Publications

Charlton, T, Givskov, M, Denys, R, Andersen, JB, Hentzer, M, Rice, S & Kjelleberg, S 2001, [12] Genetic and chemical tools for investigating signaling processes in biofilms, Elsevier.
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Ashford, AE, Cole, L & Hyde, GJ 2001, 'Motile Tubular Vacuole Systems' in Biology of the Fungal Cell, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 243-265.
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Beer, S, Björk, M, Gademann, R & Ralph, P 2001, 'Measurements of photosynthetic rates in seagrasses' in Global Seagrass Research Methods, Elsevier, pp. 183-198.
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Beer, S, Bjork, M, Gademann, R & Ralph, PJ 2001, 'Measurements of Photosynthetic Rates in Seagrasses' in Short, FT & Coles, RG (eds), Global Seagrass Research Methods, Elsevier Science, Netherlands, pp. 183-198.

DAVIES, MJ, FU, S, WANG, H & DEAN, RT 2001, 'STABLE MARKERS OF OXIDANT DAMAGE TO PROTEINS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN THE STUDY OF HUMAN DISEASE' in Bio-Assays for Oxidative Stress Status, Elsevier, pp. 17-29.
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Nicorovici, NA, Asatryan, AA, Botten, LC, Busch, K, McPhedran, RC, de Sterke, CM, Robinson, PA, Smith, GH, McKenzie, DR & Parker, AR 2001, 'Multipole methods for photonic crystal calculations' in Soukoulis, CM (ed), Photonic Crystals and Light Locaisation in the 21st Century, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlansd, pp. 527-534.

Ryan, LM 2001, 'Statistical issues in toxicology' in Statistics in the 21st Century, pp. 50-59.
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One of the pleasures of working as an applied statistician is the awareness it brings of the wide diversity of scientific fields to which our profession contributes critical concepts and methods. My own awareness was enhanced by accepting the invitation from the editors of JASA to serve as guest editor for this section of vignettes celebrating the significant contributions made by statisticians to the life and medical sciences in the 20th century. The goal of the project was not an encyclopedic catalog of all the major developments, but rather a sampling of some of the most interesting work. Of the 12 vignettes, 10 focus on particular areas of application: environmetrics, wildlife populations, animal breeding, human fertility, toxicology, medical diagnosis, clinical trials, environmental epidemiology, statistical genetics, and molecular biology. The two vignettes that begin the series focus more on methods that have had, or promise to have, impact across a range of subject matter areas: survival analysis and causal analysis.

Adcock, GJ, Dennis, ES, Easteal, S, Huttley, GA, Jermiin, LS, Peacock, WJ & Thorne, A 2001, 'Human origins and ancient human DNA - Response', SCIENCE, vol. 292, no. 5522, pp. 1656-1656.

Adcock, GJ, Dennis, ES, Easteal, S, Huttley, GA, Jermiin, LS, Peacock, WJ & Thorne, A 2001, 'Lake Mungo 3: A response to recent critiques', Archaeology in Oceania, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 170-174.
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Adcock, GJ, Dennis, ES, Easteal, S, Huttley, GA, Jermiin, LS, Peacock, WJ & Thorne, A 2001, 'Mitochondrial DNA sequences in ancient Australians: Implications for modern human origins', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 98, no. 2, pp. 537-542.
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Adcock, GJ, Dennis, ES, Esteal, S, Huttley, GA, Jermiin, LS, Peacock, WJ & Thorne, A 2001, 'Mitochondrial DNA sequences in ancient Australians: Implications for modern human origins', Archaeology in Oceania, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 163-163.
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Ahn, JH, Wang, GX, Liu, HK & Dou, SX 2001, 'Mechanically Milled Nanocrystalline Ni₃Sn₄ and FeSi₂ Alloys as an Anode Material for Li-Ion Batteries', Materials Science Forum, vol. 360-362, pp. 595-602.
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Ajani, P, Hallegraeff, G & Pritchard, T 2001, 'Historic Overview of Algal Blooms in Marine and Estuarine Waters of New South Wales, Australia', Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, vol. 2001, no. 123, pp. 1-22.
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A compendium of algal bloom reports for marine and estuarine waters of New South Wales, Australia, for the period 1890-1999 is presented. The majority of blooms have been harmless water discolourations predominantly caused by the large heterotrophic dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans, or the filamentous cyanobacterium Trichodesmium erythraeum. Other harmless species that have bloomed include the dinoflagellates Gymnodinium sanguineum (= Akashiwo sanguinea) and Prorocentrum minimum, the surf diatom Anaulus australis, the coccolithophorid Gephyrocapsa oceanica and the ciliate Mesodinium rubrum. Species that have produced blooms and are potentially harmful to marine organisms include the silicoflagellate Dictyocha octonaria, the dinoflagellates Gonyaulax polygramma and Scrippsiella trochoidea and the diatoms Thalassiosira spp. and Chaetoceros spp. The toxic raphidophyte species Heterosigma akashiwo, Chattonella cf globosa and Haramonas sp., the dinoflagellates Gymnodinium galatheanum (= Karlodinium micrum), Dinophysis acuminata and Alexandrium catenella, and the diatoms Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries and P. australis have also been identified as bloom-forming species in these waters. Reports of algal blooms have apparently increased considerably since 1990 but the data may be biased because of the ad hoc nature of these reports. For this reason it is difficult to identify the cause(s) of this apparent increase in bloom frequency. Contributing factors may include the expansion in coastal settlements, an increase in awareness of environmental issues such as water quality, possible changes in anthropogenic nutrient input and/or the effects of large-scale oceanographic phenomena and/or climate change.

Ajani, P, Lee, R, Pritchard, T & Krogh, M 2001, 'Phytoplankton dynamics at a long-term coastal station off sydney, Australia', Journal of Coastal Research, vol. SPEC, no. SPEC. ISSUE 34, pp. 60-73.
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Phytoplankton assemblages and their physicochemical environment were investigated during 1997-98 at a marine long-term coastal monitoring station off Sydney, Australia, and compared to those previously seen at this location. Phytoplankton blooms (significant population increases) coincided with episodic slope water intrusions (upwelling/uplifting) lasting 2-22 days and occurring from September to February. These blooms appeared to occur in response to slope water intrusions. The hydrological forcing variables of bottom- and surface-water nutrients and temperature, (including time-lagged data), were identified using Principal Component Analysis as those variables that explained 60% of the variability of the total phytoplankton biomass throughout the year. Phytoplankton blooms of similar frequency and magnitude to those seen in this study have been previously recorded. However, in contrast to earlier work, where a variety of taxa dominated throughout the year, the small diatom Thalassiosira partheneia generally dominated blooms in this study. In addition, presence/absence data for the heterotrophic dinoflagellate, Noctiluca scintillons, indicated a higher frequency of occurrence for this species than previously documented. N. scintillons was observed in 61% of samples collected throughout the year, being absent from only a few samples in the autumn and winter months. It is hypothesized that the shift in dominance from previously recorded bloom species to Thalassiosira could be a contributing factor to the increase in N. scintillons (a favored food source by N. scintillons) in NSW coastal waters. The reason for the recent dominance of these particular phytoplankters is unclear but may be related to physicochemical conditions such as a decrease in phosphate and oxidized nitrogen concentrations and warmer water temperatures experienced during our sampling period compared to previous years. A phytoplankton inventory is included as an Appendix. This includes w...

Alshahateet, SF, Bishop, R, Craig, DC, Scudder, ML & Ung, AT 2001, 'Pseudopolymorphic clathrate structures formed by an alicyclic dialcohol inclusion host', STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 12, no. 3-4, pp. 251-257.
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Ammit, A 2001, 'Antigen induced NO in asthmatic airways', Respiratory Research, vol. 2, no. 1.
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Ammit, AJ 2001, 'IgE-gene regulation by triplex-forming oligonucleotides', Respiratory Research, vol. 2, no. 1.
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Ammit, AJ 2001, 'Versican modulates cellular responses', Respiratory Research, vol. 2, no. 1.
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Ammit, AJ & Panettieri, RA 2001, 'Invited Review: The circle of life: cell cycle regulation in airway smooth muscle', Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 91, no. 3, pp. 1431-1437.
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Severe asthma is characterized by increased airway smooth muscle (ASM) mass, due predominantly to ASM hyperplasia. Diverse stimuli, which include growth factors, plasma- or inflammatory cell-derived mediators, contractile agonists, cytokines, and extracellular matrix proteins, induce ASM proliferation. Mitogens act via receptor tyrosine kinase, G protein-coupled receptors, or cytokine receptors, to activate p21ras and stimulate two parallel signaling pathways in ASM cells, namely, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) or the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways. ERK and PI3K regulate cell cycle protein expression and thus modulate cell cycle traversal. ERK activation and downstream effectors of PI3K, such as Rac1 and Cdc42, stimulate expression of cyclin D1, a key regulator of G1progression in the mammalian cell cycle. In addition, PI3K activates 70-kDa ribosomal S6 kinase, an enzyme that also regulates the translation of many cell cycle proteins, including the elongation factor E2F. The present review examines the mitogens and critical signal transduction pathways that stimulate ASM cell proliferation. Further study in this area may reveal new therapeutic targets to abrogate ASM hyperplasia in diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Ammit, AJ & Panettieri, RA 2001, 'Signal transduction in smooth muscle invited review: The circle of life: Cell cycle regulation in airway smooth muscle', Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 91, no. 3, pp. 1431-1437.
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Severe asthma is characterized by increased airway smooth muscle (ASM) mass, due predominantly to ASM hyperplasia. Diverse stimuli, which include growth factors, plasma- or inflammatory cell-derived mediators, contractile agonists, cytokines, and extracellular matrix proteins, induce ASM proliferation. Mitogens act via receptor tyrosine kinase, G protein-coupled receptors, or cytokine receptors, to activate p21ras and stimulate two parallel signaling pathways in ASM cells, namely, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) or the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways. ERK and PI3K regulate cell cycle protein expression and thus modulate cell cycle traversal. ERK activation and downstream effectors of PI3K, such as Rac1 and Cdc42, stimulate expression of cyclin D1, a key regulator of G1 progression in the mammalian cell cycle. In addition, PI3K activates 70-kDa ribosomal S6 kinase, an enzyme that also regulates the translation of many cell cycle proteins, including the elongation factor E2F. The present review examines the mitogens and critical signal transduction pathways that stimulate ASM cell proliferation. Further study in this area may reveal new therapeutic targets to abrogate ASM hyperplasia in diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Ammit, AJ, Hastie, AT, Edsall, LC, Hoffman, RK, Amrani, Y, Krymskaya, VP, Kane, SA, Peters, SP, Penn, RB, Spiegel, S & Panettieri, RA 2001, 'Sphingosine 1‐phosphate modulates human airway smooth muscle cell functions that promote inflammation and airway remodeling in asthma', The FASEB Journal, vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 1212-1214.
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Amrani, Y, Ammit, AJ & Panettieri, RA 2001, 'Tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) 1, but not TNFR2, mediates tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced interleukin-6 and RANTES in human airway smooth muscle cells: role of p38 and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinases.', Mol Pharmacol, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 646-655.
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Little information is available regarding the mechanisms involved in cytokine-induced synthetic function of human airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells. Here, we report that tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) 1-induced p38 and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation modulates tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha)-mediated synthetic responses: expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and secretion of interleukin (IL)-6 and the regulated-on-activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) chemokine in human ASM cells. Pretreatment of ASM cells with SB203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, slightly enhanced TNF alpha-induced ICAM-1 expression in a dose-dependent manner but partially inhibited secretion of RANTES and IL-6. In contrast, PD98059, a p42/44 inhibitor, reduced ICAM-1 expression by 50% but had no effect on TNF alpha-induced RANTES or IL-6 secretion. SB203580 and PD98059 had little effect on TNF alpha-induced nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) activation as determined in cells transfected with a NF-kappa B-luciferase reporter construct. We also found that agonistic antibodies specific for either TNFR1 or TNFR2 stimulated IL-6 and RANTES secretion and activated p38 and p42/44 MAPKs. In addition, both antibodies induced NF-kappa B-mediated gene transcription. Using receptor-specific blocking antibodies, we found that TNFR1 primarily regulates TNF alpha-induced IL-6 and RANTES secretion and activation of p38 and p42/44 MAPK pathways. Interestingly, we found that TNFR1 and TNFR2 are expressed differently on the cell surface of ASM cells. Our data suggest that despite the presence of functional TNFR2, TNFR1 associated with MAPK-dependent and -independent pathways is the primary signaling pathway involved in TNF alpha-induced synthetic functions in ASM cells.

Armitage, S, Saywell, S, Roux, C, Lennard, C & Greenwood, P 2001, 'The Analysis of Forensic Samples Using Laser Micro-Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry', Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 1043-1052.
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Abstract Laser micropyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is used for the analysis of paint, photocopier toner, and synthetic fiber materials to test the forensic potential of this emerging technology. It uses a laser microprobe to selectively target very small parts of the materials for GC-MS analysis. Whereas the paint and the toner samples were amenable to direct laser pyrolysis, the synthetic fibers proved transparent to the 1064 nm laser radiation. The difficulty with the fibers demonstrates that a specific laser wavelength may not be appropriate for all types of materials. Nevertheless, the fibers were able to be indirectly pyrolyzed by impregnation in a strongly absorbing graphite matrix. A vast array of hydrocarbon pyrolysates was detected from the different materials studied. Unique product distributions were detected from each sample and in sufficient detail to facilitate individual molecular characterization (i.e., molecular fingerprinting). The integrity of the laser data were confirmed by comparison to data obtained from the same samples by the more conventional pyroprobe pyrolysis GC-MS method. The high spatial resolution and selectivity of the laser method may be advantageous for specific forensic applications, however, further work may be required to improve the reproducibility of the data.

Asatryan, AA, Busch, K, McPhedran, RC, Botten, LC, de Sterke, CM & Nicorovici, NA 2001, 'Two-dimensional Green's function and local density of states in photonic crystals consisting of a finite number of cylinders of infinite length', PHYSICAL REVIEW E, vol. 63, no. 4.
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Asatryan, AA, Busch, K, McPhedran, RC, Botten, LC, Martijn De Sterke, C & Nicorovici, NA 2001, 'Two-dimensional Green's function and local density of states in photonic crystals consisting of a finite number of cylinders of infinite length', Physical Review E - Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics, vol. 63, no. 4 II, pp. 466121-466124.
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Exact theory of multipole expansions was used to construct two-dimensional Green's function and to compute the local density of states (LDOS) in photonic crystals. Spatial integration was also used to obtain the total density of states (DOS) for a finite structure. The analysis showed that the LDOS decreased exponentially inside the crystals for frequencies within photonic band gap.

Asatryan, AA, Fabre, S, Busch, K, McPhedran, RC, Botten, LC, de Sterke, CM & Nicorovici, NAP 2001, 'Two-dimensional local density of states in two-dimensional photonic crystals', OPTICS EXPRESS, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 191-196.
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Atkinson, RA, Ryce, C, Miller, CMD, Balu, S, Harper, PAW & Ellis, JT 2001, 'Isolation of Neospora caninum genes detected during a chronic murine infection', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 67-71.
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In order to isolate genes coding for antigens of Neospora caninum which are recognised by the host immune system during a chronic murine infection, a cDNA library was immunoscreened with pooled sera from mice which survived three independent infections by N. caninum. Two new genes from N. caninum were isolated and expressed in Escherichia coli. The genes identified include one homologous to GRA1 of Toxoplasma gondii, plus another (NCP20) previously unknown in any taxon. Both genes encode small polypeptides which induced an IgG response in the mouse and were also recognised by IgG from a cow chronically infected with N. caninum. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the polypeptides encoded by these genes are a target for the host immune system during chronic infections of N. caninum. © 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.

Baines, SB, Fisher, NS, Doblin, MA & Cutter, GA 2001, 'Uptake of dissolved organic selenides by marine phytoplankton', LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY, vol. 46, no. 8, pp. 1936-1944.
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Se is present in multiple oxidation states in nature, each of which has unique chemical and biological reactivities. As a consequence, the rate of Se incorporation into food webs or its role as either a limiting nutrient or a toxic substance is a functio

Balzani, V, Credi, A, Langford, SJ, Prodi, A, Stoddart, JF & Venturi, M 2001, 'Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Properties of Catenanes Containing the 2,7-Diazapyrenium Unit', Supramolecular Chemistry, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 303-311.
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Barbrook, AC, Symington, H, Nisbet, RER, Larkum, A & Howe, CJ 2001, 'Organisation and expression of the plastid genome of the dinoflagellate Amphidinium operculatum', MOLECULAR GENETICS AND GENOMICS, vol. 266, no. 4, pp. 632-638.
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We show using PCR that psbC, atpA and petB genes are present in the plastid DNA minicircles from the dinoflagellate Amphidinium operculatum, extending the set of plastid genes identified from this organism. Unusually, the petB and atpA genes are located on the same minicircle. PCR using primers based on the "core" region round on all coding minicircles revealed the existence of a number of DNA minicircles with no apparent coding function. Northern analysis of total RNA from A. operculatum showed that the petB and atpA genes are represented on separate transcripts, despite being encoded in close proximity on the same minicircle. The possibility of transcript editing was investigated by RT-PCR, but psaA, psbA, psbB and atpB transcripts showed no evidence of editing, indicating that GUA can be used as an initiation codon in A. operculatum.

Beebe, NW, Maung, J, van den Hurk, AF, Ellis, JT & Cooper, RD 2001, 'Ribosomal DNA spacer genotypes of the Anopheles bancroftii group (Diptera : Culicidae) from Australia and Papua New Guinea', INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 407-413.
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Mosquitoes of the Anopheles bancroftii group collected from Northern Australia and Papua New Guinea (PNG) were investigated for sequence variation within the ribosomal DNA ITS2. Wing fringe morphology originally used to identify members of this group was compared to genotypes identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLP) and heteroduplex analysis (HDA) of the rDNA ITS2. Members of this group separated into four RFLP genotypes (A, B, C and D) with some genotypes displaying wing fringe polymorphisms. Heteroduplex analysis of the ITS2 within and between populations identified genotype A as containing two geographically separate ITS2 sequences: A1 from the Northern Territory of Australia and A2 from Queensland and the Western Province of PNG. Genotypes B and C and genotypes C and D were found sympatric and appeared to be evolving independently suggesting the possibility of cryptic species. Genotype C contained two ITS2 sequence types within the genome.

Beer, PD & Gale, PA 2001, 'Anion Recognition and Sensing: The State of the Art and Future Perspectives', Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 486-516.
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Beer, PD & Gale, PA 2001, 'ChemInform Abstract: Anion Recognition and Sensing: The State of the Art and Future Perspectives.', ChemInform, vol. 32, no. 18, pp. no-no.
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AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

BETTELHEIM, KA, HORNITZKY, MA & DJORDJEVIC, SP 2001, 'First bovine and ovine isolations of Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli O103:H2 in Australia', Australian Veterinary Journal, vol. 79, no. 4, pp. 289-290.
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Bond, AM, Ghiggino, KP, Hogan, CF, Hutchison, JA, Langford, SJ, Lygris, E & Paddon-Row, MN 2001, '', Australian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 54, no. 12, pp. 735-735.
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Bondy, CR, Loeb, SJ & Gale, PA 2001, 'Platinum(ii) nicotinamide complexes as receptors for oxo-anions', Chemical Communications, no. 8, pp. 729-730.
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Borovkov, K & Novikov, A 2001, 'On a piece-wise deterministic Markov process model', Statistics & Probability Letters, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 421-428.
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We study a piece-wise deterministic Markov process having jumps of i.i.d. sizes with a constant intensity and decaying at a constant rate (a special case of a storage process with a general release rule). Necessary and su4cient conditions for the process to be ergodic are found, its stationary distribution is found in explicit form. Further, the Laplace transform of the 6rst crossing time of a 6xed barrier by the process is shown to satisfy a Fredholm equation of second kind. Solution to this equation is given by exponentially fast converging Neumann series; convergence rate of the series is estimated. Our results can be applied to an important reliability problem.

Botten, LC, Nicorovici, NA, McPhedran, RC, de Sterke, CM & Asatryan, AA 2001, 'Photonic band structure calculations using scattering matrices', PHYSICAL REVIEW E, vol. 64, no. 4.
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Boyle, GJ & Murrihy, R 2001, 'A Preliminary Study of Hormone Replacement Therapy and Psychological Mood States in Perimenopausal Women', Psychological Reports, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 160-170.
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Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for perimenopausal women has been suggested to minimize the physical symptoms of menopause and improve mood and psychological functioning; however, the therapy remains controversial. In this study the effects of such therapy (comprising tablets, patches, and implants) on mood states was investigated within a sample of 70 perimenopausal women who were attending a family planning clinic within the Brisbane metropolitan area. On a battery of standardized questionnaires, including the General Health Questionnaire, the Profile of Mood States, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, and the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire, those 35 women who were using hormone replacement therapy prescribed by the clinic physician reported significantly lower scores on anxiety, insomnia, and somatic symptoms than did a comparable group of 35 untreated perimenopausal women. These findings provide some tentative support for the beneficial effects of the therapy on physical symptoms and psychological mood states related to the onset of menopause. Given increased life expectancy, there is a growing need for research into issues of aging.

Buckley, BW, Wang, Y & Leslie, LM 2001, 'The Sydney Hailstorm of April 14, 1999: Synoptic descriptionand numerical simulation', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 76, no. 1-4, pp. 167-182.
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Buyanova, IA, Chen, WM, Goldys, EM, Phillips, MR, Xin, HP & Tu, CW 2001, 'Strain relaxation in GaNxP1-x alloy: effect on optical properties', PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER, vol. 308, pp. 106-109.
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By using scanning electron microscopy and cathodoluminescence (CL), a decrease in radiative efficiency of GaNP alloy with increasing N content is seen due to the formation of structural defects. The defect formation is attributed to relaxation of tensile strain in the GaNP layer, which is lattice mismatched to GaP substrate. Several types of extended defects including dislocations, microcracks and pits are revealed in partly relaxed GaNxP1-x epilayers with x≥1.9%, whereas coherently strained layers exhibit high crystalline quality for x up to 4%. According to the CL measurements, all extended defects act as competing, non-radiative channels leading to the observed strong decrease in the radiative efficiency. From CL mapping experiments, non-uniformity of strain distribution around the extended defects is partly responsible for the broadening of the photoluminescence (PL) spectra recorded in the macro-PL experiments. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

C., C-R, L., C & A., L 2001, 'Atmospheric dinitrogen fixation by benthic communities of Tikehau Lagoon (Tuamotu Archipelago, French Polynesia) and its contribution to benthic primary production', Marine Biology, vol. 139, no. 5, pp. 991-998.
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Acetylene reduction rates were measured in lagoonal sediments, cyanobacterial mats and limestone surfaces between 1991 and 1995 at many sites, depths and seasons; all the studied substrata contained cyanobacteria. The acetylene reduction/15N2 fixation ratio was measured for the different communities and varied between 1.8 and 4.8, depending on substratum. Fixation rates were 1.7 to 7 times higher during daylight compared to night-time rates. N2 fixation rates ranged from 0.4 to 3.9 mg N m-2 day-1 for the lagoonal sediment/mat communities, and the rate was about 2 mg N m-2 day-1 for the lagoonal limestone substrata. Total lagoonal benthic N2 fixation contributed 24.4% of the total nitrogen requirement for the benthic primary production of benthic communities of the lagoon. The input of N2 fixation by the microbial planktonic communities (including cyanobacteria) of the lagoon, which are highly productive, is unquantified but is likely to be large.

Camiolo, S, Coles, SJ, Gale, PA, Hursthouse, MB & Paver, MA 2001, 'meso-Octacyclopropylcalix[4]pyrrole ethanol solvate', Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. o258-o260.
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Camiolo, S, Coles, SJ, Gale, PA, Hursthouse, MB & Sessler, JL 2001, 'Tetrabutylammoniummeso-octamethylcalix[4]pyrrole fluoride dichloromethane solvate', Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, vol. 57, no. 9, pp. o816-o818.
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Camiolo, S, Gale, PA, Light, ME & Hursthouse, MB 2001, 'A New Bis-amidinium Calix[4]arene-difluorophosphinate Network: An Unexpected but not Unwelcome Guest', Supramolecular Chemistry, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 613-618.
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Camiolo, S, Gale, PA, Ogden, MI, Skelton, BW & White, AH 2001, 'Solid-state and solution studies of bis-carboxylate binding by bis-amidinium calix[4]arenes†', Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 2, no. 8, pp. 1294-1298.
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Cantrell, S, Roux, C, Maynard, P & Robertson, J 2001, 'A textile fibre survey as an aid to the interpretation of fibre evidence in the Sydney region', Forensic Science International, vol. 123, no. 1, pp. 48-53.
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Frequency figures of the fibre population on textile cinema seats were measured in Sydney, Australia, in winter. Sixteen seats were analysed from a very popular cinema complex, with 3025 fibres classified according to colour, generic class and fluorescence properties (100 grey-black cotton fibres only). The recovered fibres were mostly natural fibres (84%) with cotton the most common generic type (70%). On the contrary, man made fibres were relatively rare (15%) with rayon constituting the majority of these (51%). The most common colour/generic class combinations were grey-black cotton (33%) and blue cotton (30%) accounting for 63% of the total population. All other frequencies were below 5%, most below 1% using only the two properties of colour and generic class. Fluorescence properties were found to be very discriminating as far as grey-black cotton fibres were concerned. These features are considered and discussed and in particular, to emphasise the significance of fibres as evidence of contact. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Caprarelli, G & Leitch, EC 2001, 'Geochemical evidence from Lower Permian volcanic rocks of northeast New South Wales for asthenospheric upwelling following slab breakoff', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 151-166.
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Carroll, RJ 2001, 'Review Times in Statistical Journals: Tilting at Windmills?', Biometrics, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 1-6.
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Summary. Using limited data, I argue that the review times in statistics are far too long for the field to keep pace with the rapidly changing environment in science. I note that statisticians do not appear to believe in statistics because data on the review process are not widely available to members of the profession. I suggest a few changes that could be made to speed up the review process, although it would appear that a change in our culture is required before the problem will be solved.

Chaudhury, AM, Koltunow, A, Payne, T, Luo, M, Tucker, MR, Dennis, ES & Peacock, WJ 2001, 'Control of early seed development', ANNUAL REVIEW OF CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY, vol. 17, pp. 677-699.
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Chen, CZ, Wang, XB, Chen, DF, Li, G, Ronnenberg, A, Watanabe, H, Wang, XR, Ryan, L, Christiani, DC & Xu, XP 2001, 'Tofu consumption and blood lead levels in young Chinese adults', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, vol. 153, no. 12, pp. 1206-1212.
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Tofu is a commonly consumed food in China. Tofu may interfere with lead absorption and retention because of its high calcium content. In this observational study, the authors examined whether dietary tofu intake was associated with blood lead levels among young adults in Shenyang, China. The analyses included 605 men and 550 women who completed baseline questionnaires and had blood lead measurements taken in 1996-1998 as part of a prospective cohort study on reproductive health. Mean blood lead levels were 13.2 μg/dl in men and 10.1 μg/dl in women. Blood lead levels were negatively associated with tofu intake in both genders. A linear trend test showed a 3.7% (0.5-μg/dl) decrease in blood lead level with each higher category of tofu intake (p = 0.003). The highest tofu intake group (≥750 g/week) had blood lead levels 11.3% lower (95% confidence interval: 4.1, 18.0) than those of the lowest tofu intake group (<250 g/week). In all regression models, data were adjusted for gender, age, height, body mass index, district, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, education, occupation, use of vitamin supplements, season, and dietary intake of meat, fish, vegetables, eggs, and milk. In conclusion, the authors found a significant inverse dose-response relation between tofu consumption and blood lead levels in this Chinese population.

Cho, SI, Damokosh, AI, Ryan, LM, Chen, DF, Hu, YA, Smith, TJ, Christiani, DC & Xu, XP 2001, 'Effects of exposure to organic solvents an menstrual cycle length', JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 567-575.
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To investigate the association between organic solvent exposure and menstrual disturbance, we conducted a cross-sectional study among 1408 petrochemical workers in China. Based on an industrial hygiene evaluation, we classified the workshops according to

Cho, SI, Goldman, MB, Ryan, LM, Chen, C, Damokosh, AI, Christiani, DC, Lasley, BL, O'Connor, JF, Wilcox, AJ & Xu, X 2001, 'Use of a urine human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) biomarker to detect early pregnancy loss.', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, vol. 153, no. 11, pp. S160-S160.

Cinquin, O, Christopherson, RI & Menz, RI 2001, 'A hybrid plasmid for expression of toxic malarial proteins in Escherichia coli', Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, vol. 117, no. 2, pp. 245-247.
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Conn, C, Ramsay, G, Roux, C & Lennard, C 2001, 'The effect of metal salt treatment on the photoluminescence of DFO-treated fingerprints', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, vol. 116, no. 2-3, pp. 117-123.
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Ninhydrin developed ®ngerprints can be enhanced by treatment with a zinc or cadmium salt. The resulting ®ngerprint luminescence has been attributed to the induced coplanarity of the bicyclic indanedione rings of Ruhemann's purple due to complexation with the metal ions. This paper explores whether this effect also occurs in the 1,8-diaza-9-¯uorenone (DFO)- amino acid adduct (1), formed from the reaction of DFO with amino acids. Molecular modeling studies of (1) indicate a relatively small out-of-plane angle of 248. 1H NMR studies indicate (1) is asymmetric about the C2 axis in contrast to what has been previously reported. Little, if any, enhancement of luminescence was observed with Zn, Cd, Ru or Eu treated DFO developed latent ®ngerprints. This lack of enhancement was also borne out by solution luminescence studies. Given this lack of enhancement of luminescence, solutions of (1) and the four metal ions above were analyzed by electrospray mass spectrometry (ESMS). This indicated the formation of predominantly 1:1 complexes of (1) with both Zn and Cd, and the 2:1 complex with ruthenium. No evidence of a Eu complex was found by ESMS.

Cook, RJ, Brumback, BB, Wigg, MB & Ryan, LM 2001, 'Synthesis of evidence from epidemiological studies with interval-censored exposure due to grouping', BIOMETRICS, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 671-680.
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We describe a method for assessing dose-response effects from a series of case-control and cohort studies in which the exposure information is interval censored. The interval censoring of the exposure variable is dealt with through the use of retrospective models in which the exposure is treated as a multinomial response and disease status as a binary covariate. Polychotomous logistic regression models are adopted in which the dose-response relationship between exposure and disease may be modeled in a discrete or continuous fashion. Partial conditioning is possible to eliminate some of the nuisance parameters. The methods are applied to the motivating study of the relationship between chorionic villus sampling and the occurrence of terminal transverse limb reduction.

Cooper, A, Rambaut, A, Macaulay, V, Willerslev, E, Hansen, AJ & Stringer, C 2001, 'Human Origins and Ancient Human DNA', Science, vol. 292, no. 5522, pp. 1655-1656.
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Cooper, R, Smith, KL, Colella, M, Vance, ER & Phillips, M 2001, 'Optical emission due to ionic displacements in alkaline earth titanates', JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS, vol. 289, no. 1-2, pp. 199-203.
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Optical emission spectra in the 300-700 nm range were collected from single crystal CaTiO3, SrTiO3 and BaTiO3, and polycrystalline CaTiO3 samples, that were irradiated at room temperature using a Febetron 706 variable energy pulsed-electron-beam generator. The long-lived emissions (up to microseconds after the electron pulse) consist of broad (halfwidths to approximately 100 nm) bands centred around 380, 425, and 445 nm for CaTiO3, SrTiO3 and BaTiO3, respectively. These emission bands are similar to cathodoluminescence emissions from 25 keV electron irradiation attributed by others to direct conduction-valence band transitions in unreduced samples and oxygen vacancies in reduced samples. CaTiO3, SrTiO3 and BaTiO3 all have emission thresholds of 0.26±0.02 MeV. This corresponds to a threshold displacement energy for oxygen, Ed of 45±4 eV.

Corcoran, C, Ryan, L, Senchaudhuri, P, Mehta, C, Patel, N & Molenberghs, G 2001, 'An exact trend test for correlated binary data', BIOMETRICS, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 941-948.
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The problem of testing a dose-response relationship in the presence of exchangeably correlated binary data has been addressed using a variety of models. Most commonly used approaches are derived from likelihood or generalized estimating equations and rely on large-sample theory to justify their inferences. However, while earlier work has determined that these methods may perform poorly for small or sparse samples, there are few alternatives available to those faced with such data. We propose an exact trend test for exchangeably correlated binary data when groups of correlated observations are ordered. This exact approach is based on an exponential model derived by Molenberghs and Ryan (1999) and Ryan and Molenberghs (1999) and provides natural analogues to Fisher's exact test and the binomial trend test when the data are correlated. We use a graphical method with which one can efficiently compute the exact tail distribution and apply the test to two examples.

Coull, BA 2001, 'Respiratory health and air pollution: additive mixed model analyses', Biostatistics, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 337-349.
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Coull, BA, Hobert, JP, Ryan, LM & Holmes, LB 2001, 'Crossed random effect models for multiple outcomes in a study of teratogenesis', JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION, vol. 96, no. 456, pp. 1194-1204.
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Human teratogens often manifest themselves through a broad spectrum of adverse effects. Although often not serious when considered individually, such outcomes taken together may represent a syndrome that can lead to serious developmental problems. Accordingly, studies that investigate the effect of human teratogens on fetal development typically record the presence or absence of a multitude of abnormalities, resulting in the data of multivariate binary form for each infant. Such studies typically have three objectives: (1) estimate an overall effect of exposure across outcomes, (2) identify subjects having the syndrome, and (3) identify those outcomes that constitute the syndrome so that doctors know what to look for when diagnosing the syndrome in other exposed newborns. This article proposes the use of a logistic regression model with crossed random effect structure to address all three questions simultaneously. We use the proposed models to analyze data from a study investigating the effects of in utero antiepileptic drug exposure on fetal development. © 2001, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.

Coull, BA, Ruppert, D & Wand, MP 2001, 'Simple Incorporation of Interactions into Additive Models', Biometrics, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 539-545.
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Summary.Often, the functional form of covariate effects in an additive model varies across groups defined by levels of a categorical variable. This structure represents a factor‐by‐curve interaction. This article presents penalized spline models that incorporate factor‐by‐curve interactions into additive models. A mixed model formulation for penalized splines allows for straightforward model fitting and smoothing parameter selection. We illustrate the proposed model by applying it to pollen ragweed data in which seasonal trends vary by year.

Craddock, MJ & Dooley, AH 2001, 'Symmetry group methods for heat kernels', JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 390-418.
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Cranfield, CG, Wood, AW, Anderson, V & Menezes, KG 2001, 'Effects of mobile phone type signals on calcium levels within human leukaemic T-cells (Jurkat cells)', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION BIOLOGY, vol. 77, no. 12, pp. 1207-1217.
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Danilatos, GD, Phillips, MR & Nailon, JV 2001, 'Electron beam current loss at the high-vacuum-high-pressure boundary in the environmental scanning electron microscope', MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 397-406.
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A significant loss in electron probe current can occur before the electron beam enters the specimen chamber of an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). This loss results from electron scattering in a gaseous jet formed inside and downstream (above) the pressure-limiting aperture (PLA), which separates the high-pressure and high-vacuum regions of the microscope. The electron beam loss above the PLA has been calculated for three different ESEMs, each with a different PLA geometry: an ElectroScan E3, a Philips XL30 ESEM, and a prototype instrument. The mass thickness of gas above the PLA in each case has been determined by Monte Carlo simulation of the gas density variation in the gas jet. It has been found that the PLA configurations used in the commercial instruments produce considerable loss in the electron probe current that dramatically degrades their performance at high chamber pressure and low accelerating voltage. These detrimental effects are minimized in the prototype instrument, which has an optimized thin-foil PLA design.

De Beer, D & Larkum, AWD 2001, 'Photosynthesis and calcification in the calcifying algae Halimeda discoidea studied with microsensors', Plant, Cell & Environment, vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 1209-1217.
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AbstractWith microsensors, we measured the steady‐state microprofiles of O2, pH and Ca2+ on the topside of young segments of Halimeda discoidea, as well as the surface dynamics upon light–dark shifts. The effect of several inhibitors was studied. The steady‐state measurements showed that under high light intensity, calcium and protons were taken up, while O2 was produced. In the dark, O2 was consumed, the pH decreased to below seawater level and Ca2+ uptake was reduced to 50%. At low light intensity (12 mmol photons m‐2 s‐1), Ca2+ efflux was observed. Upon light–dark shifts, a complicated pattern of both the pH and calcium surface dynamics was observed. Illumination caused an initial pH decrease, followed by a gradual pH increase: this indicated that the surface pH of H. discoidea is determined by more than one light‐induced process. When photosynthesis was inhibited by dichlorophenyl dimethyl urea (DCMU), a strong acidification was observed upon illumination. The nature and physiological function of this putative pump is not known. The calcium dynamics followed all pH dynamics closely, both in the presence and absence of DCMU. The Ca‐channel blockers verapamil and nifedipine had no effect on the Ca2+ dynamics and steady‐state profiles. Thus, in H. discoidea, calcification is not regulated by the alga, but is a consequence of pH increase during photosynthesis. Acetazolamide had no effect on photosynthesis, whereas ethoxyzolamide inhibited photosynthesis at higher light intensities. Therefore, all carbonic anhydrase activity is intracellular. Carbonic anhydrase is required to alleviate the CO2 limitation. Calc...

Djordjevic, SP, Hornitzky, MA, Bailey, G, Gill, P, Vanselow, B, Walker, K & Bettelheim, KA 2001, 'Virulence Properties and Serotypes of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli from Healthy Australian Slaughter-Age Sheep', Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 2017-2021.
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ABSTRACT A group of 1,623 ovine fecal samples recovered from 65 geographically distinct mutton sheep and prime lamb properties across New South Wales, Australia, were screened for the presence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) virulence factors ( stx 1 , stx 2 , eaeA , and ehxA ). A subset was cultured for STEC isolates containing associated virulence factors ( eaeA and/or ehxA ), which were isolated from 17 of 20 (85%) and 19 of 20 (95%) tested prime lamb and mutton sheep properties, respectively. STEC isolates containing stx 1 , stx 2 , and ehxA were most commonly isolated (19 of 40 flocks; 47.5%), and this profile was observed for 10 different serotypes. Among 90 STEC isolates studied, the most common serotypes were O91:H − (22 isolates [24.4%]), O5:H − (16 isolates [17.8%]), O128:H2 (11 isolates [12.2%]), O123:H − (8 isolates [8.9%]), and O85:H49 (5 isolates [5.6%]). Two isolates (2.2%) were typed as O157:H − . A total of 78 of 90 STEC isolates (86.7%) expressed Shiga toxin in Vero cell culture and 75 of 84 ehxA -positive i...

Dolferus, R, Klok, EJ, Ismond, K, Delessert, C, Wilson, S, Good, A, Peacock, J & Dennis, L 2001, 'Molecular basis of the anaerobic response in plants.', IUBMB Life, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 79-82.
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The response of plants to flooding is complex and involves the induction of specific gene sets. A multidisciplinary approach by several research teams has led to a reasonably good understanding of the low oxygen response, and many of the genes and proteins that are involved are known. But the factors that are critical in determining tolerance or intolerance remain unknown. Microarray technology offers renewed hope to unravel the complex changes in gene expression occurring in plants upon low oxygen treatment and what mechanisms are involved in the response.

Donnelly, S, Loscher, CE, Lynch, MA & Mills, KHG 2001, 'Whole-cell but not acellular pertussis vaccines induce convulsive activity in mice: Evidence of a role for toxin-induced interleukin-1 beta in a new murine model for analysis of neuronal side effects of vaccination', INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, vol. 69, no. 7, pp. 4217-4223.
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Dowd, A, Elliman, RG & Luther-Davies, B 2001, 'Linear optical properties of Ge nanocrystals in silica', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 79, no. 15, pp. 2327-2329.
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The absorption and extinction spectra of Ge nanocrystals in silica formed by ion implantation are studied using photothermal deflection and transmission spectroscopies. It is found that scattering makes a significant contribution to the extinction spectrum, damping the spectral features and resulting in a Rayleigh scattering-like omega4 dependence. In contrast, the spectra measured by photothermal deflection clearly show features such as the E1/E1 + Delta1 transitions. The Tauc gap is extracted to be ~0.7±0.1 eV.

Dowd, A, Llewellyn, D, Elliman, RG, Luther-Davies, B, Samoc, M & Fitz Gerald, JD 2001, 'Physical and optical characterisation of Ge-implanted silica', NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS, vol. 175, pp. 637-640.
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Ge nanocrystals formed in silica by implantation with 1.0 MeV Ge ions and subsequent annealing at 1100°C were characterised by transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The nanocrystals were found to be approximately spherical in shape and to have a structure consistent with that of bulk Ge. The average size of the crystallites increased with increasing fluence and for a fluence of 1 × 1017 Ge cm-2 the size varied from 2.5 to 12 nm. The nonlinear optical response of the material was measured at a wavelength of 800 nm using degenerative four wave mixing and z-scan techniques. The former provided information about the magnitude and temporal response of the nonlinearity whilst the latter provided information about the operative mechanism. The magnitude of the nonlinear refractive index, |n2|, was shown to be more than three-orders of magnitude larger than that of pure silica and to have a relaxation time of the order of picoseconds. The mechanism causing this nonlinear response is shown to be absorptive and to increase with increasing implant fluence as a consequence. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.

Duggan, SA, Fallon, G, Langford, SJ, Lau, V, Satchell, JF & Paddon‐Row, MN 2001, 'ChemInform Abstract: Crown‐Linked Porphyrin Systems.', ChemInform, vol. 32, no. 40, pp. no-no.
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AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Duggan, SA, Fallon, G, Langford, SJ, Lau, V-L, Satchell, JF & Paddon-Row, MN 2001, 'Crown-Linked Porphyrin Systems', The Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol. 66, no. 12, pp. 4419-4426.
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Enoch, S, McPhedran, RC, Nicorovici, NA, Botten, LC & Nixon, JN 2001, 'Sums of spherical waves for lattices, layers, and lines', JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS, vol. 42, no. 12, pp. 5859-5870.
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We consider the connections between sums of spherical wave functions over lattices, layers, and lines. The differences between sums over lattices and those over a doubly periodic constituent layer are expressed in terms of series with exponential convergence. Correspondingly, sums over the layer can be regarded as composed of a sum over a central line, and another sum over displaced lines exhibiting exponential convergence. We exhibit formulas which can be used to calculate accurately and efficiently sums of spherical waves over lattices, layers, and lines, which in turn may be used to construct quasiperiodic Green’s functions for the Helmholtz equation, of use in scattering problems for layers and lines of spheres, and for finding the Bloch modes of lattices of spheres. We illustrate the numerical accuracy of our expressions.

Fackenthal, JD 2001, 'Male breast cancer in Cowden syndrome patients with germline PTEN mutations', Journal of Medical Genetics, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 159-164.
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Fagan, PK, Walker, MJ, Chin, J, Eamens, GJ & Djordjevic, SP 2001, 'Oral immunization of swine with attenuated Salmonella typhimurium aro A SL3261 expressing a recombinant antigen of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (NrdF) primes the immune system for a NrdF specific secretory IgA response in the lungs', Microbial Pathogenesis, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 101-110.
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Fallon, G, Langford, SJ & Lee, MA-P 2001, 'The Self-Assembly of a 3-Component Complex: Solid-State Structure of a 1 : 1 : 1 N,N′-Di(hydroxyethoxyethoxy)pyromellitic Diimide/Dinaphtho-18-crown-6/Water Complex', Chemistry Letters, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 578-579.
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Abstract Dinaphtho-18-crown-6, which contains two π-electron rich dialkoxynaphthalene units, self-assembles with the π-electron deficient N,N′-di(hydroxyethoxyethoxy)pyromellitic diimide in solution to form 1:1 complexes that have the ability to undergo further self-organisation on crystallisation from MeCN/H2O to form linear arrays.

Fallon, GD, Lee, MA-P & Langford, SJ 2001, 'Bis(2-naphthoxy)[5,10,15,20-tetra-p-tolylporphyrinato]tin(IV)', Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, vol. 57, no. 12, pp. m564-m565.
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Falster, DS, Murray, BR & Lepschi, BJ 2001, 'Linking abundance, occupancy and spatial structure: an empirical test of a neutral model in an open-forest woody plant community in eastern Australia', JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 317-323.
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Franklin, NM, Adams, MS, Stauber, JL & Lim, RP 2001, 'Development of an improved rapid enzyme inhibition bioassay with marine and freshwater microalgae using flow cytometry', ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 469-480.
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A rapid toxicity test based on inhibition of esterase activity in marine and freshwater microalgae (Selenastrum capricornutum, Chlorella sp., Dunaliella tertiolecta, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Tetraselmis sp., Entomoneis cf. punctulata, Nitzschia cf. paleacea) was developed using flow cytometry. Uptake of fluorescein diacetate (FDA) was optimized for each species by varying the substrate concentration, incubation time, and media pH. Propidium iodide (PI) was utilized to assess membrane integrity. The optimized FDA/PI staining procedure was then used to assess the toxicity of copper in short-term exposures (1-24 h). Esterase activity was a sensitive indicator of copper toxicity in S. capricornutum and E. cf. punctulata. As copper concentrations increased, esterase activity decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. The 3- and 24-h EC50 values (based on mean activity states) were 112 μg Cu L-1 (95% confidence limits 88-143) and 51 μg Cu L-1 (95% confidence limits 38-70) for S. capricornutum and 47 μg Cu L-1 (95% confidence limits 43-51) and 9.1 μg Cu L-1 (95% confidence limits 7.6-11) for E. cf. punctulata, respectively. This enzyme inhibition endpoint showed similar sensitivity to chronic growth rate inhibition in E. cf. punctulata (48-h and 72-h EC50 values of 17 and 18 μg L-1, respectively) but was less sensitive compared to growth for S. capricornutum (48-h and 72-h EC50 values of 4.9 and 7.5 μg L-1, respectively). For the other five species tested, inhibition of FDA fluorescence was relatively insensitive to copper, even at copper concentrations that severely inhibited cell division rate. These short-term bioassays that detect sublethal endpoints may provide a more rapid and cost-effective way of monitoring contaminant impacts in natural waters.

Franklin, NM, Stauber, JL & Lim, RP 2001, 'Development of flow cytometry-based algal bioassays for assessing toxicity of copper in natural waters', ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 160-170.
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Copper toxicity to the freshwater algae Selenastrum capricornutum and Chlorella sp. and the marine algae Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Dunaliella tertiolecta was investigated using different parameters measured by flow cytometry: cell division rate inhibition, chlorophyll a fluorescence, cell size (i.e., light-scattering), and enzyme activity. These parameters were assessed regarding their usefulness as alternative endpoints for acute (1-24 h) and chronic (48-72 h) toxicity tests. At copper concentrations of 10 μg/L or less, significant inhibition (50%) of the cell division rate was observed after 48- and 72-h exposures for Chlorella sp., S. capricornutum, and P. tricornutum. Bioassays based on increases in algal cell size were also sensitive for Chlorella sp. and P. tricornutum. Copper caused both chlorophyll a fluorescence stimulation (48-h EC50 of 10 ± 1 μg Cu/L for P. tricornutum) and inhibition (48-h EC50 of 14 ± 6 μg Cu/L for S. capricornutum). For acute toxicity over short exposure periods, esterase activity in S. capricornutum using fluorescein diacetate offered a rapid alternative (3-h EC50 of 90 ± 40 μg Cu/L) to growth inhibition tests for monitoring copper toxicity in mine-impacted waters. For all the effect parameters measured, D. tertiolecta was tolerant to copper at concentrations up to its solubility limit in seawater. These results demonstrate that flow cytometry is a useful technique for toxicity testing with microalgae and provide additional information regarding the general mode of action of copper (II) to algal species.

French, J, Chen, C, Ryan, L, Wang, X & Xu, X 2001, 'Bayesian method for handling missing hCG data in the detection of early fetal loss.', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, vol. 153, no. 11, pp. S143-S143.

French, JL, Kammann, EE & Wand, MP 2001, 'Semiparametric nonlinear mixed-effects models and their applications - Comment', JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION, vol. 96, no. 456, pp. 1285-1288.

Gail, MH, Pee, D & Carroll, R 2001, 'Effects of violations of assumptions on likelihood methods for estimating the penetrance of an autosomal dominant mutation from kin-cohort studies', Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference, vol. 96, no. 1, pp. 167-177.
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Gale, PA 2001, 'Anion receptor chemistry: highlights from 1999', Coordination Chemistry Reviews, vol. 213, no. 1, pp. 79-128.
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Gale, PA, Anzenbacher Jr., P & Sessler, JL 2001, 'Calixpyrroles II', Coordination Chemistry Reviews, vol. 222, no. 1, pp. 57-102.
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Gale, PA, Bleasdale, ER & Chen, GZ 2001, 'Synthesis and Electrochemical Polymerisation of Calix[4]pyrroles Containing N-substituted Pyrrole Moieties', Supramolecular Chemistry, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 557-563.
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Gale, PA, Camiolo, S, Chapman, CP, Light, ME & Hursthouse, MB 2001, 'Hydrogen-bonding pyrrolic amide cleft anion receptors', Tetrahedron Letters, vol. 42, no. 30, pp. 5095-5097.
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Gale, PA, Camiolo, S, Tizzard, GJ, Chapman, CP, Light, ME, Coles, SJ & Hursthouse, MB 2001, '2-Amidopyrroles and 2,5-Diamidopyrroles as Simple Anion Binding Agents', The Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol. 66, no. 23, pp. 7849-7853.
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Gale, PA, Hursthouse, MB, Light, ME, Sessler, JL, Warriner, CN & Zimmerman, RS 2001, 'Ferrocene-substituted calix[4]pyrrole: a new electrochemical sensor for anions involving CH⋯anion hydrogen bonds', Tetrahedron Letters, vol. 42, no. 38, pp. 6759-6762.
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Gelhausen, O, Phillips, MR & Toth, M 2001, 'Depth-resolved cathodoluminescence microanalysis of near-edge emission in III-nitride thin films', JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, vol. 89, no. 6, pp. 3535-3537.
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We describe an approach to assess the quality of III-nitride thin films using depth-resolved cathodoluminescence (CL) microanalysis. In this procedure, the depth-resolved peak shift due to self-absorption of the near-edge CL emission is calculated using Monte Carlo simulation techniques and compared with measured peak shift values. A discrepancy between the experimental and modeled data indicates the presence of an exciton peak shift due to strain, near-edge defects, and alloy fluctuation. Depth-resolved peak shift analysis of the near-edge CL from an undoped 700 nm thick Al0.057Ga0.943N film grown on a (0001) Al2O3 substrate is presented to demonstrate the utility of the method. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.

Gocal, GFW 2001, 'GAMYB-like Genes, Flowering, and Gibberellin Signaling in Arabidopsis', PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 127, no. 4, pp. 1682-1693.
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We have identified three Arabidopsis genes with GAMYB-like activity, AtMYB33, AtMYB65, and AtMYB101, which can substitute for barley (Hordeum vulgare) GAMYB in transactivating the barley alpha-amylase promoter. We have investigated the relationships between gibberellins (GAs), these GAMYB-like genes, and petiole elongation and flowering of Arabidopsis. Within 1 to 2 d of transferring plants from short- to long-day photoperiods, growth rate and erectness of petioles increased, and there were morphological changes at the shoot apex associated with the transition to flowering. These responses were accompanied by accumulation of GAs in the petioles (GA(1) by 11-fold and GA(4) by 3-fold), and an increase in expression of AtMYB33 at the shoot apex. Inhibition of GA biosynthesis using paclobutrazol blocked the petiole elongation induced by long days. Causality was suggested by the finding that, with GA treatment, plants flowered in short days, AtMYB33 expression increased at the shoot apex, and the petioles elongated and grew erect. That AtMYB33 may mediate a GA signaling role in flowering was supported by its ability to bind to a specific 8-bp sequence in the promoter of the floral meristem-identity gene, LEAFY, this same sequence being important in the GA response of the LEAFY promoter. One or more of these AtMYB genes may also play a role in the root tip during germination and, later, in stem tissue. These findings extend our earlier studies of GA signaling in the Gramineae to include a dicot species, Arabidopsis, and indicate that GAMYB-like genes may mediate GA signaling in growth and flowering responses.

Gocal, GFW, Sheldon, CC, Gubler, F, Moritz, T, Bagnall, DJ, MacMillan, CP, Li, SF, Parish, RW, Dennis, ES, Weigel, D & King, RW 2001, 'GAMYB-like genes, flowering, and gibberellin signaling in Arabidopsis', PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 127, no. 4, pp. 1682-1693.
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Godlewski, M, Goldys, EM, Butcher, KSA, Phillips, MR, Pakula, K & Baranowski, JM 2001, 'Cathodoluminescence Investigations of Interfaces in InGaN/GaN/Sapphire Structures', physica status solidi (b), vol. 228, no. 1, pp. 179-182.
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Scanning electron microscopy and cathodoluminescence (CL) in spot and depth-profiling modes were used to evaluate the in-plane and in-depth uniformity of light emission from InGaN/GaN quantum well (QW) structures. The structures were grown by MOCVD on sapphire with a low-temperature (LT) GaN buffer. Depth-profiling CL investigations were used to identify the observed CL emissions, which show a complicated in-depth evolution. The influence of a LT GaN buffer on the structural and optical properties of the GaN/sapphire interface is discussed.

Godlewski, M, Goldys, EM, Butcher, KSA, Phillips, MR, Pakula, K & Baranowski, JM 2001, 'Cathodoluminescence investigations of interfaces in InGaN/GaN/sapphire structures', PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI B-BASIC RESEARCH, vol. 228, no. 1, pp. 179-182.
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Godlewski, M, Goldys, EM, Phillips, MR, Pakula, K & Baranowski, JM 2001, 'Cathodoluminescence and depth-profiling cathodoluminescence studies of interface properties in MOCVD-grown InGaN/GaN/sapphire structures: role of GaN buffer layer', APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE, vol. 177, no. 1-2, pp. 22-31.
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We report the results of room-temperature cathodoluminescence (CL) and of scanning CL and electron (SEM) microscopy of GaN/InGaN structure with a single InGaN quantum well on top. The structures were grown by MOCVD on sapphire with low-temperature (LT) GaN buffer. Depth-profiling CL investigations were used to identify the observed CL emissions, which show a complicated in-depth evolution. The influence of a LT GaN buffer on structural and optical properties of GaN/sapphire interface in the structure is discussed. Our results show that inter-diffusion of Al from sapphire to the GaN buffer layer takes place. A gradual improvement of film quality with increasing distance from interface is demonstrated. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.

Godlewski, M, Guziewicz, E, Szczerbakow, A, Kopalko, K, Dynowska, E, Phillips, MR, Cricenti, A & Girasole, M 2001, 'Optical and Structural Properties of Thin Films of ZnS Grown by Atomic Layer Epitaxy', Journal of Wide Bandgap Materials, vol. 9, no. 1-2, pp. 55-63.
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Godlewski, M, Mackowski, S, Karczewski, G, Goldys, EM & Phillips, MR 2001, 'Cathodoluminescence studies of self-organized CdTe/ZnTe quantum dot structure grown by MBE: in-plane and in-depth properties of the system', SEMICONDUCTOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 493-496.
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We report the results of low-temperature photoluminescence, room-temperature cathodoluminescence (CL) and scanning CL and electron microscopy of self-organized CdTe/ZnTe quantum dot (QD) structure. The in-depth profiling CL investigations were used to identify the microscopic origin of the CL emissions observed at 2.13,2.0-2.1 and 2.25 eV. In particular, we distinguish between CL emissions originating from the QD region of the structure and from the underlying buffer layers. Based on these measurements we assign the 2.13 eV CL band to the wetting layer and the 2.0-2.1 eV band to the QD emission. From the study of the in-plane and in-depth CL characteristics we demonstrate large in-plane fluctuations of the CL intensity and discuss their origin.

Gorrie, C, Duflou, J, Brown, J, Gibson, T & Waite, PME 2001, 'Extent and Distribution of Vascular Brain Injury in Pediatric Road Fatalities', Journal of Neurotrauma, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 849-860.
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This study used a multidisciplinary approach to examine the brains of pediatric road trauma fatalities in the Sydney area over a 3-year period. The brains of 32 children (0-16 years) were examined: 20 pedestrians, nine passengers, and three cyclists. The

Graudins, A, Padula, M, Broady, K & Nicholson, GM 2001, 'Red-back spider (Latrodectus hasselti) antivenom prevents the toxicity of widow spider venoms', ANNALS OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 154-160.
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Study objectives: Widow spiders of the genus Latrodectus are found worldwide and produce similar clinical envenomation syndromes. In Australia, red-back spider antivenom (RBS-AV) is effective therapy for Latrodectus hasselti envenomation and it has been reported to reverse envenomation by other widow spiders. This study assessed the efficacy of RBS-AV in preventing in vitro and in vivo toxicity of widow spider venoms of North America and Europe. Methods: The binding of RBS-AV to α-latrotoxin and Latrodectus venoms (Latrodectus spp mactans, hesperus, lugubris, tredecimguttatus, hasselt) was assayed using Western blotting. Prevention of in vitro toxicity to α-latrotoxin and the same venoms was tested by pretreating an isolated chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparation with RBS-AV. Prevention of in vivo toxicity was determined by a lethality study in male Balb/c mice to (2.5 to 5× median lethal dose [LD50]) or α-latrotoxin (10× LD50) preincubated with antivenom or without RBS-AV (control). Results: In Western blots, RBS-AV bound to α-latrotoxin and similar widow spider proteins in all venoms tested, indicating antigenic similarity with proteins found in RBS venom. Antivenom prevented the typical in vitro muscle contracture and loss of twitch tension seen with α-latrotoxin and the venoms tested. Control mice rapidly developed signs of envenomation, but mice treated with RBS-AV remained free of signs of envenomation. Conclusion: RBS-AV prevented both in vitro and in vivo toxicity from Latrodectus venoms and α-latrotoxin in mice. These data suggest that RBS-AV may be clinically effective in the treatment of envenomation resulting from the bite of other widow spiders.

Hambley, TW, Lindoy, LF, Reimers, JR, Turner, P, Wei, G & Widmer-Cooper, AN 2001, 'Macrocyclic ligand design. X-Ray, DFT and solution studies of the effect of N-methylation and N-benzylation of 1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diazacyclooctadecane on its affinity for selected transition and post-transition metal ions', Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions, no. 5, pp. 633-638.
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Potentiometric titration in 95% methanol (I = 0.1 mol dm-3, Et4NClO4) has been employed to investigate the effect of N-methylation and N-benzylation of 1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diazacyclooctadecane 1 on the binding of all three rings to cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II), zinc(II), cadmium(II), silver(I) and lead(II). The results show that enhanced selectivity for silver(I) is exhibited by the di-N-benzylated derivative 3 while the analogous dimethylated derivative 2 discriminates for both silver(I) and lead(II). The crystal structures of [Ag(1)]PF6, [Ag(2)]PF 6, [Ag(3)]PF6 and [Pb(1)(NO3)2] have been determined. In the silver complexes the NH hydrogens of 1 and the N-methyl and N-benzyl substituents of the dialkylated derivatives 2 and 3 were found to lie on the same side of the mean donor planes of the co-ordinated macrocycles ('cis' arrangements). Density functional theory has been employed to model the silver complexes in both their energy-minimised 'cis' and 'trans' configurations. In accordance with the X-ray evidence, the calculations predict that the 'cis' arrangement is the more stable in each case. The crystal structure of the lead complex of 1 shows a 'trans' arrangement of its NH groups. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2001.

Hambley, TW, Lindoy, LF, Reimers, JR, Turner, P, Wei, G & Widmer-Cooper, AN 2001, 'Macrocyclic ligand design. X-Ray, DFT and solution studies of the effect of N-methylation and N-benzylation of 1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diazacyclooctadecane on its affinity for selected transition and post-transition metal ions', JOURNAL OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY-DALTON TRANSACTIONS, no. 5, pp. 614-620.
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Harrop, SJ, DeMaere, MZ, Fairlie, WD, Reztsova, T, Valenzuela, SM, Mazzanti, M, Tonini, R, Qiu, MR, Jankova, L, Warton, K, Bauskin, AR, Wu, WM, Pankhurst, S, Campbell, TJ, Breit, SN & Curmi, PMG 2001, 'Crystal Structure of a Soluble Form of the Intracellular Chloride Ion Channel CLIC1 (NCC27) at 1.4-Å Resolution', Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 276, no. 48, pp. 44993-45000.
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CLIC1 (NCC27) is a member of the highly conserved class of chloride ion channels that exists in both soluble and integral membrane forms. Purified CLIC1 can integrate into synthetic lipid bilayers forming a chloride channel with similar properties to those observed in vivo. The structure of the soluble form of CLIC1 has been determined at 1.4-Angstrom resolution. The protein is monomeric and structurally homologous to the glutathione S-transferase superfamily, and it has a redox-active site resembling glutaredoxin. The structure of the complex of CLIC1 with glutathione shows that glutathione occupies the redox-active site, which is adjacent to an open, elongated slot lined by basic residues. Integration of CLIC1 into the membrane is likely to require a major structural rearrangement, probably of the N-domain (residues 1-90), with the putative transmembrane helix arising from residues in the vicinity of the redox-active site. The structure indicates that CLIC1 is likely to be controlled by redox-dependent processes.

Harry, E 2001, 'Coordinating DNA replication with cell division:Lessons from outgrowing spores', Biochimie, vol. 83, no. 1, pp. 75-81.
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Progress in solving the long-standing puzzle of how a cell coordinates chromosome replication with cell division is significantly aided by the use of synchronous cell populations. Currently three systems are employed for obtaining such populations: the Escherichia coli 'baby machine', the developmentally-controlled cell cycle of Caulobacter crescentus, and Bacillus subtilis germinated and outgrowing spores. This review examines our current understanding of the relationship between replication and division and how the use of B. subtilis outgrowing spores and, more recently its combination with immunofluorescence microscopy, has contributed significantly to this important area of biology. About 20 years ago, and also more recently, this system was used to show convincingly that termination of DNA replication is not essential for a central septum to form, raising the possibility that the early stages of division occur well before termination. It has also been demonstrated that there is no major synthesis of the division initiation proteins, FtsZ and DivIB, linked to initiation, progression or completion of the first round of chromosome replication accompanying spore outgrowth. This has led to the suggestion that the primary link between chromosome replication and cell division at midcell is not likely to occur through a control over the levels of these proteins. Very recent work has employed a combination of the use of B. subtilis outgrowing spores with immunofluorescence microscopy to investigate the relationship between midcell Z ring assembly and the round of chromosome replication linked to it. The results of this work suggest a role for initiation and progression into the round of replication in blocking midcell Z ring formation until the round is complete or almost complete, thereby ensuring that cell division occurs between two equally-partitioned chromosomes. © 2001 Société française de biochimie et biologie moléculaire / Éditions scientifiques et ...

Harry, EJ 2001, 'Bacterial cell division: regulating Z‐ring formation', Molecular Microbiology, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 795-803.
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The earliest stage of cell division in bacteria is the formation of a Z ring, composed of a polymer of the FtsZ protein, at the division site. Z rings appear to be synthesized in a bi‐directional manner from a nucleation site (NS) located on the inside of the cytoplasmic membrane. It is the utilization of a NS specifically at the site of septum formation that determines where and when division will occur. However, a Z ring can be made to form at positions other than at the division site. How does a cell regulate utilization of a NS at the correct location and at the right time? In rod‐shaped bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, two factors involved in this regulation are the Min system and nucleoid occlusion. It is suggested that in B. subtilis, the main role of the Min proteins is to inhibit division at the nucleoid‐free cell poles. In E. coli it is currently not clear whether the Min system can direct a Z ring to the division site at mid‐cell or whether its main role is to ensure that division inhibition occurs away from mid‐cell, a role analogous to that in B. subtilis. While the nucleoid negatively influences Z‐ring formation in its vicinity in these rod‐shaped organisms, the exact relationship between nucleoid occlusion and the ability to form a mid‐cell Z ring is unresolved. Recent evidence suggests that in B. subtilis and Caulobacter crescentus, utilization of the NS at the division site is intimately linked to the progress of a round of chromosome replication and this may form the basis of achieving co‐ordination between chromosome replication and cell division.

Heath, D, Platen, E & Schweizer, M 2001, 'A comparison of two quadratic approaches to hedging in incomplete markets', MATHEMATICAL FINANCE, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 385-413.
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Heczko, U, Carthy, CM, O'Brien, BA & Finlay, BB 2001, 'Decreased Apoptosis in the Ileum and Ileal Peyer's Patches: a Feature after Infection with Rabbit Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli O103', Infection and Immunity, vol. 69, no. 7, pp. 4580-4589.
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ABSTRACT Significant changes occur in intestinal epithelial cells after infection with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). However, it is unclear whether this pathogen alters rates of apoptosis. By using a naturally occurring weaned rabbit infection model, we determined physiological levels of apoptosis in rabbit ileum and ileal Peyer's patches (PP) and compared them to those found after infection with adherent rabbit EPEC (REPEC O103). Various REPEC O103 strains were first tested in vitro for characteristic virulence features. Rabbits were then inoculated with the REPEC O103 strains that infected cultured cells the most efficiently. After experimental infection, intestinal samples were examined by light and electron microscopy. Simultaneously, ileal apoptosis was assessed by using terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) and caspase 3 assays and by apoptotic cell counts based on morphology (hematoxylin-and-eosin staining). The highest physiological apoptotic indices were measured in PP germinal centers (median = 14.7%), followed by PP domed villi (8.1%), tips of absorptive villi (3.8%), and ileal crypt regions (0.5%). Severe infection with REPEC O103 resulted in a significant decrease in apoptosis in PP germinal centers (determined by TUNEL assay; P = 0.01), in the tips of ileal absorptive villi (determined by H&E staining; P = 0.04), and in whole ileal cell lysates (determined by caspase 3 assay; P = 0.001). We concluded that REPEC O103 does not promote apoptosis. Furthermore, we cannot rule out the possibility that REPEC O103, in fact, decreases apoptotic levels in the rabbit ileum.

Helliwell, CA, Chandler, PM, Poole, A, Dennis, ES & Peacock, WJ 2001, 'The CYP88A cytochrome P450, ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase, catalyzes three steps of the gibberellin biosynthesis pathway', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 98, no. 4, pp. 2065-2070.
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Helliwell, CA, Chin-Atkins, AN, Wilson, IW, Chapple, R, Dennis, ES & Chaudhury, A 2001, 'The Arabidopsis AMP1 gene encodes a putative glutamate carboxypeptidase', PLANT CELL, vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 2115-2125.
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Helliwell, CA, Chin-Atkins, AN, Wilson, IW, Chapple, R, Dennis, ES & Chaudhury, A 2001, 'The Arabidopsis AMP1 Gene Encodes a Putative Glutamate Carboxypeptidase', The Plant Cell, vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 2115-2115.
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Helliwell, CA, Sullivan, JA, Mould, RM, Gray, JC, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2001, 'A plastid envelope location of Arabidopsis ent-kaurene oxidase links the plastid and endoplasmic reticulum steps of the gibberellin biosynthesis pathway', PLANT JOURNAL, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 201-208.
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Herok, G & Middleton, P 2001, 'Extracellular divalent ions appear to modulate ion transport across the normal nasal epithelium', Respirology, vol. 6, no. SUPPL. 1.
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Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterised by abnormal ion transport across the respiratory epithelium, which can be assessed using the nasal potential difference (PD). We have previously demonstrated that CF patients do not respond to a low Cl' solution in the presence of Ca-+, but exhibit a small sustained hyperpolarization when exposed to a Ca+ free low Cl' solution. To determine whether a similar response occurs in non-CF individuals, we have examined the effect of extracellular divalent ions on the low Cl' response. Methods: Nasal PD was measured using standard techniques (Ear Respir J1994:7:2050-2056) in 7 normal subjects. The absolute values of PD are reported, which was always lumen negative. The following sequence of solutions were perfused: (1) Krebs HEPES diluent (containing 2mM Ca-+ and ImM Mg2T), (2) amiloride (lOOuM), (3) amiloride (lOOjiM) in low Cl' (6mM) Krebs HEPES, (4) amiloride / low Cl- so!ution(with no added divalent ions), (5) amiloride / low Cl' solution (with divalent ions). Results: The baseline nasal PD was 13.2 (1.3) mV with Krebs HEPES solution, decreasing to 4.2 ( 1.1 ) mV with amiloride. Perfusion with low Cl' solution increased the PD to 21.6(1.7). Following the change to divalent free solutions, the PD gradually increased by a further 6.6 (0.8) mV over 5 minutes to 28.2 (1.9) mV. Washout of the divalent free solution was associated with a decrease in the PD back to 21.1(2.1) mV. Conclusions: The additional low Cl' response measured following removal of divalent ions was 6.6 (0.8) mV, compared with our previous study in the CF subjects of [8.0 (0.7) mV, n=7]. This suggests that extracellular Ca2f modulates ion transport in both CF and non CF airway epithelia, possibly via a similar ion transport mechanism.

Hodgekinson, I, Wu, QH, Arnold, M & Blaikie, R 2001, 'Direct nanoengineering and lithographic patterning of optically anisotropic thin films', MICROELECTRONIC ENGINEERING, vol. 57-8, pp. 833-836.
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Biaxial and chiral thin films formed by oblique vapour deposition are patterned using standard photolithography. In one example 5 ?m wide half-wave plates are fabricated by reactive ion etching a biaxial silicon film.

Holm, IA, Nelson, AE, Robinson, BG, Mason, RS, Marsh, DJ, Cowell, CT & Carpenter, TO 2001, 'Mutational Analysis and Genotype-Phenotype Correlation of the PHEX Gene in X-Linked Hypophosphatemic Rickets', The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 86, no. 8, pp. 3889-3899.
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PHEX is the gene defective in X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets. In this study, analysis of PHEX revealed mutations in 22 hypophosphatemic rickets patients, including 16 of 28 patients in whom all 22 PHEX exons were studied. In 13 patients, in whom no PHEX mutation had been previously detected in 17 exons, the remaining 5 PHEX exons were analyzed and mutations found in 6 patients. Twenty different mutations were identified, including 16 mutations predicted to truncate PHEX and 4 missense mutations.Phenotype analysis was performed on 31 hypophosphatemic rickets patients with PHEX mutations, including the 22 patients identified in this study, 9 patients previously identified, and affected family members. No correlation was found between the severity of disease and the type or location of the mutation. However, among patients with a family history of hypophosphatemic rickets, there was a trend toward more severe skeletal disease in patients with truncating mutations. Family members in more recent generations had a milder phenotype. Postpubertal males had a more severe dental phenotype. In conclusion, although identifying mutations in PHEX may have limited prognostic value, genetic testing may be useful for the early identification and treatment of affected individuals. Furthermore, this study suggests that other genes and environmental factors affect the severity of hypophosphatemic rickets.

Holmes, LB, Harvey, EA, Coull, BA, Huntington, KB, Khoshbin, S, Hayes, AM & Ryan, LM 2001, 'The teratogenicity of anticonvulsant drugs.', NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE, vol. 344, no. 15, pp. 1132-1138.
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Background: The frequency of major malformations, growth retardation, and hypoplasia of the mid-face and fingers, known as anticonvulsant embryopathy, is increased in infants exposed to anticonvulsant drugs in utero. However, whether the abnormalities are caused by the maternal epilepsy itself or by exposure to anticonvulsant drugs is not known. Methods: We screened 128,049 pregnant women at delivery to identify three groups of infants: those exposed to anticonvulsant drugs, those unexposed to anticonvulsant drugs but with a maternal history of seizures, and those unexposed to anticonvulsant drugs with no maternal history of seizures (control group). The infants were examined systematically for the presence of major malformations, signs of hypoplasia of the midface and fingers, microcephaly, and small body size. Results: The combined frequency of anticonvulsant embryopathy was higher in 223 infants exposed to one anticonvulsant drug than in 508 control infants (20.6 percent vs, 8.5 percent; odds ratio, 2.8; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 9.7). The frequency was also higher in 93 infants exposed to two or more anticonvulsant drugs than in the controls (28.0 percent vs. 8.5 percent; odds ratio, 4.2; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 5.1). The 98 infants whose mothers had a history of epilepsy but took no anticonvulsant drugs during the pregnancy did not have a higher frequency of those abnormalities than the control infants. Conclusions: A distinctive pattern of physical abnormalities in infants of mothers with epilepsy is associated with the use of anticonvulsant drugs during pregnancy, rather than with epilepsy itself. Copyright © 2001 Massachusetts Medical Society.

Hong, MY, Chapkin, RS, Morris, JS, Wang, N, Carroll, RJ, Turner, ND, Chang, WCL, Davidson, LA & Lupton, JR 2001, 'Anatomical site-specific response to DNA damage is related to later tumor development in the rat azoxymethane colon carcinogenesis model', Carcinogenesis, vol. 22, no. 11, pp. 1831-1835.
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Hornitzky, MA, Bettelheim, KA & Djordjevic, SP 2001, 'The detection of Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coliin diagnostic bovine faecal samples using vancomycin-cefixime-cefsulodin blood agar and PCR', FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol. 198, no. 1, pp. 17-22.
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Howard, RJ 2001, 'Perspective: media coverage of emerging and re‐emerging diseases behind the headlines', Statistics in Medicine, vol. 20, no. 9-10, pp. 1357-1361.
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Hu, J, Russell, JJ, Ben-Nissan, B & Vago, R 2001, 'Production and Analysis of Hydroxyapatite fromAustralian Corals Via Hydrothermal Process', Journal of Materials Science Letters, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 85-87.
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Hughes, JM, Hutter, MC, Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2001, 'Modeling the bacterial photosynthetic reaction center. 4. The structural, electrochemical, and hydrogen-bonding properties of 22 mutants of Rhodobacter sphaeroides', JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, vol. 123, no. 35, pp. 8550-8563.
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Humphrey, RK, Smith, MS, Kwok, J, Si, Z, Tuch, BE & Simpson, AM 2001, 'In vitro Dedifferentiation of Fetal Porcine Pancreatic Tissue prior to Transplantation as Islet-Like Cell Clusters', Cells Tissues Organs, vol. 168, no. 3, pp. 158-169.
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The fetal porcine pancreas under experimental conditions can be transplanted in the form of explants or islet-like cell clusters (ICCs) to normalize blood glucose levels in diabetic recipients. ICCs are released from the collagenase-digested pancreas and require a 4- to 5-day culture period for their complete formation. In order to maximize insulin producing β cell differentiation following transplantation, an understanding of ICC development is essential to utilize this alternative treatment for type 1 diabetes. In this study a role is proposed for exocrine cells in the generation of the multipotent pancreatic precursor cells during the culture period. Acinar cells undergo dedifferentiation during the initial stages of the culture<i></i>period into multipotent pancreatic precusor cells, previously called protodifferentiated cells. The progressive loss of exocrine differentiation appears to involve rapid degranulation of zymogen granules by exocytosis and loss of the prominent secretory apparatus. These processes occur in parallel with a significant reduction in the expression of lipase in the period from day 0 to day 5 and simultaneously there is an increase in the epithelioid/ductal cell marker, cytokeratin 20. Using proliferating cell nuclear antigen, cell proliferation during the culture period does not appear to account for the increase in epithelioid/ductal cells. Further the rates of apoptosis and necrosis which were identified using the TUNEL technique and propidium iodide, respectively, do not appear to account for the reduction in exocrine cell numbers. Exocrine cell dedifferentiation appears to increase the pool of protodifferentiated cells which have the potential to develop into the insulin-producing β-cell population following transplantation into the diabetic recipient

Hunt, PW, Watts, RA, Trevaskis, B, Llewelyn, DJ, Burnell, J, Dennis, ES & Peacock, WJ 2001, 'Expression and evolution of functionally distinct haemoglobin genes in plants', PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 677-692.
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Jiang, W, Kipnis, V, Midthune, D & Carroll, RJ 2001, 'Parameterization and Inference for Nonparametric Regression Problems', Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology, vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 583-591.
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Summary We consider local likelihood or local estimating equations, in which a multivariate function Θ(·) is estimated but a derived function λ(·) of Θ(·) is of interest. In many applications, when most naturally formulated the derived function is a non-linear function of Θ(·). In trying to understand whether the derived non-linear function is constant or linear, a problem arises with this approach: when the function is actually constant or linear, the expectation of the function estimate need not be constant or linear, at least to second order. In such circumstances, the simplest standard methods in nonparametric regression for testing whether a function is constant or linear cannot be applied. We develop a simple general solution which is applicable to nonparametric regression, varying-coefficient models, nonparametric generalized linear models, etc. We show that, in local linear kernel regression, inference about the derived function λ(·) is facilitated without a loss of power by reparameterization so that λ(·) is itself a component of Θ(·). Our approach is in contrast with the standard practice of choosing Θ(·) for convenience and allowing λ(·)&gt; to be a non-linear function of Θ(·). The methods are applied to an important data set in nutritional epidemiology.

Jones, N, Mansour, D, Stoilovic, M, Lennard, C & Roux, C 2001, 'The influence of polymer type, print donor and age on the quality of fingerprints developed on plastic substrates using vacuum metal deposition', Forensic Science International, vol. 124, no. 2-3, pp. 167-177.
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This study investigated fingerprint development on five different polymer substrates using vacuum metal deposition (VMD). The conditions required for optimum development are shown to depend on a number of factors. No one set of conditions will result in good development in all situations. Polymer type has been confirmed as a major factor in determining the types of development that will occur and the optimum VMD conditions required. For more consistently successful VMD development, polymer type should be determined before selecting conditions. While polymer type is a key factor in determining optimum development conditions, there may be variation of the optimum conditions within a polymer type, most likely due to the presence of additives in the plastic. The heaviness of a latent print, i.e. amount of residue that constitutes the print, also affects the VMD conditions required. The donor, manner of deposition, and age of a print affect the heaviness of the deposit. The heavier the print, the higher the gold count necessary for successful VMD development. The occurrence of ‘empty prints’ (i.e. zinc deposition on the general background but not on or between the print ridges) was found to be related to polymer type and print heaviness. Heavy prints on PVC and PET are the most likely to be ‘empty’ after VMD treatment. The development of empty prints may be due to the diffusion of print residue into the print valleys. Pre-treatment with cyanoacrylate fuming was also found to affect VMD development. In particular, it was shown that cyanoacrylate pre-treatment was beneficial for print development on PET and PVC. The results of this study were used to formulate guidelines for use as an aid by laboratories using VMD in casework.

Jones, N, Stoilovic, M, Lennard, C & Roux, C 2001, 'Vacuum metal deposition: developing latent fingerprints on polyethylene substrates after the deposition of excess gold', Forensic Science International, vol. 123, no. 1, pp. 5-12.
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Jones, N, Stoilovic, M, Lennard, C & Roux, C 2001, 'Vacuum metal deposition: factors affecting normal and reverse development of latent fingerprints on polyethylene substrates', Forensic Science International, vol. 115, no. 1-2, pp. 73-88.
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Vacuum metal deposition (VMD) is an established technique for the development of latent fingerprints on non-porous surfaces. VMD has advantages over cyanoacrylate fuming, especially in circumstances where prints are old, have been exposed to adverse environmental conditions, or are present on semi-porous surfaces. Under normal circumstances, VMD produces `negative prints as zinc deposits onto the background substrate and not the print ridges themselves. A phenomenon of `reverse development, when zinc deposits onto the print ridges and not the background, has been reported by many authors but its causes have not been conclusively identified. Four plastic substrates were used in this study and these could be easily divided into two groups based on the types of development observed as the amount of deposited gold was increased. On group I plastics, identified as low-density polyethylene (LDPE), normal development then reverse development and finally no development resulted with increasing gold. On group II plastics, identified as high-density polyethylene (HDPE), normal development then over-development and finally poor-quality normal development resulted with increasing gold. Our results suggest that the difference between these plastic types causes variations in the gold film structure which in turn dictates the nature of the zinc deposition. On group I plastics, the structure and thickness of the gold film has been identified as the critical factor in the occurrence of normal or reverse development. Thin gold films on plastic substrates form small `clusters (or agglomerates) rather than the atoms being uniformly spread over the surface. The size and shape of these clusters is critical. Once the clusters reach a certain morphology, they no longer act as nucleation sites for zinc, and hence, zinc will not deposit onto the substrate.

Kalman, J, Nordlund, C, Patney, HK, Evans, LA & Wilson, MA 2001, 'Order in carbons produced by plasma arcing in the presence of cobalt', CARBON, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 137-144.
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The heterogeneity of the web by changing the ratio of cobalt to graphitic carbon in the reaction mixture is investigated. The various webs were studied by electron microscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy. It is shown that structures in the web have varying degrees of order, and this relates to mechanism of growth. By hydrothermally oxidizing and removing the nanotubes in the web a new spherical particle was observed which by micro-Raman spectroscopy was shown to have a high degree of order.

Kauermann, G & Carroll, RJ 2001, 'A Note on the Efficiency of Sandwich Covariance Matrix Estimation', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 96, no. 456, pp. 1387-1396.
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Kher, A, Mulholland, M, Reedy, B & Maynard, P 2001, 'Classification of Document Papers by Infrared Spectroscopy and Multivariate Statistical Techniques', Applied Spectroscopy, vol. 55, no. 9, pp. 1192-1198.
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Infrared (IR) spectra of different varieties of document papers were collected with the use of attenuated total reflectance (ATR, 4000-650 cm−1, eight paper varieties) and diffuse reflectance (DRIFTS, 9000-2500 cm−1, six paper varieties) techniques. The spectral data were classified by the application of soft independent modeling of class analogies (SIMCA), using principal components analysis (PCA) to estimate the distance of separation between the different classes of paper samples and discriminant analysis (DA) to obtain a probabilistic classification. The use of DA on spectral data needed a preliminary data reduction step, either by PCA-decomposition of spectra or the selection of discrete spectral features having maximum discriminating ability. The aim of this research was to evaluate these data-reduction techniques and compare the discriminating power of these two spectral techniques (DRIFTS and ATR) by the application of PCA and DA. The use of PCA scores as DA variables provided the best resolution (100% correct classification) for the DRIFTS spectra, while PCA on the ATR spectra resulted in the best discrimination, separating 67.86% paper pairs completely with the use of cross-validation. The results of this study reemphasize that infrared spectroscopy coupled with multivariate statistical methods of analysis could provide a powerful discriminating tool for the forensic questioned document examiner.

Kipnis, V, Midthune, D, Freedman, LS, Bingham, S, Schatzkin, A, Subar, A & Carroll, RJ 2001, 'Empirical Evidence of Correlated Biases in Dietary Assessment Instruments and Its Implications', American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 153, no. 4, pp. 394-403.
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Kirkovits, GJ, Shriver, JA, Gale, PA & Sessler, JL 2001, '', Journal of Inclusion Phenomena and Macrocyclic Chemistry, vol. 41, no. 1/4, pp. 69-75.
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Kishimoto, N, Sakai, H, Jackson, J, Jacobsen, SE, Meyerowitz, EM, Dennis, ES & Finnegan, EJ 2001, 'Site specificity of the Arabidopsis METI DNA methyltransferase demonstrated through hypermethylation of the superman locus', PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 171-183.
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Koo, KLK, Ammit, AJ, Tran, VH, Duke, CC & Roufogalis, BD 2001, 'Gingerols and Related Analogues Inhibit Arachidonic Acid-Induced Human Platelet Serotonin Release and Aggregation', Thrombosis Research, vol. 103, no. 5, pp. 387-397.
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Koop, K, Booth, D, Broadbent, A, Brodie, J, Bucher, D, Capone, D, Coll, J, Dennison, W, Erdmann, M, Harrison, P, Hoegh-Guldberg, O, Hutchings, P, Jones, GB, Larkum, AWD, O'Neil, J, Steven, A, Tentori, E, Ward, S, Williamson, J & Yellowlees, D 2001, 'ENCORE: The Effect of Nutrient Enrichment on Coral Reefs. Synthesis of Results and Conclusions', Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 91-120.
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Coral reef degradation resulting from nutrient enrichment of coastal waters is of increasing global concern. Although effects of nutrients on coral reef organisms have been demonstrated in the laboratory, there is little direct evidence of nutrient effects on coral reef biota in situ. The ENCORE experiment investigated responses of coral reef organisms and processes to controlled additions of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (N) and/or phosphorus (P) on an offshore reef (One Tree Island) at the southern end of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. A multi-disciplinary team assessed a variety of factors focusing on nutrient dynamics and biotic responses. A controlled and replicated experiment was conducted over two years using twelve small patch reefs ponded at low tide by a coral rim. Treatments included three control reefs (no nutrient addition) and three+N reefs (NH4Cl added), three+P reefs (KH2PO4 added), and three+N+P reefs. Nutrients were added as pulses at each low tide (ca twice per day) by remotely operated units. There were two phases of nutrient additions. During the initial, low-loading phase of the experiment nutrient pulses (mean dose=11.5 μMNH4+; 2.3μMPO4-3) rapidly declined, reaching near-background levels (mean=0.9μMNH4+; 0.5μMPO4-3) within 2-3 h. A variety of biotic processes, assessed over a year during this initial nutrient loading phase, were not significantly affected, with the exception of coral reproduction, which was affected in all nutrient treatments. In Acropora longicyathus and A. aspera, fewer successfully developed embryos were formed, and in A. longicyathus fertilization rates and lipid levels decreased. In the second, high-loading, phase of ENCORE an increased nutrient dosage (mean dose=36.2 μMNH4+; 5.1μMPO4-3 declining to means of 11.3 μMNH4+ and 2.4μMPO4-3 at the end of low tide) was used for a further year, and a variety of significant biotic responses occurred. Encrusting algae incorporated virtually none of the added nutrie...

Korrick, SA, Chen, CZ, Damokosh, AI, Ni, JT, Liu, X, Cho, SI, Altshul, L, Ryan, L & Xu, XP 2001, 'Association of DDT with spontaneous abortion: A case-control study', ANNALS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 491-496.
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PURPOSE: Spontaneous abortion (SAB), the most common adverse pregnancy outcome, affects ∼15% of clinically recognized pregnancies. Except for advanced maternal age and smoking, there are not well-established risk factors for SAB. Animal models associate increased fetal resorption or abortion with exposure to the pesticide dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT), but epidemiologic investigations of DDT and SAB are inconsistent. We undertook a pilot investigation of the hypothesized association of DDT with SAB. METHODS: Participants in this case-control study were selected from a longitudinal study of reproductive effects of rotating shifts among female Chinese textile workers who were married, ages 22-34, nulliparous without history of SAB or infertility, and planning pregnancy. From 412 pregnancies, 42 of which ended in SAB, 15 SAB cases and 15 full-term controls were randomly selected and phlebotomized. Serum was analyzed for p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDT, their metabolites (DDE and DDD), and other organochlorines including polychlorinated biphenyls. RESULTS: Cases and controls were nonsmokers and did not differ in age (mean 25 years), body mass index (BMI), passive smoke exposure, or workplace exposures. Cases had significantly (p < 0.05) higher serum levels of p,p′-DDE (22 vs.12 ng/g) and o,p′-DDE (0.09 vs. 0.05 ng/g) than controls. After adjustment for age and BMI, each ng/g serum increase in p,p′-DDE was associated with a 1.13 (CI, 1.02-1.26) increased odds of SAB. With adjustment of serum DDE levels for excretion via breastfeeding, DDE-associated increased odds of SAB remained significant with up to 7% declines in maternal serum DDE levels for each month of breastfeeding. CONCLUSIONS: A potential increased risk of SAB is associated with maternal serum DDE levels. © 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.

Krishna, G, Schulte, J, Cornell, BA, Pace, R, Wieczorek, L & Osman, PD 2001, 'Tethered bilayer membranes containing ionic reservoirs: The interfacial capacitance', LANGMUIR, vol. 17, no. 16, pp. 4858-4866.
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Krymskaya, VP, Ammit, AJ, Hoffman, RK, Eszterhas, AJ & Panettieri, RA 2001, 'Activation of class IA PI3K stimulates DNA synthesis in human airway smooth muscle cells', American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, vol. 280, no. 5, pp. L1009-L1018.
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The precise mechanisms that regulate increases in airway smooth muscle (ASM) mass in asthma are unknown. This study determined whether class IA phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) is sufficient to stimulate DNA synthesis and characterized the PI3K isoforms expressed in human ASM cells. ASM cells express class IA, II, and III PI3K but not class IB. Because thrombin induces ASM cell proliferation, we investigated whether thrombin can stimulate class IA PI3K. Transient transfection of ASM cells with hemagglutinin-tagged p85 PI3K followed by immunostaining revealed that in quiescent cells, p85 was expressed diffusely in the cytoplasm and after stimulation with thrombin p85 translocated to the cell membrane. Microinjection of ASM cells with a dominant negative class IA PI3K inhibited thrombin-induced DNA synthesis by 30% and epidermal growth factor (EGF)- or serum-induced DNA synthesis by 13 and 28%, respectively ( P < 0.05 by χ2 analysis). In parallel experiments, transfection or microinjection of cells with constitutively active PI3K markedly increased DNA synthesis in transfected cells 10.5-fold and in microinjected cells 12.7-fold ( P < 0.05 by χ2 analysis) compared with cells transfected or microinjected with control plasmid. Interestingly, constitutively active PI3K augmented EGF-induced DNA synthesis but had little effect on that induced by serum or thrombin in ASM cells. Collectively, these data suggest that class IA PI3K is activated by thrombin and is sufficient to induce ASM cell growth.

Ku, CH, Ryan, L & Christiani, D 2001, 'An application of a Poisson model with GEE adjustments for assessment of occupational exposure to fungi', EPIDEMIOLOGY, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. S59-S59.

Ku, CH, Ryan, L & Christiani, D 2001, 'Skin test reactivity to fungi and dust mites and serum IgE concentrations in an occupational cohort', EPIDEMIOLOGY, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. S58-S58.

Kubilius, K & Platen, E 2001, 'Rate of Weak Convergence of the Euler Approximation for Diffusion Processes with Jumps', Monte Carlo Methods and Applications, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 83-96.
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The paper estimates the speed of convergence of the Euler approximation for diffussion processes with jump component which have Holder continuous coefficients.

Kucheyev, SO, Bradby, JE, Williams, JS, Swain, MV, Toth, M, Phillips, MR & Jagadish, C 2001, 'Mechanical properties of As-grown and ion-beam-modified GaN films', Materials Research Society Symposium-Proceedings, vol. 649, pp. Q5.5.1-Q5.5.6.
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The deformation behavior of as-grown and ion-beam-modified wurtzite GaN films is studied by nanoindentation with a spherical indenter. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and cathodoluminescence are used to characterize the deformation mode. No systematic dependence of the mechanical properties on the film thickness (at least for thicknesses from 1.8 to 4 μm) as well as on doping type is observed. Results strongly suggest that (i) slips is the major contributor to the plastic deformation of crystalline GaN and (ii) slip nucleation (rather than a phase transformation) is responsible for 'pop-in' events observed during loading. Indentation with an ∼ 4.2 μm radius spherical indenter at maximum loads up to 900 mN does not produce any cracking visible by AFM in crystalline GaN. Instead, under such loads, indentation results in a pronounced elevation of the material around the impression. Implantation disorder dramatically changes the deformation behavior of GaN. In particular, implantation-produced defects in crystalline GaN suppress (i) 'pop-in' events during loading, (ii) slip bands observed by AFM, and (iii) the plastic component of deformation. GaN amorphized by ion bombardment exhibits plastic flow even for very low loads. The values of hardness and elastic modulus of amorphous GaN are dramatically reduced compared to those of as-grown GaN. © 2001 Materials Research Society.

Kucheyev, SO, Toth, M, Phillips, MR, Williams, JS & Jagadish, C 2001, 'Effects of excitation density on cathodoluminescence from GaN', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 79, no. 14, pp. 2154-2156.
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Wurtzite GaN epilayers are studied by cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy. Results show that the intensities of donor-acceptor pair (DAP) and yellow luminescence (YL) peaks sublinearly depend on excitation density, presumably, due to saturation effects. The intensity of near-gap emission, however, exhibits a superlinear dependence on electron-beam excitation. In contrast to photoluminescence measurements, CL studies of GaN are usually performed in a regime with a strongly nonlinear dependence of luminescence intensities on excitation due to a large difference in carrier generation rates for these two techniques. As a result, the ratios of near-gap to YL and DAP emission intensities strongly depend on electron-beam current. Moreover, electron-beam spot size (i.e., beam focusing) dramatically affects CL intensity. An understanding of such saturation effects is necessary for a correct interpretation of CL spectra from GaN. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.

Kucheyev, SO, Toth, M, Phillips, MR, Williams, JS, Jagadish, C & Li, G 2001, 'Cathodoluminescence depth profiling of ion-implanted GaN', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 78, no. 1, pp. 34-36.
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Cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy shows that even relatively low-dose keV light-ion bombardment (corresponding to the generation of ∼5 × 1019 vacancies/cm3) of wurtzite GaN results in a dramatic quenching of visible CL emission. Postimplantation annealing at temperatures up to 1050°C generally causes a partial recovery of measured CL intensities. However, CL depth profiles indicate that, in most cases, such a recovery results from CL emission from virgin GaN, beyond the implanted layer due to a reduction in the extent of light absorption within the implanted layer. In this case, CL emission from the implanted layer remains completely quenched even after such an annealing. These results show that an understanding of the effects of ion bombardment and postimplantation annealing on luminescence generation and light absorption is required for a correct interpretation of luminescence spectra of GaN optically doped by keV ion implantation. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.

Langford, SJ, Lee, MA-P, Macfarlane, KJ & Weigold, JA 2001, '', Journal of Inclusion Phenomena and Macrocyclic Chemistry, vol. 41, no. 1/4, pp. 135-139.
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Larkum, AWD, Karge, M, Reifarth, F, Eckert, H-J, Post, A & Renger, G 2001, 'Effect of monochromatic UV-B radiation on electron transfer reactions of Photosystem II', Photosynthesis Research, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 49-60.
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The adverse effect of low intensity, small band UV-B irradiation (λ=305±5 nm, I=300 mW m-2) on PS II has been studied by comparative measurements of laser flash-induced changes of the absorption at 325 nm, ΔA325(t), as an indicator of redox changes in QA, and of the relative fluorescence quantum yield, F(t)/Fo, in PS II membrane fragments. The properties of untreated control were compared with those of samples where the oxygen evolution rate under illumination with continuous saturating light was inhibited by up to 95%. The following results were obtained: a) the detectable initial amplitude (at a time resolution of 30 μs) of the 325 nm absorption changes, ΔA325, remained virtually invariant whereas the relaxation kinetics exhibit significant changes, b) the 300 μs kinetics of ΔA325 dominating the relaxation in UV-B treated samples was largely replaced by a 1.3 ms kinetics after addition of MnCl2, c) the extent of the flash induced rise of the relative fluorescence quantum yield was severely diminished in UV-B treated PS II membrane fragments but the relaxation kinetics remain virtually unaffected. Based on these results the water oxidizing complex (WOC) is inferred to be the primary target of UV-B impairment of PS II while the formation of the 'stable' radical pair P680+•QA-• is almost invariant to this UV-B treatment.

Lee, R, Ajani, P, Pritchard, T & Black, K 2001, 'Resolving climatic variance in the context of retrospective phytoplankton pattern investigations off the east coast of Australia', Journal of Coastal Research, vol. SPEC, no. SPEC. ISSUE 34, pp. 74-86.
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Many oceanographic studies on the eastern seaboard of Australia have utilised as a benchmark, the long-term records from the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation 50 and 100m sites off Port Hacking, near Sydney. This 57-year physico-chemical record is tested for bias (eg. 'fair weather' sampling bias), to assess the degree to which temporal variability is captured and to assess potential for spatial extrapolation. The data is found to be well correlated for all-weather conditions, and indicates there is an alongshore, cooling trend in the region that may be related to shelf break divergence. We explore this record for long-term patterns and their association with the known large-scale phenomenon, El Niño. Discrete short-term biological (phytoplankton) and physico-chemical studies, interpreted in the context of long-term background climatic variability indicate anomalous conditions that appear to be related to El Niño. Warmer conditions associated with reduced nutrient levels were experienced during a recent study undertaken by Ajani et al (this volume) during the strong El Niño of 1997/98. These anomalies are similar to measured differences between normal and El Niño years experienced at the study site over the 57-year record. A comparison of this anomalous year to previous phytoplankton studies done at the Port Hacking 100m station suggests the anomalous physico-chemical conditions corresponded with atypical phytoplankton blooms of Thalassiosira spp. and Noctiluca scintillons. These results indicate that a better understanding of climatic variance is required when attempting to define impacts (such as anthropogenic inputs) on a coastal system from short-term studies. This approach enables a more thorough interpretation of current and historical data sets especially in cases where appropriate reference/control (putatively unimpacted) sites were unavailable or not monitored.

Lee, R, Ajani, P, Wallace, S, Pritchard, T & Black, K 2001, 'Anomalous upwelling along australia's east coast', Journal of Coastal Research, vol. SPEC, no. SPEC. ISSUE 34, pp. 87-95.
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Warm nutrient-poor water, associated with the 1997/98 El Niño, dominated conditions along Australia's east coast for the majority of 1997. Towards the end of the El Niño event, anomalously cool nutrient-rich water prevailed in coastal waters in response to a strong upwelling associated with enhanced dynamics from the East Australian Current and upwelling favourable winds. The upwelling was consistent with anomalously cool conditions observed during the demise of previous El Niño periods at the study location. Phytoplankton responses included blooms of the small centric diatom Thalassiosira spp. and the large heterotrophic dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillons. Repetitive physico-chemical and biological sampling along cross-shelf transect lines combined with a 300km alongshore array of thermistor moorings, and ground-truthed SeaWiFS observations, captured this event. Enhanced East Australian Current activity to the north, and upwelling favourable winds across the study region, promoted cool nutrient-rich slope-waters to be uplifted onto the continental shelf. Thermistor records suggest this event swamped the entire study region in early January 1998 and remained until early February 1998. Crossspectral phase analysis of the records confirms these spatial and temporal observations. Nutrient levels peaked at the 99%ile value of records from 57 years monitoring at the study location. Slope-waters uplifted to the euphotic zone, enhanced populations of both primary and secondary phytoplankton bloom species, which extended to mid February 1998. SeaWiFS imagery indicates the formation of a cyclonic back-eddy on the inshore edge of the East Australian Current, and in the lee of a major topographic protrusion. This back-eddy isolates slope-waters and incubates phytoplankton, leaking alongshore with the general southward streamflow. Assessments of the reproductive status and feeding activity of Noctiluca indicate a maturing population with increasing southerly exte...

Leishman, MR & Murray, BR 2001, 'The relationship between seed size and abundance in plant communities: model predictions and observed patterns', OIKOS, vol. 94, no. 1, pp. 151-161.
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Recent studies have suggested that seed size and plant abundance in communities are associated. However, inconsistent patterns have emerged from these studies, with varying mechanisms proposed to explain emergent relationships. We employ a theoretical framework, based on key theory lineages of vegetation dynamics and species coexistence, to examine relationships between species abundance and seed size. From these theory lineages, we identified four models and their predictions: the Seed size/number trade-off model (SSNTM), the Succession model (SM), the Spatial competition model (SCM), and the Lottery model (LM). We then explored empirical evidence from ten diverse plant communities for seed size and abundance patterns, and related these patterns to model predictions. The SSNTM predicts a negative correlation between seed size and abundance.

Lenzen, M & Murray, SA 2001, 'A modified ecological footprint method and its application to Australia', ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 229-255.
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Leonard, AW, Hyne, RV, Lim, RP, Leigh, KA, Le, J & Beckett, R 2001, 'Fate and toxicity of endosulfan in Namoi River water and bottom sediment', JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 750-759.
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Leslie, LM & Speer, MS 2001, 'Comments on “Statistical Single-Station Short-Term Forecasting of Temperature and Probability of Precipitation: Area Interpolation and NWP Combination”', Weather and Forecasting, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 765-767.
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Levy, JI, Houseman, EA, Spengler, JD, Loh, P & Ryan, L 2001, 'Fine particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentration patterns in Roxbury, Massachusetts: A community-based GIS analysis', ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES, vol. 109, no. 4, pp. 341-347.
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Given an elevated prevalence of respiratory disease and density of pollution sources, residents of Roxbury, Massachusetts, have been interested in better understanding their exposures to air pollution. To determine whether local transportation sources contribute significantly to exposures, we conducted a community-based pilot investigation to measure concentrations of fine particulate matter (particulate matter < 2.5 μm; PM2.5) and particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Roxbury in the summer of 1999. Community members carried portable monitors on the streets in a 1-mile radius around a large bus terminal to create a geographic information system (GIS) map of concentrations and gathered data on site characteristics that could predict ambient concentrations. Both PM2.5 and PAH concentrations were greater during morning rush hours and on weekdays. In linear mixed-effects regressions controlling for temporal autocorrelation, PAH concentrations were significantly higher with closer proximity to the bus terminal (p < 0.05), and both pollutants were elevated, but not statistically significantly so, on bus routes. Regressions on a subset of measurements for which detailed site characteristics were gathered showed higher concentrations of both pollutants on roads reported to have heavy bus traffic. Although a more comprehensive monitoring protocol would be needed to develop robust predictive functions for air pollution, our study demonstrates that pollution patterns in an urban area can be characterized with limited monitoring equipment and that university-community partnerships can yield relevant exposure information.

Levy, JI, Houseman, EA, Spengler, JD, Loh, P & Ryan, L 2001, 'Fine Particulate Matter and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Concentration Patterns in Roxbury, Massachusetts: A Community-Based GIS Analysis', Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 109, no. 4, pp. 341-341.
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Light, ME, Camiolo, S, Gale, PA & Hursthouse, MB 2001, 'Anion–anion one-dimensional chain formation within cationic channels in tetrabutylammonium dihydrogenphosphate dichloromethane solvate', Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, vol. 57, no. 8, pp. o727-o729.
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Light, ME, Camiolo, S, Gale, PA & Hursthouse, MB 2001, 'Methyl 5-methyl-3,4-diphenyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate', Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, vol. 57, no. 12, pp. o1245-o1246.
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Light, ME, Gale, PA & Hursthouse, MB 2001, 'Anion–anion dimerization in tetrabutylammonium hydrogensulfate', Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, vol. 57, no. 8, pp. o705-o706.
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Lim, R, Gale, S, Doyle, C, Lesjean, B & Gilbert, M 2001, 'Endocrine disrupting compounds in effluent reused in agriculture', Water, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 26-30.
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A brief review is given on the presence, fate and impact of EDCs in sewage effluent reused in agriculture on crop plants and livestock. Mammalian hormones and to a lesser extent some synthetic chemicals and metals may potentially pose some risk to plants and animals. However, there is a paucity of studies and therefore the precautionary principle should underpin the reuse of sewage effluent in agriculture, and the effectiveness of STP treatments on removal of EDCs in reclaimed waters warrants greater attention.

LIM, SAM, TOMITA, K, CARRAMORI, G, JATAKANON, A, OLIVER, B, KELLER, A, ADCOCK, IAN, CHUNG, KF & BARNES, PJ 2001, 'Low-dose Theophylline Reduces Eosinophilic Inflammation but Not Exhaled Nitric Oxide in Mild Asthma', American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol. 164, no. 2, pp. 273-276.
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Lin, X & Carroll, RJ 2001, 'Semiparametric regression for clustered data', Biometrika, vol. 88, no. 4, pp. 1179-1185.
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Lin, X & Carroll, RJ 2001, 'Semiparametric Regression for Clustered Data Using Generalized Estimating Equations', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 96, no. 455, pp. 1045-1056.
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Liu, GJ, Simpson, AM & Martin, DK 2001, 'Glucose Activates K-atp Signaling Pathways In The Insulin Secreting Liver Cell Lin Hepg2ins/g', Molecular Biology Of The Cell, vol. 12, no. 0, pp. 1-1.
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NA

Lynch, VM, Gale, PA, Sessler, JL & Madeiros, D 2001, 'Room-temperature monoclinic and low-temperature triclinic phase-transition structures ofmeso-octamethylcalix[4]pyrrole–dimethyl sulfoxide (1/1)', Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications, vol. 57, no. 12, pp. 1426-1428.
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M. Mitrovic, S, Bowling, LC & Buckney, RT 2001, 'Responses of Phytoplankton to in-situ Nutrient Enrichment; Potential Influences on Species Dominance in a River', International Review of Hydrobiology, vol. 86, no. 3, pp. 285-298.
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M. Mitrovic, S, Bowling, LC & Buckney, RT 2001, 'Responses of Phytoplankton toin-situ Nutrient Enrichment; Potential Influences on Species Dominance in a River', International Review of Hydrobiology, vol. 86, no. 3, pp. 285-298.
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MacFarlane, GR & Booth, DJ 2001, 'Estuarine macrobenthic community structure in the Hawkesbury River, Australia: Relationships with sediment physicochemical and anthropogenic parameters', ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 51-78.
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Macrobenthic community assemblage diversity and abundance were monitored on both Cowan and Berowra Creeks in the estuarine reaches of the Hawkesbury River, Sydney Australia during 1997-1998. Natural sediment physicochemical differences were assessed, along with low-level anthropogenic contaminants including copper, lead, zinc, phosphorus and nitrogen. Contaminant levels at all sites were below sediment guideline values for biological effects. Natural physicochemical sediment differences were the main determinants in species assemblage patterns among sites. Three groupings of sites with similar assemblages were observed during February 1998. Berowra Creek sites, which were higher in organic content and silt/clay (and thus metals and nutrients), higher in pH and lower in salinity, were similar in terms of contributions by the polychaetes Ceratoneresis aequisetis, Scoloplos normalis, the isopod Cyathura hakea and the bivalve mollusc Soletellina alba. Sites on upper Cowan Creek, higher in organic content, silt/clay (nutrients and metals) and lower in salinity, were similar and separated from other sites in terms of the polychaete Carazziella victoriensis and the gastropod mollusc Nassarius jonasii. Sites lower in Cowan Creek, tended to be higher in sand content, more saline and lower in organic content and thus nutrient and metal concentrations. These sites were similar in terms of contributions of the polychaete Sigalion bandaensis and the bivalve molluscs, Mysella vitrea and Tellina deltoidalis. The biotic assemblage patterns were not maintained temporally, suggesting the importance of monitoring over time to assess possible future impacts. Aggregating species data to the family level resulted in similar site discrimination. Site differences were less distinct at higher taxonomic levels and suggests future monitoring at the family level is sufficient to detect assemblage differences among sites. The results obtained represent the difficulty in detecting r...

Macka, M, Johns, C, Doble, P & Haddad, PR 2001, 'Indirect photometric detection in CE using buffered electrolytes - Part II, practical rules', LCGC North America, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 178-188.
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In the first part of this two-part series, the guest authors explained the principles and approaches to indirect detection and stressed the importance of buffering for method ruggedness. This second part outlines the different ways electrolytes can be buffered while maintaining compatibility with indirect detection and gives rules and practical guidelines for method development. The authors also discuss some instrumental aspects of indirect photometric detection that affect the method performance.

Macka, M, Johns, C, Doble, P, Haddad, PR & Altria, KD 2001, 'Indirect photometric detection in CE using buffered electrolytes - Part 1 principles (vol 19, pg 38, 2001)', LC GC NORTH AMERICA, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 188-188.
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NA

Macka, M, Johns, C, Doble, P, Haddad, PR & Altria, KD 2001, 'Indirect photometric detection in CE using buffered electrolytes - Part I, principles', LC GC NORTH AMERICA, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 38-+.
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NA

Mahoney, JM, Marshall, RA, Beatty, AM, Smith, BD, Camiolo, S & Gale, PA 2001, 'Complexation of Alkali Chloride Contact Ion-Pairs Using A 2,5-Diamidopyrrole Crown Macrobicycle', Journal of Supramolecular Chemistry, vol. 1, no. 4-6, pp. 289-292.
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Malaun, M, Kowallick, R, McDonagh, AM, Marcaccio, M, Paul, RL, Asselberghs, I, Clays, K, Persoons, A, Bildstein, B, Fiorini, CL, Nunzi, J-M, Ward, MD & McCleverty, JA 2001, 'Donor–acceptor complexes incorporating ferrocenes: spectroelectrochemical characterisation, quadratic hyperpolarisabilities and the effects of oxidising and reducing agents', Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions, vol. 20, no. 20, pp. 3025-3038.
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The donor-acceptor complexes [Fe(C5H5){C5H4QNHM(NO)(TpMe,Me)X}] {TpMe,Me= tris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate; Q = nothing, M = Mo, X = Cl, Br, I; M = W, X = Cl; Q = C6H4, M = Mo, X = Cl, Br, I; M = W, X = Cl; Q = CHCHC6H4 or NNC6H4, M = Mo, X = Cl), which contain 16-valence electron metal nitrosyl centres, [Fe(C5H5){C5H4QpyMo(NO)(TpMe,Me)Cl}] (py = 4-pyridyl; Q = CHCH, CHCHCO, NCH and C6H4CHCH), [Fe(C5Me4H){C5H4CHCHpyMo(NO)(TpMe,Me)Cl}] and [Fe(C5Me4H)(C5Me4QpyZ)] {Q = CHCH or CHN, Z = Mo(NO)(TpMe,Me)Cl or W(CO)5; Q2,4-CHCH(C4H2S)CHCH, Z = W(CO)5 or Me+I}, some of which contain 17-valence electron molybdenum nitrosyl centres, and [Fe(C5Me4H){C5Me4CHCH(C4H2S)CHCHpy}], have been characterised electrochemically, by their electronic spectra, and spectroelectrochemically. Hyper-Rayleigh scattering was used to determine the first hyperpolarisability, , the data showing that (a) is dependent on the metal in the acceptor fragment, (b) increased when Cl or Br was replaced by I and (c) increased when the number of methyl groups on the cyclopentadienyl rings increased. The -values for comparable complexes containing {Mo(NO)(TpMe,Me)Cl} and {W(CO)5} moieties were similar. Chemical oxidation of the ferrocenyl or chemical reduction of the molybdenum nitrosyl acceptor fragments in selected complexes caused a reduction of between 25% and 100% in the NLO response. X-Ray structural studies of [Fe(C5H5){C5H4NHMo(NO)(TpMe,Me)Cl}] (P) and [Fe(C5Me4H){C5Me4CHCHpyMo(NO)(TpMe,Me)Cl}] (P) are reported.

Mammen, E, Marron, JS, Turlach, BA & Wand, MP 2001, 'A General Projection Framework for Constrained Smoothing', Statistical Science, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 232-248.
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Marsh, DJ & Stratakis, CA 2001, 'Hamartoma and Lentiginosis Syndromes: Clinical and Molecular Aspects', GENETIC DISORDERS OF ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA, vol. 28, pp. 167-213.
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Marsh, DJ, Theodosopoulos, G, Howell, V, Richardson, A-L, Benn, DE, Proos, AL, Eng, C & Robinson, BG 2001, 'Rapid Mutation Scanning of Genes Associated with Familial Cancer Syndromes Using Denaturing High-Performance Liquid Chromatography', Neoplasia, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 236-244.
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Martin, DK, Markhotina, N & Liu, GJ 2001, 'Vascoactive Peptides In Induce Relaxation In Retinal Pericytes Via A Pathway Mediated By Protein Kinase A.', Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 1-1.
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NA

MATTHEWS, JL, BROWN, AMV, LARISON, K, BISHOP‐STEWART, JK, ROGERS, P & KENT, ML 2001, 'Pseudoloma neurophilia n. g., n. sp., a New Microsporidium from the Central Nervous System of the Zebrafish (Danio rerio)', Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 227-233.
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ABSTRACT. An unusual xenoma‐forming microsporidium was discovered in the central nervous system of moribund zebrafish from a laboratory colony in Eugene, Oregon. Infected fish were often emaciated and lethargic, and histological examination commonly revealed severe myelitis and myositis associated with the infection. Based on its structure, development, and small subunit ribosomal DNA sequence it is unique among fish microsporidia. Spores are uninucleate, ovoid to pyriform, with a prominent posterior vacuole. Spores average 5.4 × 2.7 μm with 13–16 coils of the polar filament. The microsporidium produces xenomas within the spinal cord and hindbrain of fish, and xenomas contained sporophorous vesicles with up to 16 spores. Sporoblasts and presporoblast stages (probably sporonts) are found occasionally in small aggregates dispersed randomly throughout xenomas. It clustered in the “Ichthyosporidium group” along with other fish microsporidian genera based on rDNA sequence analysis. The rDNA sequence of the zebrafish microsporidium was most similar to that of Ichthyosporidium, but showed only 12.1% similarity and therefore this microsporidium can be considered a distinct genus and species, which we have named Pseudoloma neurophilia n. g., n. sp.

Maynard, P, Allwell, K, Roux, C, Dawson, M & Royds, D 2001, 'A protocol for the forensic analysis of condom and personal lubricants found in sexual assault cases', Forensic Science International, vol. 124, no. 2-3, pp. 140-156.
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Maynard, P, Gates, K, Roux, C & Lennard, C 2001, 'Adhesive Tape Analysis: Establishing the Evidential Value of Specific Techniques', Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 280-287.
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Abstract This study investigated the evidential value of specific methods of analysis for packaging tapes and clear adhesive tapes available in Australia. Fifty-eight adhesive tapes were analyzed using a wide range of optical, physical, and chemical techniques. The results were collated for the purpose of creating an Australian database of adhesive tapes, which would be of assistance in criminal investigation. Each technique was evaluated for its discriminating power, both for comparative purposes and for the identification of adhesive tapes by comparing unknown samples with the database. The combined discriminating power of the techniques applied is very high. It is possible to individually identify the source of an unknown adhesive tape sample in many instances by searching the database. It is also possible to form an opinion on the significance of a failure-to-discriminate result in comparative casework. Further work is still needed to expand and update the database, as well as compiling data on the relative market share of various products.

Mazzanti, M, Valenzuela, S, Tonini, R, Qui, MR, Warton, K, Musgrove, E, Campbell, TJ & Fairle, D 2001, 'The Nuclear Chloride Ion Channel Ncc27 Is Involved In Regulation Of The Cell Cycle', Biophysical Journal, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 1-1.
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NA

McDougald, D, Rice, SA & Kjelleberg, S 2001, 'SmcR-Dependent Regulation of Adaptive Phenotypes in Vibrio vulnificus', Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 183, no. 2, pp. 758-762.
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ABSTRACT Vibrio vulnificus contains homologues of the V. harveyi luxR and luxS genes. A null mutation in smcR ( luxR ) resulted in a defect in starvation survival, inhibition of starvation-induced maintenance of culturability that occurs when V. vulnificus is starved prior to low-temperature incubation, and increased expression of stationary-phase phenotypes.

McFadden, HG, Chapple, R, de Feyter, R & Dennis, E 2001, 'Expression of pathogenesis-related genes in cotton stems in response to infection by Verticillium dahliae', PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 119-131.
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McFadden, HG, Lawrence, GJ & Dennis, ES 2001, 'Differential induction of chitinase activity in flax (Linum usitatissimum) in response to inoculation with virulent or avirulent strains of Melampsora lini, the cause of flax rust', AUSTRALASIAN PLANT PATHOLOGY, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 27-30.
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Mcnevin, D & Barfprd, J 2001, 'Inter-relationship between adsorption and pH in peat biofilters in the context of a cation-exchange mechanism', Water Research, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 736-744.
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McPhedran, RC, Nicorovici, NA, McKenzie, DR, Botten, LC, Parker, AR & Rouse, GW 2001, 'The sea mouse and the photonic crystal', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 241-244.
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Sea mice (Aphroditidae, Polychaeta) are furry-looking marine worms that forage on, or in, the sea-bed. They are distinguished by an amazing iridescence along the lower sides of the body, associated with both hairs and spines known as chaetae. We show by electron microscopic and optical analysis that the iridescence of spines is caused by a highly regular, sub-micron scale structure resembling that being developed for photonic crystals, and that in fact the sea mouse exploits a partial photonic band gap to achieve its remarkable coloration effects.

McShane, LM, Midthune, DN, Dorgan, JF, Freedman, LS & Carroll, RJ 2001, 'Covariate Measurement Error Adjustment for Matched Case–Control Studies', Biometrics, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 62-73.
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Summary. We propose a conditional scores procedure for obtaining bias‐corrected estimates of log odds ratios from matched case‐control data in which one or more covariates are subject to measurement error. The approach involves conditioning on sufficient statistics for the unobservable true covariates that are treated as fixed unknown parameters. For the case of Gaussian nondifferential measurement error, we derive a set of unbiased score equations that can then be solved to estimate the log odds ratio parameters of interest. The procedure successfully removes the bias in naive estimates, and standard error estimates are obtained by resampling methods. We present an example of the procedure applied to data from a matched case–control study of prostate cancer and serum hormone levels, and we compare its performance to that of regression calibration procedures.

Meier, PC 2001, 'Acupuncture - Testing the Sham', Australasian Science, vol. 22, no. 1.

Menz, RI, Leslie, AGW & Walker, JE 2001, 'The structure and nucleotide occupancy of bovine mitochondrial F₁‐ATPase are not influenced by crystallisation at high concentrations of nucleotide', FEBS Letters, vol. 494, no. 1-2, pp. 11-14.
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Analysis of tryptophan mutants of F1‐ATPase from Escherichia coli [Löbau et al. (1997) FEBS Lett. 404, 15–18] suggested that nucleotide concentrations used to grow crystals for the determination of the structure of bovine F1‐ATPase [Abrahams et al. (1994) Nature 370, 621–628] would be sufficient to occupy only two catalytic sites, and that higher concentrations of nucleotide would result in all three sites being occupied. We have determined the structure of bovine F1‐ATPase at 2.9 Å resolution with crystals grown in the presence of 5 mM AMPPNP and 5 μM ADP. Similar to previous structures of bovine F1‐ATPase determined with crystals grown in the presence of lower nucleotide concentrations, only two β‐subunits have bound nucleotide and the third subunit remains empty.

Menz, RI, Walker, JE & Leslie, AGW 2001, 'Structure of Bovine Mitochondrial F1-ATPase with Nucleotide Bound to All Three Catalytic Sites', Cell, vol. 106, no. 3, pp. 331-341.
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Miao, X, Ruys, AJ & Milthorpe, BK 2001, 'Hydroxyapatite-316L fibre composites prepared by vibration assisted slip casting', JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE, vol. 36, no. 13, pp. 3323-3332.
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To prepare hydroxyapatite (HA, or HAp)-stainless steel 316L fibre composites with up to 30 vol% 316L fibres (sim1 mm long and 50 mgrm in diameter), slip casting assisted by vibration (frequency: sim55 Hz; amplitude: sim5 mm) was carried out, followed by both cold isostatic pressing (CIPing) and hot isostatic pressing (HIPing). With the addition of around 0.5 wt% sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-cmc), solids loadings up to 44 vol% were obtained in calcined HA powder-derived slips, which were castable only under the vibration. The slips were concentrated and viscous so that the preferential sedimentation of the dense and large 316L fibres could be avoided. Subsequent CIPing was able to increase the relative density of the cast and dried green compacts from 46% after casting to 60% after CIPing. With the dense and uniform green compacts of the HA-316L mixtures, final HIPing at 950 °C resulted in HA-316L fibre composites of 99% relative density. The HA-316L fibre composites had improved fracture toughness of 3.6 ± 0.3 MPa.m0.5, due to the bridging effect of the ductile 316L fibres. However, the mechanical strength of the composites was limited by the presence of residual thermal stresses and circumferential microcracks. The HA-316L fibre composites were biocompatible and exhibited favourable bone-bonding characteristics.

Middleton, P & Herok, G 2001, 'Hypertonic responses of the cystic fibrosis airway', Respirology, vol. 6, no. SUPPL. 1.
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Aerosols of Hypertonie saline and mannitol improve mucociliary clearance and are currently being investigated as potential new treatments for suppurative lung diseases. We have recently demonstrated that the normal human airway responds to addition of hypertonic saline to the airway surface liquid (ASL) with a decrease in potential difference (PD). This rapid and reversible response was related to changes in the ASL Cl' concentration, and not osmolarity, as mannitol did not decrease PD in the normal subjects. To further investigate the mechanisms underlying these responses, we have now compared the effects of these hypertonic solutions on nasal PD in 6 subjects with cystic fibrosis (CF). Methods: Nasal PD was measured using standard techniques (EtirRespirJ 1994:7:2050-2056). On separate days, the effect of addition of 500 mM sodium chloride and IM mannitol to the Krebs HEPES diluent was tested, either with or without pretreatment with the sodium channel blocker amiloride. Results: Addition of mannitol to the Krebs HEPES perfusate significantly (pO.OOl ) decreased PD (became less negative), with a mean (SEM) change of 22.1 (4.6) mV in the CF subjects. Following amiloride pretreatment, the mannitol response was almost completely abolished [5.7 (1.2) mV]. Addition of 500 mM sodium chloride significantly (p<0.001) decreased nasal PD by 33.7 (5.2) mV. Following amiloride pretreatment the saline response was significantly decreased to 15.8 (2.0) mV. Discussion: This data suggests that a large hypertonic stimulus (mannitol) decreases Na+ absorption across the CF airway. The significantly greater response to additional saline suggests a dual response - both to the osmolarity and to the increased sodium chloride concentration in the ASL. The CF airway responses to hypertonic saline and mannitol solutions are qualitatively different from our previous work in non-CF subjects. This suggests that CF related ion transport mechanisms may be involved in the hypertonic responses.

Miller, PF, Peters, BA & Hort, CA 2001, 'A Field Study to evaluate Integrated Flea Control using Lufenuron and Nitenpyram compared to Imidacloprid used alone', Australian Veterinary Practitioner, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 60-66.
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A one-year field study was carried out in Cairns to evaluate the efficacy of three topical or systemic treatment programs in controlling cat flea infestations. These treatment programs were as follows: lufenuron as per label recommendations for the study duration and nitenpyram weekly for the first six weeks; lufenuron for the study duration and nitenpyram twice per week for the first six weeks; imidacloprid every four weeks for the duration of the study. There were 15 households per treatment group and all resident pets were treated. On-animal flea numbers were assessed during the study in all treatment groups and environmental flea numbers were assessed in treatment groups 1 and 3. The combination therapies provided superior control in terms of both on-animal flea numbers and environmental flea numbers when compared to imidacloprid used alone.

Miller, PF, Peters, BA & Hort, CA 2001, 'Comparison of lufenuron and nitenpyram versus imidacloprid for integrated flea control.', Vet Ther, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 285-292.
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A one-year field study was carried out in 45 households in Cairns, North Queensland to evaluate the efficacy of three topical or systemic treatment programs in controlling cat flea (Ctenocephalidesfelis) infestations within the residence and on dogs and cats. Homes were randomly assigned to one of three treatments. In the first group of homes, lufenuron was administered orally to all household pets according to label recommendations for the study duration, and nitenpyram was administered orally once per week for the first 6 weeks. After 6 weeks, all pets in the household received a single dose of nitenpyram if fleas were observed on any animal. Treatments in the second group of homes were identical to those for the first group except that all pets in the household received two doses of nitenpyram per week. In the final group, imidacloprid was applied topically to all household pets once every 4 weeks for the duration of the study, and no other flea-control measures were applied. Flea populations on the pets of all treatment groups were assessed; environmental flea numbers were assessed only for Groups 1 and 3. The combination of lufenuron and nitenpyram provided superior control of flea populations on the animals and in the environment compared with using imidacloprid alone.

Milthorpe, B & Cooley, M 2001, 'Special issue - Cytometry on the reef: Proceedings of the 2nd Sam Latt Conference, Hamilton Island, Australia - Introduction', CYTOMETRY, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 163-163.
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Mitchell, C & McNevin, D 2001, 'Alternative analysis of BOD removal in subsurface flow constructed wetlands employing Monod kinetics', WATER RESEARCH, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 1295-1303.
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A new, mechanistic approach for design and analysis of subsurface flow (SSF) constructed wetlands is presented. The model is based on the assumption that the biological processes in wetlands, like other biological systems, exhibit Monod kinetics. A Monod approach fits well with observed wetland performance. It predicts first-order behaviour at low concentrations, that is, pollutant removal rates which increase with increasing pollutant concentration; and zero-order or saturated behaviour at high pollutant concentrations, that is, a maximum pollutant removal rate. A kinetic analysis of subsurface flow constructed wetlands exhibiting Monod kinetics reveals that loading rate, as well as the zero-order degradation rate constant, are essential parameters for efficient wetlands design for the removal of organic carbon. In particular, Monod kinetics enables the identification of an absolute maximum removal rate which is necessary to prevent undersizing in design. This is significant because it represents a theoretical upper bound on loading rate for wetlands design. The analysis is applied to wetlands data collected in North America by the US EPA in order to extract design criteria for BOD removal. It reveals that maximum loadings for SSF wetlands are at least 80kgha-1d-1 for BOD. In addition, a new dimensionless performance efficiency parameter, Ω, is presented as a more effective means of comparing wetland performance. Copyright © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.

Mitrovic, S, Bowling, LC & Buckney, RT 2001, 'Responses of phytoplankton to in-situ nutrient enrichment: Potential Influences on Species Dominance in a River', International Review of Hydrobiology, vol. 86, no. 3, pp. 283-296.
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The Hawkesbury River at Sackville, New South Wales, Australia is fresh and vigorously mixed by tidal movement. The location has frequent blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa, which have been recorded occurring throughout the year, including winter temperatures as low as 13 °C. Nutrient enrichment tests were performed in-situ on the natural phytoplankton population in 1997 and 1998 while Microcystis aeruginosa dominated (covering both summer and winter periods). These experiments compared population changes under the ambient nutrient regime with those after additions of ortho-phosphate, nitrate, ammonia and various combinations of these nutrients. Under ambient conditions, the Microcystis population was able to grow significantly (P < 0.05) while most non-cyanobacterial phytoplankton did not. Nutrient additions induced a variety of nutrient limitation responses that often varied between genera of major groups i.e. in the Chlorophyceae (Actinastrum sp. responded to phosphorus while Psephonema sp. responded to nitrogen). The possibility that shifts in population dominance from Chlorophyceae to the Cyanobacteria (M. aeruginosa) at Sackville are in response to competition for limiting nutrients is discussed

Mitrovic, SM, Bowling, LC & Buckney, RT 2001, 'Quantifying potential benefits to Microcystic aeruginosa through disentrainment by buoyancy within an embayment of a freshwater river', JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 151-157.
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Vertical profiles of Microcystis aeruginosa and other phytoplankton were measured on several occasions within the main channel and an embayment of a freshwater tidal river. The cyanobacteria M. aeruginosa and Anabaena circinalis were able to migrate to surface waters within the embayment but not within the main channel. Using a quantitative estimate of primary productivity (over a 24 hour period), the potential benefits through disentrainment by buoyancy were determined for M. aeruginosa within the embayment and compared to the main channel. The population within the embayment had a daily integral of photosynthesis of 603.13 mmol of O(2)m(-2), nine times greater than the evenly distributed main channel population with a daily integral of 62.08 mmol of O(2)m(-2). It is likely that embayments along the tidally mixed reaches of the Hawkesbury River may be areas where M. aeruginosa can disentrain through buoyancy and enhance primary productivity rates.

Mitrovic, SM, Bowling, LC & Buckney, RT 2001, 'Responses of phytoplankton to in-situ nutrient enrichment; Potential influences on species dominance in a river', INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF HYDROBIOLOGY, vol. 86, no. 3, pp. 285-298.

Mitrovic, SM, Bowling, LC & Buckney, RT 2001, 'Vertical disentrainment of Anabaena circinalis in the turbid, freshwater Darling River, Australia: quantifying potential benefits from buoyancy', JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 47-55.
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Miura, T, Huete, AR, Yoshioka, H & Holben, BN 2001, 'An error and sensitivity analysis of atmospheric resistant vegetation indices derived from dark target-based atmospheric correction', REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT, vol. 78, no. 3, pp. 284-298.
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An error and sensitivity analysis was conducted to investigate the capabilities of the atmospheric resistant vegetation indices (VIs) for minimizing 'residual aerosol' effects. The residual aerosol effects result from the assumptions and characteristics of the dark target (DT) approach used to estimate aerosol optical properties in the atmospheric correction scheme (referred to as the dark target-based atmospheric correction, DTAC). The performances of two atmospheric resistant VIs, the atmospherically resistant vegetation index (ARVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI), were evaluated and compared with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI). The atmospheric resistant Vis successfully minimized the residual aerosol effects, resulting in a 60% reduction of the errors from the NDVI and SAVI when a proper aerosol model was used for the estimation and correction of aerosol effects. The reductions were greater for thicker aerosol atmosphere (larger aerosol optical thickness, AOT). The atmospheric resistant VIs, however, resulted in having larger bias errors than the NDVI and SAVI when an improper aerosol model was used. The application of atmospheric resistant VIs to the DTAC-derived surface reflectances is exactly what is being carried out by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) VI algorithm. These results raise several issues for the effective, operational use of the DTAC algorithm and atmospheric resistant VIs, which are addressed in this paper. © 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.

Morris, JS, Wang, N, Lupton, JR, Chapkin, RS, Turner, ND, Young Hong, M & Carroll, RJ 2001, 'Parametric and Nonparametric Methods for Understanding the Relationship Between Carcinogen-Induced DNA Adduct Levels in Distal and Proximal Regions of the Colon', Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 96, no. 455, pp. 816-826.
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Murray, BBR, Thrall, PH & Woods, MJ 2001, 'Acacia species and rhizobial interactions: Implications for restoration of native vegetation', Ecological Management & Restoration, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 213-219.
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Summary For successful restoration of native vegetation on nitrogen‐depauperate soils, an understanding of nitrogen‐fixing relationships between plant host species and their bacterial symbionts is critical. Each of three geographically restricted Acacia species (A. fulva, A. nano‐dealbata, and A. trachyphloia) and three widely distributed species (A. dealbata, A. implexa, and A. melanoxylon) were inoculated with 20 different rhizobial (Bradyrhizobium spp.) strains. The strains comprised two obtained from each of 10 different host species, including the six Acacia species listed above plus a further four species, A. cangaiensis, A. cincinnata, A. deanei, A. mearnsii. Neither restricted nor widely distributed species grew more effectively with their own strains than with strains isolated from other species. Thus, host species with restricted geographical ranges did not demonstrate greater specialization in their symbiotic associations with rhizobia than widespread species. Highly significant variation was observed between the strains obtained from each host species with respect to their ability to promote effective plant growth across all host species. In many cases, strains that were highly effective at promoting growth for one host species, were comparatively ineffective in combination with other host species. Strains thus exhibited host specificity in their ability to fix nitrogen. These findings indicate that choosing appropriate rhizobial strains for inoculation prior to revegetation is critical and should be made carefully for both restricted and widespread species.

Murray, BR & Gill, AM 2001, 'A comparative study of interspecific variation in fruit size among Australian eucalypts', ECOGRAPHY, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 651-658.
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We examined variation in woody fruit size among 362 Australian Eucalyptus species with respect to predictions relating fruit size to fire exposure and rainfall. Predictions for fruit size variation were established that focussed on selection for small or large seeds, given a positive allometric relationship between fruit and seed size within the genus, and on the potential for fruits to protect their valuable seed contents. Comparatively smaller fruits were found in species that continually experience frequent disturbance by fire, while both small and large fruits were found among species subjected to both short and long fire intervals. In the latter case where a broad range of fire intervals is possible, some species have adopted a strategy of producing small seeds that provide superior colonisation ability in disturbed conditions, while other species have adopted a strategy of producing large seeds which are more competitive during longer intervals between disturbance by fire. Only when taxonomic membership at the subgeneric level was accounted for in analyses across all species, did a significant relationship emerge between fruit size and rainfall independently of fire interval and plant height: comparatively larger fruits were found in species experiencing lower average annual rainfall in the subgenera Eucalyptus and Symphyomyrtus. In contrast to previous studies, larger fruits were found only in short species, while small fruits were found in both short and tall species. Many short species have adopted a strategy of protecting their seeds from high fire intensity by producing larger fruit. Since tall species can elevate their fruit far above high fire intensity, they make considerable energy savings by producing smaller fruit. It remains an open question as to why small fruit size occurs in some short species, but we suggest that these species may invest more heavily in vegetative regrowth after fire than in re-establishment by seed.

Nagata, M, Leslie, L, Kamahori, H, Nomura, R, Mino, H, Kurihara, Y, Rogers, E, Elsberry, RL, Basu, BK, Buzzi, A, Calvo, J, Desgagné, M, D’Isidoro, M, Hong, S-Y, Katzfey, J, Majewski, D, Malguzzi, P, McGregor, J, Murata, A, Nachamkin, J, Roch, M & Wilson, C 2001, 'A Mesoscale Model Intercomparison: A Case of Explosive Development of a Tropical Cyclone(COMPARE III).', Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II, vol. 79, no. 5, pp. 999-1033.
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The performance of current mesoscale numerical models is evaluated in a case of model intercomparison project (COMPARE III). Explosive development of Typhoon Flo (9019) occurred in the case in September 1990 during the cooperative three field experiments, ESCAP/WMO-led SPECTRUM, US-led TCM-90, and former USSR-led TYPHOON-90 in the western North Pacific. Sensitivity to initial fields as well as impact of enhanced horizontal resolution are examined in the model intercomparison. Both track and intensity predictions are very sensitive to the choice of initial fields prepared with different data assimilation systems and the use of a particular synthetic tropical cyclone vortex. Horizontal resolution enhanced from 50km through 20km down to a 10km grid has a large impact on intensity prediction. This is presumably due to a better presentation of inner structure with higher resolution. There is little impact on track prediction in this target period when the typhoon was in its before-recurvature stage. While most models show large biases in underestimating central pressure deepening, some of the participating models with a particular initial field succeed in reproducing qualitatively the time evolution of central pressure, including slow deepening in the first half and rapid deepening in the second half of the simulation period of 72 hours. However, differences leading to different intensity predictions among models have yet to be identified. Intercomparison of the simulation results shows that wind field has a close relationship with precipitation distribution. This suggests that better prediction of precipitation distribution is crucial for better prediction of wind field, and vice versa. Through the COMPARE III experiments, it has become clear that precise simulation of tropical cyclone structure, especially in the inner-core region, is very important for accurate intensity prediction. Consideration, therefore, should be given to this point, when improvements in resol...

Nagler, PL, Glenn, EP & Huete, AR 2001, 'Assessment of spectral vegetation indices for riparian vegetation in the Colorado River delta, Mexico', JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 91-110.
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This study tested the relationship between three, commonly-used vegetation indices (VIs), percent vegetation cover (% cover) and leaf area index (LAI) over a complex riparian landscape in the Colorado River delta, Mexico. Our objective was to correlate vegetation and soil features with VIs using low-level aerial photography, in preparation for scaling up to analysis of vegetation features using satellite imagery. We used a three-band digital imaging camera (Dycam) to collect data from an aircraft flying at 150 m. A series of 84 images (67×100 m) were analysed. Nine of these sites were ground-truthed; the species, % cover, and LAI were determined. Measured LAI (nine sites) from tree, shrub, and groundcover categories were used to determine a global (GLAI) value for 63 images. We conducted both VIs: % cover and VIs: GLAI regression analyses. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was the VI that best predicted % cover (r2=0.837), but the soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI) gave nearly equal results (r2=0.807 and 0.796, respectively). Normalized difference vegetation index, SAVI and EVI were less useful in predicting GLAI (r2=0.73, 0.65, 0.64, respectively). Variability in GLAI was due mainly to differences in % cover among images rather than differences in LAI among vegetation types. We also measured reflectance values of the major plant types between 450 and 900 nm, and found small but significant (p<0.05) differences among some of the species. The results support the conclusion that vegetation indices are most simply related to % vegetation cover, rather than species differences in LAI or VIs, even in this mixed riparian biome. There was also a near 1:1 correspondence between the Dycam and Thematic Mapper (TM) NDVI values over a wide range of landcover types (water, bare soil, partial and complete vegetation cover), which indicate that reflectance-based NDVI values can be scaled from low-level aerial Dyca...

Nair, SV, Burandt, M, Hutchinson, A, Raison, RL & Raftos, DA 2001, 'A C-type lectin from the Tunicate, Styela plicata, that modulates cellular activity', COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-TOXICOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY, vol. 129, no. 1, pp. 11-24.
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Nicorovici, NA, McPhedran, RC & Botten, LC 2001, 'Nicorovici, McPhedran, and Botten Reply:', Physical Review Letters, vol. 86, no. 14, pp. 3212-3212.
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Nilsson, P, Olofsson, A, Fagerlind, M, Fagerström, T, Rice, S, Kjelleberg, S & Steinberg, P 2001, 'Kinetics of the AHL Regulatory System in a Model Biofilm System: How Many Bacteria Constitute a “Quorum”?', Journal of Molecular Biology, vol. 309, no. 3, pp. 631-640.
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O'Dwyer, PJ, Manola, J, Valone, FH, Ryan, LM, Hines, JD, Wadler, S, Haller, DG, Arbuck, SG, Weiner, LM, Mayer, RJ & Benson, AB 2001, 'Fluorouracil modulation in colorectal cancer: Lack of improvement with N-phosphonoacetyl-l-aspartic acid or oral leucovorin or interferon, but enhanced therapeutic index with weekly 24-hour infusion schedule - An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group/Cancer and Leukemia Group B study', JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY, vol. 19, no. 9, pp. 2413-2421.
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Purpose: To investigate mechanism-directed regimens in maximizing the efficacy of fluorouracil (5-FU) in advanced colorected cancer. Patients and Methods: Based on promising phase II data, a randomized comparison of various methods for the biochemical mo

Oliver, B, Tomita, K, Keller, A, Caramori, G, Adcock, I, Chung, KF, Barnes, PJ & Lim, S 2001, 'Low‐dose theophylline does not exert its anti‐inflammatory effects in mild asthma through upregulation of interleukin‐10 in alveolar macrophages', Allergy, vol. 56, no. 11, pp. 1087-1090.
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Background: There is accumulating evidence that theophylline has anti‐inflammatory or immunomodulatory effects. This may be, in part, mediated via an upregulation in the production of the anti‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)‐10. We determined whether low‐dose theophylline (LDT) would increase the production of IL‐10, and attenuate the production of proinflammatory cytokines by alveolar macrophages. Methods: In a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover study involving 15 steroid‐free patients with mild asthma, fiberoptic bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were performed at the end of the treatment and placebo periods. Alveolar macrophages were cultured in vitro, and we measured their release of IL‐10, GM‐CSF, and TNF‐α. We also measured IL‐10 production in whole blood together with the number of monocytes and T cells expressing intracellular IL‐10 by flow cytometry. Results: LDT did not increase the production of IL‐10, or attenuate the production of GM‐CSF or TNF‐α by alveolar macrophages. However, after theophylline treatment, there was a significant reduction in mean (SD) (95% CI) BAL eosinophil number from 3.4 (1.7)% (95% CI 2.4–4.4) to 1.7 (1.0)% (95% CI 1.1–2.3) compared with placebo (P<0.05). Similarly, there was no increase in whole‐blood IL‐10 release or in the number of monocytes and T cells expressing intracellular IL‐10 after treatment. Conclusions: LDT has an anti‐inflammatory effect in asthma; however, this effect is not mediated via the production of IL‐10 or the attenuation of GM‐CSF or TNF‐α. The mechanisms of theophylline activity remain to be determined.

Page, S, Ammit, AJ, Black, JL & Armour, CL 2001, 'Human mast cell and airway smooth muscle cell interactions: implications for asthma', American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, vol. 281, no. 6, pp. L1313-L1323.
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Asthma is characterized by inflammation, hyperresponsiveness, and remodeling of the airway. Human mast cells (HMCs) play a central role in all of these changes by releasing mediators that cause exaggerated bronchoconstriction, induce human airway smooth muscle (HASM) cell proliferation, and recruit and activate inflammatory cells. Moreover, the number of HMCs present on asthmatic HASM is increased compared with that on nonasthmatic HASM. HASM cells also have the potential to actively participate in the inflammatory process by synthesizing cytokines and chemokines and expressing surface molecules, which have the capacity to perpetuate the inflammatory mechanisms present in asthma. This review specifically examines how the mediators of HMCs have the capacity to modulate many functions of HASM; how the synthetic function of HASM, particularly through the release and expression of stem cell factor, has the potential to influence HMC number and activation in an extraordinarily potent and proinflammatory manner; and how these interactions between HMCs and HASM have potential consequences for airway structure and inflammation relevant to the disease process of asthma.

Page, S, Ammit, AJ, Black, JL & Armour, CL 2001, 'Human mast cell and airway smooth muscle cell interactions: Implications for asthma', American Journal of Physiology - Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, vol. 281, no. 6 25-6.
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Asthma is characterized by inflammation, hyper-responsiveness, and remodeling of the airway. Human mast cells (HMCs) play a central role in all of these changes by releasing mediators that cause exaggerated bronchoconstriction, induce human airway smooth muscle (HASM) cell proliferation, and recruit and activate inflammatory cells. Moreover, the number of HMCs present on asthmatic HASM is increased compared with that on nonasthmatic HASM. HASM cells also have the potential to actively participate in the inflammatory process by synthesizing cytokines and chemokines and expressing surface molecules, which have the capacity to perpetuate the inflammatory mechanisms present in asthma. This review specifically examines how the mediators of HMCs have the capacity to modulate many functions of HASM; how the synthetic function of HASM, particularly through the release and expression of stem cell factor, has the potential to influence HMC number and activation in an extraordinarily potent and proinflammatory manner; and how these interactions between HMCs and HASM have potential consequences for airway structure and inflammation relevant to the disease process of asthma.

Pareek, M, Cole, L & Ashford, AE 2001, 'Variations in structure of aerial and submerged rhizomorphs of Armillaria luteobubalina indicate that they may be organs of absorption', Mycological Research, vol. 105, no. 11, pp. 1377-1387.
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Parise, H, Dinse, GE & Ryan, LM 2001, 'Flexible estimates of tumour incidence for intermediately lethal tumours in a typical long-term animal bioassay', Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series C: Applied Statistics, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 171-185.
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The estimation of the incidence of tumours in an animal carcinogenicity study is complicated by the occult nature of the tumours involved (i.e. tumours are not observable before an animal's death). Also, the lethality of tumours is generally unknown, making the tumour incidence function non-identifiable without interim sacrifices, cause-of-death data or modelling assumptions. Although Kaplan-Meier curves for overall survival are typically displayed, obtaining analogous plots for tumour incidence generally requires fairly elaborate model fitting. We present a case-study of tetrafluoroethylene to illustrate a simple method for estimating the incidence of tumours as a function of more easily estimable components. One of the components, tumour prevalence, is modelled by using a generalized additive model, which leads to estimates that are more flexible than those derived under the usual parametric models. A multiplicative assumption for tumour lethality allows for the incorporation of concomitant information, such as the size of tumours. Our approach requires only terminal sacrifice data although additional sacrifice data are easily accommodated. Simulations are used to illustrate the estimator proposed and to evaluate its properties. The method also yields a simple summary measure of tumour lethality, which can be helpful in interpreting the results of a study.

Parise, H, Dinse, GE & Ryan, LM 2001, 'Flexible estimates of tumour incidence for intermediately lethal tumours in a typical long-term animal bioassay', JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY SERIES C-APPLIED STATISTICS, vol. 50, no. NA, pp. 171-185.
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The estimation of the incidence of tumours in an animal carcinogenicity study is complicated by the occult nature of the tumours involved (i.e. tumours are not observable before an animal's death). Also, the lethality of tumours is generally unknown, making the tumour incidence function non-identifiable without interim sacrifices, cause-of-death data or modelling assumptions. Although Kaplan-Meier curves for overall survival are typically displayed, obtaining analogous plots for tumour incidence generally requires fairly elaborate model fitting. We present a case-study of tetrafluoroethylene to illustrate a simple method for estimating the incidence of tumours as a function of more easily estimable components. One of the components, tumour prevalence, is modelled by using a generalized additive model, which leads to estimates that are more flexible than those derived under the usual parametric models. A multiplicative assumption for tumour lethality allows for the incorporation of concomitant information, such as the size of tumours. Our approach requires only terminal sacrifice data although additional sacrifice data are easily accommodated. Simulations are used to illustrate the estimator proposed and to evaluate its properties. The method also yields a simple summary measure of tumour lethality, which can be helpful in interpreting the results of a study.

Parise, H, Wand, MP, Ruppert, D & Ryan, L 2001, 'Incorporation of historical controls using semiparametric mixed models', JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY SERIES C-APPLIED STATISTICS, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 31-42.
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Parker, AR, McPhedran, RC, McKenzie, DR, Botten, LC & Nicorovici, NAP 2001, 'Photonic engineering - Aphrodite's iridescence', NATURE, vol. 409, no. 6816, pp. 36-37.
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Pearl, JE, Saunders, B, Ehlers, S, Orme, IM & Cooper, AM 2001, 'Inflammation and Lymphocyte Activation during Mycobacterial Infection in the Interferon-γ-Deficient Mouse', Cellular Immunology, vol. 211, no. 1, pp. 43-50.
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Interferon-γ is a pivotal cytokine in the protective response to tuberculosis. In its absence rampant bacterial growth results in tissue destruction and death. While macrophage activation is key, this pleiotropic cytokine has other secondary but significant roles. To investigate these roles, both intravenous and aerosol infection of the IFN-γ gene disrupted (GKO) mouse was performed. For the first time we describe the very similar growth of bacteria, during the initial phase of infection, between control and GKO mice. During this initial phase, however, very different histopathologic consequences between control and GKO mice were observed. Key observations included an early increased accumulation of granulocytes and a much more rapid and pronounced interstitial pneumonia in the GKO mice. As infection developed, GKO mice mounted an antigen-specific response; however, lymphocyte activation was much more rapid in these mice. Of interest is the fact that this increased rapidity occurred prior to significant differences in bacterial number. Taken together these data support a role for IFN-γ in limiting both initial cellular recruitment and acquired lymphocytic responses to mycobacterial infection. This role may be key in surviving the kind of chronic stimulatory disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. © 2001 Academic Press.

Poulton, CG, Botten, LC, McPhedran, RC, Nicorovici, NA & Movchan, AB 2001, 'Noncommuting limits in electromagnetic scattering: Asymptotic analysis for an array of highly conducting inclusions', SIAM JOURNAL ON APPLIED MATHEMATICS, vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 1706-1730.
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We consider formulations for the Helmholtz operator for periodic media containing high contrast inclusions in the limit when the wavelength outside the inclusions tends to infinity. Applications are to problems of electromagnetism. The main focus is on the analysis of the effect of noncommuting limits, an effect which indicates that linear boundary value problems of electromagnetism give formally different results for the long wavelength limits in cases where highly conducting inclusions have refractive indices of different orders of magnitude. Specifically, the effective moduli of the homogenized material will depend on the path used to approach the origin in the coordinate space {wave number, (normalized refractive index of the inclusions)-1}. This mathematical observation gives a physical subtlety which is studied in this paper. The dispersion relation for the lowest frequency (or acoustic mode) is investigated, as are the conditions for existence of an acoustic mode. Cases of both nondispersive and dispersive inclusions are considered.

Pritchard, T, Lee, R, Ajani, P, Rendell, P & Black, K 2001, 'How do ocean outfalls affect nutrient patterns in coastal waters of New South Wales, Australia?', Journal of Coastal Research, vol. SPEC, no. SPEC. ISSUE 34, pp. 96-109.
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We investigated the effects of major sewage and estuarine discharges on nutrient distributions in the central New South Wales (NSW) coastal waters. The hinterland of the study region includes the sewerage and rainwater catchments of major population centres of Newcastle, Sydney and Wollongong. New South Wales discharges the majority of its treated sewage to the ocean, with about 80% from just three deepwater outfalls off Sydney. These discharges were found to be the principal, continuous, anthropogenic source of nutrients to NSW coastal waters. The deepwater outfalls delivered most of their nitrogen as ammonia and were responsible for nutrient (NH4-N and PO 4-P) enrichment within usually submerged effluent plumes. Direct observations and modelling indicate that after initial dilution, effluent plumes typically occupy ~30m of the water column (60-80m). Rapid initial dilution was observed with subsequent gradual far field dispersion typically broadening the effluent field tol-2 kilometres by about 10 kilometres downstream. Flows generally follow isobaths, predominantly to the south. Vertical and seasonal distributions of sewage derived nutrients, were estimated from a 6 year record of initial dilution modelling and effluent data. Comparisons were made with ambient nutrient distributions derived from long term monitoring prior to the commissioning of the outfalls (1990), at the CSIRO Port Hacking Station (5 to 10 kilometres south of the deepwater outfalls). The pycnocline seasonally limited the vertical extent of sewage plumes emitted from the deepwater outfalls. Upwelling/uplifting processes were associated with stratified conditions during spring and summer. Therefore, density stratification was a critical factor in determining the vertical movement of oceanic and sewage derived nutrients into the euphotic zone. Despite clear nutrient enrichment due to sewage discharges, no new evidence has been presented to contradict previous findings that algal blooms...

Raftery, MJ, Yang, Z, Valenzuela, SM & Geczy, CL 2001, 'Novel Intra- and Inter-molecular Sulfinamide Bonds in S100A8 Produced by Hypochlorite Oxidation', Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 276, no. 36, pp. 33393-33401.
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Hypochlorite is a major oxidant generated when neutrophils and macrophages are activated at inflammatory sites, such as in atherosclerotic lesions. Murine S100A8 (A8) is a major cytoplasmic protein in neutrophils and is secreted by macrophages in response to inflammatory stimuli. After incubation with reagent HOCl for 10 min, ~85% of A8 was converted to 4 oxidation products, with electrospay ionization mass spectrometry masses of m/z 10354, 10388, 10354 ± 1, and 20707 ± 3. All were resistant to reduction by dithiothreitol. Initial formation of a reactive Cys sulfenic acid intermediate was demonstrated by the rapid conjugation of 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione (dimedone) to HOCl-treated A8 to form stable adducts. Matrix-assisted laser desorption-reflectron time of flight peptide mass fingerprinting of isolated oxidation products confirmed the mass additions observed in the full-length proteins. Both Met36/73 were converted to Met36/73 sulfoxides. An additional product with an unusual mass addition of m/z 14 (±0.2) was identified and corresponded to the addition of oxygen to Cys41, conjugation to various epsilon -amines of Lys6, Lys34/35, or Lys87 with loss of dihydrogen and formation of stable intra- or inter-molecular sulfinamide cross-links. Specific fragmentations identified in matrix-assisted laser desorption-post source decay spectra and low energy collisional-induced dissociation tandem mass spectroscopy spectra of sulfinamide-containing digest peptides confirmed Lys34/35 to Cys41 sulfinamide bonds. HOCl oxidation of mutants lacking Cys41 (Ala41S100A8) or specific Lys residues (e.g. Lys34/35, Ala34/35S100A8) did not form sulfinamide cross-links. HOCl generated by myeloperoxidase and H2O2 and by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-activated neutrophils also formed these products.

Rahman, M, Grover, A, Peacock, WJ, Dennis, ES & Ellis, MH 2001, 'Effects of manipulation of pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase levels on the submergence tolerance of rice', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 1231-1241.
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Ralph, PJ, Gademann, R & Larkum, AWD 2001, 'Zooxanthellae expelled from bleached corals at 33 degrees C are photosynthetically competent', MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES, vol. 220, pp. 163-168.
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While a number of factors have been linked to coral bleaching, such as high light, high temperature, low salinity, and UV exposure, the best explanation for recent coral bleaching events are small temperature excursions of 1 to 2°C above summer sea-surface temperatures in the tropics which induce the dinoflagellate symbionts (zooxanthellae) to be expelled from the host. The mechanism that triggers this expulsion of the algal symbionts is not resolved, but has been attributed to damage to the photosynthetic mechanism of the zooxanthellae. In the present investigation we addressed the question of whether such expelled zooxanthellae are indeed impaired irreversibly in their photosynthesis. We employed a Microscopy Pulse Amplitude-Modulated (PAM) fluorometer, by which individual zooxanthellae can be examined to study photosynthesis in zooxanthellae expelled when corals are subjected to a temperature of 33°C. We show that the expelled zooxanthellae from Cyphastrea serailia were largely unaffected in their photosynthesis and could be heated to 37°C before showing temperature-induced photosynthetic impairment. These results suggest strongly that the early events that trigger temperature-induced expulsion of zooxanthellae involve a dysfunction in the interaction of the zooxanthellae and the coral host tissue, and not a dysfunction in the zooxanthellae per se.

Ramachandran, V, Hornitzky, MA, Bettelheim, KA, Walker, MJ & Djordjevic, SP 2001, 'The Common Ovine Shiga Toxin 2-Containing Escherichia coli Serotypes and Human Isolates of the Same Serotypes Possess a Stx2d Toxin Type', Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 1932-1937.
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ABSTRACT Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2) has been reported as the main Shiga toxin associated with human disease. In addition, the Stx2 toxin type can have a profound impact on the degree of tissue damage in animal models. We have characterized the stx 2 subtype of 168 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolates of which 146 were derived from ovine sources (principally feces and meat) and 22 were isolated from humans. The ovine STEC isolates were of serotypes that have been shown to occur commonly in the gastrointestinal tract of healthy sheep. The major stx 2 subtype in the ovine isolates was shown to be stx 2d-Ount (119 of 146 [81.5%]) and was predominantly associated with serotypes O75:H − /H8/H40, O91:H − , O123:H − , O128:H2, and OR:H2. However, 17 of 18 (94.4%) ovine isolates of serotype O5:H − possessed a stx 2d-O111/OX3a subtype. Furthermore, STEC isolates of serotypes commonly found in sheep and recovered from both clinical and nonclinical human infections also contained a stx 2d ( stx 2d-Ount/O111/OX3a ) subtype. These studies suggest that a specific stx 2 subtype(s) associates with se...

Ramsland, PA, Upshaw, JL, Shultz, BB, DeWitt, CR, Chissoe, WF, Raison, RL & Edmundson, AB 2001, 'Interconversion of different crystal forms of Fabs from human IgM cryoglobulins', JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH, vol. 232, no. 1-4, pp. 204-214.
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Reimers, JR 2001, 'A practical method for the use of curvilinear coordinates in calculations of normal-mode-projected displacements and Duschinsky rotation matrices for large molecules', JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, vol. 115, no. 20, pp. 9103-9109.
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Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2001, 'The need for quantum-mechanical treatment of capacitance and related properties of nanoelectrodes', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B, vol. 105, no. 37, pp. 8979-8988.
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Reimers, JR & Hush, NS 2001, 'The Need for Quantum-Mechanical Treatment of Capacitance and Related Properties of Nanoelectrodes', The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 105, no. 37, pp. 8979-8988.
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Capacitance and other properties of large metal clusters proposed for use as nanoelectrodes in complex molecular-electronic devices, or as cores of the monolayer-passivated nanoparticles studied by Murray (J. Phys. Chem. B 1999, 103, 9996), are discussed using atomistic formalisms based on classical electrostatics as well as INDO electronic structure theory. Using classical electrostatics, both finite-size and atomicity effects are found to be important for properties such as the surface charge distribution but unimportant for other properties such as the electric field profile between electrodes. The INDO and classical atomistic charge distributions are found to be strikingly different, with both departing from textbook expectations based on theorems of classical continuum electrostatics such as Gauss' law. For linear chains of metallic atoms, ab initio full configuration interaction as well as density-functional (DFT) calculations validate the INDO/S picture in which both positively and negatively charged atoms appear within a chain of net positive charge, contrary to the classical treatment that permits only distribution of the net charge. Examination of the form of the INDO/S Hamiltonian reveals that a key aspect of the failure of classical atomistic electrostatics arises from its treatment of self-energy (the energy required to store a finite charge in the finite atomic volume). Exchange operators present in the quantum approaches halve the classical self-energy contributions, facilitating charging. Even the requirement that atomic charges be distributed across the width of a surface atomic plane is found to significantly modify the classical self-energy and hence induce large short-range deviations from standard capacitance relationships. For large clusters, the INDO/S results are shown to depict qualitatively reasonable properties by comparison with published DFT calculations. INDO/S may prove an efficient computational scheme for the study of a wide range...

Rhodes, JC, Oliver, BG, Askew, DS & Amlung, TW 2001, 'Identification of genes of Aspergillus fumigatus up-regulated during growth on endothelial cells', Medical Mycology, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 253-260.
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Ritchie, RJ, Trautman, DA & Larkum, AWD 2001, 'Phosphate limited cultures of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus are capable of very rapid, opportunistic uptake of phosphate', New Phytologist, vol. 152, no. 2, pp. 189-201.
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SummaryPhosphate uptake rates were measured in Synechococcus R‐2 incubated in artificial secondary‐ and tertiary‐treated sewage.Phosphate uptake was measured using chemical assay and 32P incorporation. Intracellular pH was measured using accumulation of 14C‐labelled weak acids and bases and membrane potentials using 86Rb+/valinomycin. Synechococcus cells are capable of very rapid, opportunistic uptake of phosphate (10–30 nmol m−2 s−1) even though net uptake by growing cultures was < 0.5 nmol m−2 s−1. Km and Vmax in the light were not significantly different at pHo 7.5 and 10. The mean Km values were 1.91 ± 0.41 mmol m−3 and 0.304 ± 0.055 mmol m−3 for P‐sufficient (secondary‐treated sewage) and P‐deficient (tertiary‐treated sewage) cells, respectively. The transport systems probably recognize both H2PO4− and HPO42−. Intracellular inorganic phosphate is +28 to +56 kJ mol−1 from electrochemical equilibrium. In P‐sufficient cells uptake is very slow in the dark (c. 0.1 nmol m−2 s−1) but phosphate‐starved cells can opportunistically take up P about 100 times faster.Two separate ATP‐driven phosphate uptake mechanisms (1 PO4 in per ATP) appear to be responsible for phosphate uptake by the cells. They have different Km va...

Roach, DR, Briscoe, H, Saunders, B, France, MP, Riminton, S & Britton, WJ 2001, 'Secreted Lymphotoxin-α Is Essential for the Control of an Intracellular Bacterial Infection', The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 193, no. 2, pp. 239-246.
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Although the essential role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in the control of intracellular bac-terial infection is well established, it is uncertain whether the related cytokines lymphotoxin-α (LTα3) and lymphotoxin-β (LTβ) have independent roles in this process. Using C57Bl/6 mice in which the genes for these cytokines have been disrupted, we have examined the relative contribution of secreted LTα3 and membrane-bound LTβ in the host response to aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. To overcome the lack of peripheral lymph nodes in LTα−/− and LTβ−/− mice, bone marrow chimeric mice were constructed. LTα−/− chimeras, which lack both secreted LTα3 and membrane-bound LTβ (LTα1β2 and LTα2β1), were highly susceptible and succumbed 5 wk after infection. LTβ−/− chimeras, which lack only the membrane-bound LTβ, controlled the infection in a comparable manner to wild-type (WT) chimeric mice. T cell responses to mycobacterial antigens and macrophage responses in LTα−/− chimeras were equivalent to those of WT chimeras, but in LTα−/− chimeras, granuloma formation was abnormal. LTα−/− chimeras recruited normal numbers of T cells into their lungs, but the lymphocytes were restricted to perivascular and peribronchial areas and were not colocated with macrophages in granulomas. Therefore, LTα3 is essential for the control of pulmonary tuberculosis, and its critical role lies not in the activation of T cells and macrophages per se but in the local organization of the granulomatous response.

Rose, RM, Warne, MSJ & Lim, RP 2001, 'Factors associated with fish modify life history traits of the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia cf. dubia', JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 11-17.
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Rose, RM, Warne, MSJ & Lim, RP 2001, 'The presence of chemicals exuded by fish affects the life-history response of Ceriodaphnia cf dubia to chemicals with different mechanisms of action', ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY, vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 2892-2898.
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Roux, C, Kirk, R, Benson, S, Van Haren, T & Petterd, CI 2001, 'Glass particles in footwear of members of the public in south-eastern Australia — a survey', Forensic Science International, vol. 116, no. 2-3, pp. 149-156.
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A total of 776 pairs of shoes collected from random members of the public in south-eastern Australia were examined for the presence of glass fragments. From the samples collected a total of 110 fragments were recovered from 57 pairs of shoes (7.3% of the pairs examined). This study shows that the prevalence of glass fragments in footwear is dependent upon the area of the shoe from which the fragments were recovered. A much higher percentage of shoes were found to have fragments embedded in the sole (5.9%) than in the upper area of the shoe (1.9%). These shoes were also more likely to have multiple fragments from multiple sources of glass. Only a very small percentage of shoes contained fragments in both the upper and the sole (0.3%). These ®ndings and their signi®cance for the interpretation of glass evidence involving footwear are discussed in this study.

Runcie, JW & Larkum, AWD 2001, 'Estimating Internal Phosphorus Pools in Macroalgae Using Radioactive Phosphorus and Trichloroacetic Acid Extracts', Analytical Biochemistry, vol. 297, no. 2, pp. 191-192.
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Schafer, DW, Lubin, JH, Ron, E, Stovall, M & Carroll, RJ 2001, 'Thyroid Cancer Following Scalp Irradiation: A Reanalysis Accounting for Uncertainty in Dosimetry', Biometrics, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 689-697.
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Schaller, A, Djordjevic, SP, Eamens, GJ, Forbes, WA, Kuhn, R, Kuhnert, P, Gottschalk, M, Nicolet, J & Frey, J 2001, 'Identification and detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae by PCR based on the gene apxIVA', Veterinary Microbiology, vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 47-62.
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Scott, IAW, Hayes, CM, Keogh, JS & Webb, JK 2001, 'Isolation and characterization of novel microsatellite markers from the Australian tiger snakes (Elapidae : Notechis) and amplification in the closely related genus Hoplocephalus', MOLECULAR ECOLOGY NOTES, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 117-119.
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Scott, LJ, Warram, JH, Hanna, LS, Laffel, LMB, Ryan, L & Krolewski, AS 2001, 'A nonlinear effect of hyperglycemia and current cigarette smoking are major determinants of the onset of microalbuminuria in type I diabetes', DIABETES, vol. 50, no. 12, pp. 2842-2849.
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Cigarette smoking and poor glycemic control are risk factors for diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes. However, the specifics of the relation of these risk factors to the onset of this complication have not been elucidated. To investigate these issues, we followed for 4 years 943 Joslin Clinic patients aged 15-44 years with type 1 diabetes who had normoalbuminuria during the 2-year baseline period. Microalbuminuria developed in 109 of the 943 individuals, giving an incidence rate of 3.3/100 person-years. The risk of onset of microalbuminuria was predicted somewhat more precisely by the measurements during the 1st and 2nd years preceding onset than by all the measurements during the longer (4-year) interval, suggesting attenuation of the impact of past hyperglycemia over time. Point estimates of the incidence rate (per 100 person-years) according to quartiles of HbA1c during the 1st and 2nd years preceding the outcome were 1.3 in the 1st, 1.5 in the 2nd, 3.1 in the 3rd, and 6.9 in the 4th (P = 1.3 × 10-9). Point estimates of the incidence rate (per 100 person-years) according to smoking status were 7.9 for current smokers, 1.8 for past smokers, and 2.2 for those who had never smoked (P = 2.0 × 10-7). In a multiple logistic model, the independent effects of HbA1c level and cigarette smoking remained highly significant, but their magnitudes were reduced. Using the same covariates in a generalized additive model, we examined the shape of the relationship between HbA1c and onset of microalbuminuria and found significant nonlinearity in the logarithm of odds scale (P = 0.04). The slope was steeper with HbA1c >8% than <8%. Furthermore, the change in the slope was magnified among current smokers. In conclusion, patients with type 1 diabetes who smoke and have an HbA1c >8% have the highest risk of onset of microalbuminuria.

Silberschneider, V, Pease, BC & Booth, DJ 2001, 'A novel artificial habitat collection device for studying resettlement patterns in anguillid glass eels', Journal of Fish Biology, vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 1359-1370.
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The number of glass eels Anguilla australis and A. reinhardtii caught in artificial habitat collectors, made from a PVC base and polyethylene split rope fibres, was related to the number of rope fibre tufts attached to each collector rather than collector area directly. Ageing of collectors in situ to promote algal growth enhanced the catch of glass eels. Glass eels entered the collectors at night primarily during the flood tide, and did not move into the collectors during daylight hours. Glass eel abundance increased with increasing distance from the freshwater drain located in the causeway. The artificial habitat collectors are effective for assessing relative numbers of resettling glass eels and may be useful for studying recruitment and settlement patterns of other anguillid eel species, as well as identifying areas and habitats within a catchment that provide important shelter for glass eels. Sampling glass eels can be carried out with maximum effect and minimum effort using compact, aged artificial habitat collectors on the night time flood tide when low tide coincides with dusk.

Smith, G, Hossain, AK & Gentle, AR 2001, 'Near Infra-Red Radiation Squeezing Through 20nm Voids in Obliquely Deposited Metal Films', Applied Physics Letters, vol. 78, no. 15, pp. 2144-2413.

Smith, GB, Ben-David, A & Swift, PD 2001, 'A new type of TiN coating combining broad band visible transparency and solar control', RENEWABLE ENERGY, vol. 22, no. 1-3, pp. 79-84.
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Production of thin ®lms of Titanium nitride (TiN) with N/Ti ratios as high as 1.3 has been achieved without destroying the metallic properties characteristic of stoichiometric TiN. The resultant change in mobile electron density shows that by depositing thin ®lms the onset of a rise in re¯ection can be pushed out almost into the near infra red. It then becomes possible to produce ®lms which transmit daylight neutrally at reasonably high levels, while still maintaining solar control in the NIR and a low emittance. Nitrogen ion assisted cathodic arc deposition has been used to achieve these results. Both the additional impacting and implanting nitrogen ions raise stoichiometry and help to reduce disorder so as to maintain good metallic character

Smith, GB, Green, DC, McCredie, G, Hossain, M, Swift, PD & Luther, MB 2001, 'Optical characterisation of materials and systems for daylighting', RENEWABLE ENERGY, vol. 22, no. 1-3, pp. 85-90.
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The measurement of BRTF (Bi-directional rePectance and transmittance function) is described using a new instrument which is capable of supplying BRTF data and algorithms for use in computer simulations directly on di€use materials and indirectly on large samples and sub-systems. A high sensitivity and dynamic range is needed to achieve low minimum observable BRTF and the role of angular resolution are discussed with examples. Forward scattering with extended tails is found to dominate pigmented polycarbonate. Slatted blinds are discussed as examples of systems where azimuth is important.

Smith, GB, Hossain, AKM & Gentle, A 2001, 'Near infra-red radiation squeezing through 20 nm voids in obliquely deposited metal films', APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 78, no. 15, pp. 2143-2144.
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Speer, MS, Leslie, LM, Morison, R, Catchpole, W, Bradstock, R & Bunker, R 2001, 'Modelling fire weather and fire spread rates for two bushfires near Sydney', AUSTRALIAN METEOROLOGICAL MAGAZINE, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 241-246.

Speer, MS, Leslie, LM, Morison, R, Catchpole, W, Bradstock, R & Bunker, R 2001, 'Shorter contribution modelling fire weather and fire spread rates for two bushfires near Sydney', Australian Meteorological Magazine, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 241-246.
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The observed headflre rates of spread of two severe wildfires in heathlands near Sydney were compared with predictions made using a meteorological model to forecast wind speeds and a new simple empirical fire behaviour model that uses fuel height and wind speed at 2 m above ground to predict rate of spread. The predicted rates of spread, using both actual and predicted wind speeds, compared favourably with observed rates of spread averaged over 2 hours and 5.5 hours for the Bell Range and Royal National Park fires respectively.

Spiegelman, D, Carroll, RJ & Kipnis, V 2001, 'Efficient regression calibration for logistic regression in main study/internal validation study designs with an imperfect reference instrument', Statistics in Medicine, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 139-160.
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Steel, MJ, White, TP, de Sterke, CM, McPhedran, RC & Botten, LC 2001, 'Symmetry and degeneracy in microstructured optical fibers', OPTICS LETTERS, vol. 26, no. 8, pp. 488-490.
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The symmetry of an optical waveguide determines its modal degeneracies. A fiber with rotational symmetry of order higher than 2 has modes that either are nondegenerate and support the complete fiber symmetry or are twofold degenerate pairs of lower symmetry. The latter case applies to the fundamental modes of perfect microstructured optical fibers, guaranteeing that such fibers are not birefringent. We explore two numerical methods and demonstrate their agreement with these symmetry constraints. © 2001 Optical Society of America.

Straws, WJ, Carroll, RJ, Bortnick, SM, Menkedick, JR & Schultz, BD 2001, 'Combining Datasets to Predict the Effects of Regulation of Environmental Lead Exposure in Housing Stock', Biometrics, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 203-210.
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Summary. A model for children's blood lead concentrations as a function of environmental lead exposures was developed by combining two nationally representative sources of data that characterize the marginal distributions of blood lead and environmental lead with a third regional dataset that contains joint measures of blood lead and environmental lead. The complicating factor addressed in this article was the fact that methods for assessing environmental lead were different in the national and regional datasets. Relying on an assumption of transportability (that although the marginal distributions of blood lead and environmental lead may be different between the regional dataset and the nation as a whole, the joint relationship between blood lead and environmental lead is the same), the model makes use of a latent variable approach to estimate the joint distribution of blood lead and environmental lead nationwide.

Suggett, D, Kraay, G, Holligan, P, Davey, M, Aiken, J & Geider, R 2001, 'Assessment of photosynthesis in a spring cyanobacterial bloom by use of a fast repetition rate fluorometer', Limnology and Oceanography, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 802-810.
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Estimates of gross primary production (GPP) based on fast repetition rate fluorometer (FRRF) measurements were compared with independent 14C and O2 at three stations during a spring bloom in the North Atlantic. A photosynthesis versus irradiance (P‐E) curve was constructed for each station from the observations of in situ photon efficiency of photosynthesis. This composite P‐E curve was compared with P‐E curves determined for discrete samples from 14C assimilation. Estimates of aChl and PmChl from the 14C‐uptake method were 1.5–2.5‐fold lower than those estimated from the FRRF data. Much of this discrepancy can be accounted for if 14C assimilation approximates net phytoplankton photosynthesis with use of a photosynthetic quotient of 1.4 mol O2 (mol CO2)−1. Photosynthetic oxygen consumption may have also contributed to the difference. In situ GPP was calculated from incident irradiance, light attenuation, light absorption by phytoplankton, and the light dependence of the in situ photon efficiency. This estimate of GPP was two times greater than net community photosynthesis determined from diel changes of in situ oxygen concentration. Thus, the in situ net O2 and in vitro 14C techniques yielded similar estimates of phytoplankton photosynthesis that were about twofold lower than the estimates of GPP provided by FRRF. Uncertainties in the FRRF technique associated with choosing an appropriate value of photosynthetic unit size and fitting a P‐E curve to the in situ measurements are discussed. Despite these uncertainties, the FRRF results were consistent with the independent estimates of phytoplankton productivity.

Tabiin, MT, Tuch, BE, Bai, L, Han, X-G & Simpson, AM 2001, 'Susceptibility of Insulin-secreting Hepatocytes to the Toxicity of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines', Journal of Autoimmunity, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 229-242.
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The liver has been suggested as a suitable target organ for reversing type I diabetes by gene therapy. Whilst gene delivery systems to the hepatocyte have yet to be optimized in vivo, whether insulin-secreting hepatocytes are resistant to the autoimmune process that kills pancreatic -cells has never been addressed. One of the mechanisms by which -cells are killed in type I diabetes is by the release of the cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumour necrosis factor- (TNF-) and interferon- (IFN-) by immune cells. To test the effect of the cytokines on insulin-secreting hepatocytes in vitro we exposed the betacyte, also called the HEP G2ins/g cell which possesses cytokine receptors and can synthesize, store and secrete insulin in a regulated fashion to a glucose stimulus, to the above mentioned cytokines for 14 days. Viability of the HEP G2ins/g cells was similar to that of other liver cell lines/primary cells which were more resistant to the cytokines than the -cell line NIT-1. The cytokines had no adverse effect for the first six days on insulin secretion, content and mRNA levels of the HEP G2ins/g cells and insulin secretion in response to 1-h exposure to 20 mM glucose was enhanced 14-fold. Our results indicate that genetically engineered hepatocytes and primary liver cells are more resistant than pancreatic -cells to the adverse effects of cytokines offering hope that insulin secreting hepatocytes in vivo made by gene therapy are less likely to be destroyed by cytokines released during autoimmune destruction.

Tadege, M, Sheldon, CC, Helliwell, CA, Stoutjesdijk, P, Dennis, ES & Peacock, WJ 2001, 'Control of flowering time by FLC orthologues in Brassica napus', PLANT JOURNAL, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 545-553.
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Teare, DOH, Emmison, N, Ton-That, C & Bradley, RH 2001, 'Effects of serum on the kinetics of CHO attachment to ultraviolet-ozone modified polystyrene surfaces', JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE, vol. 234, no. 1, pp. 84-89.
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Thompson, RM, Stevenson, RM, Shields, AJ, Farrer, I, Lobo, CJ, Ritchie, DA, Leadbeater, ML & Pepper, M 2001, 'Single-photon emission from exciton complexes in individual quantum dots', Physical Review B, vol. 64, no. 20, pp. 2013021-2013024.
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Thornton, BS, Nguyen, HT, Hung, A, Hirst, C, Thornton-Benko, E & Langtry, T 2001, 'Breast Screening Outcomes: Communications Problems, Chaos Relationship and Control Theory', Canadian Applied Mathematics Quarterly, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 377-401.

Thrall, PH, Murray, BR, Watkin, ELJ, Woods, MJ, Baker, K, Burdon, JJ & Brockwell, J 2001, 'Bacterial partnerships enhance the value of native legumes in rehabilitation of degraded agricultural lands', Ecological Management and Restoration, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 233-235.
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A consequence of the generally low nutrient levels of Australian soils is that relationships between plants and their microbial symbionts (mycorrhizal fungi as well as nitrogen-fixing bacteria) have particular significance for conservation management, sustainable agriculture, and ecosystem rehabilitation. Shrubby legumes in the Fabaceae (e.g. Acacia, Daviesia, Dillwynia, Oxylobium, Hovea and Pultenaea) constitute a major group of plants that form nitrogen- fixing (N2-fixing) partnerships with root-nodule bacteria (species of rhizobia). These taxa are found throughout Australia, and are frequently a dominant part of undisturbed ecosystems, both in terms of abundance as well as overall biomass.

Tie, H, Walker, BD, Singleton, CB, Bursill, JA, Wyse, KR, Campbell, TJ, Valenzuela, SM & Breit, SN 2001, 'Clozapine and Sudden Death', Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 630-632.
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Ton-That, C, Shard, AG, Teare, DOH & Bradley, RH 2001, 'XPS and AFM surface studies of solvent-cast PS/PMMA blends', POLYMER, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 1121-1129.
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Films of polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blends of two different thicknesses have been examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Blends with different compositions were spin-cast onto a mica substrate with chloroform as the mutual solvent. XPS measurements revealed surface enrichment of PMMA in all compositions. The thicker (66 nm) films exhibit a higher degree of PMMA surface enrichment than the thinner (17 nm) films. AFM imaging allows distinctions to be drawn between blends with differing compositions. The blend films with less than 50% PMMA bulk concentration generally exhibit pitted surfaces; the pit size varies with film thickness and bulk composition. When the PMMA bulk concentration is greater than 50%, the film surface changes to show island-like phase-separated structure. The surface segregation and morphology are explained in terms of solubilities of the two polymers in the solvent and dewetting of PMMA relative to PS. The phase domains on the film surface have also been resolved by frictional force microscopy (FFM) using hydrophilic tips bearing hydroxyl groups. © 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Trissl, H-W, Bernhardt, K & Lapin, M 2001, 'Evidence for Protein Dielectric Relaxations in Reaction Centers Associated with the Primary Charge Separation Detected fromRhodospirillum rubrumChromatophores by Combined Photovoltage and Absorption Measurements in the 1−15 ns Time Range', Biochemistry, vol. 40, no. 17, pp. 5290-5298.
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Turner, J, Gonzalez-Juarrero, M, Saunders, BM, Brooks, JV, Marietta, P, Ellis, DL, Frank, AA, Cooper, AM & Orme, IM 2001, 'Immunological Basis for Reactivation of Tuberculosis in Mice', Infection and Immunity, vol. 69, no. 5, pp. 3264-3270.
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ABSTRACTIn this study different inbred strains of mice appeared to control and contain a low dose aerosol infection withMycobacterium tuberculosisin a similar manner, giving rise to a chronic state of disease. Thereafter, however, certain strains gradually began to show evidence of regrowth of the infection, whereas others consistently did not. Using C57BL/6 mice as an example of a resistant strain and CBA/J mice as an example of a strain susceptible to bacterial growth, we found that these animals revealed distinct differences in the cellular makeup of lung granulomas. The CBA/J mice exhibited a generally poor lymphocyte response within the lungs and vastly increased degenerative pathology at a time associated with regrowth of the infection. As a possible explanation for these events, it was then observed that the CBA/J mouse strain was also less able to upregulate adhesion molecules, including CD11a and CD54, on circulating lymphocytes. These results therefore suggest that a failure to control a chronic infection withM. tuberculosismay reflect an inability to localize antigen-specific lymphocytes within the lung.

Vachirapatama, N, Doble, P, Yu, ZS, Macka, M & Haddad, PR 2001, 'Separation of niobium(V) and tantalum(V) as ternary complexes with citrate and metallochromic ligands by capillary electrophoresis', ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA, vol. 434, no. 2, pp. 301-307.
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A method was developed for the determination of Nb(V) and Ta(V) as anionic ternary complexes of a metallochromic ligand and citrate as the auxiliary ligand by capillary electrophoresis. Three metallochromic ligands were evaluated, namely 4-(2-pyridylazo)

van Reyk, DM, King, NJC, Dinauer, MC & Hunt, NH 2001, 'The intracellular oxidation of 2 ',7 '-dichlorofluorescin in murine T lymphocytes', FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 82-88.
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Vo, L, Tuch, BE, Wright, DC, Keogh, GW, Roberts, S, Simpson, AM, Yao, M, Tabiin, MT, Valencia, SK & Scott, H 2001, 'LOWERING OF BLOOD GLUCOSE TO NONDIABETIC LEVELS IN A HYPERGLYCEMIC PIG BY ALLOGRAFTING OF FETAL PIG ISLETLIKE CELL CLUSTERS1', Transplantation, vol. 71, no. 11, pp. 1671-1677.
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Walker, BD, Tie, H, Singleton, C, Bursill, J, Wyse, KR, Bauskin, AR, Valenzuela, S, Wu, W, Breit, SN & Campbell, TJ 2001, 'Modification Of Herg Channel Properties Under Conditions Of Simulated Myocardial Ischemia', Journal Of The American College Of Cardiology, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 1-2.
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Wallman, JF 2001, 'A key to the adults of species of blowflies in southern Australia known or suspected to breed in carrion', Medical and Veterinary Entomology, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 433-437.
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Abstract. The reliable morphological identification of carrion‐breeding blowflies is important ecologically, as well as for medical, veterinary and forensic reasons. To date, no comprehensive key has been available to make this possible for workers in southern Australia. An illustrated key is presented to the adults of all species of blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) south of 30° S known or suspected to breed in carrion (species exclusive to Queensland and/or the Northern Territory are excluded).

Wallman, JF 2001, 'Third-instar larvae of common carrion-breeding blowflies of the genus Calliphora (Diptera : Calliphoridae) in South Australia', Invertebrate Systematics, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 37-51.
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Detailed morphological study was conducted on the third-instar larvae of seven common carrion-breeding species of blowflies of the genus Calliphora Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera : Calliphoridae) found in South Australia. The larval morphology of five species is revised: C. stygia (Fabricius), C. dubia (Macquart), C. augur (Fabricius), C. hilli hilli Patton and C. vicina Robineau-Desvoidy, while that of C. albifrontalis Malloch and C. maritima Norris is described for the first time. Examination of features neglected in descriptions by previous workers, particularly cuticular spinulation, has provided characters that make it possible to identify all species. An illustrated key is provided. Overall, substantial morphological distinctness exists only at the species-group level. Morphological differences at this level largely support species-group and subgeneric arrangements previously proposed for these taxa, as well as the separate status of C. vicina. However, the sister species within the C. stygia-and augur-groups are very difficult to separate, confirming the need for molecular identification in certain cases. © CSIRO 2001.

Wallman, JF 2001, 'Third-instar larvae of common carrion-breeding blowflies of the genus Calliphora (Diptera : Calliphoridae) in South Australia', Invertebrate Systematics, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 37-37.
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Detailed morphological study was conducted on the third-instar larvae of sevencommon carrion-breeding species of blowflies of the genusCalliphora Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera : Calliphoridae)found in South Australia. The larval morphology of five species is revised:C. stygia (Fabricius),C. dubia(Macquart), C. augur (Fabricius),C. hilli hilli Patton andC. vicina Robineau-Desvoidy, while that ofC. albifrontalis Malloch andC. maritima Norris is described for the first time.Examination of features neglected in descriptions by previous workers,particularly cuticular spinulation, has provided characters that make itpossible to identify all species. An illustrated key is provided. Overall,substantial morphological distinctness exists only at the species-group level.Morphological differences at this level largely support species-group andsubgeneric arrangements previously proposed for these taxa, as well as theseparate status of C. vicina. However, the sisterspecies within the C. stygia- andaugur-groups are very difficult to separate, confirmingthe need for molecular identification in certain cases.

Wallman, JF & Donnellan, SC 2001, 'The utility of mitochondrial DNA sequences for the identification of forensically important blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in southeastern Australia', Forensic Science International, vol. 120, no. 1-2, pp. 60-67.
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Walsh, SP, Cobbin, DM, Bateman, K & Zaslawski, CJ 2001, 'Feeling the Pulse', European Journal of Oriental Medicine, vol. 3, no. 5, p. 30.

Wang, GX, Ahn, J-H, Lindsay, MJ, Sun, L, Bradhurst, DH, Dou, SX & Liu, HK 2001, 'Graphite–Tin composites as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries', Journal of Power Sources, vol. 97-98, pp. 211-215.
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Wang, GX, Lindsay, MJ, Ionescu, M, Bradhurst, DH, Dou, SX & Liu, HK 2001, 'Physical and electrochemical characterization of LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 thin-film electrodes deposited by laser ablation', Journal of Power Sources, vol. 97-98, pp. 298-302.
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Wang, J, Zhong, S, Wang, GX, Bradhurst, DH, Ionescu, M, Liu, HK & Dou, SX 2001, 'ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemical Performance of Nanocrystalline Lead Oxide in VRLA Batteries.', ChemInform, vol. 32, no. 47, pp. no-no.
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AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Wang, J, Zhong, S, Wang, GX, Bradhurst, DH, Ionescu, M, Liu, HK & Dou, SX 2001, 'Electrochemical performance of nanocrystalline lead oxide in VRLA batteries', Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 327, no. 1-2, pp. 141-145.
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Wang, X, Chen, C, French, J, Cho, SI, Liu, X, Ryan, L, Christiani, D, O'Connor, J, Lasley, B, Wilcox, A & Xu, X 2001, 'Time to pregnancy, subclinical conception, and early fetal loss: A population-based prospective study.', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, vol. 153, no. 11, pp. S159-S159.

Wang, XB, Zuckerman, B, Kaufman, G, Wise, P, Hill, M, Niu, TH, Ryan, L, Wu, D & Xu, XP 2001, 'Molecular epidemiology of preterm delivery: methodology and challenges', PAEDIATRIC AND PERINATAL EPIDEMIOLOGY, vol. 15, pp. 63-77.
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Watts, RA, Hunt, PW, Hvitved, AN, Hargrove, MS, Peacock, WJ & Dennis, ES 2001, 'A hemoglobin from plants homologous to truncated hemoglobins of microorganisms', PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 98, no. 18, pp. 10119-10124.
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Webb, JK, Branch, WR & Shine, R 2001, 'Dietary habits and reproductive biology of typhlopid snakes from southern Africa', JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 558-567.
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We studied diets, sexual dimorphism, and reproductive biology of six taxa of poorly known African blindsnakes (Rhinotyphlops lalandei, Rana mucruso, Rana schlegelii petersii, Rana schlegelii schlegelii, Typhlops bibronii, and Typhlops fornasinii) by diss

Webb, JK, Brown, GP & Shine, R 2001, 'Body size, locomotor speed and antipredator behaviour in a tropical snake (Tropidonophis mairii, Colubridae): the influence of incubation environments and genetic factors', FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 561-568.
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The physical conditions experienced by reptile embryos inside natural nests can influence the size, shape and behaviour of the resultant hatchlings. Although most reptiles are tropical, the effects of incubation temperatures on offspring phenotypes have received little attention in tropical species. The consequences of differences in thermal variance during incubation on offspring were studied in a tropical natricine snake (the Keelback Tropidonophis mairii), which lays eggs in soil cracks of varying depths. Some 253 eggs from 19 clutches were incubated under two thermal regimes with identical mean temperatures (25.6 °C), but temperatures in the 'variable' treatment fluctuated more (21.8-29.6 °C) than those in the 'constant' temperature treatment (25.2 26.5 °C). These thermal regimes were similar to those of shallow (20 cm deep) and deep (40 cm deep) soil cracks, respectively, and represent thermal conditions inside natural nests and potential nest sites. Incubation temperatures affected body size, shape and antipredator behaviour of hatchling snakes. Snakes from constant temperature incubation were longer and thinner than snakes from high variance incubation. Clutch effects influenced all offspring traits, with significant interactions between clutch of origin and incubation treatment for body size, but not swimming speed or behaviour. There was a significant interaction between incubation treatment and offspring sex on neonate swimming speed. Incubation under cycling thermal regimes significantly increased swimming speeds of females, but had little effect on males. Such sex differences in phenotypic responses of hatchling snakes support a major assumption of the Charnov-Bull hypothesis for the evolution of temperature-dependent sex determination.

Wei, M, Ruys, AJ, Milthorpe, BK, Sorrell, CC & Evans, JH 2001, 'Electrophoretic deposition of hydroxyapatite coatings on metal substrates: A nanoparticulate dual-coating approach', JOURNAL OF SOL-GEL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 21, no. 1-2, pp. 39-48.
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Hydroxyapatite coatings can be readily deposited on metal substrates by electrophoretic deposition. However, subsequent sintering is highly problematic owing to the fact that temperatures in excess of 1100°C are required for commercial hydroxyapatite powders to achieve high density. Such temperatures damage the metal and induce metal-catalysed decomposition of the hydroxyapatite. Furthermore, the firing shrinkage of the hydroxyapatite coating on a constraining metal substrate leads to severe cracking. The present study has overcome these problems using a novel approach: the use of aged nanoparticulate hydroxyapatite sols (lower sintering temperature) and a dual coating strategy that overcomes the cracking problem. Dual layers of uncalcined hydroxyapatite (HAp) powder were electrophoretically coated on Ti, Ti6Al4V and 316L stainless steel metal substrates, sintered at 8751000°C, and characterised by SEM and XRD, and interfacial shear strength measurement. Dual coatings on stainless steel had an average high bond strength (about 23 MPa), and dual coatings on titanium and titanium alloy had moderate strengths (about 14 and 11 MPa, respectively), in comparison with the measured shear strength of bone (35 MPa). SEM and XRD demonstrated that the second layer blended seamlessly with the first and filled the cracks in the first. The superior result on stainless steel is attributed to a more appropriate thermal expansion match with hydroxyapatite, the thinner oxide layer, or a combination of these factors.

Weston, KM, Tangye, SG, Dunn, RD, Smith, A, Morris, MB & Raison, RL 2001, 'IgM expressed by leukemic CD5(+) B cells binds mouse immunoglobulin light chain', JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR RECOGNITION, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 245-253.
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Mouse immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules have previously been shown to bind to the surface of CD5 B cells from patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). The results indicated that surface IgM was involved in the interaction and suggested the phenomenon was an example of the polyreactive binding capacity of the surface Ig (sIg) expressed by these malignant cells. This article describes the further characterization of the interaction between human IgM and mouse Ig molecules and subunits. Mouse Ig molecules of both kappa and lambda light chain classes bound to the B-CLL cell surface. The dissociation constant for the interaction of mouse IgG1 (K121) with the B-CLL cell surface was 3.6 107 M. To confirm the involvement of the human IgM expressed by the B-CLL cells in the interaction, the malignant cells were stimulated in vitro to induce secretion of human IgM. Enzyme immunoassay was used to show that secreted human IgM bound to intact mouse Ig, as occurred with the cell surface analysis. The mouse Ig epitope recognized by the purified secreted human IgM was shown by Western blot analysis to be located on the light chain of the mouse Ig molecule and to be conformationally dependent. K121 light chain was cloned and expressed in E. coli and the recombinant light chain bound to the surface of CLL B cells. The results confirm that human IgM is the reactive ligand in the interaction with mouse Ig and indicate that the interaction of polyreactive IgM with mouse IgG occurs via the light chain component of IgG.

White, TP, McPhedran, RC, Botten, LC, Smith, GH & de Sterke, CM 2001, 'Calculations of air-guided modes in photonic crystal fibers using the multipole method', OPTICS EXPRESS, vol. 9, no. 13, pp. 721-732.
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White, TP, McPhedran, RC, de Sterke, CM, Botten, LC & Steel, MJ 2001, 'Confinement losses in microstructured optical fibers', OPTICS LETTERS, vol. 26, no. 21, pp. 1660-1662.
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We describe a multipole formulation that can be used for high-accuracy calculations of the full complex propagation constant of a microstructured optical fiber with a finite number of holes. We show how the imaginary part of the microstructure, which describes confinement losses not associated with absorption, varies with hole size, the number of rings of holes, and wavelength, and give the minimum number of rings of holes required for a specific loss for given parameters. © 2001 Optical Society of America.

Widmer-Cooper, AN, Lindoy, LF & Reimers, JR 2001, 'The effect of alkylation of N- and O-donor atoms on their strength of coordination to silver(I)', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A, vol. 105, no. 26, pp. 6567-6574.
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Wilce, JA, Vivian, JP, Hastings, AF, Otting, G, Folmer, RHA, Duggin, IG, Wake, RG & Wilce, MCJ 2001, 'Structure of the RTP-DNA complex and the mechanism of polar replication fork arrest', NATURE STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 206-210.
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The coordinated termination of DNA replication is an important step in the life cycle of bacteria with circular chromosomes, but has only been defined at a molecular level in two systems to date. Here we report the structure of an engineered replication terminator protein (RTP) of Bacillus subtilis in complex with a 21 base pair DNA by X-ray crystallography at 2.5 Å resolution.

Williams, DBG, Blann, K & Caddy, J 2001, 'FRAGMENTATION AND CLEAVAGE REACTIONS MEDIATED BY SmI₂. PART 1: X-Y, X-X AND C-C SUBSTRATES', Organic Preparations and Procedures International, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 565-602.
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Williams, DBG, Blann, K & Holzapfel, CW 2001, 'ARYL γ-KETOESTERS AS PRECURSORS FOR γ-BUTYROLACTONES IN SAMARIUM(II) IODIDE-MEDIATED REACTIONS', Synthetic Communications, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 203-209.
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Various aryl γ-ketoesters were transformed into the corresponding substituted γ-lactones in good yield upon reaction with SmI . 2

Williams, DBG, Blann, K & Holzapfel, CW 2001, 'Observations on the samarium diiodide-promoted C–C fragmentation/ring expansion chemistry of some aliphatic 1,4-diketones', Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1, no. 3, pp. 219-220.
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Williams, DBG, Lombard, H & Holzapfel, CW 2001, 'A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOME Pd-CATALYSED HECK REACTIONS IN POLAR- AND AQUEOUS BIPHASIC MEDIA', Synthetic Communications, vol. 31, no. 13, pp. 2077-2081.
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Zamora-Arroyo, F, Nagler, PL, Briggs, M, Radtke, D, Rodriquez, H, Garcia, J, Valdes, C, Huete, A & Glenn, EP 2001, 'Regeneration of native trees in response to flood releases from the United States into the delta of the Colorado River, Mexico', JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 49-64.
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Over the past 20 years, discharge of water from the United States to the delta of the Colorado River in Mexico has regenerated native trees that now account for 23% of vegetation in a 100-km, non-perennial, stretch of river below Morelos Dam at the United States-Mexico border. The discharges are associated with the filling of Lake Powell, the last large reservoir to be constructed on the river, and with ENSO cycles that bring extra winter and spring precipitation to the watershed. The discharges below Morelos Dam produce overbank foods that germinate new cohorts of Populus fremontii and Salix gooddingii trees. Relatively little flood water from the United States is required to support a pulse flood regime that can result in regrowth of native vegetation in the delta. Based on analysis of past flows and existing tree populations, we estimate that a February-April flow of 3×109 m3 at 80-120 m3 s-1 is sufficient to germinate and establish new cohorts of native trees. However, there was a positive correlation between frequency of flows and total vegetation cover over the years 1992-1999, showing that more frequent flows would further increase vegetation cover. The results support the importance of pulse floods in restoring the ecological integrity of arid-zone rivers. © 2001 Academic Press.

Zeng, Q, Young, AJ, Boxwala, A, Rawn, J, Long, W, Wand, M, Salganik, M, Milford, EL, Mentzer, SJ & Greenes, RA 2001, 'Molecular identification using flow cytometry histograms and information theory.', Proc AMIA Symp, pp. 776-780.
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Flow cytometry is a common technique for quantitatively measuring the expression of individual molecules on cells. The molecular expression is represented by a frequency histogram of fluorescence intensity. For flow cytometry to be used as a knowledge discovery tool to identify unknown molecules, histogram comparison is a major limitation. Many traditional comparison methods do not provide adequate assessment of histogram similarity and molecular relatedness. We have explored a new approach applying information theory to histogram comparison, and tested it with histograms from 14 antibodies over 3 cell types. The information theory approach was able to improve over traditional methods by recognizing various non-random correlations between histograms in addition to similarity and providing a quantitative assessment of similarity beyond hypothesis testing of identity.

Abbey, RF, Leslie, LM, Speer, MS & Qi, L 1970, 'Prediction of extreme precipitation associated with landfalling tropical cyclones', SYMPOSIUM ON PRECIPITATION EXTREMES: PREDICTION, IMPACTS, AND RESPONSES, Symposium on Precipitation Extremes - Prediction, Impacts and Responses, AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY, ALBUQUERQUE, NM, pp. 330-331.

Arnold, MD, Wu, QH, Hodgkinson, IJ & Blaikie, RJ 1970, 'Deposition and patterning of sculptured thin films', Photonic Nanostructures, Photonic Nanostructures: Advancing Materials to Control Light, Knowledge Foundation, San Diego, USA, pp. 1-1.

Ben-Nissan, B, Russell, JJ, Hu, J, Milev, A, Green, D, Vago, R, Walsh, W & Conway, RM 1970, 'Comparison of surface morphology in sol-gel treated coralline hydroxyapatite structures for implant purposes', Key Engineering Materials, 13th Int. Symp. On Ceramics in Medicine, Trans tech Publications Ltd, Bologna, pp. 959-962.
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HAp derived from converted coral has been used as a bone graft substitute in orthopaedic surgery for nearly twenty years. After grafting it is desirable for bone ingrowth to occur as quickly as possible as the strength of the region which has been implanted is dependent on a good mechanical bond forming between the implant and the surrounding regions in the body. The rate at which ingrowth occurs is dependent on many factors, including the pore size and interconnectivity of the implanted structure. It is therefore necessary to develop a precise knowledge of the factors, which influence the microstructure and the pore size in the converted HAp structure. A specific Australian coral were used for analysis. A modified and improved hydrothermal conversion process was used to convert the corals from calcium carbonate to HAp. The effects of heat treatment and hydrothermal conversion on the pore size and the surface morphology of HAp structure have been studied using scanning electron microscopy. Samples after hydrothermal conversions were further dip-coated via an alkoxide sol-gel method were also examined to determine the morphology. The sol-gel/coralline hydroxyapatite interface and the mechanical properties have also been studied.

Botten, LC, de Sterke, CM, McPhedran, RC, Nicorovici, NA, Asatryan, AA & Robinson, PA 1970, 'General characteristics of localization in stratified media with random loss and gain', IUTAM SYMPOSIUM ON MECHANICAL AND ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES IN STRUCTURED MEDIA, IUTAM Symposium on Mechanicl and Electromagnetic Waves in Structured Media, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Sydney, pp. 297-308.

Botten, LC, McPhedran, RC & Nicorovici, NA 1970, 'Diffraction by perfectly conducting capacitive grids: Photonic band structures and circuit models', IUTAM SYMPOSIUM ON MECHANICAL AND ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES IN STRUCTURED MEDIA, IUTAM Symposium on Mechanicl and Electromagnetic Waves in Structured Media, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Sydney, pp. 201-218.

Chiarella, C & El-Hassan, N 1970, 'Evaluating barrier options using Fourier-Hermite expansions', 8th Annual Asia-Pacific Finance Association Conference, Bangkok, Thailand.

Dennis, L 1970, 'Genes for flowering', International Plant Propagators' Society. Combined Proceedings of Annual Meetings, pp. 136-138.
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A study of genes that control the initiation of flowering in plants, taking Arabidopsis as a model, was presented. It was found that in naturally occuring ecotypes of Arabidopsis that come from high mountains or high latitudes and require vernalization to flower, there is normally a high level of activity of the FLC gene. In varieties from near the equator, which don't respond to vernalization, there is a low level of FLC activity.

Djordjevic, SP, Forbes, WA, Forbes‐Faulkner, J, Kuhnert, P, Hum, S, Hornitzky, MA, Vilei, EM & Frey, J 1970, 'Genetic diversity amongMycoplasmaspecies bovine group 7: Clonal isolates from an outbreak of polyarthritis, mastitis, and abortion in dairy cattle', ELECTROPHORESIS, 20th Symposium on Capillary Electrophoresis (SCE 2000), Wiley, HYOGO, JAPAN, pp. 3551-3561.
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Godlewski, M, Ivanov, V, Khachapuridze, A, Narkowicz, R & Phillips, M 1970, 'Effects of Localisations in CdTe-Based Quantum Well Structures in optical Organic and Inorganic Materials', Proceedings of the SPIE, SPIE, SPIE, Lithuania, pp. 86-91.

Godlewski, M, Ivanov, VY, Khachapuridze, A, Narkowicz, R & Phillips, MR 1970, '<title>Effects of localization in CdTe-based quantum well structures</title>', Optical Organic and Inorganic Materials, Advanced Optical Materials and Devices, SPIE, VILNIUS, LITHUANIA, pp. 86-91.
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Langtry, T, Botten, LC, Asatryan, AA & McPhedran, RC 1970, 'Local Density of States Calculations for Photonic Crystals', Proceedings of HPC Asia 2001, International Conference and Exhibition on High Performance Computing in the Asia-Pacific Region, Queensland Parallel Supercomputing Facilty and Australian Partnership for Advasnced Computing, Gold Coast, pp. 0-0.

Lapworth, CJ, Hallegraeff, GM & Ajani, PA 1970, 'Identification of domoic-acid producing Pseudo-nitszchia species in Australian waters', Harmful Algal Blooms 2000: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Harmful Algal Blooms, 9th International Conference on Harmful Algal Blooms, UNESCO, Hobart, Tasmania.

Laroussi, M, Dobbs, FC, Wei, Z, Doblin, M, Ball, L, Moreira, K, Dyer, FF & Richardson, JP 1970, 'Effects of excimer UV radiation on microorganisms', IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science.
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It is well known that under high pressure conditions, microdischarges in rare gases or rare gas/halogen mixtures produce excimers. Excimers do not possess a stable ground state and tend to decay rapidly, releasing in the process radiation in the VUV, UV, or even visible range. The radiation generated by excimer lamps is incoherent, but intense and spectrally selective. Therefore, excimer lamps have been used in numerous applications such as surface modification, paint curing, material deposition, and pollution abatement. In this paper, we report a series of experiments on the use of a Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) based excimer UV lamp to decontaminate water (both fresh and salty). The lamp presents a large area with a cylindrical geometry, and is RF-driven. In our experimental setup, the lamp is immersed into about a half liter of water containing a pre-selected concentration of a specific microorganism. The volume of water is exposed to the UV radiation emanating from the lamp and samples are taken, at selected time intervals, for analysis. The microorganisms used in our experiments are Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Salmonella typhimurium, all bacteria, and the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum. Kill curves showing viability versus treatment time will be presented. In addition, a characterization of the morphological changes of the treated cells will be attempted.

Lee, R, Ajani, P, Pritchard, T & Black, K 1970, 'Boundary current dynamics and the phytoplankton response in the coastal zone (Oral Presentation). Australian Meterological and Oceanographic Society Conference 2001, Townsville Australia.', Townsville 4-6.
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Oral Presentation

Lee, RS, Ajani, PA, Pritchard, TR & Black, KP 1970, 'Western boundary current dynamics and the phytoplankton response in the coastal zone (Oral Presentation). Australian Marine Science Association Annual Conference 2001, Townsville Australia.', Western boundary current dynamics and the phytoplankton response in the coastal zone.
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Oral Presentation

Mazzanti, M, Valenzuela, S, Tonini, R, Qui, M, Warton, K, Musgrove, E, Campbell, T, Fairle, D & Breit, S 1970, 'The nuclear chloride ion channel NCC27 is involved in regulation of the cell cycle', BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL, BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY, pp. 465A-465A.

McPhedran, RC, Nicorovici, NA, Botten, LC & Movchan, AB 1970, 'Advances in the Rayleigh multipole method for problems in photonics and phononics', IUTAM SYMPOSIUM ON MECHANICAL AND ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES IN STRUCTURED MEDIA, IUTAM Symposium on Mechanicl and Electromagnetic Waves in Structured Media, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Sydney, pp. 15-28.

Milthorpe, B & Cooley, M 1970, 'Introduction', Cytometry, Wiley, pp. 163-163.
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Mitchell, JG, Hale, M, Seymour, JR & Barbara, G 1970, 'Early Glimpses of Submicrometer Biological Oceanography.', United States.

Mitrovic, SM, Hawkins, PR, Bowling, LC, Buckney, RT & Cheng, DMH 1970, 'Low nitrate concentrations in a tidally mixed river coincide with replacement of chlorophytes by the cyanophyte Microcystis', INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED LIMNOLOGY, VOL 27, PT 2, PROCEEDINGS, 27th Congress of the International-Association-of-Theoretical-and-Applied-Limnology, E SCHWEIZERBART'SCHE VERLAGSBUCHHANDLUNG, Dublin, IRELAND, pp. 924-929.

Miura, T, Didan, K, Huete, AR & Rodriguez, EP 1970, 'A performance evaluation of the MODIS vegetation index compositing algorithm', IGARSS 2001. Scanning the Present and Resolving the Future. Proceedings. IEEE 2001 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (Cat. No.01CH37217), IGARSS 2001. Scanning the Present and Resolving the Future. Proceedings. IEEE 2001 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IEEE, UNIV NEW S WALES, SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA, pp. 1812-1814.
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Morales, KH, Ibrahim, JG, Ryan, LM & Chen, CJ 1970, 'Bayesian model averaging with applications to the risk assessment for arsenic in drinking water', ARSENIC EXPOSURE AND HEALTH EFFECTS IV, 4th International Conference on Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects, Elsevier Science Bv, SAN DIEGO, CA, pp. 145-151.
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Model selection often presents a challenge in the risk assessment process, especially when biologically based models are not apparent or fully developed. In a recent dose-response assessment for arsenic in drinking water, risk estimates were found to hig

Morgan, SW & Phillips, MR 1970, 'Time Dependent Study of the Positive ion Current in the Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM)', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Microscopy & Microanalysis 2001, Oxford University Press (OUP), California, pp. 788-789.
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The Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) is capable of image generation in a gaseous environment at sample chamber pressures of up to 20 torr. in an ESEM, low energy secondary electrons emitted from a sample surface, by virtue of the primary electron beam, are accelerated towards the positively biased metallic ring (typically +30 to +550V) Gaseous Secondary Electron Detector (GSED). As these electrons accelerate towards the ring they undergo ionizing collisions with gas molecules producing positive ions and additional electrons known as environmental secondary electrons. The environmental electrons further ionize the gas on their way to the ring producing a cascade amplification of the original signal. The amplified signal induced in the ring is used to form an image. The electric field generated between the GSED ring and the grounded stage causes the positive ions produced in the cascade to drift towards the sample, effectively neutralizing negative charge build up on the surface of a non-conducting sample.

Nagata, M, Leslie, L, Kurihara, Y, Elsberry, RL, Yamasaki, M, Kamahori, H, Abbey, R, Bessho, K, Calvo, J, Chan, JCL, Clark, P, Desgagne, M, Hong, S-Y, Majewski, D, Malguzzi, P, McGregor, J, Mino, H, Murata, A, Nachamkin, J, Roch, M & Wilson, C 1970, 'meeting summary: Third COMPARE Workshop: A Model Intercomparison Experiment of Tropical Cyclone Intensity and Track Prediction', Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, American Meteorological Society, pp. 2007-2020.
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The Third Comparison of Mesoscale Prediction and Research Experiment (COMPARE) workshop was held in Tokyo, Japan, on 13-15 December 1999, cosponsored by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Japan Science and Technology Agency, and the World Meteorological Organization. The third case of COMPARE focuses on an event of explosive tropical cyclone [Typhoon Flo (9019)] development that occurred during the cooperative three field experiments, the Tropical Cyclone Motion experiment 1990, Special Experiment Concerning Recurvature and Unusual Motion, and TYPHOON-90, conducted in the western North Pacific in August and September 1990. Fourteen models from nine countries have participated in at least a part of a set of experiments using a combination of four initial conditions provided and three horizontal resolutions. The resultant forecasts were collected, processed, and verified with analyses and observational data at JMA. Archived datasets have been prepared to be distributed to participating members for use in further evaluation studies. In the workshop, preliminary conclusions from the evaluation study were presented and discussed in the light of initiatives of the experiment and from the viewpoints of tropical cyclone experts. Initial conditions, depending on both large-scale analyses and vortex bogusing, have a large impact on tropical cyclone intensity predictions. Some models succeeded in predicting the explosive deepening of the target typhoon at least qualitatively in terms of the time evolution of central pressure. Horizontal grid spacing has a very large impact on tropical cyclone intensity prediction, while the impact of vertical resolution is less clear, with some models being very sensitive and others less so. The structure of and processes in the eyewall clouds with subsidence inside as well as boundary layer and moist physical processes are considered important in the explosive development of tropical cyclones. Follow-up research activities in this case...

Nguyen, HT, Hung, A, Thornton, BS, Lee, WB, Rickard, MT & Berry, M 1970, 'Detection of stellates and masses in digitised mammograms', Proceedings of 23th Annual International Conference, IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 23th Annual International Conference, IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, IEEE, Istanbul, Turkey, pp. 0-0.

Nicorovici, NA, McPhedran, RC, Botten, LC, Asatryan, AA, Robinson, PA & de Sterke, CM 1970, 'Photonic bands and scattering for stacks of lossy, dispersive cylinders', IUTAM SYMPOSIUM ON MECHANICAL AND ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES IN STRUCTURED MEDIA, IUTAM Symposium on Mechanicl and Electromagnetic Waves in Structured Media, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Sydney, pp. 269-284.

Phillips, MR, Griffin, B, Drouin, D, Nockolds, C & Remond, G 1970, 'X-Ray Microanalysis in the Environmental SEM Using Mapping and Fourier Deconvolution Techniques', Microscopy and Microanalysis, Microscopy & Microanalysis 2001, Oxford University Press (OUP), California, pp. 708-709.
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X-ray microanalysis of any type of specimen in its natural state without the use of conventional SEM specimen preparation techniques has immense potential in a wide range of scientific and industrial applications. This capability would be particularly useful in microanalysis applications where it is highly desirable to preserve the integrity of the specimen, for example in semiconductor failure analysis and forensic investigations. in principle, this X-ray microanalysis goal can be achieved in an environmental or variable pressure scanning electron microscope (VPSEM) because specimen charging and vacuum stability problems are negated by the presence of a gas in the specimen chamber. However, the accuracy and spatial resolution of X-ray microanalysis in the VPSEM is significantly degraded by the chamber gas as it scatters primary beam electrons, generating spurious X-rays far from the analysis point. to date, two different X-ray measurement strategies have been developed to facilitate X-ray microanalysis at high chamber pressure in the VPSEM.

Platen, E 1970, 'A Minimal Financial Market Model', Proceedings of Mathematical Finance: Workshop of the Mathematical Finance Research Project, Mathematical Finance: Workshop of the Mathematical Finance Research Project, Birkhausen Verlag, Konstanz, pp. 293-301.
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The paper proposes a financial market model that generates stochastic volatilities and stochastic interest rates using a minimal number of factors that characterise the dynamics of different denominations of a benchmark portfolio. It models asset prices essentially as functionals of square root and Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes. The resulting price processes exhibit stochastic volatility with leptokurtic log-return distributions that closely match those observed in reality. The benchmark portfolio is negatively correlated with its volatility which models the well-known leverage effect. The average growth rates of the different denominations of the benchmark portfolio are Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes which generates the typically observed long term Gaussianity of log-returns of asset prices.

Poulton, CG, McPhedran, RC, Nicorovici, NA, Botten, LC & Movchan, AB 1970, 'Asymptotics of photonic band structures for doubly-periodic arrays', IUTAM SYMPOSIUM ON MECHANICAL AND ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES IN STRUCTURED MEDIA, IUTAM Symposia series, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Sydney, Australia, pp. 227-238.
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We examine the allowed modes of polarized electromagnetic waves moving through a doubly periodic material with a cermet topology. We present analytical results for the dispersion relations in two cases; firstly when the inclusions have arbitrary shape but the wavelength of the waves is long compared to the scale size of the material; secondly when the inclusions are circular yet are considered to be very small.

Pritchard, TR, Lee, RS & Ajani, PA 1970, 'Dispersion in the lee of a headland: a case study of circulation off Coffs Harbour (Oral Presentation). 15th Australasian Coastal and Ocean Engineering Conference 2001, Institute of Engineers, Australia'.

Smith, GB, Earp, A, Franklin, J & McCredie, G 1970, 'Novel high performance scattering materials for use in energy saving light fittings and skylights based on polymer pigmented with polymer', SOLAR AND SWITCHING MATERIALS, Solar and Switching Materials, SPIE, San Diego, pp. 10-18.
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Simple quantitative performance criteria are developed for translucent materials in terms of hemispherical visible transmittance, and angular spread of transmitted luminance using a half angle. Criteria are linked to applications in luminaires and skylights with emphasis on maximising visible throughput while minimising glare. These basic criteria are also extended to angle of incidence changes which are substantial. Example data is provided showing that acrylic pigmented with spherical polymer particles can have total hemispherical transmittance with weak thickness dependence which is better than clear sheet, while the spread of transmitted light is quite thickness sensitive and occurs over wider angles than inorganic pigments. This combination means significantly fewer lamps can achieve specified lux levels with low glare, and smaller skylights can provide higher more uniform daylight illuminance.

Smith, GB, Gerritsen, S, Hossain, AKM & McCredie, G 1970, 'Plasmon mediated visible and near infra red transmission through sub-30 nm holes in metal films: Potential in solar energy applications', SOLAR AND SWITCHING MATERIALS, Solar and Switching Materials, SPIE, San Diego, USA, pp. 29-37.
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The recent discovery that electromagnetic radiation can transmit super-efficiently through sub-wavelength holes in metal films and thin metal foils has implications for solar energy and energy efficiency technologies, especially thin metal films and metal particle arrays. The effect involves light induced surface plasmons coupling through the holes to form new states which can resonantly absorb and re-emit photons. They are a virtual bound state for photons. The material must have a dielectric constant below -1, and for noble metals enhancement is strong beyond (lambda) approximately 0.7 micrometers , with a long wavelength limit set by absorption losses, well into the black body spectral range. In aluminium the strong onset is in the visible. Thus control of solar heat gain and thermal radiation can utilize this effect. Broad band or narrow band spectral selectivity are possible, depending on metal thickness and how the holes are arranged with respect to each other. Very interesting effects occur in multilayers, with standard multilayer thin film optics not applying when this phenomena is present. An admittance approach to handling thin film optics in the presence of surface plasmon coupling is addressed.

Speer, MS & Leslie, LM 1970, 'Quantitative precipitation forecasting of extreme synoptic-mesoscale events', SYMPOSIUM ON PRECIPITATION EXTREMES: PREDICTION, IMPACTS, AND RESPONSES, Symposium on Precipitation Extremes - Prediction, Impacts and Responses, AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY, ALBUQUERQUE, NM, pp. 264-265.

Steel, MJ, White, TP, De Sterke, CM, McPhedran, RC & Botten, LC 1970, 'Symmetry and birefringence in microstructured optical fibers', Conference on Optical Fiber Communication, Technical Digest Series.
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Symmetry prohibits birefringence in perfect photonic crystal fibers. Numerical methods not respecting symmetry require care in use. We present results in accord wn accord with symmetry arguments, using methods both respecting and breaking the fiber symmetry.

Walker, BD, Tie, H, Singleton, CB, Bursill, JA, Wyse, KR, Bauskin, AR, Valenzuela, SM, Wu, W, Breit, SN & Campbell, TJ 1970, 'Modification of HERG channel properties under conditions of simulated myocardial ischemia', JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY, ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, pp. 114A-115A.

White, TP, McPhedran, RC, de Sterke, CM & Botten, LC 1970, 'Multipole method for efficient microstructured optical fiber calculations', Technical Digest. Summaries of papers presented at the Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. Postconference Technical Digest (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37170), CLEO 2001. Technical Digest. Summaries of papers presented at the Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. Postconference Technical Digest, IEEE, pp. 597-598.
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White, TP, McPhedran, RC, Martijn de Sterke, C & Botten, LC 1970, 'Multipole method for efficient microstructured optical fiber calculations', Technical Digest. Summaries of papers presented at the Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference. Postconference Technical Digest (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37172), Technical Digest. Summaries of papers presented at the Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference. Conference Edition, Opt. Soc. America, pp. 123-124.
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© 2001 Optical Soc. Of America. Summary form only given. Microstructured optical fibers (MOFs) are among the most exciting recent developments in fiber optics. Typically these consist of a glass core surrounded by circular airholes running parallel to the fiber. MOFs have properties that can differ substantially from conventional step-index fibers, such as unusual dispersion characteristics, low or high effective nonlinearities, and many others. The number of air holes can be as small as six, in which case the energy confinement is imperfect and the modes are leaky. More generally, all modes of MOFs with a finite number of holes and no other confinement mechanism, are leaky.Here we report a multipole expansion method for full-vector modal calculations of MOFs with circular holes. Since this is the natural type of expansion for structures with circular inclusions, it is very efficient.

Wikeley, N, Barnett, S, Brown, JJ, Davis, G, Diamond, I, Draper, T & Smith, P The Charlesworth Group 2001, National Survey of Child Support Clients, pp. 1-196, Huddersfield, United Kingdom.
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Introduction- Background. The child support scheme was introduced in April 1993 under the auspices of the Child Support Act 1991. Despite a series of incremental adjustments to the scheme in its early years, it became widely recognised that the system had failed to acheive its original goals and in particular to improve financial support for children. A series of major reforms to the child support system are being implemented (mostly with effect from April 2002) as a result of the Child Support, Pensions and Social Security Act 2000. The goals of the reforms include making the system accessible, comprehensible and responsive to the parents concerned. Other objectives include increasing compliance and the administrative efficiency of the child support scheme.

Craddock, M & Platen, E 2001, 'Benchmark Pricing of Credit Derivatives Under a Standard Market Model', Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney.
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This paper makes use of an integrated benchmark modelling framework that allows us to model credit risk. We demonstrate how to price contingent claims by taking expectations under the real world probability measure in a benchmarked world. Furthermore, put and call options on an index are studied that measure the credit worthiness of a firm.

Heath, D & Platen, E 2001, 'Perfect Hedging of Index Derivatives Under a Locally Arbitrage Free Minimal Market Model', Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Researh Centre, University of Technology,Sydney.
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The paper presents a financial market model that generates stochastic volatility using a minimal set of factors. These factors, formed from transformations of square root processes, model the dynamics of different denominations of a benchmark portfolio. Benchmarked prices are assumed to be local martingales. Numerical results for the pricing and hedging of basic derivatives on indices are described. This includes cases where the standard risk neutral pricing methodology fails. However, payoffs can be perfectly hedged using self-financing strategies and a form of arbitrage still exists. This is illustrated by hedge simulations. The term structure of implied volatilities is documented.

Kubilius, K & Platen, E 2001, 'Rate of weak convergence of the Euler approximation for diffusion processes with jumps', Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney.
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Research Paper Number: 54

Kuchler, U & Platen, E 2001, 'Weak discrete time approximation of stochastic differential equations with time delay', Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney.
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Research Paper Number: 50 Abstract: The paper considers the derivation of weak discrete time approximations for solutions of stochastic differential equations with time delay. These are suitable for Monte Carlo simulation and allow the computation of expectations for functionals of stochastic delay equations. The suggested approximations converge in a weak sense.

Platen, E 2001, 'Arbitrage in continuous complete markets', Research Paper Series, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney.
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Research Paper Number: 72 Abstract: This paper introduces a benchmark approach for the modelling of continuous, complete financial markets when an equivalent risk neutral measure does not exist. This approach is based on the unique characterization of a benchmark portfolio, the growth optimal portfolio, which is obtained via a generalization of the mutual fund theorem. The discounted growth optimal portfolio with minimum variance drift is shown to follow a Bessel process of dimension four. Some form of arbitrage can be explicitly measured by arbitrage amounts. Fair contingent claim prices are derived as conditional expectations under the real world probability measure. The Heath-Jarrow-Morton forward rate equation remains valid despite the absence of an equivalent risk neutral measure.