturing plants develop or apply novel nanometre-sized materials for applications ranging from large-scale industrial materials to electronic components and heathcare and medical products; an increasing number of start-ups have veen launched to establish their nanotechnology-based products in a trillion-dollar market. Very little, however, is known about the inetraction of man-made nanostructured materials and living organisms, as studies of nanotoxicology are gaining increasing interest, but are still in their infacny. Despite the formation of many ofcus and lobbying groups, proper legislation of the environmental, health and safety aspects of nanotechnology wil tka eyears to be implemented, In the menatime, it is of utmost importance tat companies working with nanometre-sized matter take appropriate precautions to protect their staff, the environment and customer. Toxicology tests and agency approval of new nanometre-sized materials are prohibitively expensive, but, even if working on a tight budget, nanotechnology companies can acheive an ethical and safe business conduct via a number of possible routes.

Frols, S, Gordon, PM, Panlilio, MA, Duggin, IG, Bell, SD, Sensen, CW & Schleper, C 2007, 'Response of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus to UV damage', Journal Of Bacteriology, vol. 189, no. 23, pp. 8708-8718.
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In order to characterize the genome-wide transcriptional response of the hyperthermophilic, aerobic crenarchaeote Sulfolobus solfataricus to UV damage, we used high-density DNA microarrays which covered 3,368 genetic features encoded on the host genome, as well as the genes of several extrachromosomal genetic elements. While no significant up-regulation of genes potentially involved in direct DNA damage reversal was observed, a specific transcriptional UV response involving 55 genes could be dissected. Although flow cytometry showed only modest perturbation of the cell cycle, strong modulation of the transcript levels of the Cdc6 replication initiator genes was observed. Up-regulation of an operon encoding Mre11 and Rad50 homologs pointed to induction of recombinational repair. Consistent with this, DNA double-strand breaks were observed between 2 and 8 h after UV treatment, possibly resulting from replication fork collapse at damaged DNA sites. The strong transcriptional induction of genes which potentially encode functions for pilus formation suggested that conjugational activity might lead to enhanced exchange of genetic material. In support of this, a statistical microscopic analysis demonstrated that large cell aggregates formed upon UV exposure. Together, this provided supporting evidence to a link between recombinational repair and conjugation events.

Fu, D, van Dam, EM, Duggin, IG, Brymora, A & Robinson, PJ 2007, 'The small GTPases Rab5 and RalA regulate intracellular traffic of P-glycoprotein', Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, vol. 1773, pp. 1062-1072.
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P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a plasma membrane glycoprotein that can cause multidrug resistance (MDR) of cancer cells by acting as an ATP-dependent drug efflux pump. The regulatory effects of the small GTPases Rab5 and RalA on the intracellular trafficking of P-gp were investigated in HeLa cells. As expected, overexpressed enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-tagged P-gp (P-gp-EGFP) is mainly localised to the plasma membrane. However, upon cotransfection of either dominant negative Rab5 (Rab5-S34N) or constitutively active RalA (RalA-G23V) the intracellular P-gp-EGFP levels increased approximately 9 and 13 fold, respectively, compared to control P-gp-EGFP cells. These results suggest that Rab5 and RalA regulate P-gp trafficking between the plasma membrane and an intracellular compartment. In contrast, coexpression of constitutively active Rab5 (Rab5-Q79L) or dominant negative RalA (RalA-S28N) had no effect on the localisation of P-gp-EGFP. Furthermore, the intracellular accumulation of daunorubicin, a substrate for P-gp, increased significantly with an increased intracellular localisation of P-gp-EGFP. These results imply that it may be possible to overcome MDR by controlling the plasma membrane localisation of P-gp.

Fu, L, Jain, A, Cranfield, C, Xie, H & Gu, M 2007, 'Three-dimensional nonlinear optical endoscopy', JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS, vol. 12, no. 4.
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Gagliardi, A, Solomon, G, Pecchia, A, Frauenheim, T, Di Carlo, A, Hush, N & Reimers, JR 2007, 'A Priori Method For Propensity Rules For Inelastic Electron Tunneling Spectroscopy Of Single-Molecule Conduction', Physical Review B, vol. 75, no. 17.
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Ganguli, B & Wand, M 2007, 'Feature significance in generalized additive models', Statistics and Computing, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 179-192.
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This paper develops inference for the significance of features such as peaks and valleys observed in additive modeling through an extension of the SiZer-type methodology of Chaudhuri and Marron (1999) and Godtliebsen et al. (2002, 2004) to the case where the outcome is discrete. We consider the problem of determining the significance of features such as peaks or valleys in observed covariate effects both for the case of additive modeling where the main predictor of interest is univariate as well as the problem of studying the significance of features such as peaks, inclines, ridges and valleys when the main predictor of interest is geographical location. We work with low rank radial spline smoothers to allow to the handling of sparse designs and large sample sizes. Reducing the problem to a Generalised Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) framework enables derivation of simulation-based critical value approximations and guards against the problem of multiple inferences over a range of predictor values. Such a reduction also allows for easy adjustment for confounders including those which have an unknown or complex effect on the outcome. A simulation study indicates that our method has satisfactory power. Finally, we illustrate our methodology on several data sets.

Gentle, AR, Maaroof, AI & Smith, G 2007, 'Nanograin VO2 in the Metal Phase: A Plasmonic System with falling DC Resistivity as Temperature Rises', Nanotechnology, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 025202-25209.
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Thin films of vanadium dioxide with grain size smaller than 60nm have a metallic phase with excellent plasmonic response,but their dc resistivity falls as temperature rises to values above the metal-insulator transition. At the transition optical switching is complete, but the switch in dc resistance is incomplete. In the metallic phase nanograin and large grain samples have similar values of both plasma frequency and relaxation rate. However, plasmonic response in nanograins is stronger due to the absence of a low energy interband transition foun din large grain fims. Conductivity rises with thermal activation energy of 108 meV, which is well below that in rthe semiconductor phase. Possible mechanisms for non-metal' like dc behaviour in this plasmonic system are briefly discussed. They include fluctuations which are coherent in nanograins but incoherent for larger grains. Nanoscale systems seem preferable for optical switching applications and large grain structures for dc switching work.

Gereltuya, A, Falkingham, J & Brown, JJ 2007, 'Determinants of current contraceptive use and method choice in Mongolia', Journal of Biosocial Science, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 801-817.
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This study examines the determinants of current contraceptive use and method choice in Mongolia using data from the 1998 Mongolian Reproductive Health Survey and 2000 Mongolian Population and Housing Census. Since 1976, access to modern contraceptives ha

Gibbs, MJ, Wayper, P, Fourment, MLA, Wood, JT, Ohshima, K, Armstrong, JS & Gibbs, AJ 2007, 'The variable codons of H3 influenza A virus haemagglutinin genes', ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY, vol. 152, no. 1, pp. 11-24.
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Gladstone, W 2007, 'Requirements for marine protected areas to conserve the biodiversity of rocky reef fishes', Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, vol. 17, pp. 71-87.
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This study describes spatial patterns in the biodiversity (species, assemblages) of rocky reef fishes at a spatial scale relevant to management, and compared the outcomes for this biodiversity from alternative procedures for selecting marine protected areas (MPAs) and from the selection of MPAs for fisheries-related objectives. 2. The study area included 104 species in two assemblage types; 36 species and 14 species occurred only in one or two locations respectively. 3. MPAs selected by hotspot richness, greedy richness complementarity, and summed irreplaceability included similar percentages of species and signi?cantly more species than randomly selected MPAs. A combined species-assemblage selection ensured representation of assemblage diversity. Representation of all species and assemblage types required 92% of locations. 4. MPAs chosen using density of all fishes or density of exploitable ?shes as selection criteria included fewer species (than MPAs selected using species identity) and the percentage of species accumulated did not di?er from a random selection. 5. Use of an established MPA as the seed for an expanded network was inefficient, leading to additional locations being required and an accumulation of species that did not di?er from a random selection. 6. The smallest MPA network that fulfilled multiple management objectives (representation of assemblage diversity and majority of species, population viability, support for fisheries, connectivity) required 30% of the surveyed locations

Gladstone, W 2007, 'Selection of a spawning aggregation site by Chromis hypsilepis (Pisces: Pomacentridae): habitat structure, transport potential, and food availability', Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 351, pp. 235-247.
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Spawning aggregations form when fishes migrate to a site from their normal feeding grounds and form temporary groupings for breeding. Spawning aggregation sites are spatially rare, and demonstrating differences between a spawning aggregation site and unselected sites nearby is the first step towards understanding the benefits provided by the aggregation site. Chromis hypsilepis (Pomacentridae) is a demersally spawning reef fish, one population of which reproduces in a large, single aggregation at a rocky reef off the central coast of New South Wales, Australia. This study compared the habitat structure (rugosity, reef slope, substratum particle size, and abundance of preferred spawning microhabitat) of the spawning aggregation site and several non-spawning sites, and tested the hypotheses that the spawning aggregation site provided greater off-reef larval transport and prey availability for brooding males. Substratum rugosity was significantly greater and the preferred spawning microhabitat was significantly more abundant at the spawning aggregation site. Reef relief and substratum particle size were not significantly different from non-spawning sites. Passively drifting surface current drogues released at the spawning aggregation site were more rapidly transported off the reef, but did not travel further or faster, than drogues released at a non-spawning site over a 12 h period. Biomass of the preferred prey (copepods of 0.441 to 1.49 mm equivalent spherical diameter) was not significantly greater, but was less variable, at the spawning aggregation site

Gladstone, W 2007, 'Temporal patterns of spawning and hatching in a spawning aggregation of the temperate reef fish Chromis hypsilepis (Pomacentridae)', Marine Biology, vol. 151, no. 3, pp. 1143-1152.
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Descriptions of temporal patterns in the reproduction of damselfishes (family Pomacentridae) and adaptive hypotheses for these patterns are derived mostly from studies of coral reef species. It is unclear whether the types of temporal patterns and the explanatory power of the adaptive hypotheses are applicable to damselfishes of temperate rocky reefs. This study tested hypotheses about the existence of lunar spawning cycles, the diel timing of hatching, and the synchronization of temporal patterns in hatching and tides in the schooling planktivorous damselfish Chromis hypsilepis on a rocky reef in New South Wales, Australia. Reproductive behaviour was observed daily for 223 days between August 2004 and March 2005. C. hypsilepis formed large spawning aggregations of 3,57533,075 individuals. Spawning occurred at a uniform rate throughout the day on a semi-lunar cycle. The greatest number of spawnings occurred 1 day after the new moon and 1 day before the full moon. The cost to males from brood care was an 85% reduction in their feeding rate. The semi-lunar spawning cycle may be an outcome of the use of the lunar cue to synchronize the aggregation for spawning of widely dispersed individuals and the need for males to recuperate after brooding. Eggs hatched 37 h after sunset following a 4.5-day incubation period. This study provides no support for hypotheses that link temporal patterns in hatching with particular tidal regimes believed to facilitate early survival of larvae and their dispersal. The result that hatching occurred over the tidal cycle was due to the rapid off-reef dispersal of larvae from the spawning ground at all stages of the tide. C. hypsilepis is similar to other planktivorous damselfishes in its semi-lunar spawning cycle, cost of brood care, and protracted diel spawning regime. It differs in its lengthy period of hatching and its breeding in spawning aggregations, believed to be rare among demersally spawning fishes.

Glenn, E, Huete, A, Nagler, PL, Hirschboeck, KK & Brown, P 2007, 'Integrating Remote Sensing and Ground Methods to Estimate Evapotranspiration', Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 139-168.
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Evapotranspiraton (ET) is the second largest term in the terrestrial water budget after precipitation, and ET is expected to increase with global warming. ET studies are relevant to the plant sciences because over 80% of terrestrial ET is due to transpiration by plants. Remote sensing is the only feasible means for projecting ET over large landscape units. In the past decade or so, new ground and remote sensing tools have dramatically increased our ability to measure ET at the plot scale and to scale it over larger regions. Moisture flux towers and micrometeorological stations have been deployed in numerous natural and agricultural biomes and provide continuous measurements of actual ET or potential ET with an accuracy or uncertainty of 10-30%. These measurements can be scaled to larger landscape units using remotely-sensed vegetation indices (VIs), Land Surface Temperature (LST), and other satellite data. Two types of methods have been developed. Empirical methods use time-series VIs and micrometeorological data to project ET measured on the ground to larger landscape units. Physically-based methods use remote sensing data to determine the components of the surface energy balance, including latent heat flux, which determines ET. Errors in predicting ET by both types of methods are within the error bounds of the flux towers by which they are calibrated or validated. However, the error bounds need to be reduced to 10% or less for applications that require precise wide-area ET estimates. The high fidelity between ET and VIs over agricultural fields and natural ecosystems where precise ground estimates of ET are available suggests that this might be an achievable goal if ground methods for measuring ET continue to improve.

Gloag, RS, Ritchie, RJ, Chen, M, Larkum, AWD & Quinnell, RG 2007, 'Chromatic photoacclimation, photosynthetic electron transport and oxygen evolution in the Chlorophyll d-containing oxyphotobacterium Acaryochloris marina', Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Bioenergetics, vol. 1767, no. 2, pp. 127-135.
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Changes in photosynthetic pigment ratios showed that the Chlorophyll d-dominated oxyphotobacterium Acaryochloris marina was able to photoacclimate to different light regimes. Chl d per cell were higher in cultures grown under low irradiance and red or green light compared to those found when grown under high white light, but phycocyanin/Chl d and carotenoid/Chl d indices under the corresponding conditions were lower. Chl a, considered an accessory pigment in this organism, decreased respective to Chl d in low irradiance and low intensity non-white light sources. Blue diode PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation) fluorometry was able to be used to measure photosynthesis in Acaryochloris. Light response curves for Acaryochloris were created using both PAM and O2 electrode. A linear relationship was found between electron transport rate (ETR), measured using a PAM fluorometer, and oxygen evolution (net and gross photosynthesis). Gross photosynthesis and ETR were directly proportional to one another. The optimum light for white light (quartz halogen) was about 206 ± 51 μmol m- 2 s- 1 (PAR) (Photosynthetically Active Radiation), whereas for red light (red diodes) the optimum light was lower (109 ± 27 μmol m- 2 s- 1 (PAR)). The maximum mean gross photosynthetic rate of Acaryochloris was 73 ± 7 μmol mg Chl d- 1 h- 1. The gross photosynthesis/respiration ratio (Pg/R) of Acaryochloris under optimum conditions was about 4.02 ± 1.69. The implications of our findings will be discussed in relation to how photosynthesis is regulated in Acaryochloris. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Godlewski, M, Bozek, R, Miasojedovas, S, Jursenas, S, Kazlauskas, K, Zukauskas, A, Phillips, MR, Czernecki, R, Targowski, G, Perlin, P, Leszczynski, M, Boettcher, T, Figge, S & Hommel, D 2007, 'Micro-analysis of light emission properties of GaN-based laser diodes', PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI C - CURRENT TOPICS IN SOLID STATE PHYSICS, VOL 4 NO 7 2007, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 2818-+.
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Godlewski, M, Skrobot, M, Guziewicz, E & Phillips, M 2007, 'Color tuning of white light emission from thin films of ZnSe', Journal Of Luminescence, vol. 125, no. 1-2, pp. 85-91.
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In this paper we discuss light emission from thin films of ZnSe obtained by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Due to the color mixing of band edge and two deep defect-related emissions of ZnSe, the ALD films emit white light. Tuning of color temperature is demonstrated in cathodoluminescence experiments. We report that chromaticity parameters can be varied by a change of accelerating voltage or excitation density.

Godlewski, M, Yatsunenko, S, Ivanov, V, Drozdowicz-Tomasia, K, Goldys, EM, Phillips, M, Klar, PJ & Heimbrodt, W 2007, 'Mechanisms of enhancement of light emission in nanostructures of II-VI compounds doped with manganese', Low Temperature Physics, vol. 33, no. 2-3, pp. 192-196.
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Intra-shell transitions of transition metal and rare earth ions are parity forbidden processes. For Mn2+ ions this is also a spin forbidden process, i.e., light emission should be inefficient. Surprisingly, it has been reported that in nanostructures of ZnMnS the 4T1 to 6A1 intra-shell transition of Mn2+ results in a bright photoluminescence characterized by a short PL decay time. The model of a quantum confined atom was introduced to explain the observed experimental results. It was later claimed that this model is incorrect. Based on the results of our photoluminescence, photoluminescence kinetics, time-resolved photoluminescence, electron spin resonance, and optically detected magnetic resonance investigations, we confirm photoluminescence enhancement and decrease of photoluminescence lifetime and relate these effects to spin dependent magnetic interactions between localized spins of Mn2+ ions and spins/magnetic moments of free carriers. This mechanism is active in both bulk and in low-dimensional structures, but is significantly enhanced in nanostructure samples

Gordon, J, King, N, Gullone, E, Muris, P & Ollendick, TH 2007, 'Nighttime fears of children and adolescents: Frequency, content, severity, harm expectations, disclosure, and coping behaviours', Behaviour Research and Therapy, vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 2464-2472.
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The present school-based study investigated the nighttime fears of 511 children and adolescents, aged 8-16 years. Participants were assessed using a structured interview about the frequency, content, severity, harm expectations, coping strategies, and disclosure of nighttime fears. Results indicated that nighttime fears are a common experience, with nearly two-thirds (64.2%) of children and adolescents reporting nighttime fears. Fear of intruders/home invasion was the most frequently reported nighttime fear. Females more frequently reported nighttime fears than males (72.9% and 54.6%, respectively) and a greater number of children reported nighttime fears compared to adolescents (79.4% and 48.8%, respectively). Nighttime fears were given moderate severity ratings, and harm expectations were most strongly associated with 'personal security' fears. Respondents reported a variety of coping strategies to manage their nighttime fears with self-control/distraction techniques being the most common. Most respondents reported disclosing their nighttime fear(s) to another person. The clinical implications of these findings and the methodological limitations are discussed. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Gordon, J, King, NJ, Gullone, E, Muris, P & Ollendick, TH 2007, 'Treatment of children's nighttime fears: The need for a modern randomised controlled trial', Clinical Psychology Review, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 98-113.
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Children's nighttime fears are common and cause significant interference to the child's functioning as well as causing much distress for the child and family. Therefore, effective and cost-efficient interventions are urgently needed by mental health professionals and counsellors. The authors review 29 studies, which investigated the efficacy of psychosocial treatment for children's nighttime fears. Most studies employed multiple baseline across subject designs or between group designs and most employed cognitive-behavioral techniques (i.e., desensitisation, emotive imagery, cognitive self-instruction, and reinforcement procedures). Although multi-method, informant assessments were not always conducted, in most studies rapid reduction of nighttime fears was typically achieved after only a few sessions with maintenance of gains. On the basis of our review, we make recommendations about assessment and intervention issues for the effective treatment of children's nighttime fears. Finally, future research directions are discussed including the need for a modern randomised clinical trial to more fully investigate treatment efficacy and the role of non-specific treatment factors. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Gorrie, C, Rodriguez, M, Sachdev, P, Duflou, J & Waite, P 2007, 'Mild neuritic changes are increased in the brains of fatally injured older motor vehicle drivers', Accident Analysis and Prevention, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 1114-1120.
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Given the expected increase in the older population and driving in this age group, concerns have been raised about the safety of older drivers. People over 65 years are over-represented in motor vehicle fatalities when calculated by distance driven. They

Greene, RW, Ablon, JS, Hassuk, B, Regan, KM & Martin, A 2007, 'Erratum: Use of collaborative problem solving to reduce seclusion and restraint in child and adolescent inpatient units (Psychiatric Services (2006) (600-612))', Psychiatric Services, vol. 58, no. 8, p. 1040.
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Greenlees, MJ, Brown, GP, Webb, JK, Phillips, BL & Shine, R 2007, 'Do invasive cane toads (Chaunus marinus) compete with Australian frogs (Cyclorana australis)?', Austral Ecology, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 900-907.
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Despite widespread concern about the ecological impacts of invasive species, mechanisms of impact remain poorly understood. Cane toads (Chaunus [Bufo] marinus) were introduced to Queensland in 1935, and have now spread across much of tropical Australia.

Grills-Taquechel, A & Ollendick, TH 2007, 'Introduction to special issue: Developments in the etiology and psychosocial treatments of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents', Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 197-198.
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Gueidan, C, Roux, C & Lutzoni, F 2007, 'Using a multigene phylogenetic analysis to assess generic delineation and character evolution in Verrucariaceae (Verrucariales, Ascomycota)', MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH, vol. 111, pp. 1145-1168.
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Gunawan, C, Satianegara, G, Chen, AK, Breuer, M, Hauer, B, Rogers, PL & Rosche, B 2007, 'Yeast pyruvate decarboxylases: variation in biocatalytic characteristics for (R)-phenylacetylcarbinol production', FEMS YEAST RESEARCH, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 33-39.
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Haden, SC, Scarpa, A, Jones, RT & Ollendick, TH 2007, 'Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and injury: the moderating role of perceived social support and coping for young adults', Personality and Individual Differences, vol. 42, no. 7, pp. 1187-1198.
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Individuals who experience a traumatic event are at risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The present investigation examined (1) the relationship between PTSD symptoms and perceived injury sustained during a traumatic event, and (2) the moderational roles of the survivor's coping behaviors and perceived support on the injury-PTSD relationship. A sample of college students completed self-report measures describing the trauma, coping styles, support, and PTSD symptoms. Results indicated that the degree of perceived injury significantly predicted levels of PTSD symptoms. Furthermore, individuals who self-reported more severe levels of injury reported less severe PTSD symptoms when they also perceived more friend support or utilized interpersonal styles of coping. These findings emphasize the value of perceiving and seeking support for survivors of traumatic events. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Hahn, MA & Marsh, DJ 2007, 'Erratum: Identification of a functional bipartite nuclear localization signal in the tumor suppressor parafibromin (Oncogene (2005) 24, (6241-6248) DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208778)', Oncogene, vol. 26, no. 5, p. 788.
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Hahn, MA & Marsh, DJ 2007, 'Nucleolar localization of parafibromin is mediated by three nucleolar localization signals', FEBS LETTERS, vol. 581, no. 26, pp. 5070-5074.
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Hannesdottir, DK & Ollendick, TH 2007, 'The role of emotion regulation in the treatment of child anxiety disorders', Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 275-293.
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In this review, we examine the role of emotion regulation in the treatment of children with anxiety disorders. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has been shown to "work" for children with anxiety disorders and it has been categorized as an evidence-based treatment. However, most studies have shown that the treatment is effective for about 60-70% of children, leaving the remaining children symptomatic and oftentimes with persisting psychological disorders. Of importance, it has also been shown that many children with anxiety disorders demonstrate poor emotion regulation skills. Despite these findings, little attention has been directed toward incorporating emotion regulation strategies into these relatively effective cognitive-behavioral treatments. It is possible that CBT programs do not work as well for a portion of children because their emotion regulation deficits, if present, are not being targeted sufficiently. In this review, it is suggested that adding an emotion regulation component could increase treatment efficacy. In addition, strategies aimed at improving emotion regulation at the individual level and at the family level are introduced. Details of how improved emotion regulation skills could be beneficial in bringing about change are discussed. Finally, issues of measurement and the clinical implications for research and practice are considered. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

Hannesdóttir, DK & Ollendick, TH 2007, 'Social cognition and social anxiety among icelandic schoolchildren', Child and Family Behavior Therapy, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 43-58.
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The primary purpose of this study is to examine relationships among social cognition, social anxiety, and social skills with friends and strangers in children. Ninety-two children (age 10-14 years) in Iceland completed questionnaires on social anxiety, social skills, assertiveness, self-efficacy, and outcome expectancy in social situations with friends and strangers. Children reported higher self-efficacy, more positive outcome expectancies, and higher assertion when interacting with friends than strangers. Results also indicate that self-efficacy with friends and self-efficacy with strangers significantly predicted social anxiety. Self-efficacy with friends (but not strangers) also predicted social skills as reported by the children and their parents. On the other hand, self-efficacy with strangers predicted assertiveness with strangers. Outcome expectancy with friends also contributed to the prediction of self reported and parent-reported social skills. Findings are discussed with regard to the importance of social cognition for the development of social anxiety and social skills. doi:10.1300/J019v29n04_03 © Copyright (c) by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.

Harris, CJ, Murray, B, Hose, GC & Hamilton, MA 2007, 'Introduction history and invasion success in exotic vines introduced to Australia', Diversity And Distributions, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 467-475.
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The ecological damage caused by invasive vines poses a considerable threat to many natural ecosystems. However, very little data are available for this potentially environmentally destructive functional group in Australia. In order to address this paucity of information, we assembled the first inventory of exotic vines thathave become established in natural ecosystems across Australia. The influence that introduction history attributes, variables that relate to the introduction of a species to a new area, may have on the occurrence and distribution of exotic vines was also determined. We asked whether the continent of origin, reason for introduction and residence tiem related to the prevalence and distribution of exotic vines across Asutralia. A total of 179 exotic climbing plant species from 40 difference families were found to have become established across continental Australia. However, five families accounted for over 50% of thes species. Most exotic vines originated from South America and were introduced for ornamental purposes. The length of time in which an exotic vine had been present in tis new range was significantly related to its distribution, with a positive relationship found between residence time and area of occupancy across the continent. No other introduction history attribute was significantly related to the area of accup[ancy ro distribution of a species. This suggests that while the trends found among introduction history attributes are important in explaining the prevalence of exotic vines in Australia, opnly residence time is currently a useful predictor of their future success.

Harris, N, Ford, M, Cortie, MB & McDonagh, AM 2007, 'Laser-induced Assembly Of Gold Nanoparticles Into Colloidal Crystals', Nanotechnology, vol. 18, no. 36, pp. 1-4.
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Micron-sized colloidal crystals comprised of gold nanospheres have been synthesized directly from a gold nanoparticlepermethyl methacrylate colloid by application of a 514 nm laser at 500 mW. An array of colloidal crystals can be created by translation o

Hauser, R, Meeker, JD, Singh, NP, Silva, MJ, Ryan, LM, Duty, S & Calafat, AM 2007, 'DNA damage in human sperm is related to urinary levels of phthalate monoester and oxidative metabolites', Human Reproduction, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 688-695.
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BACKGROUND: The ubiquitous use of phthalate esters in plastics, personal care products and food packaging materials results in widespread general population exposure. In this report, we extend our preliminary study on the relationship between urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites and sperm DNA damage among a larger sample of men and include measurements of mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHAIR) and mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), two oxidative metabolites of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). METHODS: Among 379 men from an infertility clinic, urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites were measured using isotope-dilution high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Sperm DNA damage measurements, assessed with the neutral comet assay, included comet extent (CE), percentage of DNA in tail (Tail%) and tail distributed moment (TDM). RESULTS: Monoethyl phthalate (MEP), a metabolite of diethyl phthalate, was associated with increased DNA damage, confirming our previous findings. Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MERP), a metabolite of DEHP, was associated with DNA damage after adjustment for the oxidative DEHP metabolites. After adjustment for MEHHP, for an interquartile range increase in urinary MEHP, CE increased 17.3% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 8.7-25.7%], TDM increased 14.3% (95% CI = 6.8-21.7%) and Tail% increased 17.5% (95% CI = 3.5-31.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Sperm DNA damage was associated with MEP and with MEHP after adjusting for DEHP oxidative metabolites, which may serve as phenotypic markers of DEHP metabolism to 'less toxic' metabolites. The urinary levels of phthalate metabolites among these men were similar to those reported for the US general population, suggesting that exposure to some phthalates may affect the population distribution of sperm DNA damage.

Hegland, M, Burden, C, Santoso, L, MacNamara, S & Booth, H 2007, 'A solver for the stochastic master equation applied to gene regulatory networks', Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, vol. 205, no. 2, pp. 708-724.
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An important driver of gene regulatory networks is noise arising from the stochastic nature of interactions of genes, their products and regulators. Thus, such systems are stochastic and can be modelled by the chemical master equations. A major challenge is the curse of dimensionality which occurs when one attempts to integrate these equations. While stochastic simulation techniques effectively address the curse, many repeated simulations are required to provide precise information about stationary points, bifurcation phenomena and other properties of the stochastic processes. An alternative way to address the curse of dimensionality is provided by sparse grid approximations. The sparse grid methodology is applied and the application demonstrated to work efficiently for up to 10 proteins. As sparse grid methods have been developed for the approximation of smooth functions, a variant for infinite sequences had to be developed together with a multiresolution analysis similar to Haar wavelets. Error bounds are provided which confirm the effectiveness of sparse grid approximations for smooth high-dimensional probability distributions. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Hibbett, DS, Binder, M, Bischoff, JF, Blackwell, M, Cannon, PF, Eriksson, OE, Huhndorf, S, James, T, Kirk, PM, Luecking, R, Lumbsch, HT, Lutzoni, F, Matheny, PB, Mclaughlin, DJ, Powell, MJ, Redhead, S, Schoch, CL, Spatafora, JW, Stalpers, JA, Vilgalys, R, Aime, MC, Aptroot, A, Bauer, R, Begerow, D, Benny, GL, Castlebury, LA, Crous, PW, Dai, Y-C, Gams, W, Geiser, DM, Griffith, GW, Gueidan, C, Hawksworth, DL, Hestmark, G, Hosaka, K, Humber, RA, Hyde, KD, Ironside, JE, Koljalg, U, Kurtzman, CP, Larsson, K-H, Lichtwardt, R, Longcore, J, Miadlikowska, J, Miller, A, Moncalvo, J-M, Mozley-Standridge, S, Oberwinkler, F, Parmasto, E, Reeb, V, Rogers, JD, Roux, C, Ryvarden, L, Sampaio, JP, Schuessler, A, Sugiyama, J, Thorn, RG, Tibell, L, Untereiner, WA, Walker, C, Wang, Z, Weir, A, Weiss, M, White, MM, Winka, K, Yao, Y-J & Zhang, N 2007, 'A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi', MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH, vol. 111, pp. 509-547.
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Hill, R & Ralph, PJ 2007, 'Post-bleaching viability of expelled zooxanthellae from the scleractinian coral Pocillopora damicornis', Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 352, pp. 137-144.
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Coral bleaching events have been linked to elevated seawater temperatures in combination with intense light and can be characterised by the loss of symbionts (zooxanthellae, genus Symbiodinium) from the host tissue, as well as a reduction in photosynthetic pigments in these zooxanthellae. The long-term (days) viability of expelled zooxanthellae in the water column from the scleractiman coral Pocillopora damicornis was explored in this study through measurements of photosynthetic health and morphological condition. After initial expulsion, zooxanthellae were found to be photosynthetically competent and structurally intact. However, within 6 to 12 h following this time, photosystem II photochemical efficiency dramatically declined in these cells and photosynthetic damage was gradually manifested in the loss of structural integrity of the cell. The time of expulsion during bleaching exposure, as well as ambient water temperature, greatly influenced survivorship. Expelled zooxanthellae were collected at 4 different time intervals (0-6, 6-12, 12-24 and 24-36 h) following the onset of exposure to bleaching conditions (32 degrees C and 400 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1)) and then maintained at 28, 30 or 32 degrees C and 100 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1) for up to 96 h. Those cells expelled within the first 6 h of bleaching and held at 28 degrees C (lagoon temperature) had the greatest longevity, although even in this treatment, long-term photosynthetic viability was restricted to 5 d in the water column. This suggests that unless expelled zooxanthellae inhabit other environments of coral reefs (such as sediments) which may be more favourable for survival, their capacity for persistence in the environment is extremely limited.

Hinz, J 2007, 'Review of "Weather Derivative Valuation: The Meteorological, Statistical, Financial and Mathematical Foundations.", by S. Jewson, A. Brix, and C. Ziehmann', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 102, no. 477, pp. 380-380.

Hoffman, FO, Ruttenber, AJ, Apostoaei, AI, Carroll, RJ & Greenland, S 2007, 'The Hanford Thyroid Disease Study: An alternative view of the findings', HEALTH PHYSICS, vol. 92, no. 2, pp. 99-111.
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Hoft, RC, Armstrong, NG, Ford, M & Cortie, MB 2007, 'Ab Initio And Empirical Studies On The Asymmetry Of Molecular Current-voltage Characteristics', Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol. 19, no. 21, pp. 1-14.
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We perform theoretical calculations of the tunnelling current through various small organic molecules sandwiched between gold electrodes by using both a tunnel barrier model and an ab initio transport code. The height of the tunnelling barrier is taken t

Hoft, RC, Ford, M & Cortie, MB 2007, 'Electron tunneling in the presence of adsorbed molecules', Surface Science, vol. 601, no. 24, pp. 5715-5720.
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We perform ab initio density functional theory calculations of the tunneling current through an electrode–molecule–electrode system with four different small organic molecules, benzenedithiol (BDT), benzenedimethanethiol (XYL), diethynylbenzene (DEB) and dodecanethiol (C12), sandwiched between two gold (111) electrodes. For the XYL molecule, we test the effect of alternate bonding types and sites. Although this reduces the current considerably, it does not account for the orders of magnitude differences between experimental and theoretical results in the literature. We also model a typical STM experimental setup with a gold nanoparticle absorbed on a selfassembled monolayer (SAM) of the molecule with a gap between the nanoparticle and probing tip and show that such a gap could account for these differences. Finally, we describe the effect that the gap has on the ability of STS measurements to distinguish between the i(V) characteristics and thicknesses of self-assembled monolayers of different molecules.

Hoft, RC, Ford, M & Cortie, MB 2007, 'The effect of reciprocal-space sampling and basis set quality on the calculated conductance of a molecular junction', Molecular Simulation, vol. 33, no. 11, pp. 897-904.
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We perform density functional theory and non-equilibrium Green's function calculations of the conductance of a gold wire and a 1,4-phenylenedimethanethiol (XYL) molecule adsorbed between Au(111) electrodes using the TranSIESTA software package. The effect of varying different computational parameters is investigated. We find that the conductance is more sensitive to the reciprocal-space sampling grid than the quality of the basis set employed. The conductance can vary up to a factor of five as a result of the choice of computational parameters. We report a set of computational parameters that yields a well-converged conductance value.

Hoft, RC, Ford, M, McDonagh, AM & Cortie, MB 2007, 'Adsorption Of Amine Compounds On The Au(111) Surface: A Density Functional Study', Journal Of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 111, no. 37, pp. 13886-13891.
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A Density Functional Theory study of the adsorption energetics of various amine compounds on the gold(111) surface revealed that preferential binding occurs in under-coordinated sites. The largest binding energy is obtained when a gold adatom is placed i

Hoile, RJ, Walsh, SJ & Roux, CP 2007, 'Bioterrorism: Processing Contaminated Evidence, The Effects Of Formaldehyde Gas On The Recovery Of Latent Fingermarks', Journal Of Forensic Sciences, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1097-1102.
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In the present age of heightened emphasis on counter terrorism, law enforcement and forensic science are constantly evolving and adapting to the motivations and capabilities of terrorist groups and individuals. The use of biological agents on a populatio

Horvat, JC, Beagley, KW, Wade, MA, Preston, JA, Hansbro, NG, Hickey, DK, Kaiko, GE, Gibson, PG, Foster, PS & Hansbro, PM 2007, 'Neonatal chlamydial infection induces mixed T-Cell responses that drive allergic airway disease', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE, vol. 176, no. 6, pp. 556-564.
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Houseman, EA, Marsit, C, Karagas, M & Ryan, LM 2007, 'Penalized item response theory models: Application to epigenetic alterations in bladder cancer', Biometrics, vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 1269-1277.
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Increasingly used in health-related applications, latent variable models provide an appealing framework for handling high-dimensional exposure and response data. Item response theory (IRT) models, which have gained widespread popularity, were originally developed for use in the context of educational testing, where extremely large sample sizes permitted the estimation of a moderate-to-large number of parameters. In the context of public health applications, smaller sample sizes preclude large parameter spaces. Therefore, we propose a penalized likelihood approach to reduce mean square error and improve numerical stability. We present a continuous family of models, indexed by a tuning parameter, that range between the Rasch model and the HIT model. The tuning parameter is selected by cross validation or approximations such as Akaike Information Criterion. While our approach can be placed easily in a Bayesian context, we find that our frequentist approach is more computationally efficient. We demonstrate our methodology on a study of methylation silencing of gene expression in bladder tumors. We obtain similar results using both frequentist and Bayesian approaches, although the frequentist approach is less computationally demanding. In particular, we find high correlation of methylation silencing among 16 loci in bladder tumors, that methylation is associated with smoking and also with patient survival.

Huang, EP, Marquis, CP & Gray, PP 2007, 'Development ofSuper-CHO protein-free medium based on a statistical design', Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, vol. 82, no. 5, pp. 431-441.
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Huang, ZG, Guo, ZP, Calka, A, Wexler, D, Wu, J, Notten, PHL & Liu, HK 2007, 'Noticeable improvement in the desorption temperature from graphite in rehydrogenated MgH2/graphite composite', MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING, vol. 447, no. 1-2, pp. 180-185.
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Huggett, PG & Ben-Nissan, B 2007, 'Development of a low melting point white cast iron for use in composite alloy manufacture', Materials forum, vol. 31, pp. 16-23.
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White cast iorn ares used extensively throughout the mining industry for their wear resistant properties. Since their original development in the early 1900s researchers have continued to develop a range of white cast iron composites with varying degrees of hardness, toughness or corrosion resistance.

Huston, WM, Harhangi, HR, Leech, AP, Butler, CS, Jetten, MSM, den Camp, HJMO & Moir, JWB 2007, 'Expression and characterisation of a major c-type cytochrome encoded by gene kustc0563 from Kuenenia stuttgartiensis as a recombinant protein in Escherichia coli', PROTEIN EXPRESSION AND PURIFICATION, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 28-33.
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Huston, WM, Swedberg, JE, Harris, JM, Walsh, TP, Mathews, SA & Timms, P 2007, 'The temperature activated HtrA protease from pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis acts as both a chaperone and protease at 37 degrees C', FEBS LETTERS, vol. 581, no. 18, pp. 3382-3386.
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Huttunen, J, Austin, C, Dawson, M, Roux, C & Robertson, J 2007, 'Physical evidence in drug intelligence, Part 1: Rationale based on hierarchic distribution of drugs using pyrolysis gas chromatography –mass spectrometry as an example', Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 93-106.
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A complementary intelligence-gathering tool is described for drug-crime investigation. Scientific analysis and interpretation of packaging materials from seized shipments of illicit drugs will assist law enforcement by creating a more holistic description of each seizure, thus allowing further inferences to be drawn and ultimately assisting in a more thorough understanding of the flow of drugs to or within a particular jurisdiction. The approach is intended as an extension to chemical and physical profiling methods already applied to the actual seized drugs by many law enforcement organisations around the world. Adhesives from 98 rolls of packaging tape were analysed by pyrolysis gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (PyGCMS) for the purposes of determining the types of polymers commonly found in such samples. Using these results as an example, models outlined within this document describe how drug and packaging analysis can complement each other, and how such data can be used in an intelligence capacity. Some limitations of the approach are also identified and discussed. © 2007 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Huttunen, JE, Austin, CE, Dawson, M, Roux, CP & Robertson, J 2007, 'Physical evidence in drug intelligence, Part 1: rationale based on hierarchic distribution of drugs using pyrolysis gas chromatography- Mass spectrometry as an example', Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 93-106.
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A complementary intelligence-gathering tool is described for drug-crime investigation. Scientific analysis and interpretation of packaging materials from seized shipments of illicit drugs will assist law enforcement by creating a more holistic description of each seizure, thus allowing further inferences to be drawn and ultimately assisting in a more thorough understanding of the flow of drugs to or within a particular jurisdiction. The approach is intended as an extension to chemical and physical profiling methods already applied to the actual seized drugs by many law enforcement organisations around the world. Adhesives from 98 rolls of packaging tape were analysed by pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (PyGCMS) for the purposes of determining the types of polymers commonly found in such samples. Using these results as an example, models outlined within this document describe how drug and packaging analysis can complement each other, and how such data can be used in an intelligence capacity. Some limitations of the approach are also identified and discussed.

Ichii, K, Hashimoto, H, White, MA, Pottors, C, Hutyra, LR, Huete, A, Myneni, RB & Nemani, RR 2007, 'Constraining rooting depths in tropical rainforests using satellite data and ecosystem modeling for accurate simulation of gross primary production seasonality', Global Change Biology, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 67-77.
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Accurate parameterization of rooting depth is difficult but important for capturing the spatio-temporal dynamics of carbon, water and energy cycles in tropical forests. In this study, we adopted a new approach to constrain rooting depth in terrestrial ecosystem models over the Amazon using satellite data [moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) enhanced vegetation index (EVI)] and Biome-BGC terrestrial ecosystem model. We simulated seasonal variations in gross primary production (GPP) using different rooting depths (1, 3, 5, and 10 m) at point and spatial scales to investigate how rooting depth affects modeled seasonal GPP variations and to determine which rooting depth simulates GPP consistent with satellite-based observations. First, we confirmed that rooting depth strongly controls modeled GPP seasonal variations and that only deep rooting systems can successfully track flux-based GPP seasonality at the Tapajos km67 flux site. Second, spatial analysis showed that the model can reproduce the seasonal variations in satellite-based EVI seasonality, however, with required rooting depths strongly dependent on precipitation and the dry season length. For example, a shallow rooting depth (13 m) is sufficient in regions with a short dry season (e.g. 02 months), and deeper roots are required in regions with a longer dry season (e.g. 35 and 510 m for the regions with 34 and 56 months dry season, respectively). Our analysis suggests that setting of proper rooting depths is important to simulating GPP seasonality in tropical forests, and the use of satellite data can help to constrain the spatial variability of rooting depth.

Janes, AR, Gladstone, W & Hacking, NJ 2007, 'Australian sandy-beach ecosystems and climate change: ecology and management', Australian Zoologist, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 190-201.
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Despite their great socio-economic importance, sandy beaches have attracted little ecological research. This is unfortunate since, contrary to popular belief, they support diverse ecological assemblages whose species are mostly small and buried and which deserve protection as part of ecologically sustainable development (ESD). Moreover, the management of beaches and linked adjacent ecosystems is becoming increasingly important because of their vulnerability to burgeoning human pressures including climate change. Although there are large uncertainties involved, some of the climate-related environmental changes and their ecological consequences for sandy beaches are explored in this paper, some management issues discussed and research proposed.Temperature-related changes include the likelihood that the geographical ranges of some species will change, some cool-adapted species will decline in abundance, possibly to extinction, and the rate of processes such as decomposition and photosynthesis will increase. The increasing acidification of the ocean may affect many beach species directly via reduced calcification and indirectly via changes to the phytoplankton on which some beach species depend for food.

Jarrett, MA, Wolff, JC & Ollendick, TH 2007, 'Concurrent validity and informant agreement of the ADHD module of the anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV', Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 159-168.
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Examined the concurrent validity of the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) module of the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV, Child and Parent versions (ADIS-C/P). One hundred eighty-four clinic-referred children were categorized into three ADIS-generated groups: No diagnosis of ADHD (No ADHD; n = 63), parent-only diagnosis of ADHD (Parent Only; n = 81), and parent plus child diagnosis of ADHD (Parent + Child; n = 40). The groups were compared on demographics, comorbid diagnoses, parent and child-report measures, and a computerized test of attention. Results support the concurrent validity of the ADIS ADHD module and highlight the positive relationship between internalizing symptomatology and parent-child agreement on ADHD diagnoses. The clinical implication of this study is that parent-child agreement on ADHD may serve as a marker of internalizing symptomatology. Future research on child self-perceptions is suggested in developing treatments for this internalizing ADHD group. © 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

Jayasundera, KP, Brodie, SJ & Taylor, CM 2007, 'Synthesis of a transition-state analog for the hydrolysis of the zearalenone lactone', TETRAHEDRON, vol. 63, no. 40, pp. 10077-10082.
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Jenkins, C, Geary, S, Gladd, M & Djordjevic, SP 2007, 'The Mycoplasma gallisepticum OsmC-like protein MG1142 resides on the cell surface and binds heparin', Microbiology-uk, vol. 153, pp. 1455-1463.
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Mycoplasma gallisepticum is an avian pathogen that causes a chronic respiratory disease of chickens and results in significant economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. Colonization of the host and the establishment of chronic disease are initiated by the cytadherence of M. gallisepticum to the host respiratory epithelium. While several proteins involved in cytadhesion have been characterized, molecules that interact with components of the host extracellular matrix, a process that is central to pathogenesis, are only now being identified. In this study, M. gallisepticum whole cells were shown to bind heparin in a specific and saturable manner. Heparin also significantly inhibited the binding of M. gallisepticum to the human lung fibroblast cell line MRC-5, suggesting a potential role for glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in cytadherence. M. gallisepticum protein MG1142 (encoded by mga_1142), which displays homology to the osmotically induced (OsmC) family of proteins, binds strongly to heparin, is highly expressed during in vitro culture, and is surface accessible. Recombinant MG1142 bound heparin in a dose-dependent and saturable manner with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 10±1.8 nM, which is within a physiologically significant range, compared to that of other heparin-binding proteins. Binding to heparin was inhibited by the heavily sulfated polysaccharide fucoidan, but not by mucin or chondroitin sulfate A or B, suggesting that electrostatic interactions between the sulfate groups of heparin and the positively charged basic residues of the MG1142 protein are important in binding. The ability of M. gallisepticum to bind GAGs may contribute to host adherence and colonization.

Jin, D, Connally, R & Piper, J 2007, 'Practical time-gated luminescence flow cytometry. I: Concepts', CYTOMETRY PART A, vol. 71A, no. 10, pp. 783-796.
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Jin, D, Connally, R & Piper, J 2007, 'Practical time-gated luminescence flow cytometry. II: Experimental evaluation using UV LED excitation', CYTOMETRY PART A, vol. 71A, no. 10, pp. 797-808.
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Jones, AC, Arns, CH, Sheppard, AP, Hutmacher, DW, Milthorpe, BK & Knackstedt, M 2007, 'Assessment of bone ingrowth into porous biomaterials using MICRO-CT', Biomaterials, vol. 28, no. 15, pp. 2491-2504.
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The three-dimensional (3D) structure and architecture of biomaterial scaffolds play a critical role in bone formation as they affect the functionality of the tissue-engineered constructs. Assessment techniques for scaffold design and their efficacy in bone ingrowth studies require an ability to accurately quantify the 3D structure of the scaffold and an ability to visualize the bone regenerative processes within the scaffold structure. In this paper, a 3D micro-CT imaging and analysis study of bone ingrowth into tissue-engineered scaffold materials is described. Seven specimens are studied in this paper; a set of three specimens with a cellular structure, varying pore size and implant material, and a set of four scaffolds with two different scaffold designs investigated at early (4 weeks) and late (12 weeks) explantation times. The difficulty in accurately phase separating the multiple phases within a scaffold undergoing bone regeneration is first highlighted. A sophisticated three-phase segmentation approach is implemented to develop high-quality phase separation with minimal artifacts. A number of structural characteristics and bone ingrowth characteristics of the scaffolds are quantitatively measured on the phase separated images. Porosity, pore size distributions, pore constriction sizes, and pore topology are measured on the original pore phase of the scaffold volumes. The distribution of bone ingrowth into the scaffold pore volume is also measured. For early explanted specimens we observe that bone ingrowth occurs primarily at the periphery of the scaffold with a constant decrease in bone mineralization into the scaffold volume.

Jones, PM & George, AM 2007, 'Nucleotide-dependent allostery within the ABC transporter ATP-binding cassette-A computational study of the MJ0796 dimer', Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 282, no. 31, pp. 22793-22803.
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ATP-binding cassette transporters perform energy-dependent transmembrane solute trafficking in all organisms. These proteins often mediate cellular resistance to therapeutic drugs and are involved in a range of human genetic diseases. Enzymological studies have implicated a helical subdomain within the ATP-binding cassette nucleotide-binding domain in coupling ATP hydrolysis to solute transport in the transmembrane domains. Consistent with this, structural and computational analyses have indicated that the helical subdomain undergoes nucleotide-dependent movement relative to the core of the nucleotide-binding domain fold. Here we use theoretical methods to examine the allosteric nucleotide dependence of helical subdomain transitions to further elucidate its role in interactions between the transmembrane and nucleotide-binding domains. Unrestrained 30-ns molecular dynamics simulations of the ATP-bound, ADP-bound, and apo states of the MJ0796 monomer support the idea that interaction of a conserved glutamine residue with the catalytic metal mediates the rotation of the helical subdomain in response to nucleotide binding and hydrolysis. Simulations of the nucleotide-binding domain dimer revealed that ATP hydrolysis induces a large transition of one helical subdomain, resulting in an asymmetric conformation of the dimer not observed previously. A coarse-grained elastic network analysis supports this finding, revealing the existence of corresponding dynamic modes intrinsic to the contact topology of the protein. The implications of these findings for the coupling of ATP hydrolysis to conformational changes in the transmembrane domains required for solute transport are discussed in light of recent whole transporter structures.

Jones, PM, Turner, KM, Djordjevic, JT, Sorrell, TC, Wright, LC & George, AM 2007, 'Role of conserved active site residues in catalysis by phospholiphase B1 from Cryptococcus neoformans', Biochemistry, vol. 46, no. 35, pp. 10024-10032.
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Phospholiphase B1 (PLB1), secreted by the pathogenic yeast Crysptococcus neoformans, has an established role in virulence. Although the mechanism of it phospholiphase B, lysophospholipase, and lysophospholipase transacylase activities is unknown, it possesses lipase, subtilisin protease aspartate, and phospholipase motifs containing putative catalytic residues S146, D392 and R108 respectively, conserved in fungal PLBs and essential for human cytosolic phopholiphase A2 (cPLA2) catalysis. To determine the role of these residues in PLB1 catalysis, each was substituted with alanine, and the mutant cDNAs were expressed in Sacchromyces cerevisiae. The mutant PLB1s were deficient in all threee enzymatic activities. As the active site structure of PLB1 is unknown, a homilogy model was developed, based o the X-ray structure of the cPLA2 catalytic domain. This shows that the two proteins share a closely related fold, with the three catalytic residues located in identical positions as part of a single active site with S146 and D392 forming a catalytic dyad. The model suggests that PLB1 lacks the "lid" region which ocucludes the cPLA2 active site and provides a mechanism of interfacial activation. In silico substrate docking studies with cPLA2 reveal the binding mode of the lipid headgroup, confirming the catalytic dyad mechanism ofor the cleavage of the sn-2 ester bond within one of two separate binding tracts for the lipid acyl chains. Residues specific for binding arachidonic and palmitic acids, preferred substrated for cPLA2 and PLB1, respectively. are identified. These results provide an explanation for difference in substrate specificity between lipases sharing the cPLA2 catalytic domain and for the differential effect of inhibitors on PLB1 enzymatic activities.

Kadish, K, Wenbo, E, Sintic, P, Ou, Z, Shao, J, Ohkubo, K, Fukuzumi, S, Govenlock, L, Mcdonald, J, Try, A, Cai, Z, Reimers, JR & Crossley, M 2007, 'Quinoxalino[2,3-B']Porphyrins Behave As Pi-Expanded Porphyrins Upon One-Electron Reduction: Broad Control Of The Degree Of Delocalization Through Substitution At The Macrocycle Periphery', Journal Of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 111, no. 30, pp. 8762-8774.
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Kanaji, S, Tanaka, Y, Sakata, Y, Takeshita, K, Arima, K, Ohta, S, Hansell, E, Caffrey, C, Mottram, J, Lowther, J, Donnelly, SM, Stack, CM, Kadowaki, T, Yamamoto, K, Mckerrow, J, Dalton, JP, Coombs, G & Izuhara, K 2007, 'Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen 1 Is An Inhibitor Of Parasite-derived Cysteine Proteases', Febs Letters, vol. 581, no. 22, pp. 4260-4264.
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The physiological significance of the squamous cell carcinoma antigens 1 (SCCA1) and SCCA2, members of the ovalbumin serpin family, remains unresolved. In this study, we examined whether SCCA1 or SCCA2 inhibits protozoa- or helminth-derived cysteine prot

Kelly, TL, Doble, PA & Dawson, M 2007, 'A Fast CE Method For The Achiral Separation Of Methadone And Its Major Metabolites, 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyr-rolidine And 2-ethyl-5-methyl-3,3-diphenyl-1-pyrroline', Electrophoresis, vol. 28, no. 19, pp. 3566-3569.
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The utilization of dynamic doubly coated capillaries for a fast separation of methadone and its two major metabolites, 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) and 2-ethyl-5-methyl-3,3-diphenyl-l-pyrroline (EMDP) was investigated. The coa

Keogh, JS, Webb, JK & Shine, R 2007, 'Spatial genetic analysis and long-term mark-recapture data demonstrate male-biased dispersal in a snake', Biology Letters, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 33-35.
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Dispersal is an important life-history trait, but it is notoriously difficult to study. The most powerful approach is to attack the problem with multiple independent sources of data. We integrated information from a 14-year demographic study with molecular data from five polymorphic microsatellite loci to test the prediction of male-biased dispersal in a common elapid species from eastern Australia, the small-eyed snake Rhinoplocephalus nigrescens. These snakes have a polygynous mating system in which males fight for access to females. Our demographic data demonstrate that males move farther than females (about twice as far on average, and about three times for maximum distances). This sex bias in adult dispersal was evident also in the genetic data, which showed a strong and significant genetic signature of male-biased dispersal. Together, the genetic and demographic data suggest that gene flow is largely mediated by males in this species.

Keysary, A, Massung, RF, Inbar, M, Wallach, AD, Shanas, U, Mumcuoglu, KY & Waner, T 2007, 'Molecular evidence for Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Israel', Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 1411-1412.

Kirov, SM, Webb, JS, O'May, CY, Reid, DW, Woo, JKK, Rice, SA & Kjelleberg, S 2007, 'Biofilm differentiation and dispersal in mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from patients with cystic fibrosis', MICROBIOLOGY-SGM, vol. 153, pp. 3264-3274.
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Klanten, OS, Choat, JH & van Herwerden, L 2007, 'Extreme genetic diversity and temporal rather than spatial partitioning in a widely distributed coral reef fish', MARINE BIOLOGY, vol. 150, no. 4, pp. 659-670.
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Ko, H, Milthorpe, BK & McFarland, CD 2007, 'Engineering thick tissues - the vascularisation problem - Discussion with reviewers', EUROPEAN CELLS & MATERIALS, vol. 14, pp. 18-19.

Ko, HC, Milthorpe, BK & McFarland, CD 2007, 'Engineering thick tissues - the vascularisation problem', European Cells and Materials, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 1-19.
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The ability to create thick tissues is a major tissue engineering challenge, requiring the development of a suitable vascular supply. Current trends are seeing the utilization of cells seeded into hybrid matrix/scaffold systems to create in vitro vascular analogues. Approaches that aim to create vasculature in vitro include the use of biological extracellular matrices such as collagen hydrogels, porous biodegradable polymeric scaffolds with macro- and micro-lumens and micro-channels, co-culture of cells, incorporation of growth factors, culture in dynamic bioreactor environments, and combinations of these. Of particular interest are those approaches that aim to create bioengineered tissues in vitro that can be readily connected to the host's vasculature following implantation in order to maintain cell viability.

Koh, K, Lam, K, Alhede, M, Queck, S, Labbate, M, Kjelleberg, SL & Rice, SA 2007, 'Phenotypic diversification and adaptation of Serratia marcescens MG1 biofilm-derived morphotypes', Journal Of Bacteriology, vol. 189, pp. 119-130.
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We report here the characterization of dispersal variants from microcolony-type biofilms of Serratia marcescens MG1. Biofilm formation proceeds through a reproducible process of attachment, aggregation, microcolony development, hollow colony formation, and dispersal. From the time when hollow colonies were observed in flow cell biofilms after 3 to 4 days, at least six different morphological colony variants were consistently isolated from the biofilm effluent. The timing and pattern of variant formation were found to follow a predictable sequence, where some variants, such as a smooth variant with a sticky colony texture (SSV), could be consistently isolated at the time when mature hollow colonies were observed, whereas a variant that produced copious amounts of capsular polysaccharide (SUMV) was always isolated at late stages of biofilm development and coincided with cell death and biofilm dispersal or sloughing. The morphological variants differed extensively from the wild type in attachment, biofilm formation, and cell ultrastructure properties. For example, SSV formed two- to threefold more biofilm biomass than the wild type in batch biofilm assays, despite having a similar growth rate and attachment capacity. Interestingly, the SUMV, and no other variants, was readily isolated from an established SSV biofilm, indicating that the SUMV is a second-generation genetic variant derived from SSV. Planktonic cultures showed significantly lower frequencies of variant formation than the biofilms (5.05 x 108 versus 4.83 x 106, respectively), suggesting that there is strong, diversifying selection occurring within biofilms and that biofilm dispersal involves phenotypic radiation with divergent phenotypes.

Kohonen-Corish, MRJ, Sigglekow, ND, Susanto, J, Chapuis, PH, bokey, EL, Dent, OF, Chan, C, Lin, BPC, Seng, TJ, Laird, PW, Young, J, Leggett, BA, Jass, JR & Sutherland, RL 2007, 'Promoter methylation of the mutated in colorectal cancer gene is a frequent early event in colorectal cancer', ONCOGENE, vol. 26, no. 30, pp. 4435-4441.
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Koos, C, Jacome, L, Poulton, CG, Leuthold, J & Freude, W 2007, 'Nonlinear silicon-on-insulator waveguides for all-optical signal processing', Optics Express, vol. 15, no. 10, pp. 5976-5990.
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Values up to gamma = 7×106/(Wkm) for the nonlinear parameter are feasible if silicon-on-insulator based strip and slot waveguides are properly designed. This is more than three orders of magnitude larger than for state-of-the-art highly nonlinear fibers, and it enables ultrafast all-optical signal processing with nonresonant compact devices. At lambda = 1.55µm we provide universal design curves for strip and slot waveguides which are covered with different linear and nonlinear materials, and we calculate the resulting maximum gamma

Koos, C, Jacome, L, Poulton, CG, Leuthold, J & Freude, W 2007, 'Numerical study of guided modes in arrays of metallic nanowires', Optics Letters, vol. 32, no. 12, pp. 1647-1649.
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We numerically investigate the band structure and guided modes within arrays of metallic nanowires. We show that bandgaps appear for a range of array geometries and that these can be used to guide light in these structures. Values of attenuation as low as 1.7dB/cm are predicted for arrays of silver wires at communications wavelengths. This is more than 100 times smaller than the attenuation of the surface plasmon polariton modes on a single silver nanowire.

Koos, C, Poulton, CG, Zimmerman, L, Jacome, L, Leuthold, J & Freude, W 2007, 'Ideal bend contour trajectories for single-mode operation of low-loss overmoded waveguides', Photonics Technology Letters, IEEE, vol. 19, no. 11, pp. 819-821.
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Bend designs for single-mode operation of low-loss overmoded waveguides are presented. A class of contour trajectories for minimum radiation loss is derived analytically, and numerical optimization is used to find ideal trajectory parameters. Three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain simulations predict bend losses below 0.1 dB for 180deg-bends of overmoded silicon-on-insulator waveguides with a radius of R=1.5 mum. These findings are supported experimentally

Krishnamurthy, V, Luk, KY, Cornell, BA, Prashar, J, Di Maio, I, Islam, H, Battle, AR, Valenzuela, S & Martin, DK 2007, 'Gramicidin Ion Channel-Based Nano-Biosensors: Construction, Stochastic Dynamical Models and Statistical Detection Algorithms', IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 7, no. 9, pp. 1281-1288.
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This paper deals with the experimental construction, stochastic modeling, and statistical signal processing of a novel, artificially constructed biosensor comprised of biological ion channels. Such nanoscale biosensors have been built by incorporating dimeric gramicidin A (bis-gA) ion channels into bilayer membranes of giant unilamellar liposomes, and then excising small patches of the membrane loaded with ion channels. We present a stochastic model for the response of the biosensor and present statistical model validation tests to verify the adequacy of the model., We show that in the presence of specific target molecules, the statistics of the gating mechanisms of the gA channels are altered. By capturing the change in real time, we devise a maximum-likelihood detector to detect the presence of target molecules. To test the sensitivity of this model, we conducted patch-clamp experiments with two compounds known to inhibit conduction of the gA channels. We found experimentally that the real-time detection algorithm was able to accurately identify the addition of the compounds even when the alterations in the patch-clamp recordings were very small. This algorithm provides the sensitive detection system for ongoing development of lipid-based nanosensors.

Krishnamurty, S, Shafai, G, Kanhere, DG, Soule, DBBJ & Ford, M 2007, 'Ab initio molecular dynamical investigation of the finite temperature behavior of the tetrahedral Au19 and Au20 clusters', Journal of Physical Chemistry A, vol. 111, no. 42, pp. 10769-10775.
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Density functional molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out to understand the finite temperature behavior of Au19 and Au20 clusters. Au20 has been reported to be a unique molecule having tetrahedral geometry, a large HOMO-LUMO energy gap, and an atomic packing similar to that of the bulk gold (Li, J.; et al. Science 2003, 299, 864). Our results show that the geometry of Au19 is exactly identical with that of Au20 with one missing corner atom (called a vacancy). Surprisingly, our calculated heat capacities for this nearly identical pair of gold clusters exhibit dramatic differences. Au20 undergoes a clear and distinct solid-like to liquid-like transition with a sharp peak in the heat capacity curve around 770 K. On the other hand, Au19 has a broad and flat heat capacity curve with continuous melting transition. This continuous melting transition turns out to be a consequence of a process involving a series of atomic rearrangements along the surface to fill in the missing corner atom. This results in a restricted diffusive motion of atoms along the surface of Au19 between 650 to 900 K during which the shape of the ground state geometry is retained. In contrast, the tetrahedral structure of Au20 is destroyed around 800 K, and the cluster is clearly in a liquid-like state above 1000 K. Thus, this work clearly demonstrates that (i) the gold clusters exhibit size sensitive variations in the heat capacity curves and (ii) the broad and continuous melting transition in a cluster, a feature that has so far been attributed to the disorder or absence of symmetry in the system, can also be a consequence of a defect (absence of a cap atom) in the structure.

Kubista, H, Mafra, RA, Chong, Y, Nicholson, GM, Beirao, PS, Cruz, JS, Boehm, S, Nentwig, W & Kuhn-Nentwig, L 2007, 'CSTX-1, A Toxin From The Venom Of The Hunting Spider Cupiennius Salei, Is A Selective Blocker Of L-type Calcium Channels In Mammalian Neurons', Neuropharmacology, vol. 52, no. 8, pp. 1650-1662.
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The inhibitor cystine-knot motif identified in the structure of CSTX-1 from Cupiennius salei venom suggests that this toxin may act as a blocker of ion channels. Whole-cell patch-clamp experiments performed on cockroach neurons revealed that CSTX-1 produ

Kucheyev, SO, Toth, M, Baumann, T, Hamza, A, Ilavsky, K, Knowles, W, Saw, C, Thiel, BL, Tileli, V, van Buuren, T, Wang, Y & Willey, T 2007, 'Structure of low-density nanoporous dielectrics revealed by low-vacuum electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering', Langmuir, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 353-356.
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Aerogels (AGs) are ultralow-density nanoporous solids that have numerous potential applications. However, as most AGs are strong insulators with poor mechanical properties, direct studies of the complex nanoporous structure of AGs by methods such as atomic force and conventional scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have not proven feasible. Here, we use low-vacuum SEM to image directly the ligament and pore size and shape distributions of representative AGs over a wide range of length scales (similar to 10(0)-10(5) nm). The structural information obtained is used for unambiguous, real-space interpretation of small-angle X-ray scattering curves for these complex nanoporous systems. Low-vacuum SEM permits imaging of both cross-sections and skin layers of AG monoliths. Images of skin layers reveal the presence of microcracks, which alter the properties of cast monolithic AGs.

Labbate, M, Boucher, Y, Joss, MJ, Michael, CA, Gillings, M & Stokes, H 2007, 'Use of the chromosomal integron array as a phylogenetic typing system for Vibrio cholerae pandemic strains', Microbiology-uk, vol. 153, no. 5, pp. 1488-1498.
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Approximately 200 serogroups of Vibrio cholerae exist, with only two, O1 and O139, responsible for epidemic and pandemic cholera. Strains from these serogroups have evolved from a common progenitor, with lateral gene transfer largely driving their emergence. These strains are so closely related that separation using single- or multi-locus phylogeny has proven difficult. V. cholerae strains contain a genetic system called the integron that is located in the chromosome and that can integrate and excise DNA elements called mobile gene cassettes (MGCs) by site-specific recombination. Large arrays of MGCs are found in V. cholerae strains. For instance, the O1 El Tor strain N16961 contains 179 MGCs. Since integron arrays are dynamic through recombination and excision of MGCs, it was hypothesized that the MGC composition in a given V. cholerae pandemic strain would be useful as a phylogenetic typing system. To address this, a PCR-based method was used to rapidly characterize the MGC composition of V. cholerae arrays. The results showed that the MGC composition of pandemic V. cholerae cassette arrays is relatively conserved, providing further evidence that these strains have evolved from a common progenitor. Comparison of MGC composition between the V. cholerae pandemic strains was also able to resolve the evolution of O139 from a subgroup of O1 El Tor. This level of differentiation of closely related V. cholerae isolates was more sensitive than conventional single-gene phylogeny or multi-locus sequence analysis. Using this method, novel MGCs from an O1 classical strain and an Argentinian O139 isolate were also identified, and a major deletion in the MGC array in all pandemic O139 strains and a subset of O1 El Tor strains was identified. Analysis of sequenced V. cholerae integron arrays showed that their evolution can proceed by rearrangements and deletions/insertions of large portions of MGCs in addition to the insertion or excision of single MGCs.

Labbate, M, Zhu, H, Thung, L, Bandara, R, Learsen, MR, Willcox, MD, Givskov, M, Rice, SA & Kjelleberg, SL 2007, 'Quorum sensing regulation of adhesion in Serratia marcescens is surface dependant', Journal Of Bacteriology, vol. 189, pp. 2702-2711.
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Serratia marcescens is an opportunistic pathogen and a major cause of ocular infections. In previous studies of S. marcescens MG1, we showed that biofilm maturation and sloughing were regulated by N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL)-based quorum sensing (QS). Because of the importance of adhesion in initiating biofilm formation and infection, the primary goal of this study was to determine whether QS is important in adhesion to both abiotic and biotic surfaces, as assessed by determining the degree of attachment to hydrophilic tissue culture plates and human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells. Our results demonstrate that while adhesion to the abiotic surface was AHL regulated, adhesion to the HCE cell biotic surface was not. Type I fimbriae were identified as the critical adhesin for non-QS-mediated attachment to the biotic HCE cell surface but played no role in adhesion to the abiotic surface. While we were not able to identify a single QS-regulated adhesin essential for attachment to the abiotic surface, four AHL-regulated genes involved in adhesion to the abiotic surface were identified. Interestingly, two of these genes, bsmA and bsmB, were also shown to be involved in adhesion to the biotic surface in a non-QS-controlled fashion. Therefore, the expression of these two genes appears to be cocontrolled by regulators other than the QS system for mediation of attachment to HCE cells. We also found that QS in S. marcescens regulates other potential cell surface adhesins, including exopolysaccharide and the outer membrane protein OmpX. We concluded that S. marcescens MG1 utilizes different regulatory systems and adhesins in attachment to biotic and abiotic surfaces and that QS is a main regulatory pathway in adhesion to an abiotic surface but not in adhesion to a biotic surface.

Lanyon, BP, Weinhold, TJ, Langford, NK, Barbieri, M, James, DFV, Gilchrist, A & White, AG 2007, 'Experimental demonstration of a compiled version of Shor's algorithm with quantum entanglement', PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, vol. 99, no. 25.
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Lapine, M 2007, 'The Age of Metamaterials', Metamaterials, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 1.
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Lapine, M & Tretyakov, S 2007, 'Contemporary notes on metamaterials', IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 3-11.
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The essence of the metamaterial concept from the structural point of view. Particular attention is paid to the macroscopic description of metamaterials and to the corresponding requirements and precautions for using that concept. General advantages of metamaterials are also pointed out. Next, the main research directions related to metamaterials are briefly overviewed and the key references are provided. Finally, the most probable sources of disagreement and misunderstanding within the field are summarised. © 2007 The Institution of Engineering and Technology.

Lapine, M & Tretyakov, S 2007, 'Contemporary notes on metamaterials', IET MICROWAVES ANTENNAS & PROPAGATION, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 3-11.
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Larkum, A, Ip, C, Chen, M & Jermiin, L 2007, 'Phylogeny of Prochlorococcus marinus: how is this species related to the rest of the Cyanobacteria?', PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH, vol. 91, no. 2-3, pp. 272-273.

Larkum, A, Lockhart, P & Howe, C 2007, 'The origin of plastids: A shopping bag model', PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH, vol. 91, no. 2-3, pp. 272-272.

Larkum, A, Zhang, Y, Churdh, B & Jermiin, L 2007, 'Modelling the IsiA-PSI supermolecular complex of cyanobacteria', PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH, vol. 91, no. 2-3, pp. 172-172.

Larkum, AWD, Lockhart, PJ & Howe, CJ 2007, 'Shopping for plastids', TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 189-195.
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Lawandi, J, O'Brien, B & Simpson, AM 2007, 'An Insulin Secreting Liver Cell Line, Tao, Is Resistant To The Cytotoxic Effects Of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines Via Nf-kb-dependent Pathways', Journal Of Gene Medicine, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 527-527.
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Lee, BB, Haran, MJ, Hunt, LM, Simpson, JM, Marial, O, Rutkowski, SB, Middleton, JW, Kotsiou, G, Tudehope, M & Cameron, ID 2007, 'Spinal-injured neuropathic bladder antisepsis (SINBA) trial', SPINAL CORD, vol. 45, no. 8, pp. 542-550.
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Lee, BB, Simpson, JM, Craig, JC & Bhuta, T 2007, 'Methenamine hippurate for preventing urinary tract infections', COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS, no. 4.
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Lee, RS, Pritchard, TR, Ajani, PA & Black, KP 2007, 'The influence of the East Australian Current eddy field on phytoplankton dynamics in the coastal zone.', Journal of Coastal Research: an international forum for the littoral sciences, no. 50, pp. 576-584.

Leiger, K, Freiberg, A, Dahlbom, M, Hush, N & Reimers, JR 2007, 'Pressure-Induced Spectral Changes For The Special-Pair Radical Cation Of The Bacterial Photosynthetic Reaction Center', Journal Of Chemical Physics, vol. 126, no. 21.
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Lepetit, B, Volke, D, Szabo, M, Hoffmann, R, Garab, G, Wilhelm, C & Goss, R 2007, 'Spectroscopic and molecular characterization of the oligomeric antenna of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum', Biochemistry, vol. 46, no. 34, pp. 9813-9822.
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The photosynthetic antenna system of diatoms contains fucoxanthin chlorophyll a/c binding proteins (FCPs), which are membrane intrinsic proteins showing high homology to the light harvesting complexes (LHC) of higher plants. In the present study, we used a mild solubilization of P. tricornutum thylakoid membranes in combination with sucrose density gradient centrifugation or gelfiltration and obtained an oligomeric FCP complex (FCPo). The spectroscopic characteristics and pigment stoichiometries of the FCPo complex were comparable to FCP complexes that were isolated after solubilization with higher detergent per chlorophyll ratios. The excitation energy transfer between the FCP-bound pigments was more efficient in the oligomeric FCPo complexes, indicating that these complexes may represent the native form of the diatom antenna system in the thylakoid membrane. Determination of the molecular masses of the two different FCP fractions by gelfiltration revealed that the FCP complexes consisted of trimers, whereas the FCPo complexes were either composed of six monomers or two tightly associated trimers. In contrast to vascular plants, stable functional monomers could not be isolated in P. tricornutum. Both types of FCP complexes showed two protein bands in SDS-gels with apparent molecular masses of 18 and 19 kDa, respectively. Sequence analysis by MS/MS revealed that the 19 kDa protein corresponded to the fcpC and fcpD genes, whereas the 18 kDa band contained the protein of the fcpE gene. The presence of an oligomeric antenna in diatoms is in line with the oligomeric organization of antenna complexes in different photoautotrophic groups.

Leslie, LM, Karoly, DJ, Leplastrier, M & Buckley, BW 2007, 'Variability of tropical cyclones over the southwest Pacific Ocean using a high-resolution climate model', METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS, vol. 97, no. 1-4, pp. 171-180.
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Leslie, LM, Karoly, DJ, Leplastrier, M & Qi, L 2007, 'Special issue on tropical cyclones', METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS, vol. 97, no. 1-4, pp. 1-1.
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Levings, RS, Partridge, SR, Djordjevic, SP & Hall, RM 2007, 'SG11-K, a Variant of the SG11 Genomic Island Carrying a Mercury Resistance Region, in Salmonella enterica Serovar Kentucky', Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 317-323.
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A multiple-antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky strain was found to contain SGI1-K, a variant form of the Salmonella genomic island 1 (SGI1) with an In4-type class 1 integron that contains only one cassette array, aacCA5-aadA7, and an adjacent mercury resistance module. Part of the 3'-conserved segment (3'-CS) of the integron, together with the inverted short segment from the right-hand end of the integron transposition module normally found between the 3'-CS and IS6100 in In4 family integrons, has been removed by an IS6100-mediated deletion. IRt, the right-hand inverted repeat found at the outer end of the integron, abuts a mercury resistance region instead of the usual SGI1 backbone segment. The mer module is a hybrid of those found in Tn501 and Tn21. This mer region and a further uncharacterized segment of at least 10 kb appear to have been incorporated between IRt and the SGI1 backbone. These findings demonstrate that the multidrug resistance region in SGI1 can incorporate new DNA segments in the same way as multiple antibiotic resistance regions in plasmids.

Lewis, KC, Choi, AH, Chou, J & Ben-Nissan, B 2007, 'Nanoceramics in medical applications', Materials Australia, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 32-34.

Li, L & Yu, Q 2007, 'Quantifying the effects of advection on canopy energy budgets and water use efficiency in an irrigated wheat field in the North China Plain', Agricultural Water Management, vol. 89, no. 1-2, pp. 116-122.
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Competing demands for water with increasing population calls for developing strategies for increasing the crop water use efficiency (WUE) of irrigated crops, especially in the semiarid regions of the world. In this context, it is important to quantify the various factors that control the WUE of irrigated crops in these regions. Advection is an important factor that can have significant effects on the energy exchange in irrigated fields of arid regions, and hence control the crop canopy WUE (CWUE). An eddy covariance system was applied to measure water and heat fluxes and then to quantify advection in an irrigated winter wheat filed at the Yucheng Integrated Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences in the North China Plain (NCP) (36°57?N, 116°36?E, 28 m a.s.l.) in 2004. PriestleyTaylor parameter and canopyair temperature differences were employed to identify the occurrence of advection. Effects of advection on canopy energy budgets and CWUE were examined by computing the equilibrium and advective evapotranspiration. It was found that enhanced advection occurs when the crop canopyair temperature differences are negative or when the PriestleyTaylor parameter takes on values >1.5. Due to enhanced advection, the percentage of latent and sensible heat flux exchange contribution to the total water loss from the fields through evapotranspiration can exceed 50%, and CWUE decreased remarkably. Advection in the experiments probably resulted from drier soil regimes in the upwind areas.

Li, Y, Guolo, A, Hoffman, FO & Carroll, RJ 2007, 'Shared uncertainty in measurement error problems, with application to Nevada test site fallout data', BIOMETRICS, vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 1226-1236.
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Li, Y, Wang, N, Hong, M, Turner, ND, Lupton, JR & Carroll, RJ 2007, 'Nonparametric estimation of correlation functions in longitudinal and spatial data, with application to colon carcinogenesis experiments', ANNALS OF STATISTICS, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 1608-1643.
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Liang, F, Liu, C & Carroll, RJ 2007, 'Stochastic approximation in Monte Carlo computation', JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION, vol. 102, no. 477, pp. 305-320.
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Liang, H, Wang, S & Carroll, RJ 2007, 'Partially linear models with missing response variables and error-prone covariates', BIOMETRIKA, vol. 94, no. 1, pp. 185-198.
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Liu, B, Ray, AS & Thomas, P 2007, 'Strength development in autoclaved aluminosilicate rich industrial waste-cement systems containing reactive magnesia', Journal of the Australian Ceramics Society, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 82-87.

Liu, B, Ray, AS, Thomas, P, Klimesch, DS & Guerbois, JL 2007, 'Mechanical properties of hydrothermally treated alumina-silica rich industrial waste cement system - effect of magnesia addition', Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 61-66.
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The utilisation of industrial waste products such as fly ash, blast furnace slag and fired clay-brick, as supplementary cementing materials to produce blended Portland cement (PC) has increased worldwide in recent years. The incentive was directed towards the utilisation of wastes and industrial by-products in order to minimise PC consumption, thus reduce CO2 emissions. This study aims to investigate the potential of magnesia (MgO) as a supplementary material in combination with alumina-silica rich fired clay brick waste fines. Compressive strength results showed adverse effects on the additions of brick waste fines and MgO. However, for blended PC with the addition of both brick waste and magnesia, an apparent synergy, indicating a minimising of strength reduction, was observed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data revealed the presence of brucite, a hydration product of MgO, in the MgO blended PC suggesting a lack of pozzolanic activity of MgO.

Liu, B, Thomas, P, Ray, AS & Guerbois, JL 2007, 'A TG analysis of the effect of calcination conditions on the properties of reactive magnesia', Journal Of Thermal Analysis And Calorimetry, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 145-149.
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The reactivity of MgO obtained from calcination of magnesium carbonate at different temperatures has been investigated by means of hydration in a constant relative humidity environment at 40 degrees C for periods up to 24 days. Natural magnesite and AR g grade basic MgCO3 calcinated in the range of 500-1000 degrees C was characterised in terms of surface area, crystallite size, morphology, and hydration rate. It was foudn that the hydration rate is dependent on the surface area and crystallite size wwhere temperature was the main variable affecting them. The most reactive MgO was produced at the lowest calcination temperature with the highest surface area and the smallest crystallite size. The basic MgO specimens showed higher degree of hydration compared to the natural mgO specimens due to the smaller surface area and larger cyrstallite size. The low MgO content of the starting natural magnesite is also attributable to the lower reactivity. This preliminary study serves as a mean to investigate poetntial utilisation of reactive MgO asa supplementary cementitious material in eco-freindly cements.

Liu, B, Thomas, P, Ray, AS, Williams, RP & Donne, S 2007, 'DSC Characterisation Of Chemically Reduced Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide', Journal Of Thermal Analysis And Calorimetry, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 177-180.
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The thermal decomposition of electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD), in an inert atmosphere, and the effect of chemical reduction on EMD, using 2-propanol under reflux (82 degrees C), was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). This study

Liu, HK, Wang, G, Guo, ZP, Wang, JZ & Konstantinov, K 2007, 'The impact of nanomaterials on Li-ion rechargeable batteries', Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 101-104.
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In this paper we report on the impact of nanomaterials on lithium rechargeable battery performances. Nanotubes (single wall carbon nanotube and multi wall carbon nanotube, NiO and WS2), nano-intermetallic alloys (Cu6Sn5, Sn/SnSb and Sn/SnNi), nano-oxides (NiO, CoO, SnO2 and Co3O4), nano-composites (C-LiFePO4, Si-C, Si-MCMB (mesocarbon microbeads), Si-TiC, Si-PPY (polypyrrole) and MWNT(multiwalled nanotubes)/Sn/SnNi), as well as other nanoparticles (TiO2, SiO2 and Al2O3) have been used in lithium rechargeable batteries in our studies. Free-standing single wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) papers produced without any binder and metal substrate shows a capacity slightly lower than that of the conventional electrode. Carbon-coated Si nanocomposites produced by a spray-pyrolysis technique can reversibly store lithium with a high capacity of 1489 mAh/g and a high coulumbic efficiency above 99.5%, even after 20 cycles. Nanosize 10 wt% TiO2 increased the ionic conductivity of PEO-LiClO4 polymer electrolyte by a factor of 2 at room temperature and at elevated temperature.

Liu, J, McBean, KE, Harris, N & Cortie, MB 2007, 'Optical Properties Of Suspensions Of Gold Half-shells', Materials Science And Engineering B: Solid State Materials For Advanced Technology, vol. 140, no. 3, pp. 195-198.
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Suspensions of mesoscale gold half-shells of controlled size were produced by microsphere-templated vapour deposition and their optical proper-ties were studied. The transmission spectra of the particles exhibited an extinction peak that could be tuned f

Liu, L, Gu, H & Xi, Y 2007, 'Robust and stable scheduling of a single machine with random machine breakdowns', International Journal Of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 645-654.
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Liu, L, Gu, HY & Xi, YG 2007, 'Robust scheduling in a Just-in-time single machine system with processing time uncertainty', Kongzhi yu Juece/Control and Decision, vol. 22, no. 10.
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A two-loop co-evolutionary genetic algorithm is proposed to solve the absolute robust scheduling for a Just-in-time single machine with significant processing time uncertainty. The worst-case performance of a predictive schedule over the range of job processing times is optimized. The outer loop of the proposed algorithm is to determine the job sequence on machine and the inner loop searches for the processing time scenario with worst-case performance for a given sequence. The simulation results show the proposed method is very effective compared with the deterministic scheduling method based on expected job processing times.

Liu, Z, Rank, R, Kaltenboeck, B, Magnino, S, Dean, D, Burall, L, Plaut, RD, Read, TD, Myers, G & Bavoil, PM 2007, 'Genomic plasticity of the rrn-nqrF intergenic segment in the Chlamydiaceae', JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, vol. 189, no. 5, pp. 2128-2132.
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Lovell, D, Wu, Y, White, R, Machado, A, Llewellyn, D, Dennis, ES & Anderssen, R 2007, 'Phenotyping cotton ovule fibre initiation with spatial statistics', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY, vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 608-616.
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Yield in cultivated cotton (Gossypium spp.) is affected by the number and distribution of fibres initiated on the seed surface but, apart from simple statistical summaries, little has been done to assess this phenotype quantitatively. Here we use two typ

Lucas, NT, Zareie, HM & McDonagh, AM 2007, 'Self-organization of a Discotic Coordination Complex Bearing Orthogonal Discotic Ligands', ACS Nano, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 348-354.
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Maaroof, AI, Cortie, MB, Gentle, AR & Smith, G 2007, 'Mesoporous gold sponge as a prototype 'metamaterial'', Physica B: Condensed Matter, vol. 394, no. 2, pp. 167-170.
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Mesoporous gold sponge has optical properties that can be intermediate between those of metals and insulators with a flat spectral response that is unlike that of bulk gold. Films of different thicknesses were produced and an extension of the Lorentz-Drude (LD) model used to model their spectral behaviour. We found that it was necessary to include an additional special oscillator centered at 1.4eV in order to model the unusual spectral response. This is quite unlike bulk gold, which can be mideled using a standard two-oscillator LD model.

Maaroof, AI, Gentle, AR, Smith, G & Cortie, MB 2007, 'Bulk and surface plasmons in highly nanoporous gold films', Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol. 40, no. 18, pp. 5675-5682.
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The far field plasmonic behaviour of nanoporous gold films with void densities ranging from 60% to 90% has been investigated and modelled. These layers have good dc conductivity and quite different nanostructure to traditional porous layers in which the metal percolates. Our gold films with void density f above 70% have high thermal emittance fora conductor at their thickness and their flat spectral response at visible and near infrared wavelengths is not metal like. We derive effective optical constants which become plasmonic at wavelengths between 1.8 and 4um for f from 72 to 87%. This onset is much longer than that in bulk gold. For void densities below 70% the onset of plasmonic behaviour is much closer to the dense material. A simple test is implemented to test for surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) under illumination. The more porous films show no evidence of SPP, while the less porous films display weak evidence. Thus by tailoring void content in these nanostructures we can taolor the onset of efefctive plasmonic response across a wide range from 0.8 to 4 um and emittance from around0.9 down to low values. An effective uniform metal response is this found in the presence o fsurface nanostructure without the interface absorption found in dense gold layers with sturctured surfaces.

MacDiarmid, JA, Mugridge, NB, Weiss, JC, Phillips, L, Burn, AL, Paulin, RP, Haasdyk, JE, Dickson, KA, Brahmbhatt, VN, Pattison, ST, James, AC, Al Bakri, G, Straw, RC, Stillman, B, Graham, RM & Brahmbhatt, H 2007, 'Bacterially Derived 400 nm Particles for Encapsulation and Cancer Cell Targeting of Chemotherapeutics', Cancer Cell, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 431-445.
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Systemic administration of chemotherapeutic agents results in indiscriminate drug distribution and severe toxicity. Here we report a technology potentially overcoming these shortcomings through encapsulation and cancer cell-specific targeting of chemotherapeutics in bacterially derived 400 nm minicells. We discovered that minicells can be packaged with therapeutically significant concentrations of chemotherapeutics of differing charge, hydrophobicity, and solubility. Targeting of minicells via bispecific antibodies to receptors on cancer cell membranes results in endocytosis, intracellular degradation, and drug release. This affects highly significant tumor growth inhibition and regression in mouse xenografts and case studies of lymphoma in dogs despite administration of minute amounts of drug and antibody; a factor critical for limiting systemic toxicity that should allow the use of complex regimens of combination chemotherapy. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Macnamara, S, Burrage, K & Sidje, RB 2007, 'Multiscale modeling of chemical kinetics via the master equation', Multiscale Modeling and Simulation, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 1146-1168.
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We present numerical methods for both the direct solution and simulation of the chemical master equation (CME), and, compared to popular methods in current use, such as the Gillespie stochastic simulation algorithm (SSA) and τ-Leap approximations, this new approach has the advantage of being able to detect when the system has settled down to equilibrium. This improved performance is due to the incorporation of information from the associated CME, a valuable complementary approach to the SSA that has often been felt to be too computationally inefficient. Hybrid methods, that combine these complementary approaches and so are able to detect equilibrium while maintaining the efficiency of the leap methods, are also presented. Amongst CME-solvers the recently suggested finite state projection algorithm is especially well suited to this purpose and has been adapted here for the task, leading to a type of "exact τ-Leap." It is also observed that a CMEsolver is often more efficient than an SSA or even a τ-Leap approach for computing moments of the solution such as the mean and variance. These techniques are demonstrated on a test suite of five biologically inspired models, namely, stochastic models of the genetic toggle, receptor oligomerization, the Schlogl reactions, Goutsias' model of regulated gene transcription, and a decaying-dimerizing reaction set. For the gene toggle it is observed that important experimentally measurable traits such as the percentage of cells that undergo so-called switching may also be more efficiently approximated via a CME-based approach. © 2008 Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.

MacNamara, S, Burrage, K & Sidje, RB 2007, 'Numerical methods for the chemical master equation and applications to stochastic models or receptor oligomerisation', PAMM, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 2110001-2110002.
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Maharaj, F, McDonagh, AM & Colbran, SB 2007, 'The Instructive Redox Behaviour Of 4-ferrocenylcatechol On Nanocrystalline Titanium Dioxide Electrodes', Applied Organometallic Chemistry, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 73-75.
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An investigation into the redox behaviour of 4-ferrocenylcatechol bound to nanocrystalline TiO2 electrodes identified a limitation to the use of catechol as an electron-transfer facilitating anchoring group. 4-Ferrocenylcatechol was adsorbed to transparent nanocrystalline TiO2 electrodes. UV-visible spectra of the modified electrode were recorded in an acetonitrile-electrolyte solution. At an applied potential of + 0.45 mV (vs Ag/AgCl/Cl-) the ferrocenyl group oxidized to the ferrocenium cation and the catecholate group oxidized to the benzoquinone form. Subsequent application of a potential of 0 V reduced the ferrocenium to ferrocene but, owing to the irreversibility of the catechol oxidation in aprotic solvents, benzoquinone is not reduced to catecholate and subsequently desorbs and is lost due into solution. Electrochromic switching of the ferrocenyl electrochromophore on TiO2 with aprotic electrolyte is, therefore, irreversible. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Maity, A, Ma, Y & Carroll, RJ 2007, 'Efficient estimation of population-level summaries in general semiparametric regression models', JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION, vol. 102, no. 477, pp. 123-139.
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Malcolm, HA, Gladstone, W, Lindfield, S, Wraith, J & Lynch, TP 2007, 'Spatial and temporal variation in reef fish assemblages of marine parks in New South Wales, Australia - baited video observations', Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 350, pp. 277-290.
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Baited remote underwater video stations (BRUVS) were used to examine variation in assemblages of reef fishes at scales of 100s of kilometres (between 3 marine parks in New South Wales, Australia) and kilometres (between 4 sites within each park). Temporal variation over 5 yr was also examined in 1 park (Solitary Islands). BRUVS were able to sample the relative abundance and distribution of species from a wide range of trophic groups, and were particularly effective for detecting cryptic predators. Significant variability in the fish assemblages occurred between each park consistent with the latitudinal distribution of the parks. Fish assemblages also varied significantly between sites within each park. Contrary to expectations, total species richness did not follow the expected latitudinal gradient. However, observed geographical patterns in species richness of certain families such as Labridae (greater richness in the most northern park) and Monacanthidae (greater species richness in southern parks) followed expectations. Abundant schooling species, common to all 3 parks, were important contributors to variation between sites. Temporal variation over 5 yr at 1 park was relatively minor compared to the spatial variation among the 3 parks. This suggests large-scale spatial separation is more important for structuring fish assemblages than time. A network of marine parks will therefore be required to represent variation in reef fish assemblages over this latitudinal scale.

Mardia, KV, Nyirongo, VB, Green, PJ, Gold, ND & Westhead, DR 2007, 'Bayesian refinement of protein functional site matching', BMC Bioinformatics, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1-18.
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Background: Matching functional sites is a key problem for the understanding of protein function and evolution. The commonly used graph theoretic approach, and other related approaches, require adjustment of a matching distance threshold a priori accordi

Marsh, DJ, Hahn, MA, Howell, VM & Gill, AJ 2007, 'Molecular diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism in familial cancer syndromes', Expert Opinion on Medical Diagnostics, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 377-392.
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In the last few years, causative genes have been identified for most of the familial hyperparathyroidism conditions. Germline mutations in the tumour suppressors multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) and hyperparathyroidism 2 (HRPT2) provide a molecular diagnosis of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and hyperparathyroidism jaw tumour syndrome, respectively. Germline mutations in the proto-oncogene RET (rearranged during transfection) provide a molecular diagnosis of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. Germline mutations of both MEN1 and, less frequently HRPT2, have been found in familial isolated hyperparathyroidism. A molecular diagnosis can now be incorporated into the management of patients with these conditions, however, the ease of diagnostics and value of genetic information in the context of clinical screening and early surgical intervention varies between these disorders. This review focuses on familial hyperparathyroidism and its known causative genes in the setting of neoplastic syndromes, with particular discussion of recent developments in the molecular diagnosis of parathyroid carcinoma. © 2007 Informa UK Ltd.

Marshall, GM, Kan, DJ, Asatryan, AA, Botten, LC & Withford, M 2007, 'Transverse Coupling To The Core Of A Photonic Crystal Fiber: The Photo-inscription Of Gratings', Optics Express, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 7876-7887.
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The effect of the microstructure on transversely coupled laser light into the core of a photonic crystal fiber is investigated. Computational two-dimensional modeling and direct experimental measurements indicate that there exist angles and positions of

Matsumoto, H, Moir, L, Oliver, BG, Burgess, J, Roth, M, Black, J & Mcparland, B 2007, 'Comparison of gel contraction mediated by airway smooth muscle cells from patients with and without asthma', Thorax, vol. 62, no. 10, pp. 848-854.
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Backgrounds: Exaggerated bronchial constriction is the most significant and life threatening response of patients with asthma to inhaled stimuli. However, few studies have investigated the contractility of airway smooth muscle (ASM) from these patients.

Matthews, CJ, Newton, DB, Braddock, RD & Yu, B 2007, 'Analysing the sensitivity behaviour of two hydrology models', Environmental Modeling and Assessment, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 27-41.
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Recently, the New Morris Method has been presented as an effective sensitivity analysis tool for mathematical models. The New Morris Method estimates the sensitivity of an output parameter to a given set of input parameters (first-order effects) and the extent these parameters interact with each other (second-order effects). This method requires the specification of two parameters (runs and resolution) that control the sampling of the output parameter to determine its sensitivity to various inputs. The criteria for these parameters have been set on the analysis of a well-behaved analytical function (see Cropp and Braddock, Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 78:77-83, 2002), which may not be applicable to other physical models that describe complex processes. This paper will investigate the appropriateness of the criteria from (Cropp and Braddock, 2002) and hence the effectiveness of the New Morris Method to determine the sensitivity behaviour of two hydrologic models: the Soil Erosion and Deposition System and Griffith University Representation of Urban Hydrology. In the first case, this paper will separately analyse the sensitivity of an output parameter on a set of input parameters (first- and second-order effects) for each model and discuss the physical meaning of these sensitivities. This will be followed by an investigation into the sampling criteria by exploring the convergence of the sensitivity behaviour for each model as the sampling of the parameter space is increased. By comparing these trends to the convergence behaviour from Cropp and Braddock (2002), we will determine how well the New Morris Method estimates the sensitivity for each model and whether the sampling criteria are appropriate for these models. It will be shown that the New Morris Method can provide additional insight into the functioning of these models, and that, under a different metric, the sensitivity behaviour of these models does converge confirming the sampling criteria set by Cropp and Brad...

Maumela, MC, Blann, K, de Bod, H, Dixon, JT, Gabrielli, WF & Williams, DBG 2007, 'Efficient synthesis of novel N-substituted bulky diphosphinoamines', SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART, no. 24, pp. 3863-3867.
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Mccann, L, Haywood, M, Ren, B, Simpson, AM, Guilhaus, M, Wasinger, V, Raftery, MJ & Davey, RA 2007, 'Identification Of Vascular Surface Proteins By In Vivo Biotinylation: A Method Sufficiently Sensitive To Detect Changes In Rat Liver 2 Weeks After Partial Hepatectomy', Journal Of Proteome Research, vol. 6, no. 8, pp. 3108-3113.
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We have developed a methodology to selectively isolate and identify proteins associated with the luminal surface of blood vessels using in vivo biotinylation, streptavidin-affinity chromatography, and SDS-PAGE/LC-MS/MS. This had sufficient sensitivity to

Mccarty, K, Chen, Y, Quamruzzaman, Q, Rahman, M, Mahiuddin, G, Hsueh, Y, Su, L, Smith, T, Ryan, LM & Christiani, D 2007, 'Arsenic Methylation, Gstt1, Gstm1, Gstp1 Polymorphisms, And Skin Lesions', Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 115, no. 3, pp. 341-345.
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OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether primary and secondary arsenic methylation ratios were associated with skin lesions and whether GSTT1, GSTP1, and GSTM1 polymorphisms modify these relationships. METHODS: A case-control study of 600 cases and 600 controls that were frequency matched on age and sex was conducted in Pabna, Bangladesh, in 2001-2002. Individual well water, urine, and blood samples were collected. Water arsenic concentration was determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Urinary arsenic speciation was determined using high performance liquid chromatography hydride with generator atomic absorption spectrometry and ICP-MS. Genotyping was conducted using multiplex polymerase chain reaction and TaqMan. RESULTS: A 10-fold increase in primary methylation ratio [monomethylarsonic acid (MMA)/(arsenite + arsenate] was associated with a 1.50-fold increased risk of skin lesions (multivariate odds ratio = 1.50; 95% confidence interval, 1.00-2.26). We observed significant interaction on the multiplicative scale between GSTT1 wildtype and secondary methylation ratio [dimethylarsinic acid/MMA; likelihood ratio test (LRT), p = 0.01]. No significant interactions were observed for GSTM1 or GSTP1 or for primary methylation ratios. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that increasing primary methylation ratios are associated with an increase in risk of arsenic-related skin lesions. The interaction between GSTT1 wildtype and secondary methylation ratio modifies risk of skin lesions among arsenic-exposed individuals

Mccarty, K, Smith, T, Zhou, W, Gonzalez, E, Quamruzzaman, Q, Mahiuddin, G, Ryan, LM, Su, L & Christiani, D 2007, 'Polymorphisms In Xpd (asp312asn And Lys751gln) Genes, Sunburn And Arsenic-related Skin Lesions', Carcinogenesis, vol. 28, no. 8, pp. 1697-1702.
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Background: Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in genes related to DNA repair capacity and ultraviolet exposure have not been well investigated in relation to skin lesions associated with arsenic exposure. This population based case-control study, of 600 ca

McCarty, KM, Ryan, LM, Houseman, EA, Williams, PL, Miller, DP, Quamruzzaman, Q, Rahman, M, Mahiuddin, G, Smith, T, Gonzalez, E, Su, L & Christiani, DC 2007, 'A case-control study of GST polymorphisms and arsenic related skin lesions', Environmental health, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 1-10.
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Background: Polymorphisms in GSTT1, GSTM1 and GSTP1 impact detoxification of carcinogens by GSTs and have been reported to increase susceptibility to environmentally related health outcomes. Individual factors in arsenic biotransformation may influence disease susceptibility. GST activity is involved in the metabolism of endogenous and exogenous compounds, including catalyzing the formation of arsenic-GSH conjugates. Methods: We investigated whether polymorphisms in GSTT1, GSTP1 and GSTM1 were associated with risk of skin lesions and whether these polymorphisms modify the relationship between drinking water arsenic exposure and skin lesions in a case control study of 1200 subjects frequency matched on age and gender in community clinics in Pabna, Bangladesh in 2001-2002. Results and discussion: GSTT1 homozygous wildtype status was associated with increased odds of skin lesions compared to the null status (OR1.56 95% CI 1.10-2.19). The GSTP1 GG polymorphism was associated with greater odds of skin lesions compared to GSTP1 AA, (OR 1.86 ( 95% CI 1.15-3.00). No evidence of effect modification by GSTT1, GSTM1 or GSTP1 polymorphisms on the association between arsenic exposure and skin lesions was detected. Conclusion: GSTT1 wildtype and GSTP1 GG are associated with increased risk of skin lesions.

McDonagh, AM, Zareie, HM, Ford, M, Barton, C, Ginic-markovic, M & Matisons, J 2007, 'Ethynylbenzene monolayers on gold A metal-molecule binding motif derived from a hydrocarbon', Journal Of The American Chemical Society, vol. 129, no. 12, pp. 3533-3538.
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Exposure of a Au(111) surface to ethynylbenzene in solution leads to the formation of a bound monolayer. A chemisorption process occurs to give a stable layer consisting of oxygen-containing hydrocarbon species. Ethynylbenzene itself does not oxidize under the deposition conditions indicating that the gold surface facilitates the oxidation process. Calculations show that ethynylbenzene and its oxidation products phenylacetic acid and phenylxirane have positive bending energies to the gold surface. 1,4- Diethynylbenzene also bind to Au (111) and anchors gold nanoparticles deposited from solution to form dense, semiregular arrays.

McDougald, D, Rice, SA & Kjelleberg, S 2007, 'Bacterial quorum sensing and interference by naturally occurring biomimics', ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 387, no. 2, pp. 445-453.
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McMinn, A, Ryan, KG, Ralph, PJ & pankowski, A 2007, 'Spring sea ice photosynthesis, primary productivity and biomass distribution in eastern Antarctica, 2002-2004', Marine Biology, vol. 151, no. 3, pp. 985-995.
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While it is known that Antarctic sea ice biomass and productivity are highly variable over small spatial and temporal scales, there have been very few measurements from eastern Antarctic. Here we attempt to quantify the biomass and productivity and relat

McNevin, DB, Badger, MR, Whitney, SM, von Caemmerer, S, Tcherkez, GGB & Farquhar, GD 2007, 'Differences in carbon isotope discrimination of three variants of d-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase reflect differences in their catalytic mechanisms', JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 282, no. 49, pp. 36068-36076.
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McPhedran, RC, Botten, LC & Nicorovici, NA 2007, 'Null trajectories for the symmetrized Hurwitz zeta function', Proceedings Of The Royal Society A-Mathematical Physical And Engineering Sciences, vol. 463, no. 2077, pp. 303-319.
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We consider the Hurwitz zeta function zeta(s, a) and develop asymptotic results for a = p/q, with q large, and, in particular, for p/q tending to 1/2. We also study the properties of lines along which the symmetrized parts of zeta(s, a), zeta(+)(s, a) an

McPhedran, RC, Botten, LC, Nicorovici, NA & Kuhlmey, BT 2007, 'ETOPIM-7 - held in Sydney, Australia - 9-13 July 2006 - Preface', PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER, vol. 394, no. 2, pp. XIII-XIV.
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McPhedran, RC, Botten, LC, Nicorovici, NA & Zucker, I 2007, 'Symmetrization of the Hurwitz zeta function and Dirichlet L functions', Proceedings Of The Royal Society A-Mathematical Physical And Engineering Sciences, vol. 463, no. 2077, pp. 281-301.
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We consider the Hurwitz zeta function zeta(s, a), and form two parts zeta(+) and zeta(-) by symmetric and antisymmetric combinations of zeta(s, a) and zeta(s, 1-a). We consider the properties of zeta(+) and zeta(-), and then show that each may be decompo

McPhedran, RC, Botten, LC, Nicorovici, NA & Zucker, I 2007, 'Systematic Investigation Of Two-dimensional Static Array Sums', Journal Of Mathematical Physics, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 1-25.
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We discuss general properties of doubly periodic sums over the square lattice, linking phased, Bloch-type sums in the direct lattice with displaced sums in the reciprocal lattice using the Poisson summation formula. We discuss cardinal points, where the

Meakin, GE, Bueno, E, Jepson, B, Bedmar, EJ, Richardson, DJ & Delgado, MJ 2007, 'The contribution of bacteroidal nitrate and nitrite reduction to the formation of nitrosylleghaemoglobin complexes in soybean root nodules', MICROBIOLOGY-SGM, vol. 153, pp. 411-419.
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Meier, PC & Rogers, C 2007, 'The need for traditional Chinese medicine morbidity research', Complementary Therapies in Medicine, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 284-288.
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Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has long justified its practice on empirical phenomenology. Questions remain, however, as to the legitimacy of this approach and its relevance to TCM practice and educational developments in the 21st century. General medical practice (GMP) has used practice-based data collected over the past 25 years to develop relevant medical curriculum and enhance patient care. As TCM becomes ever more incorporated into Western educational and health systems, it too must concern itself with providing a solid evidence base to be used in enhancing patient care and educational curriculum. Computer generated data related to patient problems or problem complexes abstracted from TCM clinical records can provide the basis for practitioner development and the enhancement of training programs that will Lead to improvements in patient care. Such locally valid and representative data can also be used to inform research programs, public policy and evidence-based commissioning. The key to developing such systems is standardising TCM terminology and data collection protocols. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Melville, FR & Pulkownik, A 2007, 'Investigation Of Mangrove Macroalgae As Biomonitors Of Estuarine Metal Contamination', Science Of The Total Environment, vol. 387, no. 1-3, pp. 301-309.
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This study examined the potential use of macroalgae epiphytic on mangrove aerial roots as biomonitors of estuarine contamination. The metal concentrations of macroalgae were investigated in four estuaries in the vicinity of Sydney, Australia, and compare

Melville, FR & Pulkownik, A 2007, 'Seasonal and spatial variation in the distribution of mangrove macroalgae in the Clyde River, Australia', Estuarine Coastal And Shelf Science, vol. 71, no. 3-4, pp. 683-690.
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The objective of this study was to determine whether there was significant spatial and temporal variation in macroalgae epiphytic on pneumatophores of the Grey Mangrove, Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vieth., in the Clyde River, located 280 km south of Sydney, Australia. Three estuarine sites in th Clyde River were surveyed seasonally on four occasions over a two-year period and algal distribution and abundance assessed in respect to temporal, inte-site, intertidal (from front to back of mangrove stand) and vertical (from bottom to top of pneumatophores) variation. Sediment and water characteristics, including nutrient levels, were also assessed in order to examine all variables of potential influence on algal distribution and abundance. The results indicated that intertidal position within sites, and vertical height along the length of the pneumatophore, were the greatest influecne on algal frequency and biomass. Individual species dominated in different intertidal and vertical zones. These observations together with the identification of threee species of macroalgae that fulfil the criteria for bioindicators/bioonitos of environmental impacts are discussed.

Mickan, L, Doyle, R, Valcanis, M, Dingle, KE, Unicomb, L & Lanser, J 2007, 'Multilocus sequence typing of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from New South Wales, Australia', JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, vol. 102, no. 1, pp. 144-152.
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Mortari, A, Maaroof, AI, Martin, DK & Cortie, MB 2007, 'Mesoporous gold electrodes for sensors based on electrochemical double layer capacitance', Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol. 123, no. 1, pp. 262-268.
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he use of mesoporous gold as electrode material for measurement of electrochemical capacitance is investigated. The electrodes possess a pore size in the range of 10-30nm and are prepared by de-alloying films of AuAl"x, where x>=2....

Motlan, M, Zhu, G, Gh, D, McBean, KE, Phillips, M & Goldys, EM 2007, 'Annealing Of ZnS Nanocrystals Grown By Colloidal Synthesis', Optical Materials, vol. 29, no. 12, pp. 1579-1583.
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ZnS nanocrystals (NCs) capped with tetramethylammonium (TMAH) were synthesized from ZnCl2 . 2H(2)O and thiourea using a wet chemical process. Further treatments of the nanocrystals such as aging, and annealing have been conducted to examine the stability

Mueller, RS, McDougald, D, Cusumano, D, Sodhi, N, Kjelleberg, S, Azam, F & Bartlett, DH 2007, 'Vibrio cholerae strains possess multiple strategies for abiotic and biotic surface colonization', JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, vol. 189, no. 14, pp. 5348-5360.
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Murphy, GC, King, NJ & Ollendick, TH 2007, 'Identifying and Developing Effective Interventions in Rehabilitation Settings: Recognising the Limits of the Evidence-Based Practice Approach', Australian Journal of Rehabilitation Counselling, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 14-19.
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The evidence-based practice movement has led to higher quality intervention studies being reported in the health sciences literature (see, for example, Mosely et al., 2002), and consequently being available for uptake by practising health professionals. Yet interventions in applied settings need to satisfy more than the methodologically-based criteria associated with being categorised as a ‘well-established treatment’ (Chambless et al., 1996). Some of these additional criteria were recently described by King and Ollendick (2007). The current article extends these criteria so as to include attributes of interventions that (ideally) are required when designing or delivering services within rehabilitation settings. © 2007, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.

Murray, SA, de Salas, M, Luong-Van, J & Hallegraeff, G 2007, 'Phylogenetic study of Gymnodinium dorsalisulcum comb. nov. from tropical Australian coastal waters (Dinophyceae)', Phycological Research, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 176-184.

Murray, SA, Nagahama, Y & Fukuyo, Y 2007, 'Phylogenetic study of benthic, spine-bearing prorocentroids, including Prorocentrum fukuyoi sp. nov.', Phycological Research, vol. 55, pp. 91-102.

Myers, GSA, Parker, D, Al-Hasani, K, Kennan, RM, Seemann, T, Ren, Q, Badger, JH, Selengut, JD, DeBoy, RT, Tettelin, H, Boyce, JD, McCarl, VP, Han, X, Nelson, WC, Madupu, R, Mohamoud, Y, Holley, T, Fedorova, N, Khouri, H, Bottomley, SP, Whittington, RJ, Adler, B, Songer, JG, Rood, JI & Paulsen, IT 2007, 'Genome sequence and identification of candidate vaccine antigens from the animal pathogen Dichelobacter nodosus', NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 569-575.
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Myneni, RB, Yang, W, Nemani, RR, Huete, A, Dickinson, RE, Knyazikhin, Y, Didan, K, Fu, R, Negron Juarez, RI, Saatchi, SS, Hashimoto, H, Ichii, K, Shabanov, NV, Tan, B, Ratana, P, Privette, JL, Morisette, JT, Vermote, EF, Roy, DP, Wolfe, RE, Friedl, MA, Running, SW, Votava, P, El-Saleous, N, Devadiga, S, Su, Y & Salomonson, VV 2007, 'Large seasonal swings in leaf area of Amazon rainforests', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 104, no. 12, pp. 4820-4823.
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Despite early speculation to the contrary, all tropical forests studied to date display seasonal variations in the presence of new leaves, ?owers, and fruits. Past studies were focused on the timing of phenological events and their cues but not on the accompanying changes in leaf area that regulate vegetationatmosphere exchanges of energy, momentum, and mass. Here we report, from analysis of 5 years of recent satellite data, seasonal swings in green leaf area of 25% in a majority of the Amazon rainforests. This seasonal cycle is timed to the seasonality of solar radiation in a manner that is suggestive of anticipatory and opportunistic patterns of net leaf ?ushing during the early to mid part of the light-rich dry season and net leaf abscission during the cloudy wet season. These seasonal swings in leaf area may be critical to initiation of the transition from dry to wet season, seasonal carbon balance between photosynthetic gains and respiratory losses, and litterfall nutrient cycling in moist tropical forests

Nagler, PL, Glenn, E, Kim, H, Emmerich, W, Scott, RL, Huxman, TE & Huete, A 2007, 'Relationship between evapotranspiration and precipitation pulses in a semiarid rangeland estimated by moisture flux towers and MODIS vegetation indices', Journal Of Arid Environments, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 443-462.
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We used moisture Bowen ratio flux tower data and the enhanced vegetation index (EVI) from the moderate resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS) on the Terra satellite to measure and scale evapotranspiration (ET) over sparsely vegetated grassland and shrubland sites in a semiarid watershed in southeastern Arizona from 2000 to 2004. The grassland tower site had higher mean annual ET (336 mm yr-1) than the shrubland tower site (266 mm yr-1) (P<0.001). ET measured at the individual tower sites was strongly correlated with EVI (r = 0.80-0.94). ET was moderately correlated with precipitation (P), and only weakly correlated with net radiation or air temperature. The strong correlation between ET and EVI, as opposed to the moderate correlation with rainfall, suggests that transpiration (T) is the dominant process controlling ET at these sites.

Nakhjavani, FA, Mirsalehian, A, Hamidian, M, Kazemi, B, Mirafshar, M & Jabalameli, F 2007, 'Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for Escherichia coli strains to fluoroquinolones, in urinary tract infections', IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 89-92.

Needham, SA, Wang, G, Liu, HK, Drozd, VA & Liu, RS 2007, 'Synthesis and electrochemical performance of doped LiCoO2 materials', Journal of Power Sources, vol. 174, no. 2, pp. 828-831.
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Layered intercalation compounds LiM0.02Co0.98O2 (M = Mo6+, V5+, Zr4+) have been prepared using a simple solid-state method. Morphological and structural characterization of the synthesized powders is reported along with their electrochemical performance when used as the active material in a lithium half-cell. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction patterns suggest a single phase HT-LiCoO2 that is isostructural to ?-NaFeO2 cannot be formed by aliovalent doping with Mo, V, and Zr. Scanning electron images show that particles are well-crystallized with a size distribution in the range of 15 ?m. Chargedischarge cycling of the cells indicated first cycle irreversible capacity loss in order of increasing magnitude was Zr (15 mAh g-1), Mo (22 mAh g-1), and V (45 mAh g-1). Prolonged cycling the Mo-doped cell produced the best performance of all dopants with a stable reversible capacity of 120 mAh g-1 after 30 cycles, but was inferior to that of pure LiCoO2.

Nelson, LA, Wallman, JF & Dowton, M 2007, 'Using COI barcodes to identify forensically and medically important blowflies', MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 44-52.
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Nicholson, GM 2007, 'Fighting the global pest problem: Preface to the special Toxicon issue on insecticidal toxins and their potential for insect pest control', Toxicon, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 413-422.
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Arthropod pests are responsible for major crop devastation and are vectors for the transmission of new and re-emerging diseases in humans and livestock. Despite many years iof effective control by conventional agrochemical insecticides, a number of factors aere threatening the effectiveness and continued use of these agents. These include the development of insecticide resistance and use-cancellation or de-registration of some insecticides due to human health and environmental concerns. Several approaches are being investigated for the design of new (bio)pesticides. These include the development of transgenic plants and recobitant baculoviruses as delivery systems for a variety of insect-selective toxins. Additional approaches for the development of foliar sprays include the rational dsign of peptidomimetics based on the key residues of thes toxins that inetract with the insect target. this special issue provides an overview of these phyletically selective animal, plant and microbial toxins and their diverse mechanisms of action to paralyze or kill arthropods. In addition, it reviews their potential for biopesticide discovery and validation of novel insecticide targets and provides an overview of the strengths and weakenesses of biopepticides int he global control of arthropod pests.

Nicholson, GM 2007, 'Insect-selective spider toxins targeting voltage-gated sodium channels', Toxicon, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 490-512.
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The voltage-gated sodium (Na(v)) channel is a target for a number of drugs, insecticides and neurotoxins. These bind to at least seven identified neurotoxin binding sites and either block conductance or modulate Na(v) channel gating. A number of peptide neurotoxins from the venoms of araneomorph and mygalomorph spiders have been isolated and characterized and determined to interact with several of these sites. These all conform to an 'inhibitor cystine-knot' motif with structural, but not sequence homology, to a variety of other spider and marine snail toxins. Of these, spider toxins several show phyla-specificity and are being considered as lead compounds for the development of biopesticides. Hainantoxin-I appears to target site-1 to block Na(v) channel conductance. Magi 2 and Tx4(6-1) slow Na(v) channel inactivation via an interaction with site-3. The delta-palutoxins, and most likely mu-agatoxins and curtatoxins, target site-4. However, their action is complex with the mu-agatoxins causing a hyperpolarizing shift in the voltage-dependence of activation, an action analogous to scorpion beta-toxins, but with both delta-palutoxins and mu-agatoxins slowing Na(v) channel inactivation, a site-3-like action. In addition, several other spider neurotoxins, such as delta-atracotoxins, are known to target both insect and vertebrate Na(v) channels most likely as a result of the conserved structures within domains of voltage-gated ion channels across phyla. These toxins may provide tools to establish the molecular determinants of invertebrate selectivity. These studies are being greatly assisted by the determination of the pharmacophore of these toxins, but without precise identification of their binding site and mode of action their potential in the above areas remains underdeveloped.

Nicorovici, NA, Milton, GW, McPhedran, RC & Botten, LC 2007, 'Quasistatic cloaking of two-dimensional polarizable discrete systems by anomalous resonance', Optics Express, vol. 15, no. 10, pp. 6314-6323.
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Discrete systems of infinitely long polarizable line dipoles are considered in the quasistatic limit, interacting with a two-dimensional cloaking system consisting of a hollow plasmonic cylindrical shell. A numerical procedure is described for accurately calculating electromagnetic fields arising in the quasistatic limit, for the case when the relative permittivity of the cloaking shell has a very small imaginery part. Animations are given which illustrate cloaking of discrete systems, both for the case of induced dipoles and induced quadrupoles on the interacting particles. The simulations clarify the physical mechanism for the cloaking.

Novikov, A & Shiryaev, AN 2007, 'On solution of the optimal stopping problem for processes with independent increments', Stochastics. An International Journal of Probability and Stochastic Processes, vol. 79, no. 3-4, pp. 393-406.
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Oakes, SR, Robertson, FG, Kench, JG, Gardiner-Garden, M, Wand, M, Freen, JE & Ormandy, CJ 2007, 'Loss of mammary epithelial prolactin receptor delays tumor formation by reducing cell proliferation in low-grade preinvasive lesions', Oncogene, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 543-553.
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Top quartile serum prolactin levels confer a twofold increase in the relative risk of developing breast cancer. Prolactin exerts this effect at an ill defined point in the carcinogenic process, via mechanisms involving direct action via prolactin receptors within mammary epithelium and/or indirect action through regulation of other hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. We have addressed these questions by examining mammary carcinogenesis in transplants of mouse mammary epithelium expressing the SV40T oncogene, with or without the prolactin receptor, using host animals with a normal endocrine system. In prolactin receptor knockout transplants the area of neoplasia was significantly smaller (7 versus 17%; P<0.001 at 22 weeks and 7 versus 14%; P=0.009 at 32 weeks). Low-grade neoplastic lesions displayed reduced BrdU incorporation rate (11.3 versus 17% P=0.003) but no change in apoptosis rate. Tumor latency increased (289 days versus 236 days, P<0.001). Tumor frequency, growth rate, morphology, cell proliferation and apoptosis were not altered. Thus, prolactin acts directly on the mammary epithelial cells to increase cell proliferation in preinvasive lesions, resulting in more neoplasia and acceleration of the transition to invasive carcinoma. Targeting of mammary prolactin signaling thus provides a strategy to prevent the early progression of neoplasia to invasive carcinoma.

O'Brien, RC, Forbes, SL, Meyer, J & Dadour, IR 2007, 'A preliminary investigation into the scavenging activity on pig carcasses in Western Australia', Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 194-199.
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Human remains exposed to an outdoor environment are subject not only to the process of decomposition, but also to the activity of scavenging fauna. The scavenging behavior of fauna can vary considerably with region and season, affecting the rate of decomposition, and more importantly, the accuracy of postmortem interval estimations. A thorough knowledge of the scavenging behavior of fauna present in the local environment is imperative for law enforcement and forensic investigators dealing with decomposed remains located outdoors. This study was conducted to identify the major scavengers of decomposing remains in the southwest region of Western Australia. Avian species were identified as the dominant scavengers amongst a range of birds, reptiles, mammals, and amphibians feeding on cadaveric tissues and associated insects. The scavenging behavior of the fauna varied with seasonal factors, including temperature and rainfall. The preliminary results are useful for forensic investigations involving decomposed remains in the southwest region of Western Australia.

Och, DJ, Percival, I & Leitch, EC 2007, 'Ordovician conodonts from the Watonga Formation, Port Macquarie, northeast New South Wales', Proceedings Of The Linnean Society Of New South Wales, vol. 128, no. N/A, pp. 209-216.
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Conodonts of Middle to Late Ordovician age, obtained from cherts of the Watonga Formation exposed in the Port Macquarie Block of the Mid North Coast region of New South Wales, establish this unit as the oldest biostratigraphically-dated part of the southern New England Fold Belt Subduction-accretion complex. Correlation of the Watonga Formation with the Woolomin Formation, faunas from which are no older than Pridoli, cannot be sustained. This revised are provides evidence of possible early Palaeozoic subduction-accretioj in this region at the same time as arc magmatism, volcaniclastic sedimentation and exhumation of high-pressure metamorphic rocks were proceeding further west.

Oliver, S, Dennis, ES & Dolferus, R 2007, 'ABA regulates apoplastic sugar transport and is a potential signal for cold-induced pollen sterility in rice', PLANT AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 48, no. 9, pp. 1319-1330.
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Cold temperatures cause pollen sterility and large reductions in grain yield in temperate rice growing regions of the world. Induction of pollen sterility by cold involves a disruption of sugar transport in anthers, caused by the cold-induced repression

Oliver, SN, Dennis, ES & Dolferus, R 2007, 'ABA regulates apoplastic sugar transport and is a potential signal for cold-induced pollen sterility in rice', PLANT AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 48, no. 9, pp. 1319-1330.
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Ollendick, TH & Horsch, LM 2007, 'Fears in Clinic-Referred Children: Relations With Child Anxiety Sensitivity, Maternal Overcontrol, and Maternal Phobic Anxiety', Behavior Therapy, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 402-411.
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Relations among maternal phobic anxiety, maternal overcontrol, child anxiety sensitivity, and child level of fear were explored in 156 children referred to an outpatient clinic for psychological evaluation. In addition, these relations were examined separately in analyses of age, gender, and diagnostic status. Overall, age, gender, and child anxiety sensitivity, along with maternal ratings of an overly controlling parenting strategy were significant predictors of levels of fear. These four variables predicted approximately 50% of the variance associated with fear levels. Surprisingly, maternal phobic anxiety was not a significant predictor in this sample of clinic-referred children. In separate analyses of age, gender, and diagnostic status (presence or absence of an anxiety disorder), anxiety sensitivity was a significant predictor of fear levels for both older and younger children, for both boys and girls, and for both children with and without an anxiety disorder. However, maternal overly controlling parenting strategy was significant only for the younger children (and not the older ones) and only for girls (and not boys). Moreover, maternal overcontrol was a marginally significant predictor for the anxiety-disorder group (and not the non-anxiety-disordered group). Results are discussed within a developmental framework, and implications for treatment are explored. © 2007.

Onishi, A, Thomas, P, Stuart, BH, Guerbois, JL & Forbes, SL 2007, 'TG-MS characterisation of pig bone in an inert atmosphere', Journal Of Thermal Analysis And Calorimetry, vol. 88, no. 2, pp. 405-409.
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A challenge for forensic examiners is the ageing and characterisation of bone fragments or decomposed skeletal remains. Due to the sensitivity of thermal methods to morphological states, thermal analysis has been selected as a technique which could overcome the difficulties. In this preliminary study, TG-MS was applied to the characterisation of bone fragments derived from the compact bone of pig rib specimens. TG-MS curves were collected by heating bone samples to 1000 degrees C in an argon atmosphere. under these conditions, both the organic and inorganic phases decomposed, producing a variety of organic fragments and carbon dioxide. Pyrolysis of the organic phase, which is composed predominantly of collagen, occurred resulting in the observation of ion fragments up to 110 amu. Selected fragments were monited and their observation is discussed in terms of the decomposition of both the collagen phase and the inorganic carbonated hydroxyapatite phase.

Park, MS, Needham, SA, Wang, G, Kang, YM, Park, JS, Dou, SX & Liu, H 2007, 'Nanostructured SnSb/carbon nanotube composites synthesized by reductive precipitation for lithium-ion batteries', Chemistry of Materials, vol. 19, no. 10, pp. 2406-2410.
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Nanosized particles of SnSb alloy were coated on the surface of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by reductive precipitation of metal chloride salts within a CNT suspension. The SnSb-CNT nanocomposite showed a high reversible capacity of 480 mAh g-1 and stable cyclic retention until the 50th cycle. The improvement of reversible capacity and cyclic performance of the SnSb-CNT composite is attributed to the nanoscale dimension of the SnSb alloy particles (<50 nm) and the structural advantages of CNTs as a framework material. The CNTs could be pinning the SnSb alloy particles on their surfaces so as to hinder the agglomeration of SnSb particles, while maintaining electronic conduction as well as accommodating drastic volume variation during electrochemical reactions

Park, MS, Wang, G, Kang, YM, Kim, SY, Liu, H & Dou, SX 2007, 'Mesoporous organo-silica nanoarray for energy storage media', Electrochemistry Communications, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 71-75.
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A SnO2mesoporous organo-silica nanoarray (MOSN) composite was prepared by surfactant mediated synthesis combined with a solgel vacuum suction method in which SnO2 has been successfully incorporated inside the periodic nanoholes in the MOSN or coated on its surface. The MOSN with a high aspect ratio of length to width could not only maintain its structure but also effectively accommodate the volume expansion of the SnO2 during electrochemical reactions with Li+. The SnO2MOSN composite showed a higher reversible capacity of 420 mA h g-1 with greatly improved capacity retention and lower initial irreversible capacity compared to SnO2 powder. This interesting anodic performance of SnO2MOSN composite supports the potential use of MOSN for lithium ion batteries.

Park, MS, Wang, G, Kang, YM, Wexler, D, Dou, SX & Liu, H 2007, 'Preparation and electrochemical properties of SnO2 nanowires for application in lithium-ion batteries', Angewandte Chemie-international Edition, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 750-753.
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SnO2 nanowires with tetragonal structure were successfully synthesized by a thermal evaporation method without any conventional metal catalysts. The enhanced electrochemical performance of SnO2 nanowires is believed to result from the combination of unique nanostructures with a high length/diameter ratio and the absence of traditional metal catalysts.

Payne, G, Langlois, N, Lennard, C & Roux, C 2007, 'Applying visible hyperspectral (chemical) imaging to estimate the age of bruises', Medicine, Science and the Law, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 225-232.
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Hyperspectral (chemical) imaging collects spectroscopic data in a two-dimensional spatial format. The potential application for the determination of the age of bruises is demonstrated and compared to reflectance probe spectrophotometry as well as photography. Blood was deposited on white cotton cloth or injected subcutaneously into pig skin to simulate a ‘fresh bruise’. A mixture of blood and bile was used to simulate ‘old’ bruises. On the cloth background all the photographic methods clearly separated the two groups of samples (i.e. ‘blood only’ from ‘blood plus bile’). However, on the pig skin the two groups could be separated by one of the photographic methods only. Separation of blood from blood and bile mixtures was obtained on the cloth and skin backgrounds using spectrophotometry and hyperspectral imaging. In a test using serial dilutions of blood and bile mixtures, the hyperspectral system performed slightly better than the spectrophotometer. The former also had the advantage of imaging a wider area and providing spatial data. Hyperspectral (chemical) imaging and spectrophotometry are superior to photography for the detection of bilirubin on a background of skin (due to the presence of yellow chromophores); this technology combined with mathematical analysis of the spectral data warrants further investigation. © 2007, SAGE Publications. All rights reserved.

Payne, GL, Langlois, NE, Lennard, CJ & Roux, CP 2007, 'Applying Visible Hyperspectral (chemical) Imaging To Estimate The Age Of Bruises', Medicine Science And The Law, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 225-232.
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Hyperspectral (chemical) imaging collects spectroscopic data in a two-dimensional spatial format. The potential application for the determination of the age of bruises is demonstrated and compared to reflectance probe spectrophotometry as well as photogr

Paz-Pellat, F, Palacios-Velez, E, Bolanos-Gonzalez, M, Palacios-Sanchez, LA, Martinez-Menes, M, Mejia-Saenz, E & Huete, A 2007, 'Design of a vegetation spectral index: NDVIcp', AGROCIENCIA, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 539-554.

Pearce, GJ, Weiderhecker, GS, Poulton, CG, Burger, S & Russell, PS 2007, 'Models for guidance in kagome-structured hollow-core photonic crystal fibres', Optics Express, vol. 15, no. 20, pp. 12680-12685.
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We demonstrate by numerical simulation that the general features of the loss spectrum of photonic crystal fibres (PCF) with a kagome structure can be explained by simple models consisting of thin concentric hexagons or rings of glass in air. These easily analysed models provide increased understanding of the mechanism of guidance in kagome PCF, and suggest ways in which the high-loss resonances in the loss spectrum may be shifted.

Peisah, C, Snowdon, J, Gorrie, C, Kril, J & Rodriguez, M 2007, 'Investigation of Alzheimer's disease-related pathology in community dwelling older subjects who committed suicide', Journal Of Affective Disorders, vol. 99, no. 1-3, pp. 127-132.
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Background: Older people have a higher risk of completed suicide than any other age group worldwide. The contribution of neurodegenerative disease to this risk remains controversial. Aims: To investigate prevalence of Alzheimer's disease-related (AD) pat

Peng, C, Ouyang, H, Gao, Q, Jiang, Y, Zhang, F, Li, J & Yu, Q 2007, 'Building a "Green" Railway in China', Science, vol. 316, no. 5824, pp. 546-547.
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The Qinghai-Tibet Railway (QTR) was built during China's Tenth 5-Year Plan (2001-05) and, in China, is considered a landmark project (1). The QTR, completed in October 2005 and in trial operation since 1 July 2006, is the world's highest-elevation railway and the longest highland railway, extending over 1956 km from Xining (Qinghai's capital in northwestern China) to Lhasa, the capital city of the Tibet Autonomous Region (see figure, right). The Chinese government has invested an unprecedented amount of money to protect the area's ecology. A total of 26.2 billion yuan (U.S. $3.39 billion) was budgeted, and 1.54 billion yuan was allocated to ecosystem restoration and environmental protection.

Pernice, M, Destoumieux-Garzon, D, Peduzzi, J, Rebuffat, S & Boucher-Rodoni, R 2007, 'Identification of a Vibrio strain producing antimicrobial agents in the excretory organs of Nautilus pompilius (Cephalopoda : Nautiloidea)', REVIEWS IN FISH BIOLOGY AND FISHERIES, vol. 17, no. 2-3, pp. 197-205.
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Pernice, M, Pichon, D, Domart-Coulon, I, Favet, J & Boucher-Rodoni, R 2007, 'Primary co-culture as a complementary approach to explore the diversity of bacterial associations in marine invertebrates: the example of Nautilus macromphalus (Cephalopoda : Nautiloidea)', MARINE BIOLOGY, vol. 150, no. 5, pp. 749-757.
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Pernice, M, Wetzel, S, Gros, O, Boucher-Rodoni, R & Dubilier, N 2007, 'Enigmatic dual symbiosis in the excretory organ of Nautilus macromphalus (Cephalopoda : Nautiloidea)', PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, vol. 274, no. 1614, pp. 1143-1152.
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Peters, J, Wilson, DP, Myers, G, Timms, P & Bavoil, PM 2007, 'Type III secretion a la Chlamydia', TRENDS IN MICROBIOLOGY, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 241-251.
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Peters, PC, Migocki, M, Thoni, C & Harry, L 2007, 'A new assembly pathway for the cytokinetic Z ring from a dynamic helical structure in vegetatively growing cells of Bacillus subtilis', Molecular Microbiology, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 487-499.
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The earliest event in bacterial cell division is the formation of a Z ring, composed of the tubulin-like FtsZ protein, at the division site at midcell. This ring then recruits several other division proteins and together they drive the formation of a division of septum between two replicated chromosomes. Here we show that, in addition to forming a cytokinetic ring, FtsZ localises in a helical-like pattern in vegetatively growing cells of Bacillus subtilis. FtsZ moves rapudly within this helix-like structure. Examination of FtsZ localisation in individual live cells undergoing a single cell cycle suggests a new assembly mechanism for Z ring formation tha involves a cell cycle-mediated multistep remodelling of FtsZ polymers. Our observations suggest that initially FtsZ localises in a helical pattern, with movement of FtsZ within this sturcture occurring along the entire length of the cell. Next, movement of FtsZ in a helical-like pattern is restricted to a central region of the cell. Finally the FtsZ ring forms precisely at midcell. We further show that another division protein, FtsA, shown to interact with FtsZ prior to Z ring formation in B. subtilis, also localises to similar helical patterns in vegetatively growing cells.

Pham, N, Buckney, RT & Pulkownik, A 2007, 'Metal speciation in sediment in West Lake (Ho Tay), Hanoi, Vietnam', International Journal of Water, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 356-367.
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The speciation patterns of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn in 24 sediment samples from West Lake, Vietnam were investigated using a sequential extraction scheme modified from Tessier et al. The results indicated that only a very small portion of the total metal was easily available (found in the exchangeable (<5%) and carbonate (<15%) fractions for all metals except Mn). Stably bound metals account for the major amounts (25-47%) of Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn. The sequential extraction is useful to indirectly assess the potential mobility and bioavailability of the heavy metals in the sediment. The mobility of these metals is related to their solubility and geochemical forms, and it decreases in the order: Mn > Cd > Zn > Pb > Cr > Cu. Significant correlations among all extracted fractions for all six metals were observed. The number of correlations between any two metal binding fractions suggests that they might be discharged from the same pollution source.

Pham, N, Pulkownik, A & Buckney, RT 2007, 'Assessment of heavy metals in sediments and aquatic organisms in West Lake (Ho Tay), Hanoi, Vietnam', Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 285-294.
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West Lake (Ho Tay) is the largest freshlake in Hanoi, Vietnam. It has a surface area of ≈ 500 ha and a total volume of >107 m3, and is 1-3.5 m in depth. West Lake has been classified as needing protection because of its valuable freshwater genetic resources. Noting that it has been extensively affected by pollution, the objective of the present study was to examine the extent of heavy metal contamination of the sediments and commercially important biota in the lake. Heavy metal concentrations in the sediment from most of 24 samples in West Lake exceeded the Ontario Ministry of Environment Screening Level for chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) concentrations. Aquatic organisms from the lake also were found to be contaminated by heavy metals. The average Zn concentrations in snails and mussels tissues ranged between 174 and 415.μg g-1, and the Pb concentrations between 3.5 and 5.2 μg g-1. The Cu concentration in shrimp (52 μg g-1) and snail (189 μg g-1), and the Pb concentration in all fish species and shrimp from the lake (2.0-5.2 μg g-1) exceeded the Food Standard Australia-New Zealand (FSANZ) health standards for human consumption. The Cd concentration in Cyprinus carpio also exceeded the FSANZ standard. The implications of these study findings for the effective management of the food and ecological resources of West Lake are discussed. © 2007 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2007 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.

Phillips, BL, Brown, GP, Greenlees, M, Webb, JK & Shine, R 2007, 'Rapid expansion of the cane toad (Bufo marinus) invasion front in tropical Australia', Austral Ecology, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 169-176.
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Cane toads (Bufo marinus) are large toxic anurans that have spread through much of tropical Australia since their introduction in 1935. Our surveys of the location of the toad invasion front in 2001 to 2005, and radiotracking of toads at the front near Darwin in 2005, reveal much faster westwards expansion than was recorded in earlier stages of toad invasion through Queensland. Since reaching the wet-dry tropics of the Northern Territory, the toads have progressed an average of approximately 55 km year(-1) (mean rate of advance 264 m night(-1) along a frequently monitored 55-km road transect during the wet season of 2004-2005). Radiotracking suggests that this displacement is due to rapid locomotion by free-ranging toads rather than human-assisted dispersal; individual toads frequently moved > 200 m in a single night. One radiotracked toad moved > 21 800 m in a 30-day period; the fastest rate of movement yet recorded for any anuran. Daily displacements of radiotracked toads varied with time and local weather conditions, and were highest early in the wet season on warm, wet and windy nights. The accelerated rate of expansion of the front may reflect either, or both: (i) evolved changes in toads or (ii) that toads have now entered an environment more favourable to spread. This accelerated rate of expansion means that toads will reach the Western Australian border and their maximal range in northern Australia sooner than previously predicted.

Pissuwan, D, Cortie, CH, Valenzuela, S & Cortie, MB 2007, 'Gold Nanosphere-Antibody Conjugates for Hyperthermal Therapeutic Applications', Gold Bulletin, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 121-129.
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Gold nanoparticles can be conjugated with antibodies or other proteins, and the resulting composite particles will selectively attach to various kinds of biological material. Although exploitation of this for staining microscopy specimens is well known, there has recently been interest in attaching gold nanoparticles to live cells for therapeutic reasons. One motication is that gold nanoparticles display a strong plasmon resonance with light, which can be exploted in principle for an 'in vivo' photothermal therapy. The treatment of cancer by this technique has recently received attention by others, but here we show how gold nanoparticle based therapies can be developed to target live macrophage cells. We have employed 'active targeting' a scheme in which gold nanoparticles are functionalised with an antibody specific to the target macrophage cell. We describe how to prepare the conjugated particles, demonstrate that they will selectively attach 'in vitro' to their target macrophage cell but not to a non-target cell type and show that their presence renders the target cell susceptible to destruction by a low power laser.

Pissuwan, D, Valenzuela, S, Killingsworth, MC, Xu, X & Cortie, MB 2007, 'Targeted destruction of murine macrophage cells with bioconjugated gold nanorods', Journal of nanoparticle Research, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 1109-1124.
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Gold nanorods manifest a readily tunable longitudinal plasmon resonance with light and consequently have potential for use in photothermal therapeutics. Recent work by others has shown how gold nanoshells and rods can be used to target cancer cells, which can then be destroyed using relatively high power laser radiation (similar to 1x10(5) to 1x10(10) W/m(2)). Here we extend this concept to demonstrate how gold nanorods can be modified to bind to target macrophage cells, and show that high intensity laser radiation is not necessary, with even 5x10(2) W/m(2) being sufficient, provided that a total fluence of similar to 30 J/cm(2) is delivered. We used the murine cell line RAW 264.7 and the monoclonal antibody CD11b, raised against murine macrophages, as our model system and a 5 mW solid state diode laser as our energy source. Exposure of the cells labeled with gold nanorods to a laser fluence of 30 J/cm(2) resulted in 81% cell death compared to only 0.9% in the control, non-labeled cells.

Pissuwan, D, Valenzuela, S, Miller, CM & Cortie, MB 2007, 'A Golden bullet? Selective targeting of Toxoplasma gondii Tachyzoites using antibody-functionalised gold nanorods', Nano Letters, vol. 7, no. 12, pp. 3808-3812.
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Conjugates of gold nanoparticles and antibodies have useful functionalities. Here we show how they can be used to selectively target and destroy parasitic protozoans. Gold nanorods were conjugated with an anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibody and used to target the extracellular tachyzoite which is an infectious from on an obligate parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Subsequent laser irradiation was used to kill the targeted protozoans. This concept provides a new paradigm for the treatment of parasitic protozoans.

Pissuwan, D, Valenzuela, SM, Miller, CM & Cortie, MB 2007, 'A golden bullet? Selective targeting of toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites using antibody-functionalized gold nanorods', Nano Letters, vol. 7, no. 12, pp. 3808-3812.
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Conjugates of gold nanoparticles and antibodies have useful functionalities. Here, we show how they can be used to selectively target and destroy parasitic protozoans. Gold nanorods were conjugated with an anti-Toxop/asma gondii antibody and used to target the extracellular tachyzoite which is an infectious form of an obligate parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Subsequent laser irradiation was used to kill the targeted protozoans. This concept provides a new paradigm for the treatment of parasitic protozoans. © 2007 American Chemical Society.

Platen, E & Runggaldier, WJ 2007, 'A Benchmark Approach to Portfolio Optimization under Partial Information', Asia Pacific Financial Markets, vol. 14, no. 1-2, pp. 25-43.
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This paper proposes a filtering methodology for portfolio optimization when some factors of the underlying model are only partially observed. The level of information is given by the observed quantities that are here supposed to be the primary securities and empirical log-price covariations. For a given level of information we determine the growth optimal portfolio, identify locally optimal portfolios that are located on a corresponding Markowitz efficient frontier and present an approach for expected utility maximization. We also present an expected utility indifference pricing approach under partial information for the pricing of nonreplicable contracts. This results in a real world pricing formula under partial information that turns out to be independent of the subjective utility of the investor and for which an equivalent risk neutral probability measure need not exist.

Podlipensky, A, Szarniak, P, Joly, NY, Poulton, CG & Russell, PS 2007, 'Bound soliton pairs in photonic crystal fiber', Optics Express, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 1653-1662.
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We demonstrate experimentally the formation and stable propagation of bound soliton pairs in a highly nonlinear photonic crystal fiber. The bound pairs occur at a particular power as the consequence of high-order soliton fission. They propagate over long distances with constant inter-soliton frequency and time separation. During propagation, the soliton self-frequency shift causes the central frequency of the pairs to move towards longer wavelength. The formation and characteristics of the bound soliton pairs are confirmed numerically. We believe this to be the first experimental observation of such bound soliton pairs.

Poinsignon, C, Klein, H, Strobel, P, Roux, C & Surcin, C 2007, 'Electrochemical response of nanocrystalline tetragonal manganese dioxides prepared by spray vapor pyrolysis and ball milling', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C, vol. 111, no. 27, pp. 9644-9651.
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Potter, C, Klooster, S, Huete, A & Genovese, V 2007, 'Terrestrial Carbon Sinks for the United States Predicted from MODIS Satellite Data and Ecosystem Modeling', Earth Interactions, vol. 11, no. 13, pp. 1-21.
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A simulation model based on satellite observations of monthly vegetation cover from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) was used to estimate monthly carbon fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems of the conterminous United States over the period 200104. Predicted net ecosystem production (NEP) flux for atmospheric CO2 in the United States was estimated as annual net sink of about +0.2 Pg C in 2004. Regional climate patterns were reflected in the predicted annual NEP flux from the model, which showed extensive carbon sinks in ecosystems of the southern and eastern regions in 200304, and major carbon source fluxes from ecosystems in the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Northwest regions in 200304. As demonstrated through tower site comparisons, net primary production (NPP) modeled with monthly MODIS enhanced vegetation index (EVI) inputs closely resembles both the measured high- and low-season carbon fluxes. Modeling results suggest that the capacity of the NASA Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach (CASA) model to use 8-km resolution MODIS EVI data to predict peak growing season uptake rates of CO2 in irrigated croplands and moist temperate forests is strong.

Poulton, CG, Wang, J, Maitra, A, Freude, W & Leuthold, J 2007, 'Temporal Dynamics of the Alpha Factor in Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers', Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 891-900.
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The temporal evolution of the alpha-factor during pump-probe experiments in semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) is not constant but varies strongly with time. It even takes on negative values for short periods of time. As a consequence, cross-phase modulation (XPM) effects usually lag behind cross-gain modulation effects by several picoseconds. This delay has important consequences for ultrafast operation of all-optical devices based on SOAs. It actually means that not every scheme will be suited for ultrafast operation. In order to properly model the XPM and phase variations within an SOA during a pump-probe experiment, a new parameterization for the alpha-factor is introduced. Inclusion of this model leads to an excellent agreement with the recent 160-Gb/s experiments for both phase and amplitude evolutions of the respective signals with time.

Preston, JA, Essilfie, A-T, Horvat, JC, Wade, MA, Beagley, KW, Gibson, PG, Foster, PS & Hansbro, PM 2007, 'Inhibition of allergic airways disease by immunomodulatory therapy with whole killed Streptococcus pneumoniae', VACCINE, vol. 25, no. 48, pp. 8154-8162.
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Pyne, SG, Ung, AT, Jatisatienr, A & Mungkornasawakul, P 2007, 'The pyrido[1,2-a]azepine Stemona alkaloids', Maejo international journal of science and technology, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 157-165.
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This paper reviews the isolation, structure elucidation, proposed biosynthesis and biological activities of the small, but increasing, number of pyrido[1,2-a]azepine Stemona alkaloids.

Qiao, J, Sun, K, Zhang, N, Sun, B, Kong, J & Zhou, D 2007, 'Ni/YSZ and Ni-CeO2/YSZ anodes prepared by impregnation for solid oxide fuel cells', JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES, vol. 169, no. 2, pp. 253-258.
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Ralph, PJ, Durako, M, Enriquez, S, Collier, C & Doblin, MA 2007, 'Impact of light limitation on seagrasses', Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol. 350, no. 1-2, pp. 176-193.
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Seagrass distribution is controlled by light availability, especially at the deepest edge of the meadow. Light attenuation due to both natural and anthropogenically-driven processes leads to reduced photosynthesis. Adaptation allows seagrasses to exist under these sub-optimal conditions. Understanding the minimum quantum requirements for growth (MQR) is revealed when light conditions are insufficient to maintain a positive carbon balance, leading to a decline in seagrass growth and distribution. Respiratory demands of photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic tissues strongly influence the carbon balance, as do resource allocations between above- and below-ground biomass. Seagrass light acclimation occurs on varying temporal scales, as well as across spatial scales, from the position along a single leaf blade to within the canopy and finally across the meadow. Leaf absorptance is regulated by factors such as pigment content, morphology and physical properties. Chlorophyll content and morphological characteristics of leaves such as leaf thickness change at the deepest edge. We present a series of conceptual models describing the factors driving the light climate and seagrass responses under current and future conditions, with special attention on the deepest edge of the meadow.

Ralph, PJ, Larkum, A & Kuhl, M 2007, 'Photobiology of endolithic microorganisms in living coral skeletons: 1. Pigmentation, spectral reflectance and variable chlorophyll fluorescence analysis of endoliths in the massive corals Cyphastrea serailia, Porites lutea and Goniastrea australensi', Marine Biology, vol. 152, no. 2, pp. 395-404.
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We used microscopy, reflectance spectroscopy, pigment analysis, and photosynthesis-irradiance curves measured with variable fluorescence techniques to characterise the endolithic communities of phototrophic microorganisms in the skeleton of three massive

Ralph, PJ, Ryan, KG, Martin, AJ & Fenton, G 2007, 'Melting out of sea ice causes greater photosynthetic stress in algae than freezing in', Journal Of Phycology, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 948-956.
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Sea ice is the dominant feature of polar oceans and contains significant quantities of microalgae. When sea ice forms and melts, the microalgal cells within the ice matrix are exposed to altered salinity and irradiance conditions, and subsequently, their

Ralph, PJ, Smith, RA, Macinnis-Ng, CM & Seery, CR 2007, 'Use of fluorescence-based ecotoxicological bioassays in monitoring toxicants and pollution in aquatic systems: Review', Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, vol. 89, no. 4, pp. 631-649.
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Chlorophyll a fluorescence has the potential to become a valuable ecotoxicological endpoint, which could be used with a range of aquatic phototrophs. Chlorophyll a fluorescence bioassays have been applied in the assessment of heavy metals, herbicides, petrochemicals and nutrients. The strengths of this endpoint are that it is rapid, non-invasive and non-destructive, while the major weakness is the lack of clear ecological relevance. We provide an overview of chlorophyll a fluorescence applications in ecotoxicology. We reviewed test conditions, parameters and protocols used to date and found standardised protocols to be lacking. The most favoured fluorescence parameters were maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) and effective quantum yield (?PSII); microalgae were the most widely used tested organism, herbicides the most commonly tested toxicant, while most studies lacked a summary statistic (such as EC50). We recommend that future research in aquatic chlorophyll a fluorescence ecotoxicology focus on standardisation of test protocols and statistical techniques.

Ramsey, CD, Gold, DR, Litonjua, AA, Sredl, DL, Ryan, LM & Celedon, JC 2007, 'Respiratory illnesses in early life and asthma and atopy in childhood', Journal Of Allergy And Clinical Immunology, vol. 119, no. 1, pp. 150-156.
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Background The relation between respiratory illnesses in early life and the development of asthma and atopy in childhood is incompletely understood. Objective We sought to examine the relationship between respiratory illnesses in early life and atopic diseases at school age. Methods We performed a prospective birth cohort study of the relationship between respiratory illnesses in the first year of life and asthma, atopy (sensitization to =1 allergen), and allergic rhinitis at school age in 440 children with a parental history of atopy. Logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between respiratory illnesses and asthma, atopy, and allergic rhinitis. The relationship between respiratory illnesses in early life and repeated measures of wheezing between the ages of 1 and 7 years was investigated by using a proportional hazards models. Results Physician-diagnosed croup (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.30; 95% CI, 0.12-0.72) and having 2 or more physician-diagnosed ear infections (adjusted OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.35-0.98) in the first year of life were inversely associated with atopy at school age. Physician-diagnosed bronchiolitis before age 1 year was significantly associated with asthma at age 7 years (adjusted OR, 2.77; 95% CI, 1.23-6.22). Recurrent nasal catarrh (=3 episodes of a runny nose) in the first year of life was associated with allergic rhinitis at age 7 years (adjusted OR, 2.99; 95% CI, 1.03-8.67). Conclusion The relationship between early-life respiratory illnesses and asthma and atopy is complex and likely dependent on the type of infection and immune response it initiates.

Rashid, I, Van Reyk, DM & Davies, MJ 2007, 'Carnosine and its constituents inhibit glycation of low-density lipoproteins that promotes foam cell formation in vitro', FEBS Letters, vol. 581, no. 5, pp. 1067-1070.
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Gycation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) by reactive aldehydes, such as glycolaldehyde, can resultin the cellular accumulation of cholesterol in macrophages. In this study, it is shown that carnosis, or its constituent amino acids beta-alanine and L-histidine, can inhibit the modification of LDL by glycolaldehyde when prsent at equimolar concentrations to the modifying agent,. This protective effect was accompanied by inhibition of cholesterol and cholesteryl ester accumulation in human monocyte-derived macrophages incubated with the glycated LDL. This carnosine and its constituent amino acids may have therapeutic potential in preventing diabetes-induced atherosclerosis.

Raven, JA & Larkum, AWD 2007, 'Are there ecological implications for the proposed energetic restrictions on photosynthetic oxygen evolution at high oxygen concentrations?', PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH, vol. 94, no. 1, pp. 31-42.
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Rawling, T & McDonagh, AM 2007, 'Ruthenium Phthalocyanine And Naphthalocyanine Complexes: Synthesis, Properties And Applications', Coordination Chemistry Reviews, vol. 251, no. 9-10, pp. 1128-1157.
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This article reviews the synthesis of ruthenium phthalocyanine and naphthalocyanine complexes highlighting important advances, and examines their physical properties and applications. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Rawling, T, Xiao, H, Lee, S, Colbran, SB & McDonagh, AM 2007, 'Optical and redox properties of ruthenium phthalocyanine complexes tuned with axial ligand substituents', Inorganic Chemistry, vol. 46, no. 7, pp. 2805-2813.
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The optical and electrochemical properties of the ruthenium phthalocyanine complexes [{(t-Bu)(4)Pc}Ru(4-Rpy)(2)], where R = NO2, Me, NH2, and NMe2, are reported. The electron density at the macrocycle may be adjusted using the axial ligand substituents,

Ray, AS, Sri Ravindrarajah, R, Guerbois, JL, Thomas, P, Border, SN, Ray, H, Haggman, J & Joyce, P 2007, 'Evaluation of waste perlite fines in the production of construction materials', Journal Of Thermal Analysis And Calorimetry, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 279-283.
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The use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) is a well established practice worldwide in the manufacture of Portland cement (PC)-based construction materials. While utilisation of industrial by-products has been successful, the potential of mining wastes is yet yo receive adequate attention in the context of construction materials. In an expanded form perlite, which is a naturally occurring, hydrated volcanic siliceous glass, is an adeal material as a lightweight aggregate for usein a wide range of construction materials including concrete. The mining and processing of the grades of perlite required for the production of lightweight aggregate results inthe cereation of a fine grained waste wjhich currently hasno economic value. This paper reports preliminary data on the utilisation of waste perlite fines as a SCM in calcium silicate-based construction material and discusses the potential of this mining waste to reduce the environmental impact of the production of conventional cement-based consturction materials.

Reichel, MP, Ellis, JT & Dubey, J 2007, 'Neosporosis and hammondiosis in dogs', Journal of Small Animal Practice, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 308-312.
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The dog is a definitive host of the protozoan parasite Neospora caninum, and in many parts of the world, infection is relatively common as determined by serology. Reported seroprevalences usually range from 0 to 20 per cent, however, reports of clinically affected dogs are infrequent. Affected dogs are generally less than six months old and predominantly have signs of an ascending hindleg paralysis, with the associated lesions of polyradiculoneuritis and granulomatous polymyositis. Although any organ may be affected, infections are more common in the central nervous system, muscles, lungs and skin. Ante-mortem diagnosis is difficult but serology and cytology can aid diagnosis. The diagnosis can be confirmed by histology, immunohistochemistry, the use of molecular techniques on biopsy material, or on post-mortem examination. Neospora caninum oocysts are rarely found in faeces and must be differentiated from oocysts of related coccidians such as Hammondia heydorni and Toxoplasma gondii. Hammondia heydorni can cause diarrrhoea in immunosuppressed dogs. Neosporosis should be suspected in young pups with an ascending paralysis of the hindlegs. Treatment with clindamycin and potentiated sulphonamides may be useful in cases where muscular atrophy and fibrosis are absent. Feeding of raw meat is a potential risk factor for infection of dogs and should be discouraged.

Reimers, JR, Solomon, G, Gagliardi, A, Bilic, A, Hush, N, Frauenheim, T, Di Carlo, A & Pecchia, A 2007, 'The Green'S Function Density Functional Tight-Binding (Gdftb) Method For Molecular Electronic Conduction', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A, vol. 111, no. 26, pp. 5692-5702.
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Ren, B, O'Brien, B, Swan, MA, Koina, ME, Nassif, N, Wei, MQ & Simpson, AM 2007, 'Long-term Correction Of Diabetes In Rats After Lentiviral Hepatic Insulin Gene Therapy', Diabetologia, vol. 50, no. 9, pp. 1910-1920.
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Aims/hypothesis Type 1 diabetes results from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Exogenous insulin therapy cannot achieve precise physiological control of blood glucose concentrations, and debilitating complications develop. Lentiviral v

Ren, D, Karoly, DJ & Leslie, LM 2007, 'Temperate mountain glacier-melting rates for the period 2001-30: Estimates from three coupled GCM simulations for the greater Himalayas', JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY, vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 890-899.
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Ren, W, Reimers, JR, Hush, N, Zhu, Y, Wang, J & Guo, H 2007, 'Models For The Structure And Electronic Transmission Of Carbon Nanotubes Covalently Linked By A Molecular Bridge Via Amide Couplings', Journal Of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 111, no. 9, pp. 3700-3704.
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Resch, KJ, O'Brien, JL, Weinhold, TJ, Sanaka, K, Lanyon, BP, Langford, NK & White, AG 2007, 'Entanglement generation by Fock-state filtration', PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, vol. 98, no. 20.
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Rice, SA, McDougald, D, Givskov, M & Kjelleberg, S 2007, 'Detection and inhibition of bacterial cell-cell communication', Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 431, pp. 55-68.
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Bacteria communicate with other members of their community through the secretion and perception of small chemical cues or signals. The recognition of a signal normally leads to the expression of a large suite of genes, which in some bacteria are involved in the regulation of virulence factors, and as a result, these signaling compounds are key regulatory factors in many disease processes. Thus, it is of interest when studying pathogens to understand the mechanisms used to control the expression of virulence genes so that strategies might be devised for the control of those pathogens. Clearly, the ability to interfere with this process of signaling represents a novel approach for the treatment of bacterial infections. There is a broad range of compounds that bacteria can use for signaling purposes, including fatty acids, peptides, N-acylated homoserine lactones, and the signals collectively called autoinducer 2 (AI-2). This chapter will focus on the latter two signaling systems as they are present in a range of medically relevant bacteria, and here we describe assays for determining whether an organism produces a particular signal and assays that can be used to identify inhibitors of the signaling cascade. Lastly, the signal detection and inhibition assays will be directly linked to the expression of virulence factors of specific pathogens. © Humana Press.

Roberts, DO & Novikov, A 2007, 'Pricing European and Discretely Monitored Exotic Options under the Levy Process Framework', The Mathematica Journal, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 489-500.

Robertson, KS, McNevin, D & Robertson, J 2007, 'STR genotyping of exogenous hair shaft DNA', Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 107-122.
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Most hairs found at crime scenes yield low quality and/or low quantities of nuclear DNA. This DNA is further depleted when stringent hair cleaning procedures are applied in the laboratory, suggesting that detectable DNA exists exogenously. The phenomenon of exogenous hair DNA is the subject of this study. DNA was extracted from washed and unwashed hairs and the resulting Profiler Plus STR genotypes were compared with those of reference (buccal) swabs from the hair donors. The DNA extraction procedure involved no prior cleaning of the hair sample and no dissolution of the hair during digestion, in contrast to standard procedures. The STR genotyping success was measured by recording the two dominant alleles at each locus and comparing them with the reference DNA profile. The effect of hair cleanliness was examined by leaving donors' hair unwashed for periods of 1, 3 and 7 days before sampling. It was found that the genotyping success for unwashed hair was significantly higher than that for freshly washed hair, with the majority of clean hair samples producing little or no DNA. Genotyping success was also lower for donors with cosmetically treated hair compared with those having untreated hair. Although the quality of STR profiles (i.e. allele dropout, differential amplification) from hair shafts or telogen hair clubs is reduced compared with those from other biological sources, the genotypes obtained in this study may be usable and are certainly discriminating if alternative interpretational methods are applied. © 2007 Australian Academy of Forensic Sciences. TM

Roest, RS, Atanacio, AJ, Latella, BA, Wuhrer, R & Ben-Nissan, B 2007, 'An investigation of sol gel coated zirconia thin films on anodised titanium substrate by secondary ion mass spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy', Materials forum, vol. 31, pp. 160-163.

Roger, E, Laffan, S & Ramp, D 2007, 'Habitat selection by the common wombat (Vombatus ursinus) in disturbed environments: Implications for the conservation of a 'common' species', Biological Conservation, vol. 137, no. 3, pp. 437-449.
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The construction of habitat models is a repeatable technique for describing and mapping species distributions, the utility of which lies in enabling management to predict where a species is likely to occur within a landscape. Typically, habitat models ha

Roy Chowdhury, P, Pay, J & Braithwaite, M 2007, 'Isolation, identification and ecology of Ewingella americana (the causal agent of internal stipe necrosis) from cultivated mushrooms in New Zealand', Australasian Plant Pathology, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 424-428.
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Internal stipe necrosis of cultivated mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) is caused by the bacterium Ewingella americana, a member of the Enterobacteriaceae. Recently, E. americana was isolated from healthy cultivated button mushrooms grown in New Zealand and from mushrooms showing mild stipe browning. E. americana forms a part of the endogenous bacterial population present in mushroom sporocarp tissues. This is the first time that E. americana has been isolated from a non-human host in New Zealand. Previously, the bacterium has been found associated with human blood and sputum samples. Presented here are the details of the identification methods used in providing evidence that this strain of E. americana has the capacity to induce typical symptoms of internal stipe necrosis. Ecological studies give a possible explanation as to why E. americana has previously been unnoticed in New Zealand.

Ruppert, D & Carroll, RJ 2007, 'Comment on Article by Dominici et al.', BAYESIAN ANALYSIS, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 37-42.
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Ryan, LM, Scirica, CV, Gold, DR, Abulkerim, H, Celedon, JC, Platts-Mills, TA, Naccara, LM, Weiss, ST & Litonjua, AA 2007, 'Predictors of cord blood IgE levels in children at risk for asthma and atopy', Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 119, no. 1, pp. 81-88.
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Background: Increased cord blood IgE levels, in conjunction with a family history of atopy, are associated with the development of allergic diseases in children. However, little is known about predictors of cord blood IgE levels. Objective: Our objective was to identify predictors of cord blood IgE levels among infants at increased risk of atopy. Methods: Cord blood IgE levels were measured in 874 infants who were screened for participation in a birth cohort. Questionnaires were administered after birth of the infant, and maternal and cord blood was obtained for measurement of IgE levels. Logistic and tobit regression models were used to study the association between perinatal factors and cord blood IgE levels. Results: In multivariable models infant male sex, increased maternal total IgE level, maternal allergen sensitization, Hispanic ethnicity, and residence in low-income areas were associated with detectable or increased cord blood IgE levels, whereas increasing maternal age was associated with undetectable or lower cord blood IgE levels. Although maternal smoking during pregnancy was positively associated with cord blood IgE levels in univariable models, the effect did not persist after adjusting for potential confounders. Conclusion: Maternal allergen sensitization, markers of socioeconomic disadvantage and race/ethnicity, maternal age, and infant sex might influence fetal production of IgE. We found no association of maternal parity, mode of delivery, gestational age, or season of birth with cord blood IgE levels. Clinical implications: The identification of these definable familial and environmental factors that predict cord blood IgE levels might help in the early detection of infants at risk for atopic disorders.

Saleska, SR, Didan, K, Huete, A & da Rocha, HR 2007, 'Amazon Forests Green-Up During 2005 Drought', Science, vol. 318, no. 5850, pp. 612-612.
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Coupled climate-carbon cycle models suggest that Amazon forests are vulnerable to both long- and short-term droughts, but satellite observations showed a large-scale photosynthetic green-up in intact evergreen forests of the Amazon in response to a short, intense drought in 2005. These findings suggest that Amazon forests, although threatened by human-caused deforestation and fire and possibly by more severe long-term droughts, may be more resilient to climate changes than ecosystem models assume.

Samaha, E, Lal, S, Samaha, N & Wyndham, JR 2007, 'Psychological, lifestyle and coping contributors to chronic fatigue in shift-worker nurses', Journal Of Advanced Nursing, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 221-232.
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Aim. This paper is a report of a study to assess the following in shift-worker nurses (1) the relationships amongst chronic fatigue and psychological variables including anxiety, mood and locus of control; (2) the relationships amongst chronic fatigue an

Santabarbara, S, Chen, M, Larkum, AWD & Evans, MCW 2007, 'An electron paramagnetic resonance investigation of the electron transfer reactions in the chlorophyll d containing photosystem I of Acaryochloris marina', FEBS Letters, vol. 581, no. 8, pp. 1567-1571.
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Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy reveals functional and structural similarities between the reaction centres of the chlorophyll d-binding photosystem I (PS I) and chlorophyll a-binding PS I. Continuous wave EPR spectrometry at 12 K identifies iron-sulphur centres as terminal electron acceptors of chlorophyll d-binding PS I. A transient light-induced electron spin echo (ESE) signal indicates the presence of a quinone as the secondary electron acceptor (Q) between P740+ and the iron-sulphur centres. The distance between P740+ and Q- was estimated within point-dipole approximation as 25.23 ± 0.05 Å, by the analysis of the electron spin echo envelope modulation. © 2007 Federation of European Biochemical Societies.

Saunders, BM & Britton, WJ 2007, 'Life and death in the granuloma: immunopathology of tuberculosis', IMMUNOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY, vol. 85, no. 2, pp. 103-111.
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Schulte, J 2007, 'nanotechnology In Environmental Protection And Pollution Sustainable Future, Environmental Cleanup And Energy Solutions', Science And Technology Of Advanced Materials, vol. 8, no. 1-Feb, pp. 11-11.
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Seebacher, F & Murray, SA 2007, 'Transient receptor potential ion channels control thermoregulatory behaviour in reptiles', PLoS One, vol. 3, p. e281.

Seuront, L, Lacheze, C, Doubell, MJ, Seymour, JR, Dongen-Vogels, VV, Newton, K, Alderkamp, AC & Mitchell, JG 2007, 'The influence of Phaeocystis globosa on microscale spatial patterns of chlorophyll a and bulk-phase seawater viscosity', Biogeochemistry, vol. 83, no. 1-3, pp. 173-188.
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A two-dimensional microscale (5 cm resolution) sampler was used over the course of a phytoplankton spring bloom dominated by Phaeocystis globosa to investigate the structural properties of chlorophyll a and seawater excess viscosity distributions. The microscale distribution patterns of chlorophyll a and excess viscosity were never uniform nor random. Instead they exhibited different types and levels of aggregated spatial patterns that were related to the dynamics of the bloom. The chlorophyll a and seawater viscosity correlation patterns were also controlled by the dynamics of the bloom with positive and negative correlations before and after the formation of foam in the turbulent surf zone. The ecological relevance and implications of the observed patchiness and biologically induced increase in seawater viscosity are discussed and the combination of the enlarged colonial form and mucus secretion is suggested as a competitive advantage of P. globosa in highly turbulent environments where this species flourishes.

Seymour, JR, Humphreys, WF & Mitchell, JG 2007, 'Stratification of the microbial community inhabiting an anchialine sinkhole', Aquatic Microbial Ecology, vol. 50, pp. 11-24.
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Bundera Sinkhole in northwestern Australia is an anchialine ecosystem characterised by a highly stratified water column comprising a complex polymodal profile of several physico-chemical parameters. We studied the microscale and finescale dynamics of the resident microbial community within the sinkhole. Sub-millimetre scale distributions of phytoplankton abundance were measured in the top 8 m of the water column using a free-falling high resolution fluorometer. Depth profiles were characterised by a strong, 10 to 20 cm layer of elevated fluorescence, occurring at approximately 1 m depth, which despite changes in magnitude and width was found to persist during a 24 h sampling period. Near surface distributions of microbial populations were measured using a syringe sampling profiler, which allowed for collection of water samples at 5 cm resolution, and flow cytometric analysis. These samples revealed a complex microbial assemblage, with multiple sub-populations of viruses, bacteria and picophytoplankton present throughout the water column. Within 3 m profiles, the bacterial and virus populations showed marked shifts in relative abundance, with changes of over 35-fold observed across as little as 20 cm. Samples collected from the surface to a depth of 30 m by divers also revealed distinct peaks and layers in the relative abundance of the different bacteria and virus sub-populations, which often corresponded to heterogeneities in chemical and nutrient parameters, and at some depths indicated the prevalence of chemolithotrophic populations. The complex patterns described here represent the first comprehensive observations of microbial spatiotemporal dynamics throughout an anchialine ecosystem and reveal a highly structured microbial habitat consisting of discrete niches, each dominated by heterotrophic, phototrophic or chemoautotrophic microorganisms.

Seymour, JR, Marcos, M & Stocker, R 2007, 'Chemotactic Response of Marine Micro-Organisms to Micro-Scale Nutrient Layers', Journal of Visualized Experiments, vol. 4, pp. 1-3.
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The degree to which planktonic microbes can exploit microscale resource patches will have considerable implications for oceanic trophodynamics and biogeochemical flux. However, to take advantage of nutrient patches in the ocean, swimming microbes must overcome the influences of physical forces including molecular diffusion and turbulent shear, which will limit the availability of patches and the ability of bacteria to locate them. Until recently, methodological limitations have precluded direct examinations of microbial behaviour within patchy habitats and realistic small-scale flow conditions. Hence, much of our current knowledge regarding microbial behaviour in the ocean has been procured from theoretical predictions. To obtain new information on microbial foraging behaviour in the ocean we have applied soft lithographic fabrication techniques to develop 2 microfluidic devices, which we have used to create (i) microscale nutrient patches with dimensions and diffusive characteristics relevant to oceanic processes and (ii) microscale vortices, with shear rates corresponding to those expected in the ocean. These microfluidic devices have permitted a first direct examination of microbial swimming and chemotactic behaviour within a heterogeneous and dynamic seascape. The combined use of epifluorescence and phase contrast microscopy allow direct examinations of the physical dimensions and diffusive characteristics of nutrient patches, while observing the population-level aggregative response, in addition to the swimming behaviour of individual microbes. These experiments have revealed that some species of phytoplankton, heterotrophic bacteria and phagotrophic protists are adept at locating and exploiting diffusing microscale resource patches within very short time frames.

Seymour, JR, Seuront, L & Mitchell, JG 2007, 'Microscale gradients of planktonic microbial communities above the sediment surface in a mangrove estuary', ESTUARINE, COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE, vol. 73, no. 3-4, pp. 651-666.
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The microscale (1 and 4 cm sampling resolution) distributions of chemical (O2, NH3, NO3-, NO2-, PO43-) and biological (Chl a, phytoplankton, bacterioplankton, viruses) parameters were measured in the 16 cm of water immediately overlaying the sediment-water interface (SWI) within a temperate mangrove estuary in South Australia during December 2003 and March 2004. Shear velocities (u*) during the time of sampling were very low (<0.1 cm s-1), and we consequently predict that resuspension of organisms and materials was negligible. In December 2003, profiles were often characterised by strong gradients in nutrients and organisms, with the highest concentrations often observed within 0.5 cm of the SWI. Microscale patterns in O2, NH3, NO3- and NO2- indicated that a variety of anaerobic and aerobic transformation processes probably occurred at the SWI and within profiles. Strong gradients in PO43- were indicative of nutrient flux across the SWI as a consequence of degradation processes in the sediments. Pico- and nanophytoplankton concentrations were strongly correlated (p < 0.01) to PO43-, and exhibited 12- and 68-fold changes in abundance, respectively, with highest concentrations observed nearest to the SWI. Several bacterial subpopulations were discriminated using flow cytometry and significant shifts in the `cytometric structure of the bacterial community were observed within microscale profiles.

Shimoni, O & Silverstein, MS 2007, 'Porous Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) Hydrogels Synthesized within High Internal Phase Emulsions', Soft Matter, vol. 2, pp. 1525-1529.
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Hydrogels, such as those based on poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA), are hydrophilic three dimensional network structures that undergo extensive swelling in water. PolyHIPEs are highly porous, crosslinked polymers typically synthesized within high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs). This research describes materials with enhanced water absorption that combine hydrogel water absorption with capillary action by synthesizing PHEMA-based polyHIPEs within oil-in-water HIPEs. The variation in the N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (MBAM) crosslinking comonomer content yields a narrow synthesis window in which water-swollen micro-gel particles phase separate, agglomerate, and form a heterogeneous polyHIPE wall structure with nanoscale porosity. Surprisingly, a hydrogel polyHIPE with a relatively high MBAM content also had the highest surface area and the highest water absorption. Ultimately, it is the influence of the MBAM content on the polymer hydrophilicity and on the porous structure that determines its effects on the properties.

Shine, R, Branch, WR, Webb, JK, Harlow, PS, Shine, T & Keogh, JS 2007, 'Ecology of cobras from southern Africa', Journal Of Zoology, vol. 272, no. 2, pp. 183-193.
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Large slender-bodied snakes that forage actively for a generalized array of small vertebrates are conspicuous elements of the terrestrial snake fauna of most continents; the venomous elapid species fill this role in much of Asia, Africa and Australia. Our dissections of eight species of cobras from southern Africa Aspidelaps, Hemachatus, Naja; Serpentes and Elapidae (total of 1290 specimens) provide extensive data on sexual dimorphism, reproductive biology and food habits. Females grow larger than males in Aspidelaps lubricus and Naja nigricincta, but (perhaps reflecting selection on male body size due to male-male combat) males grow as large as females in Naja anchietae, Naja melanoleuca, Naja mossambica, Naja nivea and Hemachatus haemachatus, and males grow larger than females in Naja annulifera. Overall, the degree of male size superiority is higher in species with a larger absolute mean adult body size. Male cobras typically have larger heads and longer tails than conspecific females. Fecundity increases with maternal body size, and is higher in the viviparous rhinkals H. haemachatus than in the oviparous Naja species studied. Diets are broad in all eight species, comprising a wide variety of amphibians, reptiles, mammals and (less often) birds. Ontogenetic (size-related) shifts in dietary composition (amphibian to reptile to mammal) are significant within some taxa (N. annulifera, N. nigricincta) but absent in others (notably N. nivea, the most arid-adapted species). Overall, despite substantial interspecific variation among the eight study species, strong parallels are evident between the cobras of southern Africa and their ecological counterparts in other continents.

Siboni, N, Lidor, M, Kramarsky-Winter, E & Kushmaro, A 2007, 'Conditioning film and initial biofilm formation on ceramics tiles in the marine environment', FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS, vol. 274, no. 1, pp. 24-29.
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Sidje, RB, Burrage, K & Macnamara, S 2007, 'Inexact uniformization method for computing transient distributions of markov chains', SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 2562-2580.
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The uniformization method (also known as randomization) is a numerically stable algorithm for computing transient distributions of a continuous time Markov chain. When the solution is needed after a long run or when the convergence is slow, the uniformization method involves a large number of matrix-vector products. Despite this, the method remains very popular due to its ease of implementation and its reliability in many practical circumstances. Because calculating the matrix-vector product is the most time-consuming part of the method, overall efficiency in solving large-scale problems can be significantly enhanced if the matrix-vector product is made more economical. In this paper, we incorporate a new relaxation strategy into the uniformization method to compute the matrix-vector products only approximately. We analyze the error introduced by these inexact matrix-vector products and discuss strategies for refining the accuracy of the relaxation while reducing the execution cost. Numerical experiments drawn from computer systems and biological systems are given to show that significant computational savings are achieved in practical applications. © 2007 Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.

Six, C, Thomas, J-C, Garczarek, L, Ostrowski, M, Dufresne, A, Blot, N, Scanlan, DJ & Partensky, F 2007, 'Diversity and evolution of phycobilisomes in marine Synechococcus spp.: a comparative genomics study', GENOME BIOLOGY, vol. 8, no. 12.
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Skropeta, D, Settasatian, C, McMahon, MR, Shearston, K, Caiazza, D, McGrath, KC, Jin, W, Rader, DJ, Barter, PJ & Rye, K 2007, 'N-Glycosylation regulates endothelial lipase-mediated phospholipid hydrolysis in apoE- and apoA-I-containing high density lipoproteins', Journal of Lipid Research, vol. 48, no. 9, pp. 2047-2057.
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Endothelial lipase (EL) is a member of the triglyceride lipase gene family with high phospholipase and low triacylglycerol lipase activities and a distinct preference for hydrolyzing phospholipids in HDL. EL has five potential N-glycosylation sites, four of which are glycosylated. The aim of this study was to determine how glycosylation affects the phospholipase activity of EL in physiologically relevant substrates. Site-directed mutants of EL were generated by replacing asparagine (N) 62, 118, 375, and 473 with alanine (A). These glycan-deficient mutants were used to investigate the kinetics of phospholipid hydrolysis in fully characterized preparations of spherical reconstituted high density lipoprotein (rHDL) containing apolipoprotein E2 (apoE2) [(E2)rHDL], apoE3 [(E3)rHDL], apoE4 [(E4)rHDL], or apoA-I [(A-I)rHDL] as the sole apolipoprotein. Wild-type EL hydrolyzed the phospholipids in (A-I)rHDL, (E2)rHDL, (E3)rHDL, and (E4)rHDL to similar extents. The phospholipase activities of EL N118A, EL N375A, and EL N473A were significantly diminished relative to that of wild-type EL, with the greatest reduction being apparent for (E3)rHDL.

Sloan, WT, Woodcock, S, Lunn, M, Head, I & Curtis, TP 2007, 'Modeling taxa-abundance distributions in microbial communities using environmental sequence data', Microbial Ecology, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 443-455.
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We show that inferring the taxa-abundance distribution of a microbial community from small environmental samples alone is difficult. The difficulty stems from the disparity in scale between the number of genetic sequences that can be characterized and the number of individuals in communities that microbial ecologists aspire to describe. One solution is to calibrate and validate a mathematical model of microbial community assembly using the small samples and use the model to extrapolate to the taxa-abundance distribution for the population that is deemed to constitute a community. We demonstrate this approach by using a simple neutral community assembly model in which random immigrations, births, and deaths determine the relative abundance of taxa in a community. In doing so, we further develop a neutral theory to produce a taxa-abundance distribution for large communities that are typical of microbial communities. In addition, we highlight that the sampling uncertainties conspire to make the immigration rate calibrated on the basis of small samples very much higher than the true immigration rate. This scale dependence of model parameters is not unique to neutral theories; it is a generic problem in ecology that is particularly acute in microbial ecology. We argue that to overcome this, so that microbial ecologists can characterize large microbial communities from small samples, mathematical models that encapsulate sampling effects are required

Smallwood, AG, Thomas, P, Ray, AS & Simon, P 2007, 'TMA And SEM Characterization Of The Thermal Dehydration Of Australian Sedimentary Opal', Journal Of Thermal Analysis And Calorimetry, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 185-188.
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The dehydration of samples of a Coober Pedy, South Australian sedimentary white opal, displaying play of colour, was investigated using TMA by heating the samples of the specimen to a range of temperatures between room temperature and 1000 at 200 degrees

Smith, G, Maaroof, AI & Gentle, AR 2007, 'Homogenized Lorentz-Drude optical response in highly nanoporous conducting gold layers produced by de-alloying', Optics Communications, vol. 271, no. 1, pp. 263-268.
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Nanoporousgold films produced by de-alloying AuAl2 with void densities between 45% and 65% retain high infra-red reflectance and good conductivity. They act optically like a homogenous Lorentz-Drude metal with a unique wp and an inter-band transition energy unchanged from that of dense gold. The link between wp and wp in dense gold is found using a cimplification of the Bergmann expansio for permittivity valid at infra-red wavelengths. The carrier relaxation time of the effective metal becomes the actual relaxation time in the Au netowork and the complex refractive indices (n.k) found using normal incidence spectrophotometry and oblique incidence ellipsometry agree closely with each other. The single pole approximation for the ratio wp/wp in the infra-red allows estimates of void content and the apparent shift in carrier effective mass. It is then possible to model with no adjustable parameters, the full UV-visible-NR spectral response, giving excellent agreemtn with data. A range of films with these properties are presented.

Smith, GB, Gentle, AR & Maaroof, AI 2007, 'Metal-insulator nanocomposites which act optically like homogeneous conductors', JOURNAL OF NANOPHOTONICS, vol. 1.
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Stack, CM, Donnelly, SM, Lowther, J, Xu, W, Collins, PR, Brinen, L & Dalton, JP 2007, 'The major secreted cathepsin L1 protease of the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica - A Leu(-12) to Pro(-12) replacement in the nonconserved C-terminal region of the prosegment prevents complete enzyme autoactivation and allows definition of the molecular', Journal Of Biological Chemistry, vol. 282, no. 22, pp. 16532-16543.
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A protease secreted by the parasitic helminth Fasciola hepatica, a 37-kDa procathepsin L1 (FheproCL1), autocatalytically processes and activates to its mature enzyme (FheCL1) over a wide pH range of 7.3 to 4.0, although activation is more rapid at low pH

Stack, CM, Lowther, J, Cunningham, E, Donnelly, SM, Gardiner, D, Trenholme, K, Skinner-Adams, TS, Teuscher, F, Grembecka, J, Mucha, A, Kafarski, P, Lua, L, Bell, A & Dalton, JP 2007, 'Characterization of the Plasmodium falciparum M17 leucyl aminopeptidase - A protease involved in amino acid regulation with potential for antimalarial drug development', Journal Of Biological Chemistry, vol. 282, no. 3, pp. 2069-2080.
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Amino acids generated from the catabolism of hemoglobin by intra-erythrocytic malaria parasites are not only essential for protein synthesis but also function in maintaining an osmotically stable environment, and creating a gradient by which amino acids that are rare or not present in hemoglobin are drawn into the parasite from gost serum. We have proposed that a Plasmodium flaciparum M17 lecyl aminopeptidase (PfLAP) generates and regulates the internal pool of free amino acids and therefore respesents a target for novel antimalarial drugs. This enzyme has been expressed in insect cells as a functional 320-kDa homo-hexamer that is optimally active at neutral or alkaline pH, is dependent on metal ions for activity, and exhibits a substrate preference for N-terminally exposed hydrophobic amino acids, particularly leucine. pfLAP is produced by all stages in the intra-erythrocytic developmental cycle of malaria byt was most highly expressed by trophozoites, a stage at which hemoglobin degradation and parasite protein synthesis are elevated. The enzyme was located by immunohistochemical methods and by transfecting malaria cells with a pfLAP-green fluorescent protein construct, to the cytosolic compartment of the cell at all developmental stages, including segregated merozoites. Amino acid dipeptide analogs, such as bestatin and its derivatives, are potent inhibitors f the protease and also block the growth of p. falciparum malaria parasites in culture. This study provides a biochemical basis for the antimalarial activity of aminopeptidase inhibitors. Availability of functionally active recombitant PfLAP, coupled witha simple enzymatic readout, will aid medicinal chemistry and/or high throughout approaches for the future design./discovery of new antimalarial drugs.

Stark, DJ, Beebe, NW, Marriott, DJ, Ellis, JT & Harkness, JL 2007, 'Dientamoeba fragilis as a Cause of Travelers' Diarrhea: Report of Seven Cases', Journal of Travel Medicine, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 72-73.
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Dientamoeba fragilis is a pathogenic trichomonad parasite that causes gastrointestinal disease in humans. We report seven cases of travelers' diarrhea caused by D fragilis in patients who had traveled to overseas destinations within Asia or the Pacific which occurred over an 8-month period. Patients presented with diarrhea lasting from 5 days to over 4 weeks. Dientamoeba fragilis should be considered as a cause of diarrhea in returning travelers.

Stark, DJ, Fotedar, R, Van Hal, SJ, Beebe, NW, Marriott, DJ, Ellis, JT & Harkness, JL 2007, 'Prevalence of enteric protozoa in Human ImmunoDeficiency Virus (HIV)-positive and HIV negative men who have sex with men from Sydney, Australia', American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 549-552.
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A prospective, comparative study of the prevalence of enteric protozoa was determined among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)â positive and HIV-negative men who have sex with men (MSM) in Sydney, Australia. A total of 1,868 patients submitted stool specimens; 1,246 were from MSM (628 HIV positive and 618 HIV positive) and 622 from non-MSM were examined over a 36-month period. A total of 651 (52.2%) stool specimens from MSM were positive for protozoa compared with 85 (13%) from non-MSM. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of Blastocystis hominis, Endolimax nana, Entamoeba histolytica/dispar complex, Entamoeba hartmanni, Iodamoeba butschlii, and Enteromonas hominis detected between MSM and non-MSM (P < 0.001). The only notable difference between HIV-negative and HIV-positive MSM was that HIV-infected MSM were found to more likely have a Cryptosporidium parvum infection. Entamoeba histolytica was found in 3 patients, E. dispar in 25, and E. moshkovskii in 17, all of whom were MSM. When compared with a control group, MSM were significantly more likely to harbor intestinal protozoa and have multiple parasites present. The results of this study show high rates of enteric parasites persist in MSM and highlight the importance of testing for intestinal parasites in MSM. This is the first report of E. moshkovskii from MSM.

Stark, DJ, Van Hal, SJ, Marriott, DJ, Ellis, JT & Harkness, JL 2007, 'Irritable bowel syndrome: A review on the role of intestinal protozoa and the importance of their detection and diagnosis', International Journal For Parasitology, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 11-20.
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Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder in which abdominal pain is associated with a defect or a change in bowel habits. Gut inflammation is one of the proposed mechanisms of pathogenesis. Recent studies have described a possible role for protozoan parasites, such as Blastocystis hominis and Dientamoeba fragilis, in the etiology of IBS. Dientamoeba fragilis is known to cause IBS-like symptoms and has a propensity to cause chronic infections but its diagnosis relies on microscopy of stained smears, which many laboratories do not perform, thereby leading to the misdiagnosis of dientamoebiasis as IBS. The role of B. hominis as an etiological agent of IBS is inconclusive, due to contradictory reports and the controversial nature of B. hominis as a human pathogen. Although Entamoeba histolytica infections occur predominately in developing regions of the world, clinical diagnosis of amebiasis is often difficult because symptoms of patients with IBS may closely mimic those patients with non-dysenteric amoebic colitis. Clinical manifestations of Giardia intestinalis infection also vary from asymptomatic carriage to acute and chronic diarrhoea with abdominal pain. These IBS-like symptoms can be continuous, intermittent, sporadic or recurrent, sometimes lasting years without correct diagnosis. It is essential that all patients with IBS undergo routine parasitological investigations in order to rule out the presence of protozoan parasites as the causative agents of the clinical signs.

Stoilovic, M, Lennard, C, Wallace-Kunkel, C & Roux, C 2007, 'Re: Use of dichloromethane in fingerprint reagent formulations [3]', Journal of Forensic Identification, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 333-334.

Stoilovic, M, Lennard, CJ, Wallace, Kunkel, CS & Roux, CP 2007, 'Evaluation of a 1,2-Indanedione Formulation Containing Zinc Chloride for Improved Fingermark Detection on Paper', Journal of Forensic Identification, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 4-18.
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NA

Stoilovic, M, Lennard, CJ, Wallace, Kunkel, CS & Roux, CP 2007, 'Use of dichloromethane in fingerprint reagent formulations', Journal of Forensic Identification, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 333-334.
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Letter to the editor

Stuart, BH, Notter, SJ, Langlois, NE, Maynard, PJ, Ray, AS & Berkahn, MB 2007, 'Characterization of the triacylglycerol crystal formation in adipose tissue during a vehicle collision', Journal Of Forensic Sciences, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 938-942.
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The unusual appearance of crystalline fat structures was observed during the postmortem examination of a motor vehicle accident victim. The crystal structures were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and x-ray diffractometry. The

Sufang, G, PADMADAS, SS, Fengmin, Z, Brown, JJ & Stones, RW 2007, 'Delivery settings and caesarean section rates in China', Bulletin of the World Health Organisation, vol. 80, no. 7, pp. 755-762.
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Objective: To quantify the influence of increasing use of health-care services on rising rates of caesarean section in China. Methods: We used data from a population-based survey conducted by the United Nations Population Fund during September 2003 in 30 selected counties in three regions of China. The study sample (derived from birth history schedule) consisted of 3803 births to mothers aged less than 40 years between 1993 and 2002. Multiple logistic regression models were used to estimate the effect of health-care factors on the odds of a caesarean section, controlling for time and selected variables. Findings: Institutional births increased from 53.5% in 1993-1994 to 82.2% in 2001-2002, while the corresponding increase in rates of caesarean section was driven by the increase in births within institutions. The adjusted odds of a caesarean section were 4.6 times (95% confidence interval, CI: 3.4-11.8) higher for recent births. The adjusted odds were also significantly higher for mothers who had at least one antenatal ultrasound test. Rates of caesarean section in secondary-level facilities markedly increased over the last decade to the same levels as in major hospitals (P<0.001). Conclusion: The upsurge in rates of births by caesarean section in this population cannot be fully explained by increases in institutional births alone, but is likely to be driven by medical practice within secondary-level hospitals and women's demand for the procedure.

Sufang, G, Padmadas, SS, Fengmin, Z, Brown, JJ & Stones, RW 2007, 'Delivery settings and caesarean section rates in China.', Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol. 85, no. 10, pp. 755-762.
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OBJECTIVE:To quantify the influence of increasing use of health-care services on rising rates of caesarean section in China. METHODS:We used data from a population-based survey conducted by the United Nations Population Fund during September 2003 in 30 selected counties in three regions of China. The study sample (derived from birth history schedule) consisted of 3803 births to mothers aged less than 40 years between 1993 and 2002. Multiple logistic regression models were used to estimate the effect of health-care factors on the odds of a caesarean section, controlling for time and selected variables. FINDINGS:Institutional births increased from 53.5% in 1993-1994 to 82.2% in 2001-2002, while the corresponding increase in births by caesarean section was from 8.9% to 24.8%, respectively. Decomposition analysis showed that 69% of the increase in rates of caesarean section was driven by the increase in births within institutions. The adjusted odds of a caesarean section were 4.6 times (95% confidence interval, CI: 3.4-11.8) higher for recent births. The adjusted odds were also significantly higher for mothers who had at least one antenatal ultrasound test. Rates of caesarean section in secondary-level facilities markedly increased over the last decade to the same levels as in major hospitals (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION:The upsurge in rates of births by caesarean section in this population cannot be fully explained by increases in institutional births alone, but is likely to be driven by medical practice within secondary-level hospitals and women's demand for the procedure.

Suggett, DJ, Le Floc'h, E, Harris, GN, Leonardos, N & Geider, RJ 2007, 'Different strategies of photoacclimation by two strains of Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophyta)', Journal Of Phycology, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 1209-1222.
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Photoacclimation involves the modification of components of the light and dark reactions to optimize photosynthesis following changes in available light. All of the energy required for photosynthesis comes from linear electron transport through PSII and

Surkan, PJ, Ryan, LM, Vieira, LM, Berkman, LF & Peterson, KE 2007, 'Maternal social and pyschological conditions and physical growth in low-income children in Piaui, Northeast Brazil', Social Science & Medicine, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 375-388.
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Prevalence of child undernutrition remains high in many developing countries. In settings with scarce resources, modifiable maternal social conditions may influence feeding and parenting practices, in turn affecting child growth. This study aims to quantify the association between maternal social support and depression to children's physical growth outcomes in Teresina, Piaui, northeast Brazil. Interviews were conducted with a random sample of 595 mothers of children 6-24 months old in four low-income sections of Teresina, Piaui. We collected data on sociodemographic factors, mothers' social support, mothers' depressive symptomatology, and child's weight and recumbent length. Weight-for-height z-scores (WHZ), height-for-age z-scores (HAZ) and weight-for-age z-scores (WAZ) were calculated using the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Center SAS program based on the 2000 Centers for Disease Control reference growth curves. Multivariable linear regression was used to model the association between maternal social support and depression to child growth, adjusting for biological and socio-demographic variables. Interviewer and neighborhood variation was accounted for through the inclusion of random effects. In adjusted models, material support, measured by number of friends or family members available to mothers when needing food or milk, was related to 0.3 higher average WHZ and 0.2 higher average WAZ in their children. Maternal positive social interaction, which reflects engagement in leisure-time activities with others, was associated with 0.3 higher average WHZ. Mothers' affectionate support was related to 0.2 higher average children's WHZ and WAZ, whereas social support for resolving a conflict was associated with 0.2 lower average HAZ. Maternal depression was not associated with child growth. It is concluded that inadequate growth in children may be sensitive to maternal social support.

Tadesse, MG, He, Q, Carroll, RJ & Ramos, KS 2007, 'Comparison of high-density short oligonucleotide microarray platforms', CURRENT BIOINFORMATICS, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 203-213.
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Tahtouh, M, Despland, P, Shimmon, R, Kalman, JR & Reedy, BJ 2007, 'The Application Of Infrared Chemical Imaging To The Detection And Enhancement Of Latent Fingerprints: Method Optimization And Further Findings', Journal Of Forensic Sciences, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1089-1096.
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Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) chemical imaging allows the collection of fingerprint images from backgrounds that have traditionally posed problems for conventional fingerprint detection methods. In this work, the suitability of this technique for the

Taylor, SR, Ung, AT & Pyne, SG 2007, 'Synthesis of benzo[c]chromen-6-ones via novel cyclic aryl-Pd(II)-ester enolate intermediates', Tetrahedron, vol. 63, no. 45, pp. 10889-10895.
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The examination of the palladium catalysed arylation reactions of mono-iodo derivatives of the phenyl and benzyl esters of benzoic acid, phenylacetic acid and dehydrocinnamic acid has resulted in the formation of benzo[c]chromen-6-ones, unexpected cinnamate and succinate products and diphenyl dimers. Many of these products can be rationalised as arising from novel cyclic ArPd(II)enolate intermediates, formed by intramolecular CH activation by ArPd(II).

Taylor, SR, Ung, AT & Pyne, SG 2007, 'The synthesis of 2′,2′-bis-benzylisoquinolines and their cytostatic activities', Tetrahedron, vol. 63, no. 45, pp. 10896-10901.
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The novel laudanosine dimers in which two laudanosine units are linked via a C-2′ biaryl bond have been prepared by a sequence that involves formation of the biaryl bond first and then formation of the isoquinoline rings. Two of these compounds showed higher cytostatic activity on three cancer cell lines than thalicarpine. Crown Copyright © 2007.

Taylor, SR, Ung, AT, Pyne, SG, Skelton, BW & White, AH 2007, 'Intramolecular versus intermolecular oxidative couplings of ester tethered di-aryl ethers', Tetrahedron, vol. 63, no. 46, pp. 11377-11385.
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The oxidative cyclization of 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl 3,4-dimethoxyphenylacetate, through intramolecular biphenyl bond formation, was successful and gave the target seven-membered lactone in good yield (8586%). All other ester substrates gave biphenyl products or their further oxidized products via intermolecular coupling of their radical cation intermediate with the neutral substrate. It appears that matching of the oxidation potentials and nucleophilicity of the two phenyl rings, the positioning of the ring substituents and the ease of E to Z isomerization about the ester CO bond are important factors contributing to these product outcomes.

Teuscher, F, Lowther, J, Skinner-Adams, TS, Spielmann, T, Dixon, M, Stack, CM, Donnelly, SM, Mucha, A, Kafarski, P, Vassiliou, S, Gardiner, D, Dalton, JP & Trenholme, K 2007, 'The M18 Aspartyl Aminopeptidase Of The Human Malaria Parasite Plasmodium Falciparum', Journal Of Biological Chemistry, vol. 282, no. 42, pp. 30817-30826.
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A member of the M18 family of aspartyl aminopeptidases is expressed by all intra-erythrocytic stages of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum ( PfM18AAP), with highest expression levels in rings. Functionally active recombinant enzyme, rPfM18A

Thiebaut, ACM, Freedman, LS, Carroll, RJ & Kipnis, V 2007, 'Is it necessary to correct for measurement error in nutritional epidemiology?', ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE, vol. 146, no. 1, pp. 65-W10.
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Thomas, P, Simon, P, Smallwood, AG & Ray, AS 2007, 'Estimation of the diffusion coefficient of water evolved during the non-isothermal dehydration of Australian sedimentary opal', Journal Of Thermal Analysis And Calorimetry, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 231-235.
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The dehydration of an opal specimen was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TG) in powder and bulk forms. The change in geometry resulted in a significant difference in the temperature range in which dehydration occurred with peak temperatures in the differential TG (DTG) curve for the hand ground opal at 203 degrees Cand for the bulk opal at 340 degrees C. This difference waa attributed to time taken for diffusion of feree water in the bulk opal tothe specimen surface prior to evolution as a registered mass loss. A model was proposed to account for the diffusion of water and was used to estimate the diffusion coefficient.

Ton-That, C, Dowd, AR, Shard, AG, Dhanak, VR, Taninaka, A, Shinohara, H & Welland, ME 2007, 'Electronic structure of potassium-doped La@C82 metallofullerene studied with photoelectron spectroscopy', Physical Review B, vol. 76, no. 16, pp. 1-7.
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The electronic structure of potassium-doped La@C82 has been studied with synchrotron-radiation photoelectron spectroscopy. Ultraviolet photoemission measurements indicate evolution of the valence-band states of La@C82 with increasing potassium content, but KxLa@C82 remains semiconducting for all x between 0 and 6, with a band gap of at least 0.4 eV, in contrast to K-doped C60. The valence-band features, including those which arise from the interactions of C82 cages with La and K, show oscillatory behavior of photoemission intensity with incident photon energy. The strength of the oscillations varies between the states, and we associate diminished oscillations with increased localization of electron density. Finally, although core and valence states of La@C82 change considerably with potassium dosage, the encapsulated La atom is well shielded from the outside chemical environment and its valency remains close to 3+.

Toperverg, BP, Kampmann, R, Lauter-Pasyuk, VV, Lauter, HJ, Tietze, U, Solina, D & Schreyer, A 2007, 'Larmor encoding and Fourier reconstruction for wavelength dispersive reflectometry', Physica B: Condensed Matter, vol. 397, no. 1-2, pp. 141-143.
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As is well known the Larmor precession of the neutron polarization passing through a range of homogeneous magnetic field can efficiently be used for perfectly harmonic modulation of incoming (or scattered) intensity as a function of neutron wavelength. We show that the Fourier analysis of a few reflection curves obtained at a proper set of Larmor frequencies allows to numerically reconstruct the genuine reflectivity curve in great details even in the case it has been measured with a rather purely monochromatized beam. It is argued that the method can be used to substantially improve wave length resolution with moderate increase in measuring time. Further applications of the method, e.g. to small angle scattering at grazing incidence (GISANS), are briefly discussed. © 2007.

Toth, M, Knowles, R & Phillips, M 2007, 'Imaging Deep Trap Distributions by Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy', Microscopy and Microanalysis, vol. 13, no. S02.
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Toth, M, Knowles, W & Phillips, M 2007, 'Imaging Deep Trap Distributions By Low Vacuum Scanning Electron Microscopy', Applied Physics Letters, vol. 90, no. 7, pp. 0-0.
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The distribution of deep traps in a bulk dielectric (Al2O3) is imaged by low vacuum scanning electron microscopy (LVSEM). The image contrast corresponds to spatial variations in radiation-induced, field-enhanced conductivity. A methodology is presented f

Toth, M, Lobo, C, Knowles, R, Phillips, M, Postek, M & Vladar, A 2007, 'Nanostructure Fabrication by Ultra-high Resolution Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy', Microscopy and Microanalysis, vol. 13, no. S02.
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Toth, M, Lobo, CJ, Hartigan, G & Knowles, WR 2007, 'Electron flux controlled switching between electron beam induced etching and deposition', Journal Of Applied Physics, vol. 101, pp. 054309-054309.
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Electron beam induced deposition (EBID) and etching (EBIE) are promising methods for the fabrication of three-dimensional nanodevices, wiring of nanostructures, and repair of photolithographic masks. Here, we study simultaneous EBID and EBIE, and demonstrate an athermal electron flux controlled transition between material deposition and etching. The switching is observed when one of the processes has both a higher efficiency and a lower precursor partial pressure than the other. This is demonstrated in two technologically important systems: during XeF2-mediated etching of chrome on a photolithographic mask and during deposition and etching of carbonaceous films on a semiconductor surface. Simultaneous EBID and EBIE can be used to enhance the spatial localization of etch profiles. It plays a key role in reducing contamination buildup rates during low vacuum electron imaging and deposition of high purity nanostructures in the presence of oxygen-containing gases. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics.

Toth, M, Lobo, CJ, Knowles, WR, Phillips, MR, Postek, MT & Vladar, AE 2007, 'Nanostructure fabrication by ultra-high-resolution environmental scanning electron microscopy', Nano Letters, vol. 7, pp. 525-530.
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Electron beam induced deposition (EBID) is a maskless nanofabrication technique capable of surpassing the resolution limits of resist-based lithography. However, EBID fabrication of functional nanostructures is limited by beam spread in bulk substrates, substrate charging, and delocalized film growth around deposits. Here, we overcome these problems by using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) to perform EBID and etching while eliminating charging artifacts at the nanoscale. Nanostructure morphology is tailored by slimming of deposits by ESEM imaging in the presence of a gaseous etch precursor and by pre-etching small features into a deposit (using a stationary or a scanned electron beam) prior to a final imaging process. The utility of this process is demonstrated by slimming of nanowires deposited by EBID, by the fabrication of gaps (between 4 and 7 nm wide) in the wires, and by the removal of thin films surrounding such nanowires. ESEM imaging provides a direct view of the slimming process, yielding process resolution that is limited by ESEM image resolution (similar to 1 nm) and surface roughening occurring during etching.

Toth, M, Uncovsky, M, Knowles, WR & Baker, FS 2007, 'Secondary electron imaging at gas pressures in excess of 1 kPa', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 91, no. 5.
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Tran, T, Hyne, RV & Doble, PA 2007, 'Calibration of a passive sampling device for time-integrated sampling of hydrophilic herbicides in aquatic environments.', Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 435-443.
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two types of solid-phase materials, a styrenedivinylbenzene copolumer sorbent (embedded in a SDB-XC Empore disk) and a styrenedivinylbenzene copolymer sorbent modified with sulfonic acid functional groups (embeddedin a SCB-RPS Empore disk) were compared as a receiving phase in a passive sampling device for monitoring polar pesticied. The SDB-XC Empore disk was selected for further evaluation, pverlayed with either a polysulfone or a polyethersulfone diffusion membrane. The target herbicides included five nonionized herbicides (simazine, atrazine, diuron, clomazone and metolachlor) and four phenoxy acid herbicideds (diacamba, 92,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid [2,4-D], (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid [MCPA} and triclopyr) with log octanol/water partitian coefficient (log Kow) values of less than three in water. Uptake of these herbicides generally was higher into a device constructed of a SDB-XC Empore disk as a receiving phase covered with a polyethersulfone membrane compared to a similar device covered with a polysufone membrane.Using the device with a SDB-XC Empore disk covred with a polyethersulfone membrane,linear uptake of simazine, atrazine, diuron, clomazone and metoachlor was observed foruo tp 21 d, and daily sampling rates of the herbiccides from water in a laboratory flow-through system were setermined. Theuptake rate of each nonionized herbicide by the Empore disk-based passive sampler was linearly proportional to irs concentration in the water, and the sampling rate was independent of the water concentrations over the 21-d period. Uptake of the phenoxy acid herbicides (2,4-D, MCPA and triclopyr) obeyed first-order kinetics and rapidly reached equilibrium in the pasasive sampler after approximately 12d of exposure. The Empore disn-based passive sampler displayed isotropic kinetics, with a release half-life for triclopyr of approximately 6 d.

Tran, T, Hyne, RV & Doble, PA 2007, 'Determination of commonly used polar herbicides in agricultural drainage waters in Australia by HPLC', Chemosphere, vol. 67, no. 5, pp. 944-953.
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The present study describes the application of different extraction techniques for the preconcentration of ten commonly found acidic and non-acidic polar herbicides (2,4-D, atrazine, bensulfuron-methyl, clomazone, dicamba, diuron, MCPA, metolachlor, sima

Tran, T, Hyne, RV, Pablo, F, Day, WR & Doble, PA 2007, 'Optimisation of the separation of herbicides by linear gradient high performance liquid chromatography utilising artificial neural networks', Talanta, vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 1268-1275.
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An artificial neural network (ANN) was employed to model the chromatographic response surface for the linear gradient separation of 10 herbicides that are commonly detected in storm run-off water in agricultural catchments. The herbicides (dicamba, simaz

Trevaskis, B, Hemming, M, Dennis, ES & Peacock, J 2007, 'The molecular basis of vernalization-induced flowering in cereals', TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE, vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 352-357.
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Genetic analyses have identified three genes that control the vernalization requirement in wheat and barley; VRN1, VRN2 and FT (VRN3). These genes have now been isolated and shown to regulate not only the vernalization response but also the promotion of

Trevaskis, B, Tadege, M, Hemming, M, Peacock, J, Dennis, ES & Sheldon, C 2007, 'Short Vegetative Phase-like MADS-box genes inhibit floral meristem identity in barley', PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 143, no. 1, pp. 225-235.
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Analysis of the functions of Short Vegetative Phase (SVP)-like MADS-box genes in barley (Hordeum vulgare) indicated a role in determining meristem identity. Three SVP-like genes are expressed in vegetative tissues of barley: Barley MADS1 (BM1), BM10, and

Tu, L, Zhang, X, Liu, D, Jin, S, Cao, J, Zhu, L, Deng, F, Tan, J & Zhang, C 2007, 'Suitable internal control genes for qRT-PCR normalization in cotton fiber development and somatic embryogenesis', CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN, vol. 52, no. 22, pp. 3110-3117.
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Tu, L-L, Zhang, X-L, Liang, S-G, Liu, D-Q, Zhu, L-F, Zeng, F-C, Nie, CZ, Guo, X-P, Deng, F-L, Tan, J-F & Xu, L 2007, 'Genes expression analyses of sea-island cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) during fiber development', PLANT CELL REPORTS, vol. 26, no. 8, pp. 1309-1320.
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Ulstrup, K, Ralph, PJ, van Oppen, MJ & Kuhl, M 2007, 'Inter-polyp genetic and physiological characterisation of Symbiodinium in an Acropora valida colony', Marine Biology: international journal on life in oceans and coastal waters, vol. 153, no. 2, pp. 225-234.
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Corals harbouring genetically mixed communities of endosymbiotic algae (Symbiodinium) often show distribution patterns in accordance with differences in light climate across an individual colony. However, the physiology of these genetically characterised communities is not well understood. Single stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analyses were used to examine the genetic diversity of the Symbiodinium community in hospite across an individual colony of Acropora valida at the spatial scale of single polyps. The physiological characteristics of the polyps were examined prior to sampling with a combined O2 microelectrode with a fibre-optic microprobe (combined sensor diameter 50-100 μm) enabling simultaneous measurements of O2 concentration, gross photosynthesis rate and photosystem II (PSII) quantum yield at the coral surface as a function of increasing irradiances. Both sun- and shade-adapted polyps were found to harbour either Symbiodinium clade C types alone or clades A and C simultaneously. Polyps were grouped in two categories according to (1) their orientation towardps light, or (2) their symbiont community composition. Physiological differences were not detected between sun- and shade-adapted polyps, but O2 concentration at 1,100 μmol photons m-2 s-1 was higher in polyps that harboured both clades A and C symbionts than in polyps that harboured clade C only. These results suggest that the acclimatisation of zooxanthellae of individual polyps of an A. valida colony to ambient light levels may not be the only determinant of the photosynthetic capacity of zooxanthellae. Here, we found that photosynthetic capacity is also likely to have a strong genetic basis and differs between genetically distinct Symbiodinium types.

Unnikrishnan, KP, Fathima, A, Hashim, KM & Balachandran, I 2007, 'Antioxidant studies and determination of wedelolactone in Eclipta alba', Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 459-464.
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The present research reports the results of the phytochemical studies carried out to identify the diagnostic features of the E. alba. A high performance thin layer chromatographic method was standardized to determine the wedelolactone content in whole plant of E. alba. Methanolic extracts of samples from three different sources were used for analysis. The mean assay of wedelolactone was of range 0.481-0.702 mg g-1 of drug powder. Radical scavenging activity of methanolic extract was evaluated by DPPH assay method superoxide radical scavenging activity in riboflavin/light/NBT system and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity in sodium nitroprusside/Griess reagent system. The assay results indicate that the DPPH, superoxide and nitric oxide scavenging activity were intense (19.25, 39.25 and 58.26 μg mL-1, respectively). The phytochemical features identified in the present study can be used as identification markers of this important analgesic agent. © 2007 Academic Journals Inc.

Vahn, G-Y, White, TP, Steel, MJ, de Sterke, CM, Dossou, K & Botten, LC 2007, 'Modeling light propagation in photonic crystal devices: Simplification of the Bloch mode scattering matrix method', JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 102, no. 5.
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Vallas, V, Farrugia, W, Raison, RL, Edmundson, AB & Ramsland, PA 2007, 'Dissimilar aggregation processes govern precipitation and gelation of human IgM cryoglobulins', Journal of Molecular Recognition, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 90-96.
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Cryoglobulinemia is associated witha range of diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, B-cell malignancies, and chronic viral infections. This "cold sensitivity" condition is caused by cryoglobulins that precipitate, gel, or occasionally crystallise in the cold. Clinical manifestations vary widely in severity, depending on many factors, including the type of cryoglobulin (monoclonal or mixed immunoglobulins) and the physical nature of the aggregates (precipitate, gel or crystal). Dynamic light scattering (DLS) was used to examine the cold-induced precipitation or gelation of two human cryoglobulins, namely, Pot IgM and Yvo IgM. The DLS assay was highly reproducible, sensitive and had low intra-assay variations for both igM, cryoglobulins. Distinct processes were revealed to contribute to precipitation and gelation of cryoglobulins. The precipitation of Pot IgM displayed a rapid transition from solution to solid phases, with a wide distribution of aggregated sizes. in contrast, the gelation fo Yvo IgM progressed gradually across a broad temperature range to produce a relatively uniform gel matrix. Initial cryoglobulin concentrations determined the kinetics and critical temperatures for both precipitation and gelation. Moreover, the Yvo IgM was observed to have a distinct relationship between concentrations and mean hydrodynamic diameters or particle sizes. Concentration-dependent effects on particle sizes were present but not as pronounced for the pot IgM. Precipitation and gelation of cryoglobulins were also found to be differentially responsive to changes in the aqueous environment. Our results indicate that DLS is a rapid, reliable and sensitive method for characterising the nature of disease-associated cryoglobulins.

Van Hal, SJ, Stark, DJ, Fotedar, R, Marriott, DJ, Ellis, JT & Harkness, JL 2007, 'Amoebiasis: current status in Australia', Medical Journal of Australia, vol. 186, no. 8, pp. 412-416.
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Entamoeba histolytica is one of the most common parasitic infections worldwide, infecting about 50 million people and resulting in 40 000â100 000 deaths a year. In Australia, people at risk of infection include immigrants, travellers returning from countries of high endemicity, Indigenous people, and men who have sex with men. Clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic carriage to invasive disease. Amoebic colitis and amoebic liver abscess are the most common invasive manifestations observed in Australia. Diagnosis depends on a high index of suspicion and laboratory investigations. Molecular methods (using the polymerase chain reaction) are the most sensitive for identifying and differentiating Entamoeba species. Treatment should always include a luminal agent to eradicate colonisation, prevent spread and/or reduce the risk of invasive disease. Medical therapy can successfully cure invasive disease, including amoebic liver abscesses.

Van Keilegom, I & Carroll, RJ 2007, 'Backfitting versus profiling in general criterion functions', STATISTICA SINICA, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 797-816.

Veal, TD, Piper, L, Phillips, M, Zareie, HM, Lu, H, Schaff, W & Mcconville, C 2007, 'Doping-dependence of subband energies in quantized electron accumulation at InN surfaces', Physica Status Solidi A-Applications And Materials Science, vol. 204, no. 2, pp. 536-542.
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Electron tunnelling spectroscopy is used to investigate the quantized electron accumulation at the surfaces of wurtzite InN with different doping levels. The tunnelling spectra of InN-oxide-tip junctions recorded in air at room temperature exhibit a simi

Verbout, SM, Schultz, DM, Leslie, LM, Brooks, HE, Karoly, DJ & Elmore, KL 2007, 'Tornado outbreaks associated with landfalling hurricanes in the North Atlantic Basin: 1954-2004', METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS, vol. 97, no. 1-4, pp. 255-271.
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Villavedra Sierra, M, Lemke, SJ, To, JH, Broady, KW, Wallach, M & Raison, RL 2007, 'Carbohydrate epitopes are immunodominant at the surface of infectious Neoparamoeba spp', Journal Of Fish Diseases, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 191-199.
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Amoebic gill disease, the main disease of concern to the salmon industry is Tasmania is caused by the amoeba Neoparamoeba spp. Experimental infection can onlybe induced by exposure to wild-type (WT) oarasites isolated from the gills of infected fish, as cultured amoeba are non-infective. To characterise the surface antigens of WT parasites, we produced monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) using subtractive immunization. Mice inoculated with non-infective parasites were treated with cyclophosphamide, to deplete reactive lumphocytes, and then immunized with different antigen preparations from infective parasites. When whole parasites were used for boosting the percentage of WT unique mAbs was very high (86%) as was the percentage of mAbs specific for carbohydrate pritopes (89%). When degloycosylated membranes were used, the numbers of mAbs spefic for non-carbohydrate spitopes id not increase, but the total number of WT unique mAbs was reduced (86-40%). Using an untreated membrane preparation, the total number of mAbs to surface molecules was very high, but all recognized carbohydrate epitopes. The total number of MAbs recognising carbohydrate epitopes on the surface of the WT parasites was 97%, suggesting that the dominant epitopes on the surface molecules unique to WT parasites are carbohydrate in nature.

Wallace, Kunkel, CS, Lennard, CJ, Stoilovic, M & Roux, CP 2007, 'Optimisation and Evaluation of 1,2-Indanedione for Use as a Fingermark Reagent and its Application to Real Samples', Forensic Science International, vol. 168, no. 1, pp. 14-26.
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1,2-Indanedione is an emerging fingermark reagent used on porous surfaces. The general consensus is that this reagent is at least as sensitive as DFO, with some research showing higher sensitivity for 1,2-indanedione as opposed to DFO.However, a number o

Wallace-Kunkel, C, Lennard, C, Stoilovic, M & Roux, C 2007, 'Optimisation and evaluation of 1,2-indanedione for use as a fingermark reagent and its application to real samples', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, vol. 168, no. 1, pp. 14-26.
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Wallach, A, Inbar, M, Lambert, R, Cohen, S & Shanas, U 2007, 'Hand-rearing Roe deer Capreolus capreolus: Practice and research potential', International Zoo Yearbook, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 183-193.
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Four ♀ Roe deer Capreolus capreolus were hand-reared and released into a 10 ha enclosed natural habitat. This paper describes the hand-rearing procedure, nutrition and development, which we compare with other documented cases. We illustrate the handling techniques that enabled us to maintain a close relationship with the hand-reared Roe deer in their adulthood and study them under semi-free-ranging conditions. The benefits of conducting research with hand-reared Roe deer are described, together with possible biases that must be taken into consideration when planning a research programme. The Roe deer were hand-reared in order to conduct a detailed feasibility study for the Roe deer reintroduction programme in Israel, where they have been locally extinct for 100 years. © 2007 The Zoological Society of London.

Wallach, AD, Inbar, M, Scantlebury, M, Speakman, JR & Shanas, U 2007, 'Water requirements as a bottleneck in the reintroduction of European roe deer to the southern edge of its range', CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY, vol. 85, no. 11, pp. 1182-1192.
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Walsh, SJ, Mitchell, J, Torpy, FR & Buckleton, JS 2007, 'Use of subpopulation data in Australian forensic DNA casework', Forensic Science International: Genetics, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 238-246.
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DNA profiling evidence presented in court should be accompanied by a reliable estimate of its evidential weight. In calculating such statistics, allele frequencies from commonly employed autosomal microsatellite loci are required. These allele frequencies should be collected at a level that appropriately represents the genetic diversity that exists in the population. Typically this occurs at broadly defined bio-geographic categories, such as Caucasian or Asian. Datasets are commonly administered at the jurisdictional level. This paper focuses on Australian jurisdictions and assesses whether this current practice is appropriate for Aboriginal Australian and Caucasian populations alike. In keeping with other studies we observe negligible differences between Caucasian populations within Australia when segregated geographically. However segregation of Aboriginal Australian population data along contemporary State and Territory lines appears to mask the diversity that exists within this subpopulation. For this reason datasets collated along more traditional lines may be more appropriate, particularly to distinguish the most genetically differentiated populations residing in the north of the continent.

Wand, M 2007, 'Fisher information for generalised linear mixed models', Journal of Multivariate Analysis, vol. 98, no. 7, pp. 1412-1416.
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The Fisher information for the canonical link exponential family generalised linear mixed model is derived. The contribution from the fixed effects parameters is shown to have a particularly simple form.

Wang, G, Park, J, Wexler, D, Park, MS & Ahn, J 2007, 'Synthesis, characterization, and optical properties of In2O3 semiconductor nanowires', Inorganic Chemistry, vol. 46, no. 12, pp. 4778-4780.
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In2O3 semiconductor nanowires were synthesized by the chemical vapor deposition method through carbon thermal reduction at 900 °C with 95% Ar and 5% O2 gas flow. The In2O3 nanowires were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). For the first time, we observed the formation of corundum-type h-In2O3 nanowires and branched In2O3 nanowires. The PL spectra of In2O3 nanowires show strong visible red emission at 1.85 eV (670 nm) at low temperature, possibly caused by a small amount of oxygen vacancies in the nanowire crystal structure.

Wang, J, Chew, SY, Wexler, D, Wang, G, Ng, SH, Zhong, S & Liu, HK 2007, 'Nanostructured nickel sulfide synthesized via a polyol route as a cathode material for the rechargeable lithium battery', Electrochemistry Communications, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 1877-1880.
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Nanostructured nickel sulfide (NiS) was synthesized via a simple polyol route. The NiS powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and electrochemical testing. The results revealed that the cycle life of the annealed NiS sample was improved over that of the as-prepared sample. The electrochemical performance was also tested using 1 M lithium trifluoromethanesulfonimide (LiTFSI) in a solvent of poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether (PEGDME) in order to compare with a sample tested in the conventional electrolyte of 1 M LiPF6 in a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC). The results showed that the electrochemical properties were improved by using the 1 M LiTFSI/PEGDME electrolyte.

Wang, J, Ng, SH, Chew, SY, Wexler, D, Wang, GX & Liu, HK 2007, 'Characterization of nanosize molybdenum trisulfide for lithium batteries and MoS3 structure confirmation via electrochemistry', ELECTROCHEMICAL AND SOLID STATE LETTERS, vol. 10, no. 9, pp. A204-A207.
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Wang, J, Yu, Q & Lee, X 2007, 'Simulation of crop growth and energy and carbon dioxide fluxes at different time steps from hourly to daily', Hydrological Processes, vol. 21, no. 18, pp. 2474-2492.
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Understanding the exchange processes of energy and carbon dioxide (CO2) in the soil-vegetation-atmosphere system is important for assessing the role of the terrestrial ecosystem in the global water and carbon cycle and in climate change. We present a soil-vegetation-atmosphere integrated model (ChinaAgrosys) for simulating energy, water and CO2 fluxes, crop growth and development, with ample supply of nutrients and in the absence of pests, diseases and weed damage. Furthermore, we test the hypotheses of whether there is any significant difference between simulations over different time steps. CO2, water and heat fluxes were estimated by the improving parameterization method of the coupled photosynthesis-stomatal conductance-transpiration model. Soil water evaporation and plant transpiration were calculated using a multilayer water and heat-transfer model. Field experiments were conducted in the Yucheng Integrated Agricultural Experimental Station on the North China Plain. Daily weather and crop growth variables were observed during 1998-2001, and hourly weather variables and water and heat fluxes were measured using the eddy covariance method during 2002-2003. The results showed that the model could effectively simulate diurnal and seasonal changes of net radiation, sensible and latent heat flux, soil heat flux and CO2 fluxes. The processes of evapotranspiration, soil temperature and leaf area index agree well with the measured values. Midday depression of canopy photosynthesis could be simulated by assessing the diurnal change in canopy water potential. Moreover, the comparisons of simulated daily evapotranspiration and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) under different time steps indicated that time steps used by a model affect the simulated results.

Wang, L, Wang, M, Tu, J, Helliwell, C, Waterhouse, P, Dennis, ES, Fu, T & Fan, Y 2007, 'Cloning and characterization of microRNAs from Brassica napus', FEBS LETTERS, vol. 581, no. 20, pp. 3848-3856.
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A library containing approximately 40,000 small RNA sequences was constructed for Brassica napus. Analysis of 3025 sequences obtained from this library resulted in the identification of 11 conserved miRNA families, which were validated by secondary struc

Wang, L, Zheng, YF, Yu, Q & Wang, EL 2007, 'Applicability of Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) in simulating the production and water use of wheat-maize continuous cropping system in North China Plain', Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, vol. 18, no. 11, pp. 2480-2486.
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The Agricultural Production Systems Simulator ( APSIM ) was applied to simulate the 1999-2001 field experimental data and the 2002-2003 water use data at the Yucheng Experiment Station under Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, aimed to verify the applicability of the model to the wheat-summer maize continuous cropping system in North China Plain. The results showed that the average errors of the simulations of leaf area index (LAI), biomass, and soil moisture content in 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 field experiments were 27.61%, 24.59% and 7.68%, and 32.65%, 35.95% and 10.26%, respectively, and those of LAI and biomass on the soils with high and low moisture content in 2002-2003 were 26.65 % and 14.52 %, and 23.91 % and 27.93%, respectively. The simulations of LAI and biomass accorded well with the measured values, with the coefficients of determination being > 0. 85 in 1999-2000 and 2002-2003, and 0. 78 in 2000-2001, indicating that APSIM had a good applicability in modeling the crop biomass and soil moisture content in the continuous cropping system, but the simulation error of LAI was a little larger.

Wang, XF & Gu, HY 2007, 'Improved scheduling strategy for batching tools in semiconductor wafer fabrication', Jisuanji Jicheng Zhizao Xitong/Computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems, CIMS, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 1115-1120.
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The scheduling problem for parallel batching tools with incompatible families in semiconductor wafer fabrication was studied. To improve the performance of on-time delivery in semiconductor manufacturing, aimed to minimize the Total Weighted Tardiness (TWT), an improved Apparent Tardiness Cost (ATC)-Batch Apparent Tardiness Cost (BATC) scheduling rule was proposed, which controlled SUBsection of Work in Process (SUBWIP). Result of simulation showed that TWT was effectively reduced by proposed method.

Wang, Y, De Gironcoli, S, Hush, N & Reimers, JR 2007, 'Successful A Priori Modeling Of Co Adsorption On Pt(111) Using Periodic Hybrid Density Functional Theory', Journal Of The American Chemical Society, vol. 129, no. 34, pp. 10402-10407.
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Wang, Y, Hush, N & Reimers, JR 2007, 'Simulation Of The Au(111)-(22 X Root 3) Surface Reconstruction', Physical Review B, vol. 75, no. 23.
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Wang, Y, Hush, N & Reimers, JR 2007, 'Understanding The Chemisorption Of 2-Methyl-2-Propanethiol On Au(111)', Journal Of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 111, no. 29, pp. 10878-10885.
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Wang, Y, Hush, NS & Reimers, JR 2007, 'Formation of gold-methanethiyl self-assembled monolayers', JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, vol. 129, no. 47, pp. 14532-+.
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Webb, RR, Doble, PA & Dawson, M 2007, 'A Rapid Cze Method For The Analysis Of Benzodiazepines In Spiked Beverages', Electrophoresis, vol. 28, no. 19, pp. 3553-3565.
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A rapid CZE method was developed for the simultaneous determination of nine benzodiazepines in spiked beverages (nitrazepam oxazepam, alprazolam, flunitrazepam, temazepam, diazepam, 7-aminoflunitrazepam, 7-aminonitrazepam and 7-aminoclonazepam). The meth

Weckmann, M, Collison, A, Simpson, JL, Kopp, MV, Wark, PAB, Smyth, MJ, Yagita, H, Matthaei, KI, Hansbro, N, Whitehead, B, Gibson, PG, Foster, PS & Mattes, J 2007, 'Critical link between TRAIL and CCL20 for the activation of TH2 cells and the expression of allergic airway disease', Nature Medicine, vol. 13, no. 11, pp. 1308-1315.
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The role of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in immune responses mediated by T-helper 2 (TH2) lymphocytes is unknown. Here we characterize the development of allergic airway disease in TRAIL-deficient (Tnfsf10-/-) mice and in mice exposed to short interfering RNA targeting TRAIL. We show that TRAIL is abundantly expressed in the airway epithelium of allergic mice and that inhibition of signaling impairs production of the chemokine CCL20 and homing of myeloid dendritic cells and T cells expressing CCR6 and CD4 to the airways. Attenuated homing limits T H2 cytokine release, inflammation, airway hyperreactivity and expression of the transcriptional activator STAT6. Activation of STAT6 by interleukin-13 restores airway hyperreactivity in Tnfsf10-/- mice. Recombinant TRAIL induces pathognomic features of asthma and stimulates the production of CCL20 in primary human bronchial epithelium cells. TRAIL is also increased in sputum of asthmatics. The function of TRAIL in the airway epithelium identifies this molecule as a target for the treatment of asthma. © 2007 Nature Publishing Group.

Werneck, GL, Costa, CHN, Walker, AM, David, JR, Wand, M & Maguire, JH 2007, 'Multilevel modelling of the incidence of visceral leishmaniasis in Teresina, Brazil', EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION, vol. 135, no. 2, pp. 195-201.
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White, AG, Gilchrist, A, Pryde, GJ, O'Brien, JL, Bremner, MJ & Langford, NK 2007, 'Measuring two-qubit gates', JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 172-183.
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White, RE, Thomas, P, Phillips, M, Wuhrer, R & Guerbois, JL 2007, 'Tg-ms Characterization Of The Reaction Products Of Cadmium Yellow And Malachite Artist's Pigments', Journal Of Thermal Analysis And Calorimetry, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 181-184.
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The deleterious interaction of some traditional sulphide artists pigments and copper ions results in the formation of black copper sulphides, in particular, covellite (CuS), and, hence, the discolouration of valuable artworks. In this paper the interacti

Wiede, F, Vana, K, Sedger, LM, Lechner, A & Körner, H 2007, 'TNF-dependent overexpression of CCL21 is an underlying cause of progressive lymphoaccumulation in generalized lymphoproliferative disorder.', European Journal of Immunology, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 351-357.
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The human condition autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome and the murine mutation generalized lymphoproliferative disorder (gld/gld) are both caused by mutations of Fas or Fas ligand and are characterized by severe splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy. In the mouse, the additional absence of TNF attenuates the gld/gld syndrome through an unknown mechanism. We hypothesized that this unexpected outcome was not mediated by increased apoptosis but changes of T cell localization. We demonstrated that the homeostatic chemokine CCL21 is strongly up-regulated in the spleen of C57BL/6 (B6).gld/gld and B6.gld/gld.TRAIL/ mice. In contrast, a distinct consequence of TNF deficiency in B6.gld/gld mice was the substantially reduced splenic production of CCL21. An analysis of the cognate chemokine receptor CCR7 showed a complete, age-dependent down-regulation of this receptor on B6.gld/gld conventional peripheral T cells that are therefore unable to react to this chemokine. These results demonstrate a new role for the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF and the TNF-regulated chemokine CCL21 in the complex etiology of the autoimmune syndrome in B6.gld/gld mice.

Williams, DBG & Shaw, ML 2007, 'P-alkene bidentate ligands: an unusual ligand effect in Pd-catalysed Suzuki reactions', TETRAHEDRON, vol. 63, no. 7, pp. 1624-1629.
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Williams, DBG, Ajam, M & Ranwell, A 2007, 'High rate and highly selective vinyl acetate hydroformylation in ionic liquids as solvent or cosolvent', ORGANOMETALLICS, vol. 26, no. 18, pp. 4692-4695.
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Williams, DBG, Traut, T, Kriel, FH & van Zyl, WE 2007, 'Bidentate amino- and iminophosphine ligands in mono- and dinuclear gold(I) complexes: Synthesis, structures and AuCl displacement by AuC6F5', INORGANIC CHEMISTRY COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 538-542.
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Williams, DJ, Guy, C, Smith, RF, Ellis, JT, Bjorkmann, C, Reichel, MP & Trees, SJ 2007, 'Immunization of cattle with live tachyzoites of Neospora caninum confers protection against fetal death', Infection And Immunity, vol. 75, no. 3, pp. 1343-1348.
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Neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that causes abortion in cattle. It is normally found as a latent infection controlled by a T-helper-cell type 1 response involving CD4 cytotoxic T cells and gamma interferon. Cattle may be infected by two different routes: transplacentally as a result of activation of the latent infection in the mother causing congenital infection or abortion and by ingestion of oocysts, which, if it occurs during gestation, can also result in abortion. Here, for the first time, we establish proof that live vaccination protects against fetal death, whereas immunization using whole-tachyzoite lysate in different adjuvants fails to protect against fetal death. Strong antibody responses were induced in all the vaccinated groups, and the quality and magnitude of these responses were similar in the live- and the lysate-vaccinated groups. In contrast, only the group immunized with live tachyzoites had strong cellular and gamma interferon responses prior to challenge, and these responses correlated with protection against fetopathy. These results suggest that a cellular immune response may be important in the mechanisms involved in protection against N. caninum-associated abortions.

Woodcock, S, Van der Gast, CJ, Bell, T, Lunn, M, Curtis, TP, Head, I & Sloan, WT 2007, 'Neutral assembly of bacterial communities', FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 171-180.
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Two recent, independent advances in ecology have generated interest and controversy: the development of neutral community models (NCMs) and the extension of biogeographical relationships into the microbial world. Here these two advances are linked by predicting an observed microbial taxavolume relationship using an NCM and provide the strongest evidence so far for neutral community assembly in any group of organisms, macro or micro. Previously, NCMs have only ever been fitted using species-abundance distributions of macroorganisms at a single site or at one scale and parameter values have been calibrated on a case-by-case basis. Because NCMs predict a malleable two-parameter taxa-abundance distribution, this is a weak test of neutral community assembly and, hence, of the predictive power of NCMs. Here the two parameters of an NCM are calibrated using the taxa-abundance distribution observed in a small waterborne bacterial community housed in a bark-lined tree-hole in a beech tree. Using these parameters, unchanged, the taxa-abundance distributions and taxavolume relationship observed in 26 other beech tree communities whose sizes span three orders of magnitude could be predicted. In doing so, a simple quantitative ecological mechanism to explain observations in microbial ecology is simultaneously offered and the predictive power of NCMs is demonstrated.

Wressnig, A & Booth, DJ 2007, 'Feeding preferences of two seagrass grazing monacanthid fishes', Journal Of Fish Biology, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 272-278.
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Two seagrass grazing fishes, Meuschenia freycineti and Meuschenia trachylepis (Monacanthidae), were offered three choices of Posidonia australis seagrass blades of different epiphyte coverage and leaf age to determine whether these fishes exhibit a preference for epiphyte covered seagrass blades. Both species removed significantly more biomass f the epiphyte-covred blades than of the two other blade types un multiple-choice tests. this clear preference for epiphyte-covered seagrass blades results in a preferred removal of older blades within the seagrass shoot of P. australis.

Wu, Y, Llewellyn, D, White, R, Ruggiero, K, Al-ghazi, Y & Dennis, ES 2007, 'Laser capture microdissection and cDNA microarrays used to generate gene expression profiles of the rapidly expanding fibre initial cells on the surface of cotton ovules', PLANTA, vol. 226, no. 6, pp. 1475-1490.
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Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fibre initial cells undergo a rapid cellular re-programming around anthesis to form the long cellulose fibres prized for textile manufacture. On the day of anthesis the cotton fibre initial cells balloon out from the ovule

Xia, S, Pan, G, Cai, Z, Wang, Y & Reimers, JR 2007, 'The Manganite-Water Interface', Journal Of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 111, no. 28, pp. 10427-10437.
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Xiaojuan, T, Jun, L, Xinshi, Z, Yu, Q & Zhilin, Z 2007, 'Mechanism and bio-environmental controls of ecosystem respiration in a cropland in the North China Plains', New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 1347-1358.
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CO2 flux was measured continuously using the eddy covariance technique in a wheat-maize rotation system in the North China Plains from October 2002 to October 2006. The annual and seasonal variation of ecosystem respiration and the bio-environmental controls on them were investigated. The results show that ecosystem respiration (Rec) in the cropland increased exponentially with soil temperature at 5 cm depth. The temperature sensitivity coefficient (Q10) for ecosystem respiration varied from 3.5 to 5.4 for wheat and from 2.4 to 4.5 for maize. In the wheat growing season, monthly average R0 (ecosystem respiration at 0°C) increased linearly with soil temperature and logarithmically with leaf area index (LAI). Monthly average Q10 decreased logarithmically with R0. Residual Rec was significantly correlated with LAI. After considering LAI, the modified Q10 model could estimate Rec better than before. The simulation results show that annual ecosystem respiration in the wheat-maize rotation system in the North China Plains was 1327, 1348, 1040 and 1171 gC m-2 yr-1 for the 4 years of the study. As a 4-year average, seasonal mean ecosystem respiration in wheat (2.60 gC m-2 day-') was much lower than in maize (6.09 gC m-2 day-'). However, integrated ecosystem respiration for the wheat growing season (566 gC m -2) was slightly higher than that for maize (520 gC m-2). These account for 46.4 and 42.6% of the annual values, respectively.

Xu, X & Cortie, MB 2007, 'Precious metal core-shell spindles', Journal Of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 111, no. 49, pp. 18135-18142.
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A simplified method to produce spindle-shaped particles with a hematite core and a silica shell is described. The silica shell can, in turn, serve as the substrate for an outer coating of Ag or Au nanoparticles. The resulting multilayer core-shell particles display a flexible optical extinction spectrum, due primarily to the sensitivity of their plasmon resonance to the morphology of the precious metal outer coating

Yan, Z, Hanyu, G & Yugeng, X 2007, 'Modified bottleneck-based heuristic for large-scale job-shop scheduling problems with a single bottleneck', Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 556-565.

Yan, Z, Hanyu, G & Yugeng, X 2007, 'Modified bottleneck-based heuristic for large-scale job-shop scheduling problems with a single bottleneck ^* * This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (60274013; 60474002) and Shanghai Development Found for Science and Technology (04DZ11008).', Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 556-565.
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A modified bottleneck-based (MB) heuristic for large-scale job-shop scheduling problems with a welldefined bottleneck is suggested, which is simpler but more tailored than the shifting bottleneck (SB) procedure. In this algorithm, the bottleneck is first scheduled optimally while the non-bottleneck machines are subordinated around the solutions of the bottleneck schedule by some effective dispatching rules. Computational results indicate that the MB heuristic can achieve a better tradeoff between solution quality and computational time compared to SB procedure for medium-size problems. Furthermore, it can obtain a good solution in a short time for large-scale jobshop scheduling problems. © 2007 The Second Academy of China Aerospace Science & Industry Cooperation.

Yang, F, Ichii, K, White, MA, Hashimoto, H, Michaelis, AR, Votava, P, Zhu, A, Huete, A, Running, SW & Nemani, RR 2007, 'Developing a continental-scale measure of gross primary production by combining MODIS and AmeriFlux data through Support Vector Machine approach', Remote Sensing Of Environment, vol. 110, no. 1, pp. 109-122.
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Remote sensing is a potentially powerful technology with which to extrapolate eddy covariance-based gross primary production (GPP) to continental scales. In support of this concept, we used meteorological and flux data from the AmeriFlux network and Support Vector Machine (SVM), an inductive machine learning technique, to develop and apply a predictive GPP model for the conterminous U.S. In the following four-step process, we first trained the SVM to predict flux-based GPP from 33 AmeriFlux sites between 2000 and 2003 using three remotely-sensed variables (land surface temperature, enhanced vegetation index (EVI), and land cover) and one ground-measured variable (incident shortwave radiation). Second, we evaluated model performance by predicting GPP for 24 available AmeriFlux sites in 2004. In this independent evaluation, the SVM predicted GPP with a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 1.87 gC/m2/day and an R2 of 0.71. Based on annual total GPP at 15 AmeriFlux sites for which the number of 8-day averages in 2004 was no less than 67% (30 out of a possible 45), annual SVM GPP prediction error was 32.1% for non-forest ecosystems and 22.2% for forest ecosystems, while the standard Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer GPP product (MOD17) had an error of 50.3% for non-forest ecosystems and 21.5% for forest ecosystems, suggesting that the regionally tuned SVM performed better than the standard global MOD17 GPP for non-forest ecosystems but had similar performance for forest ecosystems

Yao, J, Konstantinov, K, Wang, G & Liu, H 2007, 'Electrochemical and magnetic characterization of LiFePO4 and Li0.95Mg0.05FePO4 cathode materials', Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 177-185.
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A series of lithium iron phosphates was synthesized via the solgel route. Iron phosphides, which are electronic conductors, were formed when sintered at 850°C. Magnetic susceptibility measurements on the samples show antiferromagnetic behaviour with T N=50±2 K for LiFePO4 and Li0.95Mg0.05PO4 sintered at temperatures below 850°C. The LiFePO4 and Li0.95Mg0.05FePO4 cathodes show a stable electrochemical capacity in the range of 150160 mA h/g on cycling. The cyclability deteriorates with increasing sample sintering temperature due to the increased crystal size and impurities.

Yeung, WY, Wuhrer, R, Cortie, MB & Ferry, M 2007, 'Equal channel angular extrusion of high purity gold', Materials forum, vol. 31, pp. 31-35.

Yin, S, Dahlbom, M, Canfield, P, Hush, N, Kobayashi, R & Reimers, JR 2007, 'Assignment Of The Q(Y) Absorption Spectrum Of Photosystem-I From Thermosynechococcus Elongatus Based On Cam-B3Lyp Calculations At The Pw91-Optimized Protein Structure', Journal Of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 111, no. 33, pp. 9923-9930.
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Yong, SR, Ung, AT, Pyne, SG, Skelton, BW & White, AH 2007, 'Syntheses of spiro[cyclopropane-1,3'-oxindole]-2-carboxylic acid and cyclopropa[c]quinoline-7b-carboxylic acid and their derivatives', Tetrahedron, vol. 63, no. 5, pp. 1191-1199.
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The synthesis of spiro[cyclopropane-1,3?-oxindole]-2-carboxylic acid, including novel 3-(2- and 3-pyridyl)-substituted analogues and the novel cyclopropa[c]quinoline-7b-carboxylic acid and their ester and amide derivatives is described. These syntheses involve diastereoselective cyclopropanation reactions of methyl 2-(2-nitrophenyl)acrylate and (3E)-(pyridin-2-ylmethylene)- and (3E)-(pyridin-3-ylmethylene)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one with ethyl (dimethyl sulfuranylidene) acetate (EDSA). The synthesis of methyl cyclopropa[c]quinoline-7b-carboxylate involves a regioselective reductive cyclization of a nitro-diester precursor. The relative stereochemistry of key compounds has been determined by single-crystal X-ray structural analysis.

Yong, SR, Ung, AT, Pyne, SG, Skelton, BW & White, AH 2007, 'Synthesis of novel 30-spirocyclic-oxindole derivatives and assessment of their cytostatic activities', Tetrahedron, vol. 63, no. 25, pp. 5579-5586.
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The synthesis of some novel 3?-spirocyclic-oxindole compounds, based on the spiro[indole-3,5?-isoxazolidin]-2(1H)-one, the 2?H-spiro[indole-3,6?-[1,3]oxazinane]-2,2?(1H)-dione and the 2?H-spiro[indoline-3,3?-pyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3?]oxazine]-1?,2(1H)-dione heterocyclic structures, is described. These compounds were prepared from methyl ?-(2-nitrophenyl)acrylate via [1,3]-dipolar cycloaddition reactions with two acyclic nitrones and one cyclic nitrone followed by reduction of the cycloadducts and then treatment with triphosgene. Two of these compounds showed significant cytostatic activity on three cancer cell lines with GI50 values of 2.64.1 ?M on the human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7.

Yu, Q, Flerchinger, GN, Xu, S, Kozak, J, Ma, L & Ahuja, LR 2007, 'Energy balance simulation of a wheat canopy using the RZ-SHAW (RZWQM-SHAW) model', American Society of Agricultural and Biological Eng..., vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 1507-1516.
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RZ-SHAW is a new hybrid model coupling the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) and the Simultaneous Heat and Water (SHAM model to extend RZWQM applications to conditions of frozen soil and crop residue cover RZ-SHAW offers the comprehensive land management options of RZWQM with the additional capability to simulate diurnal changes in energy balance needed for simulating the near-surface microclimate and leaf temperature. The objective of this study was to evaluate RZ-SHAW for simulations of radiation balance and sensible and latent heat fluxes overplant canopies. Canopy energy balance data were collected at various growing stages of winter wheat in the North China Plain (36 degrees 57'N, 116 degrees 6'E, 28 m above sea level). RZ-SHAW and SHAW simulations using hourly meteorological data were compared with measured net radiation, latent heat flux, sensible heat flux and soil heat flux. RZ-SHAW provided similar goodness-of-prediction statistics as the original SHAW model for all the energy balance components when using observed plant growth input data. The root mean square error (RMSE) for simulated net radiation, latent heat, sensible heat, and soil heat fluxes was 29.7, 30.7, 29.9, and 25.9 W m(-2) for SHAW and 30.6, 32.9, 34.2, and 30.6 W m-2 for RZ-SHAW, respectively. Nash-Sutcliffe R-2 ranged from 0.67 for sensible heat flux to 0.98 for net radiation. Subsequently, an analysis was performed using the plant growth component of RZ-SHAW instead of inputting LAI and plant height. The model simulation results agreed with measured plant height, yield, and LAI very well. As a result, RMSE for the energy balance components were very similar to the original RZ-SHAW simulation, and latent, sensible, and soil heat fluxes were actually simulated slightly better RMSE for simulated net radiation, latent heat, sensible heat, and soil heat fluxes was 31.5, 30.4, 30.2, and 2 7.6 W m(-2). respectively.

Yu, Q, Xu, S, Wang, J & Lee, X 2007, 'Influence of leaf water potential on diurnal changes in CO2 and water vapour fluxes', Boundary-Layer Meteorology, vol. 124, no. 2, pp. 161-181.
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Mass and energy fluxes between the atmosphere and vegetation are driven by meteorological variables, and controlled by plant water status, which may change more markedly diurnally than soil water. We tested the hypothesis that integration of dynamic changes in leaf water potential may improve the simulation of CO2 and water fluxes over a wheat canopy. Simulation of leaf water potential was integrated into a comprehensive model (the ChinaAgrosys) of heat, water and CO2 fluxes and crop growth. Photosynthesis from individual leaves was integrated to the canopy by taking into consideration the attenuation of radiation when penetrating the canopy. Transpiration was calculated with the Shuttleworth-Wallace model in which canopy resistance was taken as a link between energy balance and physiological regulation. A revised version of the Ball-Woodrow-Berry stomatal model was applied to produce a new canopy resistance model, which was validated against measured CO2 and water vapour fluxes over winter wheat fields in Yucheng (36°57? N, 116°36? E, 28 m above sea level) in the North China Plain during 1997, 2001 and 2004. Leaf water potential played an important role in causing stomatal conductance to fall at midday, which caused diurnal changes in photosynthesis and transpiration. Changes in soil water potential were less important. Inclusion of the dynamics of leaf water potential can improve the precision of the simulation of CO2 and water vapour fluxes, especially in the afternoon under water stress conditions.

Yuan, L, Liu, H, Maaroof, AI, Konstantinov, K, Liu, J & Cortie, MB 2007, 'Mesoporous gold as anode material for lithium-ion cells', Journal Of New Materials For Electrochemical Systems, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 95-99.
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Mesoporous goldsponges were prepared by chemical removal of Al from thin films of an AuAl2 precursor that had been deposited on Cu sheet. The morphology of the An was characterised by interconnected pores and channel,v of between 5 and 20 nm in diameter.

Yue, TX, Wang, W, Yu, Q, Zhu, ZL, Zhang, SH, Zhang, RH & Du, ZP 2007, 'Simulation of vertical wind profile under neutral conditions', International journal of remote sensing, vol. 28, no. 10, pp. 2207-2219.
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After analysing formulations of the horizontal wind velocity above a nonuniform underlying surface, it is found that the mean height of roughness elements, fractional vegetation cover and leaf area index are the most essential parameters of vertical wind profile under neutral conditions. By using Landsat-5 data, every-10-days observed data in the field, the every-10-days Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data from NOAA-14 meteorological satellite, 1 : 10000 land-use data, and 1 : 10000 topographical data, the mean height, leaf area index and fractional vegetation cover of wheat at Yucheng Integrated Agricultural Experiment Station are simulated as functions of NDVI. Then, hourly horizontal wind velocity at a height of 4m during the period from 21:05 on 5 March 2000 to 7:05 on 24 May 2000 is calculated, for which hourly observed horizontal wind velocity at a height of 2m is first used to simulate the wheat parameter of the dimensionless constant. The results show that the simulated velocity is almost identical to the observation velocity at a height of 4 m.

Zareie, HM, Xu, X & Cortie, MB 2007, 'In situ organization of gold nanorods on mixed self-assembled-monolayer substrates', Small, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 139-145.
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A method is described for assembling gold nanorods, end-to-end, into long chains attached on top of a mixed self-assembled monolayer that has been functionalized with streptavidin. Methods to prepare chains Of nanorods in colloidal suspension have been reported by others, but our protocol offers a way to directly form such structures on a substrate. The rods are spaced ~~5 nm apart i the resulting chains, which extend for over a micrometer in length. The assembly and morphology of the nanorods structures were characterised by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy as well as by scanning electron microscopy and scanning probe microscopy. Strcutures of this type could concievably serve as plasmonic waveguides in future nanodevices.

Zhang, H, Gu, H & Xi, Y 2007, 'A Benders decomposition algorithm for base station planning problem in WCDMA networks', Computers & Operations Research, vol. 38, no. 11, pp. 1674-1687.

Zhang, H, Xi, Y & Gu, H 2007, 'A rolling window optimization method for large-scale WCDMA base stations planning problem', European Journal Of Operational Research, vol. 183, no. 1, pp. 370-383.
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Zhang, HY, Xi, YG & Gu, HY 2007, 'Planning WCDMA wireless networks using rolling window', Zidonghua Xuebao/Acta Automatica Sinica, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 432-434.
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The large scale optimization problem of WCDMA wireless networks base station planning is studied by means of the basic principle of rolling window optimization. A WCDMA base station planning method based on rolling windows is presented, where the global optimization problem is decomposed into small scale optimization problems in rolling windows. An effective shifting strategy is designed to move the windows in two-dimensional space, and the inter-interference in WCDMA networks is predicted for each rolling window. It is proved that our method keeps the global objective of the original problem non-increasing during optimization. In simulation, three different shifting strategies are tested, and the results are analyzed. This paper shows the importance of shifting strategy for rolling windows in two-dimensional space.

Zhang, Y, Chen, M, Zhou, BB, Jermiin, LS & Larkum, AWD 2007, 'Evolution of the inner light-harvesting antenna protein family of cyanobacteria, algae, and plants', Journal of Molecular Evolution, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 321-331.
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Two hypotheses account for the evolution of the inner antenna light-harvesting proteins of oxygenic photosynthesis in cyanobacteria, algae, and plants: one in which the CP43 protein of photosytem II gave rise to the extrinsic CP43-like antennas of cyanobacteria (i.e. IsiA and Pcb proteins), as a late development, and the other in which CP43 and CP43-like proteins derive from an ancestral protein. In order to determine which of these hypotheses is most likely, we analyzed the family of antenna proteins by a variety of phylogenetic techniques, using alignments of the six common membrane-spanning helices, constructed using information on the antenna proteins' three-dimensional structure, and surveyed for evidence of factors that might confound inference of a correct phylogeny. The first hypothesis was strongly supported. As a consequence, we conclude that the ancestral photosynthetic apparatus, with 11 membrane-spanning helices, split at an early stage during evolution to form, on the one hand, the reaction center of photosystem II and, on the other hand, the ancestor of inner antenna proteins, CP43 (PsbC) and CP47 (PsbB). Only much later in evolution did the CP43 lineage give rise to the CP43' proteins (IsiA and Pcb) of cyanobacteria. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

Zhu, Q, Dennis, ES & Upadhyaya, N 2007, 'compact shoot and leafy head 1, a mutation affects leaf initiation and developmental transition in rice (Oryza sativa L.)', PLANT CELL REPORTS, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 421-427.
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The shoot apical meristem (SAM) produces lateral organs in a regular spacing (phyllotaxy) and at a regular interval (phyllochron) during the vegetative phase. In a Dissociotion (Ds) insertion rice population, we identified a mutant, compact shoot and lea

Agbinya, JI, Reisenfeld, S, Malaney, R, Dutkiewicz, E, Challa, S, Al-Jumaily, A, Ahmed, AA, Lal, S, Braun, R, Chaczko, Z, Sevimli, O, Sithamparanathan, K & Manteuffel, D 2007, 'Chairman's welcome', The 2nd International Conference on Wireless Broadband and Ultra Wideband Communications, AusWireless 2007.
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Arnold, MD & Blaikie, RJ 2007, 'Reflections in Evanescent Wave Lithography', 3rd International Conference on Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, AMN3, MacDiarmid Institute, Wellington, New Zealand, pp. 205-205.

Asatryan, AA, Botten, LC, Byrne, MA, Freilikher, VD, Gredeskul, SA, McPhedran, RC, Shadrivov, IV & Kivshar, YS 2007, 'Anderson localisation of light in the presence of metamaterials', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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The localisation properties of one-dimensional stacks composed of alternating layers of normal and metamaterials have been studied both numerically and analytically. It is shown that the localisation length in mixed stacks in the long wavelength limit is much longer than that in homogeneous samples containing layers of only one type. The absence of transmission resonances in mixed stacks for long wavelengths is also established. We attrib-ute these results to the inability of waves to accumulate phase in the mixed structures. © 2007 Optical Society of America.

Asatryan, AA, Botten, LC, Byrne, MA, McPhedran, RC & De Sterke, CM 2007, 'Possible evidence for a mobility edge for photons in two dimensions', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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We have applied a renormalization group analysis to the study of Anderson localization of light in 2D disordered PCs. Contrary to common belief, we find possible evidence of a mobility edge in two di-mensions. ©2007 Optical Society of America.

Asatryan, AA, Byrne, MA, Freilikher, VD, Gredeskul, S, McPhedran, RC, Shadrivov, I & Kivshar, Y 2007, 'Anderson localisation of light in the presence of metamaterials', Photonic metamaterials : from random to periodic (META), Photonic Metamaterials: from random to periodic (META), Optical society of America, Wyoming, USA, pp. 1-3.
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The localisation properties of one-dimensional stacks composed of alternating layers of normal and metamaterials have been studied both numerically and analytically. It is shwon that the localisation length in mixed stacks inthe long wavelength limit is much longer than that in homogenous samples containing layers of only one type. The absence of transmission resonances in mixed stacks for long wavelengths isna lso established. We attribute these results to the inability of waves to accumulate phase in the mixed structures.

Bai, H, Berkahn, MB & Cortie, MB 2007, 'Characterization of nanometer-sized VO2 nanoparticles prepared by an aqueous route', Proceedings of the 31st Annual Condensed Matter and Materials Meeting, Annual Condensed Matter and Materials Meeting, Australian Institute of Physics, Wagga Wagga, Australia, pp. 1-3.
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We describe a convenient aqueous route to prepare VO2, based on the reductive precipitation of vanadium dioxide VO2 from a vanadate solution. The effect of the reaction conditions is systematically studied, and a protocol to optimize the production of VO2 while minimizing the appearance of other compounds is presented. The products were characterized using calorimetry, X-ray diffraction and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy.

Biady, J, O'Brien, B & Simpson, AM 2007, 'An insulin secreting liver cell line, TAO, is resistant to the cytotoxic effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines via NF-KB-dependent pathways', Journal of Gene Medicine, Wiley, Canberra, pp. 527-527.

Blaikie, RJ, Moore, CP, Arnold, MD & Melville, DO 2007, 'Near-field Imaging through Plasmonic Superlenses', Proceedings SPIE 6801, Photonics: Design, Technology, and Packaging III, SPIE, Canberra, Australia.

Bordas, F, Seassal, C, Dupuy, E, Regreny, P, Gendry, M, Steel, MJ & Rahmani, A 2007, 'Room-Temperature InAs/InP Quantum-Dot Photonic Crystal Microlasers Using Cavity-Confined Slow Light', 2007 CONFERENCE ON LASERS & ELECTRO-OPTICS/QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2007), CLEO 2007, IEEE, Baltimore, USA, pp. 1-2.
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Photonic crystals (PCs) have attracted much attention for their ability to control light on a micrometer scale. Two major strategies are used, each of them exploiting a particular property of PCs. The first approach is based on the introduction of a defect in a 2D PC slab, which creates a localized level in the band gap. The careful design of the cavity border can yield very high quality factors and small modal volumes, which can lead to lasing provided a gain medium is present in the device [1]. The second approach builds upon the enhanced local density of electromagnetic states associated with the critical points of the band dispersion diagram. As the group velocity is zero at these points, the electromagnetic interaction between light and matter is greatly enhanced and allows efficient laser operation in the presence of a gain medium [2]. We propose to develop new active PC structures that combine the intrinsic high density of states associated with a slow light mode and the compactness of the microcavity, by using twodimensional cavity-confined slow light modes.

Bordas, F, Seassal, C, Dupuy, E, Regreny, P, Gendry, M, Steel, MJ & Rahmani, A 2007, 'Room-Temperature InAs/InP Quantum-Dot Photonic Crystal Microlasers Using Cavity-Confined Slow Light', 2007 CONFERENCE ON LASERS & ELECTRO-OPTICS/QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2007), VOLS 1-5, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference, IEEE, Baltimore, MD, pp. 1065-+.

Bordas, F, Seassal, C, Steel, MJ & Rahmani, A 2007, 'Slow-Light Trapping in a Photonic Crystal Slab', 2007 CONFERENCE ON LASERS & ELECTRO-OPTICS/QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2007), CLEO2007, IEEE, Baltimore, USA, pp. 1-2.
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We present a general scheme to trap slow-light in a photonic crystal slab and achieve high Q/V ratio with a fabrication tolerant design, well suited for low-threshold microlasers and cavity quantum electrodynamics.

Bordas, F, Steel, MJ, Seassal, C & Rahmani, A 2007, 'Slow-Light Trapping in a Photonic Crystal Slab', 2007 CONFERENCE ON LASERS & ELECTRO-OPTICS/QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2007), VOLS 1-5, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference, IEEE, Baltimore, MD, pp. 2119-+.

Bordas, F, Steel, MJ, Seassal, C & Rahmani, A 2007, 'Slow-Light trapping in a photonic crystal slab', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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We present a general scheme to trap slowlight in a photonic crystal slab and achieve high Q/V ratio with a fabrication tolerant design, well suited for lowthreshold microlasers and cavity quantum electrodynamics. © 2007 Optical Society of America.

Bordas, F, Steel, MJ, Seassal, C & Rahmani, A 2007, 'Slow-light trapping in a photonic crystal slab', Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, 2007, CLEO 2007.
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We present a general scheme to trap slow-light in a photonic crystal slab and achieve high Q/V ratio with a fabrication tolerant design, well suited for low-threshold microlasers and cavity quantum electrodynamics. © 2007 Optical Society of America.

Bordas, F, Steel, MJ, Seassal, C & Rahmani, A 2007, 'Slow-light trapping in a photonic crystal slab', Conference on Quantum Electronics and Laser Science (QELS) - Technical Digest Series.
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We present a general scheme to trap slow-light in a photonic crystal slab and achieve high Q/V ratio with a fabrication tolerant design, well suited for low-threshold microlasers and cavity quantum electrodynamics. ©2007 Optical Society of America.

Botten, LC, Dossou, KB, Asatryan, AA, Wilcox, S, McPhedran, RC & de Sterke, CM 2007, 'Exact modeling of generalised defect modes in photonic crystals', 2007 CONFERENCE ON LASERS & ELECTRO-OPTICS/QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2007), VOLS 1-5, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference, IEEE, Baltimore, MD, pp. 2105-+.

Botten, LC, Dossou, KB, Asatryan, AA, Wilcox, S, McPhedran, RC & de Sterke, CM 2007, 'Exact modelling of generalised defect modes in photonic crystals', 2007 THE JOINT INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON OPTICAL INTERNET AND AUSTRALIAN CONFERENCE ON OPTICAL FIBRE TECHNOLOGY, Joint International Conference on Optical Internet/Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology, IEEE, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA, pp. 88-+.

Botten, LC, Dossou, KB, Asatryan, AA, Wilcox, S, McPhedran, RC & de Sterke, CM 2007, 'Exact modelling of generalised defect modes in photonic crystals', COIN-ACOFT 2007, International Conference on rthe Optical Internet (COIN), and the 32nd Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology (ACOFT), Engineers Australia & the Australian Optical Society, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 1-3.
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We present an exact method for modelling modes of general defects with infinite cladding. It handles the pathological case of highly extended modes adn establishes thefundamental modes of a conventional PCF has no cut-off.

Botten, LC, Dossou, KB, Asatryan, AA, Wilcox, S, McPhedran, RC & Martijn De Sterke, C 2007, 'Exact modeling of generalised defect modes in photonic crystals', Conference on Quantum Electronics and Laser Science (QELS) - Technical Digest Series.
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We present an exact method for modeling modes of general defects with infinite cladding. It handles the pathological case of highly extended modes and establishes the fundamental mode of a conventional PCF has no cutoff. ©2007 Optical Society of America.

Botten, LC, Dossou, KB, Asatryan, AA, Wilcox, S, McPhedran, RC & Martijn De Sterke, C 2007, 'Exact modeling of generalised defect modes in photonic crystals', Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, 2007, CLEO 2007.
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We present an exact method for modeling modes of general defects with infinite cladding. It handles the pathological case of highly extended modes and establishes the fundamental mode of a conventional PCF has no cutoff. © 2007 Optical Society of America.

Botten, LC, Dossou, KB, Asatryan, AA, Wilcox, S, McPhedran, RC & Martijn De Sterke, C 2007, 'Exact modelling of generalised defect modes in photonic crystals', 2007 Joint International Conference on Optical Internet and Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology, COIN-ACOFT 2007.
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We present an exact method for modelling modes of general defects with infinite cladding. It handles the pathological case of highly extended modes and establishes the fundamental mode of a conventional PCF has no cut-off.

Botten, LC, Dossou, KB, Wilcox, S, McPhedran, RC, de Sterke, CM, Nicorovici, NA & Asatryan, AA 2007, 'Accurate defect mode modelling in photonic crystals using the generalised fictitious source superposition method', PIERS 2007 BEIJING: PROGRESS IN ELECTROMAGNETICS RESEARCH SYMPOSIUM, PTS I AND II, PROCEEDINGS, Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS 2007), ELECTROMAGNETICS ACAD, Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 1551-+.

Brown, TA, Kohan, L & Ben-Nissan, B 2007, 'Assessment by finite element analysis of the impact of osteoporosis and osteoarthritis on hip resurfacing', Proceedings of the 5th Australasian Congress on Applied Mechanics (ACAM 2007), Australasian Congress on Applied Mechanics, Engineers Australia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, pp. 271-276.
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Hip resurfacing is proposed as an alternative to total hip replacement (THR) for treatment of osteoarthritis (OA), especially for younger, heavier and more active sufferers. There is however, concern with regards to the incidence of post operative femoral neck fractures. We have investigated, with finite element models, the changes in stress and strain in the femoral neck following hip resurfacing. We have included several different bone material property values representing normal, elderly, osteoarthritic and osteoporotic bone. We have also modelled two different hip implant orientations. We have shown that hip resurfacing may increase the magnitude of stress and strain in the femoral neck, especially in osteoporotic bone. We have also shown that the superolateral offset associated with the valgus orientation, not the valgus orientation itself, may be what reduces the stress and strain in the neck and leads to lower incidence of fracture.

Bruti Liberati, N, Nikitopoulos Sklibosios, C, Platen, E & Schlogl, E 2007, 'Defaultable term structure models under the benchmark approach', Quantitative Methods in Finance 2007 Conference, Sydney, Australia.

Bruti Liberati, N, Nikitopoulos Sklibosios, C, Platen, E & Schlogl, E 2007, 'Real-World Pricing for Defaultable Term Structure Models', CREDIT 2007, Venice, Italy.

Clark, D, Lucas, F & Ryan, LM 2007, 'Predicting Hospital Mortality, Length Of Stay, And Transfer To Long-term Care For Injured Patients', Journal Of Trauma-injury Infection And Critical Care, 19th Annual Meeting of the Eastern-Association-for-the-Surgery-of-Trauma, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Orlando, FL, pp. 592-600.
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Background: Using hospital length of stay (LOS) to measure trauma care efficiency is complicated by short LOS resulting from early mortality or transfer to long-term care (LTC). Methods: Records from the 1999 to 2003 National Trauma Data Bank were used t

Cluzel, B, Lalouat, L, De Fornel, F, Velha, P, Picard, E, Hadji, E, Callard, S, Seassal, C, Letartre, X, Rahmani, A, Lalanne, P & Peyrade, D 2007, 'Imaging and manipulating confined electromagnetic fields in photonic crystal nanocavities with SNOM probes', Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe - Technical Digest.
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By using the optical near-field microscopy technique coupled to microphotoluminescence or transmittance experiments, we investigate the optical near-field properties of photonic crystal nanocavities and evidence the near-field probe ability to manipulate their resonances.

Cluzel, B, Lalouat, L, de Fornel, F, Velha, P, Picard, E, Hadji, E, Callard, S, Seassal, C, Letartre, X, Rahmani, A, Lalanne, P & Peyrade, D 2007, 'Imaging and manipulating confined electromagnetic fields in photonic crystal nanocavities with SNOM probes', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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By using the optical near-field microscopy technique coupled to microphotoluminescence or transmittance experiments, we investigate the optical near-field properties of photonic crystal nanocavities and evidence the near-field probe ability to manipulate their resonances.© CLEO Europe 2007.

Coleman, VA, Bradby, JE, Jagadish, C & Phillips, MR 2006, 'A comparison of the mechanical properties and the impact of contact induced damage in a- and c-axis ZnO single crystals', ZINC OXIDE AND RELATED MATERIALS, Symposium on Zinc Oxide and Related Materials held at the 2006 MRS Fall Meeting, MATERIALS RESEARCH SOC, Boston, MA, pp. 213-+.

Cortie, MB, Barnett, MW & Ford, M 2007, 'Active control of the optical properties of nanoscale coatings using 'smart' nanoparticles', Nanocoatings. Proceedings of SPIE vol 6647, SPIE, SPIE, San Diego, USA, pp. 1-4.
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Coatings that can self-modulate their optical properties as a function of an external stimulus are of significant technological interest. In this regard, the possibilities for thermo- or electrochromic materials such as VO2 and WO3 are already comparatively well-known. Here, however, we explore a new kind of 'smart' coating, based on the active control of a plasmon resonance in nanoparticles. One possible system is based on the modulation of the plasmon resonance of a precious metal nanorod or nanosphere by an active dielectric shell. The active dielectric undergoes an insulator-to-metal transition on increase of temperature which modulates the plasmon resonance of the underlying precious metal nanoparticle, thereby changing the wavelength at which its optical extinction is maximum. In the case of nanorods, the absorption maximum of the longitudinal plasmon is particularly sensitive to the aspect ratio of the nanoparticle and the dielectric properties of the environment, and may be readily tuned across the visible and near-infrared portions of the spectrum. In addition, nanoparticles of certain thermochromic dielectrics, such as VO2, are expected to have a plasmon resonance of their own which can be switched on or off by control of the temperature. We consider some of the possibilities, using both the discrete dipole approximation and the exact analytical solution due to Mie to calculate the optical properties.

Dossou, KB, McPhedran, RC, Botten, LC, Asatryan, AA & de Sterke, CM 2007, 'Gap-edge asymptotics of defect modes in 2D photonic crystals', 2007 THE JOINT INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON OPTICAL INTERNET AND AUSTRALIAN CONFERENCE ON OPTICAL FIBRE TECHNOLOGY, Joint International Conference on Optical Internet/Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology, IEEE, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA, pp. 91-+.

Dossou, KB, McPhedran, RC, Botten, LC, Asatryan, AA & de Sterke, CM 2007, 'Gap-edged asymptotics of defect modes in 2D photonic crystals', COIN-ACOFT 2007, International Conference on the optical Internet (COIN), Engineers Australia & Australian Optical Society, Melbourne, pp. 1-3.
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We consider the evolution of defect modes created in complete band gaps of 2D photonic crystals by altering the dielectric contsant in some region. We derive a simple exponential law which links the frequency difference between the defect mode and the band edge to the dielectric constant change.

Elder, M 2007, 'G-automata, counter languages and the Chomsky hierarchy', Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, pp. 313-318.
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Esposito, V, Fronzi, M & Traversa, E 2006, 'Synthesis and densification of nanometric Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9-delta', SOLID-STATE IONICS-2006, Symposium on Solid-State Ionics held at the 2006 MRS Fall Meeting, MATERIALS RESEARCH SOC, Boston, MA, pp. 169-+.

Foley, M, Ton-That, C & Kirkup, L 2007, 'Electrical Properties of Pure and Oxygen-Intercalated Fullerene Films', Proceedings of the 31st Annual Condensed Matter and Materials Meeting, Annual Condensed Matter and Materials Meeting, Australian National University, Wagga Wagga, Australia, pp. 1-3.
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The conductivity of polycrystalline fullerene films as a function of oxygen concentration was investigated and found to be affected significantly by changes in oxygen partial pressure. The conductivity of the film was fitted to an Arrhenius curve. Analysis of the data indicated that a change of 0.11eV in activation energy occurred as the oxygen pressure was varied over two orders of magnitude.

Freude, W, Koos, C, Poulton, CG, Fujii, M & Leuthold, J 2007, 'Minimizing roughness loss for ultra-compactly bent high index-contrast waveguides', ICTON 2007: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 9TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRANSPARENT OPTICAL NETWORKS, VOL 2, 9th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON 2007), IEEE, Rome, ITALY, pp. 184-+.
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Fujii, M, Takashima, T, Maitra, A, Leuthold, J, Freude, W & Poulton, C 2007, 'Nonreciprocal Transmission and Low-Threshold Bistability in Strongly Modulated Asymmetric Nonlinear WBGs', 2007 CONFERENCE ON LASERS & ELECTRO-OPTICS/QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2007), VOLS 1-5, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference, IEEE, Baltimore, MD, pp. 1437-+.

Fujii, M, Takashima, T, Maitra, A, Leuthold, J, Freude, W & Poulton, CG 2007, 'Nonreciprocal transmission and low-threshold bistability in strongly modulated asymmetric nonlinear WBGs', Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference and Photonic Applications Systems Technologies 2007 Technical Digest, IEEE Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, Optical Society of America, Balitmore, USA, pp. 1-2.
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Nonreciprocal optical bistability is numerically investigated in InGaAsP/InP nonlinear waveguide Bragg gratings having a strong and asymmetric sidewall modulation. Minimum switching power as low as 77 mW is predicted by choosing optimal switching conditions.

Gentle, AR, Maaroof, AI, Cortie, MB & Smith, G 2007, 'Optical and electrical switching in nanostructured coatings of VO2', Nanocoatings. Proceedings of SPIE vol 6647, SPIE, SPIE, San Diego, California, USA, pp. 1-8.
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Vanadium dioxide udergoes a reversible metal-insulator phase transition at about 68 degrees C. Cooatings iof this compound are reflective in the infrared above this temperature, and transmissive or absorptive below it, while resistivity changes by several orders of magnitude. We present a convenient methods for deposting films with nano-sized grains, which are then optically and electrically characterised. Emphasis in this study is the impact of aluminium doping and grain sturcture. The optical hysteresis is rpesnted and its switching range is not altered at different soping levels but he value of transition temperature Tc does shift. In contrast hysteresis in dc resistance does change with a strong correlation between the fall in resistance in the semiconductor state with doping, in the drop in Tc and the electrica properties in the metal state. For grain sizes under about 180 nm the conductivity in the mtal phase is not linear in temperature but is thermally activated, with activation enegies delta E dependent on both grain size G and doping level.

Godfrey, CM, Stensrud, DJ & Leslie, LM 2007, 'A new latent heat flux parameterization for land surface models', 87th AMS Annual Meeting.

Gu, H, Xi, Y & Tao, J 2007, 'Randomized Lagrangian heuristic based on Nash equilibrium for large scale single machine scheduling problem', Intelligent Control, 2007. ISIC 2007, IEEE, Singapore, pp. 464-468.

Ha, S, Sukhorukov, AA, Dossou, KB, Botten, LC & Kivshar, YS 2007, 'Dispersionless tunneling of slow light in antisymmetric photonic-crystal couplers', 2007 PACIFIC RIM CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS, VOLS 1-4, Pacific Rim Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, IEEE, Seoul, SOUTH KOREA, pp. 1111-+.

Hill, MD, McGrath, KC, Celemajer, DS, Handelsman, DJ & Heather, AK 2007, 'Testosterone has gender-specific effects on atherogenesis', Heart, Lung and Circulation, Elsevier, pp. S164-S164.
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Huete, AR 2007, 'Satellite and tower flux comparisons of tropical forest functioning in the Mekong Region', 28th Asian Conference on Remote Sensing 2007, ACRS 2007, pp. 316-321.
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Recent neotropical rainforest studies with local tower flux measurements and satellite observations have shown a strong correspondence of seasonal ecosystem carbon fluxes with satellite measures of greenness that follow the availability of sunlight. However, in drier tropical forests and in areas of forest disturbance, fluxes were more likely to track seasonal water availability. The tropical forests of the Mekong Region in Southeast Asia are more extensively degraded due to intense land use pressures and thus may be more drought susceptible. In this study, we investigated the seasonal patterns of Terra-MODIS satellite measures of enhanced vegetation index (EVI) greenness across a series of tropical forest types, encompassing intact drought-deciduous and dry evergreen tropical forests. Climate and environmental controls on the resulting phenologic profiles were then evaluated. The satellite time series data were compared with local site tower flux measures of gross primary productivity (GPP) for calibration and possible extension of tower flux measures to regional scales. Our results show large phenologic variability and differences in moisture and light controls on productivity across the different tropical forests with the drier forest sites primarily water-limited, and the more humid evergreen forests showing a positive trend with light availability. Disturbed forest areas were increasingly drought-susceptible. Satellite greenness observations were generally consistent and linearly related with tower flux GPP measurements at the tower sites, providing opportunities for regional scaling of carbon fluxes across the heterogeneous surface states of the Mekong Region.

Ip, K, Thomas, P, Stuart, BH & Ray, AS 2007, 'Thermal characterisation of the clay binder of heritage Sydney sandstone', Medicta 2007: The 8th Mediterranean Conference on Calorimetry and Thermal Analysis Book of Abstracts, 8th Mediterranean Conference on Calorimetry and Thermal Analysis, Palermo.

Jiang, Z, Huete, AR, Kim, Y & Didan, K 2007, '2-band enhanced vegetation index without a blue band and its application to AVHRR data', REMOTE SENSING AND MODELING OF ECOSYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABILITY IV, Conference on Remote Sensing and Modelling of Ecosystems for Sustainability IV, SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, San Antonio, CA.
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Jurnrusprasert, P, Smith, G & Kirkup, L 2007, 'Comparing the efficiency of fixed solar cell panels in a tropical location', PROCEEDINGS OF ISES SOLAR WORLD CONGRESS 2007: SOLAR ENERGY AND HUMAN SETTLEMENT, VOLS I-V, Solar World Congress of the International-Solar-Energy-Society, TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY PRESS, Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 1478-1483.

Kamiya, E, Seymour, JR, Mitchell, JG, Nishimura, M, Hamasaki, K & Kogure, K 2007, 'Relationships between abundance of viral subpopulations, bacteria and picophytoplankton in coastal areas.', Japan.

Kan, DJ, Marshall, GD, Botten, LC, Asatryan, AA & Withford, M 2007, 'Transverse coupling of light into the core of a photonic crystal fibre', Proceedings of the Joint International Conference on Optical Internet, 2007 and the 2007 32nd Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology. COIN-ACOFT 2007, International Conference on the Optical Internet, IEEE, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 1-3.
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The efect of cladding region on coupling transversely-launched light into the core of a photonic crystal fibre (pcf) is studied experimentally and using a multipole based computer model. The model verifies the experimental observations of the preferred core coupling rotation angles and illustrates the importance of correctly selecting the angle of the incidence in a pcf grating writing geometry

Kan, DJ, Marshall, GD, Botten, LC, Asatryan, AA & Withford, MJ 2007, 'Transverse coupling of light into the core of a photonic crystal fibre', 2007 THE JOINT INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON OPTICAL INTERNET AND AUSTRALIAN CONFERENCE ON OPTICAL FIBRE TECHNOLOGY, Joint International Conference on Optical Internet/Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology, IEEE, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA, pp. 73-+.

Kim, Y, Huete, AR, Jiang, Z & Miura, T 2007, 'Multisensor reflectance and vegetation index comparisons of amazon tropical forest phenology with hyperspectral hyperion data', REMOTE SENSING AND MODELING OF ECOSYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABILITY IV, Conference on Remote Sensing and Modelling of Ecosystems for Sustainability IV, SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, San Antonio, CA.
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Koos, C, Jacome, L, Poulton, C, Leuthold, J & Freude, W 2007, 'Nonlinear high index-contrast waveguides with optimum geometry', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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Universal design curves for nonlinear high index-contrast strip/slot waveguides are computed. Predicted nonlinearity parameters are more than three orders of magnitude larger than for highly nonlinear-bers, thus enabling ultrafast on-chip all-optical signal processing. © 2007 Optical Society of America.

Koos, C, Jacome, L, Poulton, C, Leuthold, J & Freude, W 2007, 'Nonlinear high index-contrast waveguides with optimum geometry', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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Universal design curves for nonlinear high index-contrast strip/slot waveguides are computed. Predicted nonlinearity parameters are more than three orders of magnitude larger than for highly nonlinear-bers, thus enabling ultrafast on-chip all-optical signal processing. © 2007 Optical Society of America.

Laeng, J, Xiu, Z, Xu, X, Sun, X, Ru, H & Liu, Y 2007, 'Phase formation of Ni-Ti via solid state reaction', pp. 250-254.
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Lal, S & Bekiaris, E 2006, 'The reliability of sensing fatigue from neurophysiology', AusWireless 2006: International Conference on Wireless Broadband and Ultra Wideband Communications Proceedings, International conference on Wireless Broadband and Ultra Wideband Communication, UTS, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1-4.
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To date no-study has tested the reproducibility of electroencephalography (EEG) changes that occur during driver fatigue. For the EEG changes to be useful in the development of a fatigue sensing and countermeasure device the EEG response during each onset period of fatigue in individuals needs to be reproducible. The aim of the present study was to investigate the reproducibility of the EEG changes during fatigue in professional drivers in order to identify the feasibility of the EEG measure for a fatigue sensor. Twenty professional drivers were assessed during two separate sessions of a driver simulator task.

little, D, Dekker, P, Rahmani, A, Dawes, J, Marshall, GD & Withford, M 2007, 'Characterisation of fs-laser written refractive index changes using near-field scanning optical microscopy', PHOTONICS: DESIGN, TECHNOLOGY, AND PACKAGING III Book Series: Proceedings of the Socitey of Phot-optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE), SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, Canberra, Australia.
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We have performed measurements using a purpose-built Near-field Scanning Optical Microscope and shown that waveguides written with a fs laser in the kHz regime have an asymmetry associated with the unidirectional nature of the writing beam. Further, the asymmetry becomes more pronounced with increasing pulse energy. At very high pulse energies (5-10 J) the presence of multiple guided regions was also observed, indicating that the refractive index profile of the waveguide possesses several maxima, a result which is consistent with current studies on the filamentation process that high-powered laser pulses experience in a dielectric medium. In this paper we will present these observations, their subsequent analysis and implications for photonic device fabrication using this method

Lloyd, M, van Reyk, D, Davies, M & Hawkins, C 2007, 'HOSCN is a more potent inducer of apoptosis and protein thiol depletion in murine macrophage cels than HOCl or HOBr', FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE, 14th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Free-Radical-Biology-and-Medicine, ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, Washington, DC, pp. S77-S77.

Lossy, B, Graudins, A, Escoubas, P, Hains, PG & Nicholson, GM 2007, 'Isolation of novel neurotoxins from the venom of the Australian rough-scaled snake (Tropidechis carinatus)', 27th International Congress of the European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists, Athens, Greece.

Luo, M, Luo, M, Berger, F, Dennis, ES, Peacock, JW & Chaudhury, A 2006, 'DNA-METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 is a member of FIS polycomb complex and is involved in seed development in Arabidopsis', BIOTECHNOLOGY AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE 2006 AND BEYOND, 11th Annual Congress of the International- Association-for-Plant-Tissue-Culture-and-Biotechnology, SPRINGER, Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 131-133.
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Maaroof, AI, Gentle, AR, Cortie, MB & Smith, GB 2007, 'Nanoporous plasmonic coatings', NANOCOATINGS, Conference on Nanocoatings, SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, San Diego, CA.
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MacNamara, S, Burrage, K & Sidje, RB 2007, 'Stochastic analysis of the VEGF receptor response curve', AIP Conference Proceedings, pp. 238-247.
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Recently, an analysis of the response curve of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor and its application to cancer therapy was described in [T. Alarcón, and K. Page, J. R. Soc. Lond. Interface 4, 283 - 304 (2007)]. The analysis is significantly extended here by demonstrating that an alternative computational strategy, namely the Krylov FSP algorithm for the direct solution of the chemical master equation, is feasible for the study of the receptor model. The new method allows us to further investigate the hypothesis of symmetry in the stochastic fluctuations of the response. Also, by augmenting the original model with a single reversible reaction we formulate a plausible mechanism capable of realizing a bimodal response, which is reported experimentally but which is not exhibited by the original model. The significance of these findings for mechanisms of tumour resistance to antiangiogenic therapy is discussed. © 2007 American Institute of Physics.

Maher, A, Lake, M, Langtry, T & Hill, C 2007, 'A proteomics laboratory system and digital mentor', APAC07, Conference and Exhibition on Advanced Computing, Grid Application and eResearch, Australian Partnership for Advanced Computing, Perth, Australia, pp. 1-19.
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The typical small biological laboratory is cmposed of electronic scientific equipment and wet laboratory equipment where staff record reesults into paper workbooks. There is oftern a lack of expert staff to guide new users, and hard won experience is locked away with individual staff and their workbooks. The Proteomics Laboratory System and Digital Mentor aims to: facilitate the capture, analysis and sharing of results; facilitate the creation and documentation of standardised work flows and experimental procedures; and mentore inexperienced users in best practice when engaged in particular procedures in the laboratory. In this paper we discuss the design of the system and report on the initial production release. This is nased on a relational database and web-server framework. A novel aspect of the system is the exploitation of custom extensions to a wiki-style interface that add functionality for non-expert end-users.

Marshall, GD, Ams, M, little, D, Jovanovic, N, Fuerbach, A, Dekker, P, Rahmani, A, Dawes, J, Piper, J & Withford, M 2007, 'Direct writing of planar lightwave devices using ultrafast lasers', Joint international conference on the optical internet (COIN) and Australian conference on optical fibre technology (ACOFT) : proceedings, Australian conference on optical fibre technology, IEEE, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 1-2.
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Ultrafast laser direct write micro-fabrication has emerged as a significant enabling technology creating new opportunities in microphotonics. The talk will present recent results of the performance of laser written microphotonic componentry in bulk glasses.

Marshall, GD, Ams, M, Little, D, Jovanovic, N, Fuerbach, A, Dekker, P, Rahmani, A, Dawes, JM, Piper, JA & Withford, MJ 2007, 'Direct writing of planar lightwave devices using ultrafast lasers', 2007 THE JOINT INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON OPTICAL INTERNET AND AUSTRALIAN CONFERENCE ON OPTICAL FIBRE TECHNOLOGY, Joint International Conference on Optical Internet/Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology, IEEE, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA, pp. 352-+.

Marshall, GD, Kan, DJ, Asatryan, AA, Botten, LC & Withford, MJ 2007, 'Side coupling light into the core of photonic crystal fiber', Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, 2007, CLEO 2007.
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The effect of the cladding region on coupling side-launched light into the core of photonic crystal fiber is studied experimentally and using a multipole computer model. The implications on grating writing in PCFs are discussed. © 2007 Optical Society of America.

Marshall, GD, Kan, DJ, Asatryan, AA, Botten, LC & Withford, MJ 2007, 'Side Coupling Light Into the Core of Photonic Crystal Fiber', 2007 CONFERENCE ON LASERS & ELECTRO-OPTICS/QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2007), VOLS 1-5, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference, IEEE, Baltimore, MD, pp. 1031-+.

Martijn de Sterke, C, McPhedran, RC, Mahmoodian, S, Botten, LC, Dossou, K & Sukhorukov, A 2007, 'Gap and defects in periodic structures', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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We consider photonic crystals near band gap edges: we develop an analytic theory for weak defects, and also show how to manipulate the band edge curvature in 1D structures, such as found in optical fibers. © 2007 Optical Society of America.

McCracken, J, Schwartz, J, Mittleman, M, Ryan, L, Diaz Artiga, A & Smith, KR 2007, 'Biomass smoke exposure and acute lower respiratory infections among Guatemalan children', EPIDEMIOLOGY, 19th Annual Conference of the International-Society-for-Environmental-Epidemiology, LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS, Mexico City, MEXICO, pp. S185-S185.

McGinnis, JM, Birt, DF, Brannon, PM, Carroll, RJ, Gibbons, RD, Hazzard, WR, Kamerow, DB, Levin, B, Ntambi, JM, Paneth, N, Rogers, D, Saftlas, AF & Vaughan, W 2007, 'National institutes of health state-of-the-science conference statement: Multivitamin/mineral supplements and chronic disease prevention', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION, OXFORD UNIV PRESS, pp. 257S-264S.

Meier, PC 2007, 'Auditing Traditional Chinese Medicine', International Oriental Medicine Symposium of Dong-Eui University, Korea, Busan.

Missmer, SA, Pearson, KR, Ryan, LM, Meeker, JD, Cramer, DW & Hauser, R 2007, 'Methodologic issues and statistical approaches to the analysis of multiple cycle data from couples undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF).', FERTILITY AND STERILITY, 63rd Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Reproductive-Medicine, ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, Washington, DC, pp. S123-S123.
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Morara, M, Ryan, LM, Houseman, A & Strauss, W 2007, 'Optimal Design For Epidemiological Studies Subject To Designed Missingness', Lifetime Data Analysis, Conference on Statistical Methods for Emerging Issues in Observational Studies and Epidemiology, Springer, Seattle, WA, pp. 583-605.
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In large epidemiological studies, budgetary or logistical constraints will typically preclude study investigators from measuring all exposures, covariates and outcomes of interest on all study subjects. We develop a flexible theoretical framework that in

Novikov, A 2007, 'Pricing of Defaultable Securities under Stochastic Interest', Workshop on Mathematical Control Theory and Finance, Workshop on Mathematical Control Theory and Finance, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, Lisbon, Portugal.
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This is a CD edtion of conference papers. An extended version of the paper is accepted for publication in Mathematical Control Theory and Finance, Springer, Editores: A. Sarychev, A. Shiryaev, M. Guerra e M. R. Grossinho, 2008.

Oliver, SN, Zhao, X, Dennis, ES & Dolferus, R 2006, 'The molecular basis of cold-induced pollen sterility in rice', BIOTECHNOLOGY AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE 2006 AND BEYOND, 11th Annual Congress of the International- Association-for-Plant-Tissue-Culture-and-Biotechnology, SPRINGER, Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA, pp. 205-207.
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Onishi, A, Thomas, P, Stuart, BH, Guerbois, JL & Forbes, SL 2007, 'TGMS analysis of the thermal decomposition of pig bone for forensic applications', Medicta 2007: The 8th Mediterranean Conference on Calorimetry and Thermal Analysis, 8th Mediterranean Conference on Calorimetry and Thermal Analysis, Palermo.

Paulhill, KJ, Taddeo, SS, Carroll, RJ, Chapkin, RS, Lupton, JR & Turner, ND 2007, 'Quercetin does not significantly affect the protection of a fish oil diet in early colon careinogenesis', FASEB JOURNAL, Experimental Biology 2007 Annual Meeting, FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL, Washington, DC, pp. A58-A58.

Peng, T & Schlogl, E 2007, 'Default correlation modelling: Binomial lattices, cross entropy and perfect match', CREDIT 2007 Conference, Venice, Italy.

Petrou, K, Shelly, K, Hassler, CS, Schoemann, V, Doblin, MA & Ralph, PJ 2007, 'Ocean productivity in a changing world: Iron-limitation of Southern Ocean phytoplankton and implication for Antarctic meltwater productivity', Australia.

Platen, E 2007, 'Benchmark Approach to Continuous Time Finance', 3rd Australian Postgraduate Workshop on Stochastic Processes and Applications, Sydney, Australia.

Platen, E 2007, 'Extreme Maturity Options', Advances in Mathematics of Finance, Bedelow, Poland.

Platen, E 2007, 'Numerical Solution of SDEs with Jumps in Finance', International Colloquium on Stochastic and Potential Analysis, Hammamut, Tunisia.

Platen, E 2007, 'Numerical Solutions of Stochastic Differential Equations with Jumps in Finance', Stochastic Processes: Theory and Applications Conference, Bressanone, Italy.

Platen, E 2007, 'Portfolio Optimization Under Partial Information', Advanced Mathematical Methods in Finance Conference, Toulouse, France.

Platen, E 2007, 'Simulation of High-Dimensional Models in Finance', Workshop on High-Dimensional Approximation, Canberra, Australia.

Podlipensky, A, Szarniak, P, Joly, NY, Poulton, CG & Russell, PSJ 2007, 'Collision of orthogonally polarized solitons in photonic crystal fiber', 2007 CONFERENCE ON LASERS & ELECTRO-OPTICS/QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2007), VOLS 1-5, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference, IEEE, Baltimore, MD, pp. 1944-1945.

Podlipensky, A, Szarniak, P, Joly, NY, Poulton, CG & Russell, PSJ 2007, 'Collision of orthogonally polarized solitons in photonic crystal fiber', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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We study experimentally the propagation and collision of two orthogonally polarized solitons in a weakly-birefringent photonic crystal fiber. The collision occurs at a particular power and initiates energy transfer between the colliding solitons. © 2007 Optical Society of America.

Podlipensky, A, Szarniak, P, Joly, NY, Poulton, CG & Russell, PSJ 2007, 'Collision of orthogonally polarized solitons in photonic crystal fiber', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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We study experimentally the propagation and collision of two orthogonally polarized solitons in a weakly-birefringent photonic crystal fiber. The collision occurs at a particular power and initiates energy transfer between the colliding solitons. © 2007 Optical Society of America.

Podlipensky, A, Szarniak, P, Joly, NY, Poulton, CG & Russell, PSJ 2007, 'Collision of orthogonally polarized solitons in photonic crystal fiber', Conference on Quantum Electronics and Laser Science (QELS) - Technical Digest Series.
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We study experimentally the propagation and collision of two orthogonally polarized solitons in a weakly-birefringent photonic crystal fiber. The collision occurs at a particular power and initiates energy transfer between the colliding solitons. ©2007 Optical Society of America.

Podlipensky, A, Szarniak, P, Joly, NY, Poulton, CG & Russell, PSJ 2007, 'Collision of orthogonally polarized solitons in photonic crystal fiber', Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, 2007, CLEO 2007.
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We study experimentally the propagation and collision of two orthogonally polarized solitons in a weakly-birefringent photonic crystal fiber. The collision occurs at a particular power and initiates energy transfer between the colliding solitons. © 2007 Optical Society of America.

Podlipensky, A, Szarniak, P, Joly, NY, Poulton, CG & Russell, PSJ 2007, 'Self-trapping and self-frequency shift of solitons in photonic crystal fiber', OFC/NFOEC 2007 - Optical Fiber Communication and the National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference 2007.
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We demonstrate experimentally for the first time the self-trapping of solitons in highly nonlinear photonic crystal fiber. The trapping occurs at a particular power and is driven by fission of high-order solitons and their selffrequency shift. © 2006 Optical Society of America.

Podlipensky, A, Szarniak, P, Joly, NY, Poulton, CG & Russell, PSJ 2007, 'Self-trapping and self-frequency shift of solitons in photonic crystal fiber', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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We demonstrate experimentally for the first time the self-trapping of solitons in highly nonlinear photonic crystal fiber. The trapping occurs at a particular power and is driven by fission of high-order solitons and their selffrequency shift. © 2006 Optical Society of America.

Poulton, CG, Schmidt, M, Pearce, G, Kakarantzas, G & Russell, PSJ 2007, 'Guided modes in arrays of metallic nanowires', 2007 CONFERENCE ON LASERS & ELECTRO-OPTICS/QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2007), VOLS 1-5, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference, IEEE, Baltimore, MD, pp. 903-904.

Poulton, CG, Schmidt, M, Pearce, GJ, Kakarantzas, G & Russell, PS 2007, 'Guided Modes in arrays of metallic nanowires', Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference and Photonic Applications Systems Technologies 2007 Technical Digest, IEEE Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, Optical Society of America, Balitmore, USA, pp. 1-2.
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We study numerically the formation of photonic band gaps and guided "defect" modes within two dimensional arrays of metallic nanowires. Attenuations as low as 1.7 dB/cm are predicted for silver wires at 1550 nm wavelength.

Prill Sempere, LN, Schmidt, M, Tyagi, HK, Poulton, CG & Russell, PS 2007, 'Metal nanowire arrays in photonic crystal fibres', Frontiers in Optics, Technical Digest, Frontiers in Optics, Optical Society of America, San Diego, USA, pp. 1-3.
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Nanowire arrays are produced by pumping molten metal into the holes of silica PCF. Distinct dips in the transmitted spectra coincide with the coupling of the core-guided light to leaky plasmonic resonances in the nanowires

Purtell, LA, Graudins, A, Escoubas, P, Hains, PG & Nicholson, GM 2007, 'Isolation and characterization of novel neurotoxins from the venom of the Australian copperhead snake (Austrelaps superbus)', 27th International Congress of the European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists, Athens, Greece.

Ren, B, O'Brien, B, Swan, MA, Koina, ME, Nassif, N & Wei, MQ 2007, 'Delivery of furin-cleavable insulin to diabetic rat livers resulted in long-term correction of diabetes and partial pancreatic transdifferentiation of the liver', Journal of Gene Medicine, Wiley, Canberra, pp. 532-532.

Roulland, F, Kaplan, A, Castellani, S, Roux, C, Grasso, A, Pettersson, K & O'Neill, J 2007, 'Query reformulation and refinement using NLP-based sentence clustering', ADVANCES IN INFORMATION RETRIEVAL, 29th European Conference in Information Retrieval Research (ECIR 2007), SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN, Rome, ITALY, pp. 210-+.

Schlogl, E 2007, 'Option pricing where the underlying assets follow a Gram/Charlier density of arbitrary order', Q Group Australia 2007 Colloquium, Sydney, Australia.

Seymour, JR, Marcos, M & Stocker, R 2007, 'Using microfluidic channels to study microbial behaviour and ecology in a patchy seascape', Portugal.

Shokril, MR, Gladstone, W & Kepert, A 2007, 'Selection of Marine Protected Areas for conserving estuaries using surrogate approach', Oceans Conference Record (IEEE).
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Establishing marine protected areas in estuaries has been advocated as the efficient route in conserving the sensitive estuarine environment. However, selecting priority areas for conservation of estuarine biodiversity require detailed biodiversity inventories that are difficult to access. A potential solution is the use of surrogates that are readily measured and reflect the total biodiversity. Indicator groups and higher taxa are widely suggested as potential surrogates in establishing conservation areas. The performance of indicator groups and higher taxa as surrogates were assessed in one estuary in south-east Australia by traditional approach "correspondence in species richness" and using complementarity-based approaches "correspondence in compositional dissimilarity and coincidental representation of target species in simulated MPA for surrogates". Of 16 taxa examined, annelids, arthropods and molluscs were identified as reliable surrogates in representing biodiversity of target species. This study showed that genus-level data of indicator taxa could efficiently identify priority areas for target species. Family-level data of indicator taxa may be used as surrogate with caution. Given wide differences among aquatic habitats, there is a special need for finding indicator groups for different habitats. ©2007 MTS.

Smith, GB & Cortie, MB 2007, 'Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society of Optical Engineering: Introduction', Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering.
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Sorrell, B, Sutherland, D & Hawes, I 2007, 'Physiological and environmental constraints to maximum depths of emergent vegetation on New Zealand lakeshores', New Zealand Freshwater Sciences Conference.

Stewart, LA, Marshall, GD, Dawes, JM, Rahmani, A & Withford, MJ 2007, 'Photonic bandgap guiding in an opal clad fibre', Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe - Technical Digest.
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Stewart, LA, Marshall, GD, Dawes, JM, Rahmani, A & Withford, MJ 2007, 'Photonic bandgap guiding in an opal clad fibre', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.

Stocker, R & Seymour, JR 2007, 'Insights into the life of a microbe: a microfluidic approach', United Kingdom.

Sutherland, D, Sorrell, B & Hawes, I 2007, 'Isoetes alpina growth dynamics across exposure and light gradients in Lake Wanaka', New Zealand Freshwater Sciences Conference.

Tarran, J, Torpy, FR & Burchett, M 2007, 'Use of living pot-plants to cleanse indoor air-research review', Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality, Ventilation & Energy Conservation in Buildings, Tohoku University Press, Japan, pp. 249-256.
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Urban indoor air quality (IAQ) is an international health issue since city dwellers spend 90% of their time indoors. Research by a number of authors is reviewed here, demonstrating a range of capacities of indoor plants to imporve IAQ and promote occupants wellbeing. Our laboratory studies, wit nice 'indoor plant' species, and our 'field' studies in 60 offices, show that potted plants ca reliably reduce totl volatile organic compound (TVOC) loads, a major class of indoor pollutants, by 75%, to below 100ppb. Theyw ork equally wellw ith or without air-conditioning and in light or dark. An evaluation of these studies is presented, plus novel research shwoing that potted-plants can also remove indoor CO and, sometimes, CO2. The evidence overall cearly shows that the potted-plant microcosm represents an innovative technology for solving indoor air pollution, which can otherwise cause a range of adverse health effects, including building-related illness" This portabe, flexible, attractive, low-cost techology can complement any engineering measures and can be used in any building. To ensure sustainability of the urban environment, satisfying the 'triple bottom line' of environmental, social and economic considerations, indoor plants can be expected to become standard technology for improving IAQ - a vital building installation element.

Theis, T, Quach, P, Lock, RL, Lindner, R & Harry, L 2007, 'Divide and forfeit: Cell division as an antibacterial target', BacPath 9 The Molecular Biology of Bacterial Pathogens, Lorne, Victoria.

Tomkin, DF, Thomas, LE, Day, MB, Burke, PF, Franklin, J, Smith, G, Louviere, JJ & Street, D 2007, 'Solar Light for rooms without windows', Sustainable Innovation 07, Farnham, Surrey, UK.

Torpy, FR 2007, 'USE OF LIVING POT-PLANTS TO CLEANSE INDOOR AIR RESEARCH REVIEW', Proceedings of Sixth International Conference on Indoor Air Quality, Ventilation & Energy Conservation in Buildings Sustainable Built Environment, Tohoku University Press, Sendai, Japan, pp. 249-256.
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Urban indoor air quality (IAQ) is an international health issue, since city dwellers spend 90% of their time indoors. Research by a number of authors is reviewed here, demonstrating a range of capacities of indoor plants to improve IAQ and promote occupant wellbeing. Our laboratory studies, with nine `indoor plant species, and our `field studies in 60 offices, show that potted-plants can reliably reduce total volatile organic compound (TVOC) loads, a major class of indoor pollutants, by 75%, to below 100 ppb. They work equally well with or without air-conditioning, and in light or dark. An evaluation of these studies is presented, plus novel research showing that potted-plants can also remove indoor CO and, sometimes, CO2. The evidence overall clearly shows that the potted-plant microcosm represents an innovative technology for solving indoor air pollution, which can otherwise cause a range of adverse health effects, including `building-related illness. This portable, flexible, attractive, low-cost technology can complement any engineering measures and can be used in any building. To ensure sustainability of the urban environment, satisfying the `triple bottom line of environmental, social and economic considerations, indoor plants can be expected to become standard technology for improving IAQ - a vital building installation element.

Vahn, G, White, TP, Steel, MJ, de Sterke, CM, Dossou, K & Botten, LC 2007, 'Efficient modeling of 2D multi-segment photonic crystal devices', 2007 THE JOINT INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON OPTICAL INTERNET AND AUSTRALIAN CONFERENCE ON OPTICAL FIBRE TECHNOLOGY, Joint International Conference on Optical Internet/Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology, IEEE, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA, pp. 272-274.

Vanamala, J, Glagolenko, A, Yang, P, Carroll, RJ, Murphy, ME, Newman, RA, Chapkin, RS, Turner, ND & Lupton, JR 2007, 'A diet containing fish oil and pectin ameliorates radiation-enhanced colon carcinogenesis by suppression of PPAR(delta) and PGE synthase-2 (PGES(2))and elevation of PGE(3)', FASEB JOURNAL, Experimental Biology 2007 Annual Meeting, FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL, Washington, DC, pp. A166-A166.

White, AG, Pereira De Almeida, M, Barbieri, M, Biggerstaff, DN, Dalton, RB, Gilchrist, A, Gillett, G, James, DFV, Langford, NK, Lanyon, BN, Resch, KJ & Weinhold, T 2007, 'Efficient quantum logic circuits: Or, How i learned to stop worrying and love hilbert space', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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We demonstrate significantly compacted quantum algorithms and demonstrate a Fock-state filter by going outside the qubit corner of Hilbert space. We obtain a complete error budget for an entangling gate when driven with independent photons. © 2007 OSA.

White, AG, Pereira De Almeida, M, Barbieri, M, Biggerstaff, DN, Dalton, RB, Gilchrist, A, Gillett, G, James, DFV, Langford, NK, Lanyon, BN, Resch, KJ & Weinhold, TJ 2007, 'Efficient quantum-logic circuits: Or, how i learned to stop worrying and love hilbert space', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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We demonstrate significantly compacted quantum algorithms and demonstrate a Fock-state filter by going outside the qubit corner of Hilbert space. We obtain a complete error budget for an entangling gate when driven with independent photons. © 2007 OSA.

White, AG, Pereira De Almeida, M, Barbieri, M, Biggerstaff, DN, Dalton, RB, Gilchrist, A, Gillett, G, James, DFV, Langford, NK, Lanyon, BN, Resch, KJ & Weinhold, TJ 2007, 'Efficient quantum-logic circuits: Or, how i learned to stop worrying and love hilbert space', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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We demonstrate significantly compacted quantum algorithms and demonstrate a Fock-state filter by going outside the qubit corner of Hilbert space. We obtain a complete error budget for an entangling gate when driven with independent photons. © 2007 OSA.

White, AG, Pereira De Almeida, M, Barbieri, M, Biggerstaff, DN, Dalton, RB, Gilchrist, A, Gillett, G, James, DFV, Langford, NK, Lanyon, BN, Resch, KJ & Weinhold, TJ 2007, 'Efficient quantum-logic circuits: Or, how i learned to stop worrying and love hilbert space', Optics InfoBase Conference Papers.
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We demonstrate significantly compacted quantum algorithms and demonstrate a Fock-state filter by going outside the qubit corner of Hilbert space. We obtain a complete error budget for an entangling gate when driven with independent photons. © 2007 OSA.

Wynne, O, Horvat, JC, Smith, R, Hansbro, PM, Ctifton, VL & Hodgson, DM 2007, 'Impact of neonatal infection on adult hippocampal corticosterone receptor abundance and circulating corticosterone', EARLY HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD, pp. S105-S105.
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Zinder, Y, Singh, G, Su, B & Sorli, RM 2007, 'Scheduling UET-UCT tasks: branch-and-bound search in the priority space', 7th International conference on optimisation: techniques and applications (ICOTA7), International Conference on Optimization: Techniques And Applications, Universal Academy Press Inc, Kobe, Japan, pp. 1-12.
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The paper is concerned iwth the problem of scheduling partially ordered unit execution time tasks on parallel processors with unit communication delays and release times. Two criteria are considered the maximum lateness and its particular case, the makespan. This problem plays an important role in scheduling theoery and was originally inspired by the applications to the multi-processor computer systems

Ralph, PJ, Wilson, K, Hill, R & Petrou, K Institute for Water and Environmental Resource Management, and Department of Environmental Sciences, 2007, Effects of increased temperature pulses on temperate seagrass: progress reports 1-4, pp. 1-14, Sydney.

Sutherland, D 2007, Water quality and macrophyte monitoring Waiau Arm – summary of December 2006 – September 2007 measurements, Christchurch.

Sutherland, D & Unwin, M 2007, Potential biomass of Didymosphenia geminata in the upper Waitaki valley hydroelectric canals, Christchurch.

Sutherland, D, Blair, N & Kelly, G 2007, Evaluation of the state of Didymosphenia geminata in the Waiau Arm following an eighteen month ‘park and flush’ regime., Christchurch.

Sutherland, D, Champion, P, Taumoepeau, A & Wells, R 2007, Manapouri Power scheme resource consent monitoring programme: Littoral macrophytes in Lakes Manapouri, Te Anau and Hauroko, 2007, Christchurch.

Bruti Liberati, N, Nikitopoulos Sklibosios, C & Platen, E 2007, 'Pricing Under the Real-World Probability Measure for Jump-Diffusion Term Structure Models', Quantitative Finance Research Paper Series.
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This paper considers interest rate term structure models in a market attracting both continuous and discrete types of uncertainty. The event driven noise is modelled by a Poisson random measure. Using as numeraire the growth optimal portfolio, interest rate derivatives are priced under the real-world probability measure. In particular, the real-world dynamics of the forward rates are derived and, for specific volatility structures, finite dimensional Markovian representations are obtained. Furthermore, allowing for a stochastic short rate, a class of tractable affine term structures is derived where an equivalent risk-neutral probability measure does not exist.

Chiarella, C & Platen, E 2007, 'The history of the Quantitative Methods in Finance Conference Series. 1992-2007', Research Paper Series, Qunatitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney.
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Research Paper Number: 207 Abstract: This report charts the history of the Quantitative Methods in Finance (QMF) conference from its beginning in 1993 to the 15th conference in 2007. It lists alphabetically the 1037 speakers who presented at all 15 conferences and the titles of their papers.

Filipovic, D & Platen, E 2007, 'Consistent market extensions under the benchmark approach', Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney.
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Research Paper Number: 189 Abstract: The existence of the growth optimal portfolio (GOP), also known as Kelly portfolio, is vital for a financial market to be meaningful. The GOP, if it exists, is uniquely determined by the market parameters of the primary security accounts. However, markets may develop and new security accounts become tradable. What happens to the GOP if the original market is extended? In this paper we provide a complete characterization of market extensions which are consistent with the existence of a GOP. We show that a three fund separation theorem applies for the extended GOP. This includes, in particular, the introduction of a locally risk free security, the savings account. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for a consistent exogenous specification of the prevailing short rates.

Hulley, H & Platen, E 2007, 'Laplace transform identities for diffusions, with applications to rebates and barrier options', Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney.
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Research Paper Number: 203 Abstract: Using a simple integral identity, we derive general expressions for the Laplace transform of the transition density of the process, if killing or reflecting boundaries are specified. We also obtain a number of useful expressions for the Laplace transforms of some functions of first-passage times for the diffusion. These results are applied to the special case of squared Bessel processes with killing or reflecting boundaries. In particular, we demonstrate how the above-mentioned integral identity enables us to derive the transition density of a squared Bessel process killed at the origin, without the need to invert a Laplace transform. Finally, as an application, we consider the problem of pricing barrier options on an index described by the minimal market model.

Küchler, U & Platen, E 2007, 'Time delay and noise explaining cyclical fluctuations in prices of commodities', Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney.
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Research Paper Number: 195 Abstract: This paper suggests to model jointly time delay and random effects in economics and finance. It proposes to explain the random and often cyclical fluctuations in commodity prices as a consequence of the interplay between external noise and time delays caused by the time between initiation of production and delivery. The proposed model is formulated as a stochastic delay differential equation. The typical behavior of a commodity price index under this model will be discussed. Methods for parameter estimation and the evaluation of functionals will be proposed.

Platen, E & Rendek, RJ 2007, 'Empirical evidence on Student-t log-returns of diversified world stock indices', Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney.
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Research Paper Number: 194 Abstract: The aim of this paper is to document some empirical facts related to log-returns of diversified world stock indices when these are denominated in different currencies. Motivated by earlier results, we have obtained the estimated distribution of log-returns for a range of world stock indices over long observation periods. We expand previous studies by applying the maximum likelihood ratio test to the large class of generalized hyperbolic distributions, and investigate the log-returns of a variety of diversified world stock indices in different currency denominations. This identifies the Student-t distribution with about four degrees of freedom as the typical estimated log-return distribution of such indices. Owing to the observed high levels of significance, this result can be interpreted as a stylized empirical fact.

Platen, E & Runggaldier, WJ 2007, 'A benchmark approach to portfolio optimization under partial information', Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney.
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Research Paper Number: 191 Abstract: This paper proposes a filtering methodology for portfolio optimization when some factors of the underlying model are only partially observed. The level of information is given by the observed quantities that are here supposed to be the primary securities and empirical log-price covariations. For a given level of information we determine the growth optimal portfolio, identify locally optimal portfolios that are located on a corresponding Markowitz efficient frontier and present an approach for expected utility maximization. We also present an expected utility indifference pricing approach under partial information for the pricing of nonreplicable contracts. This results in a real world pricing formula under partial information that turns out to be independent of the subjective utility of the investor and for which an equivalent risk neutral probability measure need not exist.

Schlogl, E & Schlögl, L 2007, 'Factor distributions implied by quoted CDO spreads tranche pricing', Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney.
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Research Paper Number: 190 Abstract: The rapid pace of innovation in the market for credit risk has given rise to a liquid market in synthetic collateralised debt obligation (CDO) tranches on standardised portfolios. To the extent that tranche spreads depend on default dependence between different obligors in the reference portfolio, quoted spreads can be seen as aggregating the market views on this dependence. In a manner reminiscent of the volatility smiles found in liquid option markets, practitioners speak of implied correlation âsmiles❠and âskewsâ. We explore how this analogy can be taken a step further to extract implied factor distributions from the market quotes for synthetic CDO tranches.